tritia reticulata , common name the " netted dog whelk " is a species of small european sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family nassariidae , the dog whelks or nassa mud snails .

tritia reticulata

tritia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - syn . nassarius reticulatus - netted dog - whelk
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , medium shot . black sea . ukraine .
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , close up . black sea . ukraine .
gastropoda ( tritia reticulata ) crawling on a sandy bottom in search of food , close - up . black sea . ukraine .
scientific and european names : tritia reticulata , nassarius reticulatus , hinia reticulata , netted dog whelk , dvaergkonk , fuikhoren , gevlochten fuikhoorn , gevlochten fuikhoren , grande nasse , nasse reticulee , netzreusenschnecke .
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) crawling from different sides to the smell of bivalve destroyed by crab , wide shot . black sea . ukraine .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : tritia reticulata ( c . linnaeus , 1758 ) - id : 1950001060
nassa reticulata viriditincta ( var . ) dautzenberg , ph . & h . fischer , 1925
nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ( synonym )
habitats type , critical habitats , limiting factors : inhabiting shallow water sandy bottom shelf areas . the critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones . the main limiting factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline in populations of the gastropod mollusc tritia reticulata .
( of hinia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
pizzolla , p . f 2005 . tritia reticulata netted dog whelk . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
the paper deals with statistical processing of information on the tritia distribution ; collected during summers of 1973—1976 in some testing grounds near the black sea coasts , of the crimea and the caucasus . it is established that the random value x distribution ( tritia biomass ) does not correspond to the normal law . coming from the fact that the mass is a function proportional to the volume , it is suggested to transform the initial value x into the randomvalue z = ³√х whose distribution is close to the normal one . the dependence of the average z values on the depth of the tritia habitat and the ground type is determined by dispersion analysis .
biology : a psammophilic hermit crab , inhabiting shallow water biotopes including low salinity areas . prefers sandy and shelly grounds , usually at depths of 1 - 10 m , but sometimes can be found up to a depth 40 - 42 m . it is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a snail shell of tritia reticulata , ceritium vulgatum , or sometimes , young rapana thomasiana , in which the unarmored diogenes abdomen is concealed .
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum anglicum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum chrysostomum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum marginulatum lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 278 [ details ]
( of buccinum porcatum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa oblonga mörch , 1852 ) mörch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d’alphonso d’aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) locard a . ( 1886 ) . prodrome de malacologie française . catalogue général des mollusques vivants de france . mollusque marins . lyon , h . georg & paris , baillière : pp . x + 778 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 135 - 136 , 549 [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) sanjuan a . , pérez - losada m . & rolán e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 . [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassa limicola martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa oblonga mörch , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa poirieri locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa bourguignati locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa cancellata martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa coronata nobre , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) landau b . m . , da silva c . m . & gili c . ( 2009 ) the early pliocene gastropoda ( mollusca ) of estepona , southern spain . part 8 , nassariidae . palaeontos 17 : 1 - 101 . [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) van dingenen f . , ceulemans l . , landau b . m . & da silva c . m . ( 2015 ) . the family nassariidae ( gastropoda : buccinoidea ) from the late neogene of northwestern france . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 75 - 122 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of buccinum anglicum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum porcatum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum chrysostomum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rolan , e . ; luque , a . a . ( 1995 ) . nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus . 12 , 59 - 76 . [ details ]
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vliz belgian marine species consortium ( 2010 onwards ) . belgian register of marine species .
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
buccinum marginulatum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
nassa bourguignati locard , e . a . a . , 1887 : nw france
( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : sergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09
sergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) . black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema .
a small creamy - brown whelk ( up to 3 cm in height ) it has a pointed , straight sided spire . the criss - crossing of longitudinal and spiral ridges gives the whelk its characteristic netted ( reticulate ) pattern . it has an oval aperture with an outer lip that is thickened and toothed in mature animals . the inner lip extends over the body - whorl and the siphonal canal is deep and at an oblique angle .
has been recorded from the moroccan coast , extending through the mediterranean as far east as greece and into the black sea . populations are scattered around european coastlines including france and northern spain , to northernmost records in the baltic sea ( just east of stockholm ) .
common on the lower rocky shore , from the low water of spring tides ( lwst ) extending to sublittoral depths of up to 15 m . as a burrower , it can be found on both rocky and sandy shores in a mixture of rock , mud and sand , or within pockets of soft material on rocky shores under runnels of water at low tide .
is also tolerant of salinities as low as 16 ppt and can be found in estuaries .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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a common mollusc species often found living on the middle but especially the lowershore . can be found under rocks and weed ; and in rockpools with sandy bottoms . locally very common around the south - west coast .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
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the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
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the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
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the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
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people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
the gastropod netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) crawls along the sandy bottom .
gastropod netted dog whelk crawling on muddy ground , then leaves the frame , close - up .
the gastropod mollusc netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) is buried in the sandy soil .
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norway to canarias , madeira to black sea . original taxon : buccinum reticulatum . synonyms : anglicum , cancellata , chrysostomum , coronata , minor … limicola … 25m deep , adra , almeria , andalucia , spain . 28 - 29mm .
in nets , marina di ravenna , emilia - romagna , italy . 23mm .
a specimen from near atlantic . 10m deep , taliarte , gran canaria , canarias . 20 - 21mm .
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merci pour votre contribution à l ' amélioration de l ' inpn . nous avons transmis ces informations à un expert pour vérification et correction .
correspond à un signalement sur la base d ' au moins une observation avérée dans une période de 10 ans ( 20 ans pour les invertébrés peu connus ) précédant l ' année de référence et aucune présomption de disparition depuis l ' obtention de la dernière donnée ni doute sur le caractère reproducteur et implanté de cette population . pour les espèces migratrices , la pr & easence ; indiqu & eae ; concerne les zones de reproduction .
une dernière observation fiable remontant à plus de 10 ans par rapport à la date de référence , aucune recherche spécifique récente et aucune présomption de disparition depuis cette date [ vertébrés , plantes et invertébrés bien étudiés ( rhopalocères , orthoptères , odonates . . . ) ] ;
une dernière observation fiable remontant à plus de 20 ans , aucune recherche spécifique récente et aucune présomption de disparition depuis cette date [ taxons peu connus : fonge , nombreux invertébrés . . . ] .
ce point recouvre l ' absence , par nature plus difficile à démontrer que la présence . ce statut se base sur un ou plusieurs des critères suivants :
ce statut doit également être attribué à un département dans lequel la présence de l ' espèce est occasionnelle .
cas particulier d ' absence liée à une disparition avérée depuis moins d ' un demi - siècle ( les disparitions anciennes sont traitées comme « absence probable ou certaine » ) .
dans l ' état des connaissances , on ne peut pas se prononcer sur la présence ou l ' absence actuelle dans le département . il s ' agit du statut utilisé par défaut quand on ne se situe pas dans une des catégories précédente ou dès lors qu ' il y a un doute .
avertissement : les données mises à disposition reflètent l ' état d ' avancement des connaissances ou la disponibilité des inventaires . en aucun cas elles ne sauraient être considérées comme exhaustives .
inventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp .
lamarck and 19th century authors treated planaxis as a genus of feminine gender . worms follows prevailing current . . . [ details ]
bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
common names : engl : hermit crab ; russ : rak otshel ' nik diogen ; ukr : rak - diogen samitnik .
taxonomic descriptions : one of two species of the paguridae family in the black sea . the first left leg with claw is much bigger than the right leg . dactylus moves on vertical plane . the coloration of its body is yellow . the anterior edge of the carapace has acute triangular lateral projections . the internal sides of the dactyli have unequal tooths . length up to 30 mm .
distribution : black sea coastal waters and southern sea of azov , mediterranean sea , east atlantic coast from the north sea untill the coasts of angola .
population trends : decline in population numbers since the late 1970s . a reduction of 60 - 70 % over the last 10 years according to direct visual observations .
conservation measures proposed : enter in the black sea red data book . reduction in black sea coastal zone pollution .
povchun , a . s . , 1992 . izmenenie donnykh soobschestv karkinitskogo zaliva ( changes in the bottom communities of karkinitsky bay ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 105 - 138 ( in russian ) .
kiseleva , m . i . , 1992 . smena donnykh soobschestv biotopa peska u yugo - zapadnogo poberezhya kryma ( changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the south - western crimean coast ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 62 - 69 , ( in russian ) .
sources : hayward , p . ; nelson - smith , a . ; shields , c . ( 1999 ) . gids van kust en strand : flora en fauna [ coast and beach guide : flora and fauna ] . tirion : baarn , netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 327 - 5 . 352 , ill . pp .
sources : lindner , g . ( 1999 ) . schelpengids : schelpen uit de wereldzeeën , vorm , voorkomen , systematiek [ the shell guide : shells from the world oceans , shape , distribution and systematics ] . tirion : baarn , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 409 - 3 . 320 pp .
sources : muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp .
rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda .
rolan e . & luque a . a . ( 1995 ) nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus 12 : 59–76 .
sanjuan a . , pérez - losada m . & rolán e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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allomerus decemarticulatus is an amazonian ant species found in the tropics of south america .

this species is most notable for the workers ’ complex and extreme predatory behavior , which involves a symbiosis with both a plant and fungal species .

they live in leaf pockets of a host plant species , hirtella physophora .

these leaf pockets are areas inside of the plant between the leaves and the stem .

each colony , which consists of about 1,200 workers , inhabits a single tree ; however , the ants are spread among the leaf pockets , with typically 40 workers per pocket .

their diet primarily consists of large insects that are captured on the plant , but they also eat some kinds of food bodies produced by the plant as well as its nectar .

they are able to capture their prey , which is much larger than themselves , by constructing a platform that acts as a trap for the unsuspecting prey .

the ants hide in the trap and attack when any insect lands on it .

this technique is an example of ambush predation .

allomerus decemarticulatus

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see allomerus decemarticulatus for further details
allomerus mayr , 1878 : 873 . type - species : allomerus decemarticulatus , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1911f : 158 .
allomerus mayr , 1878 : 873 . type species : allomerus decemarticulatus mayr , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1911 : 158 .
the workers of allomerus decemarticulatus construct a trap for capturing prey that is built from plant material and fungi .
palabras clave . allomerus , hormigas , formicidae , américa del sur , taxonomía .
table 1 . list of the allomerus species here recognized and their plant records .
allomerus septemarticulatus mayr stat . rev . ( fig . 5 a , b )
allomerus octoarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; forel , 1904 : 679 ( q , m ) ; wheeler g . c . & wheeler j . , 1955 : 125 ( l ) ; kempf 1972 : 19 ( revised status as species ) ; bolton 1995 : 61 ( catalogue ) . allomerus tuberculatus forel , 1912 : 2 ( w , m ) ; allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . tuberculatus : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus : wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 . allomerus octoarticulatus var . demerarae wheeler , w . m . in wheeler , g . c . , 1935 : 92 ( w , q , m ) ; allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . demerarae : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus novemarticulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann in wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 ( w ) . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . exanguis wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 [ unavailable name ] . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . angulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 [ unavailable name ] . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . melanoticus : wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 202 [ unavailable name ] .
allomerus octoarticulatus mayr ( figs . 4 a , b , c , d , e )
allomerus septemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; forel , 1904 : 680 ( q ) ; allomerus octoarticulatus var . septemarticulatus : forel , 1904 : 680 ; allomerus octoarticulatus septemarticulatus : wheeler w . m . , 1942 : 203 ; bolton 1995 : 61 .
the resident allomerus decemarticulatus colonies were over - provisioned ( experimental trees ; open circles ; n = 31 ) or not ( control trees ; filled circles ; n = 41 ) ( means ± se ) .
wheeler ( 1942 ) reports an a . decemarticulatus collection made on expanded hirtella peduncles and another ( probably ) on tococa or duroia , both from brazil . dejean et al . ( 2001 ) cite monogynous colonies of a . decemarticulatus in hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , with populations of more than 1 . 000 workers , which patrol leaves during the day , searching for prey . the allomerus material reported by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) as a . decemarticulatus could be allomerus brevipilosus , if there is species fidelity to the associated plants .
allomerus vogeli kempf , 1975 : 348 ( w , m ) ; bolton 1995 : 61 .
one amazon species ( allomerus decemarticulatus ) cooperatively builds extensive traps from plant fiber . these traps have many holes and , when an insect steps on one , hundreds of ants inside use the openings to seize it with their jaws .
relative operational taxonomic unit ( otu ) richness of bacterial phyla in cuticular microbiomes of allomerus and tetraponera ants . for allomerus , two proteobacteria otus that could not be assigned to a class were omitted from the analysis .
wheeler ( 1942 ) reports an a . decemarticulatus collection made on expanded hirtella peduncles and another ( probably ) on tococa or duroia , both from brazil . dejean et al . ( 2001 ) cite monogynous colonies of a . decemarticulatus in hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , with populations of more than 1 . 000 workers , which patrol leaves during the day , searching for prey . the allomerus material reported by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) as a . decemarticulatus could be a . brevipilosus , if there is species fidelity to the associated plants .
fernández , f . 2007a . the myrmicine ant genus allomerus mayr . caldasia . 29 : 159 - 175 . pdf
top image : a wasp tries to steal from an allomerus trap ( photo from de jean et al 2012 ) .
. . . in the study area , plant individuals are mostly inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single mature colony per plant ( solano et al . , 2003 ) , although another allomerus species , a . octoarticulatus , can compete for the same host plant in a few locations . allomerus decemarticulatus is a strictly monogynous ant species ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . reproductive individuals are produced throughout the year , since there is no massive mating swarm ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . . . .
figure 5 . allomerus septemarticulatus . a , worker in lateral view ; b , queen in lateral view , wings omitted .
3 . corbara b . 2005 . les piéges des fourmis allomerus . insectes 138 ( 3 ) : 15 - 17 .
dejean et al . ( 2001 ) studied predatory behavior in allomerus decemarticulatus . more recently dejean et al . ( 2005 ) registered trap building behavior for the first time in this species . these structures seem to help ants catch prey , and was an unknown behavior in ants .
dejean et al . ( 2001 ) studied predatory behavior in allomerus decemarticulatus . more recently dejean et al . ( 2005 ) registered trap building behavior for the first time in this species . these structures seem to help ants catch prey , and was an unknown behavior in ants .
6 . dejean a . , p . j . solano , m . belin - depoux , p . cerdan & b . corbara . 2001 . predatory behavior of patrolling allomerus decemarticulatus workers ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) on their host plant . sociobiology 37 : 571 - 577 .
. . . in the study area , plant individuals are almost exclusively inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single colony per plant ( solano et al . 2003 ) . moreover , a . decemarticulatus has never been found in association with another myrmecophyte ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . as in any other protective mutualism between ants and plants , a . decemarticulatus workers protect their host plant from defoliators , thus favouring its vegetative growth ( grangier et al . 2008 ; orivel et al . 2011 ) . . . .
to summarize , we found z . annulosus only on pubescent plants , including the myrmecophyte h . physophora whether or not the plant was sheltering a mutualistic a . decemarticulatus colony . the plant is slightly protected from defoliators , while z . annulosus is aided throughout its entire development . the relationship between z . annulosus and a . decemarticulatus corresponds to the simple coexistence of two competitors sharing hunting areas , with z . annulosus individuals benefiting from enemy - free space thanks to the presence of plant trichomes protecting them from a . decemarticulatus attacks .
. . . plant individuals are almost exclusively inhabited by the arboreal ant a . decemarticulatus with a single colony per plant ( solano et al . 2003 ) . moreover , a . decemarticulatus has never been found in association with another myrmecophyte species in the study area ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . as in any other protective mutualism between ants and plants , a . decemarticulatus workers protect their host plant from defoliators through their predatory behaviour ( dejean et al . 2001dejean et al . , 2005 grangier et al . 2008 ) . . . .
the ants , called allomerus decemarticulatus , live in trees in the amazon . their trap is made of natural plant hairs , some regurgitated goo , and a binding fungus that the ants , amazingly , appear to farm . it allows the ants to snag a meal , such as a large flying insect , that they otherwise could not handle .
. . . allomerus decemarticulatus is a strictly monogynous ant species ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . reproductive individuals are produced throughout the year , since there is no massive mating swarm ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . founding queens disperse by flying from their mother colony to search for an available host plant . . . .
allomerus decemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; kempf , 1975 : 347 ( q ) . worker measurements ( n = 1 ) : hw 0 . 55 hl 0 . 58 , 0 . 60 sl 0 . 33 0 . 55 wl 0 . 58 gl 0 . 54 tl 2 . 20 ci 94 si 60 .
when prey were placed on the stems , a . decemarticulatus workers were always the first to find and spread - eagle them ; z . annulosus nymphs never tried to feed on these prey .
. . . ( chrysobalanaceae ) , and its obligatory ant partner , allomerus decemarticulatus mayr ( myrmicinae ) ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . previous studies on this association demonstrated a conflict between ant behaviour and host plant reproduction , resulting in very low fruit production ( orivel et al . 2011 ; malé et al . 2012 ) . . . .
five polymorphic microsatellite loci of the arboreal ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) were isolated and characterized . the amplification and polymorphism of seven additional microsatellite loci , previously developed for the ant species a . octoarticulatus and wasmannia auropunctata , were also tested and the amplification conditions necessary for genotyping the complete set of 12 multiplexed markers in a . decemarticulatus determined . the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 15 and observed heterozygosity varied from 0 . 09 to 0 . 95 . cross - species amplification of these loci was also successfully achieved in additional species of the same ant subfamily , myrmicinae . this set of microsatellite markers will be used in studies on the mating system and population genetic structure of myrmicinae in general and a . decemarticulatus in particular .
five polymorphic microsatellite loci of the arboreal ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) were isolated and characterized . the amplification and polymorphism of seven additional microsatellite loci , previously developed for the ant species a . octoarticulatus and wasmannia auropunctata , were also tested and the amplification conditions necessary for genotyping the complete set of 12 multiplexed markers in a . decemarticulatus determined . the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 15 and observed heterozygosity varied from 0 . 09 to 0 . 95 . cross - species amplification of these loci was also successfully achieved in additional species of the same ant subfamily , myrmicinae . this set of microsatellite markers will be used in studies on the mating system and population genetic structure of myrmicinae in general and a . decemarticulatus in particular .
16 . wheeler g . c . 1935 . the larva of allomerus ( hym . : formicidae ) . psyche 42 ( 2 ) : 92 - 98 .
although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism , their functioning remains incompletely understood . this field study examined the ant - plant hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate allomerus decemarticulatus . we formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association : ( 1 ) ant . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . all allomerus species are specialist plant - ants inhabiting a variety of myrmecophytic hosts ( fernandez 2007 ) . in the study area , the plants are mostly inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single mature colony per plant ( grangier et al . 2009 ) , although another allomerus species , a . octoarticulatus , can compete for the same host plant in a few sites . the ants provide their host plant with protection from phytophagous insects , thus favouring its vegetative growth ( grangier et al . 2008a ; orivel et al . 2011 ) . . . .
bolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 208 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
the tree is home to ants called allomerus decemarticulatus , which defend it from hungry insects . in return , the tree provides the ants with leaf pouches and swollen thorns as shelter , and feeds them with nectar and sugary nodules . these food sources are rich in carbohydrates but low in proteins . to supplement their diets , the ants need flesh , and they get it by shaping the tree into traps .
the trap ant , allomerus decemarticulatus , is a small , unassuming south american insect , staying out of sight much of the time in nest pouches among the branches of the tree , hirtella physophora . in this arboreal environment animal prey can be hard to come by . any substantial insect the ants would dearly love to get their mandibles into can simply relinquish its grip on the tree and fall or fly to safety .
background and aims : the plant hirtella physophora , the ant allomerus decemarticulatus and a fungus , trimmatostroma sp . , form a tripartite association . the ants manipulate both the plant trichomes and the fungus to build galleries under the stems of their host plant used to capture prey . in addition to its structural role , the fungus also improves nutrient uptake by the host plant . but it . . . [ show full abstract ]
allomerus decemarticulatus - trap - making . . . actual production of the trap occurs by first cutting plant hairs ( trichomes ) from a narrow vertical stretch of the stem outside of the domatia . . . and regurgitate the mold that acts as a paste and holds the trichomes together . . . this mold will continue to grow in between the trichomes and around the holes to fill out and reinforce the structure . . .
top 5 frightening insects you think insects are just little harmless nuisances ? then you need to be filled in on these top 5 scary insects , that either inflict unbearable pain or chase you half a mile . allomerus decemarticulatus closeup picture : april nobile , urltoken allomerus decemarticulatus trapping insect picture by alain degean gun picture : urltoken didier descouens , smartse & hans hillewaert for the bullet ant pictures japanese giant hornet pics by kenpei . music used : dance of the pixies by jens kiilstofte urltoken licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international ( urltoken )
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otus comprise pyrotags sharing ≥97 % nucleotide identity . hpad , hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus ; cnao , cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; hpao , hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; avg , average ; sterr , standard error .
figure s1 . rarefaction curves ( 97 % shared identity ) for allomerus ( hpao station , hpad station , cnao station ) and tetraponera ( ngong hills , kitengela , mpala road ) ant samples .
bolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 106 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
jaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad simón bolívar ) , 188 pp . ( page 10 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
wheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 140 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
allomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( w ) brazil . a . decemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q ) brazil , french guiana . a . dentatus n . sp . ( w ) venezuela . a . maietae n . sp . ( w ) brazil . a . octoarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q , m ) brazil , bolivia , colombia , french guiana , perú . = a . tuberculatus forel , 1912 : 2 ( w , m ) . n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae wheeler , w . m . in wheeler , g . c . , 1935 : 92 ( w , q , m ) . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . demerarae : wheeler , 1942 : 200 . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann in wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 ( w ) . n . syn . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . exanguis wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . angulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . tuberculatus : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . melanoticus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 202 . a . septemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q ) brazil . status rev . a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( w ) venezuela . a . vogeli kempf , 1975 : 348 ( w , m ) . venezuela , brazil .
this specimen is very similar to what is here described as an a . decemarticulatus queen , although the virtual lack of erect pilosity raises attention . there are short hairs on the head , propodeum and ventral surface of the gaster , but the rest of the body can be considered as glabrous . taking into account both queens ( one described above ) which were seen and referred to this species , plus the data provided by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) , it can certainly be established that the a . decemarticulatus queen has moderate to dense pilosity . the glabrous queen collected in an a . decemarticulatus nest provides the bases to speculate about polygyny or symbiotic processes ( parasitism ) mentioned by hölldobler and wilson ( 1990 ) . this interesting finding will be explored in further publications .
malé , p . g . , loiseau , a . , estoup , a . , quilichini , a . , & orivel , j . ( 2010 ) . characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the neotropical plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) and multiplexing with other microsatellites from the ant subfamily myrmicinae . eur . j . entomol . , 107 ( 4 ) , 673 - 675 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2010 . 074 .
forel , a . 1895b . a fauna das formigas do brazil . bol . mus . para . hist . nat . ethnogr . 1 : 89 - 139 ( page 125 , allomerus in myrmicinae , myrmicini )
forel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 243 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
hölldobler , b . ; wilson , e . o . 1990 . the ants . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , xii + 732 pp . ( page 16 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
illustration of the presence of z . annulosus as a function of the presence of allomerus decemarticulatus and the mean number of leaves ( ±se ) of h . physophora . presence of z . annulosus ( filled circle ) , absence ( empty circle ) . glm : factors ants : ns ; size : ns ; leaves : p < 0 . 01 ; ants - size interaction : ns ; leaves - size interaction : ns ; ants - leaves interaction : p < 0 . 01 .
in the understory of pristine guianese forests , the myrmecophyte hirtella physophora almost exclusively shelters colonies of the plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus in its leaf pouches . we experimentally tested three non - mutually exclusive hypotheses concerning phenomena that can determine the species specificity of this association throughout the foundation stage of the colonies : ( 1 ) interspecific competition results in the overwhelming presence of a . decemarticulatus queens or incipient colonies ; ( 2 ) exclusion filters prevent other ant species from entering the leaf pouches ; and ( 3 ) host - recognition influences the choice of founding queens , especially a . decemarticulatus . neither interspecific competition , nor the purported exclusion filters that we examined play a major role in maintaining the specificity of this association . unexpectedly , the plant trichomes lining the domatia appear to serve as construction material during claustral foundation rather than as a filter . finally , a . decemarticulatus queens are able to identify their host plant from a distance through chemical and / or visual cues , which is rarely demonstrated in studies on obligatory ant–plant associations . we discuss the possibility that this specific host - recognition ability could participate in shaping a compartmentalized plant - ant community where direct competition between ant symbionts is limited . © 2009 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2009 , 97 , 90–97 .
allomerus samples were collected in french guiana from three inland sites , basevie , area 9 , and area 24 , which all are close to the field station at barrage de petit saut . hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus colonies ( hpad ) were sampled as well as cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus colonies ( cnao ) and hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus ( hpao ) colonies . five worker ants from each of the hpad , cnao , and hpao samples were pooled and stored in 1 ml of 20 % glycerol at −20°c , until processing . allomerus decemarticulatus and a . octoarticulatus ants were distinguished morphologically by counting the number of antennal segments of representative worker ants under a stereomicroscope , 10 for a . decemarticulatus and eight for a . octoarticulatus . tetraponera penzigi workers were provided by naomi e . pierce ( harvard , u . s . a . ) and were sampled from kitengela ( s1 o 23′526′′ e36 o 49′108′′ ) and ngong hills ( s1 o 26′946′′ e36 o 38′358′′ ) from southern kenya ( near nairobi ) , as well as mpala road ( n0 o 32′ e36 o 42′ ) from central kenya ( laikipia district ) . an average of five worker ants were collected from each colony and were preserved in 1 ml of 20 % glycerol .
. . . this third partner , an ascomycota from the order chaetothyriales , therefore serves a structural purpose . allomerus decemarticulatus also supply their host tree with nutrients via the walls of the domatia and the fungus with wastes , whilst the fungus , in turn , also provides the host plant with nutrients [ 19 , 26 ] . finally , the workers partially castrate their host plant by cutting and chewing both the sterile and fertile parts of the flower buds [ 24 , 27 ] . . . .
comments . although there are no phylogenetic studies for tribe solenopsidini , allomerus seems to be a monophyletic genus . the clypeal configuretion and the constriction in the proximal base of each antennal club segment seem to be unique characteristics within the solenopsidini ( bolton 1987 ) . the clypeus , which is broadly inserted between the frontal antennal lobes , contradicts the tribal characterization ( except for diplomorium and allomerus , the remaining tribe members possess a narrow insertion , making the carinae close together ) . as bolton ( 1987 ) points out , the clypeal configuretion in allomerus can be a plesiomorphic condition or a secondary broadening . for now , neither of the explanations can be stated as more valid than the other .
mayr , g . 1878 [ 1877 ] . formiciden gesammelt in brasilien von professor trail . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 27 : 867 - 878 ( page 873 , allomerus as genus )
dalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 78 , allomerus in myrmicinae )
we also noted what kinds of interactions occurred between z . annulosus and a . decemarticulatus workers . during observations conducted prior to this study , we verified if one of the species preyed on the other . we then verified if they competed for prey by conducting experiments where we placed live nasutitermes sp . termite workers at three different places on a plant sheltering both an a . decemarticulatus colony and z . annulosus second or third instar nymphs . ( 1 ) we dropped a termite from ca . 5 cm in height onto the centre of the upper surface of the leaves where a z . annulosus was hunting . ( 2 ) we then dropped a termite near the domatia where workers were much more numerous . ( 3 ) finally , using forceps and selecting an internode situated above a leaf on which a z . annulosus was hunting , we placed the prey on the side of the stem without the trap built by a . decemarticulatus workers . each time we noted whether a z . annulosus or an a . decemarticulatus worker caught the prey first and verified if the other tried to rob the prey , or if they shared it . fifty replicates were conducted in each case .
when prey were dropped near the domatia , a . decemarticulatus and z . annulosus caught them first 20 and 30 times , respectively ( fisher ' s exact - test : p = 0 . 07 ) . when the ants caught the prey first , z . annulosus nymphs approached the domatia in five cases out of 20 , extending their rosters toward the prey , but finally gave up and moved further away . the a . decemarticulatus workers never reacted when the z . annulosus nymphs caught the prey first , allowing the nymphs to move slowly toward the centre of the leaves to eat the prey .
the allomerus decemarticulatus species is native to the tropics of south america . they are featured on this list because of their unique way of ambushing unwary giant insects . amazonian ants use a particular kind of fungus that they grow themselves – it’s never present in stems that weren’t touched by these ants . when the unsuspecting insect lands on a stem full of those trap holes , the predator insects swoop in and catch it with their mandibles . then , they slowly drag the captive to a leaf pouch , where they tear their prey apart . ouch .
the neotropical myrmicine ant genus allomerus mayr is revised . the genus is apparently monophyletic based on the antennal club configuretion . i recognize 8 species ( 4 described as new ) : allomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( brazil ) , a . decemarticulatus mayr ( brazil , french guiana ) , a . dentatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) , a . maietae n . sp . ( brazil ) , a . octoarticulatus mayr ( = a . tuberculatus forel n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae w . m . wheeler n . syn . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler & mann n . syn . [ brazil , bolivia , colombia , french guiana , peru ] ) , a . septemarticulatus mayr status rev . ( brazil ) , a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) and a . vogeli kempf ( venezuela , brazil ) . better knowledge of the taxonomy of allomerus is needed to understand the apparently sporadic differences in antennal flagellomere number and speciation processes that are probably linked to plant cavity colonization .
emery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 769 , allomerus in myrmicinae , myrmicini )
the plant hirtella physophora , the ant allomerus decemarticulatus and a fungus , trimmatostroma sp . , form a tripartite association . the ants manipulate both the plant trichomes and the fungus to build galleries under the stems of their host plant used to capture prey . in addition to its structural role , the fungus also improves nutrient uptake by the host plant . but it still remains unclear whether the fungus plays an indirect or a direct role in transferring nutrients to the plant . this study aimed to trace the transfer of n from the fungus to the plant ' s stem tissue .
among those plants on which we observed z . annulosus was hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , a myrmecophyte that specifically houses colonies of the plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) in pouches situated at the base of the leaf lamina , and provides them with extrafloral nectar . the workers of this species forage for prey on the host plant foliage and build gallery - shaped traps to capture large insects [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . therefore , in the case of h . physophora , two predators seem to share a limited territory represented by the plant ' s foliage .
figure 7 . allomerus vogeli . a , worker in lateral view ; b , worker head in full face view ; c , male head in full face view ; d , male front wing . redrawn from kempf 1975 : 349 , figures 1 - 4 .
se ofrece una revisión de las hormigas myrmicinae del género allomerus mayr . este es un género aparentemente monofilético debido a la configureción de la maza antenal . se reconocen ocho species ( cuatro nuevas ) : allomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( brasil ) , a . decemarticulatus mayr ( brasil , guayana francesa ) , a . dentatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) , a . maietae n . sp . ( brasil ) , a . octoarticulatus mayr ( = a . tuberculatus forel n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae w . m . wheeler n . syn . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler & mann n . syn . [ brasil , bolivia , colombia , guayana francesa , perú ] ) , a . septemarticulatus mayr status rev . ( brasil ) , a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) y a . vogeli kempf ( venezuela , brasil ) . se necesita saber más de la taxonomía y la biología de allomerus para entender las diferencias aparentemente esporádicas en el número de segmentos de las antenas y los procesos de especiación ligados a la colonización de partes internas de las plantas .
we focused this study on hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) that houses colonies of allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) in pouches situated at the base of the leaf lamina ( fig . 1 ) and provides them with extrafloral nectar . workers build galleries under the stems of their host - plants that serve as traps to capture insects of up to 1800 times the weight of a worker ( fig . 1 ; [ 25 ] ) . to build these galleries , the workers first cut plant trichomes along the stems , clearing a path ; then , using uncut trichomes as pillars , they build the vault of the galleries by binding together the cut trichomes with the mycelium of a fungus that they manipulate [ 25 ] . this third partner , an ascomycota from the order chaetothyriales , therefore serves a structural purpose . allomerus decemarticulatus also supply their host tree with nutrients via the walls of the domatia and the fungus with wastes , whilst the fungus , in turn , also provides the host plant with nutrients [ 19 ] , [ 26 ] . finally , the workers partially castrate their host plant by cutting and chewing both the sterile and fertile parts of the flower buds [ 24 ] , [ 27 ] .
comments . allomerus maietae is distinguished from the rest of the species by the shape of the mesosomal profile in lateral view ( fig . 3 ) , where the weakly convex promesonotum passes smoothly into the propodeum , which is slightly concave . the propodeal spiracle is very high . the body hairs are longer than in any other allomerus species , as well as the clypeal hairs , where the medial hair reaches half of the mandibularl length . the intermediate antennal flagelomeres are relatively slender . the type specimen was captured in maieta neblinensis in the amazon .
ashmead , w . h . 1905c . a skeleton of a new arrangement of the families , subfamilies , tribes and genera of the ants , or the superfamily formicoidea . can . entomol . 37 : 381 - 384 ( page 383 , allomerus in myrmicinae , stenammini )
insect fungiculture is practiced by ants , termites , beetles , and gall midges and it has been suggested to be widespread among plant–ants . some of the insects engaged in fungiculture , including attine ants and bark beetles , are known to use symbiotic antibiotic - producing actinobacteria to protect themselves and their fungal cultivars against infection . in this study , we analyze the bacterial communities on the cuticles of the plant–ant genera allomerus and tetraponera using deep sequencing of 16s rrna . allomerus ants cultivate fungus as a building material to strengthen traps for prey , while tetraponera ants cultivate fungus as a food source . we report that allomerus and tetraponera microbiomes contain > 75 % proteobacteria and remarkably the bacterial phyla that dominate their cuticular microbiomes are very similar despite their geographic separation ( south america and africa , respectively ) . notably , antibiotic - producing actinomycete bacteria represent a tiny fraction of the cuticular microbiomes of both allomerus and tetraponera spp . and instead they are dominated by γ - proteobacteria erwinia and serratia spp . both these phyla are known to contain antibiotic - producing species which might therefore play a protective role in these ant–plant systems .
wheeler , w . m . 1911g . a list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of formicidae . ann . n . y . acad . sci . 21 : 157 - 175 ( page 158 , type - species : allomerus decearticulatus ; by subsequent designation )
ettershank , g . 1966 . a generic revision of the world myrmicinae related to solenopsis and pheidologeton ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . aust . j . zool . 14 : 73 - 171 ( page 111 , review of genus ; page 81 , allomerus in myrmicinae , megalomyrmex genus group )
. . . these treelets have longlived leaves that bear a pair of leaf - domatia at the base of each lamina . the domatia differ both morphologically and anatomically from the lamina ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . in the study area , h . physophora is strictly associated with the plant–ant a . decemarticulatus ( myrmici - nae ) . . . .
5 . debout g . , r . pereyra , b . c . emerson y d . w . yu . 2005 . characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the castration parasite plant - ant allomerus octoarticulatus cf . demerarae ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) . molecular ecology notes 6 : 182 - 184 .
emery , c . 1914e . intorno alla classificazione dei myrmicinae . rend . sess . r . accad . sci . ist . bologna cl . sci . fis . ( n . s . ) 18 : 29 - 42 ( page 41 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini [ subtribe monomoriini ] )
several allomerus specimens with new name labels were found in the mzsp , but it was impossible to establish the origin of these names , as no one else is actually working on the revision of the genus ( brandão , personal communication ) ; some of these names are used in the present paper .
although most classifications place allomerus in the tribe solenopsidini ( hölldobler & wilson 1990 , bolton 1987 , 2003 ) , this genus ( and the old world diplomorium ) do not fit the tribal diagnosis offered by bolton ( 1987 , 2003 ) . bolton ( 1987 ) suggests diplomorium ( monotypic genus known from south africa ) as the genus closest to allomerus , especially based on its clypeal configuretion . if this sister group relation is shown to be true , it might be a biogeographical distribution to be studied carefully , because no known group of sister ant taxa possesses such distribution that joins the amazon valley with south africa .
allomerus octoarticulatus may be a species complex . it is not possible to be sure as no types of the subspecies or varieties linked to this named were seen except for those of allomerus demerarae . i decided that the subspecies or varieties should be placed as octoarticulatus synonyms , due to the following reasons : the observation of allomerus demerarae cotypes ( lacm ) and the a . tuberculatus forel paratype picture ( mcz webpage ) shows that the only difference between these ants and the a . octoarticulatus concept is based upon differences in the propodeum . in a . demerarae the propodeum is slightly longer , and in a . angulatus and a . tuberculatus it is slightly angulate . the allomerus tuberculatus paratype photograph ( mcz webpage ) shows no signs of the tubercles mentioned by wheeler ( 1942 ) when referring to this variety . from the observed material it can be said that a gradation exists in terms of propodeal shape , from convex without angles and teeth , to highly angulate ( in lateral view ) . on the other hand the posterior and basal propodeal faces can be simple or with a pair of lateral carinae . in the few observed females and the observations made by wheeler ( 1942 ) , it seems that the propodeum is also variable , from rounded and continuous to toothed , with the female in an intermediate condition . i prefer to interpret these observations in the sense of allomerus octoarticulatus as a variable species . it is possible that it is really a complex with several species , but this can only be determined with more material and the observation of types .
little is known about the aggressiveness of plant - ants typically living in isolated trees nor about how that aggressiveness varies based on this isolation . here , we examine intra - and interspecific aggressiveness between workers of two allomerus species associated with two different myrmecophytes . in both cases , the level of intraspecific aggressiveness is very low whatever the distance separating the tested nests , while interspecific conflicts are always violent . similar patterns of aggressiveness have been reported in various ant species , but the strictly arboreal life of allomerus ants associated with the isolation of their adult colonies highlight different ecological conditions that might explain the lack of aggressiveness between conspecifics .
it is something manufactured by the ants from elements coming from the plant and the environment ,
he said in an email interview .
contrary to social spiders which are also collectively building a trap ( their web ) from the silk they produce , the trap of allomerus is made from external products .
wheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 663 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )
when z . annulosus nymphs moved from one leaf to another they walked on the upper part of the stems , avoiding putting their legs on the trap where a . decemarticulatus workers ambushed in a group . nevertheless , there were exceptions as five first and second instar nymphs were captured , meaning that exceptionally small z . annulosus nymphs can be caught despite the care they take to avoid the traps .
only otus comprising ≥1 % relative pyrotag abundance are shown . also shown is the average percent abundance ( avg ) and standard error ( sterr ) of taxa . taxonomy at the level of class is shown for proteobacteria . otu , operational taxonomic unit ; hpad , hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus ; cnao , cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; hpao , hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus .
figure s1 . photographs of the reproductive parts of hirtella physophora during the different stages of anthesis and fruiting . ( a ) flower buds are segregated on fasciculate racemous inflorescences ; ( b ) as the flower opens , the stamens and the style progressively uncoil ; ( c ) flowers are characterized by a pentamerous perianth with five pale pink to white petals alternating with the sepal . allomerus decemarticulatus workers can be observed foraging at the mouth of the floral cup ; ( d ) once the flowers are completely open , the stigma from one flower is several centimetres away from that flower’s anthers , but can be very close to the anthers of another flower ; ( e - f ) the fruit is a fleshy drupe . ( jpeg 4670 kb )
figure 4 . allomerus octoarticulatus . a , worker in lateral view ; b , worker head in full face view ; c , queen in lateral view , wings omitted ; d , queen head in full face view ; e , male head in full face view . fig . 4e redrawn from kempf 1975 : 349 , figure 5 .
this species has been collected on hirtella myrmecophila ( mzsp ) , leaf cavities in remijia physophora , beneath leaves and caulinar cavities in tocota setifera pilger in brazil , and caulinar cavities in cordia hispidissima in bolivia ( wheeler 1942 ) . debout et al . ( 2005 ) isolated 15 a . octoarticulatus ( cf . demerarae ) microsatelites , obtaining high intrapopulation variation , results that are also likely for a . decemarticulatus .
debout g . d . g . , pereyra r . , emerson b . c . & yu d . w . 2006 : characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the castration parasite plant - ant allomerus octoarticulatus cf . demerarae ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) . mol . ecol . notes 6 : 182 - 184 go to original source . . .
the diversity of proteobacteria within allomerus and tetraponera cuticular microbiomes . ( a and c ) relative abundance of pyrotags from proteobacterial classes ; ( b and d ) relative abundance of operational taxonomic units ( otus ) ( 97 % identity ) from proteobacterial classes . the distribution and average relative abundance of proteobacteria pyrotags and otus is enumerated in table s1 .
. . . hirtella physophora is an understorey myrmecophytic shrub whose ant - domatia consist of two leaf pouches situated at the base of the leaf blade , on both sides of the petiole . the leaf blades bear extra - floral nectaries on their abaxial surface ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . in french guiana , h . physophora is specifically associated with the plant ant a . decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) . . . .
bolton , b . 1987 . a review of the solenopsis genus - group and revision of afrotropical monomorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 54 : 263 - 452 ( page 282 , review of genus ; page 271 , allomerus in myrmicinae , in solenopsis genus group )
dlussky , g . m . ; fedoseeva , e . b . 1988 . origin and early stages of evolution in ants . pp . 70 - 144 in : ponomarenko , a . g . ( ed . ) cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution . moskva : nauka , 232 pp . ( page 80 , allomerus in myrmicinae , megalomyrmecini )
in the case of allomerus novemarticulatus , it has been synonymized with a . octoarticulatus for many reasons . in the first place , no 9 - segmented antennae have been seen in workers . there is an a . octoarticulatus worker in which the left antennae seems to be 9 - segmented , but the specimen’s level of conservation does not permit verification . on the other hand , wheeler ( 1942 : 199 ) observed that a . novemarticulatus is almost identical to a . octoarticulatus , except for the 9 antennal segments . it is better to leave this species as conspecific with a . octoarticulatus until better material is available and ensures the existence of an independent allomerus species that actually possesses 9 antennal segments .
when termite prey were experimentally placed onto the centre of the leaves , z . annulosus nymphs always detected them first , captured them and fed on them , while a . decemarticulatus workers never tried to rob these prey . if a patrolling worker arrived by chance , the z . annulosus only lifted the prey with its rostrum , avoiding any contact between the prey and the ant ( n = 17 cases out of 50 ) .
. . . these treelets have long - lived leaves that bear extraxoral nectaries and a pair of pouches at the base of each lamina . the leaf pouches that shelter ant colonies , diver both morphologically and anatomically from the lamina ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . each h . physophora is almost always associated with a . decemarticulatus ( 99 % of the inhabited plants , the remaining being inhabited by crematogaster sp . . . .
relative pyrotag abundance of phyla in cuticular microbiomes of allomerus and tetraponera ants . the cuticles of both ant genera are dominated by proteobacteria . we also report the average relative abundance ± the standard error for each phyla observed . for the tetraponera graph , cyanobacteria and candidate phylum tm7 are not shown but are present in average abundances of < 0 . 01 % .
allomerus samples were collected in french guiana and tetraponera samples were collected in kenya ( see materials and methods ) . bacteria were washed off from ant cuticles using sterile 20 % glycerol and bacterial dna was extracted and used as template for pcr with universal primers gray28f and gray519r ( materials and methods ) . the 16s amplicons that resulted were 454 - pyrosequenced with a gs flx sequencer ( roche ) using the gs flx titanium series chemistry kit . sequence data were quality filtered and taxonomy was assigned using the quantitative insights into microbial ecology ( qiime ) software package ( caporaso et al . 2010b ) . in total , 16 , 427 pyrotags ( allomerus ) and 8388 pyrotags ( tetraponera ) passed quality filtering and were assigned taxonomy .
there is another queen from french guiana , petit - saut collected by b . corbara and coworkers in june 9th , 2000 ( no . 5299 , deposited in ceplac ) and with a label that states “dans nid allomerus 10 - articulatus / hirtella 4” . it is a dealate female and was collected in an apparently normal nest in terms of the population , including the queen itself .
proportion of trees bearing zelus annulosus in each category . n = number of plants observed ; different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0 . 01 ( fisher’s exact - tests and the sequential bonferroni procedure ) . the four cordia nodosa and the tococa guianensis sheltering z . annulosus were occupied by allomerus octoarticulatus and crematogaster laevis , respectively , while the other treelets sheltered azteca spp . colonies .
( a ) leaves bear leaf pouches ( left arrow ) at the base of their laminas . allomerus decemarticulatus workers capture a green locust thanks to their trap : a gallery made using severed host plant trichomes and the mycelium of an astomycota fungus that the ants manipulate to create a composite material pierced by numerous holes ( from under which the workers ambush prey ) . a wasp is seen robbing a piece of the locust abdomen ; the wasp was also captured in turn as was the red reduviid ( right arrow ) . ( b ) at the distal position of the branch , flowers are segregated on racemous inflorescences at different stages of maturation from flower buds to fully open flowers . ( c ) development of young , green ( i . e . unripe ) drupes . ( d ) a dark purple ( i . e . ripe ) drupe . scale bars represent 1 cm .
given that we previously isolated six actinobacterial species from allomerus ants ( one amycolatopsis spp . and five streptomyces spp . ) and four of the isolates produced antifungal compounds ( seipke et al . 2012c ) , it is somewhat surprising that antibiotic - producing actinobacteria are not abundant on allomerus ants . additionally , even though our sampling suggested the absence of antibiotic - producing actinobacteria within the cuticular microbiome of tetraponera ants , we could readily isolate antibiotic - producing actinobacteria from the ants used in this study , including three streptomyces spp . and three saccharopolyspora spp , five of which have antifungal activity ( table s2 ) . in fact , this highlights the caution with which culture - dependent studies should be treated as our own approach was biased toward the selective isolation of actinomycetes , which have a “hairy” colony morphology due to their filamentous growth and are easy to identify by eye on agar plates . the culture - independent data suggests that filamentous actinomycete bacteria have a rare abundance on allomerus and tetraponera spp . as most of the species observed in culturing studies were not detected by deep sequencing the same samples ( materials and methods ) . as noted above , however , it is likely we under - sampled rare bacterial genera .
the assumption that z . annulosus is able to coexist with a . decemarticulatus raises questions about the nature of the biological interactions between z . annulosus , understory plants and ants patrolling their foliage for prey [ 26 ] . in general , these plants benefit from the presence of ants that patrol their foliage , and prey on herbivorous insects . the relationship is mutualistic when the plants reward the ants with sugary substances and / or shelter for the colony ( as is the case for myrmecophytes ) .
allomerus workers hide in the galleries with their heads just under the holes , mandibles wide open , seemingly waiting for an insect to land ,
the scientists write .
to kill the insect , they grasp its free legs , antennae or wings , and move in and out of holes in opposite directions until the prey is progressively stretched against the gallery and swarms of workers can sting it .
published information on the maximum size and weight of the prey captured by arboreal ants is sparse . oecophylla longinoda workers can capture large insects 20 to 50 times their weight , with this ratio exceptionally reaching 580 for a small bird captured and transported after it had fallen to the ground [ 22 ] . allomerus workers use their gallery - shaped trap to capture insects up to 1800 times their weight [ 16 ] .
in the original description , kempf ( 1975 ) mentions that the a . vogeli worker possesses 9 flagelomeres , sometimes 10 due to the division of segments 2 or 3 , the worker ( figure 1 in kempf 1975 ) has 11 segments as a total . allomerus vogeli , a . dentatus and a . maietae share in the possession of a propodeal tooth or spine , which separates them from the rest of the species that belong to the genus . allomerus vogeli is distinguished from a . dentatus ( the closest related species according to morphological traits ) because of the position of the propodeal spiracle that in a . dentatus is closer to the propodeal spine than in a . vogeli . this species is known from mercés , rio negro , amazonas , brazil ; the type material was collected in myrmidone macrosperma ( kempf 1975 ) .
ant - fungus associations are well known from attine ants , whose nutrition is based on a symbiosis with basidiomycete fungi . otherwise , only a few non - nutritional ant - fungus associations have been recorded to date . here we focus on one of these associations involving allomerus plant - ants that build galleried structures on their myrmecophytic hosts in order to ambush prey . we show that this . . . [ show full abstract ]
allomerus plant associations are of high biological interest . table 1 shows the species list and associated plants based on literature and specimen labels . surely , more field collections will be needed before establishing the exclusiveness of some ants to certain plants . additional information and taxonomically well defined species will result in further symbiosis and coevolutionary studies , as those dealing with the crematogaster and macaranga association in asia ( itino et al . 2001 ) .
myrmecophytism occurs in plants that offer ants a nesting space and , often , food rewards in exchange for protection from predators and competitors . such biotic protection by ants can , however , interfere with the activity of pollinators leading to potential negative consequences for the plant’s reproduction . in this study , we focused on the association between the understory myrmecophyte , hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , and its obligate ant partner , allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) . we investigated the reproductive biology of h . physophora and the putative mechanisms that may limit ant–pollinator conflict . our results show that h . physophora is an obligate outcrosser , self - incompatible , and potentially insect - pollinated species . the reproduction of h . physophora relies entirely on pollen transfer by pollinators that are likely quite specific . potential interference between flower - visiting insects during pollination may also be lessened by a spatial and temporal segregation of ant and pollinator activities , thus enabling pollen transfer and fruit production .


the camiguin hawk-owl or camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) is an owl species of the philippines island camiguin .

it was previously known as a subspecies of the philippine hawk-owl , but only reclassified in mid-2012 , as voice and other evidence suggested it a distinct species .

camiguin hawk - owl

the first owl , the camiguin hawk - owl , is found only on the small island of camiguin sur , close to northern mindanao .
two new species of owls have been discovered in the philippines . at the top left is the cebu hawk - owl and at the bottom right is the camiguin hawk - owl .
the cebu hawk owl , left , and a pair of camiguin hawk owls ( christian artuso / r . o . hutchinson , via rasmussen et al . , forktail )
two of the species had never been described nor officially named , until now . one of the newly identified owl species , now called the camiguin hawk - owl , lives only on the small island of camiguin sur and has a very different voice and set of physical features than other owls in the region , the researchers said . it has blue - gray eyes and sings a long solo song at night that builds in intensity with a low growling tone . pairs of camiguin hawk - owls , meanwhile , sing short barking duets that kick off with a growl .
bibliographic information : rasmussen et al . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : 1–20
nfefi - bcc has been successful with breeding the philippine eagle - owl ( bubo philippensis ) ( iucn ‘vulnerable’ ) , producing 13 owlets between 2005 and 2012 . the centre also houses the philippine hawk - owl .
recording av # 13552 . philippines : camiguin sur ( 9 . 15 , 124 . 72 ) recorded by lisa paguntalan
the researchers , who reported their findings in forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , also identified the cebu hawk - owl after studying its structure and vocalizations .
the development of the philippine owls conservation programme is supported by the world owl trust and uk owl - tag . it was initiated in 1996 for the conservation of owl species of varying conservation status , including a few critically endangered ones .
in camiguin sur , information about the population distribution and habitat requirements of the newly described camiguin hawk - owl was obtained from new research initiatives , in collaboration with a biology student from misamis state university – iligan institute of technology ( msu - iit ) . the discovery of this owl brought a significant amount of attention to the conservation importance of forests on the island . initial surveys in forest patches with the potential of being included in the mt . timpoong - hibok hibok natural monument are slated to commence in 2013 - 2014 .
in fact , the researchers found that the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) consists of seven allopatric species , or those that emerge as a consequence of individuals being isolated geographically , or temporally . they also identified one subspecies .
on cebu island , the stepping up of ecological studies on the cebu hawk - owl leading to its elevation from a subspecies of the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) into a full species . distribution surveys , habitat assessments and radio - telemetry studies were conducted in few of the largest remnant forest patches on the island . these studies revealed that the species is almost certainly ‘endangered’ , requiring urgent conservation action . discussions for creating forest corridors and expanding existing forest habitats are ongoing .
two new owl species have been identified in the philippines , and researchers say the birds ' songs led them to the discovery .
the second discovery is the cebu hawk - owl . this bird was thought to be extinct , as the forests of cebu have almost all been lost due to deforestation . but it had never been considered a distinct form . study of its structure and vocalizations confirmed that it is a new species .
in the sulu islands , where the sulu hawk - owl ( ninox reyi ) ( birdlife international ‘vulnerable’ ) can be found , surveys will commence soon with the clearing political climate . initial population surveys for the mindanao scops owl ( otus mirus ) were conducted in 2011 in baluno , pasonanca national park , with biology students from western mindanao state university . these collaborations with academic institutions were also part of pbcfi’s efforts to build capacity among locals to conduct basic research .
c . 25 cm . round - headed , white - throated owl with only short filamentous extensions on ear - coverts , most of plumage looks rather evenly barred with dark brown and buff to tawny . . .
original description : rasmussen , p . c . , allen , d . n . s . , collar , n . j . , demeulemeester , b . , hutchinson , r . o . , jakosalem , p . g . , kennedy , r . s . , lambert , f . r . and paguntalan , l . m . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : p . 1 - 20 .
fjeldså , j . ( 2018 ) . camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
“more than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines , ” she said . “but it wasn’t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls . ”
more than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines ,
zoologist pam rasmussen , of michigan state university ( msu ) , said in a statement .
but it wasn ' t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls .
examination of photos using flash and without flash and where the two eyes of an individual owl are at different angles to a light source demonstrates that the eye colour is yellow and that the bluish colouration illustrated here is in fact an artifact or reflection of artifical light . see urltoken for an example of a photo taken without flash and other recent photos on the internet .
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the owls don ' t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they ' re very different , they must be new species ,
rasmussen explained in a statement from msu .
when we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species .
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mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
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recently described species , differing from n . philippensis and other close congeners ( see n . philippensis ) in plumage and morphometrics , grey to whitish eyes and , especially , voice # r . monotypic .
very low - pitched , typically short strophes repeated after brief pauses , with many rapid , irregular . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . likely to be at risk . type collected in jun 1968 . forest now restricted to only the . . .
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affinities of many species in this genus are uncertain ; research required in order to clarify relationships .
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a multinational team of ornithologists has discovered two new species of owls in the philippines .
“the discovery , which is featured in the current issue of forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , took years to confirm , but it was well worth the effort , ” said lead author dr pam rasmussen of the michigan state university’s museum .
announcing the finding of a single bird is rare enough . but the discovery of two new bird species in a single paper is so rare that rasmussen and the other researchers couldn’t recall the last time it happened .
despite being so close geographically to related owls on mindanao , it has quite different physical characteristics and voice . at night , it gives a long solo song that builds in intensity , with a distinctive low growling tone . pairs of owls give short barking duets that start with a growl . they also are the only owls to have blue - gray eyes .
“the owls don’t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they’re very different , they must be new species , ” dr rasmussen explained . “when we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species . ”
the owls have avoided recognition as distinct species for so long because the group shows complex variation in appearance that had been poorly studied , and their songs were unknown . both islands are off the beaten path for ornithologists and birders , who usually visit the larger islands that host more bird species .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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highly distinctive vocally , and will be treated as new species in forthcoming analysis ( rasmussen et al . ms )
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