cabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos/cabir , symbian/cabir and epoc.cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .

it is believed to be the first computer worm that can infect mobile phones .

when a phone is infected with cabir , the message " caribe " is displayed on the phone 's display , and is displayed every time the phone is turned on .

the worm then attempts to spread to other phones in the area using wireless bluetooth signals .

the worm was not sent out into the wild , but sent directly to anti-virus firms , who believe cabir in its current state is harmless .

however , it does prove that mobile phones are also at risk from virus writers .

experts also believe that the worm was developed by a group who call themselves 29a , a group of international hackers , as a " proof of concept " worm in order to catch world attention .

several firms subsequently released tools to remove the worm , the first of which was the australian business tsg pacific .

the worm can attack and replicate on bluetooth enabled series 60 phones .

the worm tries to send itself to all bluetooth enabled devices that support the " object push profile " , which can also be non-symbian phones , desktop computers or even printers .

the worm spreads as a .

sis file installed in the apps directory .

cabir does not spread if the user does not accept the file-transfer or does not agree with the installation , though some older phones would keep on displaying popups , as cabir re-sent itself , rendering the ui useless until yes is clicked .

cabir is the first mobile malware ever discovered while the worm is considered harmless because it replicates but does not perform any other activity , it will result in shortened battery life on portable devices due to constant scanning for other bluetooth enabled devices .

cabir was named by the employees of kaspersky lab after their colleague elena kabirova .

mabir , a variant of cabir , is capable of spreading not only via bluetooth but also via mms .

by sending out copies of itself as a .

sis file over cellular networks , it can affect even users who are outside the 10m range of bluetooth .

cabir ( computer worm )

cabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! !
immediately after cabir worm was found , patches were released to mitigate the worm . f - secure developed a security patch to detect cabir worm and delete worm components from related directories .
worm . symbi . cabir . a may gain entry into your computer in many ways . some of the common sources of worm . symbi . cabir . a are :
cabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! ! - urltoken
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have a definition for cabir ( computer worm ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
cabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos / cabir , symbian / cabir and epoc . cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .
to get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , you need to perform the following steps :
in this excerpt of chapter 9 from the art of computer virus research and defense , author peter szor dissects the cabir worm .
following these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like worm . symbi . cabir . a , and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .
worm . symbi . cabir . a also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer . the purpose is to remain undetectable , protect other malicious programs it downloads , start up when the computer boots , and ultimately take full control over your computer .
in this excerpt of chapter 9 from
the art of computer virus research and defense ,
author peter szor dissects the cabir worm .
by now , your computer should be completely free of worm . symbi . cabir . a infection . although it has been removed from your computer , it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by worm . symbi . cabir . a .
what makes worms like worm . symbi . cabir . a extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly . a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection hits very fast ; so quickly that you won’t even be aware that it was worm . symbi . cabir . a that infected your computer .
links shared on social media websites pointing to worm . symbi . cabir . a
the primary symptoms of a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection are :
cabir worm is the first computer worm that was designed to infect mobile phones . it was first found in 2004 and at that time it affected many mobile phones with symbian os . it is also known as caribe worm .
technically worm . symbi . cabir . a is a worm , a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention . worm . symbi . cabir . a can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer , but also to other computers connected to your network .
an infection from worm . symbi . cabir . a can also modify the windows registry of your computer . it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones . therefore , even after you remove worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , it’s very important to clean the registry .
when worm . symbi . cabir . a infects your computer , it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file ( . exe ) . after infecting you computer , worm . symbi . cabir . a will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer . the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .
in the most common form , a worm like worm . symbi . cabir . a will penetrate your operating system . the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code . the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer . quickly thereafter , a worm such as worm . symbi . cabir . a will access your network , replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .
there is another version of cabir worm which is capable to replicate itself not only via bluetooth , but also using mms . it is called mabir worm .
we recommend using clamwin ( free download ) , a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of worm . symbi . cabir . a . in addition to worm . symbi . cabir . a , this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .
f - secure has issued a security patch on its site that will detect cabir and delete the worm components , as well as the worm files from the directory .
click the scan for issues button to check for worm . symbi . cabir . a registry - related issues .
although the cabir worm is not considered a serious threat , huger still emphasizes the need for widespread education about mobile security .
external media , such as pen drive , dvd , and memory card already infected with worm . symbi . cabir . a
your windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to worm . symbi . cabir . a .
clamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use . to get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a , the first step is to install it , scan your computer , and remove the threat .
called cabir , it infects series 60 mobile phones running the symbian operating system and it is highly infectious . when computer security researchers first downloaded cabir into a test device , they soon found their own phones under attack .
worms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a can cause immense disruption to your computer activities . the best method for avoiding infection is prevention ; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .
cabir worm has a lots of significance in security of mobile phones . this worm demonstrated that mobile phones are also not safe from malware . and , it was a wake up call for all security experts .
experts believe that cabir worm was first developed by a group of international hackers called 29a . they wanted to prove that mobile phones are also vulnerable to malware . and so they developed this worm to catch world attention .
worms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a are one of the most destructive forms of malware . they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities . they are similar to viruses , but different in one key way : automation . unlike viruses , worms don’t required human intervention to spread ; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .
the symbos / cabir worm indicates a totally new era of computer worms that will slowly become more popular as wireless smart phones replace current mobile phone systems , which have limited programming ability . the cabir worm appeared in june 2004 , and it has a number of unique features . this worm can run on nokia 60 series phones running the symbian operating system . the symbian operating system is based on the epoc . in fact , symbian is epoc version 6 , also called epoc32 , but has a new name .
after infecting a mobile , cabir worm writes the word “caribe” on the screen of the mobile and it gets activated automatically every time the mobile is turned on .
cabir worm was first designed with the purpose of demonstrating vulnerabilities of mobile phones . reportedly it does not cause much harm other than showing the message “caribe” on the screen .
according to the security report issued by f - secure , the cabir worm can only reach mobile phones that support bluetooth , have it turned on and are in discoverable mode .
immediately after installation , cabir worm gets activated and before the victim can understand the effects , it starts replicating it and infects other mobiles exploiting bluetooth . experts say , the worm starts infecting other mobiles over bluetooth even before the victim realizes it and disables his own bluetooth .
today , computer security researchers use copper - shielded rooms where they can test how bluetooth and wifi viruses spread , without fear of an uncontrolled release .
cabir replicates over bluetooth connections , arriving in a phone messaging inbox as a file called
caribe . sis
that contains the worm . when the user clicks the file and chooses to install the . sis file , the worm activates and starts looking for new devices to infect over bluetooth .
the victim first receives a file named caribe . sis in phone messaging inbox . if the victim cannot understand the risk and opens the file and chooses to install it , cabir worm infects the mobile .
– the cabir virus first appeared 10 years ago . back then what was the overall situation with mobile malware ?
on june 15 , 2004 , at precisely 19 : 17 moscow time something happened that started a new era in computer security . we discovered the first malware created for smartphones .
– so why is it named cabir ? after all , the screenshots on securelist show that the file contains a different name .
during the natural infection tests , cabir first talked to a bluetooth printer , which strangely acted as a
sticky
honeypot system and blocked the worm given that the printer did not support the object exchange ( obex ) protocol that is required to send a file . however , the worm successfully infected another phone as soon as i turned the bluetooth printer off . cabir is overly active in finding other phones and that can easily drain the battery of the phone similarly to natural situations when your phone is hopelessly attempting to find a provider without finding one in range .
if the worm is activated , it writes
caribe
on the screen , and will become active each time the phone is turned on .
that means the virus was given to security firms that were able to dissect the worm for examination , rather than maliciously released into the wild .
the first virus designed to infect mobile phones was detected tuesday , as reported by security firm f - secure in helsinki , finland . nicknamed cabir , the worm uses bluetooth technology running in symbian mobile phones that support nokia ' s series 60 smartphone platform . several mobile phone makers use symbian , including nokia .
about the author : jay geater is the president and ceo of solvusoft corporation , a global software company focused on providing innovative utility software . he is a lifelong computer geek and loves everything related to computers , software , and new technology .
the worm ' s code is compatible with mobile phones using arm series processors with symbian operating system . normally , by default the bluetooth communication feature is off on mobile phones . mobile phone users might exchange some little programs , and in doing so they open up the bluetooth communication channel to cabir - like worms as well .
tang and co say this “white worm” approach can completely contain the malware in a limited amount of time , a claim that is rarely made of other anti - virus strategies .
worms can take many forms . simple ones can intrude upon your browsing experience , consume your computer’s resources through sheer reproduction , or even go to the extent of exhausting your network bandwidth . more malicious worms can also hijack your browser and use your email address to send spam messages .
he noted that the worm can only infect a phone after an installation message to the user , and this shows how crucial it is to have users understand proper virus - protection techniques .
the group that created cabir was known not only for its sophistication , but also for the fact that it issued its own e - zine . and a few months after the first appearance of cabir , it published information about the worm together with snippets of executable code , so some time later new modifications of cabir began to appear – every week . there was one virus writer with an extremely strong desire for fame who persistently sent us modifications of the virus with a request to give it a separate name ! he kept returning , again and again – for a year ! – trying to somehow get into the history books of mobile viruses . in the end he got what he wanted : we indeed classified one of the modifications as a separate family ; we kinda had to .
mike mccamon , spokesperson for bluetooth , told technewsworld that the trade association is currently in the process of contacting the individuals that created the worm , and are also investigating security reports that are still coming in .
what our analysts had successfully analyzed here ( which was later named cabir – see below ) was the first virus for cellphones , and it became a kind of a starting gun – signaling the start of the race for virus writers to create malicious code for smartphones – and create it is indeed what they did , with alarming speed . so much so that by the end of the year it was clear that we really needed a new department to analyze exclusively mobile viruses , especially since they were found to be quite different to computer viruses .
the worm was created by a group that is known for developing viruses to demonstrate vulnerabilities in technology , huger said .
this is a group that ' s done some watershed type of activities ,
he noted .
so all the time while the athletes were running on the track , simultaneously the cabir virus was running too – all around the stands . i know , you couldn’t make this up ! anyway , eventually cabir was bluetoothed into the cellphone in a pocket of an f - secure employee at the stadium ( question – why was he accepting unknown files by bluetooth ? : ) . days later the finnish antivirus company opportunely offered to install in the stadium a bluetooth scanner giving visitors the chance to check whether their phones had been infected with the virus . so there’s your link – read : gimmick : ) – between cabir and f - secure .
cabir managed to cause a minor , but rather curious and thus well - publicized outbreak . it just so happened that in 2005 a certain athletics tournament was taking place in finland . which meant there was a stadium crammed with folks from all over the planet . now , the damage radius of cabir was generally very small – as bluetooth’s range is only about 20 meters . however , here , in a packed stadium ? … : ) . the problem was made even worse by the fact that nokia phones come from finland and are thus extremely popular there ! needless to say , cabir easily got into the stadium – on a cellphone in a pocket of one of the tens of thousands of spectators .
but the next attack might not be so civilized , f - secure noted . the company warns that the discovery of the worm proves that technologies are now available to create viruses for mobile phones , and that those technologies are now in the hands of virus writers .
he added that another item to note is that the worm can only be propagated if a device is in the discoverable mode , which means it is waiting to accept a connection . most device manufacturers have this as a default setting , he said , but a phone can easily be switched to a nondiscoverable mode .
cabir is a different kind of threat , however , because it does not come through a carrier . huger said ,
this uses bluetooth , so you ' re not calling anybody . it just searches around the proximity to see if it can find another bluetooth device , and infects it that way .
when executed , cabir installs itself into several directories of the symbian os intending to make sure it will run each time the user boots the phone . fortunately , this operation is disallowed in newer phone models . however , on older phones , worm components cannot be easily found without using custom file manager applications . cabir does not enumerate bluetooth devices ; instead , it tries to find only the first such device and communicates with that device . the standard bluetooth range is about 30 feet , and apparently not all bluetooth devices like to communicate with each other . ( however , researchers such as mark rowe are experienced with bluetooth signal amplification and pointed out that attackers could utilize such technology to extend the bluetooth range to about 300 feet , reliably . ) in addition , researchers such as ollie whitehouse of @ stake also demonstrated that bluetooth devices are discoverable even in the so - called
non - discoverable
mode . several bluetooth - related attack tools exist today including the most popular bluesniff , btscanner , psmscan and redfang .
the worm currently has no harmful effects , but that does not mean it is not important , noted alfred huger , senior director of engineering for symantec ' s security response team .
the virus represents a wake - up call ,
he told technewsworld .
just because this one isn ' t dangerous doesn ' t mean the next one won ' t be .
– well , things weren’t so bad , because even before the discovery of cabir viruses for palm os ( for palm pdas ) had appeared , so many antivirus companies had already developed protection for that platform . but eventually passions subsided , new viruses didn’t appear , and many people just stopped thinking about palm os viruses and protection against them . ( also , palms weren’t smartphones , and weren’t all that popular – compared with hugely popular cellphones . ) but with the discovery of cabir , we called up again all we had learned earlier , modified it , and shortly after had on the market an antivirus for mobile platforms . ever since , more and more mobile viruses have appeared . and ever since , we’ve been modifying and updating our mobile protection too . nothing to respond with , you ask ? hardly !
– if you’re referring to direct financial losses , it didn’t cause any . it exhausted the battery pretty quickly – in just two to three hours – because constantly searching for bluetooth connections places a heavy load on the battery . in monetary terms , the later mobile viruses that in addition to transmitting themselves sent mmss to premium - rate numbers were far more damaging . for example , a well - known virus post - cabir , comwario , caused an epidemic in a spanish city whose financial damage came to the tune of several million euros .
inside the room there was zero mobile coverage , and any and all communications were jammed : everything was done to prevent viruses from spreading beyond the room . the room turned out to be not only a necessary tool for testing mobile viruses , but also a favorite attraction for media folks , so we always took them there to have a look . these days the mobile malware scene has changed dramatically , and old school viruses like cabir have ceased to exist , so there’s no need for such a room anymore , much to the disappointment of media types : ) .
it was the most legendary group of virus writers in history . they created a massive amount of advanced and unique things . the group consisted of virus writers from all around the world , with membership changing all the time , but there was always a sort of a main skeleton crew made up of people from spain and brazil . one of them , a man named , if my memory serves me well , vallez , created cabir . the 29a group were not cybercriminals by modern standards – they were virus writers creating malware to test and demonstrate new virus technologies . thus , they were motivated by ideology rather than personal gain . they were firsts in many respects : the first to create a macro virus , the first to create a virus for the windows 64 platform… each creation of 29a was a breakthrough , used afterwards by other virus writers , and then by cybercriminals . and we have to remember that at that time – in 2004 – cybercrime was only just beginning to emerge . back then the majority of virus programs tended to be created just for kicks , by people trying to… ‘express themselves’ .
, which was infecting symbian - powered nokia devices by spreading via unsecured bluetooth connections . with its discovery the world learned that there was now malware not just for computers – which everyone already knew too well about ( save for the odd hermit or monk ) – but also for smartphones . yes , many
a decade ! ) for most people ( some still aren’t aware ) . meantime , our analysts made it into the history books !
mobile viruses were almost non - existent 10 years ago . this is how i remember things from back then : in early 2004 we were holding an international press conference , and one of the journalists asked me when the first virus for cellphones would appear . i replied by next year’s conference – for certain . sure enough , some months later – it appeared…
one of our shift virus analysts was sent an unusual file , whose platform it was supposed to operate on was unknown . so he asked his colleague , roman kuzmenko , for help with the analysis of the suspicious object . roma was the natural choice , incidentally , being as he is very much a wunder - analyst and unparalleled in unlocking the mysteries of the oddest of things . as could have been expected , it only took him a couple of hours to work out that what we had here was a virus for the symbian os running on an arm processor . and this duo existed only on cellphones – specifically , on nokia ones .
at that time , our experts couldn’t immediately understand what the virus actually did , so we had to start running tests . but first we needed to get hold of a nokia smartphone , which proved no easy task ! such ‘advanced’ phones were not quite as common as they are today : ) . in the meantime our anti - malware lab continued to analyze the virus , and soon they found… the bomb ! they worked out that its key features were the ability to command the bluetooth protocol and transfer files . it looked like an absurdly efficient means of spreading disease – virus - based disease…
it does . we didn’t have a selection of all the smartphones in operation back then for quick testing , as the idea of needing such a collection naturally hadn’t occurred to us yet – cellphone viruses still didn’t exist .
so we founded such a department , with me heading it . later i was joined by another analyst , denis maslennikov , and one of the first things we decided together was to purchase all the mobile devices that existed on the market that could be attacked by malicious code – even if just theoretically . this was quite fun . after all , who doesn’t like buying new kit – never mind loads of it in one go ? we procured all the symbian devices there were , plus all the phones based on windows , blackberry , and so on . still to this day , we continue to add new mobile devices to our exotic and very complete collection – in case a new mobile threat appears and we need devices to test with sharpish .
oh , that’s a whole other story ! the screenshot shows the name the author gave it – caribe . however , it’s customary in the antivirus industry to name viruses not according to how their authors’ named them , but to come up with new names – so as not to fuel the authors’ egos… oh , and maybe stamp our authority all over the conquered viruses !
so there we were doing really advanced analysis work – deciding on a name – when our colleague elena kabirova walked into the room . given the jungian weirdness of the coincidence of her surname being similar to the virus’s name , we asked her if she’d like her name to go down in history as the name of the very first virus for cellphones . well , the rest… is history : ) .
as often happens with viruses , we received an email with nothing but an attachment – which contained the virus file . it was sent to our address created specifically for this – newvirus @ urltoken . we knew about the sender of the email – he was listed in our databases as… not exactly a virus writer , but someone ‘associated with’ the underground . once in a while he would send us new malware samples created by european virus writers . as a rule , everything he’d send always turned out to be something serious , i . e . , new and unique , so we knew this one would be something significant too straight away . sure enough , this was soon confirmed by strings contained in the malware code ( including mention of 29a ) . it was then clear that what we had here was a malicious program authored by the notorious , long - established international group of virus writers called 29a .
at the time , we didn’t know that the sender of the email had simultaneously sent the virus to several other antivirus companies ; still , that didn’t really matter : we were the only ones able to figure out what the file was all about : ) .
after initial analysis of the virus it became clear that for testing we’d need not one but two smartphones running symbian , because the virus transmitted itself from one phone to another using bluetooth . so we copied the virus onto the first phone , started bluetooth on the second in discoverable mode – and in an instant a request to accept the file came up on the second phone . and after receiving and running the file , the second phone automatically started searching for all available bluetooth - enabled devices nearby . thus , we confirmed that the virus disseminated and propagated via bluetooth . next , we distributed a press release telling the world about the appearance of the first cellphone virus . but that was only just the beginning…
the functionality of the virus and its subsequent modifications presented us with a big practical problem at our office . after all , we were not in a vacuum , but in a typical working environment , where all around could have been folks who could accept this file on their nokias . we realized we were putting our own colleagues in jeopardy with possible infection ! this prompted us to fit out a special room with iron shielding where we could experiment safely with mobile malware .
– you said this malware was created by a certain group of virus writers . t ell me more about it .
the group existed until around 2009 , though before then it had become a lot less active . some members of the group were arrested – in spain , brazil , and the czech republic – while others continue to write malware . we know this because we still come across familiar bits of code – kind of like their personal handwriting or thumbprint .
– today we’ve talked about a particular mobile threat – how it spread and the group behind it . but what we haven’t discussed is the issue of protecting mobile platforms back then . did we really have nothing to respond with ?
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symbian signing key reportedly stolen from nokia could have enabled powerful malware | protect your pc | tips , advice , and support . protect your pc | tips , advice , and support .
hi folks ! now , if you’re a regular reader of this here blog of mine , you’ll know how i like to keep things positive . no matter where i am , no matter the weather ( mostly ) , no matter how jet - lagged , no matter how tired… – i keep things cheerful , cheery , chipper and chirpy . but sometimes , just occasionally , i [ … ]
football / soccer is in the air all around the world this summer – especially in russia . so , sticking to this theme , herewith , a footie - post ; but not even a mention of the world cup… but , since i was on the faroe islands recently , i just had to tell you about their national football team . though the territory they [ … ]
hej folks ! you’ve seen what the faroe islands look like down on the ground . now , let’s have a look at them from up above in a helicopter . hardly any words today folks ; just a ton of oh - my - green - and - glorious pics for your viewing pleasure… this is the north - western edge of the islands ; the best pics were taken [ … ]
hej folks ! first off : geography test ! who’s heard of the faroe islands ? ok , and who can point them out on a world map ? i reckon not all that many . but that’s just wrong ! because these islands are so mandatorily categorically must - see – if only via photographs on a blog on the internet . so here you [ … ]
hi folks ! can you guess what this is ? no – it’s not malevich’s black square . nor is it a rhetorical clickbait question . actually , if you look closely – if your screen shows it big enough – you’ll see something that’ll give you a clue , but you still might not get it…
have you ever been inside a genuine fortress built by actual crusaders ? i hadn’t – and i’ve been to so many different interesting historical places in the world i’ve lost count . but finally , recently , i did it : my first crusader castle visit ! here we are – a fortress built on a high , small patch of [ … ]
a docx attachment with а pdf document that disables windows defender and installs forged digital certificates . meet…
but , once it starts replicating , it searches for other mobile phones exploiting the bluetooth connections . as a result , the battery of the mobile drains out very fast .
i am a security researcher and founder and ceo of asigosec technologies ( opc ) private limited .
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a further problem is that you need to
hide
with mobile phones when you test replicate worms . although the recipient needs to accept the incoming message to successfully receive the message , you do not want to infect another phone
by accident .
in fact , there are several known vulnerabilities of bluetooth systems , and some of these can be utilized to execute arbitrary code on pocket pc devices , while others can be used to implement phishing attacks on a number of smart phones types .
sure enough , in the future you can expect that worms are going to make phone calls from your mobile phone instead of you . there might be a new era of mms - ( multimedia messaging service ) based mass mailer worms as well as sms - ( short messages services ) based downloaders , porn dialers and spammer applications , as well . who is going to pay the bill ?
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find the best app developers and mobile technology specialists to expand your mobile presence .
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the infection spreads very quickly , usually before a user can disable bluetooth from the system settings .
antivirus experts have been girding themselves for mobile security threats as the adoption of devices has grown . one protection against more widespread virus threats over mobile technology has been the way that cellular technology works , said yankee group senior analyst xj wang in an interview with technewsworld .
he noted that , in pc threats , viruses can be delivered directly to the user through web sites and e - mail . but in cellular technology , most internet - delivered content is first filtered through a carrier , where security can be implemented .
i think on the cellular side , it ' s much easier to prevent virus infection , because every carrier has a mobile e - mail gateway ,
wang said .
when it comes to bluetooth , security is a very big deal ,
he said . he added that it ' s important to note that the bluetooth link has not been broken or hacked . rather , bluetooth is being used as a delivery mechanism .
it ' s similar to the internet and viruses there ,
mccamon noted .
it ' s not that the internet itself is insecure ; it ' s that it ' s being used to transport viruses .
there are some antivirus tools and products available for mobile technology , and huger strongly recommends that mobile users at least investigate these to protect themselves .
it ' s the same kind of prevention that people need to do with their pcs ,
he said .
now we have to extend that thinking about antivirus strategies to mobile devices .
there is an official report on the numbers of people vulnerable to bluetooth threats in london on this web page ( pdf ) . the report is free . http : / / www . zero - sum - net / partners / gr / bluetooth - and - social - networking - april - 2004 . pdf .
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mobile phone viruses have been with us for some time . the first virus designed to spread via bluetooth contacts first reared its head in 2004 .
but while these viruses continue to evolve , there has been relatively little work on how to stop them . that’s partly because viruses that spread by email or sms message can be scanned relatively easily by a network operator using existing technologies ( ie by comparing them to a database of known malware ) .
but short range viruses that spread from phone to phone via bluetooth and wifi are more insidious . mobile phones do not necessarily have the computing power to scan all incoming messages .
this problem is compounded by a crucial difference in the structure of the networks formed by short range wireless devices compared to the larger mobile phone network . bluetooth links constantly change throughout the day in a way that mimics the pattern of face - to - face connections between humans . that’s hardly surprising given that bluetooth has a range of just a few metres .
however , the mobile phone network is largely static , because calls have to routed through a centralised fibres .
the rapid change in the links between nodes has important implications . we looked at some of them earlier this year , such as the order in which contact occur . john tang at the university of cambridge in the uk and pals point out that dynamic nature of networks has been ignored in anti - virus strategies so far .
that looks set to change . today , tang and co reveal the new tricks they hope will smother this threat to dynamic networks .
one of the key differences between the way viruses spread on static and dynamic networks is the effect of the order in which infections occur . a seemingly trivial example is that it’s impossible to catch a virus from someone who is not yet infected . and once your link with that person is broken , as happens in dynamic networks , you’re safe . in a static network , by contrast , the links don’t break and you simply become infected later .
that has important implications for the spread of mobile malware . in any phone network , certain phones make far more connections than others . one traditional approach is to target these nodes with patches that prevent the spread of malware .
but in a dynamic network the constant rewiring means that these important nodes change too . so the best connected nodes at one instant may not be the best connected at another . clearly , this has to be taken into account in any effective anti - malware strategy .
so what to do ? tang and co say the answer is to beat the malware at its own game by spreading any patch through the network via the same bluetooth or wifi routes that the virus is using . in that way , the patches should reach the best connected nodes automatically .
what’s more , since the dynamic network more or less exactly mimics the pattern of face - to - face interactions between humans , wireless viruses spread mainly during weekdays when most human contacts are made . but they are largely dormant during the night when few contacts are made
that’s significant because it means that any patch can catch up during the night . in fact , tang and co show that their patch can spread at a rate that outpaces any virus .
that looks to be an interesting development in the cat and mouse race between the virus makers and and breakers . but it seems unlikely to be the last word . it can only be a matter of time before malware developers exploit the techniques outlined by tang and co to spread their viruses more effectively through dynamic networks . and when that happens , the cycle will begin again .
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aeoliscus strigatus , also known as the razorfish , is a member of the family centriscidae of the order syngnathiformes .

this unique fish adopts a head-down tail-up position as an adaptation for hiding among sea urchin spines .

the razorfish is found in coastal waters in the indo-west pacific .

its natural habitat includes beds of sea grass and coral reefs , where sea urchins are found .

aeoliscus strigatus

what type of species is aeoliscus strigatus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the aeoliscus strigatus species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of aeoliscus strigatus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aeoliscus strigatus .
how to identify aeoliscus strigatus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aeoliscus strigatus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aeoliscus strigatus are marked in green .
where is aeoliscus strigatus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aeoliscus strigatus can be found .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
katkarapukala
to
aeoliscus strigatus ( günther , 1861 )
.
nick hope added the english common name
centriscus scutatus
to
aeoliscus strigatus ( günther , 1861 )
.
dianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , aeoliscus strigatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
nick hope marked the common name
morinda spruce
in an unknown language from
aeoliscus strigatus ( günther , 1861 )
as untrusted .
there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates carried out for aeoliscus strigatus . further research is needed to understand population size and trends in abundance for this species .
jointed razorfish , aeoliscus strigatus , at sorong , raja ampat islands , west papua , indonesia , depth 6 m . source : orangkucing / urltoken license : cc by attribution - sharealike
aeoliscus strigatus is taken for use in the aquarium trade , however it ' s not clear to what degree the species is targeted versus being caught as bycatch . the level of offtake from wild populations has not been quantified .
razorfishes ( including aeoliscus strigatus , centriscus cristatus , and centriscus scutatus ) are not used as food , but are sought by aquarium hobbyists . they are taken as bycatch in bottoms trawls , and by hand ( fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999 ) .
citation :
razorfishes , aeoliscus strigatus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
aeoliscus strigatus is found in the indo - west pacific , from the western indian ocean along the coasts of east africa , madagascar , comoros and the seychelles , throughout southeast asia , and from the great barrier reef , and new caledonia ( smith and smith 1963 , garpe and öhman 2003 , allen 2009 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) .
aeoliscus is derived from aeolius , a region from asia minor and aeolus , the greek god of winds . the species name strigata is from the latin meaning stripe in reference to the dark stripe along the sides .
the loss , fragmentation and degradation of seagrass ecosystems is also likely to be detrimental to aeoliscus strigatus populations , as research by horinouchi et al . ( 2009 ) found that this species was restricted to continuous beds of seagrass . attenuation of water movement may increase with seagrass bed size , which may be important in its microhabitat choice ( horinouchi et al . 2009 ) . seagrasses are threatened by coastal development , runoff , and overfishing ( waycott et al . 2009 ; short et al . 2011 ) .
research aeoliscus strigatus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
aeoliscus strigatus forms schools that swim vertically with heads oriented downward among branching corals ( allen 2009 ) , the spines of sea urchins ( diadema spp . : coppard and campbell 2004 ; heinzeller and nebelsick 2005 ) , and in seagrass beds ( nakamura et al . 2002 ) . this species feeds primarily on crustacean zooplankton ( fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999 ) , and ontogenic dietary differences have been observed ( horinouchi et al . 2012 ) . larger individuals feed primarily on gammaridean amphipods , whereas juveniles feed predominantly on planktonic copepods ( horinouchi et al . 2012 ) .
jointed razorfish differ from members of the genus centriscus in having a jointed , versus a rigid first dorsal - fin spine . the other species of aeoliscus , a . punctulatus , occurs in the western indian ocean and the red sea , and differs in having small black spots over body .
ablennes hians , abudebduf sp . , abudefduf abdominalis , abudefduf luridus , abudefduf saxatilis , abudefduf septemfasciatus , abudefduf sexfasciatus , abudefduf sordidus , abudefduf taurus , abudefduf vaigiensis , abudefduf whitleyi , acanthistius brasilianus , acanthistius fuscus , acanthopagrus berda , acanthostracion notacanthus , acanthostracion polygonia , acanthostracion polygonius , acanthostracion quadricornis , acanthurus achilles , acanthurus albipectoralis , acanthurus auranticavus , acanthurus bahianus , acanthurus blochii , acanthurus chirurgus , acanthurus coeruleus , acanthurus dussumieri , acanthurus guttatus , acanthurus leucopareius , acanthurus lineatus , acanthurus mata , acanthurus monroviae , acanthurus nigricans , acanthurus nigricauda , acanthurus nigrofuscus , acanthurus nigroris , acanthurus nubilus , acanthurus olivaceus , acanthurus pyroferus , acanthurus sp . , acanthurus spp . , acanthurus thompsoni , acanthurus triostegus , acanthurus xanthopterus , aeoliscus strigatus , aetobatis narinari , aetobatus narinari , albula glossodonta , albula vulpes , alectis ciliaris , alepes vari , alphestes afer , aluterus monoceros , aluterus scriptus , amanses scopas , amblycirrhitus pinos , amblyglyphidodon aureus , amblyglyphidodon curacao , amblyglyphidodon leucogaster , amblyglyphidodon orbicularis
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 23 july 2014 . available at : urltoken .
australia ( northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; cambodia ; china ; india ( andaman is . ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; japan ( kyushu ) ; madagascar ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; seychelles ( aldabra , seychelles ( main island group ) ) ; taiwan , province of china ( kin - men , ma - tsu - pai - chuan , taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; tanzania , united republic of ; vanuatu ; viet nam
the loss and degradation of seagrass and coral reef habitat in the region are likely leading to declines in the population .
bruno and selig ( 2007 ) performed the first regional scale and long - term analysis of coral cover in the west pacific , compiling a coral cover database of 6001 quantitative surveys of 2667 subtidal coral reefs performed from 1968 and 2004 from sumatra in the west to french polynesia in the east . they found that the region - wide average of coral coverage was 22 . 1 % in 2003 , down from an estimated historical ( 100 - 1000 y . b . p . ) coverage of 50 % ( salvat 2002 ) . the great barrier reef has lost 40 % of its coral cover since 1986 ( hughes et al . 2011 , de ' ath et al . 2012 ) .
decreases in coral can result from a number of factors , including coral bleaching caused by elevated sea temperatures , storms , predator and disease outbreaks , sedimentation from urban development and agriculture , and destructive fishing practices such as trawling and using dynamite ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 ) .
although it is clear that coral reefs and seagrasses have been declining and will likely continue to do so , these declines have not been quantified in recent years for areas outside of the great barrier reef , nor have they been quantified over time frames that are relevant to the likely short generation length of the species .
there are no species - specific conservation actions in place . this species occurs in many marine protected areas across its range . it is not included in any international legislation or trade controls .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
form schools among the spines of diadema or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . remarkable for their strange body shape and swimming habit : the body is encased in an armor of thin , transparent plates ; they swim in synchronized groups , each fish in a vertical position with the snout pointing downwards .
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the jointed razorfish is an unusual species that is encased in thin plates . it swims with the head down and the back facing the direction of travel .
the jointed razorfish has a highly compressed body that is encased in thin plates . it has a long pointed snout and an elongated dorsal spine with a moveable tip .
the species is yellowish brown to pale with a black stripe running from the snout to the caudal peduncle .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
fishes in the family centriscidae have an unusual mode of swimming . they swim in a vertical position with the head down and with the back facing the direction of travel .
jointed razorfish are often seen in schools that dart between coral branches or between the spines of sea urchins ( diadema ) when disturbed .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes . tmc publishing pp . 240 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .
the remarkable jointed razorfish has a rigid ‘razor - thin’ body encased in transparent ' armour ' , a long pointed snout and a jointed dorsal - fin spine . they are yellowish - brown to pale green on the back , and silvery on the sides , with a dark mid - lateral stripe along the body . the first dorsal - fin spine is ' jointed ' or hinged and often held at an angle to the body . jointed razorfish often swim in large synchronised schools , and seek refuge amongst coral branches or sea urchin spines .
tropical indo - west pacific , from east africa to australia and north to southern japan . known in australian waters from the tip of cape york , northern queensland to northern nsw . this schooling species lives on coral reefs in sheltered bays and lagoons on the continental shelf at 1–42 m .
jointed razorfish live in association with a variety of invertebrates such as acropora corals , gorgonians , black corals , sea whips , diadema sea urchins and seagrasses .
meristic features : dorsal fin iii , 10 ; anal fin 12 ; pectorla fin 11–12 ; pelvic fin 4 .
body elongate , extremely compressed , encased in protective transparent sutured plates ; ventral edge very compressed , ' sharp ' ; interorbital space striated , convex , longtitudinal agroove absent ; snout long and tubular ; mouth small , teeth absent ; lateral line absent . caudal and soft dorsal fins situated ventrally ; spinous dorsal fin hinged , and positioned at end of body where the caudal fin is usually found .
colour varies with habitat , ranging from a silvery greenish - to yellowish - brown , or quite pale . individuals living amongst seagrasses have tend to be more greenish - yellow body with a diffused longitudinal stripe from the snout to the tail fin . those in sandy or rubble habitats are often paler with a black longitudinal stripe .
oviparous , sexes separate , fertilisation external . eggs and larvae are pelagic , juveniles settle at about 20 mm in length , often within the spines of the sea urchin diadema .
the jointed razorfish may be taken as bycatch in commerical fisheries . although this species is collected for the aquarium industry , individuals are difficult to keep in captivity .
razorfish usually swim in a head - down position , moving in the direction of their dorsal surface .
amphisile strigata günther 1861 , cat . fish . brit . mus . 3 : 528 . type localith : java , indonesia .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . 292 p .
fritzsche , r . a . & k . g . thiesfeld . 1999 . centriscidae : shrimpfishes ( razorfishes ) , p . 2281 - 2282 in carpenter , k . e . & v . e . niem . species identification guide for fisheries purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome .
günther , a . 1861 . catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum . 3 . gobiidae , discoboli , pediculati , blenniidae , labyrinthici , mugilidae , notacanthi . london . 3 : i - xxv + 1 - 586 + i - x .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & allen , g . r . 2006 . fishes . in beesley p . l . & wells a . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 abrs & csiro publishing : australia . 3 volumes .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland .
kuiter , r . h . 2009 . seahorses and their relatives . aquatic photographics , seaford , australia , 333 p .
leis , j . m . & rennis , d . s . 2000 . centriscidae ( razorfishes ) in leis j . m . and carson - ewart b . m . ( eds ) the larvae of indo - pacific coastal fishes : an identification guide to marine fish larvae . brill , the netherlands .
michael , s . w . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 : a guide to their identification , behaviour and captive care . tfh publications inc . , new jersey , usa .
okiyama , m . 1988 . an atlas of the early stage fishes in japan . tokai university press , tokyo . 1157 pp . [ in japanese ]
randall , j . e . 2005 . reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . university of hawai’i press honolulu .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & steene , r . c . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house publishing bathurst .
russell , b . c . & w . houston . 1989 . offshore fishes of the arafura sea . the beagle 6 ( 1 ) : 69 - 84 .
whitley , g . p . & allan , j . 1958 . the sea - horse and its relatives . the griffin press , adelaide , australia .
description form schools among the spines of @ diadema @ or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . . . .
description form schools among the spines of @ diadema @ or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . remarkable for their strange body shape and swimming habit : the body is encased in an armor of thin , transparent plates ; they swim in synchronized groups , each fish in a vertical position with the snout pointing downwards . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of amphisile strigata günther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
authority authority given as gunther , 1857 ( original combination ) in < 130 > . [ details ]
pacific aquarium - new york city [ local fish store travel ep . 5 ]
nyc ' s largest aquarium fish store ! ! fishtown usa . nyc aquarium doctors
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description : the striped shrimpfish , or razorfish , is a distant relative of the pipefish and seahorses . it has a slender , silver , flattened body with a dark longitudinal line that runs the entire length of the body , even going through the eyes . it has a long slender snout and a long sharp dorsal spine . the body is encased in transparent bony plates that provide protection from predators . if its habitat is seagrass , the body coloration is usually greenish - yellow with brown stripes for camouflage purposes .
size : striped shrimpfish can grow up to six inches ( 15 cm ) .
behavior : this fish has a unique method of swimming . it swims in synchronized schools in a vertical position ( upside - down ) with the snout pointing straight down . this head - down , tail - up position allows it to hide in the branches of coral or spines of a sea urchin . by hiding among the spines , the shrimpfish is protected from predators and able to hunt for potential food .
reproduction : males and females release gametes into the open water where external fertilization takes place . the eggs are pelagic and once the juvenile reaches a length of 0 . 75 inches ( 2 cm ) they settle toward the bottom looking for sea urchins to inhabit .
habitat / range : the striped shrimpfish inhabits shallow coral reefs and seagrass beds with sea urchins throughout the indo - west pacific .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
mohr , e . 1937 ,
revision der centriscidae ( acanthoptergii , centrisciformes )
, dana reports , vol . 13 , pp . 1 - 69 figs 1 - 33 pls 1 - 2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4542b0db - 8f9e - 4c1a - 95fc - d344921c8171
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f57fb160 - dcc7 - 4311 - 9795 - fb845a2c328d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 750ff67b - 38c0 - 4a4a - a8da - d9923763199f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354359
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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vj fractal red kaleidoscopic background . background motion with fractal design . disco spectrum lights concert spot bulb . light tunnel .
vj fractal gold kaleidoscopic background . background motion with fractal design . disco spectrum lights concert spot bulb . light tunnel .
skeleton shrimps swaying on black sand slope and muck , caprella sp . hd , up30224
soccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .
stage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series
over 10 , 961 , 482 royalty - free video clips with 76 , 091 new stock clips added weekly .
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this dataset contains data on : abundance ( individuals / m ^ 2 ) , standing biomass ( g / ind ) , size - corrected biomass ( g ^ alpha / ind ) , trophic group ( herbivore , omnivore , planktivore , invertivore , piscivore ) , time - averaged temperature kinetics , community - level species richness ( # of species ) and sampling area ( m ^ 2 ) . this dataset was collected by visual counts of 5609 populations of reef fishes spread across 49 sites around tropical and subtropical seas ( see publication for full methods description ) .
barneche dr , kulbicki m , floeter sr , friedlander am , allen ap ( 2016 ) energetic and ecological constraints on population density of reef fishes . proceedings of the royal society b 283 ( 1823 ) : 20152186 . urltoken
barneche dr , kulbicki m , floeter sr , friedlander am , allen ap ( 2016 ) data from : energetic and ecological constraints on population density of reef fishes .
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