eutorna inornata is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by alfred philpott in 1927 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

the forewings are ochreous mixed with white and with a blackish – fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about one-third and a black dot in the disc at two-thirds .

the hindwings are greyish-fuscous .

eutorna inornata

eutorna inornata philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 88 ; tl : seaward moss , invercargill ; bottle lake and waikuku
eutorna leonidi lvovsky , 1979 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 81 : 103
eutorna generalis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , preangor
eutorna leonidi ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219
eutorna diluvialis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton
eutorna insidiosa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 150 ; tl : khasis
eutorna leptographa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 41 ; tl : launceston ; campbelltown , tasmania
eutorna punctinigrella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 101 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
eutorna spintherias meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 44 ; tl : healesville and gisborne , victoria ; deloraine , tasmania
eutorna caryochroa meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : castle hill ( 2500ft ) , dunedin , lake wakatipu ; incercargill
eutorna symmorpha meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : whangarei , hamilton , palmerston , napier , christchurch , dunedin , invercargil
eutorna epicnephes meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 46 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; warragul , victoria
eutorna diaula meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 45 ; tl : casterton , victoria ; launceston , campbelltown , george ' s bay , tasmania
eutorna plumbeola turner , 1947 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 72 ( 3 - 4 ) : 147 ; tl : w . australia , albany ; denmark
eutorna eurygramma meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 43 ; tl : mt kosciusco ( 6000ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; tasmania
eutorna intonsa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 42 ; tl : sydney and bulli , new south wales ; melbourne , gisborne , healesville and sale , victoria ; campbelltown , tasmania
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urltoken
[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 6th october , 1926 ; received by editor , 7th october , 1926 ; issued separately 4th august , 1927 . ]
icheneutica marmorata ( huds . ) , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 60 , p . 7 ; i . dives philp . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 55 , p . 207 .
the above synonymical correction is necessary . this handsome species was found to be not uncommon at arthur ' s pass in february .
♂ . 38 mm . head greyish - brown . palpi greyish - brown , terminal segment and apex of second segment mixed with ochreous . antennae minutely ciliated ; ferruginous , basal third ochreous - grey . thorax with slight anterior crest , greyish - brown . abdomen grey mixed with fuscous , anterior segments prominently crested , each crest with apical blackish bar . legs ochreous , middle and anterior pair mixed with brown , anterior tarsi more or less infuscated . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , rather oblique , crenulate ; chestnut - brown ; costa narrowly , and termen more widely , greenish - olive ; an indistinct , paired angled fuscous fascia near base ; a pair of blackish dots on costa at ⅓ and three others before and above reniform ; costa between these dots greyish - ochreous ; orbicular ovate , dark fuscous ringed with ochreous - white ; reniform narrow , inner basal angle somewhat produced , blackish , margined with ochreous - white ; claviform obscure , fuscous , margined anteriorly with ochreous - white ; second line indicated by dull serrate paired fasciae , excurved to middle , thence incurved to dorsum ; subterminal line prominent , margining olive terminal band , ochreouswhite ; an indistinct waved blackish terminal line ; fringes brown with pale basal and dark median crenulate lines . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes ochreous - whitish with broad fuscous basal line .
there is a slight resemblance to some forms of m . tartarea butl , but the minute ciliations of the antennae at once distinguish it .
leslie valley , in november . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 41 mm . head and palpi ochreous - white . antennae brown , basally ochreous - white . thorax with bifid anterior crest , ochreouswhite mixed with pale olive . abdomen ochreous - white , dorsally fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , tarsi annulated with reddish - brown , terminal segments of anterior tarsi wholly brown . forewings elongate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , oblique , crenulate ; ochreous - white ; numerous obscure dentate pale brownish - olive transverse fasciae and a few scattered black scales ; reniform indicated by blackish dots ; subterminal line indicated near
tornus and above middle by blackish margining ; fringes brownisholive and fine waved median whitish line . hindwing fuscous , pinkish - fuscous round termen ; fringes pinkish - brown , round dorsum wholly whitish .
mount arthur tableland at about 4 , 000 feet , in november . the single specimen ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 44 mm . head , palpi and thorax pinkish - brown mixed with grey . antennae brown , greyish basally . abdomen pinkish - grey . legs greyish - brown , tarsi annulated with whitish . forewings broad , dilated posteriorly , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , termen straight on upper half , rounded beneath ; pinkish - grey ; a short median longitudinal black fascia from base , apically dilated ; first line indistinct , greyish , from ⅓ costa to before ½ dorsum , dark - margined posteriorly ; orbicular large , greyish , margined with black ; claviform touching first line , obscure , dark - margined above ; reniform large , normal in shape , black - margined ; an obscure dark shade inwardly oblique from bottom of reniform to dorsum ; second line curved , waved , greyish , anteriorly dark - margined ; subterminal well - defined , greyish , indented beneath costa , anteriorly dark - margined , margining dilated above tornus ; a terminal series of black dots ; fringes pinkish - grey with a faint median pale line . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; a thin black terminal line ; fringes pale pinkish - grey .
approaching m . olivea watt , but much broader - winged and with a differently formed basal fascia .
arthur ' s pass , in february . taken at light . the only specimen obtained ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
three specimens of this tasmanian insect were sent to me by mr . d . d . milligan , of leigh , north auckland , who took the insect in that locality in january . it is the species formerly recorded from thames as c . impropria walk . by mr . meyrick ( trans . n . z . inst . , 49 , 246 ) , but dr . jefferis turner assures me that the new zealand insect is c . lignicolaria , and having had an opportunity of examining examples of c . impropria , i have no hestitation in accepting his identification .
several of this rather rare species were taken at nelson by mr . w . heighway during the past season . among these were three females , and i have selected one for the allotype and placed it in the coll . cawthron institute .
in august , 1925 , mr . gilbert archey , director of the auckland museum , sent me a lepidopterous larval case , which had been found on some imported australian timber . it contained a living larva and , thinking it to be a species of entometa , i supplied it with eucalyptus leaves . it did not , however , eat anything and soon fastened the case to the surface of a leaf and remained there . some time in the late summer the moth emerged , but owing to my absence on field work , i did not know of this till the middle of april . a full description of c . tenuis is to be found in meyrick and lower ' s “revision of the australian psychidae” ( trans . roy . soc . s . aus . , vol . 31 , p . 197 ) . the expanse of wing is about 22 mm . the head , thorax and abdomen are black , the face and tegulae white , and there are two white stripes on the thorax . the wings are light fuscous minutely irrorated with black . the larval case is an interesting object . it is rather more than an inch long and covered with straight twigs of about the thickness of a knitting needle , regularly laid and securely fastened to the underlying silk . between most of these larger twigs are very much thinner ones , the whole resmbling a fagot in miniature . the specimens have been returned to the auckland museum .
♂ . 20 mm . head and palpi ochreous . antennae brown . thorax brown mixed with white . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex blunt - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; brassy brown to chocolate brown ; markings white ; a basal patch on costa half enclosing a brown area ; a broad irregular band at ¼ , not reaching dorsum , outwardly strongly dentate ; on fold before this a large spot of mingled blackish and white scales ; an elongate black mark about middle of wing at ⅓ ; a crescentic white area sprinkled with brown on costal half from about ⅓ to ⅘ , enclosing an elongate spot of blackish - brown on costal margin ; beneath this costal spot a prominent ring of brown enclosing a white area with a central brown dot ; second line pure white , dentate , preceded on costa by a small blackish - brown dot and followed by a much larger one ; a white area beneath the latter reaching apex ; fringes fuscous , irregularly barred with white . hindwings and fringes pale ochreous - grey .
somewhat like c . vulgaris butl . but the circular distal spot and the broad first line at once distinguish it .
golden downs , in january . the single male ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 19–22 mm . head and palpi brown mixed with white . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax purplish - brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . legs ochreous - white , spurs brown . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , oblique ; dull purplish - brown ; markings usually
absent , except reniform which is blackish , and obscurely x - shaped , the lower half being filled with white ; in some specimens the veins are faintly outlined in black and there is an obscure subterminal line ; fringes greyish - brown with a darker basal line . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes greyish - white with brownish basal line .
nelson , in april and november ; tisbury , southland , in november ; and freestone hill , manapouri , in february .
holotype ( ♀ ) in coll . cawthron institute , allotype ( ♂ ) in coll . a . philpott and paratypes in colls . e . meyrick , a . philpott and cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 25–27 mm . head white mixed with fuscous . palpi dark brown , white within . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax grey , tegulae with broad longitudinal stripe of blackish - brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous , apically somewhat fuscous . legs white irroratèd with fuscous , anterior tarsi purplish - fuscous annulated with white . forewings moderate , costa moderately arched , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , slightly oblique ; grey mixed with white ; markings dark chocolate brown ; a median streak from base of about ⅓ , more or less interrupted with white apically ; a streak above this , rising at ¼ and ending at ⅗ , its upper margin irregularly indented ; some ochreous suffusion round apex of this streak ; veins finely lined with chocolate brown ; fringes grey with median and subapical lines . hindwings ochreous - grey , round apex and termen fuscous - tinged : fringes ochreous - grey with fuscous basal line .
near s . falsa philp . but that species is without the basal streak and the dark lining of the veins .
nelson , in april and may . holotype ( ♂ ) , allotype ( ♀ ) and one paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
mr . a . tonnoir has submitted to me the previously unknown male of this species . it was taken at deans ' bush , christchurch , in march . i have made the specimen the allotype and returned it to the coll . canterbury museum .
♂ . 14 mm . head , palpi and thorax ferruginous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and black , ciliations in male 1 ½ . abdomen dark greyish - fuscous . legs greyish - ochreous , anterior pair fuscous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings , costa straight , apex almost rectangular , termen slightly rounded , little oblique ; white ; markings ferruginous mixed with ochreous and black ; a small basal patch , including costal fold , margin outwardly oblique ; a prominent fairly broad straight fascia from apex of costal fold to before ½ of dorsum , outer margin extended in disc by ochreous patch ; an outwardly oblique broad fascia from middle of costa , greatly constricted ( almost interrupted ) at middle , thence much
dilated and recurved to apex ; several spots on costa between ½ and apex , and some irregular markings between fasciae on dorsum , where the ground - colour is leaden grey ; fringes ferruginous , tipped with yellowish - ochreous . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes fuscous with darker basal line , round tips ochreous .
arthur ' s pass , in february . the single male ( holotype ) was taken by mr . s . lindsay in whose collection it remains .
♂ ♀ . 14–20 mm . head , palpi and thorax grey . antennae grey annulated with fuscous , ciliations in male 1 . abdomen greyish - white . legs greyish - white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa well arched , apex round - pointed , termen oblique , white , irrorated with lighter and darker bronzy - fuscous ; markings dark bronzy - fuscous ; three or four interrupted curved fasciae between base and ¼ ; a rather broad outwardly oblique fascia from before ½ to middle of wing , dilated in disc ; three or four interrupted fasciae between this and apex ; fringes greyish - white . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes fuscous - grey with pale basal line .
not closely resembling any other new zealand tortrix . it is easily recognised by its spotted appearance .
aorere river and quartz ranges , in february . fairly common on the “pakihi” lands . holotype ( male ) , allotype ( female ) , and a series of paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 15 mm . head , palpi and thorax purplish - brown . antennae light purplish - brown , longest ciliations in male 4 . abdomen ( missing ) . legs fuscous , tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish . forewings . parallel - sided , costa hardly arched , subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique ; purplish - brown with a sprinkling of whitish scales , especially on posterior half ; fringes fuscous . hindwings and and fringes fuscous .
not likely to be confused with the other two species of the genus . glentui , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . s . lindsay .
♂ . 11 . 5 mm . head ochreous - white with median brown stripe . palpi white . antennae greyish - fuscous . thorax white , tegulae and median stripe fuscous . abdomen white mixed with fuscous . legs ochreous - white mixed with fuscous . forewings , costa almost straight , apex acute , termen extremely oblique ; white ; base of costa to ⅙ narrowly fuscous ; a whitish - ochreous stripe along costa , broadest on basal ½ ; an ochreous stripe along fold to ⅖ ; an ochreous - fuscous stripe above fold , commencing about ⅓ and running to apex , where it becomes slightly dilated and blackish ; a fuscous stripe along dorsum to tornus , thence continuing , but much paler , half way to apex ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous with black basal line round apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous .
near e . thallophora meyr . , but with a different arrangement of the stripes .
arthur ' s pass , in february . two males taken by mr . s . lindsay . and the writer . holotype ( male ) in coll . s . lindsay and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 20–22 mm . head and thorax light orange - yellow . palpi light orange - yellow , second segment , except near apex , fuscous outwardly . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and fuscous , ciliations in male ¾ . abdomen fuscous - grey , anal tuft ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings moderate , broad , costa moderately arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; light orange - yellow ; costal margin purplish - fuscous from base to about ¼ ; a purplish - fuscous spot on fold before middle , sometimes absent or represented only by one or two scales ; a similar spot in disc at ⅔ ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings light fuscous - grey ; fringes light fuscous - grey , with obscure darker basal line .
the largest of the yellow group . the clear ground - colour and broader wings , apart from the male genitalic characters , distinguishes it from b . apertella walk .
dun mountain , nelson , from 2 , 000 feet to 3 , 000 feet , in november , december and january . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
n . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) apex of harpe from beneath .
♂ . 19–20 mm . head , palpi and thorax bright yellow , second segment of palpi , except near apex , fuscous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous and fuscous . abdomen greyish - fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings , costa well arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; bright yellow ; costal margin fuscous from base to about ¼ ; fringes bright yellow . hindwings pale greyish - fuscous ; fringes greyish - fuscous with darker basal line .
hard to distinguish from the unmarked forms of the preceding species , but the small differences in the genitalic characters seem to be quite constant while the costa is more arched and the ground colour rather paler .
cobb valley and localities in the vicinity of nelson city in november and december . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute . i cannot at present with certainty assign the females to either of the species just described .
♂ . 15–19 mm . head , palpi and thorax black sprinkled with white antennae black with short grey pubescence . abdomen black , segmental divisions yellowish - white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa arched at base , thence straight , apex rounded , termen hardly oblique ; black tinged with brown and densely irrorated with bluish - white ( owing to the tips of many scales being so coloured ) ; markings formed by the elimination of the irroration ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and the other below fold , both of which contain a few yellow scales ; a fairly straight fascia from ⅓ costa to ½ dorsum enclosing similar tufts of raised black and yellow scales ; an irregular fascia , containing a few yellow scales , from ⅔ costa to tornus ; fringes blackish - fuscous , basal ½ mixed with bluish - white . hindwings yellow ; termen and dorsum broadly dark fuscous ; fringes dark fuscous .
mount arthur tableland , at 4 , 500 feet , in november . three males taken by the writer and mr . w . heighway . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 20 mm . head black sprinkled with white . thorax black mixed with white , scutellum white , tegulae mixed with ochreous and brown . palpi black , a broad median band and apex of second segment white , also white median band on terminal segment . antennae black sprinkled with white basally . abdomen black , segmental divisions white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa slightly arched , apex broadly rounded , termen rounded , little oblique ; leaden grey with some ochreous and brown admixture ; markings black mixed with brown ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and one below fold ; a nearly straight fascia from costa at ⅓ to above dorsum at ½ , also enclosing raised scale tufts ; an irregular fascia from costa at ⅔ to above tornus , much constricted at , middle and with an indentation beneath filled with leaden grey ; a terminal series of obscure dots ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings bronzyfuscous ; fringes fuscous with obscure basal and median pale lines .
it is possible that this may be the female of the preceding species , but having regard to the considerable differences between the two and to the widely separated localities i do not think it very probable .
arthur ' s pass , in february . the single specimen was taken near the glacier from which the otira river has its source . holotype ( female ) in col . cawthron institute .
♂ . 19–22 mm . head white . palpi white , basal and subapical bands of second segment and median and apical bands of terminal segment dark fuscous . antennae brown with grey pubescence . thorax white with some admixture of pale fuscous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs fuscous sprinkled with ochreous - whitish , posterior tibiae whitish - ochreous . forewings not posteriorly dilated , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , termen rounded , oblique ; white , sparsely sprinkled with pale ochreous ; markings blackish - fuscous ; a spot on base of costa ; an elongate spot on costa at ⅓ ; a more or less triangular spot beyond ½ ; a suffused terminal shade ; two elongate spots in disc and sometimes a third below first on fold ; fringes grey . hindwings and fringes pale fuscous - grey .
leigh , north auckland , in january . five males sent by mr . d . d . milligan . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 23–24 mm . head and thorax dull brown mixed with grey . palpi with terminal segment much shorter than second , ochreouswhitish mixed with brown externally . antennae annulated alternately with ochreous - whitish and dark fuscous , ciliations in male 5 . abdomen dull brassy - yellow , segmental divisions whitish and some fuscous on basal segments . legs ochreous - whitish , more or less infuscated . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dull brown ; sometimes a broad stripe of ochreouswhite along dorsum , tapering to tornus and triangularly indented above near base , also a suffused stripe of the same colour beneath costa to about ¾ ; fringes whitish - ochreous with three or four lines of brown points . hindwings and fringes ochreous - whitish sprinkled with brown .
the male genitalia show this species to be most nearly related to a . isogama meyr .
two males received from the late mr . j . h . lewis ; locality of capture probably central otago . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . a . philpott .
n . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) obliquely dorsal view of uncus and gnathos .
barea exartha ( meyr . ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , vol . 8 ( 1st ser . ) , p . 357 ; izatha planetella huds . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 59 , p . 218 .
a specimen of this australian species was reared by mr . a . tonnoir , of the canterbury museum , from a larva found feeding on the decayed portion of an imported hardwood pole . the moth , a female , emerged in november . it appears probable that this species has established itself in the canterbury district , as mr . s . lindsay has sent me a male taken by him at dean ' s bush , christchurch , in february of this year . the type of planetella was thought to be from ohakune , in the centre of the north island , in no way an improbable locality in view of the larval habits .
♂ ♀ . 12–14 mm . head ochreous - whitish . palpi ochreouswhitish , apex of terminal segment brown . antennae fuscous , annulated with ochreous , basally ochreous . thorax pale ochreous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings with the branches of the first cubitus shortstalked , costa moderately arched , apex pointed , termen oblique ; ochreous mixed with white ; a blackish–fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about ⅓ ; a black dot in disc at ⅔ ; fringes ochreous . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; fringes ochreous .
easily distinguished from e . symmorpha meyr . , apart from the venational difference , by the comparative lack of markings . it has not been considered advisable to base a new genus on the venational detail noted , the other characters being normal .
seaward moss ( invercargill ) , in january ( philpott ) . bottle lake and waikuku ( canterbury ) , in november and march ( heighway and lindsay ) . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott . two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 11–15 mm . head and thorax ochreous - white . palpi with small triangular tuft beneath , ochreous - white , indistinctly barred with pale fuscous . antennae brown . abdomen pale brassy , in male dorsally dark fuscous . legs whitish , anterior pair fuscous and posterior pair annulated with dull fuscous . forewings narrow , costa moderately arched , apex , in male rounded , in female acute , termen strongly oblique ; in male ochreous - white , paler along costa , in female white ; an interrupted blackish - fuscous streak from about ¼ to apex , frequently represented only by a few dots , in female more constantly present ; a black spot or spots above tornus ; in female three or four interrupted blackish - fuscous transverse fasciae on apical ¼ ; fringes whitish - ochreous with prominent blackish median line and blackish tips round apex . hindwings shining grey - whitish ; fringes pale ochreous .
g . necopina belongs to the ataracta group , but differs from its allies , in addition to the markings , by the smaller palpal tuft .
golden downs and gordon ' s nob , in january . common among the rough herbage on marshy ground in the valley , and on the dry scanty vegetation of the mountain at 3 , 000 feet .
♂ ♀ . 14–15 . head and thorax dark ochreous - brown , with a purplish - violet sheen , face white . palpi ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous closely annulated with brownish . abdomen ( missing ) . forewings brassy - yellow , densely covered with purplish - violet strigulae which show a tendency to form spots at ⅕ , ⅖ , and ½ ; fringes greyish - fuscous , concolorous with wing round apex . hindwings leaden - grey ; fringes brownish - fuscous .
somewhat resembling g . linearis butl . but without the triangular pale costal area of that species .
west plains , near invercargill , date uncertain . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott .
♀ . 17 mm . head white . papi white , outwardly mixed with fuscous . antennae white , annulated with blackish fuscous . thorax white , tegulae mixed with pale fuscous . abdomen greyish - white . legs , anterior and middle pair fuscous , posterior pair white . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; white with scattered strigulations of leaden - fuscous ; markings purplish - fuscous ; some irregular spots round base of tornus ; a large blotch at ⅓ covering middle third of wing , preceded and touched by a round spot on fold ; an oblique inwardly directed mark in disc at middle ; an obscure irregular spot at ⅘ ; fringes white mixed with fuscous , obscurely barred round apex . hindwings and fringes shining white .
arthur ' s pass , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 5–6 mm head white , sometimes ochreous tinged . antennae fuscous , eye - cap whitish . thorax ochreous . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings white with much admixture of ochreous , especially on basal portion and in disc ; a black spot on fold at ¼ , sometimes absent ; a prominent black spot in disc at ½ , . usually elongate ; a black spot , large or small , before apex ; fringes fuscous - grey with several rows of ochreous points round apex and termen . hindwings and fringes fuscous - grey .
mount arthur tableland , at 4 , 000 feet , in november . three males taken . holotype ( male ) and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 14–15 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous , ciliations in male 3 . abdomen fuscous - brown . legs
fuscous mixed with ochreous , posterior pair more ochreous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen strongly oblique ; ochreous , covered with brown strigulae and with strong purplishviolet iridescence ; the strigulae tend to form spots on apical half of costa and round termen ; an indistinct brown spot on dorsum at ½ ; fringes fuscous mixed with ochreous . hindwings and fringes greyish - fuscous with purplish - violet sheen .
dun mountain , in december . two males taken at 3 , 500 feet . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 16 mm . head , thorax and abdomen blackish - fuscous . antennae blackish - fuscous , ciliations in male 2 ½ . forewings , costa moderately arched , subsinuate , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dark brownish - fuscous obscurely strigulated with ochreous ; an undefined patch of paler ochreous on dorsum near base ; a large spot of whitish - ochreous on dorsum beyond middle ; fringes dark purplish - fuscous . hindwings and fringes dark fuscous with purplish sheen .
close to m . strigulata philp . and m . fenwicki philp . , but without the dark dorsal blotch of the former , and a larger and darker species than the latter .
lake moana , in december . a single male taken by mr . a . tonnoir . holotype ( male ) in coll . canterbury museum .
♀ . 13 . 5 mm . head covered with dense long hair reaching beyond ½ of antennae , light tawny . antennae bright brown , tips black . thorax tawny , densely long - haired . abdomen dark fuscous . legs ochreous , tarsi banded with fuscous . forewings long , costa strongly arched at base , apex round - pointed , termen very oblique ; shining brassy ; fasciae ivory - yellow with pink reflections ; three equidistant complete curved fasciae between base and ½ ; at ¾ a fascia interrupted below middle ; between ½ and ¾ a fascia indicated by marks on costa and dorsum ; two fasciae near apex , broadly interrupted at middle ; all fasciae are here and there margined with blackish ; an obscure reddish shade commences in disc at third fascia and runs to apex ; fringes pinkish - brown obscurely barred with pale yellow . hindwings metallic violet , paler near base ; fringes fuscous with some yellow at middle of termen .
structurally nearest to s . lucilia clarke and s . calliarcha meyr . , r1 of the hindwing being complete .
leslie valley , mount arthur tableland , in november . two females taken by mr . w . heighway . holotype ( female ) and slides of wings and female genitalia in coll . cawthron institute .
australia ( tasmania , new south wales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]
polismatica meyrick , 1931 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 191
heterozancla rubida turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 134 ; tl : victoria , lorne
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
viette , 1955 nouveaux tineoidae ( s . l . ) de madagascar [ lep . ] ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 75 - 113
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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turner , a . j . 1939 ,
a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1938 , pp . 57 - 115
turner , a . j . 1919 ,
the australian gelechianae ( lepidoptera )
, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 31 , pp . 108 - 172
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6f60e1ed - 18b7 - 462e - be9f - afbb137629e2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae18e2a - fa5a - 4ed8 - a44c - 6a41a3ad139b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 245947
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the glossy black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) , is the smallest member of the subfamily calyptorhynchinae found in eastern australia .

adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm ( 19.5 in ) in length .

they are sexually dimorphic .

males are blackish brown , except for their prominent red tail bands ; the females are dark brownish with some yellow spotting .

three subspecies are recognised .

glossy black cockatoo

the glossy black - cockatoo is a brownish black colour with a small crest .
ensure a viable breeding population of the glossy black - cockatoo persists in south australia .
shift the status of the glossy black - cockatoo from endangered to vulnerable by 2030 .
residents in the nsw southern highlands are working to save the threatened glossy black - cockatoo .
glossy black cockatoo recovery program ( no date ) . unpublished reports to the sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team 1995 - 2004 . kingscote , south australia department of environment and heritage .
scientific name : calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus common name : glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) other names : at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo has also been known , in the past , as the casuarina , casuarine , glossy or latham ' s cockatoo , leach ' s black - cockatoo , leach ' s red - tailed cockatoo , and the nutcracker ( higgins 1999 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is considered to be a conventionally accepted subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) ( schodde et al . 1993 ) .
now extinct on mainland australia , the endangered glossy black - cockatoo has its last refuge on kangaroo island .
mooney , p . a . and pedler , l . p . sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team
little corellas are culled if they stray into the vicinity of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) nest sites .
despite its name , the glossy black cockatoo is not glossy . it is a dull brown - black colour with a red tail panel . females have yellow markings on the head and neck .
expand the current distribution of the glossy black - cockatoo to include its former range on mainland australia , on the fleurieu peninsula .
similar to other cockatoo species , glossy black - cockatoos also show playful behaviour , like the male bird in the photo below .
joseph , l . ( 1982 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island . emu . 82 : 46 - - 49 .
the glossy black - cockatoo may be confused with the red - tailed black - cockatoo , c . banksii , but can be distinguished by having more brownish - black plumage on head , neck and underbody , and dull black body plumage instead of uniformly glossy black plumage . adult females have much more yellow on head , but lack the yellow spotting over the whole body characteristic of female ( and immature ) red - tailed black - cockatoos . both sexes of the glossy black - cockatoo have a much less conspicuous head crest and a shorter , broader , more bulbous bill . smaller size , less strident contact calls and a marked preference for casuarina habitat further distinguishes the glossy from the red - tailed black - cockatoo .
the red - tailed black - cockatoo is mostly glossy black and has an erectile crest which forms an obvious helmet when raised and pushed forward . the male is glossy black with bright red panels in its tail . the female has generally duller plumage and has yellow spots on head , neck and wings . her underbody is barred a pale orange - yellow and her tail has orange - yellow panels , barred black . this cockatoo is also called the banksian , black , great - billed or red - tailed cockatoo or banks ' black - cockatoo .
rabbit grazing prevented regeneration of sheoaks from the seedbank . with no food for survival , the glossy black - cockatoo disappeared from mainland south australia .
in the past 30 years , new conservation reserves have been established for the specific protection of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) .
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of c . hayne ) [ gwydir watercourse wetlands , nsw , april 2014 ]
frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo feeding on the seeds of a casuarina [ mt . archer np , qld , july 2009 ]
compared with red - tailed black - cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos have a much less pronounced crest and have smaller red tail panels .
the friends of the glossies is a volunteer group established in 2012 to support the on - ground works of the glossy black - cockatoo recovery program .
lateral view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo , ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) is a threatened species under state government legislation , and is is one of australia’s rarest cockatoos .
baird , r . f . ( 1986 ) . historical records of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami and the red - tailed black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus magnificus in south - eastern australia . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 38 - - 45 .
studies have been conducted on the biology and ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and on its primary food source , drooping sheoak .
southgate , r . ( 2002 ) . population viability analysis for the south australian glossy black - cockatoo . department for environment and heritage , south australia .
the trees were also handed out with guards and canes , instructions on how to plant and help them along and report back glossy black - cockatoo sightings .
joseph , l . ( 1989b ) . the glossy black - cockatoo in the south mount lofty ranges . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 202 - 204 .
frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , july 2014 ]
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
and the listing of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) under the epbc act 1999 ( garnett et al . 2000 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
survey and monitor the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population by conducting annual surveys of population size and survivorship and investigating all reported sightings of the subspecies .
pepper , j . w . ( 1993 ) . a new food source for the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 144 - 145 .
threatened species - south australian glossy black - cockatoo - a gradual recovery ( south australian department for environment and heritage ( sa deh ) , 2009d ) [ internet ] .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) should also benefit from the recent development of a threat abatement plan for psittacine beak and feather disease ( deh 2005q ) .
near - dorsal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
lateral view of a juvenile or immature glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
dorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the potential for land clearance to affect the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been greatly reduced in the last 30 years . this has been achieved through the :
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been the subject of at least two recovery plans ( garnett et al . 2000 ) , including the current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 20052010 ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . in addition , the action plan for australian birds
close - up lateral portrait of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
frontal view of a female glossy black - cockatoo clambering up a casuarina ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
lateral view of a juvenile glossy black - cockatoo begging for food ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been actively and intensively managed for more than a decade . the following recovery actions have been implemented to benefit the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; garnett et al . 2000 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) :
burbidge , a . & j . raines ( 2003 ) . south australian glossy black - cockatoo recovery program review 2003 . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .
cleland , j . b . & e . b . sims ( 1968 ) . food of the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 25 : 47 - 52 .
red - tailed black cockatoo on a tree photographer : a . d . , m . c . trounson © australian museum
pepper , j . w . ( 2000 ) . foraging ecology of the south ausralian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) . austral ecology . 25 : 16 - 24 .
close - up view of a glossy black - cockatoo cracking a casuarina seed cone ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
while a small project , focused on a small creature , the saving of the glossy black - cockatoo is part of the state government ' s $ 100 million saving our species plan .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) breeds from late summer to spring , with eggs laid from january to july . it nests in hollows in the trunks and upper limbs of tall
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo , now seen preening ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the animal they are hoping to save is the glossy black - cockatoo , a vulnerable species for new south wales , which has been heavily affected by habitat loss in the past few years .
bebbington , l . ( 1990 ) . field observations of glossy black cockatoos . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 54 .
a program has been introduced to control honey bee swarms in areas used by the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) for nesting . to date , this program has achieved only limited success .
frontal view of a male ( see solid red tail patches ) glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
while preening , this male glossy black - cockatoo clearly displays its solid red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
glossy black - cockatoos are found most easily at dams or waterholes around sunset in forests and woodland with significant numbers of casuarinas .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not specifically listed under any international agreements . however , at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) is listed along with other species of psittaciformes under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) ( cites 2006 ) . this listing protects the kangaroo island subspecies .
garnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1996 ) . census of the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island 19 - 26th september 1996 .
pepper , j . w . ( 1996 ) . the behavioural ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . ph . d . thesis . university of michigan , ann arbor , usa .
pepper , j . w . ( 1997 ) . a survey of the south australian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) and its habitat . wildlife research . 24 : 209 - 223 .
if you see black cockatoos with red tail markings in a group of only a few , it is likely that you are looking at glossy black - cockatoos . if they come in a big flock , they are likely red - tailed black - cockatoos .
two male glossy black - cockatoos ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) recovery program is one of australia’s leading examples of how good governance , strategic planning , community commitment and appropriate resources can effectively reverse the decline of a critically endangered species .
main threats to this cockatoo are habitat modification and clearing for agriculture or forestry .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are found in various places around narrabri , nsw , especially in areas with casuarinas .
46–50 cm ; c . 450 g ; female smaller . smallest black cockatoo , which , together with lack of a distinctive crest distinguishes present species from
c . hayne reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are occasionally seen in the area of moree , nsw . in april 2014 a pair of glossy black - cockatoos was spotted in the gwydir wetlands , about 70 km north - west of moree , nsw .
on - going liaison has been established with local , state and federal government agencies to promote the protection of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat , to facilitate appropriate planning outcomes and to ensure compliance with existing legislation .
there have been a number of major studies on the distribution , morphology , habitat , social organization and behaviour , foraging ecology and breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . these include studies conducted by :
recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 ( mooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler , 2005a ) [ state recovery plan ] .
crowley , g . , s . garnett & s . carruthers ( 1998 ) . mapping and spatial analysis of existing and potential glossy black - cockatoo habitat on kangaroo island . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .
schodde , r . i . j . mason & j . t . wood ( 1993 ) . geographical differentiation in the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) and its history . emu . 93 : 156 - 166 .
m . windeyer reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are regularly found in the gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw .
drooping sheoak trees proved to be a highly valuable resource for early settlers . as a prized source of firewood , and of stock feed during droughts , drooping sheoaks were selectively cleared across the south australian landscape , destroying habitat for the glossy black‑cockatoo .
immature male glossy black - cockatoo chewing on a casuarina seed ; note the size and strength of the bill , enabling them to crack these hard seeds ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
a . ross - taylor reports spotting glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, at nerang np , gold coast , qld , in october 2013 .
[ the glossy black - cockatoos ] nest in tree hollows and we need those old growth forests for their nesting sites as well ,
she said .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2006 ) . aspects of drooping sheoaks ( allocasuarina verticillata ) that influence glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) foraging on kangaroo island . emu . 106 : 163 - 168 .
please contact natural resources kangaroo island to discuss sponsorship opportunities and to tailor your offer to suit your needs and budget . all donations receive a tax deductible receipt from our partnering organisation nature foundation sa . download the glossy black - cockatoo prospectus to find out more .
garnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1999 ) . the breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami on kangaroo island , south australia . emu . 99 : 262 - - 279 .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a rare bird that currently does not occur in captivity . it may , therefore , be a desirable acquisition for some aviculturists . there is no evidence that the removal of eggs or nestlings has had an impact on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population , but the high public profile of the subspecies and its recovery effort , and the accessibility of the population , indicate that there is some potential for nest - robbing to occur ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2005 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) spends little time and energy foraging on kangaroo island , south australia . australian journal of zoology . 53 : 177 - 183 .
like basically all cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos are seed - eaters . they have a strong preference for the cones of casuarinas (
she - oaks
) .
it was such a success that they are propagating a further 700 black sheoaks .
the glossy black - cockatoo is highly dependent on the distribution of allocasuarina species and is found in woodland dominated by allocasuarina and in open forests where it forms a substantial middle layer . often confined to remnant allocasuarina patches surrounded by cleared farmlands . requires tree hollows for breeding .
schodde , r . , mason , i . j . & wood , j . t . 1993 ,
geographical differentiation in the glossy black cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) , and its history
, the emu , vol . 93 , pp . 156 - 166
chapman , t . f . ( 2005 ) . cone production by the drooping sheoak allocasuarina verticillata and the feeding ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus on kangaroo island . ph . d . m . sc . thesis . thesis , university of adelaide .
dorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ; while trying to get a solid foothold , it is displaying prominently its barred bright - red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the mt lofty ranges have been extensively cleared for grazing and dryland agriculture . the ranges are a centre for declining woodland birds , such as the endangered southern emu - wren and the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo . their survival depends on native vegetation remnants .
similarly , glossy black cockatoo numbers on kangaroo island in south australia have doubled within 15 years from around 150 birds in 1995 . the population boost was due to conservationists putting collars on nesting trees , which stopped the brush - tailed possum from raiding the nests for eggs and chicks .
a group of 7 glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, was spotted by us in the goonoo np , between dubbo and mendooran , nsw , in october 2015 .
j . greaves reports spotting a small family clan of glossy black - cockatoos , race
halmaturinus
, at lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , in march 2016 .
seven - hundred more black sheoaks will be handed out in february 2017 in bundanoon .
the glossy black - cockatoo is widespread in eastern australia from eungella , queensland south to east gippland , victoria , and inland from southern central queensland through the central west of new south wales to north - eastern victoria . there is also an isolated population on kangaroo island , south australia .
conserve glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat by ; liaising with local government and private landholders ; identifying and monitoring the status of suitable habitat ; promoting and monitoring the success of revegetation schemes ; and managing existing habitat , with special consideration to limiting the potential impact of wildfire .
the glossy black - cockatoo is the smallest of the five black - cockatoos . it has a brown - black head , neck and underparts , with red or orange - red tail panels and an otherwise dull black body . the crest is small and inconspicuous and the bill is broad and bulbous . adult females have extensive yellow patches on the head and neck and the tail panels tend to be more orange - red with black bars , but may become less barred and more red with age . some adult males have a few yellow feathers on the head and the males ' tail panels tend to be bright red . young birds resemble adult males but have yellow spotted or streaked breasts , bellies and flanks , with some yellow spots on cheeks and sides of head . glossy black - cockatoos are strongly associated with casuarina stands in wet forests .
the life expectancy of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not known . however , the longevity is likely to exceed 15 years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) and , based on other species of psittacines in captivity , could possibly extend to 50 years or more ( hill 1954 ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can reach sexual maturity at two years of age . however , most females do not begin breeding until they are three or more years of age , and males may not begin breeding until five years of age ( mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 2003 ) .
the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo requires high quality drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) woodland for foraging , and large hollow bearing eucalypts for roosting and nesting habitat . nest failure rate in unprotected nests is high , principally as a result of predation by common brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula ) .
crowley , g . m . , s . t . garnett & l . p . pedler ( 1999 ) . assessment of the role of captive breeding and translocation in the recovery of the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . birds australia report . 5 : 1 - 35 .
crowley , g . m . & s . t . garnett ( 2001 ) . food value and tree selection by glossy black - cockatoos calyptorhynchus lathami . austral ecology . 26 : 116 - 126 .
male red - tails have glossy black plumage with stunning , bright red tail panels . females are quite different but equally spectacular – they are one of the most brightly marked subspecies of red - tail .
a newsletter is published biannually and distributed widely on kangaroo island and to several hundred recipients on mainland australia and elsewhere . articles on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) have appeared regularly in local kangaroo island media and in australian birding magazines and newsletters . there have also been media interviews with participants in the recovery effort .
the south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo is listed as ‘endangered’ under the comm - onwealth environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) , and is also listed threatened in south australia and victoria .
the recovery program for the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) relies heavily on the support of the local community and volunteers , who participate in fund - raising , population and nest monitoring , and revegetation programs . this involvement must continue if the current scope of the recovery effort is to be maintained ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
the clutch of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) consists of a single white egg ( mathews 19161917 ) . the egg is incubated by the female for a period of about 3031 days . the female may lay up to three clutches in a single season if the initial breeding attempts are unsuccessful ( garnett et al . 1999 ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) inhabits woodlands that are dominated by drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) and often interspersed with taller stands of sugar gum ( eucalyptus cladocalyx ) . these woodlands occur in small gullies adjacent to cleared land in coastal and sub - coastal areas , generally on shallow acidic soils on the steep and rocky slopes of gorges and valleys , along inland creek and river systems ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; joseph 1982 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1996 , 1997 ) . though most activity is confined to drooping sheoak and sugar gum , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occasionally utilises other tree species , including blue gum ( eucalyptus leucoxylon ) , manna gum ( e . viminalis ) for breeding and slaty sheoak ( allocasuarina muelleriana ) for foraging ( joseph 1982 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; pepper 1993 , 1996 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) does not occur in any of the threatened ecological communities , nor is it associated with any other threatened species , listed under the epbc act .
the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) has disappeared from the south australian mainland and is currently restricted to kangaroo island . it is listed as endangered under the australian government ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . the current population is estimated at 290 - 300 birds , including approximately 200 mature individuals .
over - grazing pressure , changed fire regimes and habitat fragmentation have the potential to affect these landscapes and threaten the viability of species such as carnaby ' s black - cockatoo , the chuditch ( or western quoll ) and brush - tailed phascogale .
maintain and facilitate community awareness about the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and its plight , and encourage community participation in the recovery effort . this can be achieved through the publication of a biannual newsletter ; presentations to the public ; exposure in the media ; coverage in environmental and ornithological publications ; and the involvement of volunteers in various aspects of the recovery effort .
noisy squawks or creaky calls ; wheezy call - notes . quieter and less raucous than other black - cockatoos .
the seed gathering for the black sheoaks began in february , and a tree handout was held earlier this month .
glossy black - cockatoos ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) have a highly specialised diet , the seeds of the drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) . these trees once covered the hills of the fleurieu peninsula , southern mt lofty ranges and eyre peninsula .
psittacine beak and feather disease is an infectious and potentially fatal disease that is common in australian parrots . it can cause extremely high mortality rates amongst nestlings , and could potentially have a catastrophic effect on the small extant population of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . symptoms of the disease have been recorded in the glossy black - cockatoo ( deh 2005q ) , but it is not known if any of the infected birds were from kangaroo island . however , it is possible that the disease may have been introduced , or could be introduced in future , to kangaroo island by galahs and little corellas , both of which are common species that have recently arrived on the island , and that are known to carry the disease ( deh 2005q ) .
this volunteer group is ready to mobilise and undertake new citizen science projects to aid recovery and to protect and expand glossy habitat .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2002 ) . factors influencing the production of seeds by allocasuarina verticillata and the foraging behaviour of glossy - black cockatoos on kangaroo island . unpublished report to wildlife conservation fund , canberra .
glossy black - cockatoos can be found in various types of forest , often open , sometimes also denser . they have a strong preference for the seeds of casuarina trees and are therefore often found around such trees , especially if they have mature cones .
conservation works and it doesn ' t cost the earth ,
she said .
it ' s probably likely that we will be able to down - list [ the status of glossy black cockatoos ] at the next assessment in 2020 .
glossy black - cockatoos , although not much smaller than other species of black - cockatoos , are the smallest black - cockatoos in australia . their plumage is dimorphic , i . e . males and females are slightly different . while the body of both sexes is near - black dark - brown , the head of males is all dark - brown , whereas the head of females is brown with irregular yellow blotches . the head plumage of both sexes can show quite some colour variation . males have two solid - red panels on their undertail , females have two barred red panels , with a colour gradient from orange to red . bill , legs and feet are grey , the irises are dark . juvenile and immature glossy black - cockatoos have plumage similar to adult males , but with small specks , while their tail panels are like those of females .
red - tailed black - cockatoo generally feed in flocks but sometimes in twos or threes . they mainly eat seeds but also fruit , berries , nectar , flowers and sometimes insects and larvae . seeds especially favoured are those of eucalypts , casuarinas , acacias and banksias .
in july 2009 glossy black - cockatoos , race
erebus
, were seen by us in two locations in qld , namely at mt . archer np , east of rockhampton , qld , and on the eastern outskirts of kroombit tops np , qld .
the glossy black - cockatoo recovery program is advised by the gbc recovery team , comprising ecological experts , wildlife specialists , community stakeholders and land managers . the recovery team brings a wealth of strategic , technical and local knowledge and experience to the program . all recovery program activities are guided by the gbc recovery plan , a strategic document that describes the objectives , strategies and performance targets of the recovery program .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, were first found by us in jack ' s creek state forest ( 20 km south of narrabri ) in 2003 , other parts of the pilliga scrub and also about 20 - 30 km west of narrabri .
a $ 72 , 500 sponsorship boost from kangaroo island plantation timbers has provided a last - minute lifeline for the gbc recovery program after the timber company committed to support the program for the 2017 - 18 financial year . this funding will allow the program’s recovery team to continue to protect the endangered bird , its breeding places and feeding habitat . read the full media article glossy black - cockatoo recovery program saved by sponsorship .
the red - tailed black - cockatoo is found in a range of environments , but it is found mostly in eucalyptus forests or woodlands and often in adjacent areas of woodlands or shrublands , especially if they have experienced fire recently . it can also be found in grasslands and farmlands .
rowley , i . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
garnett , s . t . , g . m . crowley , l . p . pedler , w . prime , k . l . twyford & a . maguire ( 2000 ) . non - current superseded glossy black - cockatoo recovery plan ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) , south australian subspecies , 1999 - 2003 . npw sa , department for environment and heritage . in effect under the epbc act from 09 - mar - 2001 .
contrary to other birds eating cones of conifers , glossy black - cockatoos do not crack casuarina (
she - oak
) cones to extract the seeds , but instead eat the whole lot . below a close look at such a cone , which is about 10 mm long .
the glossy black - cockatoo feeds almost exclusively on allocasuarina seeds : in a particular area , birds may feed only on a single species . it may also sometimes eat wood - boring larvae . feeds in threes , less commonly in pairs or small groups or in large flocks of up to 60 birds . tame and easily approached when feeding , they can be detected by the clicking of their bills and the falling debris of casuarina cones and twigs .
this is the first cockatoo to be illustrated by sydney parkinson , joseph banks ' draughtsman on the endeavour , while the endeavour was being repaired in the endeavour river .
the glossy black - cockatoo mates for life , with pairs maintaining their bond all year round . the female prepares the nest hollow and incubates the eggs , only leaving the nest to feed herself after the newly hatched nestling is a week old . males feed the female and nestling throughout the incubation and brooding period . once fledged , the young bird is fed by both parents for up to four months and remains with them until the next breeding season .
the nesting success of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been monitored since 1995 . nesting success ( the proportion of nesting attempts that are successful ) has increased from 18 % in 1995 to a mean of 51 % for the years 19972004 . this increase in nesting success has been attributed to the introduction of management and recovery measures ( e . g . the application of iron collars around tree trunks ) to protect nests from brushtail possums (
the small population size and limited geographic range of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) increases the potential for inbreeding . inbreeding could lower the genetic diversity , fertility and health of the population , and reduce the ability of the birds to adapt to changes in their environment . research is needed to determine if any inbreeding occurs , and to ensure that the genetic diversity of the population is maintained at a sufficient level ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
mooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler ( 2005 ) . non - current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 . adelaide , south australian department for environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 21 - oct - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - apr - 2016 .
when courting a female , the male glossy black - cockatoo intonates a monotonous song reminiscent ( to humans ) of a car alarm . upon the last intonation of the refrain , which increases in volume , the male bows and displays his crest and the red patches on the underside of its tail to the female ( see photo ) . after a few seconds , and possibly after a move to a more advantageous point , the whole routine starts all over .
( except the species included in appendix i . a zero annual export quota has been established for live specimens from the black sea population of
glossy black - cockatoos are endemic to the australian continent . there are three races of glossy black - cockatoos . nominate race
lathami
is found along the coastal strip from about the nsw / vic border in the south to the south - eastern corner of qld . they also live in the hills of the great dividing range behind these coastal areas , into parts of the murray - darling basin . in a roughly triangular area in qld , with bundaberg , moranbah and roma as its corners , race
erebus
is found . race
halmaturinus
is found only on kangaroo island .
it ' s a beautiful bird ; it ' s a little bit taller or bigger than a sulphur - crested and smaller than a yellow - tail cockatoo ,
she said .
there is , however , likely to be some inevitable further loss of habitat due to fragmentation in new rural and residential subdivisions and to the continued development of towns and existing rural sub - divisions ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the rate and extent of development on kangaroo island has increased in the last five to ten years , especially in coastal and sub - coastal areas where much of the habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occurs ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
this hotspot includes populations of the endangered bridled nail - tail wallaby and the only remaining wild population of the endangered northern hairy - nosed wombat , now limited to around 110 individuals . the area contains important habitat for rare and threatened species including the bulloak , the jewel butterfly , brigalow scaly - foot , glossy black - cockatoo , greater long - eared bat , large pied bat , eastern long - eared bat and the threatened community of semi evergreen vine thickets the hotspot provides important habitat for star finches and golden tailed geckos .
glossy black - cockatoos mostly occur in eastern australia , from south - eastern queensland to eastern victoria , and there is also an outlying population much further west , on kangaroo island in south australia . one of the colloquial names for the species is the casuarina cockatoo , and this arises from the birds’ preferred food : the seeds of the casuarina tree . they strip the seed pods from the tree , then tear them open with their strong bills to extract the seeds — the ground below is often littered with dozens of discarded cones .
studies on banded birds have shown that about 50 % of fledged young survive to one year of age ( southgate 2002 ) , and that the average annual survivorship increases to 7783 % for birds aged between one year and three years old , and to 85 % for birds that are older than three years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . data collected in more recent years suggests that annual survivorship of adult birds is likely to exceed 90 % ( glossy black - cockatoo recovery program , unpublished data ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the townspeople , council and state government have collaborated to go on a citywide planting spree of the bird ' s favourite tree — the casuarina , aka the black sheoak .
kangaroo island has proportionally the greatest area of original natural vegetation in south australia ' s agricultural zone . yet eight of the ecosystems in the kangaroo island subregion ( which includes some small satellite islands ) are listed as threatened at the state level . four animals are nationally listed : the glossy black cockatoo , kangaroo island dunnart , southern brown bandicoot and the heath rat . conservation reserves protect much of kangaroo island and it is one of the largest areas in australia free of rabbits and foxes . despite this protection , mammals are still threatened by cats and dogs , changed fire patterns and habitat fragmentation .
distinctiveness the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a distinctive bird that , within its known range , is unlikely to be mistaken for any other species ( higgins 1999 ) . detectability the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can be detected by sight , call , foraging signs ( the presence of shredded seed cones and cone fragments on the ground beneath feeding trees ) or feeding sounds ( the clicking of mandibles , the sound of cones being broken open , and the sound of falling debris ) . it is described as a quiet and unobtrusive bird . it usually takes flight if approached too closely , and is especially wary when drinking . however , some , but not all , individuals that are accustomed to human activity may be quietly approached to within 510 m while they are foraging ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it forages throughout the day during the breeding season , but it usually rests quietly throughout the middle of the day in the non - breeding period . recommended methods the recommended method for detecting the presence of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) within a particular location is to perform area searches or transect surveys , on foot , through stands of drooping sheoak , in search of signs of recent foraging . these signs consist of shredded seed cones that are coloured pale green to creamy white ( shredded in the previous 24 hours ) , cream to light orange ( shredded in the previous few days ) , bright orange ( shredded in the previous week ) or orange - brown ( shredded in the previous six weeks or so ) ; shredded cones that are brown or grey in colour may be up to one year old ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the cockatoo ' s habitat probably began disappearing way back when the railway was introduced to the area in the 1860s and declined further as the town grew , said pat hall , a technical officer of science at nationals parks and wildlife service .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been subject to annual monitoring since 1995 . the first annual survey , in 1995 , observed a minimum of 158 birds and , from this count , the population size was estimated to consist of 195 birds . the population size has increased since 1995 ( burbidge & raines 2003 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 1999 ; pedler & mooney 2004 , 2005 ) . the most recent survey for which data is available , in 2006 , observed a minimum of 293 birds . from this count , the population size was estimated at 310 to 330 birds ( l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm ) .
competition for tree hollows with other species including brushtail possums , yellow - tailed black - cockatoos , galahs , little corellas , sulphur - crested cockatoos , and introduced honey bees ( apis mellifera ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ' s populations have declined , with local extinctions and range contractions . this is because of land clearing practices that have removed food sources and nesting sites . more frequent and intense fires in south - eastern australia since european settlement have also reduced suitable habitat . both grazing , which suppresses casuarina regeneration , and forestry practices that remove casuarina have also contributed to declines . chicks and eggs have been collected for the aviculture industry and , on kangaroo island , chicks and eggs may be eaten by possums . the subspecies c . l . erebus of eastern australia is considered rare , while the kangaroo island subspecies , c . l . halmaturinus is endangered .
habitat loss could also occur as a result of grazing . grazing by native and introduced animals ( including wallabies , kangaroos , possums , goats , deer and , on the fleurieu peninsula , rabbits and hares ) and domestic stock can inhibit the natural regeneration of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitats ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1997 ) . the impact of grazing is unknown but , given that about 60 % of foraging habitat and 50 % of nesting habitat occurs on private land , it is possible that large areas of habitat could potentially be subject to some form of grazing ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
surrounded by 300 - 400 stilts , avocets and several species of ducks a very bright [ male ? ] black - tailed godwit . rufous head , neck and upper chest . strong black bars on flank , not complete to belly . back and wings strongly ' spangled
black and chestnut . wide white eye - brow only to top of eye . beak , leg colour and tail etc normal . second bird with it in complete non - breeding plumage pale grey above paler under . beak , tail and eye - brow as with first bird . must be over wintering . about 300 metres upstream of mouth .
although sighted regularly by us in these areas in the years 2003 - 2006 , in general glossy black - cockatoos are quite rare . they live in small groups ; typical sightings are of two or three individuals , sometimes small groups of up to six birds . in the pilliga nr , south of narrabri , flocks of up to tens ( probably consisting of subgroups that will disperse again at some point ) have been spotted at various dams .
red - tailed black - cockatoos nest in tree hollows , which can be in a trunk , end of a dead branch or in a stump . red - tailed black - cockatoos enter the nest hollow tail first . they usually choose eucalypts but will nest in melaleucas , and they usually nest up high . the nest is lined with wood dust or fragments . the female incubates the eggs while the male feeds her .
seen quartering low over a grassed paddock to the south over stacey ' s rd at 1313 . several brown falcons , nankeen kestrel and at least 5 black - shouldered kite seen along a 4km stretch of road .
single bird seen whilst observing a very active mixed flock of grey fantail , spotted pardalote , brown thornbill and striated pardalote . white eye ring noted clearly , black marking joining eye and very prominent bill . tiny bird with white underside and grey upper . bird regularly ' hovered ' whilst feeding during which time black and white tail patterning seen . observed for about 15 minutes on the south side of the billabong in two eucalypts just out from the billabong fence . ebird checklist
since 1996 , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been recorded in baudin conservation park , lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area , flinders chase national park , ravine des casoars wilderness protection area and in close proximity to cape torrens wilderness protection area ( atlas of australian birds , unpublished data ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . over the same period of time , breeding has been recorded at all locations except for baudin conservation park and cape torrens wilderness protection area , and hence annual monitoring of nests and ongoing protection of nests and maintenance of artificial hollows is conducted at these locations . artificial hollows have been erected in lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area and ravine des casoars wilderness protection area . feeding habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been re - vegetated in baudin conservation park and lathami conservation park ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . management activities are also undertaken at sites located outside of the reserve system . in many instances , the individual birds and flocks that use the reserves listed above also forage and breed in habitat near or adjacent to the reserves ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it is estimated that 45 % of suitable nesting habitat ( much of which is not currently used by the birds ) , and 31 % of drooping sheoak foraging habitat , occurs within gazetted reserves managed by the south australian department for environment and heritage ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
red - tailed black - cockatoos are described as dispersive , meaning that they move away from where they were born to where they breed and that they may breed in separate locations . they also appear to move around in response to seasonal food availability .
there are five subspecies of red - tailed black - cockatoo occurring in eight discrete populations . combining these , this species is found from the pilbara and kimberleys in western australia in a broad swath through the top end , much of queensland through to the region of the new south wales border . it is then found from there down along the darling river . the species also occurs in three geographically separate regions in each of : south - west victoria / south - east south australia ; the south - west to west of western australia ; central australia in southern northern territory and northern south australia .
through spring and early summer , the breeding season , red - tailed black - cockatoos are generally seen alone or as family parties of 2 to 3 birds . in autumn and winter , flocks of 100 to 250 birds can be seen in areas with a good food supply .
previously reported sipo ( 1n ) present at high tide roost at point . also present were asian gull - billed tern ( 2 ) and single black - tailed godwit ( rare in westernport ) . good numbers of overwintering eastern curlew , bar - tailed godwit and red knot also recorded .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are also infrequently seen by us once in the foothills of the nandewar range , e . g . at eulah creek , where they can sometimes be seen flying over . in the timeframe december 2014 to march 2015 , when it was particularly dry in one of their strongholds , the pilliga scrub , and when bushfires had destroyed part of the native vegetation , increased numbers were seen by us flying over eulah creek towards the hills and large contiguous forests of the great dividing range . in the timeframe december 2017 to january 2018 we have also seen them twice at yarrie lake , on the northern edge of the pilliga scrub .
the south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo only occurs in the south - east of south australia and south - west victoria . their total range covers an area 18 , 000km 2 from nelson to little desert national park in south west victoria and from keith to mount gambier in the south east of south australia ( see range map below ) . red - tails rely on stringybark , buloke and gum woodland habitats and scattered trees throughout the range for feeding and nesting . they are highly nomadic , moving throughout their range in response to food availability . although red - tails are widespread across the range , some of the more likely areas or hotspots for finding birds are around edenhope , casterton , naracoorte , frances , nelson ( lower glenelg national park ) and lucindale .
the orange - bellied parrot national recovery team has asked that we do not publish any reports of orange - bellied parrots . please send any sightings at the western treatment plant , werribee and the spit wildlife reserve to obp . release @ urltoken and for all other areas to chris purnell at chris . purnell @ birdlife . org . au . all regent honeyeater reports should be forwarded as soon as possible to dean ingwersen ( dean . ingwersen @ urltoken or freecall 1800 621 056 ) , including any colour leg band details . it is requested that details of swift parrot sightings are forwarded to chris timewell ( woodlandbirds @ birdlife . org . au ) . also , please note that birdline victoria won’t be publishing individual reports of yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in the greater melbourne area .
the single nestling is brooded and fed by the female . for the first three weeks after hatching , the male provides food to the brooding female , who in turn feeds the nestling . at approximately three weeks after hatching , the female departs the nest to forage during the day with the male . the nestling remains in the nest for a period of 8496 days and , after leaving the nest , is fed by both parents ( garnett et al . 1999 ; t . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the fledgling continues to be fed for a period , based on observations of captive glossy black - cockatoos , of three or four months ( sindel & lynn 1989 ) , or sometimes longer ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .