the boodie ( bettongia lesueur ) , also known as the burrowing bettong , is a small marsupial .

its population is an example of the effects of introduced animals on australian fauna and ecosystems .

once the most common macropodiform mammal on the whole continent , the boodie now only lives on off-lying islands and in a newly introduced population on the mainland at shark bay .

this animal , first collected during an 1817 french expedition of the west coast , was named after charles lesueur , an artist and naturalist who accompanied a previous french expedition .

b. lesueur is known by many common names , including the tungoo , lesueur ’s rat-kangaroo , and the short-nosed rat-kangaroo .

boodie

everybody by this time is looking at the boodie , and the boodie is steadfastly regarding stephen gower .
boodie cave is located on the second bluff in the centre of the photograph .
“ boodie ” in oxford dictionaries , oxford university press , accessed 2012 september 12 .
surveys of the barrow and boodie islands subspecies have been opportunistic ( richards 2007 ) .
afraid they ' ll try to take the boodie away from him , i guess .
control / management of weeds on bernier , dorre , boodie , barrow and faure islands .
there are an estimated 3400 individuals on barrow island and 200 on boodie island ( richards 2007 ) .
jessie’s research examines the translocation success of the nationally vulnerable burrowing bettong ( bettongia lesueur ) or ‘boodie’ .
peter veth ( left ) with thalanyi elders anne hayes , roslyn davison and jane hyland at boodie cave .
lead archaeologist peter veth excavating a rich layer of dietary remains and artefacts below the surface of boodie cave .
to see ' m s ' ill shaken up an ' duddy , he looks just like a tattie boodie .
the boodie ( or burrowing bettong ) was once widespread across the rangelands to nsw and queensland . ( image :
the total extent of occurrence of the barrow and boodie island subspecies of the burrowing bettong is approximately 233 km² ( short & turner 1991 ) . the total area of barrow and boodie islands combined is 23 503 hectares ( ecosure 2009 ) .
the barrow and boodie islands subspecies of the burrowing bettong occur on the aforementioned islands off western australia . the small population on boodie island was reintroduced from nearby barrow island in the 1990s after the death of the last individuals on boodie island in 1985 during a poisoning campaign targeting the black rat ( rattus rattus ) ( burbidge 1999 ; short & turner 1993 ) .
comb . : boodie - bo , “a bug - bear , an object of terror” ( abd . 1825 jam . 2 ) .
the western australian department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) manages boodie and barrow islands as nature reserves ( richards 2007 ) .
these dates make boodie cave one of the earliest known locations in the settlement of australia and the earliest site anywhere near the coast .
boodie cfs é a cadeirinha de bicicleta que permite transportar crianças até 22kg e aplica em bicicletas com bagageiras . a cadeirinha boodie apresenta um design clássico e é compatível com a utilização de capacete . com apoios de pés ajustáveis em 4 posições , retenção de pés e cinto de segurança com 3 pontos de ajuste , boodie é o modelo clássico da marca e não necessita de qualquer ferramenta adicional para ser instalado ou removido .
the barrow and boodie island subspecies is the smallest of three subspecies : the mainland subspecies , now extinct ; the shark bay subspecies ; and the barrow and boodie islands subspecies . mainland individuals were the largest ( short & turner 1999 cited in richards 2007 ; strahan 1998 ) .
when boodie cave was first occupied , barrow island was part of the mainland , with the shoreline between 10 and 20 kilometres further west .
the work on boodie island was the first attempt in australia to eradicate black rats in the presence of a threatened , non - target mammal .
boodie n . 1
. dictionary of the scots language . 2004 . scottish language dictionaries ltd . accessed 9 jul 2018 < urltoken >
boodie cave provides the earliest evidence for coastal living in australia and gives us an indication that coastal resources have been important to people since initial colonisation .
the earliest dates for occupation of boodie cave , based on results from four international dating laboratories , are between 51 , 100 and 46 , 200 years ago .
marine shells dating up to 40 , 000 years ago were excavated from boodie cave , including this baler shell artefact dating to around 6 , 800 years ago .
boodie ff é a cadeirinha de bicicleta que permite transportar crianças até 22kg e aplica no quadro da bicicleta . compatível com tubos redondos e ovais é ideal para crianças até aos 22 kg . a cadeirinha boodie apresenta um design clássico e é compatível com a utilização de capacete . com apoios de pés ajustáveis em 4 posições , retenção de pés e cinto de segurança com 3 pontos de ajuste , boodie é o modelo clássico da marca e pode ser instalado em bicicletas com e sem bagageiras .
dr jeff short holding young boodie . jeff has played a primary role in the scientific effort which has brought boodies back to mainland australia . ( image : csiro )
dietary remains in addition to shell artefacts , incised shells , shell beads and thousands of stone artefacts show that boodie cave was a frequently visited location on the landscape .
threatened species of the northern territory - burrowing bettong ( inland subspecies ) , boodie bettongia lesueur graii ( pavey , c . , 2006d ) [ information sheet ] .
old boodie warrens are still readily observed in central australia , particularly in calcareous country where excavated stones and gravels form humps or mounds around the entrance of long abandoned warrens .
the introduction of exoctic animals such as the european red fox , feral cats and the european rabbit contributed to the disappearance of the boodie . foxes and cats preyed upon the boodie and rabbits may have also played a part in their decline by competing for food and shelter although there is some evidence they may have co - existed in shared burrows .
the results from radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques from four independent dating laboratories show that boodie cave was first occupied between 51 , 100 and 46 , 200 years ago .
government of western australia , 2006 .
burrowing bettong ( boodie )
( on - line ) . department of conservation and land management . accessed november 14 , 2006 at urltoken .
some body or boodie , o ' some kin ' or ither , had come roun ' the way , an ' wi ' nae mickle swither , by them frae the shambles the carcase was torn .
the boodie belongs to the family potoroidae , which includes the rat - kangaroos , potoroos , and other bettongs . four species make up the genus bettongia . also , three subspecies of bettongia lesueur exist :
we argue that boodie cave was used as an inland hunting shelter between about 50 , 000 and 30 , 000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups by 8 , 000 years ago .
fauna species profiles - burrowing bettong ( boodie ) bettongia lesueur ( quoy and gaimard , 1824 ) ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 2010e ) [ information sheet ] .
1985 , australia ' s amazing wildlife , page 304 , the bettongs live in moderately dry country and with the exception of the boodie , which digs burrows , all make nests of grass on the ground .
the boodie is very vocal and makes a variety of squeals , hisses and grunts and they move in a bipedal fashion , not making use of their tail or fore - limbs for support , except when stationary .
“boodie cave was used predominately as a hunting shelter between about 50 , 000 and 30 , 000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups after 10 , 000 years ago , ” prof . veth said .
astron has been engaged since 2004 to control weeds on boodie island for chevron australia pty ltd . the long term objective is to eradicate buffel grass ( cenchrus ciliaris ) , which once dominated the vegetation on parts of the island .
it was typical for the boodie to be shot by farmers protecting their crops that were being eaten by the species . in addition , agricultural practices ( such as establishing crops and pastures ) removed much of this species preferred habitat .
located on the northwestern coast of barrow island , boodie cave is optimally positioned near the edge of the australian continental shelf . for most periods of lower sea level this cave would have been within the foraging range of the pleistocene coastline .
however , the boodie , once common over much of southern australia , is now only found in numbers on offshore islands on the mid - west coast . boodies are sociable animals and since they dig burrows , considerable warrens can be formed .
the decline of the boodie on the mainland commenced in the nineteeth century and had disappeared from victoria and nsw by the 1860s and from south - western australia by the 1930s . however , it persisted until approximately the 1940s in some central desert areas .
for the past five years an international team of 30 scientists has been working in collaboration with the buurabalayji thalanyji aboriginal corporation and kuruma marthudunera aboriginal corporation on boodie cave , a deep limestone cave on the remote barrow island , off the western australia coast .
other marsupial forms are more unique in their adaptations for example the boodie ( bettongia lesueur ) a shy , strictly nocturnal rat kangaroo , possessing small pointed canine teeth to help fed on other small animals . it makes its nest in a burrow , industriously collecting material for it in a most ingenious way . it picks up a few straws in its mouth , stacks them in a bundle on the ground and then pushes them back over its long tail with its hind legs . the tail then curls up tightly so that the straw is effectively baled and the boodie move away by hopping . boodies locomote using only their back legs which have very long feet . an animal like the boodie may have been the ancestor to the spectacular radiation of bipedalism that resulted in the kangaroos and wallabies
since the initial early dates for boodie cave were reported in 2015 , our team has been forensically analysing the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental remains , as well as re - dating the site to build up a robust picture of the lives of the people who lived here .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . bettongia lesueur barrow and boodie islands subspecies in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 58 : 19 + 1000 .
the boodie was once the most widespread of all the potoroids . its range extended right across western australia and the northern territory , through south australia into western new south wales , south - western queensland and north - western victoria . except for reintroductions , it is extinct on mainland australia and occurs naturally only on bernier , dorre , barrow and boodie islands off the west australian coast . black rats caused its extinction on boodie island but a successful eradication of the rat has enabled the boodie to be re - introduced to the island bearing one of its common names . the boodie has been successfully reintroduced into mainland west australia in the francois peron national park . it is also being reintroduced into fenced fauna reserves in south australia and new south wales . given that the species was once widespread across the rangelands of australia , it occupied a range of open habitat types . its current habitat on the islands off the coast of western australia is low heath , scrub and hummock ( spinifex ) grassland . however , introduction show is that it can live in spinifex grasslands , chenopod shrublands and mallee . the species need to burrow and so a rocky substrate obviously precludes its occupation of some areas . the burrows , however , have persisted in some parts of the rangelands and certainly can be found in new south wales rangelands in national parks such as kinchega national park .
threats to the habitat of the barrow and boodie islands subspecies include : disturbance by oilfield activities , especially gravel extraction and road construction ; fire ; and exotic invasive species ( butler 1987 ) . disease and climate change are also identified as potential threats ( richards 2007 ) .
before its extinction on the mainland , the boodie served a very important function in the australian grassland ecosystem . as it foraged , it mixed organic matter into the soil , spreading fungi and seeds . this mixing also increased water absorption into the soil and reduced the combustible material under trees , decreasing the likelihood of fire . these actions helped maintain the balance of trees , shrubs , and grasses . the loss of small , ground foraging animals after european settlement contributed to widespread soil deterioration . also , the boodie may have helped to thin woody weeds on rangeland by grazing shrubs regenerating after fires .
the boodie once lived in a range of dry subtropical and tropical habitats , from open eucalyptus and acacia woodlands to arid spinifex grasslands . in its current range on the islands , it seems to prefer open triodia ( spinifex ) and dune habitats , but will burrow anywhere except places with rocky substrate .
current taxonomic research based on mitochondrial dna and morphological data indicates that two separate species might be contained within bettongia lesueur ( richards 2005 ) . fossil and subfossil remains also point to the presence of two sympatric taxa similar to the two extant populations on barrow and boodie and the ones on bernier and dorre .
longevity for the barrow and boodie island subspecies is not recorded . however , the bernier and dorre islands subspecies ( shark bay ) have a life span of over three years , and the reintroduced population at heirisson prong ( also shark bay ) contains eleven year old individuals ( richards 2007 ; short & turner 1999 ) .
the boodie is nocturnal , sheltering during the day in burrows and foraging widely at night for food . locomotion is mainly with the hind legs . the forelimbs are used for support when the boodie is stationary . this bettong exhibits a slow gait and fast gait . the fast gait ( or bipedal hop ) is characteristic of the macropodiforms and uses only the hind limbs , with the forelimbs held close to the body and tail acting as a counterbalance . the slow gait ( or quadrupedal crawl ) is used during foraging and other unstressed times . nighttime movement is usually fairly limited , averaging less than 200 m . however , researchers have measured this marsupial traveling 2 . 2 km searching for food . one individual tracked on barrow island traveled 5 km . b . lesueur uses scent to locate food , which it digs up with the claws on its strong forelimbs . the boodie will even climb into low shrubs to find food . demonstrating little interspecific interactions , bettongs are apparently undisturbed by run - ins with other non - predators .
proposed factors leading to its overall decline include the general diversion of environmental resources to humans and introduced species , a reduction in vegetative cover by introduced herbivores and changed fire regimes , predation by introduced foxes , direct killing by people , predation by cats ( particularly on islands ) , competition from rabbits , and competition from black rats on boodie island .
the boodie is the exception amongst the rat - kangaroos as it eats few if any fungal fruit - bodies . rather it predominately eats roots and tubers along with some bulbs , leaves and stems of plants , seeds . in the island populations , it may eat some carrion scavenging along the sea shores . on the mainland , fruit such a quandong is eaten along with various native yams .
[ prob . from gael . bodach ( cf . gael . bodach rocais , a scarecrow ) , influenced by bo , bu , a hobgoblin . bodach is used to designate the ghostly familiar of several highland families — e . g . the bodach glas or grey spectre of the grants of rothiemurchus . see jam . 1808 s . v . boodie and etym . note to bamullo . ]
the diets of boodies and european rabbits have been compared at herrison prong in shark bay ( wa ) . greatest overlap in diets occurred in summer ( 56 % overlap ) when boodies ate seeds , stems and the foliage of shrubs and rabbits ate roots , stems and browse from some shrubs . overlap was less in winter ( 43 % ) when the boodie diet was more typical of the rat - kangaroos with 19 - 23 % hypogeal fungi , along with fruit and forbs . rabbits similarly ate forbs but browsed the foliage and stems of shrubs . there is a widespread belief that rabbits were a significant cause of the mainland extinction of boodies through competition for food and shelter . the herrison prong study has cast doubt on both assertions . boodies better utilised common resources and boodie and rabbit diets diverged . boodies maintained populations when rabbits boomed and then busted as they depleted pasture under unfavourable conditions . boodies typically forage in areas where the canopy cover is above the average for the habitat , and ground cover and height is relatively high . livestock , particularly sheep , remove such cover and so the introduction of pastoralism , not the rabbits , cats and foxes that followed , is the prime cause of boodie extinction .
researchers have proposed many possible causes for the boodie ' s decline on mainland australia , which began once australia was colonized . nineteenth - century colonists killed boodies , considering them a destructive garden pest . as ranches spread over the grasslands , livestock grazing reduced vegetation cover , shrinking their habitat . also , introduced species such as foxes , cats , and rabbits took a severe toll on the boodie , especially on islands . rabbits competed with them for food and shelter , and the foxes and cats became their major predators . the theory that rabbits compete with boodies for food has been disputed in a study done in 2002 although further investigation is needed . finally , the indigenous australians maintained certain fire regimes , and when these ceased , the habitat probably changed . by the 1960s , all the boodies on the mainland were extinct .
this bettong had one of the most extensive continental ranges of any of the australian marsupials , originally occurring in all mainland states except perhaps queensland over the region from about 14 degrees south in the northwest down to the extremity of the southeast coast ( 37 degrees 50 minutes south ) , and from the west coast almost across to the great dividing range in new south wales . it had disappeared from victoria and new south wales by the 1860 ' s . it remained common in parts of central and southwestern australia until the 1930 ' s . by 1966 it appeared to be virtually extinct over most of its former range , with remnant pockets possibly remaining in northwestern and central australia . it was common on bernier and dorre islands . by 1987 it occurred only on barrow , boodie , dorre and bernier islands off of western australia ; by 1992 had become extinct on boodie island .
the barrow and boodie islands subspecies of the burrowing bettong is a compact marsupial with grey fur , and a ventral surface that tends to be lighter . legs , feet and tail are yellowish in colour . it has short , rounded ears , grows to 28 cm in length and has a fat tail which grows to 21 . 5 cm in length . in some animals , the tail has a distinctive white tip ( strahan 1998 ) .
was once one of the most widespread mammals inhabiting the australian mainland . it could be found in all suitable habitats throughout mainland australia , yet by the early 1960’s had become extinct on the mainland and could only be found on the australian islands of bernier and dorre in shark bay , and boodie island and barrow island near the pilbara coast . burrowing bettongs used to live on dirk hartog island , but have gone extinct from there as well .
in late 2004 , calm ( now wa dec ) established a recovery team for marsupials of shark bay to coordinate conservation actions for the subspecies including the barrow and boodie islands subspecies ( richards 2007 ) . through this team , wa dec has prepared the western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur and banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus recovery plan 2007 - 2011 ( richards 2007 ) . recovery objectives that relate to the burrowing bettong include :
in 1817 the french ship uranie anchored off dirk hartog island in shark bay as part of its exploration of the west coast of australia . its crew collected a specimen of a small kangaroo unknown to science . it was subsequently described and named after charles le sueur , the artist and naturalist on a previous french expedition to the islands in 1802 . it became known as lesueur ' s rat - kangaroo bettongia lesueur . today it is more commonly known as the burrowing bettong or boodie .
between 1988 and 1990 csiro conducted surveys of bernier , dorre , barrow , and boodie islands to establish the size and stability of populations of endangered mammals . surveys in 1988 and 1989 revealed a population of some 5 , 000 bettongs distributed between three islands . barrow island ( 240 square kilometres ) contained the greatest number with some 3 , 500 animals . subsequent surveys have revealed that these populations fluctuate strongly in size , building up steadily over several years of average to above average rainfall and then crashing in drought .
the boodie like most of the rat - kangaroos has a gestation period just shorter than the oestrous cycle and thus has a post - partum oestrus with mating taking place very soon after the current pouch young vacates the pouch permanently . they show embryonic diapause and breed continuously regardless of season but some bias towards the wetter winter months was noted on bernier and dorre islands . pouch life is around 4 months and thus they are able to produce more than one young per year but island populations do not reach the theoretical maximum of three young .
and sea eagles ; on barrow island , monitor lizards appear to be a significant predator . before its extinction on the mainland , the boodie served a very important function in the australian grassland ecosystem . as it foraged , it mixed organic matter into the soil , spreading fungi and seeds . this mixing also increased water absorption into the soil and reduced the combustible material under trees , decreasing the likelihood of fire . these actions helped maintain the balance of trees , shrubs , and grasses . the loss of small , ground - foraging animals after european settlement contributed to widespread soil deterioration . also ,
the boodie once lived in a range of dry subtropical and tropical habitats , from open eucalyptus and acacia woodlands to arid spinifex grasslands . in its current range on the islands , it seems to prefer open triodia ( spinifex ) and dune habitats , but will burrow anywhere except places with rocky substrate . the burrowing bettong eats a variety of foods , such as seeds , fruits , flowers , tubers , roots , succulent leaves , grasses , fungi , termites , and marine refuse . it will also raid vegetable gardens . current populations fluctuate , building up during the years with average or good rainfall and crashing during drought years . these marsupials are known to live at least three years in the wild .
burrowing bettongs were once widespread across arid and semi - arid areas in the south , central and western parts of australia . their range contracted dramatically following european settlement and extant populations are now present only on a small number of islands off the coast of western australia . re - introductions to predator - proof enclosures have resulted in the successful establishment of a number of populations in western australia , new south wales and south australia . three sub - species , with distinct ranges , are recognised : b . lesueur graii ( mainland australia , now extinct ) , b . lesueur lesueur ( bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , wa ) and b . lesueur unnamed subspecies ( barrow and boodie islands , wa ) .
if conditions were good , the boodie mated throughout the year , utilising a polygynous mating system . males did not appear to have dominance hierarchies ; rather , they defended females against other males . some females seemed to establish associations with other females ; whether these contribute to increased reproductive success is unknown . gestation lasts 21 days , with only one young per litter . like other marsupial newborns , the newborn was altricial . about four months elapse until weaning . after young leave the pouch , they take 6 - 7 months to sexually mature . females mated the day after giving birth , and the fertilised egg arrested development until the young was weaned . in captivity , females are able to bear three young per year .
the rat - kangaroos have fared very poorly with the advent of agriculture and pastoralism compounded by the introduction of competitors ( european rabbits and hares ) and predators ( red foxes and domestic cats ) . the potoroids generally have much reduced ranges relative to the first settlement of australia by europeans and two of the 10 species are extinct . the most dramatic of the declines is the boodie ( burrowing bettong ) which was widespread across the rangelands of australia and ended up marooned on a few offshore islands in western australia . reintroductions are in progress and this species is on the first hops to making a comeback on the mainland . like the potoroids , the musky rat - kangaroo has lost much of its habitat in the highly prized real - estate of the tropics .
it is abundant on barrow ( total 3 , 400 individuals ) , bernier ( total of 650 individuals ) , and dorre ( 1 , 000 individuals ) . these populations appear to be stable ( richards 2005 ) . the populations on bernier and dorre islands ( and presumably barrow island and possibly mainland populations ) are known to undergo extreme fluctuations in response to rainfall and drought ( short et al . 1997 ) . estimates for the reintroduced island populations are as follows : boodie ( few hundred ) , faure island ( 150 individuals ) ; it is extinct on dirk hartog island ( burbidge and short 2008 ) . reintroduced mainland populations include : arid recovery ( 500 ) , scotia ( 300 ) ; heirisson prong ( 20 ) . populations are increasing where reintroduced .
the boodie is a small , rat - like marsupial with short , rounded ears and a lightly haired , thick tail . this animal has a pointed rostrum and beady black eyes , hind limbs longer than the forelimbs , and large hind feet . this bettong is yellow - gray above and light gray below . its short , dense fur feels soft and woolly . the animal bears a faint hip stripe and a distinctive white tail tip . this tail is weakly prehensile and used to carry nest material . about the size of a wild rabbit , this little marsupial weighs an average of 1 . 5 kg . head and body length is an average of 40 cm . little to no sexual dimorphism seems to exist . however , morphology varies among subspecies and between islands .
if conditions are good , the boodie seems to mate throughout the year , probably using a polygynous mating system . males do not seem to have dominance hierarchies ; rather , they defend females against other males . some females seem to establish associations with other females ; whether these contribute to increased reproductive success is unknown . gestation lasts 21 days , with only one young per litter . like other marsupial newborns , the newborn is altricial . about four months elapse until weaning . after young leave the pouch , they take six to seven months to mature sexually . females mate the day after giving birth , and the fertilized egg arrests development until the young is weaned . this is an example of facultative embryonic diapause . in captivity , females are able to bear three young per year .
this species is endemic to australia , where it was formerly widespread in central , southern , and south - western parts of the country . while it is now presumed to be extinct on the australian mainland , it persists in insular populations on bernier and dorre islands in shark bay ( western australia ) and on barrow island off the pilbara coast ( western australia ) ( richards 2005 ; burbidge and short 2008 ) . there are reintroduced populations on faure island in shark bay and boodie island ( both western australia ) , as well as on the mainland in scotia wildlife sanctuary ( new south wales ) , arid recovery reserve at roxby downs ( south australia ) , and heirisson prong ( western australia ) ( all three mainland sites are fenced reserves within the historical range of the species ) .
once present in all mainland states except queensland , the boodie survived as three remnant populations on small offshore islands . these islands include bernier and dorre islands in shark bay and barrow island off the northwest coast of western australia . the marsupial was listed on the 2006 iucn red list as vulnerable due to acute restriction of its area of occupancy to less than 100 km² . in 2008 , however , due to successful conservation efforts both by government agencies and the private sector , boodies have been listed on the 2008 iucn red list as near threatened , as its range and population have increased , and are still increasing . newly established populations included herrison prong on mainland shark bay by the dec , as well as faure island , scotia sanctuary , and yookamurra sanctuary , which were established by the australian wildlife conservancy .
modelo boodie cfs segurança maior proteção lateral cresce com a sua criança : cinto de segurança ajustável em 3 pontos fivela de segurança à prova de criança 1 autocolante refletor traseiro fivela de segurança à prova de criança . forma ergonómica para usar com o capacete conforto cresce com a sua criança - 3 opções de altura para qualquer o cinto de segurança cresce com a sua criança - apoio de pés ajustável em 4 posições outras características não necessita de ferramentas , é fácil montar o porta - bebé no porta - bagagem . isto significa que é fácil trocar e guardar a cadeira . . o boodie cfs é fornecido totalmente montado e , por isso , pode ser usado assim que se retira da caixa . capacidade de mover a cadeira para a frente e para trás , de acordo com o tamanho da criança e da bicicleta . normas em conformidade com tüv gs - en 14344 características técnicas sistema de fixação ao porta - bagagem encaixa em bicicletas com porta - bagagem em conformidade com a norma iso 11243 - 120 a 175 mm - até 25 kg . encaixa em tubos de porta - bagagem entre 10 e 16 mm recomendado para bicicletas de 26
e 28
esta cadeira não pode ser montada em bicicletas com amortecedores traseiros . esta cadeira não pode ser montada em bicicletas de corrida , com guiador invertido ( quando usada para efeitos de corrida ) . esta cadeira não pode ser montada em veículos motorizados tal como motos , ciclomotores e scooters . peso da criança 9 to 22 kg esta cadeira apenas é adequada para o transporte de crianças com um peso máximo de 22 kg ( e para crianças com idades recomendadas entre os 9 meses e os 5 anos - sendo o peso a variável decisiva ) . peso da cadeira 2 , 32 kg dimensões da cadeira largura 398 x altura 756 x profundidade 344
modelo boodie ff segurança maior proteção lateral cresce com a sua criança : cinto de segurança ajustável em 3 pontos fivela de segurança à prova de criança 1 autocolante refletor traseiro cinto de segurança extra no quadro forma ergonómica para usar com o capacete . conforto cresce com a sua criança - 3 opções de altura para colocar o cinto de segurança cresce com a sua criança - apoio de pés ajustável em 4 posições outras características encaixa em bicicletas com ou sem porta - bagagem . - capacidade demover a cadeira para a frente e para trás , em 3 posições , de acordo com o tamanho da criança e da bicicleta . a abraçadeira permite colocar / retirar o porta - bebé da bicicleta em segundos apertando o botão . isto também significa que é fácil trocar ou guardar a cadeira . todas as ferramentas e o kit de montagem necessários para a fixação estão incluídos . normas em conformidade com tüv gs - en 14344 características técnicas sistema de fixação ao quadro compatível com bicicletas com ou sem porta - bagagem compatível com tubos redondos ou ovais entre28 a 40 mm a abraçadeira requer um comprimento de 80mm para instalação recomendado para bicicletas 26
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. esta cadeira não pode ser montada em bicicletas com quadros de carbono , triangulares e quadrados esta cadeira não pode ser montada em bicicletas com amortecedores traseiros esta cadeira não pode ser montada em bicicletas de corrida , com guiador invertido ( quando usada para efeitos de corrida ) . esta cadeira não pode ser montada em veículos motorizados tal como motos , ciclomotores e scooters . peso da criança 9 to 22 kg esta cadeira apenas é adequada para o transporte de crianças com um peso máximo de 22 kg ( e para crianças com idades recomendadas entre os 9 meses e os 5 anos - sendo o peso a variável decisiva ) . peso da cadeira 3 , 27 kg dimensões da cadeira largura 398 x altura 756 x profundidade 344
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
lamoreux , j . & hilton - taylor , c . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is small and it is known from just 6 - 8 locations , making it close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1 . the natural populations of this species are considered stable and reintroduced populations are increasing , habitat for the species is considered stable , and although there are major threats potentially from introduced predators , fire , and disease , this species has genuinely improved in status since the prior assessment . the species occurs naturally on 3 islands , and has been introduced to another 5 localities . there is , however , uncertainty as to whether 2 of these reintroduction sites can be counted as
self - sustaining
, and thus be included in the number of locations used in the assessment . this species is also close to qualifying as having
extreme fluctuations
in population , which would also qualify it for a threatened category .
this species is found in arid and semi - arid areas of shrubland and woodland , on sandy or loose soils . currently it is found in areas with calcrete rock and sandy areas . it is nocturnal and omnivorous , and lives as loose colonies in a complex warren of underground burrows . the females breed throughout the year and usually give birth to a single young three times a year ( j . richards pers . comm . ) .
this species is listed as a threatened species under australian law . bernier , dorre , and barrow islands are all protected areas , as are all the areas where the species has been reintroduced . studies are underway into the taxonomic identity of remaining populations . there is a need to actively manage and monitor populations . this species is listed on appendix i of cites . a recovery plan for the species has been developed for the 2005 - 2010 period ( richards 2005 ) . recommendations in this plan include : protect wild populations and their habitat so that the species does not fall below the level of natural fluctuations ; maintain captive populations ( currently there are captive breeding populations at yookamurra wildlife sanctuary , scotia wildlife sanctuary , and return to dryandra field breeding facility ) ; use of population viability analysis to compare the viability of wild , current and potential reintroduced populations , and ; enhance community participation and education . the recovery plan also recommends initiating three reintroductions to the mainland within a five year period ( 2005 - 2010 ) ( richards 2005 ) . there have been reintroduction attempts in the past . many of these failed do to the presence of introduced predators , and it is clear that success of reintroductions requires sites to be free from cats and foxes . there is a proposed reintroduction to dirk hartog island , which is not possible unless feral cats there have been eradicated ( a . burbidge pers . comm . ) .
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‘paisley had a gecko to release and we saw two bilbies and two burrowing bettongs . ’
‘the company which values its boodies , bandicoots and other animals on its balance sheet , issued shares at a $ 2 . 50 when it listed . ’
‘when we started , people didn ' t know what bilbies and boodies and bettons and numbats were , and now they do . ’
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also known as lesueur’s rat kangaroo , the burrowing bettong is similar in appearance to a rat .
burrowing bettongs can live in simple burrows or large warrens with over 100 entrances inhabited by more than 50 individuals .
the burrowing bettong is a marsupial and the only burrowing member of the kangaroo family ( 4 ) ( 5 ) though , as its other common name , the lesueur’s rat kangaroo , indicates , it actually bears some resemblance to a rat . originally there were two subspecies , bettongia lesueur graii and bettongia lesueur nova , though the former subspecies is now extinct ( 1 ) . like a kangaroo , it has well developed , muscular hind limbs and short muscular forearms . the head is small with a pointed muzzle , short rounded ears and beady black eyes ( 6 ) . this mammal is covered in short dense hair which is brown to grey in colour , and has been described as ‘woolly’ as its hair is softer than that of other bettong species . burrowing bettongs also bear a faint hip stripe on the body and a distinctive white tail - tip ( 2 ) .
burrowing bettongs are strictly nocturnal and use scent to locate food , which they then dig out of the ground using their muscular limbs . this species feeds on tubers , bulbs , seed nuts , plants and fungi , termites and marine refuse ( 4 ) . burrowing bettongs have also been observed eating carrion and raiding vegetable gardens ( 4 ) .
social groups consist of one male and several females . they dig and occupy a simple burrow which may have a short tunnel and 1 - 2 entrances or a large warren with more than 100 entrances . one of these warrens may house more than 50 individuals from several groups . males are aggressive towards other males and defend the females in their group ( 4 ) .
females produce up to three litters each year with one offspring per litter , though twins are occasionally born . females will mate again shortly after giving birth . however , the second offspring is not born for around four months as embryonic development is delayed . this allows the first - born to be nurtured by the mother and gives it a better chance of survival ( 4 ) . if the first young dies , embryonic development of the following offspring begins . gestation lasts for only 21 days , and sexual maturity is attained within one year ( 4 ) .
this species no longer exists on mainland australia , and until recently was only found on three islands off the coast of western australia : barrow , dorre and bernier island ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . following a successful reintroduction by the australian wildlife conservancy ( awc ) in 2002 , this species is now also found in faure island ( 7 ) .
this small marsupial inhabits a variety of habitats from spinifex deserts to woodlands ( 5 ) .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
this australian species has been completely lost from the mainland , though in 1855 - 56 they were reported as being abundant . they were considered as agricultural pests by farmers who settled in australia in the 19th century , and were shot and poisoned in their hundreds ( 2 ) . introduced feral animals such as foxes are thought to have kept their numbers low , as has competition from other introduced species such as rabbits , cattle and black rats ( rattus rattus ) ( 4 ) . increased grazing and changes to fire regimes have also significantly reduced vegetation cover for this species ( 5 ) .
the four islands on which this species occurs have been declared as nature reserves ( 5 ) . dirk hartog island and the gibson desert nature reserve have also been recommended as sites for translocation of populations following the success on faure island ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . in addition , research is underway to identify the causes of this species’ decline so that conservation practices are well informed ( 5 ) . the western australian department of conservation and land management ( calm ) is responsible for the conservation of this species and it is hoped that these new efforts will enable this unique species to recover ( 5 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
marsupial a diverse group of mammals characterised by their reproduction . the embryo is born 11 - 35 days after conception . the tiny newborn crawls into the marsupium ( pouch ) and attaches to a teat where it stays for a variable amount of time . they also differ from placental mammals in their dentition . nocturnal active at night . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
richardson , b . j . and walton , d . w . ( 1989 ) fauna of australia : mammalia . australian government publishing service , canberra .
kennedy , m . ( 1992 ) australian marsupials and monotremes , an action plan for their conservation . iucn , gland , switzerland .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , london .
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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , population estimates , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat , age to maturity , gestation period , birth season , birth rate , early development , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references
pictures : burrowing bettong # 1 ( 28 kb jpeg ) ( milamba aust . ) ; burrowing bettong # 2 ( 62 kb jpeg ) ( aust . wildl . cons . )
* * * the burrowing bettong is the only burrowing species of the kangaroo family .
* * * it uses scent to locate its food , which it then digs out of the ground .
* * * in the 19th century it was considered a destructive pest of settlers ' gardens .
the burrowing bettong weighs about 2 kg ( 4 . 4 lb ) but can be lighter in some areas .
on the mainland , habitats ranged from open eucalypt or acacia woodland with a grass and shrub understory to sandridge desert covered with spinifex hummocks and sparse shrubs . in island habitats the vegetation cover consists of a variety of shrubs , herbs and grasses .
the burrowing bettong is one of the species that live in the southwest australia biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
sexual maturity is attained within a year . females apparently are capable of giving birth when about 200 days old .
undelayed gestation is about 21 days . ( but see birth rate below . )
a female burrowing bettong can produce up to three litters per year . breeding may go on throughout the year in some areas , but in the bernier island population most births occur between february and september .
just after one young is born the female mates again , but because of embryonic diapause development is delayed , and the second young is not born for about four months , unless the first young is lost .
the young leaves the pouch at about 115 days after birth but is not weaned for a further 3 - 10 weeks .
it mainly consumes tubers , bulbs , seed nuts and the green parts of plants . some communities have been known to eat fungi , termites and marine refuse , as well as to raid vegetable gardens .
a male and several females form a social group and occupy a burrow . the burrow may be a simple structure with only 1 - 2 entrances and a short tunnel , or a large warren with more than 100 entrances . one of these warrens may house more than 50 individuals . males are aggressive toward one another , and seem to defend groups of females but not a particular territory . females generally are amicable , but sometimes will establish a territory and exclude other females .
aust . wildl . cons . , burbidge & mckenzie 1989 , burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , earth sanct , flannery 1990 , iucn 1966 , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kennedy 1992 , maxwell et al . 1996 , milamba aust . , nowak & paradiso 1983 , short & turner 1994
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this species is unique among the kangaroos in that it shelters underground in burrows or large communal warren systems . bettongs are approximately the size of a wild rabbit , are stocky in build and pugnacious in disposition . they are strictly nocturnal , sheltering during the day in burrows and foraging widely at night in search of seeds , fruits , flowers , tubers and roots and succulent leaves and grasses . they will often climb into low shrubs to feed .


struthiomimus ( meaning " ostrich mimic " , from the greek στρούθειος/stroutheios meaning " of the ostrich " and μῖμος/mimos meaning " mimic " or " imitator " ) is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of north america .

ornithomimids were long-legged , bipedal , ostrich-like dinosaurs with toothless beaks .

the type species , struthiomimus altus , is one of the more common small dinosaurs found in dinosaur provincial park ; its abundance suggests that these animals were herbivores or omnivores rather than pure carnivores .

struthiomimus

' struthiomimus samueli belongs to struthiomimus ' according to w . a . parks 1928
struthiomimus was medium sized among other dinosaurs , light in build and had long limbs and a long neck . the brain of struthiomimus is noted for being large in proportion to its small skull . struthiomimus also had large eyes .
, chosing the name
struthiomimus
- which means
ostrich mimic
.
a dead struthiomimus is about to be eaten by the three remaining pack of velociraptors .
the carcasse of struthiomimus was stripped clean by the velociraptors before the 2 carnotaurs came .
it is thought that struthiomimus would have had feathers , being of the coelurosauria family .
struthiomimus has been found in great numbers since the first discoveries , and has often changed the minds of scientists as each new piece of the struthiomimus puzzle has been garnered and considered .
' struthiomimus samueli is recombined as dromiceiomimus samueli ' according to d . a . russell 1972
still today scientists hope for further discovery regarding struthiomimus , in order to better understand its lifestyle and demise .
struthiomimus was a species of dinosaur that existed during the cretaceous period . it looked like an ostrich , hence , that is how it got its name , which means
ostrich mimic
. several struthiomimus appeared in disney ' s 2000 film , dinosaur .
. what this means , is that although struthiomimus was not closely related to lizards , it did have similarly shaped pelvic bones .
below is a struthiomimus skeleton in jigsaw puzzle form . if you can correctly assemble the puzzle you will be admitted to the portion of the collection with all of the struthiomimus bones . ( to skip the puzzle , click on the link below the puzzle . )
struthiomimus lived during the late cretaceous period , about 76 million years ago in what is now wyoming , utah , usa ; and in alberta , canada . struthiomimus was another dinosaur which its hindlimbs were made for speed . its back legs were powerful and struthiomimus was a lightly built dinosaur . struthiomimus is thought to have lived in herds . it had a long and curved neck , at the top , a small head with a toothless beak . it had powerful arms , and its fingertips ended with a curved claw . struthiomimus had a long , stiff tail . this carnivore used its speed and great eye sight to hunt for food and to escape from predators .
classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : stem - aves order : ornithomimosauria family : ornithomimidae genus : struthiomimus species : s . altus
the name struthiomimus actually means “ostrich mimic , ” or ostrich copycat . this dinosaur was actually the first ornithomimosaur to be discovered . like other members of this group , it is believed that struthiomimus probably ate bugs , seeds , berries , and just about anything else it could find .
struthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4½ ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips .
discoveries of fossilized struthiomimus bones are generally sparse , disarticulated and fragmented , the bones being hollow , weak and crushed over time . there are several struthiomimus species types : s . altus , s . brevetertius , s . samueli , s . currellii , s . ingens and s . sedens .
like the other dinosaurs , the struthiomimus in the herd were trying to get to the nesting grounds for safety and survival . not all of them survived ; at least one perished from thirst and starvation and was eaten by velociraptors , its carcass picked clean to the bones . at the end of the movie , the surviving struthiomimus make it to the nesting grounds and live in peace and harmony . none of the struthiomimus speak in this movie .
- a member of a group of related bipedal dinosaurs that included the ancestors of birds ( although struthiomimus was not itself an ancestor of birds ) .
this scene , taken from a short stop - motion film which was later re - used in a special hosted by christopher reeve in the late 1980s , is what truly sparked my interest in dinosaurs and solidified one of my favorite prehistoric creatures : struthiomimus altus . in reality , deinonychus lived several million years before struthiomimus , and realistically , struthiomimus could have easily outrun those slow little ambush predators , had they gotten out into the open . struthiomimus , along with other ornithomimids , were built for speed , and ( based on trackway evidence and hind limb ratio studies ) could have reached speeds exceeding 40mph .
in the primeval world section of the disneyland railroad , three struthiomimus can be seen drinking from a small pond in a desert area . however , it ' s possible that these can be a different species of dinosaur related to struthiomimus , since none of the dinosaurs ' names are mentioned on the ride .
the appearance of struthiomimus in many films and television programs has lent an awareness of the life of prehistoric dinosaurs for years . popularized by our modern culture , the dinosaur has been portrayed in toys also . in a popular scene , the challenging life of struthiomimus was depicted by showcasing the likely sequence of struthiomimus feeding on exposed dinosaur eggs , subsequently losing its attention and fighting off their mother and , eventually to be mauled by a pair of carnivores moments later .
struthiomimus was a lightweight member of the prehistoric dinosaur world . named officially as “ostrich mimic” ( greek ) , struthiomimus is a genus of the ornithomimidae family from the late cretaceous period of alberta , canada . the actual history of struthiomimus is plagued with inadequate information and convolution . initial discoveries were inaccurately assigned and it was many years before an adequate number of fossilized bone specimens prompted today’s greater accuracy in assignation . family members include ornithomimus , sinornithomimus , gallimimus and dromiceiomimus .
a close relative of ornithomimus , which it closely resembled , struthiomimus (
ostrich mimic
) galloped across the plains of western north america during the late cretaceous period .
struthiomimus was a herbivore / omnivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited north america . its fossils have been found in places such as texas , montana and colorado .
…the ostrichlike dinosaurs , such as struthiomimus , ornithomimus , gallimimus , and dromiceiomimus , had long hind legs and must have been very fleet . the dromaeosaurs , such as deinonychus , velociraptor …
full reference : h . f . osborn . 1916 . skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771
notes : found in alberta , canada , struthiomimus is the best known of all ornithomimids . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus was built for speed , with large hind legs and a tail that could be stiffened to provide balance and the ability to make quick turns . it had no teeth , but it is still a carnivore eating soft foods such as eggs , insects , and small animals .
struthiomimus was initially regarded as a carnivore , but has since come to be considered omnivorous . being an opportunistic feeder , this dinosaur would have enjoyed plants and small animals , insects , fish and carrion .
with its long and powerful hind limbs , struthiomimus was a powerful mover and runner . it is thought that the entire defense of struthiomimus would have been its haste and speed in flight ( running ) . it’s theorized that this dinosaur would have been capable of sprinting fifty miles per hour , and commonly cruised at thirty to forty miles per hour . its tail would have been quite useful in form and balance .
struthiomimus was first discovered in 1901 when lawrence lambe found scattered remains that were largely incomplete . however , subsequent discoveries would prove to enlighten scientists as to a truer origin of this prehistoric animal . in 1914 , barnum brown discovered a nearly complete skeleton at the red deer river site in alberta and further described struthiomimus , although again inaccurately . many discoveries and assignations have taken place since , up until as recently as 1998 .
further reading - skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . - bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771 - h . f . osborn - 1916 . - struthiomimus brevetertius - a new species of dinosaur from the edmonton formation of alberta . - transactions of the royal society of canada , series 3 . 20 ( 4 ) : 65 - 70 . - w . a . parks - 1926 . - struthiomimus samueli , a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta . - university of toronto studies , geology series 26 : 1 - 24 . - w . a . parks - 1928 . - a new specimen of struthiomimus altus from alberta , with comments on the classificatory characters of upper cretaceous ornithomimids . - canadian journal of earth sciences 18 : 518 - 526 . - e . l . nicholls & a . r . russel - 1981 .
most theropods were carnivorous . struthiomimus and other related taxa appear to be exceptions . the toothless beak ( see image to right ) would have been well suited for eating either insects or perhaps soft plant tissues or seeds and fruits .
the beak of struthiomimus had a straight edge . since its fingers appear to have been largely immobile , it has been suggested that they may have been bound together as a single unit , as a webbed foot would be for a creature of the coast or shoreline . it is theorized that struthiomimus was a shore - dweller and could have been a filter feeder at times , in addition to the plant life of leaves from trees and shrubberies , along with buds and grasses . struthiomimus likely still could have grasped at branches with its forelimbs and webbed fingers . its long neck would have been useful both in the water and out , reaching the tops of trees and into the depths of the shallowest waters .
since struthiomimus has no teeth , and teeth are the most abundant and easiest means to recognize the presence of a specific dinosaur type , we have only a few phalanges from the foot that we can definitely attribute to this taxon in our collection .
struthiomimus was probably an omnivore - although there have also been theories that it may have been a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , herbivore ( plant - eater ) , or even a filter feeder ( straining food from water like a flamingo ) .
struthiomimus is notable for its lack of general defense against the more carnivorous and powerful dinosaurs of its time . however , this was a fast animal that had powerful legs and is compared to today’s ostrich in speed , strength , nimble nature and even its likely feathers .
struthiomimus was an ornithomimosaur , or ostrich - like dinosaur . the ornithomimosaurs , which came in a variety of species , were all very similar to one another . they typically had toothless beaks , long slender fingers , and were bipedal , meaning they walked on only two legs .
unlike the ridiculously - named struthiosaurus ( the
ostrich lizard
that ' s an armoured , four - legged , nodosaurid ankylosaur ) , struthiomimus ( the
ostrich mimic
) actually boasts some similarities to its namesake . it has long legs , a small toothless skull , and the ability to outrun most things , just like the modern ostrich ( struthio ) . however , so does a dinosaur called ornithomimus , and that ' s exactly where struthiomimus spent the best part of two decades , having been assigned there as ornithomimus altus by lawrence lambe in 1902 .
except for its speed , struthiomimus appears to have been unprotected . however , appearances can be deceptive . this specimen was equipped with formidable claws on its hands ( left ) and feet ( right with phalanges ) that certainly could have been turned to defensive use should the occasion require .
, there has been considerable debate about the diet of struthiomimus . based on its straight - edged beak , some scientists believe it to have been an omnivore . other scientists have thought it to be a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , because some of its relatives were carnivores . many scientists ( including
dinosaur genera found in the park include brachylophosaurus , centrosaurus , chasmosaurus , chirostenotes , corythosaurus , daspletosaurus , dromaeosaurus , edmontonia , elmisaurus , euoplocephalus , gorgosaurus , gryposaurus , hesperonychus , lambeosaurus , leptoceratops , ornithomimus , panoplosaurus , parasaurolophus , prosaurolophus , ricardoestesia , saurornitholestes , stegoceras , struthiomimus , styracosaurus , and troodon .
the legs ( hind limbs ) of struthiomimus were long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of struthiomimus was , in fact , its main defense from predators ( although it may also have been able to lash out with its hind claws when cornered ) , such as the dromaeosaurids ( e . g . saurornitholestes and dromaeosaurus ) and tyrannosaurs ( e . g . daspletosaurus and gorgosaurus ) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 31 to 50 mph ) .
a well - known example is struthiomimus . most were ostrich - sized and were adapted for fast running , with particularly long foot bones , or metatarsals . the largest was deinocheirus from asia , known only from one specimen consisting of complete arms and hands almost 3 metres ( 10 feet ) long—nearly four times longer than those…
the tracks are all of three - toed animals ( that is , three toes to walk on – digitgrade stance ) . the narrow toes and their overall size indicate the bird - like prints of a type of bipedal dinosaur belonging to the theropod group – ornithomimids . these light , cursorial dinosaurs had compact bodies , long tails , long necks and very long legs . they were swift runners and palaeontologists believe that some of the larger species such as the four metre long struthiomimus ( struthiomimus sedens ) , that lived in north america during the late cretaceous ( campanian faunal stage ) , could have reached speeds in excess of sixty kilometres an hour .
struthiomimus was of a medium size , bipedal and bird - like in appearance . its long rear limbs appear to be built for great speed and distance coverage , like that of today’s ostrich . while struthiomimus stood about four feet at the hips , actual height to the head was more like fourteen feet . the head of struthiomimus was very small in proportion to the rest of its body , including the brain . the head was slender and seemed a simple extension from the much larger body and long neck . the jaws of this omnivore were edentulous . its tail must have been quite useful in balance and aerodynamics , since it consisted of significantly more vertebrae than either its neck or back . the tail of this ostrich like dinosaur was stiff , and most significant to its build and performance , with at least 35 tail vertebrae and only six to the hip area and thirteen in the back . it is surprising that the neck , although very long , had only ten vertebrae .
) have suggested struthiomimus was probably a herbivore ( plant - eaters ) - its hands seem well - adapted to hooking branches and fern fronds . finally , there is also a possibility that it may have lived on the shoreline and been a filter feeder , straining water for food particles in a way similar to modern flamingo birds .
this study provides the first description of an ornithomimid bonebed known from north america , and one of only three such sites worldwide . although the taxonomic identity of the specimens could not be determined beyond the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus , it provides further evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids , and highlights some of the outstanding problems within ornithomimid classification .
the arms of struthiomimus were long and slender and sported the longest hands of any ornithomimid . the three fingers were all about the same length , with slightly curved and particularly long claws . the forearm to the fingers were immobile ( no wrist ) , with only slight mobility of the fingers themselves . its arms have been compared to those of a sloth .
struthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4½ ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips . it is believed to have weighed around 330 pounds ( 150 kilograms ) . it was probably a fast - runner , perhaps being able to reach speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour ( 50 to 80 kilometers per hour ) .
struthiomimus pronunciation : strooth - ee - uh - my - mus translation : ostrich mimic also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae superfamily : ornithomimosauria ( of the microorder coelurosauria ) family : ornithomimidae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 12 feet ( 3 . 7 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
the phylogenetic analysis of the dry island bonebed ornithomimid specimens generated 5 most parsimonious trees each of 75 steps length ( consistency index = 0 . 667 , retention index = 0 . 747 ) . the strict consensus of those five trees is shown in figure 5 , with bootstrap ( 100 , 000 replicates ) and bremer support values indicated . ornithomimus + struthiomimus + dry island specimens form an unresolved polytomy nested within ornithomimidae , sister clade to qiupalong henanensis .
struthiomimus sedens , the ostrich - mimic dinosaur ( strouthion - ostrich , mimos - mimic ) was a medium - sized ( up to 15 feet long ) ostrich - like theropod found in the lance formation and in other upper cretaceous deposits in north america . this creature appears to have been a fast runner that may have relied upon its speed to escape from other carnivorous dinosaurs that might have wanted to make a meal out of this tasty morsel .
the stratigraphic position of the specimens can also be of assistance in the taxonomic identification of the bonebed material ( figure 6 ) . known ornithomimid material from the section of the horseshoe canyon formation containing the bonebed ( tolman member / unit 4 , above the drumheller marine transgression ) almost exclusively represents ornithomimus edmontonicus ( six skeletons in various states of completeness ) , with the exception of one specimen of struthiomimus altus [ 1 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 21 ] . this further supports the placement of the bonebed specimens within the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus [ 11 ] , [ 16 ] . although only one specimen of s . altus is currently known from this unit , it contains diagnostic forelimb material that makes misidentification unlikely [ 13 ] . in combination with the inconclusive phylogenetic and pca results , we conclude that an exact species determination for the dry island bonebed material cannot be confirmed at this time .
this ornithomimid (
bird mimic
) dinosaur was distinguished from its more famous cousin by its slightly longer arms and stronger fingers , but because of the position of its thumbs it couldn ' t grasp food quite as easily . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus likely pursued an opportunistic diet , feeding on plants , small animals , insects , fish or even carrion ( when a kill was left unattended by other , larger theropods ) . this dinosaur may have been capable of short sprints of 50 miles per hour , but had a less taxing
cruising speed
in the 30 to 40 mph range .
name : struthiomimus  ( ostrich mimic )  . phonetic : stru - fee - oh - mime - us . named by : henry fairfield osborn  -  1917 . synonyms : ornithomimus altus ,  ornithomimus sedens . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  dinosauria ,  saurischia ,  theropoda ,  ornithomimidae . species : s .  altus ( type )  ,  s .  sedens . diet : uncertain but possibly an omnivore . size : 4 . 3 meters long ,  1 . 4 meters high at the hip . known locations : canada ,  alberta  -  dinosaur park formation and horseshoe canyon formation .  usa  -  hell creek formation . time period : late campanian / early maastrichtian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : many individuals .
bonebeds can provide a wealth of anatomical , taphonomic , and ontogenetic information about the specimens preserved within them , and can provide evidence for inferred behavior . the material described here represents the first known bonebed of ornithomimids in north america , and the fourth record of an ornithomimosaur bonebed in the world . partial skeletons representing three individuals are preserved in this assemblage , each comprising primarily portions of the posterior postcrania ( pelvis , hind limbs and tail ) . all three individuals are morphologically similar , although one is larger in overall size . given the stratigraphic position of the site , and the morphology of the postcrania , the preserved material represents a taxon from the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus . pedal ungual morphology is examined and found to be too variable to be useful in distinguishing these species taxonomically . this site provides additional evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids and the first probable record of that behavior in north american forms .
specimens were prepared from their plaster jackets using standard paleontological preparation techniques . taphonomic condition scales used in this study follow ryan et al . [ 2 ] . to assess the relationship of the dry island bone bed specimens described here to other ornithomimid taxa we scored them for a cladistic data matrix ( table s2 ) , modified from xu et al . [ 16 ] . the ‘dry island bonebed specimens’ were scored as a combination of cmn 12068 , 12069 , and 12070 , which were coded the same for each specimen and therefore analyzed as a single operational taxonomic unit . we performed a phylogenetic analysis using tnt [ 34 ] , with a traditional wagner search with 1000 replicates using tree bisection reconnection branch swapping . a principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed in an attempt to further classify the dry island ornithomimid bonebed specimens beyond the polytomy resolved in the phylogenetic analysis . the pca was performed using the lengths , proximal and distal heights , and proximal and distal widths of each pedal phalanx from the dry island bonebed specimens and several articulated specimens of ornithomimus and struthiomimus ( cmn 8632 [ o . edmontonicus ] , cmn 930 [ s . altus ] , rom [ royal ontario museum , toronto , canada ] 852 [ “ o . edmontonicus ” ] , rom 851 [ o . edmontonicus ] , rom 797 [ “ o . edmontonicus ” ] ) , rom 1790 [ “ s . altus ” ] ) . left / right averages were produced for each specimen , and unshared material was removed . the full list of measurements can be found in table s3 . a canonical variate analysis ( cva ) was then performed , on the measurements identified in the pca as most affecting the variation , to test the significance of clustering in the morphospace . the pca and cva were performed on these data using past [ 35 ] . resultant plots can be found in figures s1 and s2 , respectively . no permits were required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .
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zelenitsky , darla k . ; therrien , françois ; erickson , gregory m . ; debuhr , christopher l . ; kobayashi , yoshitsugu ; eberth , david a . ; hadfield , frank
science , volume 338 , issue 6106 , pp . 510 - ( 2012 ) . ( sci homepage )
previously described feathered dinosaurs reveal a fascinating record of feather evolution , although substantial phylogenetic gaps remain . here we report the occurrence of feathers in ornithomimosaurs , a clade of non - maniraptoran theropods for which fossilized feathers were previously unknown . the ornithomimus specimens , recovered from upper cretaceous deposits of alberta , canada , provide new insights into dinosaur plumage and the origin of the avian wing . individuals from different growth stages reveal the presence of a filamentous feather covering throughout life and winglike structures on the forelimbs of adults . the appearance of winglike structures in older animals indicates that they may have evolved in association with reproductive behaviors . these specimens show that primordial wings originated earlier than previously thought , among non - maniraptoran theropods .
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( meaning “ostrich mimic” ) was about 2 . 5 metres ( 8 feet ) long and was obviously adapted for rapid movement on strong , well - developed hind limbs . the three - toed feet were especially birdlike in that they had exceedingly long
( foot bones ) , which , as in birds ( and some other dinosaurs ) , did not touch the ground .
had a small , light , and toothless skull perched atop a slender and very flexible neck ; the jaws were probably covered by a rather birdlike horny beak . the forelimbs were also long and slender , terminating in three - fingered hands with sharp claws adapted for grasping . the hand , as in all members of the
) , is diagnostic in that all three fingers are nearly the same length .
ornithomimus , ( genus ornithomimus ) , ostrichlike feathered dinosaurs found as fossils in mongolian , european , and north american deposits dating from 125 million to 66 million years ago during the cretaceous period . ornithomimus was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long , and , although it was a theropod dinosaur , it was likely omnivorous . its…
dinosaur , the common name given to a group of reptiles , often very large , that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago ( near the beginning of the middle triassic epoch ) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years . most died out by the end of the cretaceous period , about 66 million…
cretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary…
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t . rowe and r . l . cifelli . 1992 . the campanian terlingua local fauna , with a summary of other vertebrates from the aguja formation , trans - pecos texas . journal of vertebrate paleontology 12 ( 4 ) : 472 - 493
s . g . lucas and n . j . mateer . 1987 . dinosaurs , the age of the fruitland and kirtland formations , and the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan basin , new mexico . j . e . fassett and j . k . rigby , jr . ( eds . ) , the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan and raton basins , new mexico and colorado , geological society of america special paper 209 : 35 - 50
r . s . lull and n . e . wright . 1942 . hadrosaurian dinosaurs of north america . geological society of america special paper 40 : 1 - 242
staurikosaurus pronunciation : stor - ik - uh - sawr - us translation : ( southern ) cross lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal superorder : dinosauria order : saurischia ( not confirmed ) suborder : theropoda ( not confirmed ) family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( 0 . 8 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) period : late triassic
notes : found in southern brazil and argentina , staurikosaurus is one of the earliest known and most primitive dinosaurs . it appears to predate the saurischian and ornithiscian orders , having characteristics of neither . however , new studies suggest that staurikosaurus , eoraptor and herrerasaurus are definite theropods and probably do not predate a split between the two orders .
stegoceras pronunciation : steg - oss - er - us translation : covered horn , or horny roof also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 3 . 5 feet ( 1 . 1 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 100 pounds ( 45 . 4 kg ) period : late cretaceous
notes : first discovered in montana and alberta , canada , stegoceras is the best known of all north american
bone - head
dinosaurs . the relatively large brain of this dinosaur was encased in a dome of 3 inches ( 7 . 6 cm ) thick bone divided into two parts . the males had larger and thicker domes than the females . small spikes fringed the back of the head . stegoceras males may have butted competing males for mating territory but it is unlikely that they butted heads as commonly portrayed .
stegosaurus pronunciation : steg - uh - sawr - us translation : roof lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : stegosauria family : stegosauridae height : 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) length : 28 feet ( 8 . 5 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 pounds ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late jurassic
notes : stegosaurus is the only plated dinosaur ever found in western north america . the large triangular plates that ran along its back were probably arranged in a double row , and its tail was armed with four long spikes . the plates may have served the purpose of regulating stegosaurus ' internal temperature , dissipating heat when turned from the sun , absorbing heat when faced into the sun . the size of plates may also have made stegosaurus appear larger to predators and served to deter them from attacking .
stenopelix pronunciation : sten - uh - pay - lix translation : narrow helmet , or narrow pitcher also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( . 76 meters ) length : 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : early cretaceous
notes : discovered in germany , stenopelix had a narrow parrot - like beak .
stokesosaurus pronunciation : stokes - uh - sawr - us translation : stokes ' s lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae micro - order : carnosauria ( not confirmed ) family : height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 13 feet ( 4 meters ) weight : period : late jurassic
notes : this dinosaur may have been related to the tyrannosaurid albertosaurus . it was discovered in utah and named for lee stokes , american paleontologist .
struthiosaurus pronunciation : strooth - ee - o - sawr - us translation : harsh lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : ankylosauria family : nodosauridae height : 1 . 5 feet ( . 46 meters ) length : 5 ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
notes : found in austria , struthiosaurus is the smallest known ankylosaur . its head had no armor ; however , its sides were probably well protected .
stygimoloch pronunciation : stig - ih - moe - lock translation : demon from the river styx also known as : description : herbivore , bipedaly order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 4 feet ( 1 . 2 meters ) length : 6 . 6 feet ( 2 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
notes : stygimoloch received its name from the unusual appearance of its skull , which is adorned with three or four massive spikes , the largest of which was about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) long . like other pachycephalosaurs , stygimoloch may have used its horns in butting heads with rivals , like present - day bighorn sheep .
styracosaurus pronunciation : stih - rak - uh - sawr - us translation : spiked lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : ceratopsia micro - order neoceratopsia family : ceratopsidae height : 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) length : 17 feet ( 5 . 2 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 lb ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late cretaceous
notes : found in alberta , canada , styracosaurus was a short - frilled ceratopsian with 6 long spikes along the edge of its frill . its snout was shaped like a parrot ' s beak . and on its snout grew a horn that was nearly 2 feet ( 0 . 6 meters ) long and 6 inches ( 15 cm thick ) . possibly it used this great horn for self - defense .
supersaurus pronunciation : soo - per - sawr - us translation : super lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : saurischia suborder : sauropodomorpha infraorder : sauropoda family : diplodocidae height : 65 feet ( 20 meters ) length : 120 feet ( 36 . 6 meters ) weight : 120 , 000 pounds ( 54 , 432 kg ) period : late jurassic
notes : an immense dinosaur found in colorado in 1972 by
dinosaur jim
jensen , supersaurus had a 39 - foot long neck . most notable about the rather incomplete material is a scapula or shoulder bone 8 feet long , which suggests an overall height of 65 feet . supersaurus is a diplodocid , characterized by a long , narrow head , very long neck , and a tail that ended in a tapering whiplash . the same quarry that produced supersaurus also produced ultrasauros .
syntarsus pronunciation : sin - tar - sus translation : fused ankle also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : podokesauridae height : 4 . 5 feet ( 1 . 4 meters ) length : 9 . 8 feet ( 3 meters ) weight : 65 pounds ( 29 . 5 kg ) period : early jurassic
notes : found in zimbabwe and arizona , syntarsus was a slender predator with short arms and long legs with fused foot bones . related to coelophysis .
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stood about 3 . 7 meters long and 1 . 4 meters ( 4 ' 6
) tall at the hips and weighed around 150 kg ( 330 lb ) .
henry fairfield osborn , in 1917 . of the specimens found in alberta , some were found in and under piles of ash , suggesting a forest fire may have killed them .
were long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of
was , in fact , its only defence from predators , such as the dromaeosaurs ( e . g .
) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 30 to 50 mph ) .
its neck was slender and ended in a small , toothless , beaked skull , with relatively large eyes . the ' arms ' of
sloths . it also had the typical characteristics of most ornithomimids : a long , stiff tail and a toothless beak .
shrimp and possibly eggs from other dinosaurs . some paleontologists noted that it was more likely to be a carnivore given that it was nested within the likewise carnivorous theropod group . this theory has never been discounted but osborn , who described and named the dinosaur , proposed that it probaby ate buds and shoots from trees , shrubs and other plants , using its forelimbs to grasp branches and its long neck to enable it accurately to select particular items .
, before the later more balanced depictions with stiffened horizontal tails and bodies were widely accepted . this newer view creates an image much more reminiscent of modern flightless birds , such as the ostrich to which this dinosaur ' s name refers .
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an international group of researchers led by bradley mcfeeters , currently a ph . d . student at carleton university in ottawa , canada , has announced the discovery of a new ostrich - mimic dinosaur ,
, from the lower dinosaur park formation near dinosaur provincial park , alberta . the new species lived about 76 million years ago during the late cretaceous period . research describing the new species is published online in the
( rat - iv - ate - eez ) would have resembled a modern ostrich , but with long , fingered arms instead of wings , and a long tail . it would have been approximately 3 . 3 meters ( 11 feet ) long , about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) tall and weighed about 90 kilograms ( 200 pounds ) .
, but lacks the key diagnostic characters of that species , ” said mcfeeters . “we can tell that it is a new species based on features of its skull , tail , pelvis and feet , including the shape of the long bones of the feet .
skull ( without lower jaw ) of rativates evadens , a newly described ostrich mimic dinosaur from alberta . credit : journal of vertebrate paleontology
field locality where the partial skeleton of rativates evadens was discovered near dinosaur provincial park in alberta in 1934 . credit : indiana university press , 2005
bradley mcfeeters of carleton university led research describing a new species of ostrich mimic dinosaur . credit : michael j . ryan
dr . michael ryan of the cleveland museum of natural history co - described a new species of ostrich - mimic dinosaur . credit : laura dempsey , cleveland museum of natural history
( latin ratis + vates ) means “ratite ( large flightless bird ) foreteller” and alludes to the paradox of an ostrich mimic dinosaur existing before ostriches . the name
means to evade , in reference to this swift - footed dinosaur’s ability to evade predators in the late cretaceous , as well as its recognition as a new species 80 years following the discovery of the original fossil .
lacked teeth and , similar to birds , had beaked mouths . they are believed to have been omnivorous , meaning they ate plants , insects and other small animals . their long , powerful legs would have made them fast runners ( like the
, also from alberta , is known to have had a downy covering over most of its body . it may have had true feathers as well .
to analyze its growth and determined it was at least eight years old and nearly adult - sized at the time of death . this is only 80 percent as long , and half as massive as , the adult size of the closely related
, that is estimated to have weighed approximately 175 kilograms ( ~ 385 pounds )
, said co - author thomas cullen , a ph . d . candidate at the university of toronto .
“this suggests that there are at least two differently - sized , but closely - related dinosaur species that lived together on the ancient landscape , similar to what we see today in the closely related predators like foxes , coyotes and wolves , ” said mcfeeters’ former co - supervisor and co - author claudia schröder - adams , of the department of earth sciences at carleton university .
is another exciting example of a new species of dinosaur being discovered among museum collections , ” said ryan . “these valuable collections allow modern researchers to build on the work of earlier scientists to advance what we know about the ancient earth and provide new insights into evolution . ”
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is derived from the greek
strouthion
( ostrich ) and
mimos
( mimic ) because the shape of its head , neck and legs are similar to those of a modern ostrich .
( nmc 930—a partial skeleton ) was discovered in the oldman formation ( belly river group ) , steveville , alberta , canada , by lawrence lambe in 1901 .
• l . m . lambe ( 1902 )
new genera and species from the belly river series ( mid - cretaceous )
.
, a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta
.
• parks , w . a . , ( 1933 )
new species of dinosaurs and turtles from the upper cretaceous formations of alberta
.
• d . a . russell ( 1972 )
ostrich dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of western canada
.
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the ornithomimidae ( ostrich mimics ) , so called as their skeletons superficially resemble modern , ground living birds are known from extensive fossil material from the northern hemisphere . however , the discovery of a set of dinosaur tracks , in south australia indicates that theropods such as members of the ornithomimidae may have roamed gondwanaland too . these trackways support body fossil evidence that suggest that these dinosaurs were indeed common in the southern hemisphere . indeed , the tracks made during the cretaceous period provide evidence of such dinosaurs living in polar regions in the southern hemisphere . scientists have speculated that with these trace fossils , plus evidence from dig sites in northern latitudes , the “ostrich mimics” may have been warm - blooded .
as the dinosaurs roamed the southern polar regions , they left a series of distinctive three - toed prints in the wet , sandy soil as they crossed a flood plain . over time , these trace fossils became compacted into cliffs and it was anthony martin ( emory university ) who discovered them in what is now victoria , ( australia ) .
all together he found twenty - four complete prints , their different sizes perhaps representing different species or may be juveniles and adults of a single type of dinosaur .
a single three - toed print can be made out in the picture , the ruler helps to provide scale .
the tracks indicated that the theropods were of three different sizes , ranging from the size of a chicken to around the size of a crane . their size and fossil bones found at other locations in victoria , suggest to the researchers that these tracks represent evidence of “ostrich mimics” .
the slabs of sandstone were found along the rocky and remote milanesia beach in otways national park , west of melbourne . the rough surf pounds the coastal cliffs , frequently fracturing slabs and breaking them away from the cliff face . when the tracks were made , australia was connected to antarctica and was located much closer to the south pole , as a part of the ancient continent of gondwanaland . it is thanks to amazing fossil sites such as the famous dinosaur cove and east gippsland locations ( victoria , australia ) that scientists have learnt about the incredible fauna and flora of the cretaceous polar regions .
martin set off on the trail toward the footprints among the ragged slabs scattering the shore after he noticed ripple marks and trace fossils of insect burrows .