parnassius acco , the varnished apollo , is a high-altitude butterfly found in asia .

it is a member of the snow apollo genus parnassius of the swallowtail family , papilionidae .

parnassius acco

you selected parnassius acco gemmifer fruhstorfer , 1904 . this is a synonym for :
you selected parnassius acco acconus fruhstorfer , 1903 . this is a synonym for :
parnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberthür , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberthür , 1879
originally described as parnassius acco subsp . transhimalayensis eisner , 1938 treated as a subspecies of tadumia ( tadumia ) acco gray by eisner ( 1959 : 167 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) acco gray , 1852 by weiss ( 1992 : 73 ) . treated as a synonym of parnassius acco acco gray , 1853 by rose ( 2000 : 264 ) .
originally described as parnassius acco subspec . gemmifer fruhstorfer , 1904 treated as a subspecies of tadumia acco by bryk ( 1940 : 36 ) . treated as a subspecies of tadumia ( tadumia ) acco gray by eisner ( 1959 : 169 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) acco gray , 1852 by weiss ( 1992 : 74 ) . synonymized with parnassius acco acco gray by inaoka & sugisawa ( 1997 : 95 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius acco gray , 1853 by rose ( 2000 : 264 ) .
. . . except przewalskii is really just a subspecies of acco , so these are p . acco kunlunica . adam .
finally i got a + specimen of parnassius acco . this one is ssp . mirabilis . fresh parnassius specimens with deep red oceli look awesome .
those are both gorgeous subspecies of acco . my compliments on your spreading style for parnassius - - really nice !
sorimachi , y . 1994a . the world of parnassius acco gray , 1853 [ in japanese ] . apollo , 3 : 43 - 76 .
inaoka , s . & sugisawa , s . 1997 . basic materials for studies on parnassius acco gray , 1853 [ in japanese ] . wallace , 3 : 93 - 110 .
shinkai , a . 1997 . the complete illustrated catalogue of parnassiinae ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) , no . 2 . parnassius acco gray , 1853 . wallace , 3 : 41 - 90 .
generally , what i was trying to say is that to my mind , acco and bubo are closely related but still different species .
driopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius ménétriés , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni ménétriés , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ ménétriés ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberthür , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ménétriés , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *
baileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .
ohya , a . 1993 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 . ( 7 ) parnassius szechenyii frivaldszky , 1886 - parnassius cephalus grum - grshimailo , 1891 - parnassius schultei weiss & michel , 1898 - parnassius maharaja avinoff , 1916 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 7 : 97 - 116 .
rose , k . 2000 . zur verbreitung und subspezifischen gliederung von parnassius acco gray , 1853 , in china ( einschließlich tibet ) ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift , 110 ( 9 ) : 262 - 272 .
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phoebus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . phoebus , see also under p . sacerdos , and p . smintheus .
although classified under the swallowtail butterfly family , none of the parnassius species possess tails .
sugisawa , s . 1996 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 ( 9 ) - parnassius epaphus oberthür & parnassius dongalaicus tytler . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 9 : 133 - 155 .
rothschildianus [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently placed with baileyi or prezewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , these taxa are generally seen as comprising a single species conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .
hunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .
przewalskii [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by many authors ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; more recently , however , seen by most authors as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .
huberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .
i have reported about some of the chinese parnassius species in several papers from 2000 to 2005 ( see list of references ) . it is the aim of this paper to inform about those taxa which were described afterwards . an analysis of few subspecies which i have overlooked in the publications mentioned above is supplemented . some controversial issues regarding p . acco yvonne and p . imperator milarepa are discussed . two new synonyms are introduced : p . acco aristocratus kocman , 1999 is a new synonym ( syn . n . ) of p . acco yvonne ( eisner , 1959 ) ; p . imperator milarepa hamada , 2003 is a new synonym ( syn . n . ) of p . imperator irmae bryk , 1932 .
i see . . . and as for your question of
whether anyone had treated baileyi , bubo , and pseudobubo as separate species from acco
, i never said
pseudobubo
was separate from acco , i just said that to my mind , the name ( designation ) is poor and unsuccessful (
p . baileyi pseudoprzewalskii
) . but don ' t get me wrong , i ' m not an adherent of
philatelic approach
. . . victor
ohya , a . 1990 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 - ( 5 ) parnassius imperator oberthür , 1883 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 5 : 65 - 80 .
nardelli , u . 1991 . anmerkungen zur zucht von parnassius - arten sowie bericht über eine zucht von parnassius phoebus sternitzkii ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo . , n . f . 12 ( 2 ) : 141 - 152 .
adam , being , obviously , not too deep into the dna analysis , i nevertheless consider it all still has too much room left to be studied and researched . . . could you please tell your opinion regarding the acco / baileyi relations ? what about , say , bubo ? to me ,
p . acco pseudobubo
looks and sounds pretty lay , for the two taxa have virtually nothing in common even morphologically ; it ' s like naming an urticae a
pseudoio
. . . victor
iwamoto , y . & inomata , t . 1988 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 - ( 3 ) parnassius eversmanni ménétriés , 1855 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 3 : 33 - 48 .
kimura , k . 1997 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 ( 10 ) - parnassius phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) in palaearctic region . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 10 : 157 - 172 .
paulus , v . 1999 . a new species of parnassius discovered in north tibet , china . wallace , 6 : 2 - 7 .
stshetkin , ju . ju . 1979 . the species status of parnassius cardinal gr . - gr . and a new subspecies of parnassius delphius ev . ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) [ in russian ] . doklady akademii nauk tadzhikskoi ssr , 22 ( 2 ) : 63 - 66 .
hering , m . 1931 . parnassius glacialis butl . als bona species . parnassiana , 1 ( 7 / 8 ) : 10 - 11 .
hello someone have the oberthur 1890 original paper of the description of parnassius orleans ? ( 3pp . ) i can ' t found it ! thanks
rikihiroi [ parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . epaphus , and subsequently united with p . dongalaicus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) , which previously had been regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ; see above ) .
this genus has had an inordinate number of generic segregates proposed , some of which are considered by most authors to represent subgenera . our north american species are usually treated as belonging to the subgenera parnassius [ including p . phoebus , behrii & smintheus ] and driopa [ including parnassius eversmanni & clodius ] .
hering , m . 1935 . über einige geographische formen von parnassius apollo phoebus f . parnassiana , 3 ( 4 / 5 ) : 45 - 46 .
parnassius latreille , 1804 ; nouv . dict . hist . nat . 24 ( 6 ) : 185 , 199 , type species : papilio apollo linnaeus .
many detailed books and checklists have been published on the taxonomy of parnassius ( e . g . see weiss , 1991 - 2005 ; tshikolovets , 1998 - 2003 ) ; these books usually offer high quality images and color maps , and illustrate a substantial range of morphological variability for many of the species of parnassius .
sorimachi , y . 1995 . the primer of parnassius [ in japanese ] . y . sorimachi , saitama ; 181 pp . [ including 40 pls . ]
the apollos , parnassius are different in appearance from other swallowtails , being of moderate size , with white ground colour , spotted with red , black and blue .
huang , h . 1999 . parnassius liudongi sp . nov . from chinese tianshan ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . lambillionea , 99 ( 3 ) : 335 - 337 .
kawasaki , y . & rose , k . 1997 . notes on parnassius cephalus grum - grshimailo , 1891 from western tibet . wallace , 3 : 7 - 12 .
having received tremendous attention from both collectors and taxonomists , parnassius butterflies are among the most well studied butterflies in alpine zones . the region of greatest diversity of parnassius is the eastern palaearctic , from pakistan to central asia and china . a few species extend as far as europe , japan , and into the nearctic ( weiss , 1991 , 1995 ) .
the caterpillars of parnassius , like other swallowtails , possess the peculiar structure known as an osmeterium at the back of their head . they feed on various members of crassulaceae and papaveraceae . isolation of parnassius populations in various mountain ranges has resulted in differentiation and subsequent description of numerous subspecies , varieties and forms ( e . g . bryk , 1935 ) .
the last three replace one another geographically , are closely similar , closely related , and are treated by many authors as belonging to the single wide - ranging palearctic species parnassius phoebus .
a molecular phylogenetic study from 2008 suggests firstly that baronia brevicornis salvin 1893 , rather than belonging to an outgroup baroniinae belongs to parnassiini , together with hypermnestra and parnassius . secondly that the earliest split within the genus parnassius is between subgenus parnassius ( the ‘apollo’ group , whose caterpillars feed on crassulaceae , exceptionally saxifragaceae ) and the ancestor of the remaining seven subgenera . the existence of the subgenera is confirmed by molecular phylogenies . six of the other subgenera have fumariaceae as the larval foodplant , while the larvae of the remaining genus kreizbergia feed on scrophulariaceae [ 8 ]
schultei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : recently described as a distinct species and generally accepted as such ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .
simo [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . simo , see also under p . andreji , p . boedromius , and p . simonius .
dongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .
nazari , vazrick . 2006 . parnassius latreille , 1804 . version 07 july 2006 ( under construction ) . [ 1 ] in the tree of life web project , [ 2 ] shows cladogram
the number of species recognized within parnassius varies widely from author to author , with conservative treatments allowing for around 20 or 30 , and more liberal treatments recognizing as many as 50 or 60 species .
acco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .
sugisawa , s . & kawasaki , y . 1997 . re - classification of parnassius imperator from central and southern parts of tibet . gekkan - mushi , 318 : 4 - 9 ; plate 2 .
dechaine , eric g . , andrew p . martin . 2004 . historic cycles of fragmentation and expansion in parnassius smintheus ( papilionidae ) inferred using mitochondrial dna . evolution , 58 ( 1 ) : 113–127
ruckbeili [ parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ] : described originally as a subspecies of p . phoebus , it has in the past also been placed with p . actius ( hering 1935 ) or even accorded species rank ( eisner 1976 : 107 ) ; recent studies regard this taxon , again , as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , kimura 1997 , shepard & manyley 1998 , sorimachi 1995 ) .
keyghobadi , n . , roland , j . and strobeck , c . 1999 . influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly parnassius smintheus ( papilionidae ) . molecular ecology 8 : 1481–1495 .
choui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .
ferris , c . d . 1976 . a proposed revision of non - arctic parnassius phoebus fabricius in north america ( papilionidae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .
despite growing interest , the exact number of “species” within parnassius remains disputed , as more recent checklists present conflicting numbers , ranging from 38 ( unep - wcmc , 2006 ) to 47 ( weiss 1991 ) . many of these species , however , are morphologically very similar . eight subgenera are generally recognized within parnassius , as follows ( in chronological order ; from bryk , 1935 ; häuser et al . , 2005 ; savela , 2005 ) :
inaoka , s . & ogawa , m . 1992 . notes on parnassius stenosemus honrath , 1890 with description of a new subspecies [ in japanese ] . gekkan - mushi , 253 : 4 - 8 ; plate 2 .
katoh t , chichvarkhin a , yagi t , omoto k . 2005 phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus parnassius : inferences from mitochondrial 16s and nd1 sequences . zoolog sci . 22 ( 3 ) : 343 - 51 pdf
i ' ve just bought this parnassius in auction ( not internet ) and i wonder if it ' s realy p . stoliczkanus on the right and p . hardwicki on the left ? is someone can confirm this ideas ? thank you
gundorov , s . 1998 . taxonomic notes on the parnassius simonius complex ( lepidoptera , papilionidae ) from middle asia ( alai and transalai mountains ) . transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan , 49 ( 3 ) : 194 - 198 .
some european countries have local regulations protecting their parnassius species ( p . mnemosyne , p . phoebus and p . apollo ) ( collins and morris , 1985 ) . the well - known species , p . apollo , is extinct in some european countries but is relatively common in other parts of its range . it is the only species covered by cites , despite the fact that numerous other species of parnassius are in need of immediate attention ( collins and morris , 1985 ) .
. . . it is probably best to agree to disagree , . . .
- end of quotation - is
than
missing or should it be understood as
it is better to allow to prohibit
? generally , what i was trying to say is that to my mind , acco and bubo are closely related but still different species . of course , i ' m in no way a local authority but maybe someday somebody will share my opinion . victor
clarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .
even the more common parnassius species in asia comprise many local subspecies and distinct populations , many of which are extremely vulnerable and on the verge of extinction . some highly endangered parnassius include p . arcticus , p . ariadne , p . boedromius , p . cardinal , p . felderi , p . loxias , p . patricius , p . simo , p . simonius , and nearly all tibetan species ; some of these species are listed in red data books for russia , yakutia or tajikistan ( dinets , 2002 ) . many species are known from only a few specimens , and several have been rare in collection for decades , including parnassius autocrator which inhabits the northern part of the hindukush district in afghanistan and tajikistan ( weiss , 1991 ) .
delphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .
ammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see häuser 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .
priamus [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acdestis , but subsequently recognized as belonging to p . patricius ( bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , häuser 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .
kitahara , h . 1990 . comparison of male genitalia of natural hybrids in sympatric habitat of parnassius glacialis butler and p . hoenei schweitzer ( lepidoptera , papilionidae ) [ in japanaese ] . tyo to ga , 41 ( 2 ) : 45 - 49 .
katoh , t . , chechvarkin , a . , yagi , t . , omoto , k . , 2005 . phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus parnassius : inferences from mitochondrial 16s and nd1 sequences . zoological science 22 : 343 - 351 .
nosei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now seen as conspecific with p . maharaja ( häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .
koiwaya , s . 1995 . re - assortment of parnassius simo and andreji - on the discovery of sympatric habitat of p . simo and p . andreji , with the description of new ssp . of andreji . gekkan - mushi , 297 : 8 - 13 .
kawasaki , y . 1996 . the classification of subspecies group of parnassius acdestis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ( lepidoptera papilionidae ) and its diffusion with descriptions of three new subspecies from tibet and record of two aberrant forms . wallace , 2 : 23 - 39 ; 3 pls .
sacerdos [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : the populations of the european alps have long been treated as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , kimura 1997 , munroe 1961 ) ; however , they are not only geographically well separated but also distinct morphologically as well as in terms of habitat requirements and larval hostplants from asian or north american taxa of the p . phoebus complex and thus should be accorded species status ( see also , häuser 1993 , nardelli 1991 , shepard & manyley 1998 ) .
beehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .
shepard , j . h . & manley , t . r . 1998 . a species revision of the parnassius phoebus complex in north america ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . in : emmel , t . c . ( ed ) : systematics of western north american butterflies . mariposa press , .
yes , alain is correct , the publication in etudes d ' entomologie vol . 14 ( 1891 ) is not actually the original description of parnassius orleans but a reproduction of it . it is necessary to check the real original description , as sometimes changes are made in subsequent reproductions . adam .
omoto , k . , katoh , t . , chichvarkhin , a . , yagi , t . , 2004 . molecular systematics and evolution of the ' apollo ' butterflies of the genus parnassius ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence data . gene 326 : 141 - 147 .
the parnassius butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a mating plug that seals the female genitalia after mating . this is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition . [ 4 ]
labeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .
hide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .
smintheus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : originally described as a species , but subsequently always treated as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 ) ; recent studies based on egg morphology and other characters ( shepard & manley 1998 ) confirm that the north american populations from the rocky mountains should be regarded as distinct at species level ( see also häuser 1993 , layberry et al . 1998 : 79 , nardelli 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : pl . 49 ) .
the parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia . [ 2 ] the phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular techniques . the exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47 . [ 3 ]
hello michel the problem is , this publication has been made appart . not in the etudes d ' entomologie . so the exact reference is simply : 1890 . description d ' une espèce nouvelle de lépidoptère appartenant au genre parnassius . ( rennes ) : 3 pp . i presume it is hide somewhere on a shelf !
kiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .
two molecular studies have been published on the phylogeny of the genus parnassius ( omoto et al . , 2004 ; katoh et al . , 2005 ) . omoto et al . looked at 777 bp of the mitochondrial nd5 gene in a large number of parnassius speicies , and katoh et al . used mitochondrial 16s ribosomal rna ( 504 bp ) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( 469 bp ) in a smaller number of species . both of these studies recover several well - supported clusters of species - groups that to some degree correspond to those previously recognized based on morphological characters ( e . g . hancock , 1983 ) , but fail to resolve the deeper phylogenetic relationships among them .
pythia [ parnassius ( tadumia ) cephalus ] : this taxon is based on a single female specimen which was described as a separate species and listed as such by munroe ( 1961 ) , but is now generally treated as conspecific with p . cephalus ( bryk 1935 , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , kawasaki & rose 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .
sulphurus [ parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis ] : this taxon was described as a distinct species on the basis of a single male specimen allegedly from tibet but without reliable locality data ; it has been synonymized by bryk ( 1935 ) with p . glacialis , a view which has subsequently been followed ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 ) .
note : the wing pattern in parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain . structural characters derived from the genitalia , wing venation , sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more , but not entirely reliable . the description given here is a guide only . for an identification key see ackery p . r . ( 1975 ) .
the females of parnassius have a
sphragis
that is present on the lower side of the end of the abdomen after mating . it is formed from a hard waxy secretion made by the male during mating and functions to prevent other males from mating with the female afterwards . see illustrations in ehrlich & ehrlich ' how to know the butterflies ' on page 32 .
muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris . types listed by bernardi , g . , and viette , p . 1966 . les types et typoides de parnassius ( s . l . ) se trouvant au museum de paris . bull . soc . ent . fr . 71 95 - 103 , 163 - 166 . 9 229 - 233 , 304 - 309 .
liudongi [ parnassius ( koramius ) acdestis ] : recently described as a separate species closely related to p . acdestis ; in judging from the orginal description ( huang 1999 ) , the differences mentioned in male genitalia and female sphragis based on two specimens of each sex do not appear to warrant distinction at species level but rather seem to be within common margins of intraspecific variation .
parnassius comes for greek parnassios ( παρνασσiota ; ος ) -
parnassian
, after a mountain associated with apollo in greek mythology . latreille created the genus for a species until then called papilio apollo , so the reference to apollo makes sense . in fact , many of the names chosen for new species and subspecies in this genus have kept up this apollo / mount olympus theme
maharaja [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : first described as a species , but later often placed as a subspecies of p . cephalus ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1922 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) ; now generally accepted as a separate species , ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , bryk 1935 , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .
natural history museum specimens largely determined by curt eisner types listed in ackery , p . r . ( 1973 ) : a list of the type - specimens of parnassius ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 9 . xi . 1973 ) : 1—35 , 1 pl . pdf
stoliczkanus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : first described as a distinct species and mostly treated as such ( bryk 1935 , häuser 1993 , inaoka & ogawa 1992 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) , but sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) .
andreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .
maximinus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently recognized as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , a view which has since been generally followed ( lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tshikolovets 2000 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .
all of these genus - level names , together with a few others that are generally overlooked ( e . g . erythrodriopa korshunov , 1988 ; adoritis koçak , 1989 ; quinhaicus korshonov , 1990 , and kreizbergius korshunov , 1990 ) , have been synonymized with parnassius ( munroe , 1961 ; hesselbarth et al . , 1995 ) , although they are still used to designate “species - groups” within the genus ( omoto et al . , 2004 ; häuser et al . , 2005 ) . more recent treatments are confined to grouping parnassius species under a number of species - groups that may not correspond to the subgeneric classification ( weiss , 1991 - 2005 ; tshikolovets , 1998 - 2003 ) . the number of species included in each of these subgenera ( or species - groups ) varies in checklists ( e . g . see bryk , 1935 ; häuser et al . , 2005 ) .
nandadevinensis [ parnassius stoliczkanus ] : this taxon has been based on a single male specimen and was described as a distinct species ; judged from the original descrription , it could probably represent an aberrant specimen of p . stoliczkanus or even p . acdestis , but a definite statement can hardly be made before more material or information becomes available ( see häuser 1993 : 141 , huang 1999 : 337 , kawasaki 1996 : 36 , weiss 1992 : 101 ) .
litoreus [ parnassius ( driopa ) felderi ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni or p . felderi ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , weiss 1999 ) , but it has been listed as a possibly distinct species by korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .
hoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .
simonius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described and later generally treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; first regarded as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and accepted as such by gundorov ( 1998 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 74 ) , tshikolovets ( 1997 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 141 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) .
indeed , i don ' t know any up - to - date or relatively recent paper wherein bubo is treated as a ssp . of baileyi , the only reference i found being :
treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) baileyi south , 1913 by weiss ( 1992 : 82 )
. but still , i believe my example of urticae and io shows somewhat a way more dramatic difference , than yours one with actually one and the same species ( p . machaon ) .
thanks , adam . indeed , i don ' t know any up - to - date or relatively recent paper wherein bubo is treated as a ssp . of baileyi , the only reference i found being :
treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) baileyi south , 1913 by weiss ( 1992 : 82 )
. but still , i believe my example of urticae and io shows somewhat a way more dramatic difference , than yours one with actually one and the same species ( p . machaon ) . victor
arcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mrácek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .
stenosemus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . delphius , and long treated as conspecific with p . delphius or p . stoliczkanus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; subsequently treated as a separate species by bryk ( 1935 ) , a view which recently has been generally accepted also based on sympatric occurence with p . stoliczkanus ( inaoka & ogawa 1992 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .
boedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .
cardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .
augustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .
felderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .
staudingeri [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) ; reinstated as a distinct species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and now generally accepted as such ( chou 1994 , häuser 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tshikolovets 2000 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1992 ) ; a number of taxa currently subordinated under this species have also been suspected to represent distinct species and await further study ( e . g . , kiritschenkoi avinov ; see also tshikolovets 1997 : 51 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 139 , weiss 1992 : 108 ) .
first thing is to look in the corresponding volumes of the zoological record , therefore i checked in year 1890 , 91 and 92 and found this : from which we can learn that parnassius orleans was described in fascicule xiv of etudes d ' entomologie , and was mentionned again in fascicule xvi ! i have to check in my copy of etudes d ' entomologie which i have in a complete state , but is binded , therefore scan will not be easy to make . . . a + , michel ps : if someone can explain how to upload reasonnable size picture , i would be happy ( i use urltoken and i use the direct link as all the other ones do not seem to work . . . )
london : taylor and francis ; calcutta and simla , thacker , spink , & co . ; [ etc . , etc . ]
evidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1907 .
there are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .
these males are of ssp . aristocratus . . . ( qinghai , nangqian , dana mt . 4500 m )
and these belong with przewalskii ssp . kunlunica ( qinghai , kunlunshan , 5100 m ) .
as a good species if you prefer to , after all species vs subspecies is really a subjective decision without conducting breeding experiments at least to f2 to see if the offspring are fertile or not . however , omoto
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häuser c . , holstein j . , kroupa a . s . , steiner a . & turiault m . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . globis ( gart ) : global butterfly information system ( version sep 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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please note : we may still be awaiting delivery of some of these new arrivals , also some sell very quickly . prices subject to change
robert westphal theinsectcollector avenida playa cristall 43 , casa 2 ( urb . pino alto ) 43892 miami playa ( tarragona ) spain
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gi | 52421651 | gb | aau45333 . 1 | nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 [ parnassia sp . wurdack d795 ]
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number of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )
description : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .
prepared by christoph l . häuser , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .
parnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :
leptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]
mimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( hübner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberthür , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *
protesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zikán , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )
protographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( guérin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )
battus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *
cressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )
euryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )
losaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( guérin - méneville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )
ornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberthür , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *
pharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )
trogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )
meandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *
abderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .
adamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .
aesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von knötgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .
aethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .
aethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .
aglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .
akakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .
alcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .
alexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .
allotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .
anaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .
angolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .
annae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .
antiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .
apollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .
arcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .
arcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .
archesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .
archidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , möhn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .
aristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .


carvalho 's surinam toad ( pipa carvalhoi ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family endemic to brazil .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , freshwater marshes , ponds , and aquaculture ponds .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

carvalho ' s surinam toad

the carvalho ' s surinam toad ( pipa carvalhoi ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family . it is endemic to brazil . more
the carvalho ' s surinam toad is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
carvalho ' s surinam toad elsewhere on the web * wikipedia * urltoken edit and show details add or delete facts , download data in json or rdf formats , and explore topic metadata . more
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
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< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species occurs widely in eastern and northeastern brazil in the following states : ceará , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espírito santo , and minas gerais , and presumably also rio grande do norte and sergipe .
it is common in suitable habitat , but such habitats are scarce through much of its range .
it is an aquatic species that occurs in permanent waterbodies in dry
caatinga
savannah and
agreste
transition vegetation between
caatinga
and atlantic forest . it breeds in water , the eggs being carried on the back of the female , with the larvae developing in the water . it can be found in fish farms , where it can be a pest .
the major threats are probably related to habitat loss due to livestock grazing and agriculture , in particular contamination of breeding ponds as a result of their being used by livestock . pollution of waterbodies by pesticides might also be a problem .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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sorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .
the open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can
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it is found in africa .

the habitat consists of forests .

the wingspan is 44 – 55 millimetres ( 1.7 – 2.2 in ) for males and 44 – 53 mm ( 1.7 – 2.1 in ) for females .

adults are on wing year-round .

the larvae feed on drypetes gerrardi , drypetes ugandensis , ritchiea fragrans , phyllanthus , and boscia species

appias sabina

appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa appias haendeli appias isokani var . dubia appias sabina f . absyrtus appias sabina f . divisapex appias sabina f . epaphioides appias sabina f . euphrosyne appias sabina f . reversa appias sabina f . semiepaphia appias sabina f . thalia appias sabina sabina f . bicolor appias sabina var . defecta appias sabina var . latimarginata appias udei appias weberi belenois confusa belenois coniata mylothris majungana papilio hecyra phrissura phoebe pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora pieris sabina
appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias haendeli ( suffert , 1904 ) appias isokani var . dubia ( aurivillius , 1899 ) appias sabina f . absyrtus ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias sabina f . epaphioides ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . euphrosyne ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . semiepaphia ( strand , 1911 ) appias sabina f . thalia ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina sabina f . bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias sabina var . defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias sabina var . latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias udei ( suffert , 1904 ) appias weberi ( suffert , 1904 ) belenois confusa ( butler , 1872 ) belenois coniata ( butler , 1879 ) mylothris majungana ( grose - smith , 1891 ) papilio hecyra ( mabille , 1880 ) phrissura phoebe ( butler , 1901 ) pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora ( mabille , 1898 ) pieris sabina ( c . & r . felder , 1865 )
appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]
appias sabina ( albatross white ) female , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]
appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photos steve woodhall © ]
at first glance appias sabina can be mistaken for certain mylothris species , but in appias the apex on the forewing is more acute . in sabina the black spots are small and do not extend onto the costa of the forewing . in similar mylothris species , e . g . poppea and rhodope , there is a flush of bright yellow at the base of the underside forewings , but in appias sabina the yellow is restricted to the costa of the hindwing .
appias sabina , the sabine albatross or albatross white , is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in africa . the habitat consists of forests .
appias sabina is a common and widely distributed species found across most of sub - saharan africa from sierra leone to western kenya , and south to the northern parts of south africa . it also occurs on madagascar and the comoro islands .
there are about 23 - 28 species that are currently accepted as members of appias , comprising 7 - 8 species from the australian region , 16 - 20 from the oriental region , and 6 in africa . it is difficult to be precise about numbers as there is uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of some species .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
this is a forest species , often seen along logging roads , but is migratory in behaviour so can turn up in savannah / woodland habitats , botanical gardens and city parks .
males are usually seen singly or in two ' s and three ' s amidst aggregations of belenois , eurema and mylothris , imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the wingspan is 44–55 millimetres ( 1 . 7–2 . 2 in ) for males and 44–53 mm ( 1 . 7–2 . 1 in ) for females . adults are on wing year - round .