the gatekeeper or hedge brown ( pyronia tithonus ) is most commonly found in southern and eastern britain and coastal areas of south and south-east ireland .

it is also found in the channel islands , but not in scotland nor the isle of man .

given its preference for warmer weather , it can be assumed that the restriction of range expansion is due to climate .

colonies vary in size depending on the available habitat , and can range from a few dozen to several thousand butterflies .

gatekeeper ( butterfly )

meant for each other . great camourflage . the gatekeeper butterfly on a marigold .
there are 23 photographs of the gatekeeper in our stock photo library . view more photographs of the gatekeeper as a thumbnail gallery or as a slideshow .
pingback : garden pollinators for paw no . 4 – gatekeeper butterfly ( pyronia tithonus ) | jeff ollerton ' s biodiversity blog
the gatekeeper has a single brood , flying between mid - july and late august .
there are 14 named aberrant forms of the gatekeeper currently listed . find out more about aberrants
gatekeeper feeding on late season meadowsweet ( filipendula ulmaria ) . photo © c . young .
the once abundant gatekeeper has declined by 44 % since 1976 , despite its habitat not being threatened . photograph : mark searle / butterfly conservation
the gatekeeper butterfly can be found in a number of locations including : europe , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
the following habitats are found across the gatekeeper butterfly distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
corbet sa ( 2000 ) butterfly nectaring flowers : butterfly morphology and flower form . entomol exp appl 96 : 289–298
spot gatekeeper butterflies in grassland , hedgerows and along woodland rides throughout england and wales . ( photo : p . roper / wtml )
) listed and ranked “the 100 best butterfly nectar plants in order of attraction” . five of these are featured on the butterfly conservation website (
in total , gatekeeper has been recorded from 799 transects in the butterfly monitoring scheme . of these , annual indices of abundance have been calculated from 914 sites , with an average index of 176 individuals per site .
clearly , in order to exist in an urban setting the gatekeeper must have its basic requirements met by the habitat in which it finds itself .
scientists hope the data gathered will help solve riddles such as the mysterious decline of the once - common gatekeeper . despite its caterpillars feeding on common grasses , this abundant hedgerow butterfly has declined by 44 % since 1976 .
for 438 of these sites , gatekeeper has been recorded well enough to calculate annual indices of abundance in more years , allowing trends to be calculated .
butterflies have mesmerising qualities , heightened when they are complemented with equally flamboyant flowers . their names are endearing too , skipper , gatekeeper and painted lady .
the gatekeeper is a widespread and common butterfly in the southern half of britain and has extended its range northwards during recent years . if frequents lanes and hedgerows , woodland rides and scrubby downland and heaths where tall grasses occur .
we performed a principal components analysis ( pca ) of the butterfly visits to characterise the structure of the butterfly community’s choices of plant species . we used the
( 2007 ) new red list of british butterflies . butterfly conservation , wareham .
are enough to divert a bird attack away from the butterfly ' s body .
vickery ml ( 1998 ) gardening for butterflies . british butterfly conservation society , dorset
two monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) mating on the underside of a leaf .
the gatekeeper or hedge brown as many people prefer to call it is most often found as these names suggest in gateways and hedgerows . it is often seen in association with
the nbn gateway records are shown on the map right . ( see terms and conditions ) . more data is available on the gatekeeper on the nbn gateway web site .
the trend away from too much ‘tidying up’ in the countryside has boosted gatekeeper numbers – they need long grass and the kind of scrub that thrives when old woods regenerate .
butterfly teaches us that the soul is beautifully fragile and should be valued as such .
automeris bullseye moths , smerinthus eyed hawkmoths and the peacock butterfly inachis io . in others
drag and drop each butterfly onto the plant where its caterpillars are most commonly found .
) , although probably not all butterfly populations are nectar limited ( thomas et al .
uk butterfly monitoring scheme ( 2006 ) urltoken ( accessed february 7 , 2007 ) .
) have also found that warmer spring weather is associated with earlier butterfly flight timing .
get it right and the butterfly stays there , get it wrong and it flies back .
widespread in britain except northern scotland . the peacock butterfly lays its eggs on stinging nettles .
asher j , fox r , warren ms . british butterfly distributions and the 2010 target .
britain ' s most striking butterfly , the swallowtail , with its fanned tails and distinctive red spots has suffered the largest decline with numbers down 65 % since 2014 . the gatekeeper , once a common sight in the countryside , has also experienced a decline ( 44 % ) .
wijnandr93 and claudias , a close competition , but i think bayucca has come up with the correct id . now i have 3 varieties of gatekeeper ! thank you all for your input .
the butterfly conservation is not entirely sure why the uk is experiencing a butterfly decline but they think it might be due to climate change altering their habitats and the increased use of pesticides .
not a new post , but a post about raising monarchs from egg to butterfly . . urltoken
richard fox of butterfly conservation on denbies hillside , surrey . photograph : sonja horsman for the observer
the role of the north atlantic oscillation in controlling u . k . butterfly population size and phenology
the old - gold gatekeeper got its name patrolling hedges , verges and woodland rides – aided , you might fancy , by the sharp black eyespots on its forewings , which have two white pupils .
so far , early results from this year’s survey suggest the comma butterfly – which has been spreading northwards for years – is continuing to thrive in higher and higher latitudes while the gatekeeper butterfly , which is found in the southern half of england and has declined by 44 % in abundance recently , may now be seeing an increase in numbers . common whites , by contrast , continue to suffer declines .
* large white , speckled wood , small white , holly blue , red admiral , cinnabar , large skipper , meadow brown , peacock , gatekeeper , comma , brimstone , orange tip , small tortoiseshell .
the gatekeeper is a common species of sheltered grassland such as adjacent to scrub , along hedgerows , woodland edges and rides where its larvae feed on a range of fine and medium - leaved grasses . the butterfly is expanding its range in britain . ( for further details on this species see urltoken ) .
) which included information on its assembly . however , even this list provides little information on how its recommendations were derived , or which butterfly species are attracted to which plants . one of butterfly conservation’s (
2 . go on to the garden butterfly survey website and log your results on a regular basis .
the lifecycle and flight charts should be regarded as approximate guides to the gatekeeper in britain . specific lifecycle states , adult emergence and peak flight times vary from year to year due to variations in weather conditions .
matson ck , murphy mw , griswold md , yoshida s , bardwell vj , et al . the mammalian doublesex homolog dmrt1 is a transcriptional gatekeeper that controls the mitosis versus meiosis decision in male germ cells .
and that ' s where we come in . the butterfly conservation need our help to get to the bottom of this butterfly mystery so that they can determine what we need to do to up the numbers .
common in britain except parts of scotland . the small copper butterfly lays its eggs on docks and sorrels .
our results show that butterfly species composition varied greatly among ornamental garden flowers . each plant attracted only a subset of the butterfly community and no one plant was attractive to the majority of species . this was epitomised by
the analysis so far has concentrated on the effect of the winter nao on butterfly abundance , based on collated indices . however , the nao may also affect the timing , or phenology , of butterfly flight periods .
wallisdevries mf , van swaay cam . global warming and excess nitrogen may induce butterfly decline by microclimatic cooling .
common in england , wales and parts of ireland . caterpillars of the brimstone butterfly live on the buckthorn tree .
download our handy butterfly chart or free app for ios and android to identify and record the butterflies you spot .
such are the discomforts of involvement in the big butterfly count . the national survey has seen thousands of members of the british public counting butterfly species across the nation . it has been a damp and cold process on occasion .
a butterfly’s average life span is about a month , although smaller butterflies will usually only live about a week .
common in england and wales . the orange tip butterfly lays its eggs on garlic mustard and lady ' s smock .
to record butterfly activity , i used a hybrid of several established butterfly recording approaches . recording time frames and environmental limitations were adopted from pollard and yates ' s ( 1993 ) standard butterfly monitoring scheme ( bms ) transect method . the practicalities of recording the movements of an individual visitor were adapted from the botanic garden method used by wood and samways ( 1991 ) , and the method for recording and transcribing observations of butterfly behavior was adapted from dover ( 1989 ) .
united kingdom butterfly monitoring scheme . 2010 . ) [ www document ] . url urltoken [ accessed on march 2011 ]
unlike the meadow brown , the gatekeeper has orange patches on both fore and rear wings . it also has the double white pupils in the eye spot which distinguishes it from both meadow brown and small heath ( which only have one ) .
the gatekeeper has gold wings on a brown background . the black eye spot on the upper wings has two characteristic white ' pupils ' . this butterfly spends much of its time basking with wings open , when the sexes are easy to tell apart - only the male has the distinctive sex brands on the forewings ( dark smudgy patches on the orange upperwings ) .
the gatekeeper occurs anywhere where tall grasses grow close to hedges trees or scrub , especially along hedgerows and woodland rides where there is a plentiful nectar source . it tends to avoid open grassland with short vegetation and areas where bramble does not occur .
this butterfly is relatively stable in terms of both distribution and population and it is not currently a species of conservation concern .
the common blue butterfly occurs in most areas of britain and ireland . the caterpillars feed on bird ' s foot trefoil .
1 . when you get the chance , monitor any butterfly activity in your garden throughout the year and make a note .
4 . the nao influences the timing of u . k . butterfly flight seasons more strongly than it influences population size .
westgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef . the north atlantic oscillation and u . k . butterfly populations .
however , had the highest diversity of butterfly visits as it attracted more even numbers of pieridae and nymphalinae . plant rank ( vickery
there are 59 species of butterfly and 2 , 500 species of moth in the uk . they are found from shorelines to mountain tops , in all habitats . butterfly caterpillars feed mainly on plants , but some moth species feed on roots , lichens and algae .
the signs are good this year with butterfly spotters reporting “clouds of butterflies” on nature reserves and meadows in southern england , according to fox . marbled whites and ringlets are particularly numerous and some regular butterfly recorders have counted 1 , 000 butterflies on their weekly counts .
this butterfly is found throughout most of england and wales , being common in the south of its range and becoming scarcer further north .
all data were collected between 09 : 00 and 18 : 00 in from 8 to 13 august 2013 during dry , sunny weather at temperatures of 17–25 °c with zero or light wind when butterflies were most likely to be active . the survey was carried out during the period of the big butterfly count , an annual citizen science and participation survey organized by butterfly conservation in the uk ( big butterfly count
1 . the north atlantic oscillation ( nao ) exerts considerable control on u . k . weather . this study investigates the impact of the nao on butterfly abundance and phenology using 34 years of data from the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) .
example 2 - the two butterflies known to early entomologists as the selvedged heath eye and the golden heath eye were later discovered to be the male and female of a single species which was initially called the gatekeeper but is now called the small heath . the original name gatekeeper is now applied to an entirely different species which has variously been known as the hedge brown , hedge eye and large heath . the name large heath however is now used for an entirely different species that was previously known as the manchester argus , or marsh ringlet !
[ … ] the end of each month the transmutational garden hosts a butterfly bucket list event . it is a great excuse [ … ]
which was visited predominantly by satyrine but not nymphaline species , with little overlap between the two plants . for example , the peacock butterfly ,
wallisdevries mf , swaay camv ( 2012 ) changes in nectar supply : a possible cause of widespread butterfly decline . curr zool 20 : 384–391
dover , j . w . 1989 . a method for recording and transcribing observations of butterfly behaviour . entomologists ' gazette 40 : 95–100 .
gatekeeper butterflies take to the wing in the height of summer when blackberry flowers are at their best . the nectar provides a valuable food source for these butterflies , which are commonly found around hedgerows and field gates , giving a clue to the origin of their common names : gatekeeper and hedge brown . the males have a dark brown patch of scent - producing scales on the forewing , used to attract females during courtship . gatekeepers are common and widespread in europe , and the british isles has its own subspecies ( britanniae ) . how to identify common garden butterflies .
it is found around the coast as far north as southern scotland . inland , it is more widespread in northern england and southern scotland . it is a similar size and colour to the gatekeeper , but the wall is much more heavily patterned and sometimes confused with small fritillary butterflies .
crow has many spiritual gifts and abilities . across global cultures they are seen as tricksters , prophets , messengers , warriors , guardians and creator spirit . crow invites the energy of magic , of personal transformation and because he feeds on death , is a gatekeeper of the spirit world .
) . the aim was not to compare overall attractiveness to butterflies , but to determine differences among plant species in the butterfly species they attract .
it is important for scientists investigating wildlife gardening disseminate their findings in order to assist the gardening public in encouraging wildlife . the use of citizen science is one possible route to achieving this , and much infrastructure is already in place . butterfly conservation’s most recent survey , the big butterfly count (
haddad , n . 2000 . corridor length and patch colonization by a butterfly , junonia coenia . conservation biology 14 ( 3 ) : 738–745 .
the nao influenced the timing , or phenology , of the butterfly flight season for all six species studied in detail . the peak flight weeks for
welcome to my butterfly bucket list for july 2015 . this month i’m highlighting the pearl crescent ( phyciodes tharos ) , a small butterfly that’s been flitting about in my garden since late spring . its average wingspan is about 1 . 5 inches ( approximately 3 . 8 cm ) . the pearl crescent is an orange and black butterfly , colors which appear to be very common in this part of the country as far as butterflies are concerned !
the ukbms is based on a well - established and enjoyable recording method listed above and has produced important insights into almost all aspects of butterfly ecology .
this pearl crescent butterfly looks like he may have escaped the clutches of a predator at one point . he’s lost bits and pieces of his wings .
) . lack of an adequate nectar supply is potentially a limiting factor to butterfly populations and has been linked to population declines ( murphy et al .
and other european species of large blue butterfly . in : pullin as ( ed ) ecology and conservation of butterflies , springer , netherlands . pp 180–197
almost every garden has a patch of grass that could feed up to nine species of our commoner local butterfly caterpillars and maybe 40 moth species’ caterpillars .
figure 5 : all butterfly visit flight paths in the observation season of 2000 . distinct corridors of activity are noticeable both across and along the garden .
in our garden in newquay , we have seen this summer : large white , speckled wood , small white , holly blue , red admiral , meadow brown , peacock , gatekeeper , comma , small tortoiseshell , common blue , wall and humming - bird hawk moth ( i know , not a butterfly ) . suburban , i guess , rather than urban . i grow as many plants as i can to attract pollinators ; we have a lot of buff - tailed , carder , and red tailed bumblebees ; many hover flies , wasps etc . not many of each kind of butterfly , but some .
the gatekeeper is also known by the name hedge brown , and at various stages in history has been called ' small meadow brown ' , ' hedge eye ' and ' large heath ' - the latter name now being applied to a different species coenonympha tullia . for more information see british vernacular names .
mevi - schütz j , erhardt a ( 2005 ) amino acids in nectar enhance butterfly fecundity : a long - awaited link . am nat 165 : 411–419
peacock butterfly on blackthorn flowers , which provide an excellent nectar supply early in the year . the leaves are the foodplant of several species of garden moth .
brereton t , roy db , middlebrook i , botham m , warren m . the development of butterfly indicators in the united kingdom and assessments in 2010 .
as its english names suggest , the gatekeeper ( also known as the hedge brown ) is often encountered where clumps of flowers grow in gateways and along hedgerows and field edges . it is often seen together with the meadow brown and ringlet , from which it is easily distinguished when basking or nectaring with open wings .
since moving into our house in january 2012 i’ve been keeping a list of butterflies and day - flying moths seen in the garden ( as well as birds and bees , of course ) . that list currently contains 14 species * , one of the most interesting of which is the gatekeeper ( pyronia tithonus ) .
along the wild , pristine coast , ugo was taking landscape images of the area he grew up in . glancing down to look for an interesting foreground he saw a splash of pale orange among the white salt crystals of a small rock pool . it was a southern gatekeeper butterfly , mummified by the highly concentrated salt water and entombed in a coffin of salt . these salt deposits form in rocky crevices along the coast . the seawater pools there during rough weather , then evaporates under the strong summer sun , leaving layers of crystallised salt . this female butterfly likely fell , exhausted , and became trapped by the surface tension of the water .
every known taxon is designated a binomial ( two - word ) name derived from latin or greek roots . an example is the common blue butterfly polyommatus icarus :
) . therefore , the six species peak at different times and hence should provide an indication of how the nao affects butterfly populations throughout the spring and summer .
butterflies such as the meadow brown , gatekeeper and the essex skipper can be spotted among the grasses , especially in the junction where the longer grasses meet the shorter . the more modern grasses such as italian rye are not the grasses they need , rather the native grasses such as timothy , the fescues , foxtails and quaking grass .
butterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered in england no . 2206468 . registered charity no . 254937 .
a butterfly starts life as a very small egg usually laid on leaves . when the egg hatches , the emerging caterpillar will eat the leaf it is on . as soon as it has finished growing , it forms a pupa or chrysalis . the old body parts of the caterpillar undergo metamorphosis and become parts of the future butterfly .
butterfly life history information , including the typical number of generations per year and the usual months when adults fly , was obtained from pollard and yates ( 1993 ) .
westgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef , roy db . mechanisms for the control of u . k . butterfly abundance by the north atlantic oscillation .
. of these three butterflies , the gatekeeper is probably the most attractive with its bright orange / brown wings fringed with a wide earthy / grey brown and distinctive black and white eyespot . the colour and patterning of the wings can be very variable and there are several named aberrations . they are particularly fond of feeding on bramble and ragwort .
the gatekeeper may be confused with the duller meadow brown , but is distinguished by the notably brighter colouring with distinctive orange and chocolate patterning on both wings , its twin white dots in the eye spots of the forewings , and the uneven line of white spots on the underside hindwing . the male has a bold dark scent brand across each forewing .
butterfly aberrations occur for a variety of reasons , generally , extreme temperature changes especially while the butterfly is developing during the pupal ( chrysalis ) stage may cause aberrations to occur . very cold conditions can produce very dark forms of some species while heat shock ( sudden temperature changes or extreme temperature ) may cause dramatic changes in wing pattern and colouration .
helenor which has a brilliant iridescent blue upperside that makes it highly visible to predators as well as to potential mates . if alarmed , the butterfly will immediately land , snapping it ' s wings shut so that only the dark brown underside is visible . after landing however there is always the possibility that it might be spotted at rest by a pursuing bird , so then the secondary decoy - ocelli defence may help the butterfly to escape by diverting the birds beak away from the butterfly ' s body and towards the wing edges .
roy db , rothery p , moss d , pollard e , thomas ja . butterfly numbers and weather : predicting historical trends in abundance and the future effects of climate change .
2 . the study uses a multi - species indicator to show that the nao does not affect overall u . k . butterfly population size . however , the abundance of bivoltine butterfly species , which have longer flight seasons , were found to be more likely to respond positively to the nao compared with univoltine species , which show little or a negative response .
i’m especially intrigued by the butterfly’s antennae . the colors seem to alternate black and white . they’re very attractive ! they also come in very handy . according to gardens with wings :
with the free smartphone app for big butterfly count you can carry out and submit your count all in one go while out and about watching butterflies . available for ios and android .
“we find that what looks like a good year nowadays is only an average year back in the 1980s , ” warned richard fox of butterfly conservation , which runs the annual survey .
butterfly dispersal is related to habitat quality between sites . populations separated by more suitable habitat tend to show increased similarity in the yearly fluctuations in butterfly population counts . powney et al . ( 2011 ) in methods in ecology and evolution ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 2041 - 210x . 2011 . 00098 . x ) + video ? ( urltoken )
an attacking bird always tries to anticipate the escape route of it ' s prey , so it aims it ' s attack at a point fractionally in front of the head . the false head fools the bird into aiming behind the butterfly instead . the butterfly then darts off in the opposite direction to that which the bird expects , and makes it ' s escape .
this is actually a page i have at the top of the blog . i never raised a butterfly until 2011 and haven’t raised many . but there is something magical about it . .
curtis rj , brereton tm , dennis rlh , carbone c , isaac njb ( 2015 ) . butterfly abundance is determined by food availability and is mediated by species traits . j appl ecol
o’brien dm , boggs cl , fogel ml ( 2004 ) making eggs from nectar : the role of life history and dietary carbon turnover in butterfly reproductive resource allocation . oikos 105 : 279–291
westgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef , roy db . the north atlantic oscillation and u . k . butterfly life cycles , pigmentation , morphology , behaviour and conservation .
landscape structure affects the recovery of butterfly populations after extreme events . the ringlet butterfly shows population crashes after severe droughts . these crashes are reduced , and the recovery thereafter increased , in larger and more connected patches of woodland habitat . oliver et al . ( 2012 ) in ecography ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1600 - 0587 . 2012 . 07665 . x )
( rottemburg ) were less abundant , both making up less than 0 . 02 % of individuals . similarly , six of the plant species received over 95 % of butterfly visits ( fig .
polus e , vandewoestijne s , choutt j , baguette m ( 2007 ) tracking the effects of one century of habitat loss and fragmentation on calcareous grassland butterfly communities . biodivers conserv 16 : 3423–3436
“what is encouraging is the number of people who take part in the big butterfly count , ” said fox . “a total of 189 , 000 have been involved at various times . not only does the count they provide give us great data , but the involvement of these people raises public awareness of the plight of the butterfly – and that is becoming more and more important . ”
butterflies and moths are one of the most threatened wildlife groups in the uk . in the past 150 years , nearly 70 species have become extinct : 4 butterfly species and 65 moth species .
clouds of butterflies have been sighted in southern britain this summer but wildlife lovers are being urged to help scientifically assess whether our insects are really bouncing back by joining the world’s largest butterfly survey .
blair , r . b . , and a . e . launer . 1997 . butterfly diversity and human land use : species assemblages along an urban gradient . biological conservation 80 : 113–125 .
butterfly data for 1976–2009 are available as a multi - species annual collated index , calculated from u . k . abundance data for 49 species ( brereton et al . , 2011 ) and annual collated indices for each species . these collated indices are calculated from all ukbms sites in the u . k . and represent a national annual index of abundance . weekly butterfly counts are also available for each ukbms transect site ( u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme , 2010 ) . the peak flight week is the week in the national dataset during which the greatest number of butterflies is seen .
our study was limited in scope given the time period over which it was conducted . furthermore , the first two principal components explained 34 . 8 % of the variation , a relatively low amount , suggesting resource use outside of our study plants . however , our results show clear patterns consistent with the existing data on butterfly nectar use . the short time span makes the data easier to interpret and removes interactions such as a plant which bloomed early being visited by a butterfly which is on the wing early . further research is needed , both to bolster our conclusions with regards to butterfly nectaring and how gardens can provide other butterfly resources such as larval host plants and shelter . in particular , it is important to investigate the role gardens can play in helping rarer , more specialist butterflies .
as our knowledge grows and relationships between different taxa are more clearly understood it sometimes becomes necessary for a butterfly to be reclassified under a different genus , or even under a different subfamily or family .
) , ornamental flowers are likely to be of less value . for example , it would be unrealistic for gardeners to attempt to create the unique set of environmental conditions suitable for the large blue butterfly (
marney ' s perfect wildlife and butterfly garden will shortly be on full public view . she is creating her idyllic garden with an office in it for the 2011 chelsea flowers show ( see urltoken ) .
see which butterflies and moths other people have spotted near you and across the uk on our big butterfly count 2018 results map . you can also read all the analysis and results of the 2017 count .
) . in effect , the nao index is a synthesis of a range of weather features that interact to affect organisms . the nao exerts most of its control on weather before the butterfly flight season (
the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) was piloted in monks wood in cambridgeshire , u . k . , during 1973–1975 , and was then extended nationally from 1976 to include a steadily expanding number of survey sites in the u . k . the monitoring technique involves walking a standardised line transect on a weekly basis from the start of april to the end of september when weather conditions are suitable for butterfly activity . all butterflies seen by the observer in a strip 5 m wide are identified and counted ( pollard & yates , 1993 ; u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme , 2010 ) .
schneider , c . , and g . fry . 2005 . estimating the consequences of land - use changes on butterfly diversity in a marginal agricultural landscape in sweden . journal of nature conservation 13 : 247–256 .
what triggered this alarm was the fact that in england the summer of 2016 had been warmer and drier than average – conditions that tend to boost butterfly populations . instead their numbers dropped dramatically , with once common garden butterflies , such as the small tortoiseshell , declining by 47 % compared with the previous year , and the peacock butterfly falling by 42 % . given previous drops in numbers , these new figures are especially disturbing .
ruszczyk , a . , and a . m . de araujo . 1992 . gradients in butterfly species diversity in an urban area in brazil . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) : 255–264 .
the conservation want us to help them get a better idea of our country ' s butterfly population by submitting our own sightings . this will reveal whether our gardens can offer this magnificent creature a much needed home .
climate change is affecting u . k . butterfly populations ; the northern distribution limits of some species are moving northwards ( asher et al . , 2001 , 2011 ; hill et al . , 2002 ) and most species are flying earlier ( sparks & yates , 1997 ; roy & sparks , 2000 ) . it is predicted that projected climate change may cause future population changes ( roy et al . , 2001 ) . insects are excellent organisms through which to investigate the influence of weather as they are poikilothermic and are therefore strongly influenced by climatic conditions . the present study investigates the effect of the north atlantic oscillation ( nao ) on butterfly ecology , using data from the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( 2010 ) , which currently contains 16 . 4 million butterfly records and is one of the best long - term biodiversity datasets in the world .
as to the cause , biologists believe they have now identified a new threat to the butterfly : warm winters . britain experienced a particularly mild few months in 2015 - 16 . “it was one of the warmest winters on record and we now believe that the unseasonably high temperatures had a grim impact on butterfly larvae , pupae and overwintering adults , ” said fox . “that is probably why we saw such bad figures last year . ”
meadow brown , gatekeeper and marbled white all bred in 2016 but i suspect small heath didn ' t , although it has in the past . my ' tiny ' wildflower meadow plays a very small part in the complex of grass meadows that surround our garden and with these meadows evolving ( in ways which i won ' t go into in this article ) we may well lose small heath as a breeding species . we shall see .
six butterfly species were chosen to investigate the association between the nao and peak flight week . data for these species were available and of sufficiently high quality throughout the entire time period studied . these included four univoltine species : anthocharis cardamines ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) ( orange tip ) ; melanargia galathea ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( marbled white ) ; aphantopus hyperantus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( ringlet ) ; and pyronia tithonus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( gatekeeper or hedge brown ) . the other two species were bivoltine : lasiommata megera ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( wall brown ) ; and polyommatus icarus ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) ( common blue ) .
dennis , r . l . h . 2004 . butterfly habitats , broad - scale biotope affiliations , and structural exploitation of vegetation at finer scales : the matrix revisited . ecological entomology 29 ( 6 ) : 744–752 .
vanreusel , w . , and h . van dyck . 2007 . when functional habitat does not match vegetation types : a resource - based approach to map butterfly habitat . biological conservation 135 ( 2 ) : 202–211 .
observing butterfly behaviour often reveals the answer to such riddles . the swallowtail normally rests with it ' s wings closed , but if it is disturbed it suddenly flicks them open in exactly the same manner as adopted by the peacock and other ocelli - equipped species such as bullseye silkmoths or eyed hawkmoths . furthermore , when alarmed the butterfly often moves the outspread wings in a jerky and almost threatening motion , as if to deliberately draw attention to itself .
to enhance a garden’s value as a nectar source for butterflies , our results indicate that planting multiple plant varieties which attract distinct subsets of the butterfly community would be beneficial . at its most basic this could be to plant both
the butterfly conservation is calling upon us gardeners to help boost the population of winged insects living in the areas around our homes because , although we are a nation of horticulturalists , it seems we know very little about butterflies .
) . one pivotal resource is floral nectar , which is the primary energy source for adults of most butterfly species and can enhance reproduction as nectar amino acids may compensate for a nutrient - poor larval diet ( o’brien et al .
a total of 2659 lepidoptera visits were recorded in the study , made by 14 butterfly and one moth species ( see supplementary table a for a full summary ) . the recorded species are relatively common , and with the exception of
wood , p . a . , and m . j . samways . 1991 . landscape element pattern and continuity of butterfly flight paths in an ecologically landscaped botanic garden , natal , south africa . biological conservation 58 : 149–166 .
temperature had a greater effect on flight timing than precipitation . warmer temperatures during the period april–july resulted in the earlier flight of all six species of butterfly ; temperatures in later months are associated with later flying species . previous studies (
in the uk butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) , annual data on the population status of butterflies is derived from a wide - scale program of site - based monitoring and sampling in randomly selected 1km squares . the sampling framework comprises : ( 1 ) weekly butterfly transects ( pollard walks ) ; ( 2 ) reduced effort surveys of habitat specialist species ( including timed counts of adults , single species transects , and egg and larval counts ) ; and ( 3 ) the wider countryside butterfly survey ( wcbs ) . the resulting ukbms dataset is one of the most important resources for understanding changes in insect populations and answering policy questions relating to status and trends in biodiversity . . . [ more ]
heikkinen , r . k . , m . luoto , m . kuussaari , and t . toivonen . in press . modelling the spatial distribution of a threatened butterfly : impacts of scale and statistical technique . landscape and urban planning .
) , which makes it potentially more useful than mean annual temperature to explain butterfly ecology because mean annual temperature is the mean of temperatures over all 12 months , including months that come later in the year after butterflies have finished flying .
flight seasons of four univoltine butterfly species , anthocharis cardamines , melanargia galathea , aphantopus hyperantus and pyronia tithonus , and two bivoltine species , lasiommata megera and polyommatus icarus . data show the annual mean number of each species counted per week at all u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) sites for 1976–2009 . the week numbers are those used by the ukbms and thus week 1 is the first week of april and week 14 is the first week of july .
found where tall grasses grow close to hedges , trees or scrub . typical habitats are along hedgerows and in woodland rides . the butterfly can also occur in habitats such as ; undercliffs , heathland and downland where there are patches of scrub .
if butterfly has come into your life , it is because you are undergoing a transformation . the period between life changes are usually chaotic , stagnant or in some way markedly uncanny . accept butterfly medicine and try to be still as the world passes , the more we can passively accept the situations we face the easier we move from them . the old self , emotional and mental is dying , becoming a mere cocoon while the soul regenerates and will fly into the summer sunshine .
often the frightening effect of diematic markings is only temporary . having gotten over the initial shock a bird may resume it ' s attack . in such circumstances the ocelli on the butterfly ' s wings take on a secondary defence role , diverting
the overall effect is to create the illusion of a
false head
, and to give the butterfly a back - to - front appearance . this is further enhanced by the butterfly ' s habit of immediately turning to face the other way as soon as it lands on a flower or leaf . it is also likely to dip it ' s real head , and raise the false head . periodically , it oscillates the hindwings , causing the false - antennae tails to wriggle .
sutcliffe , o . l . , v . bakkestuen , g . fry , and o . e . stabbetorp . 2003 . modelling the benefits of farmland restoration : methodology and application to butterfly movement . landscape and urban planning 63 : 15–31 .
the aims of the present study were to investigate whether the nao influences butterfly abundance and phenology , and whether there is an interaction with life history variables , including the number of generations and duration of flight season . the study sought to establish whether it is possible to identify a mechanism whereby weather associated with the nao in specific months influences butterfly phenology and , if so , whether the mechanism differs for univoltine ( one generation per year ) and bivoltine ( two generations per year ) species .
hypothesise that climate warming combined with high nitrogen deposition can advance spring plant growth , leading to microclimatic cooling , which can affect butterfly species that hibernate as eggs or larvae . such suggestions indicate that the relationship between weather and butterflies can be complex .
personal experience in the field has shown that some aberrant forms occur where butterflies appear to have deformed / damaged wings as a result of the pupa becoming damaged as the butterfly developed inside or by a minor bacterial / fungal infection during the pupal stage .
according to research conducted by the wildlife charity , 76 % of common butterfly species have suffered widespread decline across the countryside over the last 40 years . the results of their most recent survey hope to determine if this trend applies to our gardens too .
forister ml , mccall ac , sanders nj , fordyce ja , thorne jh , o’brien j , waetjen dp , shapiro am ( 2010 ) compounded effects of climate change and habitat alteration shift patterns of butterfly diversity . proc natl acad sci usa 107 : 2088–2092
the big butterfly count begins on friday with reports of an unusually good year for butterflies but ecologists warn this could be a mistaken perception , and 2017 is simply a modest improvement on last summer – the fourth worst year for butterflies since scientific monitoring began .
september is the last month of the year when butterflies are counted by the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme and thus the table runs from october of the previous year ( dataset for 1975–2008 ) to september of the current year ( dataset for 1976–2009 ) .
your personal guide to british butterflies . this 8 - panel laminated chart is designed for speedy butterfly identification in the field . ideal for anyone interested in identifying butterflies , perfect for children and adults and ideal for outdoor use , laminated , shower - proof and robust .
the origin of scientific names varies enormously . some species are named after greek gods , some are named after the place where the butterfly was discovered or named in honour of some eminent entomologist . names can also be descriptive of the colour , pattern or wing shape .
no one plant was good at attracting all species of butterflies . buddleia , the “butterfly bush” , attracted mostly the large and brightly coloured nymphalines , but few other species . would buddleia have received its reputation and name if it attracted the same subset of brown satyrines which visit origanum ? to attract common species of butterflies , a vast variety of plants is probably not required . rather , a few good varieties which collectively attract the majority of butterfly species . in britain during summer , buddleia , origanum and eupatorium would be a good start .
colonisation of newly restored habitats has been shown to take several years , and is related to a species’ mobility and diet , with less mobile species and those with localised host plants taking longest . models have shown the potential importance of –landscape - versus site - scale conservation . habitat heterogeneity has been show to be important for enhancing and stabilising butterfly populations . the habitat connecting butterfly populations affects species’ ability to disperse to new sites and their ability to recovery after population crashes ( e . g . caused by extreme events such as drought ) .
the chart ( s ) above have been correlated with the phenology plot below , taken from the uk butterfly monitoring scheme . the blue line gives average counts over the full data set from 1976 to date , and the red line gives the average for the last year .
the scheme has monitored changes in the abundance of butterflies throughout the united kingdom since 1976 . forty years later , trends in butterfly populations were compiled from a network of over 4 , 000 locations across all years , with nearly 2 , 500 sample locations monitored in 2015 .
example 1 - the butterfly known in britain as the camberwell beauty has in past times been called the grand surprise , the willow beauty and the white petticoat . in the usa it is called the mourning cloak . in europe it has common names in several different languages .
the total abundance of common butterfly species has fallen by a quarter since monitoring began in 1976 , with drastic declines for once - familiar butterflies such as small tortoiseshells , peacocks and gatekeepers . recent research has also revealed pronounced declines in urban butterflies over the past 20 years .
for participants in the big butterfly count – where people take 15 minutes to count butterflies in their local park , woodland or garden – the sightings offer hope that they will count more than in 2016 , which was the worst year in the seven - year count’s history .
croxton , p . j . , j . p . hann , j . n . greatorex - davies , and t . h . sparks . 2005 . linear hotspots ? the floral and butterfly diversity of green lanes . biological conservation 121 ( 4 ) : 579–584 .
dover , j . w . , and g . l . a . fry . 2001 . experimental simulation of some visual and physical components of a hedge and the effects on butterfly behaviour in an agricultural landscape . entomologia experimentalis et applicata 100 ( 2 ) : 221–233 .
“can be found wherever shrubs grow close to rough grassland . ……some of the largest colonies can be found at field edges and along hedgerows and we can expect to find this butterfly in scrubby grassland , woodland rides , country lanes , hedgerows and the like anywhere within its range” .
cant , e . t . , a . d . smith , d . r . reynolds , and j . l . osborne . 2005 . tracking butterfly flight paths across the landscape with harmonic radar . proceedings of the royal society b 272 ( 1565 ) : 785–790 .
wiklund , c . , karlsson , b . and leimar , o . ( 2001 ) . sexual conflict and cooperation in butterfly reproduction : a comparative study of polyandry and female fitness . proc . r . soc . lond . ( b ) 268 : 1661 - 667 .
it seems likely therefore that the pattern acts either to make the butterfly appear too large to eat , or that it simply confuses the bird - causing it ' s eyes to wander all over the pattern while the bird tries to fathom out what it all means - is it edible ? is it dangerous ? is it small enough to eat ? which bit of it should i aim my beak at ? the bird may be so confused that it decides to abandon the attack , or the attack may simply be delayed long enough to allow the butterfly to escape .
choose a place and spot butterflies and moths for 15 minutes . good places include your garden , a park , or in a wood . use our id chart to make a note of which species you see . click to watch a video of nick baker introduce the big butterfly count .
i had joined richard fox of butterfly conservation , which runs the big count , on thursday to try to spot silver - spotted skippers , a relatively rare species that has recently bucked long - term decline and enjoyed a revival in numbers on southern england’s chalkland heaths . we saw none .
these results are broadly comparable to the data found in peter hardy’s butterfly database ( university of staffordshire , accessed 09 / 09 / 2015 ) which contains over 13 , 000 butterfly feeding records . considering visits to our 11 plant species , 81 % of peacock butterflies were observed on buddleia versus only 1 . 5 % on origanum . by contrast 15 % of gatekeepers were observed on buddleia ( 0 % in the present study ) but was still more common on origanum ( 23 % ) despite there being far more records made on buddleia than origanum in the database as a whole .


cyprinus fuxianensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus cyprinus .

the species is only known from fuxian lake in yunnan .

it has been impacted by habitat degradation , overfishing , and introduced species .

it has declined by over 80 % in the past 21 years .

it was not recorded in a survey in 1995 ; iucn considers it as critically endangered and possibly extinct .

cyprinus fuxianensis

cyprinus fuxianensis is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus cyprinus .
order : cypriniformes family : cyprinidae genus : cyprinus species : cyprinus fuxianensis authority : yang et al . , 1977
the following term was not found in genome : cyprinus fuxianensis [ orgn ] .
c . fuxianensis is endemic to fuxian lake ( 198 km² ) , yunan provence , china .
fuxian lake is heavily impacted by overfishing and pollution from domestic and industrial sources , which became major threats in the 1980s . tourism is one of the major industries around the lake . cyprinus carpio was introduced into the lake in the 1980s to improve fishery catches , and has hybridised with and outcompeted c . fuxanensis .
c . fuxianensis is very rare , possibly extinct , in the lake since population declines as a result of competition and hybridisation with introduced species , overfishing and pollution . during survey work in 1995 no specimens were caught ( f . fang , pers . comm . ) . it is suspected that the population has declined by over 80 % in the past 21 years .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
it is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
is endemic to fuxian lake ( 198 km ) , yunan provence , china .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
luo , y . and p . yue ( 2000 ) cyprinidae : cyprininae . : p . 391 - 433 . in p . yue et al . ( eds ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes iii . science press . beijing . 1 - 661 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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appias ada , the rare albatross , is a butterfly of the family pieridae .

it is found on the moluccas , new guinea , indonesia and in australia and the solomon islands .

appias ada

maggie whitson selected
appias lyncida
to show in overview on
appias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )
.
maggie whitson set
image of appias lyncida
as an exemplar on
appias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )
.
maggie whitson added the english common name
chocolate albatross ( butterfly )
to
appias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )
.
maggie whitson marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
appias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )
.
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f105413 - 953d - 4407 - 98e7 - 138e58e925bd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4d6d0115 - 28a2 - 4248 - b3ea - 9a92fa0f2d95
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9cfdb039 - a41f - 459a - bfa9 - 0819530c5960
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba201eaf - 326a - 46fb - a50a - 5b2ada03eec8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d8e687e6 - 6cdb - 42f2 - b6f7 - ab7d4fc0b371
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 28d13af8 - ae46 - 4cb2 - 88aa - ec33ba75c0cb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 258103
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29a6f6d0 - c595 - 4641 - 9879 - 77bb996fd717
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find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
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the caterpillar of this species is bluish - green and covered in small blue tubercles . it has a yellow line along the back . it grows to a length of about 3 . 5 cms . it feeds only on young shoots of :
the adult butterflies of this species have a wingspan of about 5 cms . the upper surfaces of the forewings are white , each with a black
and black spots along the margins . the hindwings are pale yellow with black margins .
the undersides of the males and females are very similar . the undersides forewings are white with a black
the eggs are laid singly on young shoots of a foodplant . they are spindle shaped , and initially white but changing to orange as they near hatching . they have a height of about 0 . 1 cm .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 07e14312 - 8b32 - 47d2 - a80b - 51c760820905
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e9ee450 - 417a - 4278 - b316 - 4c711b9f6d77
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b2f2ba2 - 1a52 - 4b37 - 89a2 - 424d2f8147ec
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac1bcb7a - 4b55 - 4f29 - b8b1 - dcf1585ef0b6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ca7f3a92 - 0bca - 458a - 8525 - ac83a290f488
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e412382e - d7d9 - 4add - 88e0 - 1ac03bcca722
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 45adc42c - e61b - 49c1 - b0b1 - f1c4f17d76d0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 307998
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[ home ] [ catalogue ] [ rarities & aberrations ] [ new arrivals ] [ quantity list ] [ terms & contacts ] [ info updates ] [ events ] [ links ] [ about us ] copyright © 2001 - 2012 thorne ' s insect shoppe ltd . . all rights reserved .
point radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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status : a common species which is widely distributed from the moluccas to the solomon islands . subspecies thasia is restricted to new guinea .
papua localities : supiori island ; japen island : waropen ; numfor island : namber ; pulau wakde ; pulau anus ; new guinea : akimuga , arbuejo , borme , dabra , fakfak , jayapura , manokwari , mokwam , nabire , timika , topo , ubrub , waena , yongsu . details in gazetteer .
parsons , m . , 1998 . the butterflies of papua new guinea . their systematics and biology : 736 pp . , 136 colour plates , 26 bw plates with genitalia . academic press , san diego , london , boston , new york , sydney , tokyo , toronto .
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note : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km² grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .
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, commonly called the eastern striped albatross , is found in many parts of south east asia .
where it is locally common . in the northern parts of peninsular india it extends into
in india , the northern race of the butterfly is common , while it is local and scarce in other parts of its range .
the chocolate albatross has a wingspan of 55 to 70mm . the male is white above with chocolate - brown or black margins , and , bright lemon - yellow below with chocolate - coloured markings . the female is white and densely clouded with dark - brown .
- white above , with bluish costa and termen inwardly - edged with black teeth - like markings on the forewing . the hindwing is similarly toothed on the termen , which has a bluish inward border . the unh is bright yellow and is outwardly bordered with dark chocolate .
- black upf with four white streaks on the disc . blackish uph except for the whitish discal area . the unh may be yellowish or whitish and have broad dark band at the termen .
the chocolate albatross is a forest butterfly and prefers rainy highlands , up to a level of 3000 ft . flying strongly and swiftly close to the ground , the albatross is frequently found in jungle clearings and along stream banks . the males are often found circling around trees and bushes . the chocolate albatross often mudpuddles , sometimes in large numbers . the butterfly occasionally visits flowers and has been recorded to visit
male ( dry season form ) at jayanti in buxa tiger reserve in jalpaiguri district of west bengal , india .
female ( dry season form ) at jayanti in buxa tiger reserve in jalpaiguri district of west bengal , india .
wynter - blyth , m . a . ( 1957 ) butterflies of the indian region , pg 428 - 429 .
kunte , krushnamegh . ( 2000 ) butterflies of peninsular india and china , ser no 23 , pp 100 - 101 .
evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) the identification of indian butterflies . ( 2nd ed ) , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india
gaonkar , harish ( 1996 ) butterflies of the western ghats , india ( including sri lanka ) - a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system . journal of the bombay natural history society .
kunte , krushnamegh ( 2005 ) butterflies of peninsular india . universities press , hyderabad , india .
wynter - blyth , m . a . ( 1957 ) butterflies of the indian region , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
arun , p . r . ( 2000 ) seasonality and abundance of insects with special reference to butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) in a moist deciduous forest of siruvani , nilgiri biosphere reserve , southindia ph . d thesis , bharathiar university , coimbatore . 236p .
haribal , m . ( 1992 ) the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history , 217 , sikkim nature conservation foundation , gangtok , sikkim .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
please note that pictured specimens are representative of specimens available . usda interstate movement permits may be required for some live species .
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meiacanthus atrodorsalis , the forktail blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western pacific ocean .

this species grows to a length of 11 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) tl .

this venomous species can also be found in the aquarium trade .

it is also known as the eyelash harptail-blenny , poison-fang blenny or the yellowtail poison-fang blenny .

meiacanthus atrodorsalis

c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
image of meiacanthus atrodorsalis
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from meiacanthus atrodorsalis ( günther , 1877 ) to their own page .
an eyelash fangblenny , meiacanthus atrodorsalis , at apo island zamboanguita , central visayas , philippines . source : klaus stiefel / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
specificationsmpnf91 0007 0353manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameforktail blenny scientific namemeiacanthus atrodorsalis difficultymoderate reef sa . . .
the forktail blenny ( meiacanthus atrodorsalis ) is characterized by the long , yellow edges of its caudal fin . the front half its body is blue - grey whi . . .
petroscirtes atrodorsalis , günther , 1877 , andrew garrett ' s fische der südsee bd 2 ( heft 6 ) : 198 , pl . 115 ( fig . b ) . type locality : samoa
the species has a lunate caudal fin and an enormous curved , venomous fang on each side of the lower jar . the fangs , which are used for defence , are characteristic of the genus meiacanthus .
western pacific : bali and the philippines east to samoa , north to ryukyu islands , south to rowley shoals , the southern great barrier reef , and new caledonia ; throughout micronesia . replaced by the uniformly yellow species ovalauensis in fiji , and by meiacanthus tongaensis in tonga ( ref . 37816 ) .
this species occurs in the western pacific , from bali and the philippines east to samoa , north to ryukyu islands , south to rowley shoals , along the southern great barrier reef , to new caledonia and throughout micronesia . it is replaced by the uniformly yellow species ovalauensis in fiji , and by meiacanthus tongaensis in tonga ( smith - vaniz 1987 ) .
greek , meion = less = lessen + greek , akantha = thorn ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 24°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 28 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 18 . identified by the blue - edged diagonal black line from the eye and yellow dorsal fin or back . adults have long filaments on the caudal fin tips ; length without filaments ( ref . 48636 ) .
adults are found solitary or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) in lagoon and seaward reefs below the surge zone to 30 m depth ( ref . 9710 ) . a common species , often seen along slopes and drop - offs , adults sometimes in small groups ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton and also on small benthic invertebrates . inoffensive , but immune from predation ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) . mimicked by ecsenius bicolor and plagiotremus laudanus ( ref . 90102 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 25 . 6 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1837 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 41 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
justification : this is a widespread species that is locally abundant with no known threats and occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . it is listed as least concern .
this species is common and locally abundant ( w . smith - vaniz pers comm . ) .
- - - other purpose text - - - this species may be collected for the aquarium trade .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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6cm okinawa miyako is . coral residents back to index - 500 fishes : urltoken music : hiro ' s original one man music : urltoken
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the yellowtail fang blenny is a distintively coloured fish that has an enormous curved , venomous fang on either side of the lower jaw .
the yellowtail fang blenny is blue anteriorly and yellow posteriorly . there is a diagonal black stripe through the eye .
the yellowtail fang blenny is mimicked by the bicolor blenny , ecsenius bicolor and the bicolor fangblenny , plagiotremus laudandus .
the species occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - west and central pacific , from the red sea , north to japan , throughout micronesia , south to australia and east to marquesas islands .
in australia the yellowtail fang blenny is known from the north - western coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the southern coast of new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
it is found on seaward reefs and lagoons at depths of 1m to 30m .
the yellowtail fang blenny is a solitary species that is usually seen hovering above the bottom feeding on zooplankton . it also feeds on benthic invertebrates .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .
allen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics . pp . 330 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 251 .
adults are found solitary or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) in lagoon and seaward reefs below the surge zone to 30 m depth ( ref . 9710 ) . a common species , often seen along slopes and drop - offs , adults sometimes in small groups ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton and also on small benthic invertebrates . inoffensive , but immune from predation ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) . mimicked by ecsenius bicolor and plagiotremus laudanus ( ref . 90102 ) .
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a fangblenny with a greyish - blue head and anterior body that becomes pale yellow to whitish , a yellowish caudal fin , a black basal stripe along the dorsal - fin base and a diagonal blue - edged black band through the eye . the eyelash fangblenny has large venomous canines in the lower jaw that are used for defense and aggressive interactions with other eyelash fangblennies , not for feeding . potential predators quickly learn to avoid these small venomous fishes , allowing the blennies to forage out in open water . this species is mimicked by the bicolor fangblenny , plagiotremus laudandus , and possibly by the bicolor combtooth blenny , ecsenius bicolor . video of eyelash fangblennies at miyako island , okinawa
recorded in australia from rowley shoals , wa , to ashmore reef , timor sea , and north of cape york , qld , to sydney , nsw ; also at islands and reefs in the coral sea and at lord howe island , in the tasman sea . elsewhere , the species is widespread in the western pacific from australia to japan and eastwards to samoa .
when the fangblenny bites a predator , the pressure forces venom to be secreted from a gland at the base of the groove to the tip of the canine in the lower jaw . potential predators quickly learn to avoid these small venomous fishes , allowing the blennies to forage out in open water . a number of other fishes , often as juveniles , mimic sabre - toothed blennies to avoid predation .
günther , a . 1877 . andrew garrett ' s fische der südsee . heft 6 .
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 2 . fusiliers - dragonets , caesionidae - callionymidae
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands
smith - vaniz , w . f . 1976 . the saber - toothed blennies , tribe nemophini ( pisces : blenniidae ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . 1987 . the saber - toothed blennies , tribe nemophini ( pisces : bleniidae ) : an update .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & g . r . allen . 2011 . three new species of the fangblenny genus
from indonesia , with color photographs and comments on other species ( teleostei : blenniidae : nemophini ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . , u . satapoomin & g . r . allen . 2001 .
springer , v . g . 2001 . blenniidae . pp . 3538 - 3546 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
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