brookesia lambertoni , commonly known as the fito leaf chameleon , is a species of chameleon endemic to fito in eastern madagascar .

it was first described in 1970 by édouard-raoul brygoo and charles antoine domergue .

it is rated as data deficient ( dd ) by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , as not enough data on the species have been collected to judge its conservation status .

brookesia lambertoni

- - p . , 1968 brookesia thieli brygoo er , domergue ch . a . , 1969 brookesia lambertoni
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
brygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1970 . notes sur les brookesia de madagascar . v . description de deux espéces nouvelles : b . lambertoni n . sp . et b . therezieni n . sp . ( chamaeleonidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris 41 ( 5 ) : 1091 - 1096 .
the mount d ' ambre leaf chameleon ( brookesia tuberculata ) is a diminutive chameleon from far northern madagascar .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli
brookesia peyrierasi is a diminutive chameleon from north - eastern madagascar . it is known commonly as peyrieras ' pygmy chameleon , named after the herpetologist andré peyriéras . [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon ( brookesia superciliaris ) is a small chameleon found on a small island off the eastern coast of madagascar . its appearance mimics that of a dead leaf .
brookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively as leaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
gray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of chamæleonidæ , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
.
glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively asleaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesiaare largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
like other brookesia chameleons , the brown leaf chameleon is threatened primarily by habitat destruction , [ 2 ] which is the result of agricultural expansion , timber extraction , and small - scale mining . [ 8 ] harvesting for the international pet trade does occur , but is unlikely to be threatening its survival . [ 9 ] since 2005 , export quotas have been set at 200 individuals per year . [ 10 ]
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli family & scientific name : chameleonidae ; brookesia superciliaris and b . perarmata identifying features : small chameleons with barely prehensile tails . they have scaly spines and spiny rosettes on the sides and back and spinous lateral crests and fringed occipital lobes . brown leaf chameleons are found foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor during the day . they have independently moving , protruding eyes and a long sticky tong that they catch prey with . they use their remarkable camouflage when threatened and will stay still for a long period . they also freeze and roll over , folding its legs underneath the belly and lay on its side , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .
the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
the brown leaf chameleon occurs in eastern madagascar ( including the island of nosy boraha ) , [ 2 ] from sea level up to altitudes of over 1 , 250 metres ( 4 , 100 ft ) . [ 3 ] the floor of evergreen primary forest is the preferred habitat of the brown leaf chameleon , but it may also be found in secondary forest and adjacent overgrown plantations . [ 4 ] it seems to prefer closed - canopy forest , and climbs higher in the forest ( up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) ) , more often than other species of brookesia . [ 1 ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as data deficient as the species is known only from two specimens collected nearly a century ago from an imprecise locality . there is no current information on its population status . there are threats operating within the area in which it occurs , and so with further information on the range of the species it will require immediate reassessment .
this chameleon is poorly known . it has been recorded from
fito
in the east ; it is , however , unclear whether this name refers to the town , a forest , or the administrative area ( r . jenkins pers . comm . june 2011 ) and recent surveys in this general area have not found the species ( rabibisoa
. 2005 ) . no estimate of the extent of occurrence is possible , as only two individuals have ever been found and , without knowledge of the precise collecting locality , the extent of suitable habitat cannot be established .
this species is known only from two specimens that were collected prior to 1921 ( brygoo 1978 ) .
the area in which this species has been recorded was moist lowland forest . forest still exists in this region , however , without knowledge of the precise locality the extent of this habitat is unclear .
threats operating in the area include slash and burn agriculture and logging for building materials .
the only site from which this species has been recorded is now included within a conservation area , the zahamena - ankeniheny corridor . efforts are needed to relocate this species , and to identify the limits of its distribution , its ecological requirements and its exposure to threatening processes .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
abundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
meiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zoltán t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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how do chameleons change colors ? chameleons have two layers of specialized cells that lie just beneath the lizard ' s transparent outer skin . wikipedia explains the structure as follows :
the cells in the upper layer , which are called chromatophores , contain yellow and red pigments . below these chromatophores is a another cell layer . cells of this layer are called guanophores and they contain the colorless crystalline substance guanin . these guanophores reflect among others the blue part of incident light . if the upper layer of chromatophores is yellow , the reflected light becomes green ( blue plus yellow ) . a layer of dark melanin containing melanophores is situated even deeper under these blue and white light - reflecting guanophores . these melanophores influence the lightness of the reflected light . all these different pigment cells can relocate their pigments , thereby influencing the color of light which is reflected .
madagascar is home to about half the world ' s 150 or so species of chameleons , including both subfamilies , typical chameleons ( chamaeleoninae ) and dwarf chameleons ( brookesiinae ) .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
chameleons are diurnal , solitary , and often aggressive towards members of their own species ( marked by rapid color change and aggressive posturing ) . they are opportunistic hunters that wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues . chameleons have a bizarre way of moving in which they slowly rock back and forth between each step taken , often in time with the movement of nearby leaves being blown by the wind . most chameleons lay eggs .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
this portable guide offers a full survey of all madagascar ' s mammals , both endemic and introduced , including many newly identified species . with vivid color photographs , line illustrations , and maps , mammals of madagascar : a complete guide
home | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2012 . all rights reserved .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesiaspecies described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is distinguished by its elongated , high , laterally squashed body that resembles a rolled - up , dead leaf . the size and appearance of this chameleon varies considerably over its vast range , and it may be any shade of brown , beige , grey , olive , green , or dark red , but usually display colours and patterns that mimic a dead leaf . despite its tiny size , the brown leaf chameleon has an imposing appearance due to two pronounced horns that protrude from the head above each eye and four spiny scales that jut from the throat . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon spends its days foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor , [ 1 ] searching for prey with its independently moving , protruding eyes and catching insects with its long , sticky tongue . [ 5 ] if threatened , the lizard ' s first reaction is to stay still and rely on its remarkable camouflage , but it may also exhibit other defence behaviours . this includes the ' freeze - and - roll ' technique , in which the chameleon folds its legs underneath its belly , rolls over to one side and remains very still , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . [ 6 ] alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators . [ 7 ]
brown leaf chameleons have an interesting courtship ritual in which a male approaches a female with pronounced nodding and rocking movements . an unreceptive female repels a male by reacting with jerky movements , while a receptive female walks with the male . after some time walking together , and before dusk , the male mounts the female and is carried on her back until the pair copulates in the late evening or at night . this species is known to store sperm . [ 1 ] between 30 and 45 days after copulation , the female lays two to five eggs , which she hides under dead leaves , moss , and pieces of bark on the forest floor . sometimes , a true nest is excavated and the clutch is laid on to the ground . the eggs hatch after 59 to 70 days ; the brown leaf chameleon reaching sexual maturity within one year . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that trade in this species should be carefully controlled to be compatible with their survival . [ 11 ] it is also known to occur in a number of protected areas , including befotaka - midongy national park , [ 12 ] mantadia national park , [ 4 ] analamazoatra special reserve , [ 4 ] and kalambatitra special reserve . [ 13 ] although illegal harvesting and other activities that degrade the forest habitat may lessen any benefits this bestows , this species is more tolerant of forest disturbance than other leaf chameleons .
one - eighth inch grown crickets , tiny mealworms , nymphal grasshoppers , newly hatched silkworms and ants are accepted . dust insects with vitamin d3 - calcium powder twice weekly for baby chameleons and ovulating females , once weekly otherwise . potential problems : very little is yet known about the chameleons in this genus . providing food an water requirements are met , they seem hardy .
references : bartlett , r . d . , and patricia bartlett . the new chameleon handbook . hauppage , ny : barron ' s education series . the new chameleon handbook .
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . peyrierasi to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 2 ]
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . tuberculata to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 3 ]
is the international standard for assessing the extent to which species are facing extinction . these assessments provide a cornerstone for conservation action and are invaluable summaries of our knowledge on the status and biology of different species , with the potential to reveal trends that indicate whether conservation efforts are effective or not .
an analysis published last year revealed that nearly one in five reptile species ( 19 % ) are threatened with extinction , with an additional 7 % being estimated as near threatened ( böhme et al . , 2013 , biological conservation 157 , 372 - 385 ) . at that time , just over half of all chameleon species had been assessed by the iucn red list , but these assessments suggested that in contrast to this global trend of all reptiles , the majority of chameleon species ( 63 % ) were threatened or near threatened ( i . e . , critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable , or near threatened ) , indicating that chameleons may be under a disproportionately large level of threat .
pledged to undertake the assessment of more than 60 additional species , primarily from east africa ( the largest major gap in finished assessments ) in order to help understand the conservation status of not only the remaining species , but the family as a whole . with the help of the chameleon community , and in no small part to the members of chameleon forums (
website . these assessments , however , have revealed a number of troubling trends regarding the conservation status of chameleons . among these :
. there is also quite a bit of information on the distribution and conservation status of each species in their respective assessments . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
obviously these assessments show that there is a lot of work that needs to be done to conserve chameleons in the wild . the csg will be announcing its first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments later today . i will be sure to post a thread on this and how everyone can help make it happen as soon as the effort goes live .
i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question .
thanks for posting this . i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question . on the government levels , and i mean east africa and madagascar , what action is actually taken to preserve and protect these red list species ?
it really varies on the country and species in question . in many areas , it comes down to protection of habitat that these species occur in . in other areas , the species can be protected at various levels .
as promised , the first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments by the iucn chameleon specialist group ( csg ) have been announced . please visit this thread for more information and to help :
these two were surprises to me to be on this list as endangered species . kinyongia matschiei coming from the east usambara has always been documented as a rare species from people in the hobby . however their availability recently in the states ( wild caught and captive bred ) plus being protected by a couple preserves the amani and nile nature reserves made this assessment a somewhat surprise not an impossibility .
kinyongia multituberculata however with a much larger range and being documented in primary and secondary habitat is a huge surprise .
adapts to anthropogenic habitats . relatively common in disturbed , non - forest habitats . shrubs and trees by roadsides . posted by janstipala over 1 year ago 18494 - thumb
i agree with jan stipala , k . multituberculata are very common in shrubs and trees along roadways . they can also occasionally be found in tea plantations ( which for some reason are less intensively farmed in the west usambaras than in the east usambaras : in the west there is often space between each tea plant with grass and weeds growing , while in the east the tea plants are tightly packed together ) and invasive eucalyptus trees . in 3 evenings of recreational surveys in mazumbai forest , i did not see any k . multituberculata in the forest interior , but dozens along road and forest edges . posted by filups about 1 year ago 19432 - thumb
i ' ve only spent a short time in the west usambara ' s ( 2 or 3 nights ) but there were lots in the forests , and they werent that hard to observed . my impression is tha they are more common in the forest than in the transformed landscape . so i would agree they can utlise the forest edges , but given my own observations , plus talking to others who ' ve spend a significant amout of time there , the forest is the primary habitat .
the people i have talked too that have seem kinyongia multituberculata in there native habitat stated that kingongia multituberculata are the fucifer pardalis of tanzania west usambara mountains along with the observation quotes / reports from inaturalist . they have got high fecundity and can thrive in primary ( furcifer pardalis does not even thrive in primary dense forest that well they live in forest edge habitat ) and secondary habitats . plus that the species is the most imported out of all the species that were once grouped together as the species called kinyongia fischeri . that pick for me as an endangered species is a huge surprise . i have looked for the justification for kingonig matschiei and kingongia multituberculata and only found the justification posted for kinyongia matschiei . what is going on with the justification for kinyongia multituberculata being listed as an endangered species ? they even live in eucalyptus trees ?
if you pull up any iucn red list assessment , the second section of the assessment is the
assessment information
section . the first subsection of this section is
red list category & criteria
, which outlines the specific criteria by which the species was assigned to a given category level . the last subsection of this same section is
justification
which is a section of text explaining those criteria specific to the species in question .
. this means that the species was assessed as endangered under criteria b1ab ( iii ) and b2ab ( iii ) . if you click the
ver . 3 . 1
, it takes you to the explanation of the criteria for assessing a species to these categories . for being assessed as endangered , the specified categories for
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) area , extent and / or quality of habitat ( iv ) number of locations or subpopulations ( v ) number of mature individuals .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) number of locations or subpopulations ( iv ) number of mature individuals .
, an iucn red list category of endangered was assigned because the species has an extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2 , with estimates indicating its distribution is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations , and with estimates indicating continuing decline , observed , inferred or projected , in the area , extent and / or quality of habitat . the
justification
subsection of
this species is listed as endangered applying criteria b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) because it occurs as a severely fragmented population restricted to highly fragmented forest patches and their immediate surroundings , a habitat that is undergoing a continuing decline in both extent and quality due to the impacts of timber removal , resource utilization , and encroachment and transformation for agriculture . this species is also one of the most heavily exported from east africa for the pet trade . it is not clear whether current levels of export are sustainable , and research is needed to determine whether offtake is contributing to suspected population declines . although it is observed in transformed landscapes , these observations are close to forested areas and on vegetation that is thick and structurally complex , and it will not tolerance heavy disturbance .
there are a number of other more specific explanations on the range , population , habitat , trade and use , major threats and conservation recommendations in the full assessment for the species .
this species is listed as endangered on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence of only 800 km2 , and an area of occupancy less than 300 km2 . it occurs as a severely fragmented population , and the forest fragments where it occurs are experiencing continuing declines in their extent and quality as a result of agricultural encroachment and resource extraction .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though . chris
the link to the iucn red list page for kinyongia multituberculata was mostly all i was looking for . for the last couple days i could raise the iucn red list page for kinyongia matschiei and not kinyongia multituberculata which is strange .
i understand assessing how big a population is by determining how much optimum habitat there is and approximating / determining how many chameleons there are in optimum habitat by using transect studies for unit areas . however from my readings it is a surprise that kinyongia multituberculata does not live in secondary habitat more as reported in my previous posts and other readings i have done .
when i search for the kinyongia multituberculata iucn red list page it is not showing on my search engine . thanks for the link .
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on kinyongia matschiei : urltoken chris
now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
kinyongia matschiei now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for
, and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result .
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for k . fischeri , and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result . chris
might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported .
i ' m wondering if the new red list ( en ) classification of kinyongia multituberculata might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported . shotgun approach . just thinking out loud here . . . . .
they wouldn ' t be able to adjust the iucn red list category for this reason ( there are strict criteria for each category and species assessment ) , but cites quota levels could potentially be adjusted for different species to account for difficulty in differentiating species . the differentiation of these species was one of the things the tanzanian management authority was told to address as a result of the cites review of significant trade , and i provided them with feedback on how to do so , so we ' ll see what happens .
here is another news article , this time focusing on r . chapmanorum specifically :
) . at the time 184 of the 200 ( 92 % ) recognized chameleon species had been assessed . i wanted to post an update to let everyone know that 193 ( 95 . 5 % ) of the 202 recognized chameleon species have now had their assessments completed by the
and their assessments have been published in the latest updated to the iucn red list .
calumma linotum , chamaeleo anchietae , kinyongia mulyai , rhampholeon hattinghi , trioceros oweni , t . perreti , t . pfefferi , t . quadricornis ,
thanks for posting this chris . sad to see so many on the lists .
- almost 2 / 3 ( 63 % ) of rhampholeon spp . are threatened , but the genus is not cites listed ! some of these threatened rhampholeon spp . , however , are currently being harvested heavily for the pet trade . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
this is one way we can make a difference . do not feed the need !
chris , do you think this is caused from lack of habitat or from exporting ? probably both but it ' s very sad either way .
this is a situation that is not just seen from chameleon conservation however populations can be harmed from loss of habitat and and in certain situations exporting . if you want a good example there is the scarlet macaw ' s of mexico . the populations there were over collected and habitat was lost to the that the populations had to be reintroduced to restore these macaws to a large part of their range . the worst is where you have both over collecting and habitat loss . if you have an endangered or critically endangered species that lives in an exceedingly small fragmented habitat then you add collecting for the hobby you put that species in eminent danger of extinction . that is with or without the intervention of people . meaning habitat has to be conserved for these species to live and people cannot over collect these species that have a precarious existance as is if you want them to live on to future decades and centuries .
i guess collection for conservation would be necessary to an extent , but collection for the pet trade is generally done for profit and can be devastating .
to parts of mexico . i actually got the opportunity with my family to visit one of these large forest fragments / reintroduction sites for scarlet macaws a couple years ago . i have got picture .
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glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (
cites : appendices i , ii and iii . accessed 23 - 01 - 2009 .
glaw , f . , & vences , m . ( 2007 ) . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3d edition . cologne , germany : vences & glaw verlag . 496 pp . isbn 978 - 3 - 929449 - 03 - 7 .
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the annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology : volume 3rd ser . volume 15 ( 1865 )
. . . mbique ; ensirostris melleri to eastern africa ; c . auratus to arabia ; c . granulosus ,
superciliaris , and c . senegalensis tow . africa ; c . i . . . . . . and chin rounded , not dentated . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. c . nose and orbit ivith cylindrical horns , covered w . . . . . . ve ( at page 346 ) as c . monachus . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. nose of both sexes simple . the eyebrows produced abo . . . . . . ith an arched series , of subulate erect scales . tail short , compressed at the base . 1 .
superciliaris . b . m . chamceleo superciliaris , kuhl . c . . . .
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the hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) , also known as the broad-banded hardyhead , broad-banded silverside , capricorn hardyhead , pitted hardyhead , robust hardyhead , robust silverside , slender hardyhead and wide-banded hardyhead silverside , is a silverside of the family atherinidae .

it occurs in the indo-pacific near the surfaceas well as in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal .

hardyhead silverside

also known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead , whitebait .
what does hardyhead silverside mean ? this page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym , abbreviation , shorthand or slang term : hardyhead silverside .
the hardyhead silverside , atherinomorus lacunosus , is a silverside of the family atherinidae , found in the indo - pacific near the surface . its length is up to 25 cm .
jurgen freund / hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) fish shoal in the reef . raja ampat , west papua , indonesia
also known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead and whitebait . found in large schools on sheltered sandy shorelines and mangrove areas . they feed on zooplankton . length - 14cm depth - 1 - 39m widespread indo pacific these fish are common on shorelines , important food for larger fish species although no commercial value .
a new silverside , atherinomorus aetholepis sp . nov . , from the west pacific
tony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .
like other species of silverside , it is likely that this species is abundant and common throughout its range in areas of appropriate habitat .
the flyspecked hardyhead eats mainly mosquito larvae and aquatic insects . it will also eat crustaceans and has been observed eating algae in aquaria .
a greenish - grey hardyhead with an iridescent blue line running along the upper edge of the broad silver midlateral stripe along the side .
tony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) huge shoal swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .
justification : the bearded silverside , atherion elymus , has been assessed as least concern . this wide - ranging species is found in a number of habitats and is not known to be under any major threat . like other species of silverside , this species is likely to be abundant and common throughout much of its range .
the video clip
common lionfish or red lion fish - pterois miles , swimming next to large school of fish hardyhead silverside - atherinomorus lacunosus , red sea , marsa alam , abu dabab , egypt
from andriy nekrasov is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 30 credits ( credit from $ 0 . 74 ) .
the flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . the species is endemic to australia . it occurs in some freshwater streams of the northern territory to southern queensland .
the bearded silverside , atherion elymus , is distributed from southern japan , south to northern queensland . it has also been collected from localities close to islands in micronesia , melanesia , fiji and new guinea .
the related unspecked hardyhead , craterocephalus fulvus , was originally described as a subspecies of c . stercusmuscarum . this species occurs in coastal drainages from southern queensland to northern new south wales and the murray - darling river system .
bearded silverside occur in loose aggregations in the photic zone and are found in tidepools , rocky reefs , along rocky shorelines and reef margins . eggs of this species are large and self adhesive . this species has a depth profile of 0 - 6 m .
the flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . this pattern gave rise to the common name . the fish is golden yellow to deep green above , changing to white below . a dusky to silver stripe runs from the snout to the caudal peduncle .
ivantsoff , w . and l . e . l . m . crowley0 review of the australian silverside fishes of the genus atherinomorus ( atherinidae ) . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 42 ( 5 ) : 479 - 505 . ( ref . 2909 )
finrays iv - vii , i - ii + 9 - 10 ; anal finrays 1 - 11 + 12 - 17 . scales in longitudinal series 40 .
scientific synonyms and common names atherinomorus lacunosus forster , 1801 synonyms : pranesus pinguis lacepède , 1803 atherina pinguis lacepède , 1803 , hist . nat . poiss . , 5 : 372 , pl . 11 ( fig . 1 ) ( île maurice ) . type : lost . atherina pectoralis valenciennes , 1835 , in cuv . val . , hist . nat . poiss . , 10 : 447 . syntypes : mnhn no . a 962 ( red sea ) , a 4395 ( suez ) . atherina forskalii rüppell , 1835a , fische des rothen meeres , pl . 33 ( fig . 1 ) ( red sea ) . atherina pinguis : klunzinger , 1884 : 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) . atherina forskalii : klunzinger , 1884 , 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 3 ) jordan & hubbs , 1917 : 462 , pl . 46 roux - estève & fourmanoir , 1955 : 196 . hepsetia pinguis : jordan & hubbs , 1919 : 32 gruvel & chabanaud , 1937 : 11 ben - tuvia , 1953a : 16 , fig . 9 . alanetta forskali : steinitz & ben - tuvia , 1955 : 5 . pranesus pinguis : smith , 1965 : 616 , pl . 99 ( fig . a , b , c ) . common names : ' abou zoubara ' and ' cachcouch ' , given by gruvel & chabanaud in the suez canal .
* lacepède , b . 1798 - 1803 . histoire naturelle des poissons , 5 vol . in - 4 , paris . i : 1798 , 8 + cxlvii + 532 p . , 25 pl . , 1 tabl . ( inset ) ; ii : 1800 , ixiv + 632 p . , 20 pl . ; iii : 1801 , 558 p . , 34 pl . ; iv : 1802 , xliv + 728 p . , 16 pl . ; v : 1803 , xlviii + 803 p . , 21 pl .
ben - tuvia , a . 1955 . two indo - pacific fishes , dasyatis uarnak and upeneus rnoluccensis in the eastern mediterranean . nature , lond . , 176 ( 4494 ) : 1177 - 1178 .
gruvel , a . ; chabanaud , p . 1937 . missions a . gruvel dans le canal de suez . ii . poissons . mém . inst . égypt . , 35 : 1 - 30 . , 29 fig .
jordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1917 . notes on a collection of fishes from port said , egypt . ann . carneg . mus . , 11 : 461 - 468 .
jordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1919 . a monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . stanford univ . publs . , biol . sci . , 87 p . , 12 pl .
klunzinger , c . b . 1884 . die fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . acanthopteri veri . stuttgart : 133 p . , fig . , 13 pl .
roux - estève , r . ; fourmanoir , p . 1955 . poissons in résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' calypso ' . campagne 1951 - 52 en mer rouge . annls inst . océanogr . monaco , 30 : 195 - 203 , 2 fig .
rüppell , e . 1835a . fische des rothen meeres , ( 4 ) : 148 p . , 33 pl . , in neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien gehörig . frankfurt am main , 1835 - 1840 .
smith , j . l . b . 1965b . fishes of the family atherinidae of the red sea and the western indian ocean . ichthyol . bull . rhodes univ . , ( 31 ) : 615 .
steinitz , h . ; ben - tuvia , a . 1955 . fishes from eylath ( gulf of agaba ) , red sea . 2nd rep . bull . sea fish . res . stn israel , ( 11 ) : 3 - 15 .
atherinomorus forskalii . a holotype , smf 1898 , 109 mm sl , from jiddah , saudi arabia ( red sea ) . b non - type material , huj 5292 , 113 mm sl , from elat , israel ( red sea ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s1 )
atherinomorus lacunosus . a holotype , mnhn a . 4400 , 75 mm sl , from new caledonia . b holotype of atherina morrisi , cas - su 9354 , 102 mm sl , from yaku i . , kagoshima , japan . c holotype of hepsetia pinguis mineri , amnh 19519 , 79 mm sl , from pago pago , samoa ( photographed by t . fukuhara ) . d holotype of pranesus capricornensis , qm i . 8201 , 93 mm sl , from heron i . , capricorn group , queensland , australia . e holotype of pranesus maculatus , ams ib . 5238 , 81 mm sl , from gulf of carpentaria , northern territory , australia . f holotype of pranesus pinguis ruppelli , smf 6856 , 87 mm sl , from jidda , saudi arabia . g non - type material , frlm 26461 , 106 mm sl , from bitung , north sulawesi , indonesia ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s2 )
atherinomorus pinguis . a neotype , saiab 5682 , 105 mm sl , from mauritius . b lectotype of atherina pectoralis , mnhn a 4305 , 103 mm sl , mauritius . c non - type material , frlm 28706 , 86 mm sl , from libong i . , trang , thailand ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s3 )
observations on a collection of fishes from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair , with characters of new genera and species
characters of two new species of fishes , from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair
catalogue critique des types de poissons du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . ( suite ) ( mugiliformes et polynémiformes )
bloch me , schneider jo ( 1801 ) m . e . blochii , systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit jo . gottlob schneider saxo . berolini . sumtibus austoris impressum et bibliopolio sanderiano commissum , berlin
fricke r ( 1999 ) fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) . an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz , königstein
ivantsoff w ( 1984 ) atherinidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 2 . fao , rome , pp “ather ather 1” to “ather ter 1”
eds . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 4
a monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . leland stanford junior university publications
redescriptions of the indo - west pacific atherinid fishes , atherinomorus endrachtensis ( quoy and gaimard , 1825 ) and a . duodecimalis ( valenciennes in cuvier and valenciennes , 1835 )
eds . fishes of bitung , northern tip of sulawesi , indonesia . ocean research institute
die fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . teil
standards in herpetology and ichthyology . part 1 . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology
quoy jrc , gaimard jp ( 1824–1825 ) chapter ix . description des poissons . in : de freycinet l ( ed ) voyage autour du monde … exécuté sur les corvettes de l . m . “l ' uranie” et “la physicienne , ” pendant les années 1817 , 1818 , 1819 et 1820 , vol 3 . pillet aîné , paris , pp 192–401 , pls 43–65
rüppell e ( 1835–1838 ) neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien gehörig , entdeckt und beschrieben . fische des rothen meeres . commission bei siegmund schmerber , frankfurt am main
fishes of the marshall and marianas islands , vol i . families from asymmetrontidae through siganidae
greek , atherina , the greek name for the eperlane + greek , moros = silly , stupid ( ref . 45335 )
western indian ocean : endemic to the red sea and has invaded the eastern mediterranean through the suez canal .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 58474 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 15 ; vertebrae : 40 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or exceeding a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , and not reaching to a vertical through center of the pupil ; teeth on endopterygoids large , forming distinct ridges ; anus located around posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 20 - 23 ; midlateral scale count 39 - 43 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching to or just below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row at the level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .
feeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) .
kimura , s . , d . golani , y . iwatsuki , m . tabuchi and t . yoshino , 2007 . redescriptions of the indo - pacific atherinid fishes atherinomorus forskalii , atherinomorus lacunosus , and atherinomorus pinguis . ichthyol . res . 54 ( 2 ) : 145 - 159 . ( ref . 58474 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 4 , mean 27 . 1 ( based on 78 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 39 m ( ref . 11897 ) . subtropical ; 32°n - 23°s , 38°e - 154°w
indo - pacific : from east africa to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to northern australia ; except andaman sea . replaced by atherinomorus insularum in the hawaiian islands ( ref . 37816 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 17 ; vertebrae : 43 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of the dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or beyond a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , sometimes reaching to the center of pupil ; small teeth on endopterygoids , not forming obvious ridges ; the anus is near or usually behind the posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 18 - 24 ; midlateral scale count 40 - 44 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row and reaching to almost the center of the fourth scale row at level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .
common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . reported to be mainly a nocturnal species which usually forms schools ( from several hundred to more than 100 m long and 20 m wide ) ( ref . 9760 ) . feeds mostly at night when the school disperse . feeds on a variety of planktonic crustaceans . preyed upon by sharks , tunas , long toms , and amberjacks which swim alongside the school . among its other predators are crested terns , gannets , sea - gulls and herons . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . sold fresh , or salted and dried ( ref . 12484 ) . minimum depth reported taken from ref . 57178 .
) : 24 . 9 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 ( based on 1080 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00412 - 0 . 01333 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .
common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . reported to be mainly a nocturnal species which usually forms schools ( from several hundred to more than 100 m long and 20 m wide ) ( ref . 9760 ) . feeds mostly at night when the school disperse . feeds on a variety of planktonic crustaceans . preyed upon by sharks , tunas , long toms , and amberjacks which swim alongside the school . among its other predators are crested terns , gannets , sea - gulls and herons . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . sold fresh , or salted and dried ( ref . 12484 ) . minimum depth reported taken from ref . 57178 .
worms and fishbase have the current accepted taxon for this fish as
atherinomorus lacunosus
and
pranesus maculatus
as a synonym .
jeff holmes set
image of atherinomorus lacunosus
as an exemplar on
atherinomorus
.
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this fish is often mistaken for anchovies . they look pretty similar and can be caught on small feathered jigs . the difference is that they have much larger eyes and harder body compared to the indian anchovies . they can often be sighted swimming near surface in schools near covers such as jetties or piers .
they can be caught using small shrimps or prawn meat or simply feathered jig if they ' re in the feeding mood . they ' re not known to be an effective bait for fishing compared to herrings and anchovies .
description common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on . . .
description common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . [ details ]
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
ben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina forskali rüppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hapsetia pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina affinis bennett , 1832 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina lacunosa forster , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina morrisi jordan & starks , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina punctata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherinomorus lacunosa ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherion morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hepsetia morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hepsetia pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus capricornensis woodland , 1961 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus forskalii ( rüppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus maculatus taylor , 1964 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus pinguis rüppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina puntata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina forskalli rüppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of allanetta forskali ( rüppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherinomorous lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus pinguis ruppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pranesus pinguis mineri nichols & roemhild , 1951 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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alex mustard / pair of bar jacks ( caranx ruber ) hunting silversides ( atherinidae ) inside cave . devil & apos ; s grotto , george town , grand cayman , cayman islands , british west indies . caribbean sea .
alex mustard / silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) school just below surface in evening light , berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .
alex mustard / soft corals ( dendronephthya hemprichi ) growing in very shallow water in the shade provided by a jetty , while a school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) circle . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .
alex mustard / school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) mass below a jetty , creating a false ceiling of fish . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .
jurgen freund / large school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosa ) around the reef , moluccas islands , indonesia .
citation : use the citation options below to add these abbreviations to your bibliography .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
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de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .
there is no directed commercial fishery for this species . it is infrequently collected for use as bait , however this is unlikely to be driving a significant population decline . this species is likely to be undergoing localised declines in areas of coastal development and urban pollution discharge .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species . however its distribution is likely to coincide with a number of marine protected areas .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
acuña , r . e . , a . e . openiano and a . b . apongan0 finfish resources . in resource and ecological assessment of panguil bay - terminal report vol . 3 resources of panguil bay . mindanao state university at naawan . ( ref . 47691 )
allen , g . r . and m . v . erdmann0 reef fishes of the east indies . perth , australia : universitiy of hawai ' i press , volumes i - iii . tropical reef research . ( ref . 90102 )
allen , g . r . 0 reef fishes of milne bay province , papua new guinea . in t . werner and g . allen ( eds ) . a rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of milne bay province , papua new guinea . rap working papers 11 , conservation international , washington , d . c . ( ref . 41464 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa . ( ref . 41414 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the bernice p . bishop museum ( bpbm ) . bishop museum , 1525 bernice street , honolulu , hawai ` i , 96817 - 0916 usa . ( ref . 31667 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 34634 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . ( ref . 36670 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . ( ref . 38732 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museums of kenya . national museums of kenya , p . o . box 40658 , nairobi , kenya . ( ref . 31740 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . ( ref . 31982 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen . ( ref . 40919 )
anonymous0 fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum . ( ref . 47438 )
anonymous0 fish collection of the university of the philippines in the visayas museum . upv museum . ( ref . 43309 )
anonymous0 fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium . ( ref . 12818 )
anonymous0 the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of ichthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . ( ref . 35508 )
baissac , j . de b . 0 swiop / wp / 54 - checklist of the marine fishes of mauritius . raf / 87 / 008 / wp / 54 / 90 regional project for the development & management of fisheries in the southwest indian ocean . ( ref . 58078 )
basmayor , l . o . , r . d . dioneda and v . s . soliman0 the fishes and invertebrates of san miguel bay . p . 36 - 47 . in v . s . soliman and r . d . dioneda ( eds . ) capture fisheries assessment of san miguel bay , post - resource and ecological assessment of san miguel bay , phil . , vol . 1 . bfar , fish . sect . prog . and bicol univ . coll . of fish . smb post - rea tech . rep . 1 , 60 p . ( ref . 45161 )
bianchi , g . 0 fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p . ( ref . 2871 )
bilecenoglu , m . 0 alien marine fishes of turkey - an updated review . p . 189 - 217 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 94612 )
bundesanstalt für landwirtschaft und ernährung0 verzeichnis der handelsbezeichnungen für erzeugnisse der fischerei und der aquakultur . retrieved 17 june 2003 , from urltoken . ( ref . 47487 )
carl , h . 0 danish fish names . zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished . ( ref . 51471 )
chen , c . - h . 0 checklist of the fishes of penghu . fri special publication no . 4 . 175 p . ( ref . 55073 )
chilika development authority0 fishes of lake chilika . letter from s . k . mohanty , fishery consultant . chilika development authority . ( march 2014 ) . ( ref . 95460 )
chinese academy of fishery sciences0 chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken ( ref . 58108 )
cinco , e . and j . diaz jr . 0 length - weight relationship of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 45187 )
cinco , e . a . , j . c . diaz , q . p . sia iii and g . t . silvestre0 a checklist of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 43275 )
cinco , e . a . , p . r . confiado , g . c . trono and d . j . r . mendoza0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 5 inputs to an integrated coastal resources management plan of sorsogon bay . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig , philippines . ( ref . 47565 )
cinco , e . a . 0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 3 capture fisheries assessment . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig philippines . 158 p . ( ref . 47531 )
corsini - foka , m . 0 current status of alien species in greek seas . p . 219 - 253 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 93646 )
de bruin , g . h . p . , b . c . russell and a . bogusch0 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . the marine fishery resources of sri lanka . rome , fao . 400 p . ( ref . 11298 )
de la paz , r . m . , n . aragones and d . agulto0 coral - reef fishes off western calatagan , batangas ( luzon island , philippines ) with notes on new and rare captures and controversial taxa . philipp . j . sci . 117 : 237 - 318 . ( ref . 6956 )
department of fisheries malaysia0 valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p . ( ref . 85449 )
economidis , p . s . and e . koutrakis0 common names of comercially important hellenic marine organisms . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41475 )
economidis , p . s . 0 common names of hellenic marine fishes . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41474 )
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of 2 july 2009 . catalog databases of cas cited in fishbase ( website ) . ( ref . 81932 )
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of december 2001 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in december 2001 . ( ref . 40966 )
eschmeyer , w . n . 0 catalog of the genera of recent fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco , usa . 697 p . ( ref . 1830 )
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , april 2014 . ( ref . 95632 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2012 . ( ref . 90062 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] . ( ref . 101110 )
fischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga0 fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p . ( ref . 5213 )
fouda , m . m . and g . v . hermosa jr . 0 a checklist of oman fishes . sultan qaboos university press , sultanate of oman . 42 p . ( ref . 6365 )
fourmanoir , p . 0 ichthyologie et pêche aux comores . mém . inst . sci . madagascar , sér . a , 9 : 187 - 238 . ( ref . 13510 )
fricke , r . 1999 . fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p .
fricke , r . , m . kulbicki and l . wantiez0 checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde a , neue serie 4 : 341 - 463 . ( ref . 86942 )
fricke , r . 0 fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p . ( ref . 33390 )
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) ( 2015 ) . fishbase ( version jan 2015 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
ganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales0 common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , philippines . 385 p . ( ref . 31411 )
gell , f . r . and m . w . whittington0 diversity of fishes in seagrass beds in the quirimba archipelago , northern mozambique . mar . freshwat . res . 53 : 115 - 121 . ( ref . 41878 )
goeden , g . b . 0 a monograph of the coral trout , plectropomus leopardus ( lacepède ) . queensland fish . serv . res . bull . 1 : 1 - 42 . ( ref . 2160 )
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hardy , j . d . jr . ( comp . ) 0 coral reef fish species . noaanational oceanographic data center . nodc coral reef data and information management system . usa . 537 p . ( ref . 48497 )
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herre , a . w . c . t . and a . f . umali0 english and local common names of philippine fishes . u . s . dept . of interior and fish and wildl . serv . circular no . 14 , u . s . gov ' t printing office , washington . 128 p . ( ref . 2857 )
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hla win , u . 0 checklist of fishes of burma . ministry of livestock breeding and fisheries , department of fisheries , burma . ( ref . 5736 )
hobson , e . s . and j . r . chess0 feeding oriented movements of the atherinid fish praneus pinguis at majuro atoll , marshall islands . fish . bull . 71 ( 3 ) : 777 - 786 . ( ref . 13784 )
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen0 fishes . in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p . ( ref . 75154 )
huang , z . 0 marine species and their distribution in china ' s seas . p . 404 - 463 . vertebrata . smithsonian institution , florida , usa . 598 p . ( ref . 47843 )
hureau , j . - c . 0 la base de données gicim : gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas préliminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil supérieur de la pêche , ministère de l ' environnement , cemagref et muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris . ( ref . 4517 )
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kailola , p . j . 0 the fishes of papua new guinea . a revised and annotated checklist . vol . 1 . myxinidae to synbranchidae . research bulletin no . 41 . department of fisheries and marine resources , port moresby , papua new guinea . 194 p . ( ref . 6993 )
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