the wreckfish are a family , polyprionidae , of perciform fish .

they are deep-water marine fish and can be found on the ocean bottom , where they inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( thus their common name ) .

their scientific name is from greek poly meaning " many " and prion meaning " saw " , a references to their prominent spiny fins .

they stay together in schools of at least five .

wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) are a long-lived commercial species in the mediterranean , the south-eastern pacific and the atlantic ocean .

the fish is commonly known as chernia in spanish-speaking latin america , and as cherne in portugal .

wreckfish

portugal , spain , greece and the u . s . are the largest sources of wreckfish . most wreckfish on the u . s . market are caught domestically .
when you check it out . hats off to wreckfish bistro on stater street for beautifull
a close - up of a tasty dish of wreckfish at michael ' s genuine restaurant .
wreckfish come from marine fisheries , not farms . they are caught with hydraulic rod and reel .
otherwise , sam ray says he ' ll be out of the wreckfish business , and romo will lose a valuable local resource . the implicit result would be a loss of charleston ' s unique wreckfish cookery altogether .
sunday 5th novemeber 2017 duck & waffles exec chef dan doherty comes to wreckfish to cook sunday brunch with us .
trip limit : individual transferable quota system in place ; only itq shareholders or their designees may commercially harvest wreckfish .
the single , greatest threat to the wreckfish is from overfishing ( 1 ) . since the 1970s , fisheries specifically targeting wreckfish have existed ( 1 ) , with the large size , quality flesh and high market price of the wreckfish attracting a lot of interest ( 5 ) . despite a lack of data on some wreckfish populations , it is believed that global wreckfish stocks may now be in decline ( 1 ) . this assumption is based on the fact that wreckfish are slow to reproduce , which makes it susceptible to overexploitation , and due to signs that populations are being overexploited in some areas ( 1 ) . for example , wreckfish fisheries in brazil , bermuda and portugal began to decline within five years of their commencement ( 1 ) . in addition , the habit of wreckfish to form aggregations when spawning increases its vulnerability to overfishing , as large groups are an easy target for fisheries ( 1 ) .
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re trying for another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish
tom kerridge of the 2 starred hand and flowers , marlow is coming to liverpool to do one night at wreckfish .
wreckfish are found in temperate and subtropical waters over continental and island slopes ( 4 ) . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean and are often associated with floating seaweeds and wreckage , as the name implies ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . as adults , wreckfish are demersal , inhabiting the seabed at depths from 40 to 1 , 000 metres ( 5 ) ,
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re trying for another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish .
effective april 16 , 2012 - 5 % of the annual catch limit for wreckfish has been allocated to the recreational sector .
identification & biology : wreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover . wreckfish grow slowly , up to a maximum about 220 pounds and 6 . 5 feet in length . however , a typical wreckfish weighs 40 to 60 pounds and is 2½ to 4 feet long . cousin of grouper and sea bass , wreckfish was first harvested by accident in the south atlantic in the early 1980s . a fisherman was using longline gear to try to recover lost equipment and caught a wreckfish by mistake .
wreckfish is a relatively slow - growing species . an innovative fisheries management system in the southeastern u . s . mandates conservative fishing .
adult wreckfish continue to feed on fish , but also consume squid found in their deep water habitat ( 1 ) . during spawning , which takes place between late july and early october , wreckfish come together in aggregations and females release their eggs into the deep ocean water ( 4 ) . being a multiple spawner , wreckfish release multiple batches of eggs during the spawning season ( 4 ) . the oldest known wreckfish was a male , found to be 81 years old ; the oldest known female was 64 years old ( 1 ) .
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re opening another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish . 23rd october 2017 .
wreckfish management shows promise some larger , slower - growing fish populations are being managed with apparent success . the north atlantic wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is one such example . in the mid - 1980s , a few commercial fishermen started catching the wreckfish in areas around the charleston bump , a rocky outcropping on the continental slope off the coast of south carolina . the south atlantic fishery management council soon began formulating a plan to manage this growing fishery . creating this plan was initially difficult , however , because information on the biology of the wreckfish was scarce .
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fishing regulations , which may help conserve stocks of wreckfish , are only in place in the usa and new zealand ( 1 ) . in the usa , commercial fishers must have permits , quotas are in place , and wreckfish are not allowed to be caught during the spawning season . the commercial fishery in new zealand also has quotas in place ( 1 ) . elsewhere , particularly in brazil , conservation measures for the wreckfish are worryingly absent ( 1 ) .
seasonal availability : the wreckfish fishery is closed during their spawning season ( mid - january to mid - april ) . * wreckfish fish is rated a
best choice
by seafood watch . it is also recommended by the sustainable seafood initiative , a group headed up by the s . c . aquarium .
got a little something else in the works . . . . . ‘wreckfish’ , summer herb and veg broth . it’s very green , so healthy right ? ?
the wreckfish is a demersal offshore species usually found off rocky and sandy bottoms at a depth range of 100 - 200 m . younger individuals may be epipelagic .
two characteristics of the wreckfish make conservation and management difficult . one is that the wreckfish migrates throughout the north atlantic during its life cycle ; and the other is that all of the wreckfish in the north atlantic ( from europe and america ) seem to come from a single population . nations on both sides of the atlantic must work together to ensure that the population remains large enough to support a fishery . historically , the species has suffered in the hands of industry . the high fishing pressure on the wreckfish around bermuda , for instance , caused its commercial extinction in those waters in the 1980s . u . s . management policy is aimed at preventing that from happening here .
spend a morning with gary & luke at wreckfish preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
wreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover .
the u . s . wreckfish fishery is possibly the most sustainable fishery in the world . there are less than 10 boats with commercial wreckfish licenses , and each boat is issued a specific quota for the entire year . fisherman are limited to using bandit rigs , which are large hydraulic reels that send a vertical cable line and multiple baited circle hooks nearly 1 , 500 feet to the bottom . this creates a very selective method of fishing that results in nearly zero environmental impact or bycatch . wreckfish also have no known predators .
we are in the process of trying to understand the general biology of the barrelfish , such as how long they live and when they mature . most barrelfish are caught on the blake plateau as bycatch of the wreckfish fishery . however , like the wreckfish in the 1980s , the barrelfish may rapidly become popular . we are already beginning to study this fish so that we will have data to develop a management plan , if necessary . some of the strategies in place for the wreckfish fishery may apply to the barrelfish , as well .
wreckfish are large predators in the dynamic food chain of the charleston bump . the charleston bump deflects the gulf stream offshore , causing upwelling of nutrient - rich water that supports the growth and production of phytoplankton ( tiny plants ) , and the zooplankton ( tiny animals ) that feed on phytoplankton . fish and squid living in the water column travel toward the surface at night to feed on the zooplankton . during the day , these fish return to the deep to avoid predators and digest their meal in the dark , cooler waters where wreckfish live . wreckfish lurk in caves and under overhangs on the bump and come out to feed on these fish and squid migrating during the day . there are no known predators of wreckfish .
the wreckfish has an incredibly large distribution , primarily occurring in the atlantic ocean but also ranging into the mediterranean , southern indian ocean and south - western pacific ocean ( 1 ) .
in general , wreckfish live in water ranging from 140 feet up to 3 , 300 feet deep . in the first several years of their life , they ' re found in surface waters , often near floating debris . as adults , wreckfish prefer steep , rocky bottoms and deep reefs , which provide food and shelter . they ' re often found near caves and overhangs .
the charleston bump , an upwelling of cliffs and ledges off the coast of south carolina that is severe enough to substantially divert the northern flow of the gulf stream itself , is the only commercial atlantic wreckfish zone in the united states . only three boats routinely even try for them . as far as local and sustainable goes , wreckfish is charleston ' s deep sea trophy .
if you are an atlantic wreckfish , sam ray is not a man you want to meet . neither is micah laroche , who offloads sam ' s boat the lien machine at his cherry point seafood dock at the far end of wadmalaw island . chances are , if you have eaten wreckfish in charleston , it most likely surfaced on the end of ray ' s commercial line .
most wreckfish are between 20 and 60 pounds , but can reach weights of well over 200 pounds . this average large size helps create thick , meaty fillets and impressive portions . the meat of wreckfish is much like grouper - - firm , white , and mild with large flakes . the cold , deep water they live in also imparts a clean , slightly sweet taste to the fillet .
the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is a large , slow - growing , deep - water fish . currently , commercial fishermen catch this fish on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
the wreckfish is classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . the brazilian subpopulation is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
if all goes to plan , we’re hoping to open wreckfish in september 2017 . the bistro will be similar to all of our other restaurants , with a relaxed and welcoming feel and have an 90 cover capacity .
peres , m . b . and klippel , s . ( 2003 ) reproductive biology of the southwestern atlantic wreckfish polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) . environmental biology of fishes , 68 : 163 - 173 .
the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) , named for the tendency of juveniles to associate with floating ocean wreckage ( 3 ) , is a large bluish - grey fish , with a paler , silvery underside and blackish - brown fins ( 2 ) . the rough , scaly body is flattened sideways and the caudal , or tail , fin is gently rounded and edged with white . the wreckfish has a large mouth , with the lower jaw projecting considerably beyond the upper jaw ( 3 ) , and a bony ridge protrudes across the upper part of the gill cover ( 2 ) . juvenile wreckfish bear black blotches on the head and body ( 2 ) .
barrelfish may become popular like the wreckfish , the barrelfish is a relatively large and probably long - lived , deep - water fish . only the adults are found around the charleston bump area ; the juveniles apparently live elsewhere .
recommended preparation : the flavor and texture of the wreckfish is light , delicate and clean - tasting… it has a flavor similar to grouper but its texture and consistency are similar to swordfish . the meat is firm and white and has a large flake .
a week in advance , i booked a table for sunday brunch at wreckfish bistro . when we arrived , the hostess sat us at a table in front of a speaker . the place was almost empty , so i asked to sit at an equ
the information obtained from the wreckfish , together with what we learn about the barrelfish during this expedition , may help us manage the red bream on the blake plateau - - even before we have the chance to learn all we can about this fish .
our aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made from scratch , including fresh bread daily , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish is no different .
our aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made completely from scratch , including fresh bread , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish will be no different .
sam ray is something of a legend out there and probably the most knowledgeable source about atlantic wreckfishing in the world . he ' s been targeting them since the fishery was discovered in 1987 . outside of some agricultural work as a younger man , wreckfish is all he knows .
we know little about the barrelfish , but we believe it may move about the north atlantic like the wreckfish . barrelfish are found throughout the north atlantic ( sometimes in different life stages ) , but only large adults are found in the western north atlantic off the coast of south carolina .
machias , a . , somarakis , s . , papadroulakis , n . , spedicato , m . t . , suquet , m . , lembo , g . and divanach , p . ( 2002 ) settlement of the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) . marine biology , 142 : 45 - 52 .
wreckfish fishermen do catch red bream from the waters over the blake plateau , though not much information is available on exactly where in the water column it lives . in the canary islands , red bream live in water 400 - 800 m deep . some research indicates that red bream move to deeper waters as they grow and that spawning occurs , at least for the population in the eastern north atlantic , around the canary and madeira islands . they probably do not migrate around the north atlantic , as do the wreckfish . the red bream does , however , appear to be a long - lived , deep - water species .
this long - lived fish has two distinct stages in its life history . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean , where they feed on bony fishes , particularly trachurus species ( jack mackerels ) ( 1 ) . they live for more than two years at the sea surface before settling on the ocean bottom at great depths ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
scientists also worry about the problem of bycatch ( unintentional catching of one species when fishing for another ) of both adult and juvenile wreckfish . for example , the juveniles are often caught in tuna nets in the eastern north atlantic . this could have serious effects on that population since the younger fish would never mature to produce more fish . all of these issues must be considered when determining the best way to manage the wreckfish . to date , the restrictions set in place have helped to keep this population size at a constant , which gives hope to those trying to manage potential fisheries for other deep - water species , like the barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) and the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) .
in february , 2017 , we held a five day pop up in the currently derelict wreckfish building , where guests were invited to pay what they thought the meal was worth . reservations were launched a month in advance and booked up in less than 10 minutes ( despite all guests knowing that there was no gas , electricity or running water… ) we had to get seriously creative but we were completely humbled by the response . it made us realise that this is what liverpool wants . opening in a city centre is something new for us , but with the community spirit and neighbourhood feel that liverpool has , as well as the rise in demand for new restaurants in the area , we know wreckfish will fit right in .
barnes , m . k . s . 2008 . polyprion americanus wreckfish or stone bass . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
but if the southeast atlantic fisheries management council goes through with its proposed change in regulation , it could divvy up the allotted catch between numerous boats , many of which may not even attempt to harvest the fish . proponents of the local fishery prefer that the allotments go to fishermen that have demonstrated a record of achievement , leaving enough annual catch to target the wreckfish full - time .
okay , so… wreckfish is a type of fish that lives at the bottom of the sea ( like sea bass ) and twitter ( some of twitter… ) thought it was a good name for a restaurant . anyway , in november 2016 , we were tipped off about a building on the corner of slater and seel street in liverpool city centre and we immediately fell in love with it .
today , the wreckfish management plan includes a total allowable catch ( tac ) that limits the amount of fish that can be taken by the fishery , an individual transferable quota ( itq ) that limits the landings of each fishermen , restrictions on the types of gear that can be used , and closing of the fishing grounds during the main spawning season ( january 15 through april 15 ) .
wreckfish are found in the western atlantic ocean from grand banks , newfoundland , to la plata river , argentina , and in the eastern atlantic ocean from norway to south africa . they migrate throughout the north atlantic during their life cycle . although they ' re found all along the u . s . east coast , most of the commercial fishery operates over the charleston bump , located 80 to 100 miles southeast of charleston , south carolina .
but even this esoteric fishery is in danger of extinction — not from overfishing , if you believe the likes of laroche and the men who depend on the catch for their livelihood , but from the regulation of the federal government . recreational fishing for wreckfish is not even allowed , and the south atlantic fishery management is currently considering reducing the annual commercial catch from 2 million pounds to 237 , 000 , effectively reducing each fisherman ' s take by 89 percent .
andrew zimmern visits miami for an all - new episode of bizarre foods america . andrew visits michael ' s genuine food & drink , a miami hot spot that prides itself on its farm - to - table attitude . here he tries wreckfish , named for its tendency to take up residence in shipwrecks . michael ' s genuine food & drink also posted an interview with andrew on their blog . find more photos , video and a travel guide from this episode here .
we’re really lucky because , not only did we find a site that we immediately fell in love with , but we have incredibly supportive landlords . work has already begun on the building , but we will need £500 , 000 to launch the restaurant . we have an amazingly talented team ready to go and the bank has agreed to lend us £300 , 000 , but we just need you to help us raise that extra £200 , 000 to make wreckfish happen… no pressure .
enjoying the toil of targeting wreckfish takes a special person , at least according to the people who consider sam a sort of mythic hero .
people don ' t understand what he does ,
chimed in a younger man from a swordfish boat , out of earshot of ray .
he ' s out there alone , a hundred miles offshore in the middle of a huge ocean . he ' s burnt a week ' s pay getting out there , and he ' s dropping a line 1 , 200 feet to the bottom of the ocean in the middle of a swirling gulf stream current . if he ' s off by 30 [ feet ] , there ' s not a single fish , and it takes an hour to move to another spot .
we ' ve turned what was a derelict building in the centre of liverpool into a 90 cover restaurant , serving simple bistro food . as well as individual tables , we have a communal table available so you can enjoy your meal in some great company . we also have a private dining room , which can seat between up to 14 people . perfect for business meetings or for special occasions with friends and family . the room is free of charge , though a deposit is required to secure your booking . please call us for more information .
we opened sticky walnut in hoole , chester , in january 2011 on a budget that meant famously choosing between an all singing rational combi oven or new tables and chairs . we went for the oven . it was the right decision .
since opening , sticky has been awarded catey ‘menu of the year’ , aa ‘restaurant of the year’ , cheshire life ‘restaurant of the year’ and many more amazing awards .
after a few very successful years , we decided to open a second bistro , burnt truffle in heswall , thanks to incredible kickstarter supporters . the restaurant has been awarded an aa rosette and received really lovely reviews from the likes of lisa markwell and jay rayner . after burnt truffle , we then launched a third restaurant in 2016 . hispi ( it’s a type of cabbage ) opened its doors in didsbury , south manchester in september 2016 . manchester’s been absolutely amazing and welcomed hispi with open arms . it’s also received lots of lovely reviews and two aa rosettes .
thankfully we have already secured the site and have the support of our two amazing landlords so we don’t have that risk this time .
curry night extravaganza by farokh talati head chef at st john bread & w . 7pm sunday 28th may at burnt truffle
summer bbq at burnt truffle , soak in the rays on the piazza del terrazzo with manager adam hosting and wongo & gary throwing shrimps on the barbie .
spend a morning with gary & wongo at burnt truffle preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
spend a morning with gary & rich at hispi preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
a 3 course + coffee private dinner at your home for up to 10 people .
gary and the gang ( including waiter / waitress ) will turn up and cook a bespoke meal in your home .
gourmet curry night created and cooked by farokh talati for up to 40 people . exclusive use of any of our four ( hopefully ! ) restaurants on a mutually agreeable date .
travel to london get to meet and spend the morning with simon hanging around back stage on channel 4 ' s sunday brunch . then off to the guinea grill for a slap up meal
often found in caves or shipwrecks , these solitary fish are found on both sides of the atlantic ocean in temperate and sub - tropical waters .
this chart shows how much can safely be eaten each month ( assuming no other contaminated fish is consumed ) . the advice is based on epa guidance and the latest mercury data . more on contaminants »
the primary gear used is hydraulic hook - and - line , which has little bycatch and does not damage the seafloor .
overfishing is a serious problem , but there is reason for hope . edf offers a different approach for recovery that works . more »
saving migratory shark populations is just one way we’re safeguarding cuba’s vast undersea wonders . more »
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conserving and managing america ' s fisheries from three to 200 nautical miles off the coasts of north carolina , south carolina , georgia and florida .
recreational and commercial fishermen are required to use dehooking tools when fishing for snapper grouper species .
the use of non - stainless steel circle hooks ( offset or non - offset ) is required for all species in the snapper grouper complex when using hook - and - line gear with natural baits in waters north of 28 degrees n . latitude .
after the commercial quota is met , all purchase and sale is prohibited and harvest and / or possession is limited to the recreational bag limit . this prohibition does not apply to fish harvested , landed , and sold prior to the quota being reached and held in cold storage by a dealer . quotas are given in gutted weights .
commercial snapper grouper vessels must have onboard nmfs approved sea turtle release gear and follow smalltooth sawfish release protocol . see the handling and release protocol from noaa fisheries or call 727 - 824 - 5312 .
annual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on commercial acls ( quotas ) from noaa fisheries .
open . the fishery will close september 1 , 2018 - june 30 , 2019 .
annual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on recreational acls from noaa fisheries .
4055 faber place drive , suite 201 . north charleston , sc 29405 843 - 571 - 4366 phone | 866 - safmc - 10 toll free | 843 - 769 - 4520 fax
eaters ! ! bumped up with lovely spices and flavours . just gorgeous ! will definitely
18 . the food was excellent and there is a great menu . however i really need to thank the staff on this occasion . they are extremely professional and approachab
an who brought us our champagne � , which was a birthday surprise from a friend , to the wonderful lady who took our order and brought us the amazing food . thank you so much for creating such a memorable evening .
we booked our table in feb and all i can say it was totally worth the wait . the food is seriously stunning just so good . i would thoroughly
recommend it to anyone and we can ' t wait to go back . . . . . t
ally sized table in the corner , but she refused . ( the table remained empty during most of our stay . ) then , after 1 hour and 15 minutes , the wait staff wanted to kick us out - - - sayi
n was only for 75 minutes and the next booking was arriving soon . the manager actually took my plate although i asked him not to . he then grabbed the coffee mug out of my hand .
for me to judge the quality of the food , so i have no idea if it was any good . my friends , however , say they enjoyed it . so if you don ' t mind eating super quick and then being kicked out while you ' re in the middle of a good conversati
. i hear they do fast food , too . they also won ' t kick you out .
s nonsense here - just good food well prepared . from the moment you arrive it’s just a feeling of being welcomed and relaxed .
the bar area is a very welcome addition for a pre lunch cocktail , the house specials are well worth a try .
had a fantastic sunday lunch today . great table right in front of the open kitchen . great to watch the chef and kitchen staff take time and precision over everything
went for the early bird 3 course last night - fabulous . i had the ox heart starter , braised beef , some parmesan chips and marmalade pudding and couldnt fault anything
and gorgeous food . lunch is very good value at £20 for 3 courses and good value wine too . however it would still be fab even if it was considerab
. but the star of the show was the rice pudding with rhubarb and granola . oh my word ! ! ! we’ll definitely
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police audit committee will meet to narrow list of firms next wed . july 11
tickets for rudolph ( yes , rudolph ) at the npac go on sale this fri . july 13
vickery ' s , wich doctor featured on beach bites with katie lee airing thurs . july 12
wic mobile clinic will provide services at n . chs . farmers market this july and september
i tried farming for a while back home in barnwell , and it nearly drove me crazy ,
he told me when i was out at the docks one day last fall ,
but then i came out here to cherry point and started fishing and i ' ve never wanted to do anything else .
we are already limited with what we can get locally . this will just be one less fish we can source ,
he says .
chefs , like romo , prize the fish for its clean flavor and its affordability as a local alternative to pricier grouper varieties , which it is often compared to .
it has a nice carcass yield ,
romo says ,
and we like to support the local fishery .
the fish is so special , in fact , that when it ' s in season ( regulations already close the spawning grounds during much of the year ) , it demands a high level of attention in the local market . romo ' s favorite method for serving it ? naked .
when it ' s here , it comes straight off the boat , and it ' s so clean and fresh , that we make it our ' naked fish ' special — just a little salt and pepper , and maybe a good sear in a hot pan with a little oil .
it ' s kind of like gold when it comes in . you sort of fight for it ,
says romo .
political turbulence aside , becoming a u . s . citizen remains an exciting prospect 2 comments
i picked some really great tomatoes corn and a watermelon last week . i ' m going back…
i had dinner there last night with my family . it ' s a pretty big place with…
i ' ve been going to this store since it opened . good selection of wine and liquor…
uneeda sicilian , 2nixons , and second state host a
blunch
mash - up tues . july 3
watch andrew zimmern cook asopao de pollo y mariscos . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen
watch andrew zimmern cook shrimp with green chilies and avocado sauce . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .
watch andrew zimmern cook braised pork with chilies and black beans . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .
10 road - trip - worthy summer eats from ' man v . food '
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cernia , cernier , cernier atlantique , cernier commun , cernio escourpena , franfré rascas , lucerna , mérot gris , mérou , mérou de bosques , mérou fanfré , péro - mérot , peskar goat , poisson de bois .
cherna , chernia , chernoda , girom , jorna , mero chernia , mero de roca , pampol .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
demersal fish that live on or near the ocean bottom . they are often called benthic fish , groundfish , or bottom fish . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
bigelow , h . b . and schroeder , w . c . ( 1953 ) fishes of the gulf of maine . us fish and wildlife service fishery bulletin , 74 ( 53 ) : 1 - 577 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
argentina ; australia ( new south wales , south australia , victoria , western australia ) ; belgium ; brazil ; canada ( newfoundland i , nova scotia ) ; cape verde ; denmark ; france ; ireland ; italy ; netherlands ; new zealand ( north is . , south is . ) ; norway ; portugal ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( tristan da cunha ) ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . ) ; united kingdom ; united states ( district of columbia , florida , georgia , maryland , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina , virginia ) ; uruguay
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female picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop
greek , poly = a lot of + greek , prion = saw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 40 - 600 m ( ref . 7251 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 36731 ) . deep - water ; 70°n - 55°s , 82°w - 179°e
eastern atlantic : norway to south africa ( ref . 6633 ) , including the mediterranean , canary islands , madeira , cape verde , and tristan da cunha . western atlantic : newfoundland , canada and gulf of maine to north carolina , usa ( ref . 7251 ) . recorded from uruguay to argentina ( ref . 9050 ) . western indian ocean : st . paul and amsterdam islands ( ref . 6633 ) . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 5755 , 9072 ) .
maturity : l m 77 . 9 range ? - 90 cm max length : 210 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 100 . 0 kg ( ref . 35388 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 13 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 . bluish grey above , paler below with a silvery sheen ; fins blackish brown ( ref . 6633 ) . juveniles have black blotches on head and body ( ref . 6633 ) . body tall , compressed . big mouth with big head and a rough bony ridge across upper part of the gill cover ( ref . 35388 ) .
adults prefer to inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( ref . 27121 ) . juveniles congregate below floating objects ( ref . 27121 ) . usually solitary . feed on large crustaceans , cephalopods and benthic fishes ( ref . 27121 ) . spawn in the summer ( ref . 35388 ) . are primary gonochorists ( ref . 58421 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , broiled , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . minimum depth reported from ref . 6633 .
wheeler , a . , 1992 . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 . ( ref . 5204 )
) : 5 . 2 - 19 , mean 9 . 4 ( based on 672 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 8125 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00966 - 0 . 01799 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 64 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 05 - 0 . 08 ; tmax = 76 ; tm = 9 - 10 yrs estimated from vbgf ; fec = 3 million ) .
prior r = 0 . 26 , 2 sd range = 0 . 14 - 0 . 48 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 35 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 31 , based on : 4 k , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 72 of 100 ) .
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polyprion americanus has a deep and robust body that can reach up to 2 m in length . it has a large head with a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill . it has 11 spines on its dorsal fin and as many rays , the second part of the fin being much taller . the anal fin has three spines and 8 - 10 soft rays . the pelvic fins are longer than the pectoral fins . its body is a uniform brown to bluish - grey with a silvery sheen . juveniles may have irregular light and dark marblings on the head and body .
recorded in the eastern english channel but may be found throught british and irish waters with the exception of the southern north sea area .
froese , r . & pauly , d . , 2007 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2008 - 02 - 18
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
obis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09
whitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
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commercial fisheries have traditionally been based on fast - growing shallow - water species that live in the productive waters on the continental shelf . more recently , as fishing technology has improved and the populations of shallow - water species have declined , fishermen have ventured out into deeper waters to find new types of fish to catch .
this new deep - water fishery presents a problem for fisheries management . the deep - water fish are larger than their shallow - water counterparts and often grow more slowly . most management models , however , are based on data pertaining to the smaller , faster - growing species . to ensure that the deep - water fisheries will be around for a long time , fisheries scientists are developing new models that take into account the longer life spans and the longer period it takes for these deep - water fish to reach sexual maturity .
a specimen of barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) . we are trying to learn more about the biology of this fish to determine if it can support a fishery on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
the red bream shows commercial potential the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) is another species with commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . we know very little about its life cycle . in the canary islands and off the coast of portugal , the fishing pressure on red bream ( and the only other member of the genus , beryx splendens ) has caused the annual catch to decrease in recent years . the same thing is happening in other areas where beryx species are being fished , such as hawaii .
the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) supports fisheries in parts of the north atlantic and may have commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
deep - water commercial fisheries will continue to grow . since models for management plans for shallow - water species do not translate to these new target species , fisheries scientists must continue to learn as much as they can about these deep - water fish in order to preserve large stocks for future generations .
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texella cokendolpheri is a rare species of arachnid known by the common name cokendolpher cave harvestman .

it may also be called the robber baron cave harvestman .

it is endemic to texas in the united states , where it is only known from a single cave in bexar county .

it is a federally listed endangered species of the united states .

this is " a small eyeless or essentially eyeless " harvestman .

it is pale orange in color .

it is a troglobite that lives its whole life in a subterranean karst cave .

it is known only from robber baron cave in bexar county , a cave which runs underneath a heavily urbanized area .

the cave is owned by the texas cave management association .

this cave is also the only home for the robber baron cave meshweaver ( cicurina baronia ) , a spider .

the worst threat to this and other rare local troglobites is the outright loss of their cave habitat , which is destroyed as the land is consumed for urban development , or during quarrying operations .

caves are also altered and polluted so that they can not support this and other species .

texella cokendolpheri

beetles : rhadine exilis / rhadine infernalis / batrisodes venyivi harvestman : texella cokendolpheri spiders : cicurina baronia / c . madla / c . venii / c . vespera / neoleptoneta microps
texella mulaiki c . j . goodnight and m . l . goodnight , 1942
texella reddelli c . j . goodnight and m . l . goodnight , 1967 – bee creek cave harvestman
the harvestman family phalangodidae . 5 . new records and species of texella goodnight and goodnight ( opiliones : laniatores )
ubick , d . and t . s . briggs . 1992 . the harvestman family phalangodidae . 3 . revision of texella goodnight and goodnight ( opiliones : laniatores ) . texas mem . mus . , speleol . monogr . 3 : 155 - 240 .
ubick , d . and t . s . briggs . 2004 . the harvestman family phalangodidae . 5 . new records and species of texella goodnight and goodnight ( opiliones : laniatores ) . texas memorial museum . speleological monographs , 6 : 101 - 141 .
rhadine exilis and rhadine infernalis were first collected in 1959 and described by barr and lawrence ( 1960 ) as agonum exile and agonum infernale , respectively . barr ( 1974 ) assigned the species to the genus rhadine . batrisodes venyivi was first collected in 1984 and described by chandler ( 1992 ) . texella cokendolpheri was first collected in 1982 and described in ubick and briggs ( 1992 ) . cicurina baronia , cicurina madla , cicurina venii , and cicurina vespera were first collected in 1969 , 1963 , 1980 , and 1965 , respectively . in 1992 , gertsch described these species . neoleptoneta microps was first collected in 1965 and described by gertsch ( 1974 ) as leptoneta microps . the species was reassigned to neoleptoneta following brignoli ( 1977 ) and platnick ( 1986 ) .
summary : we , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) , determine nine cave - dwelling invertebrates from bexar county , texas , to be endangered species under the authority of the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended ( act ) . rhadine exilis ( no common name ) and rhadine infernalis ( no common name ) are small , essentially eyeless ground beetles . batrisodes venyivi ( helotes mold beetle ) is a small , eyeless beetle . texella cokendolpheri ( robber baron cave harvestman ) is a small , eyeless harvestman ( daddy - longlegs ) . cicurina baronia ( robber baron cave spider ) , cicurina madla ( madla ' s cave spider ) , cicurina venii ( no common name ) , cicurina vespera ( vesper cave spider ) , and neoleptoneta microps ( government canyon cave spider ) are all small , eyeless or essentially eyeless spiders .
known from a single locality , robber baron cave in bexar county , texas . although the cave entrance is protected as a preserve by the texas cave management association ( tcma ) , this cave is relatively large , and the land that overlies the cave is heavily urbanized . the cave has also been historically subject to extensive commercial and recreational use ( veni 1988 ) . in addition , the current gate on the cave is blocking organic material from entering and may be severely limiting food input and impacting the cave fauna ( veni and reddell , pers . comm . 2001 in cockendolpher and reddell , 2004 ) . while no regular biomonitoring occurs in robber baron cave , there are no records of specimens of t . cokendolpheri collected since october 1993 ( usfws 2008 ) .
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this species has been referred to by two common names , the robber baron cave harvestman ( usfws 2000 ) and the cokendolpher cave harvestman ( breene et al . 2003 ) . the latter name has been accepted as the official common name ( breene et al . 2003 , usfws 2003 ) .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
there are nine bexar county , texas invertebrates that were listed as endangered on december 26 , 2000 . the recovery priority number for all bexar county karst invertebrates is 2c , which means that these species face a high degree of threat with a high potential for recovery and there may be conflict between species recovery and economic development .
known only from robber baron cave in the alamo heights karst region , bexar county , texas .
population estimates are unavailable for any of the nine troglobites listed as endangered in bexar county ( usfws , 2000 ) due to lack of adequate techniques , their cryptic behavior , and inaccessibility of habitat ( usfws , 2008 ) . culver et al . ( 2000 ) states that while some troglobites are known from a few specimens , detailed studies suggest that
as a rule
most troglobites
are not numerically rare and thus are not susceptible to the problems of small populations .
however , considering the lack of population estimates and limited study of these species , data are insufficient to indicate whether bexar county karst invertebrates are numerous enough to rule out small population concerns ( usfws , 2008 ) .
based on usfws ( 2008 ) , reduce threats to the species by securing an adequate quantity and quality of caves , including selecting caves or cave clusters that represent the range of the species and potential genetic diversity , then preserving these caves , including their drainage basins and surface communities upon which they rely . maintenance of these cave preserves involves keeping them free from contamination , excessive human visitation , and non - native fire ants by regularly tracking progress and implementing adaptive management to control these and any new threats when necessary . monitoring the population status and threats are also components of recovery . because many aspects of the population dynamics and habitat requirements of the species are poorly understood , recovery is also dependant on incorporating research findings into adaptive management actions .
( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) known only from robber baron cave in the alamo heights karst region , bexar county , texas .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
culver , d . c . , l . l . master , m . c . christman , and h . h . hobbs iii . 2000 . obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states . conservation biology 14 ( 2 ) : 386 - 401 .
elliott , w . r . 2000 . conservation of the north american cave and karst biota . pages 665 - 689 in wilkens , h . , d . c . culver , and w . f . humphreys ( editors ) . subterranean ecosystems . ecosystems of the world , 30 . elsevier , amsterdam . xiv + 791 pp . corrected version online . available : urltoken
longacre , c . 2000 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; final rule to list nine bexar county , texas invertebrate species as endangered . u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . federal register 65 ( 248 ) .
rappaport , c . j . 1998 . department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17 , rin 1018 - af33 , endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; proposal to list nine bexar county , texas invertebrate species as endangered . federal register , 63 ( 250 ) : 71855 - 71867 .
stanford , r . , and a . shull . 1993 . department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17 ; 90 - day finding on a petition to list nine bexar county , tx , invertebrates . federal register , 58 ( 229 ) : 63328 - 63329 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1994 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species . federal register 59 ( 219 ) : 58982 - 59028 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2003 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; designation of critical habitat for seven bexar county , texas , invertebrate species ; final rule . federal register 68 ( 67 ) : 17156 - 17231 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2008 . draft bexar county karst invertebrate recovery plan . 125 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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designation of critical habitat for nine bexar county , tx , invertebrates final rule . and a 12 - month finding on a petition to revise critical habitat designation by removing unit 13 from designation under the act - not warranted .
designation of critical habitat for nine bexar county invertebrates : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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action : final rule . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
these species ( referred to in this final rule as the nine invertebrates ) are known from karst topography ( limestone formations containing caves , sinks , fractures and fissures ) in north and northwest bexar county . threats to the species and their habitat include destruction and / or deterioration of habitat by construction ; filling of caves and karst features and loss of permeable cover ; contamination from septic effluent , sewer leaks , run - off , pesticides , and other sources ; predation by and competition with nonnative fire ants ; and vandalism . this action will implement federal protection provided by the act for these species . we based our decision on the best available information , including that received during public comment on the proposal to list these species .
effective date : the effective date of this rule is december 26 , 2000 .
addresses : the complete file for this rule is available for inspection , by appointment , during normal business hours at the austin ecological services field office , 10711 burnet road , suite 200 , austin , texas 78758 .
for further information contact : alisa shull , supervisory fish and wildlife biologist , austin ecological services field office ( telephone 512 / 490 - 0057 ; facsimile 512 / 490 - 0974 ) .
these nine invertebrates are obligate ( capable of surviving in only one environment ) karst or cave - dwelling species ( troglobites ) of local distribution in karst terrain in bexar county , texas . ` ` karst ' ' is a type of terrain in which the rock is dissolved by water so that much of the drainage occurs into the subsurface rather than as runoff . the subsurface drainage leads to passages or other openings within the underground rock formations . some of the features that develop in karst areas include cave openings , holes in rocks , cracks , fissures , and sinkholes .
habitat required by the nine karst invertebrate species consists of underground , honeycomb limestone that maintains high humidity and stable temperatures . the surface environment of karst areas is also an integral part of the habitat needed by the animals inhabiting the underground areas . openings to the surface allow energy and nutrients , in the form of leaf litter , surface insects , other animals , and animal droppings to enter the underground ecosystem . mammal feces provide a medium for the growth of fungi and , subsequently , localized population blooms of several species of tiny , hopping insects . these insects reproduce rapidly on rich food sources and may become prey for some predatory cave invertebrates ( service 1994 ) . while the life habits of the nine invertebrates are not well known , the species probably prey on the eggs , larvae , or adults of other cave invertebrates .
we funded a status survey ( veni 1994a ; reddell 1993 ) of all nine species through a grant to the texas parks and wildlife department ( tpwd ) under section 6 of the act . researchers obtained landowner permission to study and assess threats to 41 caves in north and northwest bexar county , texas . landowners denied permission to access an additional 36 caves that biologists believed likely to contain species of concern . researchers described all 77 caves , to some extent , before the status survey was conducted and some were already known to contain at least one of the nine invertebrates .
during the status survey , the researchers made a collection of the invertebrate fauna at each cave studied , assessed the condition of the cave environment and threats to the species , and collected geological data . they used this information to prepare two reports . one report discusses the overall karst geography in the san antonio region and the potential geologic and geographic barriers to karst invertebrate migration ( on an evolutionary time scale ) and limits to their distribution ( veni 1994a ) . the other report ( reddell 1993 ) details the fauna of each cave visited during the study and presents information obtained from invertebrate collections .
veni ' s ( 1994a ) report delineates six karst areas ( hereafter referred to as karst regions ) within bexar county . the karst regions he discusses are stone oak , utsa ( university of texas at san antonio ) , helotes , government canyon , culebra anticline , and alamo heights . the boundaries of these karst regions are geological or geographical features that may represent obstructions to troglobite movement ( on a geologic time scale ) which has resulted in the present - day distribution of endemic ( restricted in distribution ) karst invertebrates in the san antonio region .
batrisodes venyivi , the helotes mold beetle , is known from only three caves in the vicinity of helotes , texas , northwest of san antonio . two of these caves are located in the helotes karst region on private property . we do not have reliable information on the collection from the third cave . the collector of the specimen declined to give us a specific site collection record , but we believe it is located on private property .
rhadine exilis is known from 35 caves in north and northwest bexar county . twenty - one are located on department of defense ( dod ) land in the stone oak karst region . the remainder are distributed among the helotes , utsa , and stone oak karst regions , while one location lies in the government canyon region . one of the non - dod sites is located in a county road right - of - way , one is located in a state - owned natural area , and the remainder are located on private property . ongoing efforts by the dod to locate and inventory karst features on camp bullis and to document the karst fauna communities in caves on camp bullis resulted in discovery of 18 of the 35 caves mentioned above ( veni 1994b ; james reddell , pers . comm . 1997 ) .
rhadine infernalis is known from 25 caves . this species occurs in five of the six karst regions - - helotes , utsa , stone oak , culebra anticline , and government canyon . scientists have delineated three subspecies ( rhadine infernalis ewersi , rhadine infernalis infernalis , rhadine infernalis ssp . ) , and described and named two of these in scientific literature ( barr 1960 , barr and lawrence 1960 ) . in a recent report , scientists characterized the third subspecies as distinct , but not named ( reddell 1998 ) . only three caves , all on dod land , contain the subspecies rhadine infernalis ewersi . sixteen caves contain the subspecies rhadine infernalis infernalis and lie in the government canyon , helotes , utsa , and stone oak regions . six caves in the culebra anticline region contain the unnamed subspecies .
cicurina venii is known from only one cave , which is located on private property in the culebra anticline karst region . the species was collected in 1980 and 1983 , but the cave itself was not initially described until 1988 ( reddell 1993 ) . the cave entrance was filled during construction of a home in 1990 . without excavation , it is difficult to determine what effect this incident had on the species ; however , there may still be some nutrient input , from a reported small side passage .
cicurina baronia , the robber baron cave spider , is known only from robber baron cave in the alamo heights karst region . although the cave entrance is owned and operated by the texas cave management association , it is located in a heavily urbanized area .
cicurina madla , madla ' s cave spider , is known from six caves . one cave is within the government canyon karst region in government canyon state natural area , one is on dod land , three are located in the helotes karst region on private property , and one is located on private property in the utsa karst region .
biologists have found cicurina vespera , the vesper cave spider , in two caves . one cave is government canyon bat cave in the government canyon state natural area , and the other is a cave 5 miles northeast of helotes . the location and name of this latter cave have not been revealed to us , but we believe it is located on private property .
neoleptoneta microps is known only from the government canyon karst region , from two caves within government canyon state natural area .
in the course of conducting the 1993 status survey , veni contacted landowners and requested access to as many caves as possible that were believed to be potential habitat for the nine invertebrates . it is possible that these species occur in some of the caves that could not be visited and that new locations of the nine invertebrates will be discovered in the future . although these new discoveries may increase the number of locations where the species are found , they are expected to fall within the same general range and are expected to face the same threats as the known occurrences of these species . the listing of these species is not based on a demonstrable decline in the number of individuals or the number of known locations of each species , but rather on reliable evidence that each species is subject to threats to its continued existence throughout all or a significant portion of its range .