the pale-capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) also known as the purple wood pigeon is a species of large pigeon that is found patchily distributed in parts of the indian subcontinent and southeast asia .

it has a slow flight and spends a lot of time sitting still in the foliage of large fruiting trees , often in riverine forest on the plains .

it is mainly brown above and chestnut below with the a sheen of green or amethyst .

males have a whitish grey cap while females have a brownish grey cap and less gloss on the feathers .

they are frugivores , foraging in small groups in the canopy of trees but sometimes descending to the ground for seeds and fallen fruit .

pale - capped pigeon

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pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
another threat to the pale - capped pigeon is hunting by humans . in many of the countries in which the pale - capped pigeon occurs , pigeon hunting is a popular sport and part of a traditional way of life ( 4 ) .
the pale - capped pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a local resident in eastern ghats and north - east india . more
the pale - capped pigeon species are moderately forest dependent . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 1600 meters . the pale - capped pigeons inhabit artificial ecosystems like arable lands , agricultural fields and plantations .
scientific name : columba punicea blyth , 1842 common names : english – pale - capped pigeon , purple wood - pigeon , chestnut pigeon french : pigeon marron german : kupfertaube spanish : paloma purpúrea taxonomy : columba ( alsocomus ) puniceus blyth , 1842 , chyebassa .
pale - capped pigeon , purple wood pigeon common names in french : pigeon marron common names in german : kupfertaube description - family columbidae stout - bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere . more
the pale - capped pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
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historical records indicate that the pale capped pigeon was once also found in china , but there are no recent records of this species occurring there ( 3 ) .
some conservation measures are already in place to protect the pale - capped pigeon . it is protected by law in india and myanmar , and it is known to occur in many reserves and conservation areas ( 4 ) . however , due to the pale - capped pigeon’s nomadic habits , it is not known how well these reserves help to protect this species . it is likely that protected areas will only help to increase pale - capped pigeon numbers if populations are able to follow the seasonal ripening of fruit within these protected sites ( 3 ) .
original file name : columba . punicea . pigeons - pale - capped pigeon , purple wood pigeon ( columba punicea ) . jpg resolution : 706x1032 file size : 86959 bytes upload time : 2017 : 02 : 21 16 : 18 : 07
further conservation measures for the pale - capped pigeon have been recommended , including protecting key sites where this species occurs , and improving management of exsting protected areas ( 3 ) . hunting bans also need to be enforced within protected sites , while education campaigns are needed to reduce hunting levels by highlighting the importance of the pale - capped pigeon ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
a strong , swift flier ( 2 ) , the pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) was once common throughout much of southeast asia , but is now in decline ( 3 ) .
the pale - capped pigeon occurs in scattered populations in southeast asia . its range includes parts of northern india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam ( 3 ) .
the iba of the pale - capped pigeon species in vietnam are tuyen lam , phuoc binh , ea so , dak dam , bi dup and a yun pa . the iba in thailand are thung kha , mu ko similan , ko phra thong and hat nopharat thara - mu ko phi phi . the iba of pale - capped pigeon in myanmar are hlawga wildlife park and hlawga lake .
these pigeon species are distributed in india , bangladesh and southeast asian countries . the current population of the pale - capped pigeon species is estimated to be less than 10 , 000 birds and is under decline . these pigeon species are listed as
vulnerable
to extinction by the iucn . these birds are monotypic species .
the pale - capped pigeon species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , sri lanka and malaysia . the population in mainland china is possibly extinct .
the important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the pale - capped pigeon species in bangladesh are lawachara and west bhanugach reserved forest . the iba in china are diaoluoshan , jianfengling and yinggeling .
the pale - capped pigeon occurs in a large variety of habitats , from coastal lowland areas , to high mountainous regions at elevations of up to 1 , 600 metres above sea level ( 4 ) .
as the pale - capped pigeon is a forest inhabitant , heavy deforestation has been a major factor in this species’ scarcity . huge areas of forest have disappeared throughout its range , which has reduced and fragmented this species’ population . threats to the habitat of the pale - capped pigeon include commercial and illegal logging , clearance for tea cultivation , encroachment of settlements into the forest , and fuel wood collection ( 4 ) .
in india , these pale - capped pigeon species occur in the states of maharashtra , telangana , andhra pradesh , odisha , jharkhand , west bengal , meghalaya , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland and manipur .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the pigeon species and has listed it as
vulnerable
. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is ‘not evaluated’ for the pale - capped pigeon (
the female pale - capped pigeon is smaller than the male and , like the juvenile , is much duller . the plumage is browner all over , and the head is a much darker brown - grey ( 2 ) .
the site supports a population of the globally threatened pale - capped pigeon columba punicea . it also supports the globally near - threatened nicobar pigeon caloenas nicobarica , which in thailand is restricted to a few archipelagos in the andaman sea . in addition , the site supports populations of several nationally threatened and near - threatened species , including pied imperial pigeon ducula bicolor , green imperial pigeon d . aenea , roseate tern sterna dougallii and white - bellied sea eagle haliaeetus leucogaster .
the natural ecosystems of pale - capped pigeon include primary or secondary evergreen forests , tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests , tropical and subtropical mangrove vegetation , tropical and subtropical moist lowlands , tropical and subtropical montane forests and tropical and subtropical moist shrublands .
the diet of these pale - capped pigeon species is mostly fruits . wild fruits , berries , figs , bamboo seeds and grains are their primary food . these species forage in the mornings and evenings and rest in the heat of the day .
of small numbers of pale - capped pigeon roosting on the islands . we arrived by car and as i was waiting for srasri to change into her swimsuit i watched the ubiquitous eurasian tree sparrows jumping around in the company of a few common mynas . more
the pale - capped pigeon species have purplish - maroon plumage on the upperparts . the underparts , ear - coverts and throat are pinkish chestnut in color . the side of the neck is slaty gray and has faint green gloss . the undertail is slaty gray .
) has approached the thresholds for being vulnerable , under the range size criterion , under the population trend criterion and also under the population size criterion . loss of habitat and hunting pressure are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these pale - capped pigeon species .
foraging for food both in the trees and on the ground , the main component of the pale - capped pigeon’s diet is fruit found within the forest , such as figs and berries ( 4 ) . seeds and grain are also important ( 3 ) , and it can be seen feeding in rice fields after the harvest ( 2 ) . it has also been known to eat grit , which helps to grind up food in the stomach ( 4 ) . the pale - capped pigeon is typically observed individually , or in very small flocks ( 2 ) .
the plumage of the male pale - capped pigeon includes the pale grey crown that gives rise to this species’ common name . the upperparts are generally deep purplish - maroon , changing to a faint green on the neck . the wings and tail are largely blackish , and the underparts are light brown . the eyes and the base of the bill are ringed with vibrant red ( 3 ) .
throughout much of its range , the pale - capped pigeon is thought to be seasonally nomadic , living in some regions for only part of the year before migrating elsewhere to breed ( 4 ) . this could be due to the seasonal availability of food in different areas throughout the year ( 3 ) .
the irises are yellowish and the eye ring is red . the base of the bill and legs are crimson . the male pale - capped pigeon have whitish gray crown . the rump , flight feathers and uppertail are dark blackish gray . the females have more grayish crown . their call is a repetitive
rhuhu
sound .
post breeding , the juvenile pale - capped pigeons may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range . in response to food availability sometimes they become nomadic .
pale - capped pigeon is by no means the only species of note here . as at many coastal locations in southern thailand , both white - bellied sea eagle and brahminy kite are commonly seen and are both spectacular sights . collared kingfisher can be found calling from coastal vegetation and provides a splash of colour as it flies away . more
the breeding season of these pale - capped pigeon species is from may to august in india . peak breeding takes place in july . the nest is a flimsy platform made of twigs . it is usually located on lower branches of trees or on tall bushes . the typical clutch contains one egg . very rarely two eggs have been observed .
the iba of pale - capped pigeon in india are chandaka - dampara wildlife sanctuary , dibru - saikhowa complex , upper dihing ( west ) complex , upper dihing ( east ) complex , dichu reserve forest , simlipal national park , namsangmukh - borduria , kaziranga national park , nameri national park , magu thingbu , nagzira wildlife sanctuary and mehao wildlife sanctuary .
) is a large pigeon , measuring about 35 to 40 cm in length and weighing 370 to 510 grams .
the population of pale - capped pigeons is estimated to be less than 10 , 000 individuals ( birdlife international 2001 , 2014 ) , probably continuing to decline and consequently classified as vulnerable ; today it is one of the more sought - after asian pigeons .
the pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a local resident bird in the eastern ghats and north - east india . it is a 36 - 40 . 5 cm long , large , all - dark pigeon with a contrasting pale crown . the male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . more
pale - capped pigeon almost a stake - out for this species . oriental plover was high on our wish list , and the reason why we choose march rather than february for this trip . it is almost guaranteed south - east of the village of roluos ( kompong thom ) . other targets should be easy to score . the trip we arrived at siem reap on 5 march at 4 . 00 pm after endless flights . more
the pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a locally resident species in india that largely inhabits forest habitats , chiefly , primary or secondary evergreen forests , and bamboo and agricultural fields in close proximity to forests , its range extending from lowlands to 1600 msl . it had a wide distribution in the past but is now reported as uncommon and rare throughout much of its range ( read detailed species account ) . it is listed as vulnerable by iucn and birdlife international .
this pigeon has a small population , which is inferred to be in decline owing to habitat destruction and hunting pressure . it therefore qualifies as vulnerable .
the pale - capped pigeon lays eggs between may and june in india and myanmar , and a few months earlier in laos and vietnam ( 4 ) . the nest is constructed in a small bush or tree , about two to three metres off the ground , and is made from twigs and sticks picked from the forest floor ( 2 ) . only a single egg is normally laid , occasionally there may be two ( 2 ) . both the male and female bird incubate the eggs ( 4 ) .
this article is part of project columbiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove , including made - up species .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
36 - 40 . 5 cm . large , all - dark pigeon with contrasting pale crown . male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . juvenile initially has crown colour as with mantle , duller wing - coverts and scapulars with rufous fringes , much reduced gloss on upperparts and greyer underparts .
it is a 36 - 40 . 5 cm long , large , all - dark pigeon with a contrasting pale crown . the male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . juvenile initially has crown colour as with mantle , duller wing - coverts and scapulars with rufous fringes , much reduced gloss on upperparts and greyer underparts .
“i spent my weekend with a wonderful ‘flock’ of 8 - 10 mugimaki flycatchers ( ficedula mugimaki ) ( above , below ) . i am certain of two adult males , two adult females , two 1st winter males and two other very pale 1st winter birds . “feeding was & # 8230 ; < a href =
urltoken
> continued < / a >
destructive fishing practices , including use of explosives , are one of the main threats to biodiversity at the site . another source of threat is tourism development , including pollution , unsustainable use of freshwater resources and damage to coral reefs from anchoring boats . dogs are also perceived to be a threat to the population of nicobar pigeon on the islands .
2016 ] ) , to clarify its current distribution , seasonal movements and population status . conduct research into its ecological requirements and the relative effects of various threats operating across its range . identify and protect , where appropriate , sites supporting key populations . promote improved management and establish / increase buffer zones around protected areas supporting key populations . enforce strict hunting controls within all protected areas and devise awareness campaigns to reduce pigeon hunting wherever this is possible .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . afep pigeon ( columba unicincta ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . , boesman , p . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . spot - winged pigeon ( patagioenas maculosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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probably related to c . pulchricollis and allied species , and perhaps also to c . argentina . monotypic .
e & ne india in ne ghats , w bengal , assam valley and s assam hills # r ; locally in myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam . formerly in se tibet and hainan .
36–41 cm ; 370–510 g . forehead , crown and nape silvery grey , forehead notably sloping in profile ; throat and neck brown with coppery iridescence merging into . . .
voice almost unknown . in groups , individuals give very faint contact calls rendered “rhuhuhuhu” .
a forest species , occurring from the plains up to 1600 m ; in se asia recorded only up to 1280 m . . . .
, bamboo seeds and various kinds of grain . usually observed as single . . .
may–aug , with a peak in jul . nest is a flimsy structure of twigs placed low down , usually less than 6 m above ground , in a tall bush . . .
habits not well understood ; species appears essentially to be resident , though may make seasonal . . .
vulnerable . widespread but extremely locally distributed ; always reported as being uncommon and is now rare throughout much of range . appears still to be locally frequent in . . .
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a few individuals still reported from tripura ( from hills south of brahmaputra ) .
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phylogenetic study of species genera columba and streptopelia led to extensive reorganization ; all new world species traditionally included within present genus were transferred to a separate genus , patagioenas # r , a split supported by previously described differences in morphology , serology and behaviour # r .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , davidson , p . , peet , n . , taylor , j . , tobias , j . , allinson , t , westrip , j .
( birdlife international 2001 ) . it appears to have been locally abundant in the early 20th century , but has declined markedly in many areas . scattered recent records indicate that it now only occurs rarely and erratically throughout its range , although a roosting flock of 174 individuals was recorded at don mamuang , thailand in 2002
. 2002 ) . there are no recent records from china , where it was previously recorded on hainan island and in south - east tibet , and it has occurred as a vagrant in peninsular malaysia . in vietnam it is very rare and local with small numbers recently reported from mang den / kon plong , kontum province in 2010 and from magrove forest at ho tram , approx 100 km south - east of ho chi minh city , in 2011 ( r . craik
. 2012 ) . however , large flocks were reported in the past from near da lat ( c . robson
2012 ) and it is regarded as uncommon but resident on some islands in bai tu lam bay ( s . mahood
. 2012 ) . in cambodia most records come from southern mondolkiri and an individuals site in preah vihear ( goes 2013 ) . in india , it is a rare resident in odisha and northeast india , with most recent records from the similipal hills . here birds have been encountered throughout the year with the highest count involving a flock of 17 birds in the upper barakamura range ( m . nair
in ekamra kanan , bhubaneswar , and elsewhere in odisha ( panda 2013 , sreenivasan 2014 , p . m . ukil
the population is estimated to number fewer than 10 , 000 individuals by birdlife international ( 2001 ) , based on available records and surveys . it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals , equating to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : although this species ' s population trends are poorly known , it is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate , owing to the on - going conversion of habitat .
it frequents a wide variety of habitats from the lowlands up to 1 , 600 m , chiefly primary or secondary evergreen forest , but also open , deciduous dipterocarp forest , bamboo , and agricultural fields , particularly in close proximity to forest . recent records from deciduous dipterocarp forest in cambodia indicate an association with riverine corridors of bamboo forest (
. 2007 ) . some records also originate from small forested islands and other coastal habitats . it is mainly frugivorous , although seeds and grain form important dietary components in some areas . its breeding range and seasonal movements are poorly understood , but in places it appears to be semi - nomadic , perhaps in response to food availability .
its decline is poorly understood but is suspected to be the result of hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation owing to commercial logging , small - scale timber collection , and clearance of forests for plantation agriculture , cash - crops , charcoal production and shifting cultivation .
although it has been recorded from numerous protected areas , their contribution to its conservation is not known , especially given its seasonal and nomadic movements . indeed , site - based conservation strategies are unlikely to be successful unless populations are able to follow seasonal patterns of fruit - ripening within secure protected sites .
, india ; myanmar ; and areas where it is known to have occurred in reasonable numbers at certain times of year ( e . g .
edited geographic range and conservation actions information text , with a subsequent change to the ' research needed ' box . new references were added as well as new contributors and a new facilitator / compiler .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22690191a110100779 .
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it occurs mainly in primary and secondary evergreen forest ( 4 ) , although it has also been seen in deciduous forest , bamboo and agricultural fields ( 3 ) . it has been recorded close to rivers ( 5 ) , in mangrove forest , and on small forested islands ( 3 ) .
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deciduous forest forest consisting mainly of deciduous trees , which shed their leaves at the end of the growing season . evergreen forest forest consisting mainly of evergreen trees , which retain leaves all year round . this is in contrast to deciduous trees , which completely lose their leaves for part of the year . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . nomadic a species which roams irregularly from place to place in search of food and water , without returning to a fixed location . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . secondary forest forest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest .
stuart parker , m . j . ( 1913 ) indian pigeons and doves . witherby and co . , london , uk .
birdlife international ( november , 2011 ) http : / / 83 . 138 . 144 . 95 / datazone / speciesfactsheet . php ? id = 2466
birdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
jerdon , t . c . ( 1864 ) the birds of india , vol iii . george wyman and co . , calcutta .
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columba punicea : s tibet to e india , myanmar , thailand and hainan i . ( s china )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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) is estimated to be around 3 , 500 to 15 , 000 individual birds . the overall population trend of these species is considered to be under decline . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to rare . the generation length is 5 . 6 years . their distribution size is about 3 , 050 , 000 sq . km .
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most recent indian records are from odisha where birds have been seen year - round in the simlipal hills , a 2750 sq km tiger reserve in mayurbhanj district . indian forestry service officer manoj nair has reported the species extensively in the park ( m . nair in litt . 2012 ) with the highest count being a flock of 17 birds in the upper barakamura range . the birds pictured here were found in the chahala area , and a group of 37 birds were counted at a salt lick in the sal forest ( shorea robusta ) that predominates in the area . it was thought that some birds had already left the lick and there were more birds still in the surrounding trees . it is believed that there were several individual groups that congregated in the vicinity at dawn and dusk .
i had earlier looked for this bird in several parts of eastern odisha ( bhubaneswar city and satkosia tiger reserve ) as well as northeast india . of late , the bird has been seasonally sighted in the regional plant resources centre ( rprc ) campus in bhubaneswar city .
ci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more
ci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more »
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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the iba comprises mu ko similan national park , in the andaman sea , c . 70 km off the west coast of peninsular thailand . the site encompasses nine small islands plus several smaller islets and semi - submerged rocks . the islands are composed of coarse - grained crystalline rocks on a north - south axis ; the highest point , ko similan ( 244 m asl ) , is in the north . sandy beaches occur along the northern and eastern coasts of some of the islands . the vegetation at the site is dominated by relatively species - poor lowland forest formations , with few large trees . the site includes a marine component of c . 12 , 800 ha , and supports a rich diversity of coral reefs .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) important bird areas factsheet : mu ko similan . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : columba punicea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
odisha has emerged as a stronghold for this vulnerable species and regular sightings in bhubaneswar are encouraging . however the species is under constant threat due to depleting forest cover and habitat fragmentation .
recent sightings have been reported from assam , arunachal pradesh , odisha ( simlipal and satkosia tiger reserves ) , and significantly from the regional plant resource centre ( rprc ) in bhubaneswar , odisha .
the bhubaneswar bird walks have been reporting regular sightings since 2013 at ekamra kanan in regional plant resource centre ( rprc ) campus adjoining the chandaka forest in bhubaneswar . ekamra kanan is an urban park in the densely populated nayapalli area of bhubaneswar . it is a favourite haunt of morning walkers and approximately 200 morning walkers frequent this park every morning . in ekamra kanan , the birds usually perch on ornamental trees like glircidia sepium . they feed on the berries of fruiting trees like litsea glutonisa and trema orientalis . rprc campus has many such fruiting trees that fruit at different times of the year , thereby seeming to provide substantial feeding opportunities for this forest - dwelling species . this may be the reason why the shy forest birds have chosen to inhabit the campus despite hectic human activity . the birds have been observed in the campus from august to march in 2013 and 2014 .
odisha has emerged as a stronghold for this vulnerable species and regular sightings in bhubaneswar are encouraging . however the species is under constant threat due to depleting forest cover and habitat fragmentation . while it is a protected species under schedule iv of the wildlife protection act , 1972 , any recommended site - based conservation strategies cannot be successfully implemented unless there is a constant monitoring of the movement of the species across seasons in the ibas , protected areas , and other habitats where the species is found . this needs a habitat - specific planned strategy and combined effort by government departments and ngos who are actively involved in documentation of avian species .
panchami manoo ukil panchami is a birdwatcher from bhubaneswar , odisha , who initiated the concept of community birdwatching in odisha with her group , the bhubaneswar bird walks ( tbbw ) .
this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
hitherto treated as conspecific with p . albipennis but here given species status since it lacks the broad white wingband of albipennis formed by broad white edges to outer wing - coverts ( 3 ) ; has darker brown - grey wing - coverts with more pronounced white spotting ( 2 ) ; shorter bill , effect size 2 . 39 ( 2 ) ; in addition , iris may be darker ( nhmuk label data ) . the two probably also differ in ecology since maculosa only occurs below 1000 m . and this species is only encountered above 2000 m . related to p . picazuro . monotypic .
se bolivia ( santa cruz , tarija ) , paraguay , s brazil ( s rio grande do sul ) and uruguay s to sc argentina .
32–33 cm ; 308–347 g . forehead , crown , nape , hindneck and breast predominantly dull purplish pink ; rest of head and underparts grey , slightly tinged purplish pink . . .
, but more ‘throaty’ . song is a rhythmic series of very . . .
feeds mostly on seeds , including rice ; one observer reported seeing birds eat fruit and greenery ; in argentina regarded as a pest of . . .
in brazil recorded in oct , nov , feb and may , but probably nests year - round , as in argentina ; late sept in paraguay . male performs display - . . .
isolated records in s brazil , from santa catarina and cw paraná , hint at some dispersal or . . .
not globally threatened . may be increasing . widespread and common in lowland s of range . in argentina , is currently expanding its range and is considered a pest to . . .
recently split from columba on basis of genetic differences # r , supporting previously described differences in morphology , serology and behaviour # r .
part of the c . palumbus species - group also including c . trocaz and c . bollii , and probably c . junoniae . monotypic .
sierra leone to ghana , and se nigeria to gabon , congo and n angola , whence e through drcongo to uganda .
35–36 cm ; 356–490 g . crown and hindneck silvery grey ; upperparts and wings slate grey ; feathers of mantle , back and rump have silver grey edges , narrower on outer . . .
advertising call a series of some 7–14 low - pitched , drawn - out , cooing notes at flat pitch . . .
inhabits forest , typically in canopy , but sometimes forages along the forest edge ; occupies montane . . .
limited data available suggest breeding in the dry season jan–sept . nest of sticks is placed high in a tree . single white egg . no . . .
not globally threatened . details on population lacking for most of range , and biology remains very poorly known . in w african portion of range , populations appear to be . . .
threatened birds of maharashtra is the third in the threatened birds series published by the bnhs and oup . threatened birds of maharashtra brings information about the globally threatened bird species that are presently reported from maharashtra state . threatened birds of maharashtra will help to assess the present status and distribution of the threatened bird species found in maharashtra , and the recommendations for each species show the way ahead .
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the shipment arrived , beautifully packaged , in perfect condition . thanks for your exceptional service .
it ' s @ solitarybeeweek - a week of action and education , raising awareness about solitary bees . if you ' d like to lea… urltoken
“i paid a visit to australian mulberry ( pipturus argenteus ) trees that i posted some time back to look for new visitors link . observed the asian brown flycatcher ( muscicapa dauurica ) feeding on the fruit . tried to get image documentation for 45 & # 8230 ; < a href =
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“went back to observe the native / australian mulberry ( pipturus argenteus ) and watch which birds feed on the fruit . i saw more species of birds feeding on the fruit and have suspicions about other birds that were harder to watch . “birds & # 8230 ; < a href =
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“on 31st august 2017 , i witnessed a joint mobbing by 4 bird species on a male wrangler pit viper ( tropidolaemus wagleri ) at dairy farm nature park ( below ) . the 4 bird species were the crimson sunbird ( aethopyga siparaja ) , olive - backed sunbird ( cinnyris & # 8230 ; < a href =
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“i was watching birds feed at one of my favourite trees , the blue mahang ( macaranga heynei , formerly known as m . javanica ) . the fruit of this tree is favourite of a number of species ( see list below ) , especially the plain sunbird . & # 8230 ; < a href =
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johnny wee documented a pair of adult ashy tailorbirds ( orthotomus ruficeps ) feeding a recently fledged plaintive cuckoo ( cacomantis merulinus ) at singapore’s pasir ris farmway1 in mid - july 2013 . it must have been a strange sight to witness a pair of small & # 8230 ; < a href =
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we have accumulated a collection of more than 200 bird calls and songs link since our earlier posts urging for birdsound documentation link 1 and link 2 . even then only a small number of bird species found in singapore and & # 8230 ; < a href =
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& # 8220 ; a flock of four pin - striped tit - babblers ( macronus gularis ) was encountered foraging together in dense foliage . the unfavourable lighting condition under heavy shade , obscured view due to vegetation , and the birds & # 8217 ; constant flitting movement from stem to stem , was quite a & # 8230 ; < a href =
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the drongo cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a nest parasite , with the female laying her eggs in the nest of the pin - striped tit - babbler ( macronus gularis ) . the former is about twice the size of the latter . within a few days of hatching , & # 8230 ; < a href =
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many species of birds exhibit ‘mobbing’ tendencies , especially when they find predator birds resting alone or in small groups . even those that are predominantly scavengers or fish - eaters are similarly mobbed . such harassing behaviour is aimed at driving the predators off & # 8230 ; < a href =
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the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is a primate in the gibbon family , hylobatidae .

its coat is bluish-grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap .

like all gibbons , silvery gibbons lack external tails , have dorsally placed scapulae , and reduced flexibility in their lumbar regions .

they have long , curved fingers and very long forelimbs relative to their hind limbs .

on average , they reach 8 kg in weight .

the silvery gibbon lives exclusively on the island of java ( indonesia ) , where it inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rain forests .

it is diurnal and arboreal , climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests .

brachiation is aided by the possession of mobile wrist joints , full rotation of the upper arm , and the ability to lock elbows in suspension .

its diet consists of fruits , leaves , and flowers .

every three years , on average , the female gives birth to a single young , after a seven-month gestation .

the offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old .

silvery gibbon

pictures : silvery gibbon # 1 ( 7 kb jpeg ) ( kids ecol . corps ) ; silvery gibbon # 2 ( 20 kb jpeg ) ( gibbon research lab )
throughout the silvery gibbon ' s region , variations occur with different individuals , allowing females and their territories to be recognized . only the female silvery gibbon sings . (
silvery javan gibbon ( h . moloch , 2 subspecies , endemic to west and central java )
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , is a primate in the family ‘hylobatidae’ or gibbon family . the silvery gibbon is only found on the island of java in indonesia . because of their isolated location , it is estimated that there are less than 2000 of these animals currently living in the wild . the silvery gibbon is both diurnal and arboreal .
the silvery gibbon is one of the species that live in the sundaland biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
the silvery gibbon only occurs on the indonesian island of java . the species has already lost 98 % of its original habitat . only few relict forests remain in west and central java . depending on the estimate only about 4 ' 000 bis 4 ' 500 silvery gibbons survive . the silvery gibbon is endangered by extinction .
all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion .
although indonesia has laws protecting the silvery gibbon , they are not strictly enforced , and silvery gibbons continue to be killed for meat , sport and the pet trade . logging and farming are claiming the last of the primal rainforest which are the silvery gibbon ' s last hold out . money is being raised to build a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation center . the project would place donated or confiscated silvery gibbons in a program that would rescue , rehabilitate , breed and possibly reintroduce them to the wild .
conservation at perth zoo : perth zoo is one of only six institutions in the world successfully breeding javan gibbons . the zoo also works closely with the silvery gibbon project in its efforts to protect this species in the wild . to find out more about the silvery gibbon project , visit urltoken .
hylobates , their scientific name , means ‘dweller in the trees’ . silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . the silvery gibbon inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rainforests , climbing trees skillfully and swinging through the forests . silvery gibbons travel in small family groups that consist of a mated pair and their offspring in various stages of development .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation .
abstract 1 . introduction 2 . gibbon systematics 3 . adopting a systematic framework 4 . gibbon distribution 5 . identifikation key 6 . references
every morning , the female silvery gibbon will arise and announce her presence to the forest by shrieking and calling . these calls can be heard for at least one kilometre in all directions .
the silvery gibbon has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains ( kool 1992 ) .
silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 metres ) above sea level .
unlike other gibbon species , the javan gibbon does not sing ‘duets’ . the female is the dominant vocalist while the male sings only occasionally .
java is one of the most heavily human populated islands of indonesia and primary rainforest are rapidly disappearing . only 4 % of the silvery gibbon ' s habitat remains . except for gunung halimun national park , which can support a population of 1 , 000 gibbons or more , the remaining population is discontinuous and exists in small isolated remnants which can ' t support a viable gene pool . fewer than 2 , 000 wild silvery gibbons remain . of the 33 silvery gibbons held in zoos around the world , only 6 breeding pairs are having offspring . it has been recommended that the indonesian zoos become more involved in breeding programs to ensure a long - term survival of the silvery gibbon .
gibbon species western hoolock gibbon ( hoolock hoolock ) , eastern hoolock gibbon ( hoolock leuconedys ) , bornean agile gibbon ( hylobates albobarbis ) , mountain agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis agilis ) , lowland agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis unko ) , kloss ' s or mentawai gibbon ( hylobates klossii ) , white - handed gibbon ( hylobates la r ; four subspecies : h . l . carpenter , h . l . entelloides , h . l . lar , h . l . vestitus , h . l . yunnanensis ) , javan silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ; two subspecies : h . m . moloch , h . m . pongoalsoni ) , grey gibbon ( hylobates muelleri ; three subspecies : h . m . abbotti , h . m . funereus , h . m . muelleri ) , pileated or capped gibbon ( hylobates pileatus ) , black crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor ; four subspecies : n . c . concolor , n . c . furvogaster , n . c . jingdongensis , n . c . lu ) , northern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus leucogenys ) , yellow - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus gabriellae ) , hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) , cao - vit black crested gibbon ( nomascus nasutus ) , southern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus siki ) and siamang ( symphalangus syndactylus ; 2 subspecies : s . s . continentis , s . s . syndactylus ) .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation . - pubmed - ncbi
agile gibbon ( h . agilis , middle and eastern sumatra , malay peninsula )
bornean white - bearded gibbon ( h . albibaris , endemic to southwestern borneo )
the silvery gibbon occupies a specialized niche in the forest canopy . they need the continuous canopy of a primary forest to move around in since they don ' t travel on the forest floor . the foliage needs to be thick , with horizontal growth to allow for the gibbon ' s brachiated form of movement . the silvery gibbons also need a wide variety of tree species which bear fruit at different times of the year , since its diet consists mainly of fruit . secondary forests , or new growth forests have gaps in the canopy , and the growth is sparse , which restricts the gibbon ' s ability to move around . there is also less of a variety of fruiting trees in new growth forest , which can ' t support the dietary needs of the silvery gibbon . silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 m ) above sea level .
pileated gibbon ( h . pileatus , southeast thailand , western cambodia and southwest laos )
cowlishaw , g . 1996 . sexual selection and information content in gibbon song bouts .
the silvery gibbons primarily diet is fruit . since fruit - bearing trees are usually scattered in the rainforests , they must travel extensively to find food and each gibbon family usually has a territory that they travel through that averages about 42 acres . sometimes these territories will overlap , allowing several families to share the same fruit trees . silvery gibbons have also been known to eat flowers and leaves .
the silvery gibbon has a long , dense and shaggy fur . the colour is silvery grey in both sexes and all ages . the cap and chest are darker grey than the rest or even black . both sexes have a pale brow - band . the face is black and naked , the ears are also black and not hidden in the fur . the weight is about 5 . 9 kg .
1995 : gibbon systematics and species identification . international zoo news 42 , 467 - 501 .
the silvery gibbons only live in the scattered remains of rainforest on the western side of the indonesian island of java . they are listed on the iucn
red list of threatened animals
as critically endangered , and have a 50 % or better chance of going extinct in the next 10 years . habitat loss , hunting and capture of infants for the pet trade have contributed heavily to the silvery gibbon ' s decline .
müller´s bornean gibbon ( h . muelleri , 3 subspecies , endemic to north and east borneo )
silvery gibbons are fluffy with greyish - white fur with a dark grey or black cap on their heads . silvery gibbons have a white or light grey fringe that surrounds their rather dark face . their fur is very long and dark grey on the top of their round heads . like all gibbons , they have no tail and their arms are long compared to their body which span at least twice their height . silvery gibbons have lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not actually grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . the average weight for an adult silvery gibbon is approximately 13 pounds ( 6 kilograms ) and the males and females are very similar in appearance and size .
the javan gibbon is endemic to the western half of the island of java , indonesia ( 3 ) .
agile gibbon : 4479 individuals in sumatra + a few thousand in thailand ( o´brien et al . 2004 )
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous and mate for life . there is no breeding season and a female will come into oestrus at any time of the year . the female will produce offspring about every 2 to 3 years . gestation usually lasts 7 to 8 months and only one baby gibbon is born at a time . the infant silvery gibbon is hairless with only some fluff on its head . it is kept close to its mother for warmth and nursed for about a year . the infant lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about 8 years and until they are ready to go off on their own and find a mate . gibbon families are usually very closely linked and they stay close together when traveling . if threatened in their territories , the gibbon female will sing and scream while the male chases off the intruder , usually with a lot of noise and crashing through branches .
the silvery gibbon has already lost 98 % of its original habitat and the pressure on the remaining forest is extreme . only an estimated 400 to 3000 silvery gibbons now exist in some 21 discontinuous forest patches . the current fragmented sub - populations are not sufficiently large to be considered evolutionally viable and will require active conservation management for long term survival . ex situ breeding programmes established under an international studbook ( 1991 ) also have a vital role to play in the survival of the species . currently only a few silvery gibbons are held in zoos outside indonesia in coordinated breeding programmes . these zoos participate also in in situ conservation projects . it is highly recommended that indonesia establish such programmes within its zoos .
bornean white - bearded gibbon : 19 , 000 individuals ( buckley , 2004 ; buckley et al . 2006 )
high in the treetops of the scattered remains of the island of java ' s rainforests , a silvery gibbon female sings a morning song before she and her family move off to spend the day foraging for fruit . her hauntingly plaintive song can be heard over a distance of almost one mile ( 1500 m ) .
silvery gibbons travel by swinging from branch to branch , using their long fingers to hook the branches as they swing forward for the next branch . at times , their swings are so powerful that it allows them to be completely airborne and reach greater distances in one swing . silvery gibbons are able to walk on the ground if they need to and they can walk on two legs , holding their arms up above their heads to help balance . in each familys territory , there are trees that are used for specific purposes , like sleeping and calling . silvery gibbons repeatedly use the same trees for these activities .
lar gibbon ( h . lar , 5 subspecies , yunnan , eastern myanmar , thailand , malay peninsula , sumatra )
the gibbon species survival plan ® manages the genetic and demographic health and oversees the care of gibbons in aza zoos .
geissmann , t . 2006b . gibbon systematics and species identification . gibbons . de . retrieved april 13 , 2006 .
in the distinctive gibbon - song of this species , females sing the lead to advertise their territory for all to hear .
geissmann , t . 2006a . hoolock gibbons get a new genus name . gibbon journal . retrieved march 12 , 2007 .
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is currently listed as critically endangered on the 2007 iucn red list of threatened species . habitat destruction on densely populated java continues to reduce the natural range of the species . many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade , when adult gibbons are slaughtered so that their babies can be sold in the markets as pets . it is estimated that only 4 % of their original native habitat is still available to the species . they are , of course , in danger from poachers who sell their meat , pelts and take the babies for pets . several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs . despite these efforts , the future survival of this species is in question .
the silvery gibbon weighs about 6 kg ( 13 lb ) . it is found in lowland , hill and montane forests and eats mostly fruit and leaves . . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion . in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , gibbons were seen on three occasions : a single adult , two adults and a group of seven . an average group size of 3 . 3 individuals has been reported . the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java . it has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains . remaining populations occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java .
the taxonomy of the gibbons has changed in recent years ( geissmann , 1995 ) . in the past all gibbon species were considered
gibbons it is generally accepted that there are 16 to 17 gibbon species in the family hylobatidae . they are divided into four groups ( genera ) : hylobates , hoolock , symphalangus , and nomascus . click here for a list of all the individual gibbon species .
5 / 1 / 94 .
gibbon fact sheet
( on - line ) . accessed september 12 , 1999 at urltoken .
description : javan gibbons have a fluffy appearance because of their very dense and long silvery - grey fur . they have very long forelimbs , long fingers and shorter thumbs which make them great brachiators ( use their arms to swing between branches ) .
müller´s bornean gibbon : 250 , 000 - 375 , 000 individuals ( meijaard & nijman ( unpubl . data ) , cf . iucn redlist )
gibbon groups are usually small , consisting of the mated pair , an infant and a juvenile , making the average group size about four individuals .
the silvery gibbon is found in lowland , hill and montane forests . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . although 1600 m is considered to be the upper limit of the species , it has been reported from altitudes up to 2400 ' . ( kool 1992 ; nijman & van balen 1998 )
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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thomas geissmann ' s gibbon research lab . : an introduction to systematics , classification , taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons or small apes ( hylobatidae )
asquith , n . m . ( 1995 ) javan gibbon conservation : why habitat protection is crucial . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 63 - 65 .
geissmann ( 2006a ) noted that it was determined that the molecular distances among these four subgenera are in the same range as seen between humans and chimpanzees , which are in their own genera , and thus the gibbon subgenera should be raised to the genus rank . this has now become widespread . furthermore , the former extant subgroup bunopithecus , whose only living member was the hoolock gibbon , was replaced by the genus hoolock . the bunopithecus sericus is an extinct gibbon or gibbon - like ape that , until recently , was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons ( mootnick and groves 2005 ) .
the javan gibbon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 7 ) .
the silvery gibbons are known as ‘lesser apes’ . lesser apes differ from great apes ( chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans and humans ) in being smaller and pair - bonded , in not making nests , and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do .
did you know ? that all gibbon species are monogamous ? family groups consist of mated pair and offspring . they establish small , stable home ranges which they will defend .
silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) * family : hylobatidae , * genus : hylobates , * species : h . moloch , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : primates , * size : 45 - 64 cm , * type : mammal , * diet : herbivore , * average life span in the wild : about 10 to 20 years , * weight : reach 8 kg , * * hylobates moloch is a primate in the hylobatidae or gibbon family . their skin is bluish grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap . more info : urltoken or urltoken or http : / / animaldiversity . ummz . umich . edu . . .
mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
hardly any behavioral data are available for the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , an endangered primate that is endemic to the island of java , indonesia . we studied the singing behavior of the easternmost population of this species in the dieng mountains , central java , in 1998 - 1999 . we aimed to document the timing of singing , quantify the amount of singing by the respective sexes , and explore the role of bioacoustics in density estimation . a total of 122 song bouts in at least 12 groups were monitored . no duet songs were heard . most of the song bouts ( 91 . 5 % ) were female solo song bouts or female scream bouts . in contrast to an earlier study on the westernmost population of silvery gibbons , during which few if any male songs were heard , at least 8 . 5 % of the song bouts in our study were male solo song bouts . they were significantly longer in duration than the female songs . all male song bouts uttered before dawn ( 0520 hr ) were produced in a chorus fashion , with at least three individuals participating . choruses occurred about once every 8 . 5 days , and lasted longer and occurred earlier than female solo song bouts . most male songs ( 60 % ) started between 0355 - 0440 hr , when it was still dark . all female songs , in contrast , started after 0500 hr , and female singing activity peaked around 0600 . regular male singing , male chorusing , and regular predawn singing have not previously been reported for silvery gibbons . similarly separated periods of male and female solo songs and the absence of duetting have been observed in kloss ' s gibbons ( h . klossii ) on the mentawai islands , and may represent synapomorphies shared by both species . the pronounced individual - specific song characteristics of silvery gibbons allow accurate mapping of groups . the density of gibbons at our study site was established to be 1 . 9 - 3 . 7 groups / km2 , corresponding to 6 . 7 - 13 . 1 individuals / km2 . we reassess the suitability of gibbon songs as a means of estimating the density and size of gibbon populations , and discuss the proximate causes for the absence of duetting in silvery gibbons .
↑ mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
most species are threatened or endangered , most importantly from degradation or loss of their forest habitat . gibbon species include the siamang , the white - handed or lar gibbon , and the hoolock gibbons . the siamang , which is the largest of the 13 species , is distinguished by having two fingers on each hand stuck together , hence the generic and species names symphalangus and syndactylus .
for example , in the traditional classification of groves ( 1997 ) , the black - crested gibbon was listed as hylobates concolor . in more recent classifications , it is listed as nomascus concolor .
in a study of the silvery gibbon in gunung halimun reserve in western java , a group density of 2 . 6 groups / sq km ( 6 . 8 groups / sq mi ) was derived . using a reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , density , within the altitudinal range censused in gunung halimun ( 700 - 1075 m ( 2300 - 3500 ' ) ) , was determined as 8 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 22 individuals / sq mi ) . this is higher than a previous estimate of 2 - 7 individuals / sq km ( 5 - 20 individuals / sq mi ) for hill rain forest ( 500 - 1000 m altitude ( 1600 - 3300 ' altitude ) ) ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . at higher elevations , the density of the silvery gibbon is lower and has been estimated at 1 - 3 individuals / sq km ( 3 - 8 individuals / sq mi ) for lower montane forest ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . ( kool 1992 )
the silvery or javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) has long fluffy silver - grey fur ( 2 ) , with darker markings on the chest and cap ( 4 ) . it has long arms and legs , long fingers and reduced thumbs , all of which are adaptations for brachiation ( swinging through the trees from arm to arm ) ( 2 ) . males produce simple ‘hoot’ calls , whilst the calls of females are more variable , ending in a ‘bubble’ . ( 4 ) . both sexes also give a ‘scream’ alarm call ( 8 ) .
the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java ( nijman & van balen 1998 ) . they occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java . many of these smaller populations are considered non - viable in the long term . although recent discoveries show that the central javan population may be larger than previously assumed , population estimates still suggest that intervention will be necessary in order to conserve the species . ( gates 2002 )
the available data on gibbons show no birth seasonality . a mated gibbon pair will produce an average of 5 to 6 offspring over their reproductive lifespan of about 10 to 20 years . like most primates ,
this taxon is monotypic ( geissman et al . 2002 ; t . geissmann pers . comm . ) , although it has been suggested that there is evidence for two genetically distinct silvery gibbon populations ( andayani et al . 2001 ) , leading to the subsequent recognition of two subspecies by several authors ( hilton - taylor 2000 , supriatna 2006 , supriatna and wahyono 2000 ) , a recent review of the molecular evidence and a comparison of morphological and vocal data casts doubt on this claim ( geissman et al . 2002 , t . geissmann pers . comm . ) .
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous . they live in small family groups of mated pairs and several sub - adult offspring . of all the apes , only singing primates are monogamous . territories of neighboring groups overlap at their borders and are defended by the great calls of the females and the aggressive charges of the male . groups will not contest the common zone unless both groups arrive at a fruiting tree at the same time . the offspring will not join in , but will watch intently as their parents call and scream , and crash through the tree tops .
this section offers a comprehensive review of gibbon systematics . parts of the following text have previously been published in the following papers , but the text has been ( and continues being ) updated for the web version .
inhabits tropical lowland , hill and montane rainforests ( 3 ) between sea level and 1500 metres ( 2 ) . the javan gibbon shows a preference for taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion ( 3 ) .
the historical deforestation that affected java in colonial times still maintains an overriding presence on the landscape , effectively restricting the arboreal silvery gibbon to continuous tracks of forest around mountain and volcano tops . however , habitat disturbance today is relatively slow , and populations of gibbons , while isolated , are substantial in size . wildlife trade exerts an as yet un - quantified effect on hylobates moloch ( nijman 2005 ) . populations seem to have become more or less stabilized in recent years as overall loss of habitat reached a climax some time ago . though habitat loss continues , it is at a much slower rate today .
asquith , n . , martarinza , m . and sinaga , r . m . ( 1995 ) the javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) : status and conservation recommendations . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 1 - 14 .
castle - smith , emma : investigation into acoustic variation in javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) vocalisations . master ' s thesis , university of plymouth , england . e - mail : emma . castle - smith @ urltoken
homepage of yoichi inoue e . g . behavioral observations on wild gray gibbons ( hylobates muelleri ) in northern borneo and study on the cognitive development of a young white - handed gibbon ( h . lar ) . urltoken
lar gibbon : 15 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals in indonesia , malaysia and myanmar , probably extinct in china ( geissmann et al . 2006 ; guo & wang 1995 ; lan & wang 2000 ; boonratana 1997 )
threats and conservation nearly all gibbon species are classified as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) . some species have been reduced to a few hundred individuals . the major threats to gibbons include habitat loss and destruction due to logging , clearing of land for agriculture , palm oil plantations and other forms of human development . hunting for food and for the pet trade is also having a negative impact on wild gibbon populations .
clarke , e . , u . h . reichard , and k . zuberbühler . 2006 . the syntax and meaning of wild gibbon songs . plos one 1 ( 1 ) : e73 . retrieved january 18 , 2007 .
in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , assuming the same reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group as mentioned above ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , the density of silvery gibbons was estimated to be 3 . 0 - 3 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 7 . 8 - 9 . 4 individuals / sq mi ) ( nijman & van balen 1998 )
from 1994 - 2002 , nijman ( 2004 ) assessed the entirety of the silvery gibbon’s population in its known areas of occurrence by using fixed - point counts and forest transect walks , as well as by a review of literature . their presence was detected by listening for gibbon song , and affirmed by local park officers and residents . he estimates that between 4 , 000–4 , 500 individuals remain in over 15 different locations . over 95 % of the gibbons are in populations of more than 100 individuals , and the four largest areas support populations of more than 500 individuals each ( nijman 2004 ) . asquith ( 2001 ) reported that in 1995 nine local populations had gone extinct , though nijman found two of these locales to still harbor silvery gibbons . this is attributed to the effects of habitat disturbance and low population density on calling frequency , and suggests an under - representation of gibbon abundance and number of remaining populations ( nijman 2004 ) . small populations of the species are likely to go extinct ; however , this will not impact the overall population estimate in the immediate future ( nijman pers . comm . ) . median population density ranges are 2 . 7 groups / km 2 or 9 . 0 individuals / km 2 in lowland forest ( < 500 m ) , 2 . 6 groups / km 2 or 8 . 6 individuals / km 2 for hill forest ( 500 - 1 , 000 m ) , and 0 . 6 groups / km 2 or 1 . 5 individuals / km 2 for lower montane forest ( 1000 - 1 , 750 m ) ( geissmann and nijman 2006 ; nijman 2004 ) .
the western black crested gibbon occurs in southwestern china , northwestern laos and nothern vietnam . only few relict populations still occur in this region , and only about 1 ' 300 - 2 ' 000 individuals survive . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
the javan gibbon has undergone a dramatic population decline principally as a result of habitat destruction ( 6 ) , and also from the trapping of juveniles for the pet trade ( 2 ) . the native forests of java have been cleared for logging , agriculture and development , and the species has declined to fewer than 1 , 000 individuals over the last 25 years ( 4 ) . this gibbon appears to be on the very brink of extinction with only a handful of isolated viable populations remaining ( 6 ) .
the hainan crested gibbon only occurs on the island of hainan in the south - chinese sea . as in all crested gibbons ( genus nomascus ) the fur of adult males is black , that of adult females is yellowish . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . about 25 indiviudals of this species survive in the bawangling national nature reserve , i . e . in the last forest where this species is known to occur . this gibbon is , therefore , the rarest primate species of the world .
there are some protected forest areas , but often they are poorly managed and wildlife laws are not enforced effectively . rural poverty and lack of awareness of the threats facing the gibbons and their forests are additional causes for inadequate gibbon protection . lack of information is not just a local problem - the threats faced by the gibbons are largely unknown on an international level . their current status is extremely alarming ( see below ) , for example the rarest species of ape in the world is the hainan crested gibbon , of which there are less than 30 individuals remaining .
vocal communication is prevalent in all gibbon species . mated pairs use duets to mark their territory and announce their presence to conspecifics . in addition to vocalizations , gibbons use facial expressions and body postures in communication . tactile communication is of some importance between mates , as well as between parents and their offspring .
aisquith 2001 , burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , gates 2002 , gibbon research lab , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kids ecol . corps , kool 1992 , macdonald 1984 , nijman & van balen 1998 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , schuhmacher 1967
cheyne , susan m . : gibbon behaviour , feeding ecology and sociobiology . the orangutan tropical peatland project , cimtrop , kampus unpar , tanjung nyaho , jalan yos sudarso , palangka raya , central kalimantan , indonesia , 73112 . study site : sebangau national park , central kalimantan . project website : urltoken project blog : urltoken
like all gibbon genera hylobates are threatened with extinction and iucn states that the population trend of all hylobates species is negative . their classification as “endangered” indicates a reduction in population size of more than 50 % in the last 45 years ( 3 generations ) and also shows that populations are expected to decline further in the near future .
pileated gibbon : perhaps more than 35 , 000 in cambodia , smaller population in lao pdr , 13 , 000 - 14 , 000 in thailand ( traeholt et al . 2005 ; duckworth et al . 1999 ; tunhikorn et al . 1994 ; brockelman & srikosamatara 1993 ; phoonjampa & brockelman unpub . data ( cf . iucn redlist ) )
hylobates means
dweller in the trees
. silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . their diet consists mainly of fruit , although it will also eat flowers and young leaves . they need a wide variety of tree species which will fruit at different times of the year to support them . they spend their day on the move , foraging through their territory , sometimes stopping to eat at a tree with fruit . they move quietly through the canopy , the only sign that they are there is a moving branch or a piece of falling fruit .
gibbons produce amazing songs that can be heard up to 2 miles away . these songs are the most complex of all land mammals and are thought to be used to establish territory boundaries as well as for attracting a mate . mated pairs also sing together in beautiful duets that can advertise and even strengthen their bond . gibbon pairs can be identified by their particular song .
the silvery gibbons are small apes , weighing 13 pounds ( 6 kg ) , have no tail , and are known as lesser apes . they have long arms and fingers , and lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . their dense , silver - grey fur is quite long , giving them a fluffy look . both males and females have the same coloring . a white or light grey fringe surrounds their rather dark face , and both have a dark gray to black cap .
the eastern black crested gibbons only survives in one forest area extending from northeastern vietnam ( cao bang province ) to neigbouring china ( guangxi province ) . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . only about 100 individuals survive in the last piece of remaining habitat . this gibbon is , therefore , the second - rarest primate species of the world .
they are masters of brachiation , swinging from branch to branch for airborne distances of up to 15 meters ( 50 ft ) and achieving speeds as high as 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) . they can also walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance . one unique aspect of gibbon physiology is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands .
the northern white - cheeked crested gibbon is distributed in northern vietnam and northern laos . it orignally occured in the southernmost part of china ' s yunnan province , too , but became extinct there around the year 2000 . although no population estimate is available for this species , it is continuously disapearing from one known locality of its distribution area after another . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
silvery gibbons have small , stable territories of about 42 acres ( 17 ha ) and the female will sing her song bout several times during the day to declare their territory . she will climb to the top of one of several singing trees to give her great call . the male of the mated pair will sit quietly , scanning the surrounding forest for intruders , while a sub - adult female may join her mother in a softer , high - pitched voice . strangers , hearing the great call of the resident female , hurry off in the opposite direction . if spotted , it is the resident male ' s duty to chase them off with a great show of crashing branches and incessant loud single screams .
this species is endangered . the biggest threat to gibbons is deforestation of the tropical rainforests . habitats are disappearing at an astonishing rate due to logging and agricultural demands . without a sufficient range , gibbon species , along with other tropical species , are finding it much harder to exist . in an effort to help save these primates , reserves and parks are created , but there is no conservation program specifically for
several gibbon species are threatened by imminent extinction in the very near future . gibbons not only include the most endangered apes but also the most endangered primate species of the world . the main reasons for this are habitat loss and degradation , hunting and illegal trade . preservation of the tropical forest is imperative to gibbon survival - if it disappears , so do the gibbons . in china , for instance , the gibbons have already lost 99 % of their habitat . in addition , they are hunted for food and for use in local medicine . also , the illegal pet trade is thriving across the whole of southeast asia . young gibbons are popular pets , but in order to obtain a young animal , its mother must be shot down from the tree tops . often both mother and infant are killed in this process .
the major threats to the gibbons are deforestation , habitat loss and hunting . habitat is greatly reduced by deforestation and drainage of swamps ; and coffee , oil palm , rubber and other crop plantations are all expanding industries . the rising price of coffee at the end of the 1990´s led to the increased development of coffee plantations and this aggravated the decline of the agile gibbon in sumatra . agricultural conversion and infrastructural development in general have led to the building of roads , even in protected areas , and also to the creation of new human settlements . consequently forest clearing takes place , leading to defragmentation and strip building , while simultaneously increasing access for hunters into gibbon habitat . gibbons are hunted for subsistence and also for illegal trade in the pet market ( especially young animals ) and this results in a loss of mature individuals , further exacerbating the problem .
one unique aspect of gibbon physiology contributing significantly to its remarkable brachiation capabilities is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands . their fur is usually black , gray , or brownish , often with white markings on hands , feet , and face . some species have an enlarged throat sac , which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call . this structure is enormous in a few species , equaling the size of the animal ' s head .
gibbons reach maturity at approximately 6 - 8 years of age . they produce offspring about once every two to three years after a gestation period of 7 to 8 months . females generally give birth to a single offspring . infants have the ability to cling to their mothers immediately after birth , which allows females complete range of motion while moving through the forest . males of most gibbon species will participate in caring for the offspring once they are weaned .
gibbon taxonomy has undergone a number of revisions in recent years . traditionally , they have been placed in the genus hylobates as can be seen in the taxonomies of groves ( 1997 ) , goodman ( 1999 ) , wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) , nowark and walker ( 1991 ) , and napier and napier ( 1985 ) . goodman ( 1999 ) further separated the siamangs into their own genus , symphalangus , but the other taxonomies all included the siamangs in the genus hylobates .
in light of the status of this species in the wild , a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation workshop was conducted in 1997 hosted by conservation international and the university of indonesia ( 2 ) . it was agreed that a rescue and rehabilitation centre was needed and education programmes were proposed ( 5 ) . currently , the only viable protected population is found within the gunung halimun national park ; if this attractive primate is to survive it is vital that protection both within the park and in other areas is increased ( 6 ) .
gibbon skulls resemble those of the great apes , with very short rostra , enlarged braincases , and large orbits that face forward . gibbons have the typical nose of catarrhine primates with nostrils that are close together and face forward and slightly downward . they lack cheek pouches and their stomach is not sacculated . their teeth also are similar to the great apes , with molars that are bunodont and lack lophs . the upper molars usually have a cingulum , which is sometimes large . the canines are prominent but not sexually dimorphic . the dental formula is :
javan gibbons have been protected throughout their range by indonesian law since 1924 , and are listed under cites appendix i . three of the 15 locales that support the largest populations of silvery gibbons surveyed by nijman are in national parks , while five are part of , or the entirety of , so - called “strict nature reserves” . the remaining seven locales are unprotected ; approximately half of the remaining populations collectively reside here . in the interest of this species , it is these areas that require some level of increased protection ( nijman 2004 ) . the second largest population of this species ( for example in the dieng mountains ) is not in a protected area . in 2003 , 56 javan gibbons were maintained at eight indonesian zoos , 15 at four indonesian wildlife rescue centers , with five potential breeding pairs . there is no evidence that the species has bred successfully in captivity in indonesia . outside the range country , 48 javan gibbons were maintained at ten institutions in nine countries , with six breeding pairs . the total ex - situ population is some 120 individuals , the majority of which are wild - caught ( nijman 2006 ) .
the protection status of the seven species and their habitats is very different . there are a number of protected areas but not all populations live within these areas and the actual level of protection and law enforcement , especially in remote areas , is questionable ( cf . threads ) . multiple actions are necessary to halt the decline of the hylobates populations . firstly , management of protected areas needs to be improved and conservation activities must be enlarged to control logging ( legal and illegal ) and development activities in protected areas . further , better land management should be implemented , for example community based management programs together with educational efforts could help to change the hunting behaviour of local villagers and to better integrate human needs and habitat protection . gibbon breeding centres have also been suggested as a way to increase population numbers . survey efforts are also of great importance since one of the current issues is a lack of survey data and reliable population estimates . these data could also be used to help establish public awareness campaigns and inform the broader public about the alarming situation of the hylobates .
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1994 : systematik der gibbons . zeitschrift des kölner zoo 37 , 65 - 77 .
, 1 species ) . a key for the identification of adult gibbons based on visual characteristics is presented , together with distribution maps of all recognised species . a detailed description of fur colour variation and colour photographs of all species are presented in the
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justification : listed as endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals , there is an observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals , and no subpopulation contains more than 250 mature individuals . the change in status from critically endangered to endangered reflects the availability of better information and does not suggest that the threats have decreased ; in fact , threats continue to increase but do not yet reach the level necessary to be classified as critically endangered . there is concern about the legal status of the largest populations ; this species , therefore , should be periodically reassessed so that current status and persistent threats are monitored .
hylobates moloch is endemic to java ( indonesia ) . it is mostly confined to java’s western provinces ( banten and west java ) , but is also present in central java ( as far east as the dieng mountains ) .
hylobates moloch resides in floristically rich patches of relatively undisturbed lowland to lower montane rainforest mostly below 1 , 600 m , but sometimes up to 2 , 000–2 , 400 m ( nijman 2004 ) . it can also tolerate moderately disturbed forest . the species is strictly arboreal and diurnal , and mainly frugivorous ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . home ranges in ujung kulon cover about 17 ha ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . inter - birth intervals in wild gibbons are typically 3 - 3 . 5 years ( leighton 1987 ; palombit 1992 ) , and age of sexual maturity and / or the age of dispersal in wild gibbons is about 8 - 10 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 ; geissmann 1991 ) , but the age at first reproduction may be about 10 - 12 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 )
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352