the northern rocky mountain wolf ( canis lupus irremotus ) is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern rocky mountains in northwestern wyoming northward through western montana and eastern idaho at least to lethbridge in southern alberta .

it is a light-colored , medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow , flattened frontal bone .

the subspecies was initially listed as endangered on march 9 , 1978 , but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan .

on august 6 , 2010 , the northern rocky mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under endangered species act protections by u.s. district judge donald molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the u.s. fish and wildlife service .

they were later removed on august 31 , 2012 from the list because of idaho , montana , and wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable .

as of 2005 , it is considered a valid subspecies by msw3 , though it is classed as a synonym of c. l. nubilus by the united states fish and wildlife service .

northern rocky mountain wolf

northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . 1980 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan interagency report . 67 pp .
fish & wildlife serv . & n . rocky mountain wolf recovery team , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan
percentage of wolf mortalities in the northern rocky mountains attributable to human causes ( 2000–2009 ) .
x - canis lupus youngi the southern rocky mountain wolf ; extinct by 1935 ; light buff color .
the bill requires the interior secretary to reissue the
2009 rule
which removed esa protections for all northern rocky mountain wolves , except those in wyoming .
in the northern rocky mountains , wolf numbers are too low and populations too fragmented to ensure long - term survival , robinson says .
food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and one lone wolf in the rocky mountains .
usfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2001 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .
usfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2002 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .
two previous attempts to remove protections from the wolves in the northern rocky mountains have been struck down by federal courts .
canis lupus irremotus a medium - sized , light - coloured wolf from the rocky mountains .
minta , s . c . , comp . 1990 . annotated wolf bibliography for the northern rocky mountains . usda forest service and northern rockies conservation cooperative . flathead national forest , kalispell . 465 pp .
paradoxically , the legal battle surrounding gray wolves in the northern rocky mountains began where it might once have ended : at extinction .
martinka , c . j . 1976 . planning guidelines for the conservation of northern rocky mountain wolves in glacier national park . unpubl . rep . , usdi national park service , glacier national park . 3 pp .
however , fws issued another final rule , the 2009 rule , delisting wolves in the northern rocky mountains - - this time excluding wyoming .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
canis lupus hudsonicus a light - coloured wolf found in northern manitoba and the northwest territories .
although the section 10 ( j ) compromise certainly cleared the regulatory thicket for gray wolf reintroduction in the northern rocky mountains , it hardly plucked any of the political thorns .
in 1980 , the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team completed a plan which would guide wolf recovery efforts for a future wolf population in the northern rockies of montana , idaho , and wyoming . the recovery plan was revised in 1987 . the plan designated three recovery areas - northwestern montana , central idaho , and the greater yellowstone - each of which included some portion of montana .
gray wolf in the northern rockies ( photo courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service )
prey use strategies of sympatric wolves and coyotes in riding mountain national park , manitoba .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2012 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery program 2011 interagency annual report . m . d . jimenez and s . a . becker , eds . usfws , ecological services , 585 shepard way , helena , montana , 59601 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1988 . interim wolf control plan , northern rocky mountains of montana and wyoming . fish and wildlife enhancement office , helena . 29 pp .
. in 2006 , censuses counted 22 breeding pairs and 283 wolves in montana , 42 breeding pairs and 650 wolves in idaho , and 25 breeding pairs and 310 wolves in wyoming , for a total of 1243 wolves in the northern rocky mountain region .
adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .
balser , d . s . , r . evans , d . l . flath , d . mcintoch , m . m . meagher , n . r . miner , k . norrie , r . r . ream , and r . k . turner , 1980 , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan
following an absence of more than 70 years , wolves once again run beneath the ample skies of yellowstone national park . northern rocky mountain wolves , a subspecies of the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , were native to yellowstone when the park was established in 1872 . predator control was practiced in the park . . .
mattson , u . , and r . r . ream . 1978 . current status of the gray wolf ( canis lupis ) in the rocky mountain front , july , 1978 . unpubl . rep . , wolf ecology project , university of montana , missoula . 18 pp .
diamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1991 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : annual report 1991 . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 17 pp .
diamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1992 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : 1992 annual report . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 10 pp .
northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . idaho . department of fish and game . montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . national audubon society . u . s . fish and wildlife service . united states . bureau of land management . united states . forest service . united states . national park service . university of montana .
for some in the west , however , the idea of peaceful wolf - human existence remains a pipe dream . “natural balance is a walt disney movie – it isn’t real , ” david allen , president of the rocky mountain elk foundation , said recently .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the eastern timber wolf ( canis lupus lycaon ) as endangered in 1967 , and the northern rocky mountain subspecies ( canis lupus irremotus ) as endangered in 1973 . in 1978 , the legal status of the gray wolf in north america was clarified by listing the minnesota wolf population as threatened and all other members of the species canis lupus south of canada as endangered .
fws issues a proposed rule to delist northern rockies gray wolves from the endangered species list .
tilt , w . , r . norris and a . s . eno . 1987 . wolf recovery in the northern rocky mountains . publ . booklet , national audubon society , national fish and wildlife foundation , washington , dc . 31 pp .
the approval of all three state management plans paved the path for fws to publish a final rule ( “2008 rule” ) delisting wolves in the northern mountain rocky mountain region from esa protections and transferring absolute authority for wolf management to the three individual states . [ fn39 ] the ink was barely dry on the 2008 rule before a coalition of environmental groups filed suit challenging the rule . [ fn40 ] in july 2008 , in defenders of wildlife v . hall , the u . s . district court for the district of montana issued a preliminary injunction enjoining the service from delisting the gray wolf and restoring esa protections in the northern rocky mountain region pending final resolution , [ fn41 ] two months later , the court granted fws ' s procedural motion to enter a vacatur of the 2008 rule and remand to the agency for further consideration . [ fn42 ]
day , gary l . 1981 . the status and distribution of wolves in the northern rocky mountains of the united states . m . s . thesis . univ . of montana , missoula . 130 pp .
ty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 -
may 28 1980 .
au - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er - ty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / vl - 1980 ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 -
may 28 1980 .
au - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er -
79 ( 2004 ) . other big game animals in montana include elk , moose , black bears , and mountain lions .
range and habitat : the northwestern wolf , more commonly known as the rocky mountain wolf inhabits parts of the western united states , western canada , and alaska , including unimak island of the aleutians , and is the sub - species that was reintroduced into yellowstone national park ( ynp ) and central idaho in 1995 - 6 .
. final rule to identify the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and to revise the list of endangered and threatened wild - life , 74 fed . reg . 15 , 123 , 15 , 125 ( apr . 2 , 2009 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2009 rule ] .
furthermore , federal oversight of wolf management in the northern rockies is set to end in may 2016 . in january 2016 the center and allies petitioned for the service to continue monitoring northern rocky mountains gray wolves for another five years — crucial to ensure that the wolf population doesn ' t slip to dangerously low levels . we filed a notice of intent to sue in march after the agency failed to respond .
final rule designating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 73 fed . reg . 10 , 514 , 10 , 514 ( feb . 27 , 2008 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2008 rule ] .
designating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 72 fed . reg . 6106 , 6106 - 07 ( proposed feb . 8 , 2007 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2007 rule ] ; elizabeth a . schulte ,
, jan . 12 , 2007 . one day after ifgc announced a 2009 wolf season , otter told a reporter he would buy a wolf tag and hoped to bag one during the fall hunt . rocky barker ,
in 1974 , the remaining gray wolves in the lower 48 states were protected under the endangered species act ( esa ) . thereafter , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fsw ) of the u . s . department of the interior appointed a wolf recovery team , which initially recommended that natural dispersal and reintroduction be used to restore wolves to the northern rocky mountain ( nrm ) region .
gray wolves were originally listed under the esa in 1974 . currently , gray wolves are listed as endangered throughout most of the united states . the gray wolf is listed as threatened in minnesota , and as an experimental population in wyoming . the species has been delisted due to recovery in the northern rocky mountain dps , which includes montana , idaho , eastern washington , eastern oregon and north - central utah .
canis lupus occidentalis a large wolf from western canada , also called the mackenzie valley wolf .
the gray wolf is one of north america ' s most iconic native predators . the wolf ' s incredible comeback in the northern rockies is one of our country ' s greatest wildlife success stories .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
earthjustice files suit challenging the decision to remove endangered species act protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies .
federal district court judge donald molloy upholds the 2011 legislation removing esa protections for wolves in the northern rockies .
the northern rockies were once a gray wolf stronghold , but predator removal programs initiated in the 1880s essentially wiped wolves out in the region by the 1930s .
foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .
“the return of the wolf to the northern rocky mountains is a major success story , and reflects the remarkable work of states , tribes , and our many partners to bring this iconic species back from the brink of extinction ,
fish and wildlife service director dan ashe said in a statement .
the final rule for delisting of the northern rockies population of gray wolves from the endangered species list is published .
@ book { bhl200383 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - -
may 28 1980 .
} , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , } @ book { bhl137547 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , volume = { 1980 } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - -
may 28 1980 .
} , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { 1980 } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , }
a federal district court issues an order finding that the delisting of wolves in the northern rockies was likely illegal , but declined to stop wolf hunts in idaho and montana .
boyd , d . 1982 . food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and a lone wolf in the rocky mountains . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 115 pp .
wolves were first brought back to the west in 1995 , when 66 were brought from canada to yellowstone national park and idaho . the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan also allowed for the natural southern dispersal of other wolf populations from canada . since then , the species has spread to montana , wyoming , washington , and oregon , and now there’s even a single pack living in northern california . the population of wolves in those states is approaching 1 , 700 —a huge success story for conservationists , albeit one that’s still ongoing . wolves numbered 2 million on this continent just a couple hundred years ago but were killed off as modern civilization expanded westward .
the return of the gray wolf continues to rivet the mountain west , where some 2 million wolves roamed before settlers drove them to extinction by the 1930s . nearly 2 , 000 animals and more than 100 breeding pairs – a tiny fraction of their original numbers – now traverse the ancestral valleys and ridgelines of their northern rockies range .
under an exception to the endangered species act , fish and wildlife service actions have resulted in the federal killing on behalf of the livestock industry of 931 wolves in the northern rocky mountains and at least 1 , 951 wolves in the great lakes region from 1996 through 2008 .
ream , r . r . 1984 . the wolf is at our door : population recovery in the northern rockies . western wildlands 10 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .
overly aggressive management by the states is consistently reducing wolf numbers and the connectivity necessary for wolves to expand into unoccupied areas in the northern rockies and neighboring states . consequently , full recovery of the wolf in the american west is threatened .
jeremy t . bruskotter , eric toman , sherry a . enzler , robert h . schmidt ; are gray wolves endangered in the northern rocky mountains ? a role for social science in listing determinations , bioscience , volume 60 , issue 11 , 1 december 2010 , pages 941–948 , urltoken
“biologists have witnessed deer move as far down as illinois and ohio because of the overcrowding population in northern michigan and wisconsin . ”
the northern rockies gray wolves are officially removed from the endangered species list . wyoming ' s contentious state management plan takes effect .
wolf populations in yellowstone national park and central idaho grew rapidly and soon became a source for dispersers to montana . new packs formed outside the earliest core wolf areas and overall wolf distribution expanded . wolf dispersal has been documented between and among all three federal recovery areas and the states comprising the northern rockies . by the end of 2002 , the northern rockies wolf population met the biological recovery criteria of at least 30 breeding pairs in the northern rockies for three years in a row . by the end of 2004 , there was an estimated 835 wolves and 66 breeding pairs in the tri - state area . in montana , there were about 153 wolves in 15 breeding pairs .
wolf reintroduction and recovery in the northern rocky mountains is a conservation success story . since reintroduction in 1995 , wolf populations have increased from a few dozen to 1 , 700 . the original recovery goal of 300 wolves has been sustained in the region for almost a decade . that is why the u . s . interior department agreed to return wolf management to state of montana wildlife biologists in 2003 . the interior department re - affirmed that plan in 2009 .
a member of yellowstone ' s famed druid pack , this particular wolf was unique .
he was a hell of a wolf ,
recalled one veteran wolf watcher .
earthjustice filed suit on behalf of 12 conservation groups , challenging the decision to delist northern rockies gray wolves from endangered species act protections .
in fact , genetic isolation threatens all gray wolves , whose three main populations — in the northern rockies , upper midwest and southwest — are small and disconnected . to spur true , nationwide gray wolf recovery , in july 2010 the center petitioned the obama administration for a national recovery plan to establish wolf populations in suitable habitat in the pacific northwest , california , great basin , southern rocky mountains , great plains and new england .
rust , h . j . 1946 . mammals of northern idaho . j . mammal . 27 ( 4 ) : 308 - 327 .
. although gray wolves can live up to thirteen years , the average lifespan of reintroduced wolves in the northern rockies is just four years .
wolves in the northern rockies are again removed from the endangered species list . the delisting rule goes into effect on may 4 , 2009 .
just 13 years after the first releases in yellowstone , the push to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies from the endangered species list began .
a more recent study—not available at the time of delisting—suggests attitudes toward wolves in the northern rockies may be becoming more negative . specifically , a content analysis of news media coverage indicates that public discourse about wolves in the northern rockies became increasingly negative from 1999 to 2008 ( houston 2009 ) .
vast areas of suitable wolf habitat remain unoccupied in national forests and national parks in the former western range of the gray wolf .
boyd , d . k . and d . h . pletscher . 1999 .
characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central rocky mountains
. the journal of wildlife management . 63 ( 4 ) : 1094 - 1108 .
with large swaths of undeveloped land and some of america’s biggest native animals , the rocky mountains and great plains provide the last best wildlife habitat in the lower 48 for many species .
announcing the delisting , deputy secretary of the interior lynn scarlett said the success of gray wolf recovery efforts in the northern rockies has contributed to expanding populations of wolves that no longer require the protection of the act .
days before leaving office , the bush administration makes a final attempt to remove endangered species protections for wolves in the northern rockies ( excluding wyoming ) .
wolves have recovered in the great lakes and the northern rocky mountains because of the hard work , cooperation and flexibility shown by states , tribes , conservation groups , federal agencies and citizens of both regions ,
said scarlett .
we can all be proud of our various roles in saving this icon of the american wilderness .
officials in alberta and british columbia offered wolves for reintroduction . the canadian source areas were situated along the rocky mountains and had similar terrain and prey to the ynp and central idaho release locations .
wolf watch 2 . scott’s group on facebook . i think they only let you join if you can prove you shot a wolf illegally .
, 2008 rule , 73 fed . reg . at 10 , 514 . in the northern rockies , only four or five of these pups survive the winter .
fws proposed a rule to remove the gray wolf in wyoming from the endangered species list , claiming wyoming ' s wolf population is stable , threats will be addressed , and wyoming ' s wolf management laws are adequate .
the order comes a week after idaho ' s wolf hunting season opened on september 1 . montana is set to begin wolf hunting on september 15 .
read tws’ fact sheet on gray wolf populations in the conterminous united states , and position statement on wolf restoration and management in the contiguous united states .
diet : the prey base of the northwestern wolf includes a variety of hoofed mammals and other rodents , such as moose , bison , elk , caribou , dall sheep , sitka black - tailed deer , mountain goats , beaver , salmon , vole , lemmings , ground squirrels and snowshoe hare .
for northern rockies wolves to recover and assume their important role in ecosystems , states must manage wolves as an accepted and valued native species—like mountain lions and black bears . states must also ensure adequate connectivity between wolf populations to allow for natural recolonization in washington , oregon , utah and colorado . education and outreach efforts are also vital to foster more tolerance for wolves and to promote the use of nonlethal methods to address conflicts and to secure a future for wolves in the region .
miscellaneous : legal shooting and trapping of wolves occurs throughout alaska . over the past decade 11 to 20 percent of alaska ' s wolf population has been harvested each year . studies indicate that wolves could sustain an annual harvest of 30 to 40 percent without decreasing the population . the wolf population in alaska is estimated at 7 , 500 - 11 , 000 wolves . the population in the northern rocky mountains ( greater yellowstone area , nw montana , and idaho ) is estimated to be around 1200 and increasing ( 2006 usfws pop . estimate ) .
werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .
there are an estimated 7 , 000 to 11 , 200 gray wolves in alaska , 3 , 700 in the great lakes region and 1 , 675 in the northern rockies .
on january 14 , in what conservationists view as a last - ditch effort by the bush administration to undermine environmental protections , the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced that the northern rockies gray wolf will be taken off the endangered species list .
safari club and the nra jointly filed a motion for reconsideration of judge molloy’s previous order denying the groups intervenor status in the litigation . asking the judge to reconsider is a procedural requirement if the groups wish to appeal to a higher court the judge’s refusal to grant them intervenor status . judge molloy denied that reconsideration motion . rocky mountain elk foundation asked for a stay of the wolf delisting rider litigation pending appeal of judge molloy’s decision to deny their group intervenor status . judge molloy likewise denied their motion to stay the litigation .
yeah , it’s one thing to read about it , quite another to actually see it ! . i really liked what you said , about opting for the control , not necessarily liking having to kill a wolf but when faced with certain circumstances , you are for doing what needs to be done . i think it’s also fascinating to see how different things are between the wolves in the great lakes region and the wolves in the rocky mountain regions . somewhere in between the extreme positions of both sides i think is the truth .
in 1978 , fws listed the northern rocky mountain subspecies of gray wolf ( cants lupis irremotus ) as endangered . [ fn20 ] fws first approved a recovery plan in 1980 , which called for the reintroduction of 90 to 150 gray wolves from canada into the greater yellowstone national park area ( “gya” ) in northwestern wyoming , central idaho , and western montana . [ fn21 ] the service determined that the region in and around yel - lowstone national park ( “ynp” ) and the vast federally protected wilderness in central idaho were best suited for reintroduction because of a minimal interface with surrounding livestock and agricultural operations , the ample availability of wild game and native prey , and the quality of the habitat . [ fn22 ]
montana interagency wolf working group . 1991 . 1990 annual report . 29 pp .
canis lupus crassodon a medium - size , greyish wolf found on vancouver island .
ecology of wolf predation admits high ungulate diversity in jasper national park , alberta .
wolf predation of nettlesome coyotes has helped resuscitate numbers of the magnificent pronghorn antelope .
as an example , ifgc set a wolf mortality limit of 428 wolves after the 2008 delisting - - about fifty percent of the state ' s wolf population .
the designation applies to all remaining wolf populations in the lower - 48 states .
the 2011–2012 montana wolf hunting and idaho wolf hunting and trapping seasons begin , during which 166 wolves are killed in montana , and 379 wolves are killed in idaho .
the mexican gray wolf is the rarest subspecies of gray wolf in north america . once common throughout portions of the southwestern united states , the mexican wolf was all but eliminated from the wild by the 1970s due to extensive predator control initiatives . recovery efforts for the mexican wolf began when the subspecies was listed as endangered in 1976 .
wolf territories usually vary in size from 200 to 500 square miles , but may range from as little as 18 square miles to as much as 1 , 000 square miles . one wolf per every 10 square miles is considered ideal for wolf health .
the red wolf is one of the world’s most endangered wolf species . once common throughout the eastern and south central united states , red wolf populations were decimated by the early part of the 20th century and reduced to coastal areas of texas and louisiana .
singer , f . j . 1975d . the history and status of wolves in northern glacier national park , montana . glacier national park scientific paper no . 1 , west glacier , montana .
with that , the agency enacted a rule establishing a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in idaho , montana , and wyoming - - finalizing the release of wolves back into the northern rockies .
canis lupus baileyi the smallest north american grey wolf , originally found from mexico to the south west united states ; according to many authorities , indistinguishable from canis lupus mogollonensis and canis lupus monstrabilis . the mexican wolf ' s range originally extended from northern mexico into the mountainous parts of arizona , new mexico and texas . the most endangered wolf subspecies , the mexican wolf is extinct in the wild in the united states - - and , scientists say , probably in mexico as well . a small captive population exists in the united states .
in february 2007 , fws issued a proposed delist rule [ fn140 ] that : ( 1 ) established a northern rocky mountain distinct population segment ( “nrm dps” ) , including wolves in the entireties of montana , idaho , and wyoming , the eastern one - third of washington and oregon , and a sliver of north - central utah , where episodic dispersers and one or two packs have migrated ; [ fn141 ] and ( 2 ) removed gray wolves within the nrm dps from federal esa protection . [ fn142 ] the rule would grant idaho and montana absolute authority for wolf management under the framework of the plans already approved by fws . [ fn143 ] the proposed rule preserved federally protected status for wyoming wolves until the state adopted an adequate regulatory plan . [ fn144 ]
canis lupus griseoalbus a large wolf found in north alberta , saskatchewan , and manitoba .
canis lupus mackenzii the northwest territories wolf ; not recognized as a subspecies until 1943 .
wolves in spite of numeric management commitments in the non - binding wolf management plans .
wyo . game & fish comm ' n , final wyoming gray wolf management . plan
the state policies will result in wolf deaths that undermine the recovery of the species .
it’s the wolf populations reintroduced to the american west that gop policy is directly targeting .
where did the shoshone aquire a mule . had the spanish been this far north or was there a spanish fort in southern idaho or northern utah . there has been much speculation over this mule .
the white mountain apache tribe ( wmat ) has been an active partner in mexican wolf recovery for almost 15 years . the service provides annual funding for the tribe’s mexican wolf management and monitoring program , in accordance with a service - approved management plan . the tribe’s support has been extremely beneficial to the service due to the geographic location of their tribal land within our experimental population area . in addition , they have demonstrated tremendous leadership communicating the benefits and impacts of tribal wolf management to other tribes in the region .
throughout their range , wolves are keystone predators and have a profound effect on the ecosystems they inhabit . the wide range of habitats in which wolves can thrive reflects their adaptability as a species . in his essay titled , “thinking like a mountain , ” the great american conservationist aldo leopold described the cascading effects of losing wolves in a forested mountain ecosystem - the resulting increase of deer , followed by overgrazing , deforestation and erosion , and then the collapse of deer after having eaten themselves out of house and home .
fws announces plans to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies ( idaho , wyoming , montana ) from the endangered species list , but only if wyoming adopts a state management plan that fws deems appropriate .
boyd , d . k . , r . p . ream , d . h . pletscher , and m . w . fairchild . 1993 . variation in denning and parturition dates of a wild gray wolf , canis lupus , in the rocky mountains . the canadian field - naturalist . 107 ( 3 ) : 359 - 360 .
mostly due to federal predator control and conflicts with the livestock industry , the gray wolf was extirpated from the west by 1945 . today , after centuries of fear and superstition , research has given the wolf a new image as a social creature with an indispensible role in ecosystems — and endangered species act protection gave it a new chance to thrive . unfortunately , the beautiful carnivore is still persecuted by federal predator control and poachers , and most wolves in the northern rocky mountains ( all but those in wyoming ) have been removed from the endangered species list — even though these amazing animals have a long way to go before recovery .
voigt and berg ( 1987 ) noted that where prey is limited in the winter sympatric species might have overlapping diets , especially when ungulates are the primary food resource . litvaitis ( 1992 ) argued that additional quantitative information through experimentation on the extent of prey overlap is needed and that wolf recolonization of the northern rocky mountains may provide such an opportunity . we examined whether resource partitioning allowed for coexistence of coyotes with wolves in an area recently recolonized by wolves . we made 3 predictions that coyotes would avoid competing with wolves for food resources by using smaller prey items , that coyotes would have a greater diversity in their diet , and that coyotes within established wolf territories would scavenge on large mammals more than coyotes outside wolf territories .
the forester ought to carry you past the nf boundary there at robb creek . past that , there are a couple steep rocky pitches headed up to the notch where i wouldn’t take a vehicle i cared about . nice country up there , eh ?
sime , c . 2006 . wolf conservation and management plan , final project performance report .
visit urltoken for a wolf pupdevelopment chart , describing how pups mature as they grow older .
x - canis lupus beothucus the newfoundland wolf , now extinct ; reported almost pure white .
canis lupus columbianus a large wolf found in the yukon , british columbia , and alberta .
the way the $ 35m wolf tourism economic analysis should be properly is analyzed is this .
the effects of wolf colonization on coyote populations , movements , behaviors , and food habits .
allowed unregulated wolf killing in over ninety percent of the state , failed to pass muster .
reports of ghost wolf sightings trickle in from parts of wyoming , washington , and idaho .
wolf on glacial erratic at yellowstone ' s little america flats , february 2 , 2004 .
wildlife biologist and wolf advocate , on witnessing the return of wolves to yellowstone national park .
basic facts threats what we ' re doing to help fact vs . fiction what you can do gray wolves in alaska gray wolves in the northern rockies gray wolves in the great lakes get more information success stories
after 12 months of study , fws rejects a petition filed by the governor of wyoming and the state game & fish commission asking that gray wolves in the northern rockies be removed from the endangered species list .
2008 : the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) removes northern rockies wolves from the endangered species list , approving management plans that allow montana , idaho and wyoming to reduce their wolf populations to 150 wolves each , slashing the regional population from nearly 1 , 800 to 450 wolves .
the dire wolf was a large canine that exhibited hyena - like characteristics . like the hyena , the dire wolf hunted and scavenged for food . researchers suspect that dire wolves , due to their scavenging nature , scattered the bones of animals they killed or that were killed by other prey . the dire wolf was not quite like any animal we have today . it was similar in overall size and mass to a large modern grey wolf . ( a popular misconception is that dire wolf dwarfed the modern day grey wolf ) the dire wolf was about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) long and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 pounds ) on average . the dire wolf looked fairly similar to the modern grey wolf ; however , there were several important differences . the dire wolf had a larger , broader head and shorter , sturdier legs than its modern relative . the teeth of the dire wolf are much larger and more massive than those of the grey wolf . the braincase of the dire wolf is also smaller than that of a similarly - sized grey wolf . the fact that the lower part of the legs of the dire wolf are proportionally shorter than those of the grey wolf , indicates that the dire wolf was probably not a good a runner as the grey wolf . many paleontologists think that the dire wolf may have used its relatively large , massive teeth to crush bone . this idea is supported by the fact that dire wolf teeth frequently have large amounts of wear on their crowns . several people have suggested that dire wolves may have made their living in similar ways to the modern hyenas . wolves and coyotes are relatively common large carnivores found in ice age sites . in fact , several thousand dire wolves have been found in the asphalt pits at rancho la brea in los angeles , ca . the coyote , grey wolf , and dire wolf have all been found in paleontological sites in the midwestern u . s . the first specimen of a dire wolf was found at near evansville , indiana . clark kimberling of the university of evansville has traced the very interesting history of this specimen . the dire wolf , canis dirus , larger and heavier than the grey wolf , evolved earlier and the two co - existed in north america for about 400 , 000 years . as prey became extinct around 16 , 000 years ago due to climatic change , the dire wolf gradually became extinct itself . around 7 , 000 years ago the grey wolf became the prime canine predator in north america .
recent announcements that us fish and wildlife service will delist mid - western wolf populations follow previous efforts to delist abundant wolf mid - western wolf populations through administrative processes . conservation organizations recognize that litigation and other delay tactics are likely to be used again to challenge new delisting proposals .
fws announced it is eliminating federal protections for wyoming ' s wolves , handing wolf management over to wyoming , which will open almost all of the state to immediate , unconditional wolf killing .
no other species , especially one with a total population of less than a few thousand , is being managed as aggressively as northern rockies wolves . people who are unwilling or unprepared to share the landscape with wolves have unduly influenced the management of these important predators . in less than two years , more than 1 , 100 wolves were killed in the northern rockies , and states seem determined to slash wolf numbers even more . the federal delisting plan offers no mechanism to prevent idaho , montana and wyoming from killing all but 150 wolves each and requires no scientific justification that 150 wolves constitute a healthy , recovered wolf population .
but even as the wolf hunt is set to step up in america ’s wildest reaches , it’s also true that ranchers , who firmly opposed federal wolf reintroduction as it gained steam in the 1980s and ' 90s , have slowly come to accept the wolf’s return as inevitable and permanent .
gray wolves range in color from grizzled gray or black to all - white . as the ancestor of the domestic dog , the gray wolf resembles german shepherds or malamutes . though they once nearly disappeared from the lower 48 states , today wolves have returned to the great lakes , northern rockies and southwestern united states .
. defenders of wildlife , comments on montana hunting and trapping regulations for wolves ( feb . 13 , 2008 ) , urltoken policy / wiid - life _ conservation / irnperiled _ species / woives / wolf _ recovery _ efforts / northern _ rockies _ wolves / management _ and _ policy / index . php .
x - canis lupus monstrabilis a wolf found in texas and new mexico ; extinct by 1942 .
the government in concert with western settlers extirpated the wolf across nearly all of its historic range .
the ifgc , by a four - to - three margin rejected a 430 wolf mortality limit .
. also , the article describes the twenty - one percent increase in ynp tourism directly attributed to visitors hoping to spot a wolf , while at the same time anti - wolf memorabilia like the popular “wolf management team” t - shirt , showing a wolf ' s head in a rifle sight , with the slogan : “shoot , shovel and shut up , ” sold in high numbers .
wolf conservation and management in montana will carefully balance the interests and perspectives of a diverse public .
iran : subspecies : pallipes , campestris . status : fully viable , numbering > 1000 . range occupied : 80 % . main prey : gazelle , mountain sheep , livestock , wild boar , deer , capra sp . legal status : game species . cause of decline : persecution .
2010 : after another lawsuit , a federal court overturns the 2009 decision to delist wolves , ruling that fws can not remove protection in only a portion of the northern rockies wolf population’s core range , because conditions that support the recovery of wolves must be present in a significant portion of their entire range in the region .
the decision friday by the us fish and wildlife service to lift endangered species protections for the gray wolf in wyoming is a testament to the success of the 20 - year federal wolf reintroduction effort .
go to the international wolf center site , urltoken , and access their radio telemetry data , for wolf data . a superior national forest center section map is needed to plot where the packs are .
earthjustice asks the federal district court reviewing the delisting challenge for an emergency injunction to halt pending fall wolf hunts in idaho and montana . earthjustice sought—and won—a similar injunction the last time wolf hunts began .
the red wolf ( currently recognized as a different species than the gray wolf ) once ranged as far north as pennsylvania and as far west as central texas . because of its wide distribution , the red wolf played an important role in a variety of ecosystems , from pocosin lowlands to forested mountains .
rodger schlickeisen , president of defenders of wildlife , said ,
this blatantly political maneuver is hardly surprising . the bush administration has been trying to strip endangered species act protections from the northern rockies wolf since the day it took office - no matter the dire consequences of delisting wolves prematurely and without adequate state protections in place .
schlickeisen said ,
if allowed to stand , this rule would mean that the northern rockies wolf population could be slashed by as much as two - thirds , placing approximately 1 , 000 of the regionís roughly 1 , 450 wolves in peril . this is a loss from which they most likely would be unable to recover .
canis lupus arctos the white wolf of the high arctic , found from melville island to ellesmere island .
x - canis lupus fuscus a brownish - colored wolf from the cascade mountains ; extinct by 1940 .
canis lupus ligoni a small , dark - colored wolf from the alexander archipelago in the arctic islands .
this is a space where we’ll post the various documents that wolf advocates will be filing in federal district court of their challenge of the recent wolf delisting rider that was attached to the 2011 budget bill .
in wisconsin the last year we were under the 350 wolf plan min population , wolves depredated at a rate of $ 86 per wolf per year . in 2010 the population was double the 350 wolves… that additional 350 wolves depredated at a rate of close to $ 500 . 00 per wolf per year .
because the laws allow theoretically unlimited wolf mortality , enforcement of the laws would have to be vigilant .
a
wolf - like
animal sighted in hayden valley , august 7 / 8 , 1992 .
wolves are highly social animals that live in packs . a pack is an extended family group comprised of a the breeding , or “alpha” male and female pair and some of their subordinate offspring and current pups from one or more years . the alpha wolves decide when the pack will travel and hunt , and normally are the first to eat at a kill . the pair’s offspring normally disperse into adjacent or available territories at 2 to 3 years of age . for packs studied in the northern rocky mountain region , the average dispersal distance and subsequent new pack formation is about 65 miles . for highly cursorial and very mobile wolves , this is “next - door . ” recent satellite - collar tracking data , however has shown that some offspring and individual wolves have dispersed more than a thousand miles in three or four months !
like the 2008 rule , the 2009 rule simultaneously designated an area encompassing idaho , montana , wyoming and swathes of eastern washington , oregon and northern utah as the nrm dps - - and then delisted that dps in the same action .
note 8 , app . 9 , at 42 ( summarizing a survey of wildlife biologists who determined a viable population of wolves in the northern rockies would need to disperse over a wide geography to defeat stagnate genetic exchange and inbreeding ) .
in response to the earthjustice lawsuit , a federal court reinstated esa protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies , just in time to keep wolves safe from fall hunts that would have been implemented in idaho , montana , and wyoming .
wolf wars is indeed a great book for understanding the events that led to the reintroduction . i also recommend martin nie’s , beyond wolves as a great read for people interested in the politics of wolf recovery .
i believe nine mile is a creek west of missoula where one the original montana wolf packs was located .
the idaho department of fish & game ( “idfg” ) drafted idaho ' s wolf conservation and management plan .
ream , r . r . and u . i . mattson . 1982 . wolf status in the northern rockies . pp . 362 - 381 in : harrington , f . h . and p . c . paquet , ( eds . ) , wolves of the world : perspectives of behavior , ecology , and conservation . noyes publ . , nj .
a wolf’s sense of smell is up to 100 , 000 times greater than humans’ . under good conditions a wolf can smell something a mile or more away . scent is a very effective means of communication for wolves .
“jerry conley , former director of idaho fish and game , states : “their solutions are to take all the money and kill the coyotes , the wolverines , the mountain lions . they haven’t had a positive thought in years . in the long run , i don’t think you can sustain a group just on negativity . ”
conservation scientists increasingly recognize the need to incorporate the social sciences into policy decisions . in practice , however , considerable challenges to integrating the social and natural sciences remain . in this article , we review the us fish and wildlife service ' s ( fws ) 2009 decision to remove the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolves from the federal list of endangered species . we examine the fws ' s arguments concerning the threat posed by humans ' attitudes toward wolves in light of the existing social science literature . our analysis found support for only one of four arguments underlying the fws ' s assessment of public attitudes as a potential threat to wolves . although we found an extensive literature on attitudes toward wolves , the fws cited just one empirical research article . we conclude that when listing decisions rest on assumptions about society , these assumptions should be evaluated using the best available natural and social science research .
2011 : a legislative “rider” attached to a must - pass budget bill ends federal protection for wolves in idaho and montana , eastern oregon and washington and northern utah , the first - ever removal of a species from the endangered species list by congress . wyoming wolves remain on the list because the state still does not have an fws - approved wolf - management plan .


the earth-colored mouse ( mus terricolor ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found in india , possibly indonesia , nepal , and pakistan .

earth - colored mouse

the earth - coloured mouse ( m . terricolor ) is native to peninsular india , nepal , and pakistan , but it has been introduced into northern sumatra . the fawn - coloured mouse has a natural distribution throughout mainland southeast asia and southern china but also inhabits rice fields on sumatra and java , where it…
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justification : this species is listed as least concern as it is relatively widely distributed in south asia , where it is regarded as a pest species . it is introduced in sumatra , indonesia .
the species is presumably present within some protected areas . there is a need for taxonomic studies to conclusively determine the distribution of mus booduga and the similar mus booduga .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13987a115119298 .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
comments : subgenus mus . formerly referred to as m . dunni ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1986 ) , but terricolor is the older name ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1998 : 80 , and in litt . , 1989 ) . chromosomal results presented by sharma et al . ( 1986 , under dunni ) and boyeskorov et al . ( 1997 , as dunni ) in context of evolutionary divergence from other species of mus . closely related to mus booduga . both species have 2n = 40 , with all telocentric chromosomes , but m . booduga has a slightly smaller y chromosome . all . . .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as least concern as it is relatively widely distributed in south asia , where it is regarded as a pest species . it is introduced in sumatra , indonesia .
baillie , j . 1996 . mus terricolor . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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raffray 's bandicoot ( peroryctes raffrayana ) is a species of marsupial in the family peroryctidae .

it is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .

raffray ' s bandicoot

raffray ' s bandicoot is hunted for food by local people throughout its range , but this is not seen as a major threat to the species .
aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot ( echymipera kalubu ) and observations on raffray’s bandicoot ( perorcytes raffrayanus ) , eastern highlands province , papua new guinea - cuthbert , r . j and denny , m . j . h
raffray ' s bandicoots have a distinct odor similar to aged cheddar cheese . the life expectancy of
raffray ' s bandicoots are hunted and eaten by the natives of new guinea ( lawlor , 1979 ) .
this paper provides the first detailed description of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot , echymipera kalubu , and observation on raffray ' s bandicoot , perorcytes raffrayanus , from a study in the eastern highlands region of papua new guinea . both are common species in png and are an important item of game for local people .
the raffray ' s bandicoot is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
raffray ' s bandicoot is widespread throughout the highlands of new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) , and it is also found on yapen island ( flannery 1995a , b ) . it occurs from 60 to 3 , 900 m asl , though it is most common at around 1 , 000 m asl ( flannery 1995a ) .
walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .
raffray ' s bandicoots have a short gestation period ( about 15 days ) , and their young mature rapidly , nursing for approximately 60 days . a true chorioallantoic placenta develops , as in all peramelidae ( vaughan , 1986 ) .
are polyestrous , and usually have a litter of between one and six young . young raffray ' s bandicoots forage with their mothers for a few nights after weaning , then separate to lead a solitary life ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .
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build ground nests of twigs , grass , and debris , often in thick vegetation . although most animals of the order peramelemorphia are territorial and solitary except during breeding seasons , female raffray ' s bandicoots have been observed nesting communally . males range widely over areas inhabited by several females . there is no association between the sexes until periods of estrus ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
raffray ' s bandicoots have an unpatterned , medium to dark brown coat and coarse fur . they are approximately 30 cm in length . their snout is long and narrow , and they have insectivore - like dentition , small ears , and a long non - prehensile tail . the hindfoot is highly specialized and elongated for running and hopping , with reduction in the number of digits in both the forefoot and hindfoot ( vaughan , 1986 ) .
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
the species occurs in montane and upper montane tropical moist forests , and montane grasslands . it is rarely found in secondary or regenerating forest , preferring undisturbed forest . animals have been recorded from secondary forests , but the species is fairly intolerant of habitat disturbance . the average litter size is one or two young ( flannery 1995a ) .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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usually inhabit undisturbed rainforest and are commonly found in a range of elevations from 850 - 1200 m . they also sometimes are found in higher and lower areas , with the exceptions of the woodlands and savannah of southern new guinea and extreme low - lying areas ( flannery , 1996 ) .
can be distinguished from other species of bandicoots by their smaller size , darker coloration , and lack of a white tail tip ( flannery , 1996 ) .
rarely ventures into new forest or regrowth areas . they are creposcular , with most feeding taking place between 7 and 9 p . m . ( flannery , 1996 ) .
is largely insectivorous and omnivorous , sometimes eating small vertebrates , invertebrates , and vegetation . mianmin hunters observe that the fruiting fig amomeam is a favored food ( flannery , 1996 ) .
rothschildi , has been identified in the huon peninsula of new guinea ( flannery , 1996 ) .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .
flannery , t . 1996 . mammals of new guinea . robert brown and associates ptn . ltd . : carina qld , australia .
lawlor , t . 1979 . handbook to the orders and families of living mammals . mad river press : eureka , california .
stonehouse , b . , ed . ; gilmore , d . , ed . 1977 . the biology of maruspials . university park press : baltimore .
to cite this page : kennedy , k . 1999 .
peroryctes raffrayana
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ラフレーバンディクート
to
peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
uudenguineanpusseli
to
peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )
.
kari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from
peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )
.
kari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )
.
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy
: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .
we use the cdc , nih and individual state and county databases for verification and supplementation for usa data .
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