meld ( foaled 1952 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

when she completed the british fillies triple crown by defeating nucleus in the 1955 st. leger , she was only the fourth filly to do so in the 20th century .

she was undefeated as a three-year-old ( 3yo ) and was head of the 3yo handicap .

meld ( horse )

mini meld horse racing form , betting odds , breeding and other horse racing information .
mini meld ( g . by meld ) . 2 wins . see below .
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meld is a 12 year old bay horse . meld is trained by m t eggleston , at gold coast and owned by a n eggleston .
meld was sired by royal academy out of the dam risky banter meld was foaled on 22 of september in 2004 .
meld has a 9 % win percentage and 27 % place percentage . meld ' s last race event was at ipswich .
thoroughbred horse ( aus ) [ 2011 ] . mini meld ( aus ) is a gelding born in 2011 by meld out of rhell love , trained by the m t eggleston stable .
the current horse racing record for mini meld is 3 wins 3 placings from 12 starts with prizemoney of $ 37 , 450 .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for meld . meld is a stallion born in 2004 september 22 by royal academy out of risky banter
what made her special : champion sprinter and british horse of the year in 1983 .
what made her special : french - trained us champion female turf horse in 1994 .
meld has managed to win 1 race in his career so far . on 26th oct 2008 at terang , meld scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the
david ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .
meld has concluded his racing career , last running on the 22nd jan 2011 at gold coast .
the icon meld stakes is the main attraction at leopardstown , with group three honours up for grabs .
what made her special : the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle and cheltenham gold cup in addition to being the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle in great britain , ireland and france .
meld ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 9 - 5 - 0 - 6 .
meld’s last race event was at 04 / 02 / 2011 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
meld career form is 2 wins , 4 seconds , thirds from 22 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
what made her special : the winner of seven group / grade 1 races in three different continents who was european champion three - year - old filly in 2004 , european horse of the year in 2004 and 2006 and european champion older horse in 2006 .
what made her special : unbeaten since may 2009 and the only horse to win the same race at six successive cheltenham festivals .
what made her special : progressed from top class handicapper to champion sprinter for two seasons and european horse of the year in 1993 .
what made her special : an unbeaten prix de l’arc de triomphe and dual french classic winner and european horse of the year for 2008 .
55003 ( d9003 )
meld
approaching wescoe hill tunnel with the 1a12 09 . 04 harrogate - kings cross on 13 april 1979 .
carla bianca made all the running as she got her season back on track with a group three victory in the meld stakes at leopardstown .
what made her special : a dual yorkshire oaks winner who also won at the breeders’ cup thus ending 1993 with the title of american champion female turf horse .
scintillula over - turned the odds on favourite mars ( 8 / 11 ) , as she took the group 3 meld stakes for jim bolger and kevin manning .
golden meld m , 1969 { 22 - d } dp = 14 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 6 ( 32 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 63
what made her special : the only three - time winner of any breeders’ cup race and winner of more group 1 races ( 14 ) than any other european - trained horse in history .
what made her special : led home a 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 for fillies in the prix de l’arc de triomphe and the only european - trained horse and first filly to be crowned american horse of the year following four group / grade 1 wins in three different countries during an incredible autumn of 1983 and also went on to finish second in the inaugural breeders’ cup turf in 1984 .
meld was the only filly of the eight deltic racehorses and was in fact sired in 1952 by alycidon . she was owned by lady zia wernher and trained by sir cecil boyd - rochfort . in 1955 , as a three year old , she won the oaks , st . leger , 1000 guineas and the coronation stakes . total prize money for five wins was £43 , 051 . meld foaled charlottown which won the 1966 derby . the last reports of meld were during 1979 when the deltic preservation society reported she was still enjoying retirement and living in ayrshire , then aged twenty - seven .
sakura meld ( jpn ) b . m , 1980 { 12 } dp = 7 - 0 - 7 - 0 - 4 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 33
what made her special : the first british - trained horse to win at the breeders’ cup after beating an exceptionally strong field in the champion stakes and becoming the first filly to ever win the eclipse .
gay meld ( aus ) ch . m , 1967 { 7 - b } dp = 9 - 6 - 5 - 2 - 8 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 20
feile na mban provided jim bolger with a double on the evening ( took the meld stakes with scintillula ) , as she ran out a good winner of the last , the irish stallion farms ebf 3yo maiden .
meld ( aus ) ( bay 2004 - stud 2010 ) . 2 wins at 1000m , 1200m , 2d mvrc dandenong club h . half - brother to sp leapfrog ( 2d gold coast guineas , gr . 3 ) . out of a sister to sw real jester ( vatc merson cooper s . , l ) and sw seidnazar ( mvrc st albans s . , l ) . grandson of sw dangerous seam ( vrc maribyrnong trial s . , l ) . related to sw evandale star ( stc tea rose s . , gr . 2 ) , etc . sire of mini meld , royal meld and of the placegetters heza demon , etc .
what made her special : the first filly to win the preakness stakes for 85 years after winning the kentucky oaks by 20 lengths , she was american horse of the year in a perfect 8 - 8 season in 2009 .
what made her special : attained international superstar status being undefeated in 25 starts , 15 of which were grade or group 1 event and she was officially the best horse in the world for 18 months and european champion sprinter in 2012 .
what made her special : the best filly or mare trained in ireland over at least the last three decades being european horse of the year in 1995 , all four of her group / grade 1 wins were achieved in different countries .
what made her special : the fillies’ triple crown winner of 1985 , a feat last achieved by meld in 1955 , who went on to sire a group 1 winner and was the granddam of the st leger winner , shantou .
speers added , “we had a galileo out of miss beatrix in training with henry cecil but he sadly got injured , and her son tamga ( ire ) is a group 1 horse in turkey so it’s a family we know well . ”
ironically , mellay’s success down under was a factor in the transfer to australia of meld’s outstanding son , derby and coronation cup victor charlottown in 1976 . the classic star never matched the record of his unraced half - brother at stud .
what made her special : horse of the year in britain in 1976 winning two classics by a combined total of 16½ lengths and is just one of two three - year - old fillies to beat colts and older horses in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .
what made her special : godolphin’s first big success story was named horse of the year in 1994 following wins in the oaks ( after a narrow defeat in the 1000 guineas ) and against the colts in the irish derby easily beating the subsequent king george winner , king’s theatre .
meld sport ( jpn ) ch . m , 1979 { 22 - d } dp = 8 - 1 - 9 - 4 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 1 . 29 cd = 0 . 38 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced
of course , once the breed had become established , racing had become more organised and records of performances were kept , a racing career was pretty much a basic requirement for any horse with pretensions to stand as a stallion . breeders not unnaturally operated on the principle that like would beget like and favoured horses who had achieved a measure of high - class performance on the racecourse . the horse who , for whatever reason , had failed to make it into competition and provide evidence of merit , was unlikely to be given the chance to procreate , unless taken out of the mainstream of flat race breeding .
meld ( gb ) b . m , 1952 { 2 - i } dp = 16 - 0 - 18 - 4 - 26 ( 64 ) di = 0 . 64 cd = - 0 . 38 - 6 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 123 , 742
designing for behaviour change forms a large part of the work we do at meld studios . we spend a lot of time trying to understand the best way to approach each project so that it is most beneficial for the audience without it being unnecessarily disruptive . i’m generally a bit uncomfortable with the idea of disruption , as i feel it’s most often promoted by those who’ve never had disruption forced upon them . to help us be more mindful of this , at meld we sense check our change ideas by imagining “what if a change maker came into the office right now and told us we had to [ insert change concept here ] ? ” . if we flinch at the concept then we should be careful of proposing it for others .
what made her special : described by sir henry cecil , who trained 15 british classic winners with fillies , as the best filly that he ever trained despite her feet causing serious training difficulties . the highest rated horse in europe or america over 1m2f as a three - year - old and the top rated older filly / mare in europe as a four - year - old .
an unraced horse of impeccable lineage had done the trick once for white robe lodge , so why not try the same ruse again ? noble bijou was about as well - bred as a horse could be in the 1970s , a son of vaguely noble out of priceless gem , the dam of allez france . but he was desperately unsound and there was never going to be a chance of his having a racing career . like mellay , he found the ideal home in new zealand , and he enjoyed much of his success with the products of mellay mares . i saw plenty of noble bijou’s stock in action on a visit to new zealand , and they were uniformly tough , honest individuals , competitive on any ground , typically best at distances beyond a mile .
including derrinstown stud 1000 guineas trial , leopardstown , l . and eyrefield 2 year old stakes , leopardstown , l . , placed 6 times including second in airlie coolmore irish 1000 guineas , curragh , group 1 and third in meld stakes , curragh , group 3 and debutante stakes , leopardstown , l . , from only 10 starts . full sister to imagine ( ire ) .
what made her special : a 13 - times grade 1 winner and , in doing so , broke the world record of eight consecutive group / grade 1 races with her only defeat in 20 career starts when given an injudicious ride attempting to defend her breeders’ cup classic title ( beaten only a head ) and remains the only filly / mare to win the race . american horse of the year for 2010 .
noble bijou headed the sires’ table four times , the first three consecutively , and in the 1992 - 93 season he notched an amazing double , also finishing on top of the broodmare sires’ list . among his progeny were 65 stakes winners , including a horse of the year in the phantom , whose brother the phantom chance , successful in a cox plate , was a joint - champion australasian three - year - old . one of his daughters delivered melbourne cup victor tawriffic .
jarvis won only nine classics and did not even have a full set , missing out on the oaks . ironically , when he died at the end of 1968 , his successor , doug smith , took charge of a filly – sleeping partner – who would win that race in the colours of lord rosebery , his chief patron for nigh on half a century . three times champion trainer , jarvis always spoke in glowing terms of rosebery’s blue peter , the best horse he ever handled and deprived of a possible triple crown by the cancellation of the st leger following the outbreak of war .
when filly triple crown heroine meld delivered a colt by dual classic winner never say die in 1961 there must have been high hopes for his future , but a bone problem meant that his future did not include a racing career . mellay , as he was called , was not going to appeal as a stallion in britain or ireland , but new zealand had long provided an outlet for well - bred horses surplus to requirements at home , and away he went as a four - year - old to the anderton family’s white robe lodge stud in mosgiel , in the south island .
boyd - rochfort waited a long time for his only derby win , with parthia in 1959 , but he had previously saddled guineas winners in the royal colours in hypericum and pall mall , and for decades was recognised as the nation’s top trainer of stayers . six of his 13 classic successes came in the st leger and he had an outstanding record in cup races . he saddled meld for her fillies’ triple crown wins in 1955 , a year after the ascot triumph that probably gave him more satisfaction than any other – that of the queen’s aureole in the race named in honour of her parents .
) , and it was bolger’s redmondstown stud that offered the daughter of the proven black - type producer scribonia ( ire ) ( danehill ) . the 14 - year - old’s offspring include g1 1000 guineas runner - up cuis ghaire ( ire ) ( galileo { ire } ) and her full - sister scintillula ( ire ) , winner of the g3 jockey club of turkey meld s . dermot farrington signed the ticket at €450 , 000 for an undisclosed client and said , “she’s just a lovely filly with a great page . she has everything really . she’s been bought as a long - term racing and breeding prospect . ”
three or four years back i had the idea to write a book on such a subject featuring the top fillies and mares from the last 50 years but never got round to it despite preparing a lot of the groundwork . the idea was for an a - z double spread of the top 50 with a secondary listing of the next 50 fillies / mares that would be given one page each . such a book might have seemed strange not to also recognise the all - time great fillies / mares from further back in time so would have included a third section to recognise those including pretty polly , sceptre , sun chariot , petite etoile , meld , kincsem , musidora , sweet solera , godiva , mumtaz mahal , coronation , pearl cap , noblesse , diadem , gladness etc . etc .
i made mention of immortality last month , as i had ready recall of seeing fleet win her classic and in several other races , but i might well have cited another even more striking case involving an irish - bred and - based horse from a slightly earlier period . arctic star , a son of nearco from the family which would provide joe mcgrath with his 1951 derby winner arctic prince . arctic star , born in 1942 , damaged a shoulder in his foalhood , which prevented him from going into training , but he was put to stud at four , trading on his excellent pedigree , and he did well over an extended period . among his stock were irish 2000 guineas winner arctic wind , derby third and irish derby runner - up roistar and a couple who had their moments as sires themselves in arctic slave and arctic time .
named : 7th july 1961 at doncaster works without ceremony ( in honour of racehorse owned by lady zia wernher . won the oaks , 1 , 000 guineas , coronation stakes and st . leger . note :
ran light from vulcan foundry , newton - le - willows , to doncaster - accepted into br service and allocated 34g finsbury park tmd .
exhibited at marylebone station : golden jubilee of the institution of locomotive engineers exhibition . also present : hymek d7000 , 9f 92220
01 . 02 . 63 1e15 17 : 00 bradford - king ' s cross , from leeds to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 pacific 60112
st . simon
forward . 03 . 03 . 63 1a35 10 : 50 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 60106
the flying fox
forward .
23 . 12 . 65 released from doncaster works after fitting of cast bogies ( bogies no . 1 1015 replaced by 9000 - 1 & no . 2 1016 replaced by 9000 - 2 ) .
21 . 03 . 66 1st ee maintenance contract expires - mileage recorded at 813 , 865 . 23 . 12 . 66 released from doncaster works , after general repair , with full yellow ends applied ( not officially applied until light repair in may 1967 ) ( d9003 & d9010 out - shopped same day , 23 . 12 . 66 , were the first to be so treated ) .
14 . 09 . 67 water scoop test runs at wiske moor troughs : up runs , 300 & 190 gallons at 100mph . down runs , 250 & 190 gallons at 90 mph . 03 . 12 . 67 transferred to 64b haymarket ( ex 34g finsbury park ) until completion of dual braking to the fleet .
14 . 02 . 68 released from doncaster works , after general repair , repainted in blue livery and equipped for dual braking . 16 . 06 . 68 officially transferred to 34g finsbury park ( ex 64b haymarket ) after completion of dual braking to the fleet ( transfer moves actually occurred early may 1968 to coincide with the new timetable ) . 18 . 06 . 68 3z29 king ' s cross - edinburgh ( racing pigeon special ) .
15 . 08 . 70 - 11 . 09 . 70 carrying ' d ' prefix on 15 / 08 but reported dropped by 11 / 09 ( though most likely date for this would be after intermediate repair dated 16 / 09 - 05 / 12 ) . 05 . 12 . 70 released from doncaster works , after intermediate repair , fitted with eth equipment .
28 . 05 . 72 1e09 11 : 00 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to chathill ( coaches derailed at 82 mph - due to rail fracture ) .
18 . 02 . 74 1b66 11 : 30 king ' s cross - cambridge and 1b66 15 : 30 cambridge - king ' s cross . 23 . 02 . 74 locomotive renumbered 55003 . 01 . 09 . 74 immingham tmd - open day exhibit .
railtour and 1zxx cardiff - paddington return ( the first deltic railtour on the western region ) . . .
. . . to commemorate the first deltic railtour on the western region british rail published the booklet seen above . the front cover sees d9015
tulyar
waiting departure with the 1a16 10 : 00 king ' s cross - edinburgh
the flying scotsman
service .
18 . 10 . 76 to doncaster works for final intermediate repair , during which the headcode boxes wee plated over ( off 14 . 01 . 77 ) .
railtour ( via newcastle - ex 44002 & 44005 ) and 1z33 15 : 30 carlisle - derby , to york return ( via lancaster & leeds - 44002 & 44005 forward ) .
during the week commencing 17th october 1977 unofficial industrial action led to the removal of deltics from all ecml workings . action was taken by maintenance staff angry at the proposed closure of finsbury park depot with the introduction of the new hst fleet , which was to be maintained at the new bounds green depot . maintenance staff ' blacked ' the deltic fleet thus all engines remained ' laid - up ' at various installations until the dispute was settled on october 21st . a list of how the dispute affected the class is as follows :
haymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e35 20 : 20 edin - kx 23 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1n29 19 : 00 kx - n ' lce 23 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e25 12 : 15 aber - kx from edin 23 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s21 11 : 00 kx - edin 24 / 10 .
doncaster works ' intermediate ' 31 / 03 - 21 / 10 . worked 1e48 21 : 15 aber - kx from doncaster 26 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 11 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1l22 15 : 55 kx - leeds 24 / 10 .
york tmd 10 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 25 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a40 20 : 30 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .
york tmd 17 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 0d01 12 : 00 yk - doncaster 23 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1e20 15 : 00 edin - kx 24 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a07 07 : 25 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .
york tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 24 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e39 22 : 30 edin - kx 23 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a15 09 : 20 n ' cle - kx 25 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 08 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1n00 01 : 00 kx - n ' cle 26 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 19 / 10 . sent to doncaster works 19 / 10 for ' light repair ' behind 40063 .
doncaster works ' intermediate ' 03 / 10 - 19 . 01 . 78 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1d00 08 : 25 kx - cleethorpes 24 / 10 .
holbeck tmd 10 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1a47 00 : 43 leeds - kx 24 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 - 10 - 24 - 10 . worked 1s28 07 : 00 n ' cle - edin 24 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s43 18 : 00 kx - edin 23 / 10 .
05 . 03 . 78 1z15 08 : 15 paddington - paignton ,
the deltic ranger
rppr railtour ( re - run from 19 / 02 after heavy snow forced 55018
ballymoss
back at bristol ) ) and 1z15 12 : 35 paignton - newton abbott and 1z15 17 : 25 newton abbott - paddington return legs . 23 . 07 . 78 1zxx chesterfield - carlisle , to carnforth , br
merrymaker
service ( via sheffield , barnsley & settle jn - 84003 fwd ) . then 0zxx carnforth - carlisle and 1zxx carlisle - chesterfield return ( via s & c , skipton , barnsley & sheffield ) . 07 . 12 . 78 one nameplate from 55003 was removed whilst the locomotive was at doncaster works during november 1978 . it was sent to derby where a plastic injection mould was taken from it . the plate was returned to doncaster by the 7th december .
1d03 13 : 04 king ' s cross - cleethorpes and 1a32 17 : 33 cleethorpes - king ' s cross .
white window surrounds applied ( first of the finsbury park allocated ' rachorse ' deltics to be so treated ) . 55003 was the only ' white - cab ' deltic to visit the king ' s cross loco , the stabling point and maintenance shed , as the servicing point closed in may 1979 prior to any other ' racehorse ' deltic receiving the same treatment .
perhaps the most notable event in 55003 ' s career occurred during april 1979 when the white window surrounds , previously carried with the two - tone green livery , were re - applied . this action was in fact a moral boosting enterprise by allan baker ( then finsbury park depot manager ) to his staff at ' the park ' after the announcement of the deltics impending withdrawals and the obvious implications that the depot would close . they were applied to no . 3 on the 6th april 1979 and her first outing in the revised livery was the very next day , when she hauled the ' the northumbrian ' railtour . this form of livery was to be applied to all the remaining finsbury machines by the end of 1979 after the approval of the then british rail chairman mr . peter parker .
whilst on fp from 10 . 07 . 79 , prior to going to stratford for open day on the 14th july . worked 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull on 15 . 07 . 79 .
whilst stopped on fp from 25th or 26 . 07 . 79 . worked 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 03 . 08 . 79 .
worked 1l44 16 : 05 king ' s cross - york on 15 . 08 . 79 .
whilst on fp for ' c ' exam 16 / 8 - 21 / 8 . first train believed to be 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 21 . 08 . 79 .
whilst on fp 11 . 10 . 79 - 15 . 10 . 79 . first train unknown but worked 1m58 08 : 15 newcastle - liverpool on 16 . 10 . 79 .
07 . 04 . 79 1g31 08 : 15 king ' s cross - york ,
the northumbrian limited
sloa railtour ( v2 60800
the green arrow
forward ) and 1g31 york - king ' s cross return ( ex 60800 ) . 14 . 05 . 79 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull ,
the hull executive
( with headboard - inaugural ' accelerated ' service ) . 27 . 10 . 79 1m67 09 : 28 newcastle - liverpool and 1e88 16 : 05 liverpool - newcastle .
19 . 02 . 80 1a38 14 : 55 edinburgh - aberdeen and 1g20 18 : 20 aberdeen - edinburgh . 07 . 09 . 80 1z27 09 : 00 castleford - blackpool , br
merrymaker
service and 1z27 18 : 10 blackpool - castleford return . 29 . 12 . 80 1s27 07 : 22 plymouth - edinburgh , to newcastle ( power unit failure at thirsk due to coolant leak ) . 30 . 12 . 80 locomotive withdrawn ( 7 , 219 days in service ) . 31 . 12 . 80 towed to doncaster works for disposal by 55006 ( official date of withdrawal ) .
09 . 03 . 81 cutting - up begins at doncaster works ( completed by w / e 21 / 03 ) .
owner : lady zia wernher breeder : someries stud winnings : 6 starts : 5 - 1 - 0 , $ 123 , 742 at ; 1st 1000 guineas ( gb , 8f ) , the oaks ( gb , 12f ) , the st . leger ( gb , 14 . 6f ) , coronation s . ( gb , 8f ) . only defeat was in 5f debut at 2 when a 20 - 1 outsider ; she was beaten 2 lengths by her experienced stablemate corporal ( a colt owned by the queen ) ! ( close )
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tips the major focus on any saturday is metropolitan racing but there ' s plenty of us out there that don ' t mind a dabble at the support meetings across the country so here are our best bets .
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, who is based at gold coast . he is sired by the stallion royal academy out of the dam risky banter .
r8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 16 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 80 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 14th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 52
r2 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 19 . 72 , sp : $ 9 in - running : settled 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 35
r8 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 23 , sp : $ 4 . 40f sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 32
r6 cl3 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 08 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 50
r6 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 03 . 18 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 5th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 33 . 66
r4 cg & e cl2 $ 2 , 400 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 70 , sp : $ 3 . 80 in - running : 800m 2nd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 62
r6 cg & e cl3 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 21 . 02 , sp : $ 7 in - running : 800m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 74
r8 cg & e cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 62 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 93
r6 cl2 $ 500 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 11 , sp : $ 3 . 60 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 84
r8 cg & e cl3 $ 650 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 77 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 37
r8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 61 , sp : $ 3 . 50f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 38 . 32
r9 cl2 $ 2 , 000 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 96 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : 800m 3rd , 400m 3rd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 70
r4 cl3 $ 500 barrier 10 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 80 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 32 . 66
r5 0 - 68 $ 250 barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 79 , sp : $ 1 . 75f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 4th
r8 cl1 $ 6 , 500 barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 77 , sp : $ 3 . 10f
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so how might one practice behaviour change in a way which is more respectful of the audience , lessens negative disruption , whilst still has the beneficial outcomes you are desiring ? recently i’ve noticed a few behaviour change initiatives which involve something a little different… i’m writing this post to ‘think aloud’ and see what comes of it .
at first i called them “design macguffin’s” * . dan hill uses the term in his book “ dark matter and trojan horses ” . this is based on the term often associated with alfred hitchcock—although not termed by him— describing the object in a film which appears to be the focal point of a character’s quest , yet lacks any real importance other than being useful narrative device . think about the suitcase in “pulp fiction” .
but that didn’t seem quite right . when dan hill talks about them , it seems as though the macguffin ( the device ) doesn’t matter . but in the examples i am seeing , it does matter . perhaps i will just call it a ‘design prop’ .
this design prop * is used in a behaviour change programme ( often public health or safety campaigns ) . the prop is so appealing to the audience that they will focus their attention on the acquisition of this prop , even if it means taking part in activities which may not have as much appeal , especially if offered without the prop . by taking part in the programme , the person gets access to the desirable prop , the programme benefits them , the programme achieves success . win win .
the latest example i’ve seen is called the “ “pēpi - pod®” “ . the pēpi - pod® is an approach being trialled in new zealand and queensland to help vulnerable babies have a safe place to sleep . the pēpi - pod® is similar to the “ “finnish baby box” ” which is given to new parents as part of a larger programme to teach safe sleep methods and reduce infant mortality . the box is loaded with baby clothes and other desirable items but can only be acquired by a parent who takes part in the related education programmes . a reduction in infant mortality is often attached to the boxes , yet it appears from research that the benefits come from programme attendance—something which may not ever seem that attractive to the intended audience .
perhaps there’s a proper term for this ? it could be a ‘ritual which changes identity’ , a term i learned during dave snowden’s cynefin framework training . in the course snowden spoke of a project which was intended to reduce the incidence of injuries at a truck depot . through research he found that the drivers were driving all night and not ‘switching behaviours’ when they arrived at the truck depot from ‘driver’ to delivery person’ . because they didn’t change behaviours , they would become injured when they lifted heavy items unsafely . by introducing a ritual to change the driver’s identity from ‘driver’ to ‘delivery person’ , the number of injuries was reduced .
another example of a design prop as physical habit is the way that many people open car doors in the netherlands . dutch drivers use the hand which is opposite to the car door to open it . in this way they look over their shoulder as they open the door and thereby see oncoming cyclists . this habit is tested in driving exams and has become normalised . as an example it loosely fits in with my categorisation as it involves getting people to do something which has more appeal than something else . other ways you might try to lessen the injuries to cyclists is to ask drivers to “look when opening your car door for cyclists” but believe me , this has not had the same cut through .
i have been searching for a correct term for this thing but have come up dry . i thought it might be something related to behavioural psychology in a public health context , but have yet to unearth the right term . if you know it , please put me out of my misery so i can update this post .
* other working titles : the innovation diffuser , behavioural affordance device , behaviour macguffins / programme props / trojan foals ( the cuter version of horses ? ) . i am bad at names .
* * thanks to a few people on twitter ( dan szuc , nick bowmast and eric schied ) for helping me think through this all .
hmmm . maybe a term including the word ‘catalyst’ . you are right that , in your examples , the artefact does matter ( if it was not there the behaviour would not change ) but it is not necessarily consumed or changed by the chain of cause and effect . also , catalysts don’t – by themselves – make things happen , they reduce the amount of energy required to initiate and sustain a chain reaction .
alas , the ‘catalyst’ is already overused in the field . the chem4kids website suggests that a catalyst is like a piece of magic , so maybe a design ‘charm’ ( control or achieve as if by magic ) . if you wanted to make it more specific , how about a ‘rabbit’s foot’ ?
interesting eddy – i hadn’t ever realised just how far the use of the term ‘catalyst’ had strayed from the scientific meaning .
thanks for the interesting read . the behavioral examples provided excellent support to each concept .
my first query is whether the use of the word totem would be deemed cultural appropriation . it makes me slightly uncomfortable ( as does people using the term ‘spirit animal’ – but that’s a whole other conversation ! )
we have offices in sydney and melbourne , australia . if you are inspired by what you’ve read , or want to talk to us more about our services , please get in touch : email at principals @ urltoken or speak to one of us directly .
there are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don’t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .
there are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . .
greyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout
. . .
the late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .
ppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a “lay” operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .
you would like to back a winner every two selections ? that’s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it’s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a ‘book’ by savin . . .
this is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .
i’ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i’ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .
in fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .
in this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .
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the toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .
invited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner – just like last year .
bon hoffa’s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .
exciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .
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they say that death and taxes are the only two certainties in life . to expand that expression for the bloodstock industry , there’s also dubawi ( ire ) and galileo ( ire ) .
sales - ring appearances by dubawi’s young stock are becoming ever more infrequent , but when one does take a turn , john ferguson is never far away . the darley maestro’s appearance on the goffs complex this morning will have been a welcome sight for henry beeby and his team , and indeed ferguson’s principal aim was to ensure that the regally bred colt (
) out of galileo’s first - ever group 1 and classic winner nightime ( ire ) was added to sheikh mohammed’s team of nascent racehorses . that mission was accomplished after €1 . 1 million was exchanged and a determined attempt by ibrahim araci and his bloodstock advisor rob speers was dispatched , their battle ensuring that the prized colt became the most expensive weanling of his sex ever to be sold at auction in ireland .
heading a strong final day of trade for the foal section of the goffs november sale , the colt was one of 155 foals sold on friday , representing a clearance rate of 84 % at an average of €80 , 894 , which fell by 8 % compared to the final day of the 2014 auction , and median of €55 , 000 , which was up by 6 % . the session’s turnover contributed €12 , 538 , 500 to the sale’s total of €25 , 847 , 500 , which was down by 6 % on last year’s aggregate of €27 , 492 , 700 for 67 fewer foals sold in 2014 .
average and median figures for the sale as a whole both declined , as expected under the increased numbers , at €31 , 950 ( down 14 % ) and €18 , 000 ( down 18 % ) , while the clearance rate fell from 85 % last year to 77 % .
we are of course delighted to have smashed a foal record for the second year in succession , ” said goffs’ chief executive henry beeby . “the dubawi was the highlight of another superb goffs foal sale that enjoyed a trade of depth , consistency and real fireworks . whist we have not quite kept pace with the records set last year [ turnover up 52 % , average up 41 % and median up 29 % ] , the statistics are the second - best on record , which is the cause for some celebration although it must be noted that the clearance rate is less than 2014 , which mirrors the trends seen throughout the autumn at the yearling sales to an extent . ”
commenting after buying the record - breaking dubawi colt , john ferguson said , “i don’t really need to say anything about the sire , and nightime was an exceptional mare . fingers crossed we have a racehorse on our hands . dick o’gorman and the team had seen the colt on the farm over the summer and we liked how he’s progressed . ”
dermot weld , whose late mother marguerite bred irish 1 , 000 guineas winner nightime and her listed - winning daughter zhukova ( ire ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) , was the first to congratulate ferguson on his purchase . in fact , it was the second of nightime’s offspring bought by darley this year as ferguson also signed for her yearling daughter by raven’s pass for 450 , 000gns at the tattersalls october sale .
it wasn’t just the dubawi colt that sparked ferguson’s interest on the final day of foal trade . also among the darley list of nine purchases was springfort park stud’s colt by dark angel ( ire ) (
) out of a winning half - sister to top sprinter kingsgate native ( ire ) ( mujadil ) at €300 , 000 . oghill house stud’s invincible spirit ( ire ) half - brother to listed winner dusky queen ( ire ) ( shamardal ) (
) , the first foal of listed winner boastful ( ire ) ( clodovil { ire } ) , acquired for €190 , 000 from the irish national stud . a colt by kodiac ( ire ) (
) out of foxland stud’s homebred listed winner duchess of foxland ( ire ) ( medecis ) also made the cut at €170 , 000 .
des leadon and mariann klay of swordlestown little stud bought nine - furlong winner sogno verde ( ire ) ( green desert ) from lady clague for 60 , 000gns back in 2005 , and the grand - daughter of champion stayer dark lomond ( gb ) ( lomond ) has proved to be an inspired purchase . her second foal was g2 railway s . winner and young sire lilbourne lad ( ire ) ( acclamation { gb } ) and four of the mare’s offspring to have passed through the ring since then have all returned six - figure sums . the latest , her colt foal by galileo ( ire ) (
) and the only one by that sire in the sale , is the most expensive to date and sold for 475 , 000gns to pinhooker eugene daly as the extended five - day auction drew to a close on friday evening .
twelve months ago , farrington played his part in a new record price for an irish foal when the frankel ( gb ) filly out of dual classic winner finsceal beo ( ire ) ( mr greeley ) was sold by al eile stud for €1 . 8 million . the agent was able to issue an update on the filly , whose racecourse debut will be eagerly awaited .
she left ireland about a week ago and she’s now in the north of england , under tack and being broken in . she will stay in england to be trained but it has not been decided who will train her , ” he commented .
joining his father new approach among the stallions in the top 10 on friday was freshman dawn approach ( ire ) , who had a number of high - profile weanlings go under the hammer at goffs . the overall leader at €300 , 000 was esker lodge stud’s colt out of the listed - placed simonetta ( ire ) ( lil’s boy ) (
) and from a jim bolger family that includes the stallions intense focus ( ire ) , sholokhov ( ire ) , soldier of fortune ( ire ) and heliostatic ( ire ) . the april - born colt was another to be bought by the darley team , while shadwell also got involved when buying
, a half - brother to stakes winners forthefirstime ( gb ) ( dr fong ) and pyman’s theories ( ire ) ( exceed and excel { aus } ) for €180 , 000 . we bloodstock and phillip stauffenberg also opted for colts by dawn approach , going to €160 , 000 (
) whose family has special resonance for the turkish owner - breeder . the hammer fell at €370 , 000gns for the grey son of g1 moyglare stud s . winner miss beatrix ( danehill dancer { ire } ) , affording the balintougher stud offering his own record as the most expensive weanling by his sire , whose popularity in the sales ring has gone though the roof this season .
prices at this level usually mean that even the boldest pinhookers aren’t involved , and speers explained that araci had taken the decision to buy a handful of select foals owing to the strength of the yearling market at the top end . he said , “it’s hard to compete at the top level in book 1 so we’re delighted to have bought such nice prospects . we’ll take home this colt and the camelot colt we bought earlier and look forward to putting them into training in a year’s time . ”
araci and speers also selected one of the members of the first crop of camelot ( ire ) , which have been well received this week . their selection was


lejopyge laevigata is a species of agnostid trilobite belonging to the genus lejopyge .

it existed during the guzhangian to the paibian age ( around 500.5 to 497 million years ago ) of the cambrian .

it has a cosmopolitan distribution and is an important index fossil in biostratigraphy .

lejopyge laevigata

the last occurrence of lejopyge calva is below the gssp . just above the gssp is the highest occurrence of agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus . conodonts : conodont laiwugnathus laiwuensis occurs immediately below the fad of trilobite lejopyge laevigata . carbon isotopes : the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a long negative δ 13 c excursion .
the gssp coincides with the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata at a level 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation .
a new species of trilobite , pianaspis ( ? ) leveni , is described from the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . its age is late middle cambrian , either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone , or the l . laevigata iii zone .
proposed gssp for the base of cambrian stage 7 , coinciding with the first appearance of lejopyge lae . . .
the base of the guzhangian stage is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer , 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation in the louyixi section along the youshui river in northwestern hunan , china . this level coincides with the lowest occurrence of the agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata . the horizon corresponding to the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a rather long negative δ 13 c excursion of up to 0 . 58‰ .
niklas axheimer , mats e . eriksson , per ahlberg , anders bengtsson ; the middle cambrian cosmopolitan key species lejopyge laevigata and its biozone : new data from sweden . geological magazine ; 143 ( 4 ) : 447–455 . doi : urltoken
the species and subspecies of the late middle cambrian agnostid trilobite lejopyge are reviewed . lejopyge cos opik is shown to be a junior synonym of lejopyge laevigata armata . in sweden the middle - upper cambrian boundary is placed at the boundary between the lejopyge laevigata and agnostuspisiformis zones . the reassignment of l . cos to l . l . armata and other criteria suggest that this boundary in australia should be drawn within the mindyallan cyclagnostus quasivespa zone between the l . cos and blackwelderia sabulosa faunas . it is suggested that the middle - upper cambrian boundary in north america be placed well up into the cedaria zone ; in china it is at some as yet undefined position within the blackwelderia sinensis zone ; on the siberian platform it should be placed between the zones of lejopyge laevigata armata - lomsucaspis alta and agnostus pisiformis - ' homagnostus fecundus ' ; and in north - west siberia between the zones of maiaspis spinosa - oidalagnostus trispinifer and acrocephalella granulosa - koldiniella prolixa .
ten species of agnostid trilobites , including a new species , utagnostus ( ? ) nevel , are described from two localities within the lower sedimentary succession of the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . the faunas from both localities ( near gunns plains ) are of late middle cambrian age ; one is either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone or the l . laevigata iii zone and the other is either of the l . laevigata iii zone or the damesella torosa - acsionepea janitrix zone .
in the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and middle part of this section contains agnostids indicative of the lejopyge laevigata zone . these include , e . g . , lejopyge laevigata , diplagnostus planicauda , and peronopsis insignis . a bradoriid arthropod , anabarochilina primordialis ( linnarsson , 1869 ) , is common throughout the l . laevigata zone . stinkstone lenses in the topmost part of the section contain agnostus pisiformis in abundance , indicating the a . pisiformis zone . a conglomeratic limestone ( the exporrecta conglomerate ) was previously exposed at the base of the section ( wallerius 1895 , 1930 ) .
the first occurrence of lejopyge laevigata has been recognized worldwide . this species has been identified from rocks in argentina , australia , china , denmark , england , germany , norway , sweden , north greenland , india , kyrgyzstan , turkestan , uzbekistan , kazakhstan , northern poland , russia , and the usa .
( 2002 ) late middle cambrian trace fossils from the lejopyge armata horizon , zanskar valley , india and the use of precambrian / cambrian lithostratigraphy in the indian subcontinent .
daily , b . , jago , j . b . 1975 . the trilobite lejopyge hawle and corda and the middle–upper cambrian boundary . palaeontology , 18 , 3 , 527–550 .
relationships of australian species of the agnostoid genera goniagnostus and lejopyge are discussed and some revisions made . goniagnostus consists of g . ( goniagnostus ) , containing g . ( g . ) nathorsti and g . ( g . ) scarabaeus ; g . ( criotypus ) containing g . ( c . ) oxytorus and g . ( c . ) lemniscatus ; and g . ( allobodochus ) containing g . ( a . ) fumicola and g . ( a . ) spiniger . representatives of lejopyge are l . armata , l . laevigata , l . calva , l . dubium , l . multifora and l . cosfordae . goniagnostus is considered to have evolved from triplagnostus ( triplagnostus ) and lejopyge possibly from onymagnostus .
in the southwestern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is 1 - 3 m thick . a fairly diverse fauna , including abundant l . laevigata , l . armata , hypagnostus sulcifer , diplagnostus planicauda and anabarochilina primordialis along with agnostus neglectus , a . pater , acrocephalites stenometopus , toxotis pusilla , proceratopyge conifrons and peronopsis insignis , shows that this section is referable to the l . laevigata zone . in the northwestern part of the quarry , this zone is overlain by the a . pisiformis zone . as in the northeastern wall , unfossiliferous alum shales occur between stinkstones containing the l . laevigata and a . pisiformis faunas . hence there is an interval ( ~ 70 cm ) of uncertainty concerning the zonal and series boundaries .
in the luuoyixi section the huaqiao formation consists of dark , thin - bedded , thinly laminated lime mudstones , argillaceous limestones , and fossiliferous limestone lenses . light - colored ribbbon limestones are present in places . the gssp occurs in a succession of dark gray to black limestones ( lime mudstones , or calcimicrites and calcisiltites ) and fine - grained argillaceous limestones interbedded with lenses of fossil rich limestone ( calcisiltie ) . lejopyge laevigata first appears in the lower part of a 82 cm thick layer of dark gray , thinly laminated calcisiltite , overlying another layer of thinly laminated , dark gray calcisiltite .
a core drilling at almbacken in the village sodra sandby , scania , southern sweden , penetrated a c . 30 in thick succession of upper lower cambrian and middle cambrian strata . only the uppermost part of the lower cambrian ( gislov formation ) was recovered , comprising c . 1 . 50 m of unfossiliferous siltstones and a thin limestone bed at the base of the core . the core contains the most complete middle cambrian succession so far documented in scania . it contains a stratigraphical sequence from the lejopyge laevigata zone ( upper paradoxides forchhammeri superzone ) to the holmia kjerulfi - group zone ( upper lower cambrian ) . there is no faunal evidence for the presence of the acadoparadoxides oelandicus superzone . the middle cambrian is 28 . 30 m thick . . .
. . . all agnostoid species recovered from the gudhem quarry are very well known and have been described in detail ( e . g . westergård , 1946 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) . because the fad of l . laevigata is currently under discussion as a potential stage base marker , only this species and the closely related material . . . .
. . . however , the latter is now recognized as a separate species ( e . g . robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) , although minute marginal spines are occasionally present in l . laevigata ( daily & jago , 1975 ; laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ; babcock et al . 2005 ) . specimens from gudhem , like elsewhere in the world , show variation in the degree of effacement of furrows on the acrolobes . . . .
. . . outside this , only lejopyge and pseudophalacroma were recognised as monophyletic groups . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the finely divided , gradistic classifications of öpik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robisons ( 1982 ) more conservative approach . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . . . .
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in the image above , agnostida ( yellow ) is seen as an early order , arising in the early cambrian and persisting to the late ordovician .
cephalon : no facial sutures or eyes ; glabella divided by transglabellar suture into anteroglabella and posteroglabella ; cephalothoracic aperture present . thorax : 2 thoracic segments bearing distinctive articulating structures , but no articulating half - ring on anterior thoracic segment . pygidium : axis usually wide , inflated , 3 or fewer segments , one of which usually carries a tubercle ; posterior axial rings effaced ( posteroaxis ) ; pygidial margin often bearing posterolateral spines . cuticle thin . superfamilies : agnostoidea and condylopygoidea ( each described below ) .
superfamily condylopygoidea cephalon : with transversely oriented basal glabella lobes , separated by medial plate , together forming a clear occipital structure , anterior glabellar lobe laterally expanded around anterior end of posteroglabella , sometimes separated by a median sulcus . thorax : as in typical agnostina . pygidium : axis with 3 - segmented anteroaxis ; broad , posteriorly rounded posteroaxis . family : condylopygidae genera : condylopyge ( / paragnostus ; fallagnostus ) , miraculaspis , pleuroctenium ( = dichagnostus ) .
the arrangement of genera and families for suborder agnostina is via jell and adrain 2003 , superceding some of the classification of agnostida in the 1997 treatise . for listed genera , synonyms are shown in parentheses .
( see figure at right ) were first documented ( muller and walossek 1987 ) , they proved very different from previously described trilobite limbs ( e . g . , those of
, etc . ) . this cast doubt about the presumed inclusion of the suborder agnostina within the class trilobita . however , no appendages from fully grown holaspid agnostines have ever been documented , leaving room for the contention that larval limbs may not resemble those of adults . the argument has also been made that agnostid trilobites may represent evolution via progenesis ( maturity achieved while the body retains immature morphology ) , which suggests that even adult agnostines could retain the presumed larval form . no limbs of protaspides or meraspides of
conventional
trilobites has been described either , so the speculation that the limbs of
cotton , t . j . & r . a . fortey . 2005 . comparative morphology and relationships of the agnostida .
fortey , r . a . 2001 . trilobite systematics : the last 75 years .
ramskold , l . & g . d . edgecombe . 1991 . trilobite monophyly revisited .
it has been suggested that agnostida , via their small size , widespread distribution , and large numbers , might have been planktonic . however , there are a number of logical inconsistencies with this contention ( via pers . comm . brian chatterton 2003 ) :
1 ) most agnostida are blind , while most modern pelagic arthropods are sighted .
2 ) they are often found complete , articulated , right way up among complete articulated , right way up ptychopariid and other trilobites that everyone would accept as benthic .
3 ) agnostid numbers often vary radically in different beds when collecting through a section ( richard fortey , in his work on spitsbergen , argued that pelagic forms should occur in small numbers throughout the section rather than in great numbers at some levels and few or none at others ) .
5 ) the widespread occurrence of species of agnostids does not require they be pelagic ; deep cold water benthic species usually have much more widespread dispersal patterns than shallow shelf species ( there have been a number of papers pointing this out for a wide range of organisms ) . agnostids are typically associated with deep , cold water deposits .
6 ) the morphology of agnostids ( low , flat bottomed , wide ) is much more typical of benthic than pelagic forms . the latter are often as high as wide , and with obvious adaptations for powerful swimming appendages .
7 ) while agnostids are small , they are not so small that they would have been operating in a very low reynolds number environment ( hydrodynamically speaking ) . therefore , to stay up in the water column , they would either have to work hard ( to counteract the weight of their shell ) , or have some buoyancy mechanism to achieve neutral buoyancy . there is no evidence for this . agnostid trilobites are not particularly thin shelled and some could even be argued to be moderately thick shelled .
8 ) agnostid appendages ( only known from orsten deposits ) may appear slightly unusual when compared with those of adult benthic trilobites . however , the only known appendages are for very small agnostids ( meraspides ) . we do not know what the appendages of other trilobites at that stage would have looked like .
9 ) most enrolled agnostids seem to be juveniles . adult forms are almost all outstretched , and preserved dorsal side uppermost ( if they are not disarticulated ) . this suggests that the mature stages at least were crawling around on the sea floor , dorsal side uppermost ( not partly enrolled in the water column as suggested by some ) .
in summary , at the very least , agnostids spend some of their adult lives on the sea floor . they did not just come down to the sea floor to moult ( otherwise we would only find moults in reasonable articulated form , the correct way up ) . why did they not spend all of their adult lives on or close to the sea floor ? the pelagic argument does not explain all of the data . arguing that most or all agnostids were benthic , widespread , deep , cold water forms explains more of the available facts .
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the louyixi section is situated along the south bank of the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , about 4 km northwest of luoyixi ( 4 km southeast of wangcun ) , in northwestern hunan , china at a latitude of 28°43 . 20’ n and a longitude of 109º57 . 88’ e .
peng , s . , babcock , zuo , j . , lin , h . , zhu , x . , yang , x . , l . e . , robison , r . a . , qi , y . , bagnoli , g . , chen , y . , 2009 . the global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the guzhangian stage ( cambrian ) in the wuling mountains , northwestern hunan , china . episodes 32 / 1 , p . 41 - 55 .
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. . . robison ' s concept of ptychagnostidae taxonomy was not accepted unconditionally by other authors . laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) reinstated the generic status of triplagnostus , zeteagnostus , and acidusus and subgeneric status of aotagnostus . but , according to robison ' s criticism , laurie emended the generic diagnoses . . . .
. . . the differential characters of this species included a spiny pygidium ( with long posterolateral spines ) , a narrow axis on both the cephalon and pygidium . the width of glabella and rachis was not measured and , thus , the variability of these characteristics was not indicated in the original publication ; also , the width of rachis and glabella did not differ superficially from g . scarabeus whitehouse , 1939 ( laurie , 1989 ) . specimens from siberia which were assigned to g . longispinus ( egorova et al . , 1982 ; here pl . 2 , fig . . . .
. . . the border furrow is narrow and evenly impressed and the border is narrow , roll - like and of even width . this specimen most likely belongs to criotypus , but in that genus , the arcuate scrobicules are usually well developed ( laurie 1989 ) , which is certainly not the case in this specimen . goniagnostus does not have arcuate scrobicules , but it tends to have a less tapered posteroglabella which is often expanded . . . .
. . . ordinary vehicles can be driven along the length of the section , and can be parked adjacent to the gssp point . westergård , 1946 ; pokrovskaya , 1958 ; öpik , 1961 , 1979 palmer , 1968 ; khairullina , 1970 khairullina , , 1973 robison et al . , 1977 ; yang , 1978 , ergaliev , 1980 egorova et al . , 1982 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 robison , , 1994 laurie , 1989 ; lu and lin , 1989 ; yang et al . , 1991 ; dong , 1991 ; tortello and bordonaro , 1997 ; geyer and shergold , 2000 ; peng and robison , 2000 ; jago and brown , 2001 ; babcock et al . , 2004 babcock et al . , , 2005 axheimer et al . , 2006 ; ) , and its first appearance has . . .
. . . the ptychagnostidae have received a considerable amount of taxonomic treatment over the last 20 years or so with disparate views on the arrangement of species being presented by öpik ( 1979 öpik ( ) , laurie ( 1988 öpik ( , 1989 ) , robison ( 1982 robison ( , 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) , westrop et al . ( 1996 ) and peng & robison ( 2000 ) . öpik ( 1979 recognised as many as 15 genus group names , and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) 12 , while robison ( 1984 ) recognised only five . westrop et al . ( 1996 ) undertook a cladistic analysis of 42 species from the family , using agnostus pisiformis and peronopsis brighamensis as outgroups . . . .
. . . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the finely divided , gradistic classifications of öpik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robisons ( 1982 ) more conservative approach . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . however , the tree based on lauries classification was considerably shorter than that based on the classification of robison . . . .
. . . almbacken core . goniagnostus nathorsti is known from several regions in scandinavia , as well as from , e . g . , canada , australia , siberia , and china ( westergård 1946 ; öpik 1979 ; laurie 1989 ; peng & robison 2000 ; jago & brown 2001 ) . . . .
a core drilling through cambrian strata at almbacken , scania , s . sweden : trilobites and stratigraphical assessment
to calibrate australian spore - pollen zones to the international geological timescale using high precision u - pb dating of tuffs interbedded with fossil - bearing strata .
the taxonomic relationships of some australian species of the agnostid subfamily ptychagnostinae are discussed and some revisions made . the genus ptychagnostus consists of two species , p . punctuosus and p . affinis . zeteagnostus is emended to include z . incautus and z . scarifatus . acidusus is emended to include a . atavus , a . acidusus , a . germanus , a . occultatus , a . michaeli , a . aculeatus and . . . [ show full abstract ]
the type species of phoidagnostus , p . limbatus whitehouse , 1936 , is redescribed on the basis of further excavation of the holotype which has revealed an associated pygidium . this also demonstrates that the species hypagnostus varicosus öpik , 1961 is a junior subjective synonym of p . limbatus . phoidagnostus is closely related to toragnostus and cotalagnostus .
a re - assessment of the brachiopod genus spanodonta prendergast from the lower ordovician of western . . .
the poorly known plectambonitacean genus spanodonta prendergast is re - assessed and its type species , s . hoskingiae prendergast 1935 from the lower ordovician of western australia , redescribed . the only other species assigned to the genus , s . tingriensis liu , is rejected from it . the genus is considered to be most closely related to aporthophyla ulrich & cooper and is therefore assigned to the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the types and other specimens of agnostus fallax linnarsson 1869 are examined and reinterpreted . it is shown that the application of this specific name to many specimens from around the world is largely in error . the species is considered sufficiently different from the type species of peronopsis , p . integra ( beyrich , 1845 ) to warrant erection of a new genus axagnostus with a . fallax as the . . . [ show full abstract ]
a core drilling through cambrian strata at almbacken , scania , s . sweden : trilobites and stratigraphical assessment
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singh , b . p . j geol soc india ( 2011 ) 77 : 219 . urltoken
the global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) of the furongian series ( uppermost series of the cambrian system ) and the paibian stage ( lowermost stage of the furongian series ) , has been recently defined and ratified by the international union of geological sciences ( iugs ) . the boundary stratotype is 369 metres above the base of the huaqiao formation in the paibi section , northwestern hunan province , china . this point coincides with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus , and occurs near the base of a large positive carbon isotopic excursion ( spice excursion ) .
. . . this species occurs at 25 . 73 - 25 . 35 m and is indicative of the o . gibbosus zone , the base of which coincides with the first appearance datum ( fad ) of glyptagnostus reticulatus ( see peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt , 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) . the o . gibbosus zone is succeeded by a 20 cm thick suc - cession with o . truncatus ( fig . 4b - d ) , agnostus ( ho - magnostus ) obesus ( fig . 4g , h ) and the phosphatocop - ine cyclotron cf . . . .
. . . ripperdan et al . 1992 ; saltzman et al . 2000saltzman et al . , 2004miller et al . 2015 ) . the onset of the spice is associated with the base of the furongian series ( peng et al . 2004 ) , whereas the toce occurs in the lower eoconodon - tus conodont zone near the top of the cambrian ( e . g . miller et al . 2014miller et al . , 2015 . . . .
. . . it obviously means that if you find rocks hosting a . pisiformis you know that those particular beds should belong to the biozone with the same name . stratigraphically this belongs to the topmost part ( the global guzhangian stage ) of the informal cambrian series 3 ( e . g . , peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2006peng et al . , , 2009 ) . the first appearance datum ( fad ) of a . pisiformis marks the base of the eponymous biozone . . . .
. . . in december 2004 , the international subcommission on cambrian stratigraphy held a ballot on the subdivision of the cambrian system and a fourfold subdivision was approved ( babcock et al . 2005 ) . the global stratotype section and point of the paibian stage ( and the furongian series ) was defined at the lowest occurrence of theagnostid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus by peng et al . ( 2004 ) . the lowermost cambrian series and stage were named in 2007 ( terreneuvian and fortunian , respectively – seelanding et al . 2007 ) . . . .
. . . høyberget & bruton , 2008 ) . thus , the base biostratigraphy of the middle cambrian series 3 ( fig . 2 ) is most precisely defined by the fads of a number of agnostids ; these have commonly been used to define chronostratigraphic units in the cambrian ( e . g . , peng & robison , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2009a peng et al . , , b , 2012 peng et al . , , 2014 babcock et al . , 2005 babcock et al . , , 2007 babcock et al . , , 2015 ) . fortunately , cambrian agnostids are often abundant in shaly environments and can be associated with fossil graptolites . . . .
. . . based on the significant works of westergård ( 1922westergård ( , 1947 ) and henningsmoen ( 1957 ) , terfelt et al . ( 2008terfelt et al . ( , 2011 ) divided the furongian ( roughly corresponding to the traditional
upper cambrian
, excluding the a . pisiformis zone ) of scandinavia into two parallel zonations based on agnostoids and polymerids , respectively . this biostratigraphical scheme is used herein ( fig . 4 peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) , which is not found in the drill core . however , olenus gibbosus ( fig . 6e–g , m , n ) occurs at 11 . 56–11 . 14 . . .
. . . the cambrian epoch 3 was dominated by thrombolites and dendrolites ( zhuravlev , 1996 ; woo et al . , 2008 ; woo and chough , 2010 ) , whereas maze - like maceriate reefs ( most likely sponge - microbial reefs ) ( shapiro and awramik , 2006 ; lee et al . , 2010lee et al . , , 2014a ) and columnar stromatolites ( campbell , 1976 ; ) flourished during the furongian ( cf . zhuravlev , 1996 ) . at the same time , several geological events are known to occur across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary , including a positive excursion of δ 13 c ( steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion : spice ) and a major trilobite faunal turnover ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 ) . the primary purpose of this study is to re - examine the characteristics of cambrian epoch 3 and furongian reefs , and the related geological events . . . .
. . . the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary was placed where there is a great faunal turnover among polymerid trilobites ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012 ) . recent geochemical and sequencestratigraphic studies suggest that there were global events across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary , including carbon and sulfur isotope excursions and a eustatic sea - level fall ( saltzman et al . , 2000saltzman et al . , , 2004chen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . many polymerid trilobites became extinct and were replaced by new trilobite fauna across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary ( pratt , 1998 ; saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012álvaro et al . , 2013b ) . several workers argued that this event indicates a mass extinction that also affected other organisms such as inarticulate brachiopods ( e . g . , bambach , 2006 ) . . . .
. . . the cambrian period is characterized by four positive and six negative excursions in the marine δ 13 c record that were related to eustatic sea - level changes , perturbations in the oceanic carbon cycle and , as a consequence , extinctions and evolutionary radiations in the cambrian fauna ( peng et al . 2004 ; babcock et al . 2005 ; zhu , babcock & peng , 2006 ; peng , babcock & cooper , 2012 ) . one of the prominent positive excursions , the steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion ( spice ) , is situated at the base of the paibian stage ( furongian series ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 ) . . . .
. . . it has been identified in carbonate and organic - rich successions of slope and platform environments of antarctica , argentina , australia , england , kazakhstan , newfoundland , north and south china , siberia , sweden and the usa ( e . g . glumac & walker , 1998 ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 saltzman et al . , 2011 peng et al . 2004 ; zhu et al . 2004 ; lindsay et al . 2005 ; gill , lyons & saltzman , 2007 ; gill et al . 2011 ; kouchinsky et al . 2008 ; sial et al . 2008 sial et al . , 2013 ahlberg et al . 2009 ; hurtgen , pruss †author for correspondence : thomas . wotte @ urltoken & knoll , 2009 ; chen et al . 2011 chen et al . , 2012 woods et al . 2011 ; ng , yuan & lin , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . global migration of cosmopolitan agnostoids must have been a rapid and synchronous event ( ahlberg et al . 2009 ) . the onset of spice correlates with biomere extinctions in laurentia , as well as extinctions recognized in correlatable beds in australia and south china ( saltzman et al . 2000 ; peng et al . 2004 ) . thus , as shown by ahlberg et al . ( 2009 ) , the barren and phosphatocopine intervals recognized by eriksson and terfelt ( 2007 ) coincide with the extinction event at the end of the marjumiid biomere and the same driving mechanism is postulated . . . .
. . . the two taxa are regarded either as valid ( palmer 1962 ) or invalid subspecies , with the two morphotypes intergrading into one another ( pratt 1992 ) . on a global scale , the weakly reticulated morphotype always precedes the strongly reticulated one ( peng et al . 2004 ) . in scandinavia , g . reticulatus is represented by the strongly reticulated morphotype , i . e . , g . reticulatus reticulatus , which occurs in the olenus gibbosus through the olenus truncatus zones ( ahlberg and ahlgren 1996 ) . . . .
to better understand the environmental conditions that promoted early animal evolution and the environmental changes that ensued from early animal evolution ( i . e . , co - evolution of life and environm…
[ more ]
potential global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) for a cambrian stage boundary defined . . .
the base of the ptychagnostus ( or acidusus ) atavus zone is one of the most clearly recognizable horizons on an intercontinental scale in the cambrian system , and would serve as an excellent position for the base of a new stage - level chronostratigraphic subdivision . among well - exposed , readily accessible sections in laurentia , the “stratotype ridge” section , drum mountains , western utah , usa , . . . [ show full abstract ]
the global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the drumian stage ( cambrian ) in the drum . . .
the global boundary stratotype section and point gssp ) for the base of the drumian stage ( cambrian series 3 ) is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer 62 m above the base of the wheeler formation in the stratotype ridge section , drum mountains , utah , usa . the gssp level contains the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus ( base of the p . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the luoyixi section , exposed in a roadcut along the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , guzhang county , hunan province , china , is proposed as the stratotype for the base of an unnamed stage boundary ( base of the cambrian stage provisionally termed stage 7 ) . the proposed position of the gssp is 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation , at a horizon coinciding with the first appearance of . . . [ show full abstract ]
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this guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the gsa northeastern and north - central sections in pittsburgh . the first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south , consisting of seven “pitt stops” investigating geological , archaeological , and historical aspects of the gateway to the west . venturing further afield , the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the upper youghiogheny river basin in maryland and the laurel highlands of pennsylvania . the third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 johnstown , pennsylvania , flood , largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of johnstown .
this volume includes seven field guides that explore the diverse geology of virginia from its appalachian highlands to the atlantic shore . the guides cover an array of topics ranging from cave and karst development in the valley and ridge to the exceptional fossil localities at the carmel church quarry and the cliffs near stratford hall to precambrian rocks in the blue ridge mountains . three guides focus on the paleozoic to proterozoic tectonic history of the blue ridge and piedmont provinces , two guides discuss the stratigraphy and fossil assemblages preserved in cenozoic deposits on the atlantic coastal plain , one guide examines paleozoic stratigraphy and cave formation in western virginia , and the final guide explores the relationship between the geology of the fall zone and the civil war during the petersburg campaign in 1864–1865 .
this volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .
new technology has opened vast reserves of
unconventional
natural gas and oil from shales like the marcellus in the appalachian basin , making the united states essentially energy independent for the first time in decades . shale gas had its origins in the oil embargos and energy crises of the 1970s , which led to government research to increase domestic energy supplies . the first large - scale shale gas production was successful on the barnett shale in texas in the late 1990s , followed a few years later by the marcellus shale in pennsylvania . shale gas has changed thinking about fossil energy supplies worldwide , but the development of these resources has been controversial . activists have made claims that hydraulic fracturing may contribute to climate change , threaten groundwater resources , and pose risks to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems , and human health . this volume explores the geology , history , technology , and potential environmental impacts of marcellus shale gas resources .
1 . introduction 2 . strata of the changhia formation 3 . the zonations and ranges of the trilobite genera and species of the changhia formation 4 . correlationof the changhia formation with its age - equivalent strata in other regions of china and other countries 5 . crisis events and faunal recoveries of cambrian trilobites 6 . the research on trilobite taxonomy based on disarticulated elements 7 . phylogeny of the trilobite genera of the families dolichometopidae walcott , 1916 , solenopleuridae angelin , 1854 and menocephalidae hupe , 1953a 8 . description of main genera and species
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middle and basal upper cambrian strata are well exposed in an old quarry at gudhem in the falbygden area of västergötland , south - central sweden . the exposures consist of finely laminated alum shale with scattered stinkstone ( orsten ) lenses , up to 2 . 3 m in diameter . four sections have been measured and sampled in order to establish the succession of trilobite species . fossils are generally preserved only in the stinkstone , and not in the shale . trilobites , including agnostids , and bradoriid arthropods are generally common , whereas lingulate brachiopods and hyoliths are minor faunal constituents .
in the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and . . .
at the northwestern entrance to the quarry there are exposures of the hypagnostus parvifrons zone . a section here consists of a more or less coherent limestone bed at the top , underlain by at least 4 m of unfossiliferous alum shales . the limestone bed has yielded h . mammillatus in abundance , as well as h . parvifrons and fragmentary specimens of paradoxides paradoxissimus .