scopula actuaria is a moth of the family geometridae .

it was described by walker in 1861 .

it is found throughout the oriental tropics of india , sri lanka , from afghanistan and taiwan to the southern moluccas and timor .

it is also found on the chagos archipelago .

scopula actuaria

select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guenže zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp . n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guenže - problepsis borneamagna sp . n - problepsis delphiaria guenže - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp . n - scopula flavinsolata sp . n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp . ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula ? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guenže - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp ? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp . n - scopula nesciaroides sp . n - scopula asymmetrica sp . n - scopula phallarcuata sp . n - scopula deflavarioides sp . n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012 , 18422
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ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 34 . ch ng : scopulini , sterrhini , daea , idaea , scopula , anisodes , scopula rubiginata , scopula ternata , idaea subsaturata , scopula limboundata , idaea rusticata , idaea emarginata , scopula actuaria , idaea pallidata , idaea muricata , idaea fuscovenosa , idaea inquinata , scopula junctaria , idaea mustelata , idaea humiliata , scopula ornata , scopula immutata , chrysocraspeda , idaea serpentata , scopula marginepunctata , scopula immorata , euacidalia , scopula decorata , acratodes , idaea ochrata , idaea degeneraria , scopula nigropunctata , dithalama , epicosymbia , idaea subsericeata , idaea trigeminata , idaea mediaria , idaea deversaria , scopula cacuminaria , idaea dimidiata , idaea sylvestraria , idaea straminata , craspediopsis , brachyglossina , anisodes obstataria , dasybela , idaea contiguaria , idaea laevigata , problepsis , dizuga , scopula imitaria , eumacrodes , idaea dilutaria , cleta , chorizomena , problepsis achlyobathra , lophophleps phoenicoptera , cinglis , epicleta , idaea infirmaria , hyriogona , scopula rubraria , idaea inversata , dithalama cosmospila , zythos , idaea filicata , bytharia , rhodometra , schematorhages , polygraphodes , thysanotricha , somatina , strophoptila , myrice , mnesterodes , pareupithex , xenocentris , zeuctoneura , hemipogo , problepsiodes , silvaspica , euphenolia , hirthestes , odontoptila , ptychopoda , brachyprota , cysteophora , hemipogon , neochrysa , pogonogya , prospasta , ptenopoda , pythodora , carphoxera , deinopygia , lophosis , psilephyra , synomila , cacorista , janarda , limeria , omopera , sterrha , lobura , pyctis , paota , streblopoda , palaeaspilates , heteroctenis , longipalpa , leptacme , hemigymnodes , eremocentra , phrissosceles , streptopteron , stibarostoma , trirachopoda , pachythalia , prostenodes , conchocometa , crypsiplocia , mesotrophe , platisodes , xenoprora , emmesura , perixera , pisoraca , plocucha , antitrygodes , scopula optivata , chlorocraspedia , pleionocentra , glossotrophia , eueupithecia , protoproutia , ptychamalia , isoplenodia , trichoclada , ustocidalia , lipocen . . .
herbulot c . 1992g . nouveaux scopula de la région éthiopienne . - lambillionea 92 ( 1 ) : 78–88 .
herbulot c . 1985b . trois nouveaux scopula du natal ( lépid . geometridae ) . - bulletin de la société entomologique de mulhouse 15 ( 2 ) : 17–19 .
herbulot c . 1972a . les scopula malgaches du groupe de rubrosignaria ( mabille ) ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - bulletin de la société entomologique de mulhouse 2 ( 1 ) : 13–16 .
scopula - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
walker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 22 : 752 .
cerata lengths show wide variation ( see fig 193 ) . s . heba prout ( new guinea to solomons ) is closely related .
oriental tropics to taiwan , afghanistan ( ssp . sheljuzhkoi ) and timor ( ssp . nigranalis ) , s . moluccas . also from the chagos archipelago in the indian ocean .
bornean material seen is from tenom in the lowlands of sabah , and several specimens were taken in cocoa plantations at tuaran in 1997 .
yunus & ho ( 1980 ) recorded this species as feeding on theobroma ( cocoa , sterculiaceae ) .
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there is some variability in the ornamentation of the male eighth sternite throughout its range , even within a single locality .
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regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga , southern urals .
bulgaria , greece ( mainland ) , macedonia , russia , turkey ( european part ) , ukraine .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
schrank f . von paula 1802 . fauna boica . durchgedachte geschichte der in baiern einheimischen und zahmen tiere . zweyter band zweyte abtheilung . - — 2 ( 2 ) : 1–412 .
type species : phalaena paludata linnaeus , 1767 . systema naturae ( edn 12 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 873 . by subsequent designation by prout , 1906 . the entomologist 39 : 266 .
herbulot c . 1955a . nouveaux sterrhinae malgaches ( lepid . geometridae ) . - le naturaliste malgache 7 ( 2 ) : 181–189 , pl . 6 .
guenée a . m . 1858a . in : boisduval , j . a . b . & guenée , a . histoire naturelle des insectes . spécies général des lépidoptères . ix . uranides et phalénites . tome i . - — 9 : 1–xxxvii , 1–514 .
walker f . 1861a . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxii . – geometrites ( continued ) . - — 22 : i–iv , 499–755 .
warren w . 1911 . description of some new geometridae and pyralidae from south africa . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 1 ) : 19–30 .
warren w . 1897a . new genera and species of moths from the old - world regions in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 12–130 .
holland w . j . 1894b . new and undescribed genera and species of west african noctuidae . - psyche 7 : 7–10 , 27–34 , 36 , 47–50 , 67–70 , 83–90 , 109–128 , 141–144 , pls . 1–5 .
swinhoe c . 1909 . new species of indo - malayan and african lepidoptera . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 3 ( 14 ) : 89–98 .
prout l . b . 1932a . voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911–1912 ) . insectes lépidoptères . iii . geometridae . - mémoires de la société zoologique de france 29 ( 5 ) : 375–512 .
püngeler r . 1894 . acidalia adelpharia n . sp . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 55 : 76–77 .
wiltshire e . p . 1986 . lepidoptera of saudi arabia : fam . cossidae , sesiidae , metarbelidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , arctiidae , nolidae , noctuidae ( heterocera ) ; fam . satyridae ( rhopalocera ) ( part 5 ) . - fauna of saudi arabia 8 : 262–323 .
berio e . 1937a . nuove specie di eteroceri noctuidae – lymantriidae – limacodidae – geometridae . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 58 : 174–181 .
warren w . 1902b . new african drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 9 : 487–536 .
hausmann a . 2009b . new and interesting geometrid moths from sokotra islands ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 99 : 95–104 .
prout l . b . 1932c . new genera and species of sterrhinae ( fam . geometridae ) . - novitates zoologicae 37 : 229–251 .
warren w . 1899b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 3 ) : 288–312 .
wiltshire e . p . 1949b . the lepidoptera of the kingdom of egypt , part 2 . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 33 : 381–460 , pls . 1–2 .
hausmann a . 2009c . new and interesting geometrid moths from dhofar , southern oman ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 99 : 111–128 .
prout l . b . 1915a . new genera and species of african geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 22 : 311–385 .
wallengren h . d . j . 1863 . lepidopterologische mittheilungen . iii . - wiener entomologische monatschrift 7 ( 5 ) : 137–151 .
hampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388–510 , pls . 36–41 .
walker f . 1861b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxiii . – geometrites ( continued ) . - — 23 : i–iv , 757–1020 .
walker f . 1875 . lepidoptera . – in : melliss , j . c . ( ed . ) , st . helena : a physical , historical , and topographical description of the island , including its geology , fauna , flora , and meteorology . - — : i–xii , 1–410 .
bastelberger m . j . 1909b . ein neues genus und neun neue afrikanische geometriden eus meiner sammlung . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 3 ( 18 ) : 100—101 .
prout l . b . 1934a . new species and subspecies of geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 39 ( 2 ) : 99–136 .
lederer j . 1853a . versuch , die europäischen lepidopteren in möglichst natürliche reihenfolge zu stellen . die spanner . - verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien 3 : 165–270 .
warren w . 1905e . new african thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 12 : 380–409 .
pagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903–05 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - — 2 ( 2 ) : 93–146 , pl . 6 .
wiltshire e . p . 1949a . middle east lepidoptera , ix [ sic , recte x ] . new species and forms from arabia and persia , with a description of the genus tamsola from iraq . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 33 : 353–372 .
swinhoe c . 1904c . on the geometridae of tropical africa in the national collection . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1904 ( 3 ) : 497–590 .
lederer j . 1855b . beitrag zur eine schmetterlings - fauna von cypern , beirut und einem theile kleinasiens . - verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien 5 : 177–254 , pls . 1–3 .
herbulot c . 1965a . lépidoptères geometridae du haut sambirano ( madagascar ) . - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 69 ( 1964 ) : 253–258 .
janse a . j . t . 1933–1935 . the moths of south africa . volume ii . geometridae ( concluded ) . - — 2 ( 1 ) : 1–448 , pls . 1–15 .
prout l . b . 1925d . new species of geometridae ( lepidoptera ) in the collections of the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 19 ( 4 ) : 579–600 , pls . 16–17 .
brandt w . 1938 . beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna von iran . neue gattungen , arten , und formen . - entomologische rundschau 55 : 497–505 , 517–523 , 548–554 , 558–561 , 567–569 .
fletcher d . s . 1955 . geometridae . exploration du parc naturel d ' upemba . mission g . f . de witte 1946–1949 . - — 32 ( 5 ) : 79–92 .
warren w . 1898a . new species and genera of the families thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 5–41 .
prout l . b . 1933–1938 . geometridae ( fauna africana , part 16 ) . – in : seitz . a . ( ed . ) , die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . - — 16 .
herbulot c . 1994b . geometridae ( lepidoptera ) récoltés à sokotra par le dr . j . - g . canu . - lambillionea 94 ( 3 ) : 389–393 .
prout l . b . 1927a . a list of the geometridae ( lep . het ) known to occur in the island of são thomé , with descriptions of some new species collected by mr . t . a . barns . - transactions of the entomological society of london 75 ( 1 ) : 187–200 , pl . 20 .
walker f . 1863a . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxvi . – geometrites ( continued ) . - — 26 ( 1962 ) : i–iv , 1479–1796 .
karisch t . 2001a . zur geometridenfauna von bioko ( lepidoptera ; geometridae ) . - lambillionea 101 ( 1 ) : 161–184 .
warren w . 1901d . drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 8 : 202–217 .
warren w . 1900a . new genera and species of thyrididae and geometridae from africa . - novitates zoologicae 7 : 90–98 .
mabille p . 1900 . lepidoptera nova malgassica et africana . - annales de la société entomologique de france 68 ( 1899 ) ( 4 ) : 723–753 .
warren w . 1914 . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera in the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 12 ) : 467–510 , pls . 40–41 .
hampson g . f . 1903f . lepidoptera ii : moths i . – in : forbes h . o . ( ed . ) , the natural history of socotra and abd el kûri . a monograph of the islands . - — : 319–340 , pl . 20 .
kheil n . m . 1909 . lepidópteros de la guinea española . - memorias de la real sociedad española de historia natural 1 ( 28 ) : 483–506 .
warren w . 1899a . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 1 ) : 1–66 .
distant w . l . 1892a . contribution to a knowledge of the entomology of the transvaal . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 6 ) 10 : 407–408 .
prout l . b . 1913b . new south african geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 194–225 .
herbulot c . 1978e . nouveaux sterrhinae africains et malgaches ( lep . geometridae ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 8 ( 3 ) : 345–349 .
prout l . b . 1934b . new congo geometridae . - revue de zoologie et botanique africaines 26 ( 1 ) : 82–97 .
walker f . 1860b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxi . – geometrites ( continued ) . - — 21 : i–iv , 277–498 .
staudinger o . 1892b . neue arten und varietäten von paläarktischen geometridae aus meiner sammlung . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris 5 ( 1 ) : 141–260 .
mabille p . 1880c . comptes rendus . diagnoses lepidopterorum malgassicorum . - bulletin de la société entomologique de belgique 23 : xvi–xxvii .
warren w . 1898b . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 221–258 .
prout l . b . 1917a . new geometridae ( lepidoptera ) in the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 17 ( 1 ) : 47–77 .
warren w . 1903c . new african thyrididae and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 10 : 271–278 .
hampson g . f . 1899c . the expedition to sokotra . vi . descriptions of one new genus and fourteen new species of moths . - bulletin of the liverpool museums 2 ( 2 ) : 35–39 , pl . 1 .
prout l . b . 1911c . new african geometridae . - the entomologist 44 : 292–295 .
fletcher d . s . 1978a . geometridae ( lepidoptera ) collected by dr . j . szunyoghy in tanzania . - acta zoologica hungarica 24 ( 1–2 ) : 41–105 , pl . 1 .
hausmann a . 1999 . geometrid moth species from yemen ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - esperiana 7 : 283–305 , pls . 1–5 .
wiltshire e . p . 1990 . an illustrated , annotated catalogue of the macro - heterocera of saudi arabia . – in : büttiker , w . & krupp , f . ( eds . ) . fauna of saudi arabia . - fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 91–250 .
hausmann a . & hebert p . 2009 . order lepidoptera , family geometridae ( part 2 ) the geometridae of the uae revised in the light of mtdna data . – in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae . - — 2 : 468–479 .
debauche h . r . 1938a . geometridae ( lep . het . ) . explorations du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte ( 1933–1935 ) . - — 20 : 1–56 , pls . 1–6 .
prout l . b . 1916b . geometridae . – in poulton , e . b . on a collection of moths made in somaliland by mr . w . feather . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 1 ) : 91–182 , pls . 1–2 .
prout l . b . 1922c . geometridae . – in : prout , l . b . & prout , a . e . , new south african heterocera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 3 ) : 149–186 , pl . 1 .
herbulot c . 1970 . lepidoptera geometridae du tsaratanana ( madagascar nord ) . - mémoires o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 157–166 , pls . 13 , 13bis .
guenée a . m . 1858b . in : boisduval , j . a . b . & guenée , a . histoire naturelle des insectes . spécies général des lépidoptères . x . uranides et phalénites . tome ii . - — 10 : 1–584 .
herbulot c . 1999a . nouveaux geometridae de l ' île de bioko , guinée equatoriale ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 16 ( 2 ) : 147–153 .
herbulot c . & viette p . 1952 . mission de l ' office national antiacridien au tibesti - tchad ( 1949 ) . lépidoptères hétérocères . - annales de la société entomologique de france 121 : 77–92 .
wiltshire e . p . 1982a . insects of saudi arabia . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , zygaenidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , bombycidae , sphingidae , thaumetopoeidae , thyretidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae ( part 2 ) . - fauna of saudi arabia 4 : 271–331 .
prout l . b . 1922a . new and little - known geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 29 : 327–363 .
walker f . 1869b . in : chapman t . , on some lepidopterous insects from congo . - proceedings of the natural history society of glasgow 1 : 325–378 , pls 5–7 .
herbulot c . 1962b . nouveaux geometridae des seychelles . - lambillionea 62 ( 3–6 ) : 31–33 .
fletcher d . s . 1963a . exploration du parc national albert ( deuxième série ) . 1 . geometridae ; 2 . noctuidae . - — 15 ( 1 ) : 1–70 , 14 pls . ; 2 : 71–155 , 14 pls .
warren w . 1905b . new species of geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 12 : 34–40 .
zeller p . c . 1847a . verzeichnis der vom prof . dr . loew in der türkeij und asien gesammelten lepidoptera . - isis von oken 40 ( 1 ) : 3–39 .
warren w . 1904b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 11 : 461–482 .
bastelberger m . j . 1909c . beschreibung 7 neuer exotischer geometriden ( lep . ) . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1909 ( 2 ) : 316–319 .
guenée a . m . 1862 . lépidoptères . – in : maillard , l . , notes sur l ' île de la réunion ( bourbon ) ( annexe g ) . - — : 1–72 ; pls . 12–13 .
legrand h . 1958 . nouveaux lépidoptères des îles séchelles et cosmoledo . - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 63 : 142–146 .
herbulot c . 1954b . lépidoptères géométrides de la reserve naturelle intégrale du mont nimba . lépidoptères géométrides . - mémoires de l ' institut français d ' afrique noire 40 ( 2 ) : 301–333 , pl . 1 .
paulian r . & viette p . 1956 . essai d ' un catalogue biologique des lépidoptères hétérocères des environs de tananarive . - mémoires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( e ) 6 : 141–281 , pls . 1–12 .
prout l . b . 1923b . new geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 30 ( 2 ) : 191–215 .
boisduval j . b . a . 1833a . faune entomologique de madagascar , bourbon et maurice . lépidoptères . avec des notes sur les moeurs , par m . sganzin . - — : 1–122 , pls . 1–16 .
warren w . 1900c . new genera and species of american drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 7 ( 2 ) : 117–225 .
herbulot c . 1966b . nouveaux geometridae du sud - ouest de madagascar . - bulletin mensuel de la société linnéenne de lyon 35 ( 5 ) : 216–221 .
wiltshire e . p . 1980a . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , limacodidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , nolidae , arctiidae , agaristidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae . – in : wittmer & büttiker ( eds . ) , fauna of saudi arabia 2 . - fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 179–240 .
herbulot c . 1965c . lépidoptères geometridae du tibesti . - lambillionea 63 ( 5–8 ) : 25–40 .
butler a . g . 1875b . on a collection of lepidoptera from southern africa , with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 394–420 .
prout l . b . 1931a . a list of the geometridae collected by mr c . l . collenette in british somaliland with descriptions of new species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 262–272 .
fawcett j . m . 1916 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911–13 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 4 ) : 707–737 , pl . 1 .
hausmann a . 1998a . new and interesting geometrid moths from the oman ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 88 : 85–98 .
wiltshire e . p . 1977b . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1975 . lepidoptera : part i families cossidae , pyralidae , geometridae , sphingidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae and noctuidae . part ii a list of further lepidoptera - heterocera from oman . part iii pyral . . . - journal of oman studies special rep . 1 : 155–178 .
warren w . 1901a . new thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the ethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 8 : 6–20 .
hausmann a . 2006 . the geometrid moth species from yemen – with 50 new records for the country and description of 20 new taxa ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - esperiana 12 : 9–62 , pls . 12–21 .
herrich - schäffer g . a . w . 1843–1855 . systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu jakob hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge . die schärmer , spinner und eulen . - — 2 : 1–450 , pls . 1–124 .
fabricius j . c . 1798 . supplementum entomologia systematicae . - — : 1–572 .
brandt w . 1941a . beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna von iran ( 3 ) . – neue agrotiden nebst faunenverzeichnissen . - mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 31 ( 3 ) : 835–863 .
warren w . 1897b . new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 195–262 ; pl . 5 .
herbulot c . 1957a . résultats de l ' expédition zoologique du professeur dr . hakan lindberg aux îles du cap vert durant l ' hiver 1953–54 . no 12 lepidoptères geometridae . - commentationes biologicae , societatis scientiarum fennica 16 ( 10 ) : 1–8 , pl . 1 .
thierry - mieg p . 1905 . description de lépidoptères nouveaux . - le naturaliste 27 : 191–193 .
prout l . b . 1916a . new south african geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 5 ( 3 ) : 151–179 , pl . 25 .
sterneck 1933 . [ title ] . - zeitschrift des österreichischen entomologischen vereins 18 : 9 .
prout l . b . 1928b . nouvelles geometridae africaines de la collection audeoud . - bulletin de la société des lépidoptéristes de genève 6 ( 1 ) : 19–32 , pl . 1 .
warren w . 1909b . new species of uraniidae and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 16 : 110–122 .
prout l . b . 1935 . scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition , march to september 1930 . the geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 17 ( 1 ) : 1–13 .
fabricius j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emendata et aucta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adjectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus . - — 3 ( 2 ) : 1–349 .
walker f . 1863c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxviii . – tortricites & tineites . - — 28 : i–iv , 287–561 .
herbulot c . 1985a . sur quelques geometridae des comores ( lepidoptera ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 2 ( 1 ) : 45–49 .
snellen p . c . t . 1872 . bijdrage tot de vlinder - fauna van neder - guinea , zuidwestelijk gedeelte van afrika . - tijdschrift voor entomologie 15 : 1–110 , pls . 1–8 .
walker f . 1866b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxxv . – supplement part 5 . - — 35 : i–iv , 1535–2040 .
rebel h . 1907a . lepidopteren aus südarabien und von der insel sokotra . - denkschriften der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 71 ( 2 ) : 31–130 , pl . 1 .
prout l . b . 1916c . new african geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 23 : 272–286 .
debauche h . r . 1937 . entomological expedition to abyssinia , 1926–27 : lepidoptera , geometridae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 20 : 320–344 , pls . 7–8 .
herbulot c . 1972c . lépidoptères geometridae de l ' andringitra ( madagascar centre ) . - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 77 ( 5–6 ) : 140–154 , pls . 1–2 .
le cerf f . 1924 . contribution à la faune des lépidoptères de l ' erythrée . - annales de la société entomologique de france 93 : 193–210 .
rebel h . 1948 . neue heteroceren aus aegypten . - zeitschrift der wiener entomologischen gesellschaft 32 ( 1947 ) ( 5–7 ) : 49–60 .
felder c . , felder r . & rogenhofer a . f . 1865–1875 . reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . abtheilung 2 , heft 4 , lepidoptera . atlas der heterocera . - — 2 ( 4 ) : 1–20 , pls . 1–140 .
bastelberger m . j . 1908b . neue exotische acidaliden aus meiner sammlung . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 2 ( 5 ) : 33–34 .
prout l . b . 1919b . new species and forms in the joicey collection . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 9 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 277–282 .
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wiltshire e . p . 1952a . lepidoptera recently taken in arabia . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 36 : 135–174 , pl . 1 .
wiltshire e . p . 1980b . the larger moths of dhofar and their zoogeographic composition . - journal of oman studies special rep . 2 : 187–216 .
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leucobrephos brephoides , the scarce infant moth , is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found from yukon to labrador and south to new york and southern alberta and british columbia .

the habitat consists of open mixed wood forests of the boreal and mountain region .

the wingspan is about 29 mm .

adults are on wing from march to may with a peak in mid to late april in alberta .

generally , the flight period begins when snow patches are still on the ground .

the larvae feed on populus tremuloides , betula papyrifera and alnus , but have also been recorded on salix and populus balsamifera .

all these species produce catkins early in spring , which may be important food sources prior to leave flush .

leucobrephos brephoides

found flying / sunning along dirt road in deciduous forest . among 9 infants counted in approx . 1 km stretch of road , 8 were archiearis infans and just the single leucobrephos brephoides .
on apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .
adults in alberta from march into may , peaking in mid to late april .
was originally described in this genus ! ) . no similar species are on the wing as early as
. the forewing is black and dusted with grey and a white - bordered black pm line , the am black line lacks a white border . hindwing white with and even black margin and basal black scaling . sexes are similar but can be separated by the pectinate ( feathery ) antennae of the males ; females have filiform ( thread - like ) antennae .
the early stages are described in mcguffin ( 1988 ) . habits of the adults are similar to those of archiearis infans , and the flight period often begins when snow patches are still on the ground . although the larval hosts are common and widespread , this species is usually rare , and not often encountered because of its early spring flight .
) . these species all produce catkins early in the spring , which may be important food sources prior to leave flush .
yukon to labrador south to new york and southern alberta / bc ( prentice 1963 ) .
comments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 27 . 16m , 27 . 17f ; p . 204 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
open mixedwood forests of the boreal and mountain region .
- - u . alberta entomology page
contributed by john f . carr on 28 march , 2009 - 8 : 07pm additional contributions by marcie oconnor last updated 3 april , 2017 - 8 : 21am
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thanks , john , i still have no idea how to move pages around on bugguide ( if i even can ) . i believe it is a male , yes ; this u of alberta entomology collection page indicates males have pectinate antennae , and females have filiform . that page has useful info on the species .
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online list of [ . . . ] the geometridae of the world ( dec 2007 ) , website ( version 01 / 12 / 2007 )
maintained by malcolm j . scoble and axel hausmann . online list of valid and available names of the geometridae of the world , urltoken last update december 2007
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
a location where the species occurs or has occurred and where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . for most species minimally verification of an adult or larva in association with suitable habitat including larval foodplant . minimum verification standards vary by species from genitalia dissection to decent photographs , but specimens are strongly recommended . it is usually advisable to rear larvae to the adult stage for positive identification .
most of these species are more or less landscape level moths that occupy a variety of wooded habitats and often adjacent shrublands and thickets . in the context of habitat separation , suitable habitat includes marginal habitat and unsuitable means sparsely wooded to treeless places without suitable larval foodplant . for the relatively few included species that are specialized feeders forest or woodland where the foodplant is absent or nearly so can be treated as unsuitable habitats . in particular for the obligate conifer feeders , forest tracts in which suitable ( for that species ) pines , spruces , firs , etc . comprise fewer than 4 canopy trees per hectare may be regarded as unsuitable . see habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes habitat when mapping occurrences .
this figure is arbitrary but a circle of two kilometers radius would define a habitat clearly smaller than most , but well above the smallest ones . it is probably unrealistically low in extensively forested areas . this figure should not be used however if forests are reduced to small woodlots and the landscape is more than 50 % agricultural or otherwise essentially devoid of native tree cover . in such cases the inferred extent is simply the woodlot in which the collection was made . in general with habitats under 1000 hectares assume full occupancy .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
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scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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hydrocynus vittatus , the african tigerfish , tiervis or ngwesh is a predatory freshwater fish distributed throughout much of africa .

this fish is generally a piscivore but it has been observed leaping out of the water and catching barn swallows in flight .

hydrocynus vittatus

metal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation . . .
seasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau , from lake pongolapoort , south africa .
a histology - based fish health assessment of the tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus from a ddt - affected area .
other species of the tigerfish thriving in the african continent include the hydrocynus brevis ( sudan ) , the hydrocynus forskahlii ( northern africa ) and the hydrocynus tanzaniae ( tanzania ) .
metal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation area : relationships with environmental concentrations .
hydrocynus ; h . vittatus ; h . brevis and h . forskalii ; length - weight relationship ; morphology ; taxonomy
hydrocynus vittatus ( hydrocynus vittatus ( characid fish ) ) preys on : insecta diptera sarortherdon macrochir haplochromis darlingi tilapia rendalli based on studies in : africa , lake mcilwaine ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the hydrocynus vittatus tiger fish is the second most famous species . it can grow to up to 33 pounds , and is common in the southernmost areas of the african continent . biologically referred to as the hydrocynus vittatus , its naming is a literal combination of the english phrases ‘water dog’ and ‘striped’ . the hydrocynus vittatus is common in areas around the okavango delta and the zambezi river system .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .
hydrocynus vittatus
in fishbase . december 2013 version .
’’hydrocynus vittatus’’
. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature . 2010 .
taxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe .
cochrane , k . l . , 1976 catches of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau during sardine fishing operations in kariba . kariba stud . , 7 : 98–108
hereafter , groups b , c , d and h . vittatus sensu stricto ( s . s . ) are designated the vittatus complex .
comparative behavioural assessment of an established and a new tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus population in two man - made lakes in the limpopo river catchment , southern africa .
the fish , hydrocynus vittatus , is known as a voracious predator and according to prof smit , its characteristic jump makes it a favourite species for freshwater anglers .
taxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe . - pubmed - ncbi
matthes , h . , 1968 the food and feeding habits of the tiger - fish hydrocynus vittatus ( cast . 1861 ) in lake kariba . beaufortia 15 : 143–53
patterns of movement and habitat use by tigerfish ( hydrocynus vit . . . : ingenta connect
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1975 the diet of fingerling tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus cast . in lake kariba , rhodesia . arnoldia rhod . , 7 : 1–8
taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan
table 2 . frequency occurrence ( percentage ) of food items in various sizes of h . vittatus
the smaller h . vittatus is claimed to be one of the finest game fishes in the world .
table 3 the range of meristics counts for h . brevis , h . forskalii and h . vittatus
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1971 some aspects of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau ( tiger - fish ) research at lake kariba . news lett . limnol . soc . south . afr . , 17 : 33–8
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1972 report on a study of the ecology of the tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau in lake kariba . l . k . f . r . i . rep
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
maximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
geographically structured analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) using cyt b sequences for 26 h . vittatus individuals .
the second largest variety of tigerfish , the hydrocynus vittatus is a fierce predator characterized by a long slender shape and a forked caudal fin . although its scales can be appropriately described as large , iridescent and silvery ; sometimes they appear to have a golden cast .
taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan | h . a . mohamed | international journal of aquaculture
and the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system (
goodier sam . evolution of the african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) : insights into drainage evolution . 2010 . msc thesis : university of cape town .
group b consists of two samples from the lufubu river ( a tributary of lake tanganyika ) collected alongside a series of h . vittatus ;
actually the current world record vittatus is 39 inches and 35 pounds . its was an old fat female . normal specimens are under two feet .
…ostariophysan is the tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) , which attains a weight exceeding 45 kg ( approximately 100 pounds ) ; its huge , sharp teeth and large , tunalike tail endow it with ferocity and speed . parasitic habits are rarely found among bony fishes , but certain species of trichomycterid catfishes attach themselves to the gills…
group d is composed of samples from the luapula river , lake mweru , lake bangweulu and the chambeshi river . this lineage is sister to h . vittatus ;
figure 1 a diagram based on morphometric measurements of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation
figure 2 a diagram based on meristic counts of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation
summary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .
smit , n . j . ; wepener , v . ; vlok , w . ; wagenaar , g . m . ( jan 2013 ) .
conservation of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , in the kruger national park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the olifants and luvuvhu rivers
. water research commission .
table 1 . frequency occurrence of food items in the stomachs of h . vittatus at charlets and nchete / samaria island stations ( june , 1983 – may , 1985 )
fig . 3 length frequency distribution of prey in h . vittatus . shaded histogram shows length frequency of commercial catch at siavonga area , data from subramaniam ( 1984 ) .
table 2 morphomertic measurements h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) expressed as percentage of head length ( % hl )
fig . 1 percentage frequency of food items by number from h . vittatus samples of ( a ) charlets ( b ) nchete / samaria island stations ( 1984 – 1985 ) .
table 1 morphomertic measurements of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) and expressed as percentage of standard length ( % sl )
fin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4°c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .
mohamed and al - awadi , 2015 , taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan , international journal of aquaculture , vol . 5 , no . 5 : 1 - 9 ( doi : 10 . 5376 / ija . 2015 . 05 . 0005 )
and the vittatus complex in the pliocene at 3 . 1 ( ci : 5 . 3–1 . 3 ) ma also slightly postdates the initiation of tectonic tilting in the region north of lake malawi (
the ‘ tiger fish ’ is the name generally used to refer to a variety of fish species of the genus hydrocynus . native to africa , the tiger fish is located in scores of rivers and lakes throughout the continent .
. all subsequent divergence events within the vittatus complex ( 2 . 0–0 . 5 ma , plio - pleistocene ) , correspond to a time period of several drainage rearrangements in the zambian congo and the upper zambezi drainage systems
with the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .
is an unusual characin . this fish is best described by its scientific name .
hydrocynus
means
water dog
and
vittatus
means
striped ,
and , indeed , the african tiger fish looks like a
striped waterdog .
this big , ferocious fish is covered with large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . other common names for this fish are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .
. . . tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) are arguably the most sought - after recreational angling fish in southern africa ( økland et al . 2005 , smit et al . 2009 ) . they have a high social , economic and ecological importance as they are used as a food source and as indicators of ecological health throughout southern africa ( naesje et al . 2001 , gerber et al . 2009 , tweddle 2010 , mchugh et al . 2011 ) . . . .
. . . it was merely , but regrettably , an accidental transposition of data in a table , with no implications thereof to our findings and conclusions . in addition a recent report ( smit et al . , 2013 ) found very high levels of ddt in tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) from knp rivers . predatory tigerfish from the luvuvhu river ( the same river we based our study on ) had the highest levels ever reported for any freshwater fish from south africa . . . .
this study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .
citation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken
since h . vittatus alone had a significant value for fu ' s fs , only its mismatch distribution was calculated ( figure 5 ) . the ‘raggedness’ index was high ( r = 0 . 25 ) and significant ( p < 0 . 01 ) , indicating a poor fit of the observed and expected mismatch distributions [ 54 ] . the observed multimodal distribution , which is characteristic of a historically stable population , is supported by the high nucleotide and haplotype diversity in h . vittatus , which indicates a stable population with a large , persistent , effective population size . however , this can also indicate admixture of historically isolated populations but the low level of genetic distance within h . vittatus does not support a historically stable population .
table 4 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the “eigenvalue” explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 28 morphometric measurements for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii
table 5 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the “eigenvalues” explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 10 meristic counts for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii
figure 4 a division hierarchical cluster of meristic counts of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on the matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean
one of the causes of the decline in tilapia stocks in lake kariba was attributed to predation by h . vittatus ( matthes , 1968 ; kenmuir , 1971 and coulter et al . , 1965 ) . coke ( 1966 ) also observed 50 % occurrence of tilapia in tiger - fish stomachs . however , donnelly ( 1971 ) found that alestes lateralis formed 54 . 1 % and tilapias only 2 . 1 % of the tiger - fish diet , which lead him to conclude that since the establishment of aquatic plants which provide cover for tilapia juveniles , the influence of h . vittatus on tilapias was minimal . the present study suggests that tilapias still constitute an important item of food for h . vittatus in lake kariba despite the weed cover , although l , miodon remains the major prey .
micralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .
figure 3 a division hierarchical cluster of log10 transformed of morphometric measurements of of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on a matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean similarity measure
figure 5a regression graph of length - weight relationship for h . vittatus showing the regression equation ( log 10 w = 0 . 48967729 + ( - 2 . 0794 ) log 10 sl ) equal to w = 3 . 088 l - 2 . 079 ; r 2 = 0 . 923
there are two major species of the african tigerfish , mostly common in the south african sub - region . the hydrocynus goliath , commonly referred to as the goliath tiger fish , is the largest in the family . the goliath tiger can grow to more than 110 pounds , and is rampant in lake tanganyika and the congo river .
our phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .
coloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .
. . . similar occasional long - distance movements have been observed in other large - bodied river fish . for example , paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) in the upper mississippi moved up to 420 km ( zigler et al . 2003 ) , muskellunge ( esox masquinongy ) in the st . john river moved up to 100 km ( curry et al . 2007 ) , and tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) in the upper zambezi up to 71 km ( økland et al . 2005 ) . taimen home range appears to fit the log - linear home range versus body size relationship across species described by minns ( 1995 , data not shown ) . . . .
south africa’s premier wilderness area , the kruger national park ( knp ) , is worldwide renowned for its conservation of africa’s big five . however , equally important , but less known to the national and international visitors , it also plays a very important role in the conservation of tigers , but not the fury kind , rather the scaly type ! tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , one africa’s premier freshwater fishes , are present in most of the main rivers of the knp , but unfortunately , their numbers are declining , not due to lack of protection in the knp , but rather a result of the deterioration of the water quality and quantity of the rivers before they enter the park .
a combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .
from bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover .
hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) synonyms : hydrocinus vittatus castelnau , 1861 hydrocyon lineatus bleeker , 1862 hydrocyon lineatus schlegel , 1863 hydrocyon lineatus gunther , 1864 hydrocyon vittatus boulenger , 1898 description : a brilliant silvery - coloured fish , with compressed elongated body , 205 to 375 mm standard length , covered by ctenoid scales and each scale marked by a dark spot forming parallel bands visible above the lateral line , and a very small adipose fin behind the dorsal fin . edges of dorsal and adipose fins black , forked edge of caudal fin distinctly black . position of the dorsal fin distinctly before the insertion of ventral fin . eye diameter 80 % of inter - orbital width . measurements are in % sl : body depth 20 . 4 to 28 . 9 ; head length 23 . 1 to 27 . 5 ; head width 11 . 2 to 13 . 1 ; upper snout length 9 to 11 . 2 ; lower snout length 10 to 13 . 7 ; eye diameter 6 . 6 to 9 . 2 ; inter - orbital width 9 . 7 to 11 . 6 ; post - orbital length 10 . 8 to 14 . 6 ; dorsal - to - adipose fin 27 . 7 to 37 . 5 ; pre - dorsal length 46 . 4 to 61 . 6 ; pre - ventral length 50 . 8 to 65 . 3 ; caudal peduncle length 10 . 9 to 12 . 6 ; caudal peduncle depth 9 to 11 . 8 .
only posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .
the contents of tiger - fish stomachs consisted mainly of fish , though insects , molluscs and crustaceans were also recorded . fish were found in about 97 % of the full stomachs examined and comprised mainly l . miodon and cichlids followed by unidentified and digested fish . the occurrence of synodontis zambezensis , alestes spp . and juvenile h . vittatus was insignificant ( < 1 % each ) .
a comparison of the stomach contents of h . vittatus from the two stations indicated that there was spatial variation in its feeding habits . while l . miodon occurred in 41 . 5 % of the stomachs of tiger - fish from nchete / samaria island station , it was recorded from only 29 . 5 % of those examined from charlets station . conversely , cichlids were more abundant in the stomachs of fish from charlets station ( 33 . 2 % ) than those from the island station ( 28 . 2 % ) . this may be explained by the greater abundance of juvenile cichlids at charlets station due to the weedy habitat there . the cichlids preyed upon were mainly tilapia rendalli , oreochromis mortimeri and pseudocrenilabrus philander . the incidence of s . zambezensis and h . vittatus in the stomachs was negligible .
this species is close to h . forskalii , but has black markings ( at tip of adipose dorsal fin and fork of caudal fin ) that are lacking in that species . furthermore , the rayed dorsal fin is not positioned as far forwards as in h . forskalii . the synonymy of h . vittatus with h . forskalii proposed by brewster ( 1986 ) does not appear well founded ( paugy and guégan 1989 ) .
three of these key events are represented in the divergence between the two sister groups ( groups c and b from h . vittatus and group d ) estimated at 2 . 0 ( ci : 3 . 5–0 . 8 ) ma . groups b and c diverged in the pleistocene at 1 . 5 ( ci : 2 . 6–0 . 5 ) ma while h . vittatus and group d split approximately 1 . 4 ( ci : 2 . 4–0 . 5 ) ma . all these events can be attributed to rearrangements of upper zambezi and paleo - chambeshi headwaters across northeast zambia , driven by plio - pleistocene tectonism , which ramified from the southern arm of the albertine rift across the bangweulu and mweru depressions , to extend southwest into the bulozi ( upper zambezi ) and okavango graben [ 12 ] , [ 84 , goodier et al . unpublished ] .
this map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .
cichlids in general form a significant part of the artisanal fish catches of lake kariba . the present study suggests that tiger - fish take a substantial toll of juvenile cichlids , particularly in the marginal waters . there is no evidence to support the belief that the predation pressure on tilapias was reduced as a result of the semi - pelagic habit assumed by h . vittatus consequent to the establishment of a large limnothrissa population in the open waters of the lake .
tajima ' s d [ 50 ] and fu ' s fs [ 51 ] tests of selective neutrality examine the frequencies of mutations in order to detect deviations from the neutral model [ 52 ] . due to the small sample sizes ( 2–10 individuals ) for all the lineages , excluding h . vittatus , it is not surprising that neither of these tests of selective neutrality were significant since the ability to detect deviations from the neutral model increases with sample size ( table s4 ] . only h . vittatus had a significantly negative value ( −6 . 2153 ; p < 0 . 005 ) for fu ' s fs , which is more sensitive to recent population expansions [ 53 ] . this result indicates an excess of low - frequency mutations , caused by demographic expansion or selection . however , as cyt b is a protein coding gene , it could be under selection to retain its functionality , resulting in the significantly negative fu ' s fs .
the estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5–7 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .
a large proportion of individuals from the okavango and upper zambezi rivers share a haplotype confirming an intermittent connection between the okavango and upper zambezi systems [ 6 ] , [ 57 ] , [ 61 ] . a haplotype dominating h . vittatus individuals from coastal populations , south of the lower zambezi , is shared with an individual from the middle zambezi . the presence of the same haplotype in this large area , alongside its high abundance in the coastal rivers ( busi , pongola and save ) is consistent with their recent colonisation from a middle and lower zambezi source population .
within h . vittatus , three well supported groups were recovered in the bayesian tree . these groups consisted of samples from a ) the congo and lufubu rivers , b ) the upper zambezi and okavango delta , and c ) the middle - lower zambezi and shire rivers and the coastal populations . these groups reveal strong phylogeographic structuring across drainage systems , and their detailed explanation will be explored in greater detail in a separate paper [ goodier et al . unpublished data ] . several haplotypes shared between different drainage systems and different rivers within the same system , as seen above , are explored further in the discussion .
phylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .
in this respect , the high hd of h . goliath , h . brevis and group c points to a recent expansion in the sizes and ranges of these three populations . correspondingly , the high haplotype diversities and high nucleotide diversities of h . vittatus , h . forskahlii , h . tanzaniae and group a possibly represent recent admixture of historically isolated populations , in respective species , since sampling of each lineage encompassed a large geographical area and represents discrete rivers . the large internal genetic distance within h . forskahlii represents marked genetic structuring within this species complex , most notable in the deep phylogenetic divergence between group e and topotypical h . forskahlii .
in this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .
diagnosis : 2 scale rows between lateral line and scaly process at pelvic - fin bases ; eye < 70 % of interorbital space ( ref . 2880 , 81279 ) . dorsal - fin origin at about same level as pelvic - fin insertions ; tips of adipose and dorsal fins black ; forked edge of caudal fin black ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . description : gill rakers few ( 5 - 9 / 9 - 12 ) , but rather long ; rakers of first gill arch normally developed ; body profile less elongate than h . forskalii ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . dorsal fin with 2 unbranched and 8 branched rays ; anal fin with 3 unbranched and 12 branched rays ; 14 scales around caudal peduncle ( ref . 11970 ) . coloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .
to test whether extant drainage patterns have influenced extant population structure , an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was calculated in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 48 ] . this analysis calculates the fixation index ( φst ) [ 49 ] which uses haplotype diversities to estimate levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between contrasted populations . φst analysis partitions the total genetic variance into among - and within - population components , with population specific φst ' s calculated . to test if genetic variation has been structured within drainage basins , versus across watersheds , and principal knickpoints , a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was also performed using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] to determine how extant genetic variation is partitioned with h . vittatus . this analysis was only performed on this species due to constraints of sample number . population groupings were based on the overall drainage system ( congo vs . zambezi and coastal - a ) , the drainage system subdivided by separation ( congo vs . zambezi vs . coastal - b ) , and the drainage subdivided by any drainage barriers ( congo vs . upper zambezi and okavango vs . middle and lower zambezi vs . coastal - c ) .
principal component analysis of data from the 27 morphometric measurement revealed that approximately 70 . 3 % of the total variation was explained along one component , ( table 4 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 5 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 % of the total variability and the fourth component of variation accounted for 3 % of the total variability . the eigenvalues for all components were positive indicating that all used variables has some effect on the morphological variation of the hydrocynus species the loadings of the morphometric variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 1 ) . principal component analysis of data from ten meristic counts revealed that approximately 73 . 9 % of the total variation was explained along one component ( table 5 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 6 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 . 5 % , the forth component of variation accounted for 3 . 3 % and the fifth component of variation accounted for 3 . 1 % of the total variability . the loadings of the meristic variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 2 ) . the data of log10–transformation of morphometric measurements and cluster analysis of meristic counts produced hierarchical clusters of specimens of the three species in a distance dendrogram . most individuals of each species clustered together at the end of the spectrum ( figure 3 & 4 ) .
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
hi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean . . . ( more ) sara thompson
this tiger characin is definitely a specialty fish . it can reach an impressive size , up to about 3 - 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) in length and over 60 pounds , but it usually won ' t get much longer than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) in the aquarium . one look at those teeth tells you that the african tiger fish is a voracious predator . the african tiger fish is related to the piranha but actually gets much larger . they can use those huge teeth to chop even large fish into bite sized pieces .
the african tigerfish is not actually hard to care for in terms of water quality or food variety , but they get really big and eat a lot . the large size alone limits the type of aquarist who will able to keep one . when first purchased as small juveniles , they may initially be kept in a large home aquarium . but eventually , full - sized adults will need a very large tank . an aquarium of 650 gallons , even upwards of a 1000 gallons or more , will be needed to keep them happy and healthy . in its adult size , this giant fish is really best suited for public aquariums or for highly experienced aquarists with the space and financial ability to properly care for them .
african tiger fish are usually kept in species aquariums . they will school with their own species and more than one can be kept if the aquarium is large enough . they will also school with fish of similar temperament , however , any tankmates need to be appreciably larger . as they age and grow even larger , however , these african characins tend to become less tolerant of their tankmates and need to be housed singly .
was described by castelnau in 1861 . they are found throughout africa , from egypt to south africa . they are most common in the senegal , nile , omo , and congo rivers and in lake tanganyika . the species is listed on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . it has a wide distribution and is generally abundant and common . other common names it are known by are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .
these tiger fish inhabit mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest specimens will swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , roving about and preying on food . they are fierce and voracious predators , feeding on whatever is available . while they mostly eat other fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter . the african tiger fish also serves as a food fish for many natives .
varies - they swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , though very large specimens are loners .
lc - least concern - this species has a wide distribution . although it has been locally depleted by heavy fishing , it is generally common and abundant and therefore listed as least concern . it has been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern , and western africa .
the african tiger fish can get up to 41 . 3 inches ( 105 cm ) in length and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild . in captivity , they are unlikely to achieve a size of much more than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) and have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years .
this fish has an elongated body that tapers on both ends and a forked caudal fin . its large head features prominently visible teeth , 8 per jaw . the teeth are conical in shape and very sharp . the african tiger fish uses its teeth for grasping and chopping rather than tearing . these teeth are occasionally replaced throughout its life .
this fish has a silvery blue body overall with rows of large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . some individuals will have red and yellow on the fins . males and females are similar in form and color , but females are generally smaller and more full - bodied .
41 . 3 inches ( 105 . 00 cm ) - these fish get up to 3 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild , but they are unlikely to reach much more than about 30 inches ( 75cm ) in the aquarium .
15 years - they have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years in captivity .
african tiger fish are large predacious fish . they are undemanding of water quality and eat readily , but their size alone limits who will able to keep them . when small , these fish will seem like an interesting and exotic addition to your tank . but they grow to an alarming size and have amazing bursts of speed , both of which make providing a suitable environment over the course of their lifespan very challenging .
small juveniles may initially be kept in a large home aquarium , but eventually they will need a very large tank . in their adult size , they are really best suited for public aquariums , or kept by experienced fish keepers with the space and financial ability to care for these giants .
advanced - this fish grows up to 3 . 5 feet in length and requires a very large tank of 650 gallons or more . these restrictions make it unsuitable for the average hobbyist .
these fish are primarily considered to be carnivores . in the wild , they are a major predator . though the bulk of their diet is fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter , so are actually omnivorous . in the aquarium , they can be fed meaty foods like whole fishes and shrimps .
when initially introduced into the aquarium , they will readily eat live foods , but once they have acclimated , they can be offered frozen foods as well a pellet diet . small juveniles will take flake but will soon need to be moved to pellets . trout pellets work well . some aquarists report that they will ignore prepared foods when live food is available .
yes - these fish may not accept processed foods at first but will usually adapt to them with time .
tiger fish are big , messy fish that require ample filtration . water changes of about 30 - 50 % are needed every other week , depending on the bioload , to keep this fish happy and healthy .
bi - weekly - do a 30 - 50 % water change every other week .
african tiger fish is an extremely large , predatory fish . because of its large adult size and propensity for schooling with other similarly sized fish , it needs a very large aquarium . when first obtained as a small juvenile , it can be kept in a large home aquarium , but as it grows it will need a much larger tank . as it attains its adult size , at least 650 gallons will be needed to keep it happy and healthy , with upwards of 1000 + gallons or more being even better .
these fish will occupy all parts of the aquarium , so they need a spacious open area for swimming as well as a decor of plants , roots , and driftwood to provide them with some hiding places . they need good , clean water and a moderate water flow , so adequate filtration is important .
650 gal ( 2 , 460 l ) - juveniles can be kept in a large home aquarium , but full - sized adults will need at least 650 gallons or more .
though the african tiger fish is not necessarily aggressive , it has a big appetite . not many species can survive in a tank with them . this fish will do best kept in a species tank .
this fish can be kept with other similarly sized or larger , non - territorial species . however , the african tiger fish is less tolerant of tankmates outside its own species , so be cautious in selecting companions . in particular , very large individuals are likely to grow less tolerant of co - inhabitants .
large aggressive - predatory - this fish is more predatory than aggressive ; however , tankmates need to be significantly larger .
yes - these fish will swim in schools , though very large specimens may become loners .
threat - tankmates should be similarly sized or larger to avoid becoming a meal .
the african tiger fish has not been bred in the aquarium , though it has been successfully bred in captivity as a fishery specimen . presumably , breeding them in an aquarium would be difficult , or even impossible , and would require a very large tank . for a general description of breeding characin fish , see breeding freshwater fish : characins .
in nature , these fish spawn for just a few days each year during the rainy season , usually in december and january . they migrate up river and into small streams . the female lays a large number of eggs in very shallow water among submerged vegetation . after the eggs hatch , the young live in the shallows until flood waters force them out into larger waterways .
like most giant fish , the biggest concern with the african tiger fish is lack of space and food . if you can meet these needs , not much goes wrong with these giants . these fish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well - maintained aquarium . however , aquarists still need to take precautions against health problems and disease . anything you add to your tank can introduce disease . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything you add to an established tank so as not to upset the balance . because these fish eat live food , disease can be passed to them from their foods . make sure to quarantine live food before feeding .
a good thing about the african tiger fish is their resilience . an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if dealt with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and a well balanced diet . the more closely their environment resembles their natural habitat , the less stress the fish will have and the healthier and happier they will be . a stressed fish is more likely to acquire disease .
as with most fish , the african tiger fish is prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . aquarists should read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the african tiger fish or tiger characin are occasionally available but usually come with a very high price tag . even though they aren’t considered rare , like many large fish , they are expensive when small because they are small for such a short period of time .
the african tiger fish is primarily a game fish and food fish . they can ' t be shipped into florida , as the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission has restrictions placed upon the transport and handling of certain species , including this one .
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 4 , mergus verlag , 2004
hi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean waters . please if you have any information i would hugely appreciate it , and you may have helped save the species .
i will be doing a presentation based on this fish and this means that i have to know it like the back of my hand , and so far its cool , i ' m loving it , it ' s so adorable and beautiful .
hi guys i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish i am a zimbabwean , i have been asked to research breeding these guys for restocking our local waters in zimbabwe as the decline is so drastic that they could become extinct in the next decade . please anyone with any information of breeding tigerfish please contact me asap extremeaquariums167 @ urltoken
how old will a tiger fish weighing around 6 kg be ? the kariba zimbabwe species .
how long have you had it ? did you get it from a pet store or from a previous owner ? i don ' t think there ' s any sure way to tell how old it is . in the wild they can get to be around 28 kg , but in captivity they don ' t usually get that big because of environment constraints .
this page states that they need a 1 , 000 gallon aquarium . what are the dimensions of this aquarium ?
they can be different dimensions but run about 120 inches wide , 50 inches deep and 40 inches accross - - - there are various sizes though .
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eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 2 august 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 august 2016 ) .
snoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .
justification : this species has a wide distribution . although it is locally depleted by heavy fishing pressure , it is generally common and abundant , and is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .
this species is generally common and widespread . in lake kariba on the middle zambezi river , its population fluctuated considerably , mostly in relation to the abundance of the introduced clupeid
which now forms a major part of its diet ( kenmuir 1973 , marshall 1985 ) . it is commercially exploited in lake rukwa , forming about 3 . 9 % of the yield . in mtera dam , species composition in the catches show a decline from 26 . 1 % in 1987 to 14 . 3 % in 1991 , and 7 % in 1996 .