the damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata ) is a nocturnal insectivorous species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae found in africa .

this species typically has reddish brown fur on its back and white fur on its abdomen .

its natural habitat is moist savanna , although it has also been shown to inhabit woodlands and coastal forests .

these bats typically weight about 10 g , and have a low aspect ratio , as well as low wing loading .

damara woolly bat

a young / baby of a damara woolly bat is called a ' pup ' . a damara woolly bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
may remain associated with the female and offspring . however , there is no direct information about reproduction in the damara woolly bat
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introduction : as its name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .
introduction : as it ' s name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .
the damara woolly bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
introduction : the damara woolly bat is recognized by it ' s soft , woolly fur that grows away from the body as the paler tips curl up and give it a ' grizzly appearance ' . a braincase that rises to a high dome over the long rostrum and a fringe of hair along the edge of the interfemoral membrane are other significant characteristics of this species . it is larger than other woolly bat species .
introduction : the damara woolly bat is recognized by it ' s soft , woolly fur that grows away from the body as the paler tips curl up and give it a ' grizzly appearance ' . a braincase that rises to a high dome over the long rostrum and a fringe of hair along the edge of the interfemoral membrane are other significant characteristics of this species . it is larger than other woolly bat species . visitors on a guided tour or self drive safari in namibia may occasionally see this bat around dawn and dusk .
the damara woolly bat is a small member of the vespertillidonae , the largest and most widespread family of bats . covered in long , soft hair with curly tips , the woolly bats are most easily recognised by their grizzly appearance and by a fringe of hair which sits around the hind edge of the naked , reddish - brown interfemoral membrane , which stretches between the legs ( 3 )
along with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat and the egyptian slit - faced bat , dent ' s horseshoe bat can also be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .
many details of the damara woolly bat ' s biology and life history remain sketchy but there are a number of facts that researchers have identified . this bat is nocturnal and relies on echolocation to navigate and catch its insect prey . it has a low intensity call which lasts for around two millisecondswith a moderately high peak frequency ( 90 to 118 khz ) ( 4 ) .
whilst rare , the range of the damara woolly bat is vast , stretching across much of africa . countries in which it has been identified include angola , cote d ' ivoire , democratic republic of the congo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , senegal , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe ( 2 ) ( 4 )
coloring : off - white to predominately dark grayish - brown long , woolly fur with a lighter shade on the abdomen to that of the back .
coloring : externally they are similar in size and appearance to the angolan epauletted fruit bat .
efforts are being made to collect and record bat species throughout southern africa . by documenting bat species and numbers it is hoped that specific threats to rare species can be identified and controlled ( 5 )
distribution : the banana bat favors plantations near permanent sources of water which also provide appropriate roosting places .
kunz , t . h . and fenton , m . b . ( 2003 ) bat ecology . chicage university press , chicago .
introduction : the angola free - tailed bat ( mops condylura ) roost in crevices , caves , attics and expansion joints in bridges . they are common in their distribution range , occurring in colonies ranging from a few individuals to several hundred , often in co - existence with the little free - tailed bat . at bridges , the angola free - tailed bat uses it ' s wings as air brakes prior to landing .
introduction : the angolan epauletted fruit bat is slightly larger in size to peters ' s epauletted fruit bat . many of their species have ' prominent transverse ridges in the soft palate ' to compress fruit pulp against the tongue . this enables them to withdraw juices and then throw away the pulp .
introduction : this small bat is known to emerge at dusk . small colonies take refuge during the day under crevices and loose bark from tall trees .
diet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control .
introduction : rüppells horseshoe bat occur in small colonies of about 12 , mainly in open woodland savannah and depends on a selection of shelters that include caves and hollow trees , ideal roosting places that protect them from the extremes of daily weather conditions . a characteristic of the horseshoe bat is the complicated nose structure which assists their extremely sensitive echolocation abilities .
introduction : the flat - headed free - tailed bat is a free - tailed bat , differing to others of the species by an extraordinary flattened skull . this is not apparent when the bat is alive . studies have discovered it has the ability to roost in the narrowest of rock crevices , impossible roosting destinations for other bats . another distinguishing feature is the lack of a sheathed tail membrane . they also have wrinkled upper lips and ' complex ears ' . their narrow , elongated wings enable them to fly fast and straight .
distribution : the flat - headed free - tailed bat head for open seasonal waters in the rainy season , specifically in the namib desert and at rosh pinah in southern namibia .
introduction : commerson ' s leaf - nosed bat is the largest insectivorous bat in southern africa . it has long hind legs and sharp , prominent dark claws . its well - developed canines are capable of inflicting a nasty bite . these features have lent some experts to believe that this bat may be carnivorous , although only preying on insects disproves this theory . colonies ranging from a few to several hundred roost in caves or in the hollows of trees . they are lone foragers at night and travel considerable distances to rest , groom and listen for prey .
this particular species often congregate in large colonies , numbering hundreds . a feature is the interaction between neighboring bat colonies , resulting in a fair amount of noise , centering around roosting space .
introduction : the cape serotine bat is one of the most widespread of the african species of bat . variations in size and appearance are considerable within serotine bats , but for the chiropterologists , the cape serotine bat is characterized by its 32 chromosomes . a feature of the serotine is its distinctive ' helmet ' on the skull . it can be found in a wide range of habitats , including desert s , as long as sufficient water , food and shelter exist . small colonies of around 6 roost under thick concentrations of leaves and in sheltered nooks of houses and barns .
breeding : schlieffen ' s bat mate in april / may and females store sperm until august when she gives birth to twin pups , who can fly and fend for themselves within a month .
introduction : the lesser yellow house bat ( scotophilus borbonicus ) is more common than the yellow house bat , but has a smaller distribution range . as its name suggests , it is the smallest version of yellow house bats . they are found in areas of tall mopane woodland , seeking refuge in the cracks and hollows of dead tree trunks , resting and roosting individually or in small groups .
introduction : yellow house bats have bulldog type facial features and are slightly larger than the lesser yellow house bat . it is associated with habitats such as woodland savannah . by day they roost in hollows and cracks in large trees and by night in isolated sections of roofing and cracks in walls . colonies of roosting yellow house bat are so quiet , occupants inside are usually not aware of their presence .
introduction : the aloe serotine bat ( neoromicia zuluensis ) is the smallest of namibia ' s 3 species of serotine bats , similar in size to the cape serotine bat . it is known to live in woodland savannahs and hunts in areas of permanent water . the name aloe refers to the ornithologist aus tin roberts collecting the species from the leaves of aloes . they roost in other retreats as well though , such as the roofs of buildings .
introduction : the common name of the straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) refers to the fur colour on the shoulders and back . it is the largest bat in the southern sub region . it is common throughout the equatorial forests of africa and because of it ' s size , individuals have a migratory range that covers all of southern africa , including namibia . this is accounted for by their ' highly developed nomadic urge ' .
like many other species of leaf - nosed bat , they are cave dwellers . they also inhabit in the sanctuary of rock fissures , culverts , the dark interiors of desert ed buildings , disused mine adits and hollow trees .
introduction : the most remarkable aspect of the schreibers ' s long - fingered bat is the colossal colonies that are found in deep , dark , moist caves . at times over 300 , 000 individuals have been recorded , a feature that can be witnessed in namibia whilst staying at arnhem cave s and rest camp . the heat emitted from such numbers has been known to change the temperature of a cave . an insectivorous bat , it may live for at least 20 years .
introduction : the pale free - tailed bat ( chaerephon chapini ) like all other free - tailed bats , has wrinkled upper lips and a complex ear structure and long , narrow wings . a distinguishing feature of the pale free - tailed bat is the pale coloration of the fur , ( hence the name ) . it also owns an unusually long tuft of reddish and white erectile hair against the neck , where a fold of skin behind , joins the ears on the top of the head .
introduction : peter ' s epauletted bat is mostly found where indigenous fruit - bearing trees grow in particular fig - trees . the dense riverine forests that are found along the okavango and chobe rivers , as well as the kwando river are such areas .
diet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control . coloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .
diet : small soft - bodied insects living under the canopies of tall trees . coloring : the rusty bat is so called due to its reddish - brown colour of the upper parts , in contrast to its light grayish - brown under parts . it has completely black wing membranes .
introduction : information on this species is very scarce indeed . it is believed that it forages along river beds were greater concentrations of insect can be found . loose bark of the acacia trees , common along the kuiseb river are a favored roosting places for the namib long - eared bat .
introduction : the sundevall ' s leaf - nosed bat has best been described as small and fragile . it occurs widely in wooded savannahs . colonies are restricted to from just a few to several hundred and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .
introduction : the egyptian slit - faced bat is one of the most common bats in southern africa and the most widely found of the slit - faced bats . they can occur from a few individuals up to colonies of some 600 and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave rest camp . as with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat they inhabit deep , dark caves and hollow trees as a daytime destination . they are known to use regular night roosts for grooming and resting between feeding forays . after dark they hunt and feed ' on the wing ' .
introduction : darling ' s horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus darlingi ) like others of the species , are competent and active hunters mainly due to their broader wings and superior echolocation abilities . colonies normally number a few dozen . the species was named after a mining engineer j . darling who collected his initial specimens from mazoe in zimbabwe .
introduction : the hairy slit - faced bat ( nycteris hispida ) is a fragile creature and is characterized by 3 - lobed upper incisors . skin folds on the snout form a deep slit between the nostrils reaching up to the forehead . the importance of this feature is that sensitive organs connected to echolocation are safeguarded within this slit .
introduction : as populations of rüppells bat ( pipistrellus rueppellii ) are small in southern africa , they are not often seen and considered rare . subsequently information is low . what is known is their dental features , the shape of the tragi and their size . they roost in small groups in holes and crevices of trees in the day .
taylor , p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . , van der merwe , m . , white , w . and jacobs , d . s . ( 2004 ) new biogeographical records of five rare bat species ( chiroptera : rhinolophidae and vespertilionidae ) from south africa . durban museum novitates , 29 : 104 - 108 .
introduction : dent ' s horseshoe bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . as it occurs in hot , dry regions they are dependant on deep caves that offer , cool , humid but stable interior living conditions . colonies vary from a few to several hundred . they roost on cave ceilings and cling to the walls of caves or from stalactites .
introduction : the egyptian slit - faced bat is one of the most common bats in southern africa and the most widely found of the slit - faced bats . they can occur from a few individuals up to colonies of some 600 and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave rest camp . as with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat they inhabit deep , dark caves and hollow trees as a daytime destination . they are known to use regular night roosts for grooming and resting between feeding forays . after dark they hunt and feed ' on the wing ' . distribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .
introduction : the little free - tailed bat ( tadarida pumila ) is the smallest of namibia ' s free - tailed bats . they roost in roof structures of buildings , taking as much as 80 % of the roof space to hide from predators . they are noisy tenants , present throughout the year and the smell of their body odor combined with guano makes them a most unpleasant visitor .
introduction : the common name of the mauritian tomb bat ( taphozous mauritianus ) was derived when the original specimen was collected from ' under the eaves of a tomb in mauritius ' . the afrikaans name is witlyfvlermuis , referring to the pure white belly . they are migrants and will move away in the colder , winter months , returning to the same roosting places when they return in summer .
introduction : schlieffen ' s bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . it is named after the collector count wilhelm von schlieffen - schlieffenburg . they roost individually or in small groups under protruding bark and crevices of holes in trees or rocks . this is one of the first bats out hunting at dusk . it has a labored and erratic flight pattern , manoeuvring around the skies to catch as many insects as it can in one sortie , especially by flying into insect swarms at night .
introduction : geoffroy ' s horseshoe bats are highly gregarious creatures that occur in colonies of several thousand if suitable roosting sites exist . one such site is at arnhem cave and rest camp . as with other rhinolophids they have the ability to hibernate in temperate regions and roost from ceiling sanctuaries . this allows them to tolerate colder conditions , especially with an associated lack of resident insect prey . during the summer months , geoffroy ' s horseshoe bat accumulates body fat , providing fuel to survive the colder winter months . they can then reduce body functions and lower heartbeat levels as low as 2 pulses per minute .
echolocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’ . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . interfemoral membrane the skin that stretches between the hind legs and tail of a bat , used in flight . nocturnal active at night .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is distributed in east africa and southern africa , with some records in southern parts of the democratic republic of the congo and possibly northern angola in central africa ( records are uncertain from this country ) . in east africa it has been recorded from kenya and tanzania in the north , through zambia , malawi and mozambique . in southern africa , it appears to be widespread in zimbabwe , with additional scattered records from northeastern south africa and central namibia .
although this species is rarely encountered , it is not thought to be especially uncommon .
this species is generally associated with moist savanna habitats ( including bushveld ) ( taylor 2000 ) . roosting sites include deserted weaver bird nests , among clusters of leaves , on the bark of trees , and on traditional houses ( rondavels ) ( roberts 1951 ; smithers and wilson 1979 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) .
there appear to be no direct conservation measures in place . it has been recorded from the kambai forest reserve in tanzania by cunneyworth ( 1996 ) , and seems likely to be present in a number of protected areas within its range . further studies are needed to determine if the species is truly present in angola .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
, and the ears are large and funnel - shaped , ending in rounded tips . the tragus , a fleshy projection covering the inner ear , is long and pointed
period of 40 to 100 days . the female takes the bulk of the parental responsibility , but males of the
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
apps , p . ( 2000 ) smither ' s mammals of southern africa : a field guide . struik publishers , cape town .
stuart , s . and stuart , t . ( 2007 ) field guide to mammals of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town .
monadjem , a . , taylor p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . and corrie schoeman . m . ( in press ) bats of southern & central africa : a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . university of witwatersrand press , johannesburg .
fullard , j . h . and thomas , d . w . ( 1981 ) detection of certain african , insectivorous bats by sympatric , tympanate moths . journal of comparative physiology , 143 : 363 - 368 .
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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .
jakob fahr marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
kerivoula argentata tomes , 1861
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
eteläafrikanvillakko
to
kerivoula argentata tomes , 1861
.
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colouring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and greyish - brown underparts and brown wings .
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this lodge is such an institution that palmwag , which is no more than the lodge and a petrol station , is marked on every namibian map . an excellent location to explore the remote conservancies of north western namibia - and perhaps encounter some of the rare rhino or desert adapted elephant which the area is famous for
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an upmarket lodge and spa on the banks of the kavango river . the only traditional luxury lodge on this stretch of river
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refreshingly , and surprisingly for the area , this lodge does not have the word ' river ' as part of its name . do not be misled it is situated on the banks of the river opposite the caprivi game park ( bwabwata national park )
near the village of divundu , this small but wonderfully managed lodge is a perennial favourite of ours . lovely wooden chalets , with large decks overlook the river . those wanting to experience the river can choose from fishing and sunset river cruises
a small lodge a short distance west of rundu . the rooms have river views and guests can choose from a range of activities
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distribution : erongo mountains in damaraland . baynes , omavandaberge and otjihipa mountains , and the black hills , all in kaokoland .
diet : small soft - bodied insects . coloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .
breeding : females normally give birth to twins around late november and early december .
size : males 80mm , females 90mm . weight : males 5 . 9g , females 7 . 3g .
coloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .
coloring : a rich dark brown fur with lighter under parts , a tawny throat colour with a grey - brown chest and a whitish belly . the wings are brown .
introduction : this species is so called due to its habit of small colonies ( of less than 10 bats ) roosting by day in the rolled - up leaves of the banana plant . small groups can also roost in the nooks and crannies in buildings and in the leaves of palms , due to its sucker pads on the thumb and soles of the rear feet .
coloring : various shades of brown fur on the back with lighter under parts . the wing membranes are brown .
introduction : butterfly bats are associated with open plant vegetation , semi - arid regions and riverine forests . they prefer thatched roofs , a feature of accommodation and lodges in northern namibia and are known to huddle in small groups of 10 in nearby thick vegetation .
distribution : north ern namibia n areas such as etosha national park , caprivi strip and further west along the kavango river regions reaching as far as epupa falls on the kunene river .
coloring : a dark , reticulated pattern ( similar to that of a giraffe ) opposite to its light yellow base wing colour .
diet : insect s over or on water or under the canopies of tall trees .
coloring : black - based fur , with yellowish - brown white tips . the wings are blackish - brown .
breeding : the female usually gives birth to twin pups during late november and early december . newly born off - spring cling on to the mother ' s fur and nipples on hunting expeditions .
distribution : widespread from windhoek , north to the angolan border , including etosha national park and as far east as the caprivi strip and victoria falls .
diet : small to large insects ( termite s to beetles ) with hard skeletons .
coloring : short , thick fawn fur , lighter on the head and back and light tawny undersides .
coloring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and grayish - brown under parts and brown wings .
coloring : drab grey fur with a lighter shade of grey on the undersides . the wings are light grey - brown with light brown pointed ears .
breeding : female darling ' s horseshoe bats give birth to a single offspring , normally during the warmer , wetter early summer months .
coloring : pale grey to pale brown to pale cream soft and long hair .
coloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .
distribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .
coloring : fur coloration varies from region to region and within a colony . in namibia they are tawny - olive to brownish - grey to dark seal - brown with lighter under parts in shades of grayish to white .
diet : moth s and small beetles and any ground insect can be caught due to their wing design . their flying ability permits them to land on the ground .
individuals or small colonies of up to 20 roost in dense bushes , houses and buildings , caves and ant bear burrows on a permanent basis .
distribution : tropical forests of the far - eastern caprivi strip , specifically zambezi river valley areas .
coloring : sepia brown fur , lighter on the undersides and dark blackish - brown ears and wings .
coloring : light to dark yellowish - brown smooth , short , silky fur with white or grayish - white under parts .
diet : little free - tailed bats consume an enormous amount of insects . they hunt flying insects above vegetation at speed in open air space .
coloring : brown or deep blackish - brown fur with light brown under parts with a characteristic variable median broad white band of fur from the chest to the anus .
breeding : female little free - tailed bats can have 3 pregnancies in one summer , giving birth to one pup per pregnancy .
size : total head and body length 90mm . weight : 11 . 5g .
introduction : this is the largest member of its genus in the southern region . only up to 6 long - tailed serotine bats are found at a time , roosting in places of refuge such as rock crevices , caves , mines and sheltered areas in buildings .
distribution : from the orange river in the south of namibia through the central highlands as far north as omaruru .
coloring : fawn upper parts in desert regions . a darker brown or blackish in areas of higher rainfall . the under parts are lighter but greyer and the ears and wings are dark brown .
mauritian tomb bats can be identified by their elongated face with a pointed muzzle and short , broad ears . another prominent feature is their eyes , larger than other species of the same size . it is believed that they communicate by smell , as the glandular sac on the throat of the male excretes an aromatic substance .
mauritian tomb bats occur in small harem groups of up to 12 , consisting of a mature male with mature females and their young . they roost by day in large trees . their grey fur blends in with the background of the bark making them hard to see . they also rest under thatched eaves of cottages , with individuals remaining on sentry duty throughout the day .
coloring : grey grizzled with white fur on the back with a pure white belly .
introduction : midas free - tailed bats ( mops midas ) are a gregarious species , occurring in colonies ranging from a few dozen to several hundred . they roost in variety of locations , ranging from hollows in dead trees , buildings and expansion joints in bridges , occupying these locations throughout the year .
coloring : short dark brown fur , ' sparsely flecked ' with white hair with paler under parts . wings are dark brown with a narrow band of white , silky hair at the base .
size : average body length 140mm . weight : 48 . 5g . the males are larger and heavier than the females .
distribution : water holes in the kuiseb river bed at the namib desert research station .
coloring : light fur consistent with desert animals . light fluffy - brown fur with olive - brown wing membranes .
distribution : dry woodland areas of northern namibia , living in small colonies not far from ruacana falls and mahango national park .
coloring : the fur on the back is a pale cinnamon - brown with off - white individual hairs at the base . the under parts of the body are grayish - brown with a whitish brown from the throat to the sternum . the wings are mainly white .
introduction : serotine bats roost in small groups in any nook or cranny of buildings , rocks and trees . they have been described as ' small , drab and unobtrusive creatures ' that frequent woodland savannah areas with permanent water .
distribution : caprivi strip especially bwabwata national park , chobe and zambezi river areas .
diet : rendall ' s serotine bats hunt for insects hovering around trees and shrubs , 2m above the ground .
coloring : it ' s most distinguishing feature from other serotine bats is a white , translucent wing membrane . fur is dark , chocolate brown at the base , changing to reddish - brown tips . the under parts are grayish - white , with pure white anal fur .
size : no more than 90mm in length . weight : adults weigh around 6 - 7 . 5g
coloring : the fur on the sides and back are grey . the pure white fur on the under parts makes it easily identifiable from other pipistrelles .
distribution : a very wide distribution in namibia less the namib desert and the extreme eastern kalahari flanks of the central highlands .
breeding : the female almost without fail gives birth to twins at the end of november or early december .
weight : 3 - 4g . the females are always slightly larger than the male .
distribution : north ern namibia from the epupa falls region , etosha national park , caprivi strip to victoria falls .
diet : small soft - bodied insects at or near permanent sources of water .
coloring : short light fawn fur on the back with a paler fur on the abdomen . the wings are dark brown .
distribution : widespread in namibia from windhoek north to the kunene river and caprivi strip , less for the skeleton coast area .
diet : small , soft bodied insects , especially over concentrations of water at night .
distribution : from central namibia north to the angolan border including etosha park , the kavango region , kalahari desert and in isolated regions at the mouth of the orange river .
diet : individuals emerge at dusk to hunt . they have a keen sense of echolocation and catch small insects in their wings in flight .
distribution : north ern namibia from etosha national park stretching to epupa falls and the kunene river , along the kavango river , caprivi strip to victoria falls .
diet : individuals normally take 2hr night - time feeding sessions , catching insects in their wings .
coloring : adults have a bright yellow belly with short brown fur tinged with olive , red or grey . the wings are translucent and brown .
size : average body length 130mm . weight : 27g . megachiroptera ( large bats or megabats ) found in namibia :
distribution : in the far north of namibia , specifically from epupa falls to oshakati regions to the angolan border .
diet : mainly larger fruits such as papayas , flowers , buds and nectar .
diet : mangoes , paw - paws , avocados , figs , bananas and passion fruit and other soft , pulpy fruits .
coloring : straw - coloured fur on the shoulders and back with darker brown hair on the rump and lighter under parts .
breeding : a single young is born in november and carried by the mother until it can fend for itself . ( but only in the tropical forest region of their range ) .
size : total body length 190mm . weight : 240 - 280g . wingspan : 750mm .
why do so many people travel to namibia ? one key reason is certainly the country ' s outstanding wildlife . there are 192 mammal species . . . read more > >
what is the real namibia ? how do you best see it ? the real namibia is slightly different to the one described in marketing brochures and . . . read more > >
namibia is a perfect starting point for anyone who has never self driven in africa before . you can cover huge distances on self drive in . . . read more > >
welcome to the magnificent sun - baked land of contrasts and geographical extremes wedged between the kalahari and the chilly south atlanti . . . read more > >
these small non - game animals live in burrows , either in colonies or small families . they all forage during daytime . some species , like th . . . read more > >
join this additional challenge to get a broader adventure perspective of a extraordinary country , rich of contrasts . this challenge is es . . . read more > >
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the journal of animal ecology is a peer - reviewed scientific journal publishing research in all areas of animal ecology . it began publication in 1932 , and as such is the second oldest journal of the british ecological society ( after the journal of ecology ) . it is available both in print and online .
the journal is abstracted and indexed in cambridge scientific abstracts , biobase / current awareness in biological sciences , current contents , geobase , and the science citation index . according to the journal citation reports , the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 4 . 841 , ranking it 1st out of 149 journals in the category
zoology
[ 2 ] and 20th out of 131 journals in the category
ecology
. [ 3 ]
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kabbalah rav michael laitman , phd translation : chaim ratz editor : c . . . . . . m chaos to harmony the solution to the global crisis according to the wisdom
kabbalah copyright © 2006 by michael laitman all rights reserved p . . . . . . uentin rd , 2nd floor , brooklyn , new york , 11223 , usa printed in canada no part
this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 a communal society among
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live in groups , packs . they are very mobile and must constantl . . . . . . le and must constantly roam in search
or other plants , and relate to them as a sou . . . . . . ay , the evolutionary origin
molecular biology and evolution . 14 from the biological poi . . . . . . m , the evolution
eco - nomic perspectives . volume 16 , number 2 . spring 2002 : p . . . . . . ool
this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written . . . . . . this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission
congress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah . . . . . . nviron - ment so they could fulfill their wishes . unlike minerals , plants , and
, people constantly evolve . for every generation , and for each . . . . . . we are seeing in the world . ev - erything else in nature—minerals , plants , and
— instinctively follow nature’s altruistic law . only human beha . . . . . . ourselves from egoism to altruism , everything else will be corrected , as well—
, famine , war , and soci - ety at large . enhanced perception there . . . . . . are five levels to our desires , divided into three groups . the first group is
desires ( food , reproduc - tion , and home ) ; the second is human de . . . . . . by doing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and
to a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about s . . . . . . italism , is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - cording to the new england
medicine , “annu - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages . . .
this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written perm . . . . . . book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission
congress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah for . . . . . . l in our world is the least broken ( egoistic ) ; plants are more egoistic ,
, and some minerals . the spiritual level isn’t a separate level in i . . . . . . the smallest level
desires , and finally hu - - mans . . . . . . oing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and
to a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about such . . . . . . sm is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - - cording to the new england
medicine , “annu - - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages 15 . . .
utopia— book 4 a look at human values 1 ― . . . . . . . . . uman values 1 ― . . . and gulliver returns‖ - - in search
utopia - - book 4 a look at human values by lemuel gulliver xvi . . . . . . r © 2008 isbn 978 - 0 - 9823076 - 3 - 2 2 table
contents in the hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
should not have rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worked fewer hours per year than workers in any other country . norwegian
said it was because they worked harder—this got a big laugh fr . . . . . . ―russia has about 5000 contract killings a year . fearless investigative
anna politkovskaya‘s murder in 2006 was a sensation because it . . . . . . d interest in euthanasia , and had written a number
. he then invented a machine by which seriously ill patients could . . .
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pacific coast avifauna , vol . 2 : a distributional list of the birds of california ( classic reprint )
the fauna of british india , vol . 3 : including ceylon and burma ( classic reprint )
hardwicke ' s science - gossip , vol . 26 : an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature ( classic reprint )
the annals and magazine of natural history , vol . 15 : zoology , botany , and geology ( being a continuation of the ' annals ' combined with loudon and charl
proceedings of the boston society of natural history , vol . 6 : 1856 to 1859 ( classic reprint )
a history of british william , vol . 4 of 4 ( classic reprint )
proceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 86 ( classic reprint )
proceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 77 ( classic reprint )
boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural , vol . 19 : 1919 ( classic reprint )
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the trillers ( lalage ) are a genus of passerine birds belonging to the cuckoo-shrike family campephagidae .

their name comes from the loud trilling calls of the males .

there are about 12 species which occur in southern asia and australasia with a number of species on pacific islands .

they feed mainly on insects and fruit .

they build a neat cup-shaped nest high in a tree .

they are fairly small birds , about 15 to 20 cm long .

they are mainly black , grey and white in colour .

most species are fairly common but the samoan triller is considered to be near threatened and the norfolk island subspecies of the long-tailed triller has become extinct .

triller

when entering my new aus sighting , i noticed that variable triller was split and a subsp was named m . triller - but the variable triller no longer appears in the new c / c tax - i am attaching a screen shot .
polynesian triller ( lalage maculosa ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
common name : norfolk island long - tailed triller the norfolk island long - tailed triller , lalage leucopyga leucopyga , is a conventionally accepted subspecies of the long - tailed triller , lalage leucopyga ( christidis & boles 1994 ; higgins et al . 2006 ; schodde & mason 1999 ) .
rufous - bellied triller ( lalage aurea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
, elevate a subspecies of varied triller ( lalage leucomela conjuncta ) to species rank as mussau triller ( lalage conjuncta ) , following taylor ( 2005 ) . [ ioc : st . matthias is . in the bismarck arch . : ioc ]
the varied triller still exists in clements 6 . 7 along with the all of its former subspecies ; minus the one above .
find out why 25 million people , including stars like kevin hart , vanessa hudgens and the victoria ' s secret models , are using triller .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller was the only subspecies of the long - tailed triller to occur in australia ( higgins et al . 2006a ; schodde & mason 1999 ) . the norfolk island long - tailed triller was restricted to norfolk island in the south - western pacific ocean ( schodde & mason 1999 ) . it was last recorded in 1942 ( schodde et al . 1983 ) and is , thus , presently extinct .
initially , triller was just focused on allowing users to create the videos — you’d make them in the app , then share and watch them elsewhere .
mobile app triller isn’t just a simple way to make music videos anymore — it recently added social features that allow users to follow other users and explore their videos .
triller is a fantastic video editing app that offers some really fun results . the interface is simple and clean , allowing you to create your masterpiece in only five minutes or less .
with the latest update , triller is becoming more of a full - fledged social network , with the ability to follow and be followed . you might follow people you know , or people you discovered through triller famous — then you can toggle back and forth between the famous feed and your own customized feed . plus , everyone gets a profile showcasing all their publicly shared videos .
triller is the easiest way to create flawless video . make celeb - quality music videos , shoot beautiful films , and collaborate with friends to make group videos in seconds . millions have made triller videos on the fly including selena gomez , rita ora , justin bieber , kevin hart + more . just shoot a few takes , tap the triller button , and we quickly edit everything together into an impressive , shareable video . use triller to : * create a professional - looking video with the help of our unique auto - editing algorithm . * look your best with 50 + filters . new filters drop every week . * capture your life from the best angles , or pick from the hottest songs to make your own music video . * personalize your videos with text , drawings , and emojis . * collaborate with friends in group video . * share videos via instagram , twitter , facebook , text , e - mail or save to your camera roll . * * * * * * * * * * * questions ? feedback ? we love it . please write us at : feedback @ triller . co . triller terms : urltoken
triller is a video editing app that lets you create spectacular videos in just a few seconds . the only thing you need is your android device , since the app itself offers hundreds of different songs from all genres .
management documents relevant to the long - tailed triller are at the start of the profile . in addition , the action plan for australian birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) summarises critical ecological and conservation data for the subspecies .
the only food the norfolk island long - tailed triller was known to take were insects ( hull 1909 ) . the other subspecies eat insects ( both adults and larvae , including caterpillars ) as well as small fruits ( mayr 1945 ) . the norfolk island long - tailed triller foraged on terrestrial insects by pouncing onto them from a suitable perch , such as a stump or fence - post , and took flying insects on the wing ( hull 1909 ) .
there is no information on the home ranges or territories of the norfolk island long - tailed triller ( higgins et al . 2006a ) . the other subspecies maintain well - defined territories which are vigorously defended during the breeding season ( bregulla 1992 ) .
triller is the simplest way to create flawless videos . make celeb - quality music videos , shoot beautiful films , and collaborate with friends to make group videos in seconds . with triller , it ' s all about capturing the greatest moments in your life and impressing the world with your extraordinary talent . millions have made triller videos on the fly including selena gomez , rita ora , justin bieber , kevin hart , and more . shoot a few takes , tap the triller button , and triller app can quickly edit everything together into an impressive , shareable video for you . use triller to : • easily create immersive full - screen music videos pick your favorite soundtrack from trending artists and featured genres , record up to a duration of 30 seconds or upload your own videos , and create a professional - looking music video using our unique auto - editing algorithm . • express your true self capture your life from the best angles . tell your story by singing , dancing and performing in your own style . the world will love you as long as you are enjoying yourself ! • personalize your videos adjust , trim and edit your videos with text , drawings , and emojis . add cool effects from the selection of 50 + filters . new filters drop every week . • be creative and have fun together shoot a video with multiple takes , shuffle for the best edit and collaborate with friends in group video . • go social ! chat , comment , and follow the most talented people in the world . share videos via instagram , twitter , facebook , text , e - mail or save to your camera roll . * * * * * * * * * * * questions ? feedback ? we love it . please write us at : feedback @ triller . co .
the long - tailed triller would have been quite distinctive on norfolk island , as it was the only black and white passerine to occur on the island . even during non - breeding , the blackish - brown and white plumage would have allowed easy identification .
if you only record one take , this will be the final music video . however , if you record several takes , triller can edit all of them together , and create a more professional - looking video . you can also apply different filters to further customize the overall look .
but that started to change with the launch of triller famous , a section that highlights a curated selection of user - submitted videos . leiberman said the response was pretty encouraging , with nearly a million users signing up to submit ( he said the app has seen 10 million downloads overall ) .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller formed a distinct population separated , geographically , from all other subspecies ( higgins et al . 2006a ; schodde & mason 1999 ) . the subspecies was formerly considered abundant ( schodde et al . 1983 ) , and was reported to occur in ' considerable numbers ' ( hull 1909 ) . however , no population estimates were available . the norfolk island long - tailed triller became extinct by the mid - twentieth century . the other subspecies are assumed to be stable and secure , as they are not listed as declining or threatened ( birdlife international 2000 ; collar et al . 1994 ) .
there have not been any comprehensive surveys for the species . there have , however , been a number of ornithological surveys on norfolk island since the extinction of the norfolk island long - tailed triller ( e . g . schodde et al . 1983 ; robinson 1988 ; bell 1990a ) , resulting in no sign of the subspecies .
taylor , b . ( 2018 ) . long - tailed triller ( lalage leucopyga ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
i should probably back up a second and explain what triller is . it’s an iphone and android app that allows you to create a video by taking a snippet of your favorite song , adding a video filter and singing along . co - founder and ceo david leiberman said the app is easy to use , but at the same time , “we still preserve the illusion of glamour that’s often destroyed in video . ”
the species as a whole , currently , occurs in five populations , each considered a separate subspecies ( higgins et al . 2006a ; mayr & ripley 1941 ) . consequently , the other extant subspecies of the long - tailed triller occur on islands in the south - western pacific ocean : new caledonia ; vanuatu ; and the solomon islands ( higgins et al . 2006a ; mayr 1945 ; schodde & mason 1999 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . biak triller ( lalage leucoptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the extinction of the norfolk island long - tailed triller is thought to have resulted from predation by the black rat ( rattus rattus ) , which arrived on the island in the 1940s ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; robinson 1988 ) . this also coincided with the clearing of a large area of native forest for the construction of an airport ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . though it was last recorded in 1942 ( schodde et al . 1983 ) , the subspecies was said to have been abundant just a year before ( schodde et al . 1983 ) .
the breeding biology is the only aspect of the ecology of the norfolk island long - tailed triller that is reasonably well known . it was recorded breeding between september and february , when it built a shallow , cup - shaped nest of moss , lichen and root - fibres , and laid a clutch of two pale green eggs with olive - brown speckles ( hull 1909 ; north 1899 ) . norfolk island long - tailed trillers were said to have laid a second clutch of eggs after heavy rainfall , which resulted in an abundance of food ( hull 1909 ) .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller is known to have inhabited rainforest ( de ravin 1975 ) , and is thought to have occurred in all wooded habitats on norfolk island ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the other subspecies occur in open country with tall trees and shrubs in which to perch , rather than in ' solid forest ' . the species is more likely to be seen at the edge of the forest or in secondary regrowth and it is often recorded in plantations or gardens in villages and towns ( bregulla 1992 ; doughty et al . 1999 ; mayr 1945 ) .
the norfolk island subspecies was said to have been bright and lively ( hull 1909 ) , so it was probably readily detectable . the other subspecies of the long - tailed trillers feed quietly in the outer branches of trees , often perching conspicuously in the tops of trees and shrubs , not obscured by the foliage ( bregulla 1992 ; mayr 1945 ) . though the norfolk island long - tailed triller has been extinct since the mid - 20th century , if a presence / absence survey were to be conducted , it should consist of diurnal area searches within a radius of 500 m at various sites , or transect - point surveys ( magrath et al . 2004 ) .
the extinct norfolk island long - tailed triller was a small black and white or dark brown and white passerine with a long tail . it was 17 - 18 centimetres long . the male , when in breeding plumage , was glossy black on the top of the head and neck , and off white or pale buff on the face , below the eye . most of the rest of the upperparts were black , except for a white shoulder patch and rump , and a white tip to the tail . the underparts were white or pale buff . plumage of both non - breeding males and females was similar to males ' breeding plumage , except for the glossy black upperparts which were blackish brown ( bregulla 1992 ; higgins et al . 2006 ; mayr 1945 ) .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 935 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
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login with instagram , improved performance for downloading & playing videos , improved app activity when it returns from background and many bugfixes to improve user’s experience .
my friend told me about this app , so i listened and got it . i like musically , they’re fun to make , and she said it’s like that . when i got it . . it was just confusing . i had no clue how to make a video , and when i finally figured how to make one , it looked super bad and it just was not that fun . i mean looking at others trillers are fun , but making your own and being proud of it is what i wanted to do . i’d recommend musically over this . more simple and way easier to figure out . i give this a two because the only part i enjoyed was watching other people who were actually good at them . not the best app , prefer musically and i think you’d prefer it too . 💯
sooo i updated the app and my camera isn’t working when i start to record . . i didn’t know if it was the app or my phone so i went to the camera app and my camera worked perfectly fine so then i went back to the app to see if it worked and it didn’t 🙄 so i restarted the app and my phone but yet it still didn’t work soo i dont know what’s wrong . . . like i dont know if it’s bug but i don’t want to delete the app and put it back on there cuz i’m scared it’s gonna delete my stuff so . but it seems like i’m not the only 😭
hi . i just got back on this app since last year i think and i’m having trouble with posting . when i try to post it says i need to confirm my email address before i can post . i tell it to send me a confirmation email and i never receive them ( my main problem ) . i have checked the email i registered with many times and it is correct . this has stumped me and i’m really sad i cannot post . if you could tell me how to fix this problem or if you could fix it that would be great ! thank you , plz reply asap ! ! !
requires ios 10 . 0 or later . compatible with iphone , ipad , and ipod touch . apple tv .
with family sharing set up , up to six family members can use this app .
+ use android shortcuts to quickly make vlogs and music videos ( needs android 7 . 1 + )
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the process of creating a video is really simple . to choose a song , you can use the search box to look it up by artist , album , or song title . you can also import one from your device ' s memory .
once you choose the song , you need to select 15 seconds of it , which will be the duration of your video . after that , you can start recording . you can use the front or back camera , as well as the zoom to add interesting effects .
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do you have a sister & brother song like mawee . bulma ? grab your siblings and dance to that song of yours tonight !
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“we’re giving people the opportunity to make a video that doesn’t look like a bad bar mitzvah video , ” he added .
and if you’re like me and not quite ready to show off your lip - syncing / dancing skills , this gives you a reason to browse the app .
( tristram , 1879 ) – makira ( san cristobal ) and uki , in se solomons .
j . p . verreaux & des murs , 1860 – new caledonia and i of pines .
17–18 cm ; 16·5–21 g . male nominate race breeding with forehead , lores , crown , upper ear - coverts and upperparts glossy greenish - black , indistinct white spots on . . .
gives a short , rasping call note ; loud , melodious song , “tee - zeeia - tee - zeeia - tee - zeeia” . nominate . . .
lowland and mountain forest ; commoner at forest edges and in open areas . probably occurred in all . . .
no current information available . on norfolk i ( nominate race , extinct ) foraged in trees , but also seen to forage in wet grass , perching on . . .
no current information . on norfolk i bred in sept , dec and feb , feb clutches apparently second breeding attempt in response to food . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in the solomon group eba , vanuatu and temotu eba and new caledonia eba ; extinct in norfolk island eba . common . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 and usually were subject to scientific study while alive .
since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing . the situation is exemplified by hawaii , where 30 % of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived . other areas , such as guam , have also been hit hard ; guam has lost over 60 % of its native bird taxa in the last 30 years , many of them due to the introduced brown tree snake .
currently there are approximately 10 , 000 species of birds , with an estimated 1 , 200 considered to be under threat of extinction .
island species in general , and flightless island species in particular are most at risk . the disproportionate number of rails in the list reflects the tendency of that family to lose the ability to fly when geographically isolated . even more rails became extinct before they could be described by scientists ; these taxa are listed in late quaternary prehistoric birds .
given below are usually approximations of the actual date of extinction . in some cases , more exact dates are given as it is sometimes possible to pinpoint the date of extinction to a specific year or even day ( the
its extinction could be timed with an accuracy of maybe half an hour ) . extinction dates in the literature are usually the dates of the last verified record ( credible observation or specimen taken ) ; in many pacific birds which became extinct shortly after european contact , however , this leaves an uncertainty period of over a century because the islands on which they used to occur were only rarely visited by scientists .
elephant bird , aepyornis maximus and / or a . medius ( madagascar , 16th century ? ) the taxonomy of the elephant birds is not fully resolved ; it is certain that at least one taxon survived until some 1000 years ago at least . judging from geographical data , a . maximus and the smaller a . medius are possibilities .
upland moa , megalapteryx didinus ( south island , new zealand , late 15th century ? ) generally believed to have been extinct by 1500 , this is the only moa species that according to current knowledge might have survived until later times , possibly as late as the 1830s .
crested shelduck , tadorna cristata ( northeast asia , late 20th century ? ) a relict species from northeast asia . officially critically endangered due to recent unconfirmed reports .
amsterdam duck , anas marecula ( amsterdam island , south indian ocean , c . 1800 )
saint paul island duck , anas sp . ( saint paul island , south indian ocean , c . 1800 ) only known by a painting from 1793 . might be identical with the amsterdam island duck or a distinct species or subspecies .
pink - headed duck , rhodonessa caryophyllacea ( east india , bangladesh , north myanmar , 1945 ? ) – a reclassification into the genus netta is recommended but not generally accepted . officially critically endangered ; recent surveys have failed to rediscover it .
réunion pochard , aythya cf . innotata ( réunion , mascarenes , c . 1690s ) a bone of a pochard found on réunion seems to resolve the reports of canards other than the mauritian duck having occurred on the island . the taxonomic status of this form cannot be resolved until more material is found , however .
auckland merganser , mergus australis ( auckland islands , southwest pacific , c . 1902 )
the pile - builder megapode , megapodius molistructor may have survived on new caledonia to the late 18th century as evidenced by descriptions of the bird named
tetrao australis
and later
megapodius andersoni
.
the viti levu scrubfowl , megapodius amissus of viti levu and possibly kadavu , fiji , may have survived to the early 19th or even the 20th century as suggested by circumstantial evidence .
raoul island scrubfowl , megapodius sp . ( raoul , kermadec islands , 1876 ) a megapode is said to have inhabited raoul island until the population was wiped out in a volcanic eruption . it is not clear whether the birds represent a distinct taxon or derive from a prehistoric introduction by polynesian seafarers .
himalayan quail , ophrysia superciliosa ( north india , late 19th century ? ) officially critically endangered . not recorded with certainty since 1876 , but thorough surveys are still required , and there was a recent set of possible ( though unlikely ) sightings around naini tal in 2003 . a little - known native name from western nepal probably refers to this bird , but for various reasons , no survey for ophrysia has ever been conducted in that country , nor is it generally assumed to occur there ( due to the native name being overlooked ) .
javan lapwing , vanellus macropterus ( java , indonesia , mid - 20th century ) officially classified as critically endangered , but as this conspicuous bird has not been recorded since 1940 , it is almost certainly extinct .
white - winged sandpiper , prosobonia ellisi ( moorea , society islands , 19th century ) doubtfully distinct from p . leucoptera .
eskimo curlew , numenius borealis ( northern north america , late 20th century ? ) may still exist ; officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
slender - billed curlew , numenius tenuirostris ( western siberia , early first decade of the 21st century ? ) may still exist ; officially classified as critically endangered . a few birds were recorded in 2004 , following several decades of increasing rarity . there was an unconfirmed sighting in albania in 2007 . a survey to find out whether this bird still exists is currently being undertaken by the rspb ( birdlife in the uk ) .
leguat ' s giant
or géant , a hypothetical giant rail from the mascarenes described as leguatia gigantea , is based on his descriptions of flamingos , as leguat was not familiar with their french name flamand or thought that it referred to other birds ( it was in his time sometimes used for spoonbills , for example ) .
antillean cave rail , nesotrochis debooyi known by pre - columbian bones from puerto rico and the virgin islands . stories of an easy - to - catch bird named carrao heard by alexander wetmore in 1912 on puerto rico might refer to this species .
, the last records were in 1984 and it seems that all available habitat is overrun by feral pigs and dogs , which prey on this bird .
vava ' u rail , gallirallus cf . vekamatolu ( vava ' u , tonga , early 19th century ? ) this bird is known only from a drawing by the 1793 malaspina expedition , apparently depicting a species of gallirallus . the ' eua rail , gallirallus vekamatolu , is known from prehistoric bones found on ' eua , but this species is almost certainly not g . vekamatolu , as that bird was flightless and hence is unlikely to have settled 3 distant islands . however , it probably was a close relative .
norfolk rail , gallirallus sp . may be the bird shown on a bad watercolor illustration made around 1800 .
kosrae crake , porzana monasa ( kosrae , carolines , c . mid - late 19th century )
réunion swamphen or oiseau bleu , porphyrio coerulescens ( réunion , mascarenes , 18th century ) known only from descriptions . former existence of a porphyrio on réunion is fairly certain , but not proven to date .
the north island takahē , porphyrio mantelli known from subfossil bones found on north island , new zealand , may have survived to 1894 or later .
new caledonian gallinule , porphyrio kukwiedei from new caledonia , melanesia , may have survived into historic times . the native name n ' dino is thought to refer to this bird .
samoan wood rail , gallinula pacifica ( savai ' i , samoa , 1907 ? ) probably better placed in the genus pareudiastes , unconfirmed reports from the late 20th century suggest it still survives in small numbers , and therefore it is officially classified as critically endangered .
makira woodhen , gallinula silvestris ( makira , solomon islands , mid - 20th century ? ) only known from a single specimen , this rail is probably better placed in its own genus , edithornis . there are some unconfirmed recent records that suggest it still survives , and thus it is officially classified as critically endangered .
fernando de noronha rail , rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ( fernando de noronha , w . atlantic , 16th century ? ) a distinct species of rail inhabited fernando de noronha island , but it has not been formally described yet . probably was extant at first western contact .
tahitian
goose
, rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ( tahiti , late 18th century ? ) early travelers to tahiti reported a
goose
that was found in the mountains . altogether , a species of the rail genus porphyrio seems the most likely choice .
bokaak
bustard
, rallidae ? gen . et sp . indet . ' bokaak '
an unidentified terrestrial bird is mentioned in an early report from bokaak in the marshall islands . it is described as a
. in the former case it may have been a vagrant of some still - extant species ; in any case , no bird that could be described as
bustard - like
is found on bokaak today .
rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ' amsterdam island ' unknown rail from amsterdam island , one specimen found but not recovered . extinct by 1800 or may have been straggler of extant species .
alaotra grebe , tachybaptus rufolavatus ( lake alaotra , madagascar , 1985 ) officially declared extinct in 2010 , 25 years after the last official sighting . declined through habitat destruction and hybridization with the little grebe . disappeared from only known location in the 1980s .
the
painted vulture
, sarcoramphus sacra , a floridian bird supposedly similar to the king vulture , seems based on a misidentification of the northern caracara . see king vulture article for discussion .
ascension night heron , nycticorax olsoni ( ascension island , atlantic , late 16th century ? ) known only from subfossil bones , but the description of a flightless ascension bird by andré thévet cannot be identified with anything other than this species .
new zealand little bittern , ixobrychus novaezelandiae ( new zealand , late 19th century ) long considered to be vagrant individuals of the australian little bittern , bones recovered from holocene deposits indicate that this was indeed a distinct taxon , but it might not be a separate species .
réunion ibis , threskiornis solitarius ( réunion , mascarenes , early 18th century ) this species was the basis of the
réunion solitaire
, a supposed relative of the dodo and the rodrigues solitaire . given the fact that ibis ( but no dodo - like ) bones were found on réunion and that old descriptions match a flightless sacred ibis quite well , the
réunion solitaire
hypothesis has been refuted .
jamaica petrel , pterodroma caribbaea ( jamaica , caribbean ) possibly a subspecies of the black - capped petrel ; unconfirmed reports suggest it might survive . officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
pterodroma cf . leucoptera ( mangareva , gambier islands , 20th century ? ) a wing of a carcass similar to gould ' s petrel was recovered on mangareva in 1922 , where it possibly bred . no such birds are known to exist there today .
guadalupe storm petrel , oceanodroma macrodacyla ( guadalupe , east pacific , 1910s ) officially critically endangered , possibly extinct , but a thorough survey in 2000 concluded the species was certainly extinct .
imber ' s petrel , pterodroma imberi described from subfossil remains from the chatham islands , became apparently extinct in the early 19th century .
the chatham penguin , eudyptes sp . ( chatham islands , sw pacific ) , is only known from subfossil bones , but a bird kept captive at some time between 1867 and 1872 might refer to this taxon .
pigeons , doves and dodos for the
réunion solitaire
, see réunion sacred ibis .
passenger pigeon , ectopistes migratorius ( eastern north america , 1914 ) the passenger pigeon was once among the most common birds in the world , a single flock numbering up to 2 . 2 billion birds . it was hunted close to extinction for food and sport in the late 19th century . the last individual died in the cincinnati zoo in 1914 .
) , but bones have not yet been found . it disappeared at the same time .
rodrigues pigeon , nesoenas rodericana ( rodrigues , mascarenes , before 1690 ? ) formerly in streptopelia . a possible subspecies of the madagascar turtle dove ( n . picturata ) , this seems not to be the bird observed by leguat . introduced rats might have killed it off in the late 17th century .
liverpool pigeon ,
caloenas
maculata also known as the spotted green pigeon , the only known specimen has been in liverpool museum since 1851 and was probably collected on a pacific island for edward stanley , 13th earl of derby . it has been suggested that this bird came from tahiti based on native lore about a somewhat similar extinct bird called the titi , but this has not been verified .
sulu bleeding - heart , gallicolumba menagei ( tawitawi , philippines , late 1990s ? ) officially listed as critically endangered . only known from two specimens taken in 1891 . there have been a number of unconfirmed reports from all over the sulu archipelago in 1995 , however , these reports stated that the bird had suddenly undergone a massive decline , and by now , habitat destruction is almost complete . if not extinct , this species is very rare , but the ongoing civil war prevents comprehensive surveys .
tanna ground dove , gallicolumba ferruginea ( tanna , vanuatu , late 18th - 19th century ) only known from descriptions of two now - lost specimens .
thick - billed ground dove , gallicolumba salamonis ( makira and ramos , solomon islands , mid - 20th century ? ) last recorded in 1927 , only two specimens exist . declared extinct in 2005 .
red - moustached fruit dove , ptilinopus mercierii ( nuku hiva and hiva oa , marquesas , mid - 20th century ) two subspecies , the little - known p . m . mercierii of nuku hiva ( extinct mid - late 19th century ) and p . m . tristrami of hiva oa .
negros fruit dove , ptilinopus arcanus ( negros , philippines , late 20th century ? ) known only from one specimen taken at the only documented sighting in 1953 , the validity of this species has been questioned , but no good alternative to distinct species status has been proposed . officially critically endangered , it might occur on panay , but no survey has located it . one possible record in 2002 does not seem to have been repeated .
farquhar blue pigeon , alectroenas sp . ( farquhar group , seychelles , 19th century ) only known from early reports ; possibly a subspecies of the comoro or seychelles blue pigeon .
rodrigues grey pigeon ,
alectroenas
rodericana ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ) a mysterious bird of unknown affinities , known from a few bones and , as it seems , two historical reports .
dodo , raphus cucullatus ( mauritius , mascarenes , late 17th century ) called didus ineptus by linnaeus . a metre - high flightless bird found on mauritius . its forest habitat was lost when dutch settlers moved to the island and the dodo ' s nests were destroyed by the monkeys , pigs , and cats the dutch brought with them . the last specimen was killed in 1681 , only 80 years after the arrival of the new predators .
new caledonian lorikeet , charmosyna diadema ( new caledonia , melanesia , mid - 20th century ? ) officially critically endangered , there have been no reliable reports of this bird since the early 20th century . it is , however , small and inconspicuous .
which also occurred there . it is possible but unlikely that the species survived on ʻeua until the 19th century .
mascarene grey parakeet , psittacula bensoni ( mauritius , possible réunion as psittacula cf bensoni ) . formerly described as mauritius grey parrot , lophopsittacus bensoni . known from a 1602 sketch by captain willem van westzanen and by subfossil bones described by david thomas holyoak in 1973 . might have survived to the mid - 18th century .
mascarene parrot , mascarinus mascarinus ( réunion and possibly mauritius , mascarenes , 1834 ? ) last known individual was a captive bird which was alive before 1834 .
broad - billed parrot , lophopsittacus mauritianus ( mauritius , mascarenes , 1680 ? ) may have survived to the late 18th century .
rodrigues parrot , necropsittacus rodericanus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , late 18th century ) the species n . francicus is fictional , n . borbonicus most likely so .
glaucous macaw , anodorhynchus glaucus ( n argentina , early 20th century ) officially critically endangered due to persistent rumors of wild birds , but probably extinct .
cuban macaw , ara tricolor ( cuba , west indies , late 19th century ) a number of related species have been described from the west indies , but are not based on good evidence . several prehistoric forms are now known to have existed in the region , however .
carolina parakeet , conuropsis carolinensis ( se north america , c . 1930 ? ) although the date of the last captive bird ' s death in the cincinnati zoo , 1918 , is generally given as its extinction date , there are convincing reports of some wild populations persisting until later . two subspecies , c . c . carolinensis ( east and south of the appalachian range– extinct 1918 or c . 1930 ) and c . c . ludovicianus ( louisiana parakeet , west of the appalachian range– extinct early 1910s ) .
guadeloupe parakeet , aratinga labati ( guadeloupe , west indies , late 18th century ) only known from descriptions , the former existence of this bird is likely for biogeographic reasons and because details as described cannot be referred to known species .
guadeloupe amazon , amazona violacea ( guadeloupe , west indies , mid - 18th century ) the extinct amazon parrots were originally described after travelers ' descriptions . both are now considered valid extinct species closely related to the imperial amazon .
rodrigues owl , mascarenotus murivorus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ) the preceding two species were variously placed in bubo , athene ,
scops
( = otus ) , strix , and tyto before their true affinity was realized .
new caledonian boobook , ninox cf . novaeseelandiae ( new caledonia , melanesia ) known only from prehistoric bones , but might still survive .
1870s ? ) – circumstantial evidence suggests small remnants survived until the early / mid - 20th century .
the puerto rican barn owl , tyto cavatica , known from prehistoric remains found in caves of puerto rico , west indies , may still have existed in 1912 given reports of the presence of cave - roosting owls .
the bahaman barn owl , tyto pollens , known from prehistoric remains found on andros ( bahamas ) , may have survived to the 16th century as indicated by the
chickcharnie
legend .
siau scops owl otus siaoensis ( 20th century ? ) only known from the holotype collected in 1866 . endemic to the small volcanic island of siau north of sulawesi in indonesia . might still survive as there are ongoing rumors of scops - owls at siau .
caprimulgidae - nightjars and nighthawks reclusive ground - nesting birds that sally out at night to hunt for large insects and similar prey . they are easily located by the males ' song , but this is not given all year . habitat destruction represents currently the biggest threat , while island populations are threatened by introduced mammalian predators , notably dogs , cats , pigs and mongoose .
jamaican poorwill , siphonorhis americana ( jamaica , west indies , late 19th century ? ) reports of unidentifiable nightjars from the 1980s in habitat appropriate for s . americana suggest that this cryptic species may still exist . research into this possibility is currently underway ; pending further information , it is classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
cuban pauraque , siphonorhis daiquiri ( cuba , west indies , prehistoric ? ) described from subfossil bones in 1985 . there are persistent rumors that this bird , which was never seen alive by scientists , may still survive . compare puerto rican nightjar and preceding .
vaurie ' s nightjar ( caprimulgus centralasicus ) is only known from a single 1929 specimen from xinjiang , china . it has never been found again , but the validity of this supposed species is seriously disputed . it was never refuted to be an immature female desert european nightjar .
coppery thorntail , discosura letitiae ( bolivia ? ) known only from three trade specimens of unknown origin . might still exist .
bogota sunangel , heliangelus zusii ( colombia ? ) a mysterious bird known only from a single specimen of unknown origin . long considered a hybrid but confirmed as a valid species in 2009 through dna analysis .
turquoise - throated puffleg , eriocnemis godini ( ecuador , 20th century ? ) officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct . known only from six pre - 1900 specimens , the habitat at the only known site where it occurred has been destroyed . however , the bird ' s distribution remains unresolved .
imperial woodpecker , campephilus imperialis ( mexico , late 20th century ) this 60 - centimetre - long woodpecker is officially listed as critically endangered , possibly extinct . occasional unconfirmed reports come up , the most recent in late 2005 .
the ivory - billed woodpecker ( campephilus principalis principalis ) is most likely extinct , but there is uncertainty on whether or not it was rediscovered in the white river national wildlife refuge of arkansas in 2004 , as intensive searching in the five following years has failed to confirm its survival . the cuban ivory - billed woodpecker ( campephilus principalis bairdii ) was last seen in 1987 and is generally considered extinct , but a few patches of unsurveyed potential habitat remain .
stephens island wren , xenicus lyalli ( new zealand , 1895 ? ) the species famously ( but erroneously ) claimed to have been made extinct by a single cat named
tibbles
.
bushwren , xenicus longipes ( new zealand , 1972 ) three subspecies : x . l . stokesi ( north island , extinct 1955 ) ; x . l . longipes ( south island , extinct 1968 ) ; x . l . variabilis ( stewart island , extinct 1972 ) .
, this species has not been recorded since 1956 and although some habitat still exists , it was not found in dedicated searches in the 1990s . nevertheless , its voice
the identity of
strigiceps leucopogon
( an invalid name ) , described by lesson in 1840 , is unclear . apart from the holotype supposedly from
new holland
, a second specimen from the
himalaya
may have existed ( or still exist ) . lesson tentatively allied it to the meliphagidae , and rothschild felt reminded of the kioea .
mangarevan whistler , ? pachycephala gambierana ( mangareva , gambier islands , late 19th century ? ) tentatively placed here . a mysterious bird of which no specimens exist today . it was initially described as a shrike , then classified as an eopsalteria
robin
, and may actually be an acrocephalus warbler .
eiao monarch , pomarea fluxa ( eiao , marquesas , late 1970s ) previously considered a subspecies of the iphis monarch , this is an early offspring of the marquesan stock .
nuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae ( nuku hiva , marquesas , mid - late 20th century ) previously considered a subspecies of the marquesas monarch , this is another early offspring of the marquesan stock .
white - eyed river martin , pseudochelidon sirintarae ( thailand , late 1980s ? ) officially classified as critically endangered , this enigmatic species is only known from migrating birds and it was last seen in 1986 at its former roost site . recent unconfirmed reports suggest it may occur in cambodia .
red sea cliff swallow , petrochelidon perdita ( red sea area , late 20th century ? ) known from a single specimen , this enigmatic swallow probably still exists , but the lack of recent records is puzzling . it is alternatively placed in the genus hirundo .
mangareva reed warbler , acrocephalus astrolabii ( marianas ? , mid - 19th century ? ) known from just two specimens found from mangareva island in the western pacific .
rück ' s blue flycatcher , cyornis ruckii ( malaysia or indochina , 20th century ? ) an enigmatic bird known from two or four possibly migrant specimens , last recorded in 1918 . might exist in northeast indochina and might be a subspecies of the hainan blue flycatcher .
tana river cisticola , cisticola restrictus ( kenya , 1970s ? ) a mysterious bird , found in the tana river basin in small numbers at various dates , but not since 1972 . probably invalid , based on aberrant or hybrid specimens . an unconfirmed sighting was apparently made in 2007 in the tana river delta .
black - browed babbler , malacocincla perspicillata ( borneo ? , indonesia , 20th century ? ) known from a single mid - 19th century specimen , this bird may be extinct or could still exist . if the specimen label , usually considered erroneous in claiming
java
as the bird ' s origin , is correct , it may have gone extinct earlier .
rodrigues bulbul , hypsipetes cowlesi ( rodrigues , mascarenes , extinction date unknown , 17th century or 18th century might be possible ) known only from subfossil bones .
rodrigues
babbler
( rodrigues , mascarenes , 17th century ? ) known from subfossil bones . provisionally assigned to timaliidae , but placement highly doubtful .
only one reliable record since 1956 , in 1995 , leaves the species ' survival seriously in doubt .
bay starling , aplonis ? ulietensis ( raiatea , society islands , between 1774 and 1850 ) usually called
bay thrush
( turdus ulietensis ) ; a mysterious bird from raiatea , now only known from a painting and some descriptions of a ( now lost ) specimen . its taxonomic position is thus unresolvable at present , although for biogeographic reasons and because of the surviving description , it has been suggested to have been a honeyeater . however , with the discovery of fossils of the prehistorically extinct starling aplonis diluvialis on neighboring huahine , it seems likely that this bird also belonged to this genus .
rodrigues starling , necropsar rodericanus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ? ) tentatively assigned to sturnidae . the bird variously described as necropsar leguati or orphanopsar leguati and considered to be identical with n . rodericanus ( which is only known from subfossil bones ) was found to be based on a misidentified albinistic specimen of the martinique trembler ( cinclocerthia gutturalis )
olomaʻo , myadestes lanaiensis ( hawaiian islands , 1980s ? ) officially classified as critically endangered because a possible location on molokaʻi remains unsurveyed . two subspecies are known from lanaʻi ( m . l . lanaiensis , extinct early 1930s ) , molokaʻi ( m . l . rutha , extinct 1980s ? ) and a possible third subspecies from maui ( extinct before late 19th century ) .
cozumel thrasher , toxostoma guttatum ( cozumel , caribbean , early first decade of the 21st century ? ) it is still unknown whether the tiny population rediscovered in 2004 survived hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 . unconfirmed records in april 2006 and october and december 2007 .