the pied starling or african pied starling , ( lamprotornis bicolor ) is a bird endemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland .

it is common in most of its range , but largely absent from the arid northwest and the eastern lowlands of south africa .

it is found in open habitats such as grassland , karoo scrub , thornbush and agricultural land , and often associates with farm animals .

pied starling

asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) complete detail – updated . description and classification of asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) .
asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) at nest on jarul ( lagerstroemia speciosa ) in kolkata i img 8745 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 203 , 859 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) calling at kolkata i img 8809 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 519 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on indian coral tree ( erythrina variegata ) in kolkata i img 4005 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 250 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . more
pied starling , de hoop nature reserve , western cape . [ photo duncan robertson © ]
asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is a common and widespread resident in india . more
the asian pied starling , also known as pied myna , is a species of starling found in south and southeast asia . the taxonomic position has changed with it being placed with the sturnus in the past .
the asian pied starling is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
habit and habitat asian pied starling . asian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes……………
information on the asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
asian pied starling produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .
pied starling , west coast fossil park , western cape , south africa . [ photo h . robertson , iziko © ]
size between 20 cm . to 25 cm . and weigh between 75 to 100 g . asian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs .
the calls of the pied starling - or pied mynah are loud , but familiar . the materials for this video have been taken from the net and duly credited at the end of the video .
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the asian pied starling is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
asian pied starling gracupica contra is being split into gracupica contra and gracupica jalla , following the application of criteria set out by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) .
for more information about pied wagtails , see the bto’s birdfacts and wider countryside report .
cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of
file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg
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the starling has the reputation for being one of the noisiest and most gregarious garden birds .
archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?
asian pied starling is a bird of north central , central and eastern india , south and east of a line roughly from east punjab , through east rajasthan , west madhya pradesh to the krishna delta .
2 responses to archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?
the starling ' s plumage is mainly blackish with buff edged wing feathers and reddish - brown legs .
the asian pied starlings - also known as pied mynas ( gracupica contra formerly sturnus contra ) - are starlings found in south and southeast asia . they are locally known as gursal , ablak and ablaki maina .
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asian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups
asian pied starlings usually only raise one brood in a season ; however , are likely to replace lost clutches .
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archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums
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file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg
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gracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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asian pied starling found in bhutan , china , india , myanmar , nepal , pakistan , bangladesh , cambodia , china , india , laos , myanmar , thailand , viet nam , brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand .
luckily , the black - winged starling parents are great ! they even fight over who gets to feed the chick first . we are also eagerly awaiting the hatching of the asian pied starling chick ( or chicks ) . as i get their meals ready , i watch tiny geckos zoom around on the kitchen wall and call out to their mates . not bad company , if you ask me .
asian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground…………
asian pied starling at nest - photo , video and / or article contributions are welcome ! please click here for info the avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . more
distribution of pied starling in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
every winter in poole harbour , winter - roosts of many different bird species are formed in a selection of habitats . some , like the grebe roosts are well studied and documented , but others are still a total unknown . during the winter period of 2014 / 15 nick hopper was commisioned to carry out a survey into the winter roosting habits of pied wagtail , starling and magpie . in the first part of his three part survey you can read about the behaviour and location choices that pied wagtails adopt pre and post roost during the cold winter months .
22 cm ; 76–90 g . medium - sized starling with feathers of forehead and crown hackled , and feathers of hindcrown and nape elongated . nominate race has forehead and cheeks . . .
my journey starts in pejeng where he breeds the starlings as well as pied mynahs and black - winged starlings , which are even more endangered than the bali starlings . to own a bali starling is considered a status symbol in many countries , so they are poached for the pet trade as soon as they are released into the wild . this makes it extremely important that the locals work to help protect them .
craig , a . , feare , c . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
this species is instantly recognisable , with its black and white plumage and its long tail that always seems to be on the move . pied wagtails use a wide range of habitats and are even found nesting in the middle of our largest city centres . outside the breeding season , pied wagtails gather to roost in reed beds , greenhouses or in bushes and trees in supermarket car - parks and petrol - stations . presumably , they feel more secure when sleeping with the lights on .
starlings are great at mimicry , with examples including machines , such as telephones and car alarms , and other birds such as curlews and pied wagtails . consequently , it ' s difficult to know what their song is other than a medley of squeaks , clicks and whistles .
a clutch consists of 4 - 6 glossy blue eggs , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . the female broods the chicks for about two weeks , with the female staying at the nest during the night . the chicks are fed by both parents until they fledge ( leave the nest ) about three weeks later . one instance of interspecific feeding has been reported - where a common myna fed a young asian pied starling .
starlings seem to have an insatiable appetite and will eat just about anything from anywhere - except starling proof feeders - and throw much of it about while they are at it ! further , they feed in flocks and so several birds are usually feeding in this lively manner , which is a sight to behold .
each winter many thousands of starling enter the uk from mainland europe often forming large evening murmurations in rural , urban and semi - urban areas . roost sizes can vary greatly year on year , and in this report nick hopper focuses on the winter roost behavior during the 2014 / 15 winter period within poole harbour .
unfortunately , the second bali starling chick died too . the adults are just not good parents and fed themselves before the baby . both were hand - raised and never learned how to properly parent . so we separate them , and each will get a new parent - raised mate in the hope that their new partners will teach them how to care for chicks .
asian pied starlings occur naturally on the plains and low foothills of the indian subcontinent ( south asia ) and southeast asia up to 2 , 300 feet ( 700 meters ) above sea level . these starlings typically remain in areas with easy access to open water . over the last decades , they have expanded their territories . populations of them have also established themselves in dubai .
starling populations have declined seriously ( by over 70 % ) in recent times and are on the red list of birds of high conservation concern . there are several causes of this decline : changes in farming practices , changes in grassland management , loss of invertebrate food through the use of pesticides , fewer nesting sites in urban areas owing to household improvements and poorer survival rates among young birds .
an increasingly common vagrant from eastern europe is the rose - coloured starling . in the summer , the adults have distinctive and unmistakable black and pink plumage - the breast , belly and back being pink . many visitors , however , are juveniles and these can be easily overlooked as they look similar to juvenile common starlings , except that the bill is yellowish , legs are pale pink , and the plumage is a drab pale grey - brown with darker wings .
sexes alike . black and white ( pied ) plumage distinctive ; orange - red beak and orbital skin in front of eyes confirm identity . sociable ; small parties either move on their own or associate with other birds , notably other mynas and drongos ; rather common and familiar over its range but keeps a distance from man ; may make its ungainly nest in garden trees , but never inside houses , nor does it enter houses ; more a bird of open , cultivated areas , preferably where there is water ; attends to grazing cattle ; occasionally raids standing crops .
picture of the asian pied starling has been licensed under a gfdl original source : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | català | deutsch | ελληνικά | english | español | français | magyar | italiano | author : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | català | deutsch | ελληνικά | english | español | français | magyar | italiano | permission : gnu free documentation license
los angeles zoo animal keepers regularly participate in field projects where their expertise benefits species in danger of extinction . established in 2003 by donor and former zoo commission president shelby kaplan sloan , the animal keeper advanced studies fund ( now underwritten by donor and former trustee dominic ornato ) encourages these opportunities . earlier this year , animal keeper lori rogalski took a break from the zoo’s avian conservation center where she cares for many rare and endangered bird species to participate in a bali starling conservation project . her goal was to lend her skills to the project and to gain insights that might enhance the zoo’s efforts to breed its bali starlings . rogalski shares her insights and travel experience to shine a light on this special species .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to abundant ( feare et al . 1998 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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lars petersson , holger teichmann , joggels , jonathan , frédéric pelsy , dubi shapiro , fran trabalon , tom dudones , laurent demongin , jmdebruyn , paul van giersbergen , hannes lotter .
hitherto treated as conspecific with g . jalla ( see that species ) . four subspecies recognized .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) – extreme e pakistan ( lahore area ) , n & c india ( e to w assam , s to extreme n karnataka and n andhra pradesh ) , s nepal and bangladesh .
( blyth , 1863 ) – ne india ( manipur ) , myanmar ( except s & e ) and sw china ( sw yunnan ) .
( sharpe , 1897 ) – s & e myanmar , thailand ( except e ) , nw laos and cambodia .
introduced ( presumed nominate race ) in united arab emirates and perhaps saudi arabia ; also w india ( bombay area ) , japan and peninsular malaysia # r .
song , by both sexes , a prolonged series of phrases with shrill churrs and a few croaking and . . .
open areas with scattered trees and wet ground , often near cultivated areas and human habitation ; . . .
omnivorous , diet includes animal food , fruit , nectar and flowers , and seeds . fruits taken include those of figs (
season feb–oct ( mainly may–jul ) in india , may–jul in se asia ; possibly apr–sept in arabia ; occasionally double - . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to locally abundant in most of indian subcontinent range , uncommon in w ; common to fairly common in se asia . common in bombay . . .
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gracupica contra and g . jalla ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as sturnus contra following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common to fairly common , although rare and local in pakistan ( grimmett et al . 1998 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at < c . 100 introduced breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing due to range expansions in pakistan and sumatra as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( feare and craig 1998 ) .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890729a118852226 .
critically endangered a2bd + 3bd + 4bd ; c2a ( i , ii ) ; d ver 3 . 1
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , westrip , j . , wheatley , h .
justification : the newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , from which is inferred a very rapid population decline due to trapping for the cage bird trade . any remaining wild population is estimated to be very small , and the interbreeding in captivity of this species and g . contra leaves considerable doubt over the continuing existence of wild populations of g . jalla on java and perhaps anywhere . for these reasons the species is evaluated as critically endangered .
the species is known from java and bali , and formerly from lampung province in east sumatra , indonesia .
the newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , a decline that has gone largely unnoticed due to the species previously being included with the widespread g . contra . wild populations are thought to have gone extinct on sumatra sometime between 1990 and 2000 , had been reduced by 2010 to a tiny remnant in a remote area of central java ( known from trapped birds ) and a small population on bali that may be derived from escapes ( eaton et al . 2015 ) . trend justification : the wild population on java may have been lost within the past few years , with recent records appearing to relate to small numbers of escaped or released birds . the large numbers being supplied to the market by commercial breeders are not readily distinguished from wild - sourced birds as the practice of using closed rings is very rare and not enforced at the point of sale ( s . chng in litt . 2016 ) .
considered to have been similar to g . contra , a bird of open habitats with scattered trees , especially agricultural areas with wet ground and often associated with human habitation ( craig et al . 2016 ) .
large numbers , apparently of this taxon , are being bred in commercial bird farms in central java to supply the trade . however , imports of other taxa into java and apparent mixing of these in captivity seem likely to have reduced the likelihood there being a source of g . jalla stock for conservation breeding ( collar et al . 2012 , eaton et al . 2015 )
conservation actions underway it is not known to occur in any protected areas but key sites have been identified . research proposed surveys of locations where wild populations may persist are required urgently .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890801a118590020 .
starlings : information and species . . . myna information and species . . . myna photo gallery
distribution / habitat . . . subspecies , ranges and id . . . alternate ( globa ) names
they have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups . in urban environments , they are becoming so abundant that they are considered pests by many human residents . iucn ( 2006 ) listed them recently as among “100 of the world’s most invasive species” .
slight plumage variations , extent of streaking and size differences have been noted between the different subspecies .
range : found in extreme eastern pakistan , in the lahore area ; northern and central india ( east to western assam , south to extreme northern karnataka and northern andhra pradesh ) ; and southern nepal and bangladesh .
id : similar to the nominate form , except for having reduced streaking on the shoulders and nape ( back of the neck ) .
range : found in the state of manipur located in northeastern india ; also western and northern myanmar and southwestern china ( southwestern yunnan ) .
range : southern and eastern burma ( myanmar ) , southern china ( southeastern yunnan ) , thailand ( except eastern parts ) , northwestern laos and cambodia .
the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upperparts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores ( areas between the eyes and the bill ) , wing coverts and rump being white . the bare skin around the eyes are reddish . rarely , leucism ( partial albinism ) has also been recorded with this species .
juvenile birds can be identified by the fact that the black markings of the adults are replaced by dark brown .
most breeding activities have been recorded between march and october . as the breeding season commences , flocks break up and birds pair up , although several pairs may breed in the same vicinity . the courtship ritual involves calling , fluffing of the feathers and head bobbing .
the nest is placed on a large tree ( often banyan , mango , jackfruit or rosewood ) or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .
their diet mostly consists of insects , worms , spiders , etc . and various fruits .
they produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .
they make well known for their outstanding ability to mimic human speech and imitate tunes .
chinese : ? ? ? , ? ? ? . . . czech : špa ? ek indomalajský , špacek strakatý . . . danish : skadestær . . . finnish : kyläkottarainen . . . french : étourneau pie , martin pie . . . german : elsterstar . . . irish : míona breac . . . indonesian : jalak suren . . . italian : storno bianco e nero , storno bianconero asiatico . . . japanese : hoojiromukudori . . . japanese : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . dutch : eksterspreeuw . . . norwegian : svartstrupestær . . . polish : szpak srokaty . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : ékorec strakatý , škorec strakatý . . . spanish : estornino pálido asiático , estornino pío . . . swedish : svartvit stare . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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a flock of birds seen feeding in short grass in a field on a rainy day .
a flock of birds heard calling from a tall tree during the dawn chorus in a small village .
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endemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland , generally preferring open habitats with lots of grass , such as cultivated areas , grassland and rural settlements , but generally avoiding larger cities and towns .
it mainly eats arthropods , supplemented with seeds , fruit and nectar , doing most of its foraging on the ground . it often associates with livestock , catching the prey they disturb and removing ticks from their skin . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
monogamous , usually colonial cooperative breeder , nesting either solitarily or in colonies ranging from a few pairs to several thousand individuals . the breeding pair are typically assisted by up to 7 helpers , who are either immature or unmated adults , often becoming the mate of a bird previously assisted in an earlier breeding season .
egg - laying season is year - round , peaking from august - january .
it lays 2 - 6 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for about 14 - 16 days .
the chicks are fed by parents and helpers , leaving the nest after about 23 - 27 days ; helpers continue to feed them for about a week more before they become independent .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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the breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side . eggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young……………… .
skin around the eyes is orange - reddish . the upper body , throat and breast are black while the cheek , lores , wing coverts and rump are light grayish - white .
the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black .
the species is found mainly in the plains but in the foothills up to about 700 meter above sea level .
the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground .
the breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .
eggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young .
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in the winter it has white speckles above and below . the sexes are alike though the male has fewer speckles on the rump and wings . the bill is dark grey - brown during the winter .
the speckles disappear through the course of the winter and by the spring the plumage becomes predominantly iridescent with green and purple . the colour of the base of its quite long yellow beak is different in males and females - it is pink for girls and blue for boys .
juvenile starlings have grey - brown plumage with large white speckles on the underparts and light cream coloured throat , but moult completely in the autumn in to the spotty adult plumage . they have a dark greyish bill .
first winter starlings look most peculiar and give rise to many queries about strange birds in people ' s gardens - they are typically grey - brown on the head and back but blackish with white spots below .
in flight , starlings have pointed , triangular wings and fly fast and direct . when they come in to land they look a little like harrier aircraft with slightly drooped triangular wings .
male starlings can be heard singing throughout the year except when they are moulting in july and august .
starlings seem to feed on just about anything : insects , worms , snails , berries , fruit , scraps , suet . however , they feed only invertebrates - not
junk
food - to their young .
their beak is used to probe the ground and is powerful enough to be opened to part the ground and reach food that is buried , they can also swivel their eyes forward to look along the length of their bill to the area they are probing .
they are often found with lapwings in wetland areas , where they feed on the food that the lapwings have disturbed - this is called commensal feeding .
the male builds the nest from grass in a hole in a wall , tree or building , but the female lines it with feathers , wool and moss . the male may decorate the nest with leaves and petals in order to deter parasites and improve his chances of attracting a mate .
the eggs are pale blue , smooth and glossy , and about 30 mm by 21 mm . the male and female take turns incubating the eggs , and both adults feed the young . the female will sometimes remove an egg from a neighbouring starlings ' nests and lay one of her own in its place so as to give her offspring a better chance of surviving .
starlings will use medium - sized nest boxes with a hole about 45 mm diameter .
juveniles disperse after becoming independent and roam woodlands and the countryside in large flocks . in the autumn , many birds from scandinavia , finland and poland cross the north sea to winter in britain .
in the wintertime , both resident and immigrant birds form large roosts , gathering in buildings , trees or reed beds . the roosts are often several thousand birds ' strong , but those that gather in reed beds , such as on the somerset levels , can comprise a few million birds . as the day draws to a close , the starlings return to the roost and before settling down for the night the increasingly large flock darkens the skies as it swirls around like a swarm of insects , making this one of nature ' s greatest spectacles .
when the young have left their nest , usually by the end of may , seeing both parents dashing back and forth with food for the gaping mouths of up to four juveniles is common . the juveniles are very inquisitive and are always drawn to the pond , where they inevitably find a way in through the netting .
in the winter , the starlings roost at night either in the city centre or in woodlands . between 9 . 00 am and 10 . 00 am , a murmuration of starlings will descend on our suburban gardens looking for food and then again just before dusk , when they are usually also seen bathing and can quickly empty the bird bath of water through their furious splashing .
during the summer and early autumn we rarely see any starlings as they are probably in woodland and farmland areas . their numbers peak in the winter when migrants ( up to 30 million birds from northern europe ) add to the numbers and they search for food in the suburbs , and in the spring when they are feeding juveniles . the migrant birds usually have duller bills .
over the years fewer starlings have been visiting the garden ; a possible explanation is that food is abundant elsewhere , such as in the city centre .
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archived 2016 topics : hill myna ( gracula religiosa ) is being split : list g . religiosa and g . indica as least concern , g . robusta as critically endangered and g . venerata as endangered ?
this is part of a consultation on the red list implications of extensive changes to birdlife’s taxonomy for passerines .
lynx edicions and birdlife international will soon publish the second volume of the hbw - birdlife illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , building off the handbook of the birds of the world series , and birdlife’s annually updated taxonomic checklist .
the new checklist will be based on the application of criteria for recognising species limits described by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) . full details of the specific scores and the basis of these for each new taxonomic revision will be provided in the checklist .
following publication , an open and transparent mechanism will be established to allow people to comment on the taxonomic revisions or suggest new ones , and provide new information of relevance in order to inform regular updates . we are also actively seeking input via a discussion topic here regarding some potential taxonomic revisions that currently lack sufficient information .
the new checklist will form the taxonomic basis of birdlife’s assessments of the status of the world’s birds for the iucn red list . the taxonomic changes that will appear in volume 2 of the checklist ( for passerines ) will begin to be incorporated into the 2016 red list update , with the remainder to be incorporated into subsequent red list updates .
preliminary red list assessments have been carried out for the newly split or lumped taxa . we are now requesting comments and feedback on these preliminary assessments .
large numbers , apparently of this taxon , are being bred in commercial bird farms in central java to supply the trade . however , imports of other taxa into java and apparent mixing of these in captivity seem likely to have reduced the likelihood there being a source of g . jalla stock for conservation breeding ( collar et al . 2012 , eaton et al . 2015 ) ; while chng et al . ( 2015 ) mention large numbers of likely captive - bred juveniles in javan markets these are not listed as definitively this taxon in their appendix .
any remaining wild population is likely to be tiny and clarifying the status ( and indeed identity ) of the birds currently at large within the species native range is a high priority .
it is proposed that the newly split species be listed as critically endangered , under criteria a2d + 3d + 4d ; c2a ( i ) ; d .
chng , s . c . l . , eaton , j . a . , krishnasamy , k . , shepherd , c . r . & nijman , v . 2015 . in the market for extinction : an inventory of jakarta’s bird markets . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia : traffic .
collar , n . j . , gardner , l . , jeggo , d . f . , marcordes , b . , owen , a . , pagel , t . , pes , t . , vaidl , a . , wilkinson , r . & wirth , r . 2012 . conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in asia . birdingasia 18 : 50–57 .
eaton , j . a . , shepherd , c . r . , rheindt , f . e . , harris , j . b . c . , van balen , s . ( b . ) , wilcove , d . s . and collar , n . j . 2015 . trade - driven extinctions and near - extinctions of avian taxa in sundaic indonesia . forktail 31 : 1 - 12 .
ebird 2016a . steve jones : checklist s24210802 . denpasar , jalan pulau serangan , bali county , nusa tenggara , id . urltoken . accessed 25 th august 2016 .
harris , j . b . c . , green , j . m . h . , prawiradilaga , d . m . , giam , x . , giyanto , hikmatullah , d . , putra , c . a . & wilcove , d . s . 2015 . using market data and expert opinion to identify overexploited species in the wild bird trade . biol . conserv . 187 : 51–60 .
iucn ( 2001 ) iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn species survival commission .
tobias , j . a . , seddon , n . , spottiswoode , c . n . , pilgrim , j . d . , fishpool , l . d . c . and collar , n . j . ( 2010 ) quantitative criteria for species delimitation . ibis 152 : 724–746 .
this entry was posted in archive , asia , indonesian cagebird trade , taxonomy and tagged bali , cagebird trade , indonesia , java , sumatra . bookmark the permalink .
traffic would like to share information on trade observations of this species , in a bid to quantify and better understand the threat from overexploitation .
gracupica jalla are regularly seen in large numbers in markets in indonesia . 666 individuals were recorded from 44 stalls in three markets in jakarta surveyed in july 2014 ( chng et al . , 2015 ) ( another 116 were gracupica contra floweri ) . furthermore , 242 individuals were recorded from 57 stalls in an inventory of five markets in surabaya , malang and yogyakarta in june 2015 ( chng and eaton , 2016 ) ( 4 more were gracupica contra floweri ) – of these , 2 were observed with closed leg rings . 144 were recorded for sale in bandung in september 2016 ( 2 more were gracupica contra floweri ) – of these , 33 were juveniles , and prices ranging from idr650 , 000 to idr1 million were recorded . it is suspected that most of the gracupica jalla seen in trade are from captive breeding facilities .
reference : chng , s . c . l . & eaton , j . a . 2016 . in the market for extinction : eastern and central java . traffic . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .


the northern nightingale-wren ( microcerculus philomela ) is a species of passerine bird in the family troglodytidae .

it is found in belize , costa rica , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

northern nightingale - wren

christian , d . , d . roberts . june 2000 . first description of the nest and nesting behavior of the nightingale wren .
, under the name nightingale wren . their geographic differences , along with distinct differences in song and physical traits have separated the groups . they are sometimes referred to as northern and southern nightingale wrens , respectively . this division is likely the beginning of speciation in this group of very closely related birds .
the nightingale wren has a very limited range . it is found from far southeast mexico through to costa rica ( the northern portion of central america ) . it has been seen by a few observant researchers , birdwatchers , and tourists in this area .
kroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . northern nightingale - wren ( microcerculus philomela ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
nightingale wrens are popular on birding resorts in central america . along with the many other diverse species of birds found in this region , they create an attraction for tourists and an industry for this kind of resort .
nightingale wrens are mostly insectivores that forage in the debris of the forest floor for insects , arachnids , and other small forest invertabrates . a peculiar behavior when searching for food is the constant motion of the tail beating on the ground as they walk . this could be used as a method of drawing food out into the open to be eaten .
nightingale wrens are very elusive , which makes them difficult to study , as well as to observe and enjoy in the wild . their markings and habit of hiding on the forest floor or in low vegetation help them to be safe , and also avoid intervention from humans . the song of these birds is largely what helps people locate them in the forest and distinguish them from other birds .
due to their secretive nature . their mating season runs from may or june until september . they have been observed using previously existing nests on the floor of forests in the dirt to lay eggs and raise their young . some biparental care has also been observed . the average clutch size is about 2 - 3 eggs . the incubation period usually lasts for 19 - 20 days during which the parents are directly involved with caring for the eggs . once hatched , the observed time to fledging is about 16 - 17 days . no observations have been made of the time it takes young to reach sexual maturity . most wrens are polygamous , so it can be hypothesized that nightingale wrens are as well , but no research supports the idea at this time .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
bird calling naturally , no play back used . recording filtered to rid of environment noise
recording equipment : iphone + no mic . comments : sobre sendero , respuesta a playback , sendero ajillo cerca de lek phaethornis longirostris tir2 . to access original . wav file contact marceloa27 ( at ) gmail . com
near edge of forest and trail singing from forest floor about 30 - 40ft away . recording amplified to emphasize quieter bits of song using audacity .
file not edited in any way . equipment : telinga parabola , sennheiser mk62 microphone , zoom h6 recorder . it was approaching sunset in the sub - montane / montane broadleaf forest and the individual was in thick understory within 2 meters of the forest floor . it was not possible to see it . this was in eligio panti national park . the next morning , several pair of this species were heard in the same area . i was able to video an individual singing the next morning . at one point i was able to record one individual singing for more than 5 1 / 2 minutes without stopping .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
sometimes treated as conspecific with m . marginatus , but differs in its all - black bill ( 1 ) ; dark vs whitish or white throat ( 3 ) ; deep grey - brown vs mid - grey or white breast ( 2 ) ; and song consisting of short whistles randomly going up and down in pitch vs a fast series of rising whistles ( 3 ) followed by a very long series of long pure whistles gradually descending in pitch , but remaining above c . 5 khz ( 3 ) . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
lowlands of s mexico ( n chiapas ) , nc guatemala , s belize , and caribbean lowlands of honduras , nicaragua and n costa rica ( s to r reventazón ) .
10–11·5 cm ; male 17·4–21·5 g , female 16·4–17·4 g . lores and side of face are dull greyish - brown ; crown and upperparts deep chocolate - brown , each feather . . .
song unmistakable and “haunting” , a series , up to 30 seconds long , of clearly whistled notes , c . 2 . . .
humid lowland forest , especially undisturbed virgin evergreen forest and contiguous cloudforest ; . . .
little information ; in costa rica , insects , woodlice ( isopoda ) , spiders ( araneae ) and centipedes ( chilopoda ) recorded as food . typically , . . .
season from may or jun until at least sept in costa rica . no other information available .
not globally threatened . uncommon to fairly common in mexico , uncommon in guatemala , apparently rare in belize , uncommon to fairly common in honduras , and locally common in . . .
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genetic data indicate a close relationship to polioptilidae , followed by certhiidae and sittidae # r # r # r , and support monophyly of present family , once donacobius is removed ; traditional linear sequence of species and genera , with campylorhynchus listed first , now rearranged to reflect discovered phylogenetic relationships # r # r # r # r # r .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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american ornithologists ' union ' s
list of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area
( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 02 . 04 , website ( version 04 - feb - 11 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : microcerculus philomela . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
lives in thick evergreen forests , which are also usually very moist , and have a large amount of cover on the forest floor . most of the time
can be found on the forest floor , or perched on low branches and plants , and are very difficult to spot unless they are singing . ravines and foothills in these forests are favorite environments of these birds . ( stiles & skutch 1989 )
both male and female adults have dark black markings , usually scaling on their breast and throat which have a greyish base color , but can appear almost completely black . their dorsal side is dark brown , with black scalloping around the edges , as well as on the wings . there are a lighter spots on the wing coverts . they have a black bill and black legs .
immature wrens have markings similar to adults , but are over - all paler in color , creating more contrast between light and dark markings .
young wrens are even paler than immature wrens , though still similar , also with a marked contrast in color . their scaling is mostly grey , instead of black , and their base color is more of a light cream or buff shade .
males learn only one song during their lifetime , but this song can be altered to fit different uses , such as mating and marking territory .
kali reichert ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
to cite this page : reichert , k . 2003 .
microcerculus philomela
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


tyler 's mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae .

it lives in rainforests of the guiana highlands of southern venezuela at elevations between 1300 and 2200 m .

the species has only been found on three isolated tepuis ( auyantepui , marahuaca and sarisariñama ) .

all three of these locations are in protected areas ( canaima , duida-marahuaca and jaua-sarisariñama national parks ) .

the latin species name refers to the habitat in which the opossum was first found , a tyleria forest .

in turn , both the genus tyleria and the opossum 's common name refer to sidney f .

tyler , an american historian and photographer who helped finance the 1928-29 expedition of the american museum of natural history to the headwaters of the orinoco , during which the opossum was discovered .

tyler ' s mouse opossum

tyler s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a venezuela .
tyler s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a venezuela . ( full text )
tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae .
tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae . ( wiki )
and the opossum ' s common name refer to sidney f . tyler , an american historian and photographer who helped finance the 1928 - 29 expedition of the
a young / baby of a tyler is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
voss , r . s . , lunde , d . p . & jansa , s . a . , 2005 : on the contents of gracilinanus gardner and creighton , 1989 , with the descripition of a previously unrecognized clade of small didelphid marsupials . –american museum novitates : # 3482 , pp . 1 - 34
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
voss , r . s . & jansa , s . a . , 2003 : phylogenetic studies on didelphid marsupials ii . nonmolecular data and new irbp sequences : separate and combined analyses of didelphine relationships with denser taxon sampling . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : vol . # 276 , pp . 1 - 82
voss , r . s . , gardner , a . l . & jansa , s . a . , 2004 : on the relationships of “ marmosa ” formosa shamel , 1930 ( marsupialia : didelphidae ) , a phylogenetic puzzle from the chaco of northern argentina . –american museum novitates : vol . # 3442 , pp . 1 - 18
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
this species inhabits highland tepuis . the female has only four teats , indicating one of the smallest litter sizes for any species of marmosa s . l . . it is nocturnal and crepuscular , arboreal and terrestrial ( eisenberg 1989 ) .
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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justification : this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . the species is known from only three isolated localities , and although these are within protected areas these restricted populations could be at risk . further information in needed on the actual distribution and natural history .
this species is found in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela ( gardner 2008 ) , and is restricted to three isolated tepuis ( duida - marahuaca , jaua - sarisariñama , and auyantepui ) . the species is not suspected to occur on the serrania de maigualida ( northwest of its known distribution ) and on sierra de lema ( east of its known distribution ) , as both areas have different vegetation . it might occur on roraima , which has similar vegetation . this species was first found on mount duida above 2 , 000 m ( eisenberg 1989 ) . it is found in humid forests from 1 , 300 to 2 , 100 m .
this species is rare ; there have been many surveys in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela with no records of this species .
all three places where the species has been captured are national monuments ( the most strict figure of protected area in venezuela ) , and the areas are restricted to access with helicopters due to their isolation .
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venezuela , amazonas ,
central camp , mt . duida plateau , upper rio orinoco .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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this species is found in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela ( gardner 2007 ) . the species is restricted to three isolated tepuis ( duida - marahuaca , jaua - sarisariama , and auyantepui ) at elevations between 1 , 300 and 2 , 200 m ( gardner and creighton 2007 , ochoa 1985 , rossi 2005 , tate 1933 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
guayananhiiriopossumi
to
marmosa tyleriana tate , 1931
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this species inhabits humid forests in highland tepuis . as expected from the paucity of specimens in natural history collections , there are not studies available about the ecology and natural history of this species .
lew , d . , prez - hernandez , r . , gutirrez , e . , ventura , j . & lpez fuster , m .
this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . this species is known only from three isolated locations and , therefore , its populations might be at risk in spite of these sites being in protected areas .
all three places are national monuments ( the most strict figure of protected area of venezuela ) and the areas are restricted to access with helicopters due to their isolation .
gardner , a . l . ( 2005 ) .
order didelphimorphia
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 9–10 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
beolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . the eponym dictionary of mammals . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press . p . 421 . isbn 978 - 0801893049 . oclc 270129903 .
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picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
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