the grey-cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a medium-sized thrush .

this species is 15 – 17 cm in length , and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of catharus thrushes .

it is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and bicknell 's thrush ; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter .

the grey-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from bicknell 's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song .

the two were formerly considered conspecific .

of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray-cheeked has the most northern breeding range .

grey - cheeked thrush

dave suddaby describes the remarkable discovery of ireland ' s first spring grey - cheeked thrush .
grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a species of bird in the turdidae family .
bering sea bicknell ' s thrush bicknelldrossel catharus bicknelli catharus fuscescens catharus guttatus catharus minimus catharus ustulatus einsiedlerdrossel gambell grauwangendrossel gray - cheeked thrush grey - cheeked thrush hermit thrush luscinia calliope northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe pribilof islands siberian rubythroat st . lawrence island swainson ' s thrush veery wilsondrossel zwergdrossel
grey - cheeked thrushes produce distinctive , high - pitched songs with quick chippers .
swainson ' s thrush has bold buffy eye rings and buffy cheeks ( not grey ) .
the latest sighting details and map for grey - cheeked thrush are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
the gray - cheeked thrush benefits humans by eating insects that annoy or harm us .
there are no negative affects on humans or the environment from the gray - cheeked thrush .
gray - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were only recently recognized as separate species . most of the information published in the last century on
gray - cheeked thrush
concerned the bicknell ' s thrush instead of the gray - cheeked . although gray - cheeked thrush has a much larger range across north america , the bicknell ' s thrush ' s small range is closer to centers of human population , and therefore is the more accessible species .
as similar species to the grey - cheeked thrush bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) , swainson’s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , hermit thrush ( catharus guttatus ) and veery ( catharus fuscescens ) are possible and might give you a hard job to id . swainson’s thrush has similar markings and coloring , but the face is buffy with a distinct buffy eye - ring . the hermit thrush has a distinct rusty tail and the veery is usually more reddish overall but shows some comparable features as the plain face and the spotting on the breast .
i think you’re fooling yourself if you think you can reliably separate migrant bicknell’s from gray - cheeked ( or grey - cheeked , if you adhere strictly to gill and wright ) without having the bird firmly in hand .
grey - cheeked thrushes generally only produce one brood in a season ; however , if the first one fails early in the season , they may have a second .
until recently , the grey - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were considered conspecific ( one and the same species ) . even though the grey - cheeked thrushes have a much larger range across north america than their close relatives , the bicknell ' s thrushes are typically found closer to urban areas and are , therefore , more likely to be encountered .
hermit thrush has a dull brown back , a distinct rusty tail and rump .
during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil .
laughlin , s . , d . kibbe . 1985 .
gray - cheeked thrush catharus minimus
( on - line ) . accessed october 8 , 2000 at urltoken .
the breeding territory of the grey - cheeked thrushes extends from northeast siberia across northern alaska east to northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador and newfoundland ; and west to northern ontario , manitoba , saskatchewan and northern british columbia .
it is said , that the grey - cheeked thrush is quite a shy species , especially during migration . this thrush is the least well studies of the spotted thrushes ( catharus sp . ) , and has the most northern breeding range stretching across the taiga from newfoundland to eastern siberia . the non - breeding range is not well known , but includes parts of northern south america east of the andes from colombia to northwestern brazil .
veery thrush is smaller in size ( 6 . 5 - 7 . 75 inches or 17 - 20 cm in length ) , has a uniformly brown / more reddish plumage , lacks the grey cheeks and with only faint spotting on the chest .
the oldest recorded gray - cheeked thrush was at least 6 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 2005 . it had been banded in florida in 1999 .
during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )
chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 .
gray - cheeked thrush
( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2000 at http : / / www . wbu . com . / chipperwoods / photos / grthrush . htm .
song : some claim that these birds are easier to distinguish in the dark due to significant vocal differences . their shared song consists of a jumbled series of notes , usually four phrases . in bicknell’s , the song ends on a rising note , while the gray - cheek slurs that final note downward . bicknell’s songs are typically longer than those of grey - cheeked , averaging 2 . 45 seconds vs . 1 . 99 . also , grey - cheeked do not typically sing a song type twice in succession . here is a graphic comparison of the song of the two birds .
a trip to the tiny village of gambell on the north - western tip of the big st . lawrence island in the middle of the bering sea yielded grey - cheeked thrush as the only representative of catharus – thrushes . some tough birders flew in from the end of may to observe mainly the seabird migration . but during our seven - day stay on the gambell– led by a guide from high lonesome tours – we could
wood thrush : upper plumage is brown with a bright rusty - colored head . plumage below is whitish with large dark spots .
17–18·5 cm ; 26–50 g . nominate race is olive - tinged grey - brown above , dull whitish below , with slightly greyish face , indistinct pale eyering , dark brown . . .
collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . (
gray - cheeked thrushes have a large range and large population size . they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .
the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . ( barker , 2000 )
bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) was discovered as distinct from the established gray - cheeked thrush ( c . minimus ) back in 1881 when eugene p . bicknell visited new york’s catskill mountains . considered merely a subspecies , bicknell’s was finally peeled off gray - cheeked by the american ornithologists’ union ( aou ) in 1995 . the birds were separated on the basis of differing songs , ranges , and physical characteristics , but dna testing was most convincing , establishing that they probably diverged from a common ancestor about one million years ago . still , these birds are so similar that most authorities state the two are not separable in the field . that’s not going to stop you though , is it ? here are some tips to tell bicknell’s and gray - cheeked thrushes apart .
this might be the least - studied north american thrush . except by range and song , it can be tough to distinguish from its cousin , the bicknell’s thrush . the song is lovely , flute - like and burry , rising in the middle and then ending on a downward slur . another of wc’s favorites in alpine terrain .
identity theft occurs with astonishing regularity in the avian world where all too often , species share so many overlapping traits as to appear virtually indistinguishable . empidonax flycatchers are an excellent example of this phenomenon in north america , as are scaup . more esoteric , but no more simplistic , is the difference between gray - cheeked and bicknell’s thrush .
the length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring .
even in hand it can be tough to distinguish bicknell’s from gray - cheeked . i’ve had birds in the hand that had a tail that contrasted with the body , but they’ve measured out to be gray - cheeked , and i’ve had one bird i was sure to be gray - cheeked that i could only record as gcbt ( a code used when you can not differentiate between the 2 ) because there too much overlap in the measurements ( except for p8 - p1 ) , although it looked very much gray - cheeked ( no contrast between tail and body ) . i’ve come to the conclussion that most people who “confirm” bicknell’s by sight are just trying to pad their lists .
the length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring . ( laughlin , 1985 )
of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray - cheeked has the most northern breeding range . consequently this shy skulker of the underbrush is not well known and is rather infrequently seen .
taking multiple refueling breaks helps some birds fare better during migration . but for gray - cheeked thrushes , a two - week binge session in colombia can be all they need to reach north america .
we rely on sound and location for those tricky flycatchers , and although i would love to see a bicknell’s thrush i am almost glad we are not within their range . all part of the fun , yeah ?
bicknell ' s thrush very similar in appearance , except for smaller size ( average length 2 . 9 inches or 7 . 5 centimeters ) , shorter wings , buffier face and chest , and more noticeable eye rings . otherwise very similar markings and very difficult to id in the field . most easily separated by their different ranges and vocalizations . the bicknell ' s thrush is found in the northeast us and canada - typically spruce - fir habitat above 900 meters or 3 , 000 feet .
i’m not all that confident separating a bicknell’s thrush outside of its breeding range . it seems to me that the differences are very subtle , and may not be apparent in the woods . if i ever get one to sing , it might be a different story .
the gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food .
altitude : this is actually a pretty fair way to distinguish between the two in the areas they overlap . bicknell’s thrush prefers mountaintop forests above 3000 feet . if you run into one of these birds high up in , say , the adirondacks , chances are good that you’ve got a bicknell’s .
the gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food . ( barker , 2000 )
the gray - cheeked thrushes ( catharus minimus ) are strongly migratory songbirds that breed as far north as siberia , alaska and northern canada and migrate to south america for the winter . these greyest of all north american thrushes have the most northern breeding range and migrate the longest distance of all small thrushes .
the passerine birds we encountered on gambell might be not as spectacular as the siberian rubythroat ( luscinia calliope ) and the 2 northern wheatear ( oenanthe oenanthe ) we observed on the pribilof islands some days before . but for the sole wp - birder of the group this was a perfect situation to twitch this beautiful but inconspicuous thrush .
* first ebird record for jamaica . singing & seen on the edge of logwood ii near l 10 ! singing whisper song almost continuously for 15 minutes while i was in the area , i viewed it at close range ( about 25 feet ) for 2 minutes straight ; obvious catharus thrush , clearly gray - cheeked / bicknell ' s due to overall brown coloration ( w some slight reddish on tail and wings , but very slight ) , clean grayish wash on cheeks , and no buffy lores as swainson ' s would show ; song a descending cascade of whistles , very much reminded me of veery , but higher - pitched , more nasal ; bicknell ' s ruled out based on song differences & i don ' t believe bicknell ' s winters at low elevations in jamaica - also , this sighting seems to align with migration timing of gray - cheeked through the u . s . ; i have a lot of experience with this species during spring migration in the u . s .
size : one prominent physical distinction is that bicknell’s is noticeably smaller than gray - cheeked . a difference of 10 % translates into almost an inch separating them , but since the birds are highly unlikely to stand shoulder to shoulder for you , compare to other available species . bicknell’s also shows shorter wings with a shorter primary projection .
both of these catharus thrushes are olive - brown above with dark spots on a white breast washed with buff . this coloration extends through the underparts , though the spots do not . gray flanks and pink legs round out the common description . if you encounter one of these birds in the field , distinguish it from the other spotted thrushes by plumage and face patterning . the veery is cinnamon overall , while hermit thrushes flaunt those fetching rufous tails . swainson’s thrush is notable for its buffy eye ring and cheeks .
range : gray - cheeked thrushes range widely , wintering in south america . they migrate through central america as well as the greater antilles up into much of the eastern united states on their way to upper canada and alaska . they’ve even been spotted in europe . bicknell’s , on the other hand , is considered primarily a new england bird , though its breeding range actually extends from the catskills where they were initially discovered up to the northern gulf of the st . lawrence . bicknell’s also spends the colder months in the greater antilles with an estimated 90 % of them wintering on hispaniola .
all the brown - backed thrushes can be shy and hard to see , but the gray - cheek is perhaps the most elusive . during migration it hides in dense woods , slipping away when a birder approaches . on its far northern nesting grounds it may be more easily seen , especially in late evening , when it sings from treetops .
boreal forest , tundra scrub ; in migration , other woodlands . breeds in northern spruce forest , often rather open and stunted , and north of treeline in thickets of willow and alder on tundra . winters in tropical forest .
forages mostly on the ground , hopping about under cover of dense thickets . sometimes seen feeding on berries up in shrubs or trees .
4 , sometimes 3 - 5 , perhaps rarely 6 . pale blue , with vague brown spots , sometimes almost unmarked . incubation is by female , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .
both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .
mostly insects and berries . diet through the year is not known in detail . in north america , feeds on a variety of insects , including beetles , caterpillars , ants , wasps , fly larvae , and many others ; also spiders and some other invertebrates . also eats many berries and wild fruits . winter diet in tropics poorly known .
male arrives first on breeding grounds and establishes territory , defending it by singing . in courtship , male pursues female in swift flight among the trees . nest : often placed very low or even on the ground ; usually less than 10 ' up , sometimes up to 24 ' . ground nests are often among bases of willow or alder shoots , while higher nests may be against trunk of conifer at base of branches . nest ( built by female ) is a well - made open cup of grass , moss , twigs , weeds , strips of bark , sometimes with some mud added ; lined with fine grass and rootlets .
migrates mostly at night . birds from alaska ( and eastern siberia ) apparently migrate far east in fall before turning south . many probably make a nonstop flight from northeastern north america to northern south america .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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clean recording , no editing other than trimming ends . small island in the yukon of mostly medium sized willows . the willows had been defoliated by some type of caterpillars which i ' d been seeing off and on along much of the river . these birds were worked up because i was wandering around trying to get fox sparrow recordings . sounds like at least 3 birds in this recording . at least one male . the rest are unknown . it seemed like birds in general were singing later in the summer than normal . i theorized that it had something to do with all the caterpillars ( although they had vanished at this point and did not seem to turn into anything ) . hot , muggy ( 80 + f ) , calm .
natural vocalization ; ' seer ' calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of the ' seer ' call for this species .
natural vocalization ; chatter calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of this rare vocalization .
song and two chatter calls from the same bird as in xc139585 in response to playback .
natural vocalization ; song from a bird perched near the top of a 2m tall willow in a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : catharus minimus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario . ( barker , 2000 )
occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat . ( laughlin , s . b . , 1985 )
they will seek cover under large rocks in sparsely vegetated arctic regions . ( barker , 2000 )
males sing from the top of a low tree or shrub . they sing mainly during dawn or dusk . they will sometimes sing during the day except during the breeding season . ( barker , 2000 )
their habit of eating berries contributes to the propagation of plants as undigested seeds are transported to other locations . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )
dayna baillo ( author ) , milford high school , george campbell ( editor ) , milford high school .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
coniferous or boreal forest , located in a band across northern north america , europe , and asia . this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations . long , cold winters and short , wet summers . few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth . some deciduous trees also may be present .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
a terrestrial biome with low , shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations , near the limit of plant growth . soils usually subject to permafrost . plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .
barker , s . 2000 .
birds in forested landscape
( on - line ) . accessed october 15 , 2000 at urltoken .
to cite this page : baillo , d . 2001 .
catharus minimus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
observe many more species migrating to their breeding grounds in the tundra landscape of eastern siberia and alaska .
to cope with the growing demand for top shots of the rarer species of the palearctic bird - lens is keen to enrich the range of pictures of birds you can find in the western palearctic . trips to remote places or to common – but underestimated locations as described above – to capture images of rare birds of western palearctic were very successful . the nice images you find in the gallery are only a first impression , what you will find in the gallery in the “ picture shop ” very soon . just give me a message , if urltoken could serve you with an image needed before the new pictures are online .
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erfahrungsbericht sigma 120 - 300 f 2 . 8 apo ex dg os hsm – vorgänger vom s
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another bird that visits alaska to breed , prefering brushy habitats . wc has seen it most often near tree line in near - alpine country . very shy and elusive , except during the start of breeding season when the males sing from the tops of bushes and the dwarf spruce .
camera geek stuff : f5 . 6 , 1 / 800 , iso2500 , + 0 . 33ev .
responsible wingnut gun owners acting responsible about their guns . good for a laugh .
mfi… . everyone i have talked to is very happy about denali . . thank you president obama . also , sen . sullivan was first against the name change , then changed his mind . 32 degrees in tok , light snow . . tok school has inservice for 2 days . . the kids and i are enjoying the fun times outside . yipee…
my green beans got frost bit overnight . supposed to be colder in the morning . i just picked some apples for a friend right before dark and the skeeters was everywhere . gonna be back in the 60s tomorrow and for the next several days . farmers couldn’t ask for nicer harvest conditions . you can keep the snow if you’d like to .
the black guy in the white house named denali , denali . has alaska imploded yet . ? curious iowan would like to know .
had no idea sperm whales swam that far north . always figured they were denizens of the south pacific around the south pole . thank you , ms pi . ps we are supposed to get first frost friday .
forgot to mention it is supposed to be sunny , windy and in the low 90s this day . unusual for iowa in fall . if someone’s corn fiels catches on fire it could get real interesting around her real fast . corn is in an advanced state of dryness and harvest is in full swing .
we are warmer than normal here too but only in low 50s with lots of wind and rain . some snow up high . no fires there ! would scare me to be surrounded by all that dry stuff…
puny looking li’l thing for alaska’s environment . has anyone figured out what was causing all them there whales to pass away off the coast of alaska ? haven’t heard anything from landlocked iowa .
we have lots of lil bitty critters here mikey . the alaskan red squirrel here is 11 - 13 inches long including tail whereas most squirrels outside are 16 - 27 inches overall ( except the lil douglas squirrel )
in fall , these birds migrate south for the winter . during the migration , they travel mostly through eastern two thirds of the united states . they migrate mainly at night .
they winter in the northern part of south america , specifically colombia , venezuela , south to peru and northwestern brazil . other populations spend the winter on islands of the west indies .
range : breed in extreme northeastern siberia , alaska and canada . winter in northern south america ( including colombia , venezuela , peru and brazil ) , mainly east of the andes mountain range .
range : breed in southeastern canada . winter in the west indies ( an island group that stretches from florida southward , then west along the north coast of the south american country of venezuela )
the open cup nest is constructed by the female out of dried grasses , twigs , moss , stems and other plant material and the nest is reinforced with mud .
their nests are typically placed on the ground at the base of a shrub or low in branches of shrubs .
a nest may contain 3 - 5 pale blue - green , eggs ( average 4 ) with fine brown spotting . the eggs are incubated by the female for about 13 - 14 days .
chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : drozd šedolící . . . danish : gråkindet skovdrossel . . . dutch : grijswang dwerglijster . . . estonian : tundrarästas . . . finnish : tundrarastas . . . faroese : vangagráur trøstur . . . french : grive à joues grises . . . german : braunkopf - musendrossel , grauwangendrossel . . . irish : smólach glasleicneach . . . hebrew : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . icelandic : hlýraþröstur . . . italian : tordo di baird , tordo guancegrigie , tordo usignolo minimo . . . japanese : haiirochatsugumi , haiirokotsugumi . . . lithuanian : blyškiaskruotis strazdas . . . norwegian : gråkinnskogtrost . . . polish : drozdek szarolicy . . . portuguese : sabia - de - cara - cinza , tordo - de - faces - cinzentas . . . russian : maly drozd , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : drozd sivolíci . . . slovenian : aljaški cikovtnik . . . spanish : tordo de cara gris , tordo de mejillas grises , zorzal cara gris , zorzal carigris , zorzal de mejilla gris , zorzal migratorio , zorzalito carigris . . . swedish : gråkindad skogstrast . . . turkish : gri yanakl ? ard ? ç , gri - yanakl ? ard ? ç
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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in the past placed in genus hylocichla . formerly treated as conspecific with c . bicknelli ; intermediates between the two occur , and newfoundland population of present species approaches c . bicknelli in size and coloration . range of nominate race debatable ; race aliciae only slightly different , and species sometimes treated as monotypic . two subspecies currently recognized .
( s . f . baird , 1858 ) – ne siberia ( e from r kolyma ) , alaska and canada ; non - breeding mainly n south america e of andes , scarce in greater antilles .
( lafresnaye , 1848 ) – e canada ( newfoundland , possibly also n quebec ) ; non - breeding n south america e of andes .
song , rarely in winter quarters and generally limited to 6 - week period on breeding grounds , a . . .
breeds in taiga and adjacent tundra , where found in areas of medium - height shrubs with dense woody . . .
invertebrates , with some fruit . stomachs of birds mostly on spring and autumn passages held 75 % animal and 25 % vegetable matter : beetles . . .
mid - may to early aug in north america and jun–jul in siberia ; single - brooded . monogamous . no data on territory size , but recorded . . .
long - distance migrant . departure from breeding grounds begins mid - aug , mostly complete by early . . .
, given ratios of 1 : 5 ( ringing records , wisconsin ) , 1 : 4 ( . . .
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2003 windsor , trelawny 3 banded - 2003 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2005 / 6 ; 5 banded - 2007 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2008 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2009 / 9 ; 2 banded - 2009 / 10 . susan koenig
2003 b / s windsor , portland . nov 8 , 2003 . 1 netted & photographed in hand ; wing chord = 103 mm . gary graves
2004 font hill w / life sanctuary , st . elizabeth . apr 16 , 2004 . 1 obsv’d . h . davis & lynn duda
2004 long mtn , st . andrew . banded . s . koenig & c . levy .
2013 / 04 / 01 1 font hill nature res . st . elizabeth garrett mcdonald *
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formerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .
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occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat .
northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario .
this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 4 , 100 , 000 kmē . it has a large global population estimated to be 12 , 000 , 000 individuals ( rich et al . 2003 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
face : both birds have gray cheeks , but bicknell’s has more of an eye ring as well as brighter yellow at the base of the lower bill .
mike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .
frankly , i know that i am unlikely to differentiate these birds even if one was sitting on my knee . but with enough environmental , vocal , and physical cues , it can be done . as birdfreak points out , birders already rely on such subtleties to distinguish empids and a host of other birds .
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neptunea heros , common name : the heros neptune , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .

neptunea heros

175 170â° 165 ^ ^ 160â° figure 65 - 7 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern bering sea .
species neptunea taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as neptunea cumingii crosse , 1862
» species neptunea ( neptunea ) intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 ) represented as neptunea intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : neptunea heros ( j . e . gray , 1850 ) - id : 1922950075
species neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )
fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . note : synonymized with neptunea heros [ details ]
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neptunea lyrata 80 . 07mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington
neptunea lyrata 99 . 57mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington
neptunea lyrata 94 . 45mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington
formosa / shells / neptunea polycostata 167 . 5mm . w / o . ja pan
neptunea aino w / o 221 . 0mm fully intact wrs huge monster golden aperture beauty
, d . wt ) with 95 % of the thg present as mmhg in n . heros , the highest trophic level organism in this study as determined using data for delta
species representatives : some of the more abundant large gastropods in the se bering sea are neptunea pribiloffensis , n . heros , n . ventricosa , n . lyrata , fusitriton oregonensis , pyrulofusus deformis , volutopsius fragilis , buccinum angulosum , b . scalariforme , and b . polare .
dry weight ( d . wt . ) with 33 % of the thg present as mmhg . the highest average values for thg were identified for the whelks n . heros ( 195±29 ng g
( of neptunea ( neptunea ) röding , 179 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]
69 - 170â° 165â° 160â° 155â° 69â° iveptunea heros chukch . sea biomass ( q / mm _ j i ^ ^ ^ bi kb h ^ ^ f ~ - - â n â¢ < 0 . 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 30 jo 40 so < â«â 0 . 2 s o < 0 , 4 0 . 4 < o < 0 6 0 . 6 â¢ ; q j l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h 1 . - j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h ^ m â ^ h 68
m . ct ^ ^ hi i 1 68 ' 67 * e
0 0 = 0 p . h ^ s m 1 67â° 66 * ^ i ^ 1 1 66â° 170
165â° 160â° figure 65 - 8 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the northeastern bering sea . figure 65 - 9 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern chukchi sea .
macintosh , r . a . , paul , a . j . ( 1977 ) the relation of shell length to total weight , edible - meat weight , and reproductive organ weight of the gastropods neptunea heros , n . lyrata , n . pribiloffensis , and n . ventricosa of the eastern bering sea . proc , natl , shellfish assoc . , 67 : 103 - 112 .
species neptunea regula ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as pareuthria regulus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
fujinaga , k . ( 1987 ) on the growth pattern of the neptune whelk , neptunea arthritica bernardi . bull fac fish hokkaido univ , 38 : 191 - 202 .
( of neptunea ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]
( of neptunea ( golikovia ) habe & sato , 1973 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]
pearce , j . and thorson , g . ( 1967 ) the feeding and reproductive biology of the red whelk , neptunea antiqua ( l ) . ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . ophelia , 4 : 277 - 314 .
. . . e chukchi shelf were at background values ( o1600 ng / g ) based on a mixture of compounds that represent pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic sources . the distribution of aliphatic n - alkanes in surface sediments was linked to natural background and petroleum hydrocarbon sources with significant inputs of vascular plant debris from the alaskan shoreline . harvey et al . ( 2014 ) also found that concentrations of pahs in muscle tissue from the gastropod neptunea decreased in larger size specimens per unit weight whereas aliphatic n - alkanes in neptunea gastropod muscle increased in larger organisms ( fig . 3 ) . based on this study , neptunea represents a potential indicator species for monitoring changes in the loadi . . .
fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
ito , h . and tachizawa , s . ( 1981 ) an estimation of the density of the available stock of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , by trap fishing . bull . hokkaido reg . fish res . lab . , 46 : 113 - 119 .
suzuki , k . , hiraishi , t . , yamamoto , k . and nashimoto , k . ( 1996 ) age determination and growth analysis based on sizefrequency histograms of whelk neptunea arthritica in shiriuchi , hokkaido . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 62 : 225 - 229 .
ito , h . ( 1982 ) distribution of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , and its surroundings in the lagoon furen - ko . reports of the engineering research on all - round constructions of fishing grounds in the region of nemuro bay 107 - 114 . [ in japanese ]
( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of fusus fornicatus ( gray , 1839 ) ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of chrysodomus saturus var . tabularis dall , 1919 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
chung , e . y . , kim , s . y . , park , g . m . and yoon , j . m . ( 2006 ) germ cell differentiation and sexual maturation of the female neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii ( crosse , 1883 ) ( gastropoda : buccinidse ) . malacologia , 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 65 - 76 .
. . . previous work documented concentrations of pahs and alkanes hydrocarbons from the foot muscle in 35 individuals of the neptunea whelk which had been pooled into three size classes based on shell length ( 0 - 5 , 5 - 8 , and > 8 cm ) in the southern chukchi sea ( see harvey et al . , 2014 ) . that analysis showed a diversity of pahs in muscle tissues with alkyl - substituted compounds dominating over parent species among all size classes . . . .
the age and growth of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii sampled from the west sea of korea were determined from 1 , 062 operculums from october 2007 to september 2008 . age of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii was determined from the rings on the operculum . the relationship between shell height ( sh ; mm ) and shell width ( sw ; mm ) was expressed by the following equation : sw = 0 . 5757 sh + 0 . 222 ( = 0 . 8723 ) , and shell height ( sh ; mm ) and total weight ( tw ; g ) was highly correlated by the equation : tw = 0 . 0002 ( = 0 . 9121 ) . the main spawning periods was estimated june to july through fatness index analysis . the relationship between shell height and ring radius of operculum in each ring group was expressed as a regression line . therefore , there is a correspondence in each ring formation . based on the monthly variations in the marginal index ( mi ) of the operculum , it is assumed that the ring of this species was formed once a year during the period of july to august . growth curves for shell height ( sh ) and total weight ( tw ) fitted to the von bertalanffy ' s equation were expressed as follows :
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 453 - 499 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
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fusus fornicatus normalis ( var . ) aurivillius , c . w . s . , 1885 : n atlantic
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
macginitie n . ( 1959 ) marine mollusca of point barrow , alaska . proceedings of the united states national museum 109 : 59 - 208 . [ published 18 september 1959 ] page ( s ) : 124 [ details ]
clark r . n . ( 2016 ) . notes on some little known arctic alaskan mollusks . the festivus . 48 ( 2 ) : 73 - 83 . [ details ]
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]
( of chrysodomus ( sulcosipho ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]
( of chrysodomus ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]
( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) bouchet p . & warén a . ( 1986 [
1985
] ) . mollusca gastropoda : taxonomical notes on tropical deep water buccinidae with descriptions of new taxa . in : forest , j . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom i et ii philippines ( 1976 , 1980 ) . tome 2 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 133 : 457 - 499 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of golikovia habe & sato , 1973 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus
: a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls .
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. . . although anthropogenic emission from asia may contribute a sig - nificant part of soot - bc to the chukchi and bering shelf region , emis - sions from north america and europe ( koch and hansen , 2005 ) can also influence the soot - bc abundance in sediment in the study area . indeed , the pah ratios indicated a mixed pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic source to the chukchi shelf sediment ( yunker et al . , 2011 ; harvey et al . , 2014 ) . since the relative contribution of each bc source varied with time , the variability in both soot - bc content and soot - bc δ 13 c in chukchi / bering shelf sediments would depend on the intensity of each source term ( figs . 5 and 6 ) . . . .
. . . 2017 . 08 . 011 2012dunton et al . , 2014 and references therein ) . a portion of that program established inventories of important organic molecules and their possible sources including measures of aliphatic n - alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ) and their toxicological impact on one fish species ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . the combination of aliphatic alkanes and pah ' s as the two hydrocarbon classes of focus were based on their ability to trace specific sources of anthropogenic contamination ( i . e . . . .
. . . fossil fuel combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , terrestrial debris ) and to establish the baseline of toxicologic responses to the native fish b . saida . results of that work in the southern region of the chukchi sea observed low levels of pah and alkane hydrocarbons and only minor toxicological responses ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . this study was designed to compare measures of the suite of organic molecules in surface sediments in the southern chukchi sea with the more northern hanna shoal region to document sources of hydrocarbon biomarkers across important areas of whale migration and increased benthic pelagic coupling . . . .
. . . fossil fuel vs . biomass combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , forest fires and terrestrial debris ) to marine systems ( jaward et al . , 2004 ; nizzetto et al . , 2008 ; yunker et al . , 2002ayunker et al . , , 2002b ) . although pahs represent only a small fraction ( 0 . 2e7 % ) of the total composition of crude oil , their relative persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to marine organisms warrants research into their sources and fate in marine systems ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . previous studies indicate that the alkylsubstituted pahs in sediment are likely derived from petrogenic inputs and this is clearly apparent in temperate ocean sediments in regions like the gulf of mexico ( adhikari et al . , 2015adhikari et al . , , 2016 . the dominance of alkyl - pahs in parts of the arctic / sub - arctic has also been previously reported in sediments collected from the northeastern chukchi and beaufort sea shelves ( harvey et al . , 2014 ; yunker et al . , 1996 ) . . . .
. . . the dominance of the two alkyl pahs ( 1 - mn and 2 - mn ) also support the petrogenic influence on the pahs observed in these sediments ( fig . 2 ) . the chukchi sea , for example , is estimated to contain 15 billion barrels of recoverable oil , with potential for this region to serve as a significant source of oil and natural gas in the future given that drilling rights have now been permitted ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . pah petrogenic markers might originate in oil from naturally occurring seeps on the chukchi shelf , although this petrogenic signal might be localized and not extend to sediments in the continental shelf regions of the canada basin or central arctic ocean ( gautier et al . , 2009 ) . . . .
to provide an historic perspective on the current presence of microplastic particulates in chesapeake bay using archived sediment cores .
alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and benthic invertebrates of the northern c . . .
the hanna shoal region represents an important northern gateway for transport and deposition in the chukchi sea . this study determined the concentration and distribution of organic contaminants ( aliphatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , pahs ) in surface sediments from 34 sites across hanna shoal . up to 31 total pahs , including parent and alkyl homologues were detected with . . . [ show full abstract ]
bacterial hopanoids as tracers of organic carbon sources and processing across the western arctic co . . .
tracing the inputs of bacterial organic carbon to marine systems has been constrained by the lack of distinguishing geochemical tracers and limited contribution in sediments compared to other sources of organic matter . bacteriohopanepolyols ( bhps ) provide a direct means to identify bacterial inputs which also reflect potential bacterial groups and their activities in aquatic systems . we . . . [ show full abstract ]
investigating physiological , cellular and molecular effects in juvenile blue crab , callinectus sapid . . .
juvenile blue crabs , callinectus sapidus , were exposed for 31days to six different sediments collected within the pass a loutre state wildlife management area approximately 6months or 1 . 5years post - capping of the macondo - 252 well - head following the deepwater horizon ( dwh ) incident . based on forensic analysis to fingerprint for dwh oil , these sediments differed in their levels of dwh oil . . . [ show full abstract ]
p64 - mo molecular and isotopic tracers of terrigenous organic carbon delivery to the deep arctic ocea . . .
the carbon cycle in the arctic ocean is complicated by the delivery and redistribution of terrigenous material through large rivers , sea - ice , and coastal erosion . although annual inputs of the estimated 12 mt / yr of terrestrial particulate organic carbon ( poc ) ( rachold et al . , 2003 ) , are dwarfed by the 250 mt / yr poc from marine primary production ( sakshaug , 2003 ) , evidence suggests substantial . . . [ show full abstract ]
gastropod shell is important both as cover for motile ( free - living ) organisms , and attachment substrate for sessile ( attached ) organisms . the 16 species ( kessler , 1985 ) of hermit crabs in the nmfs se bering sea survey area are particularly dependant on gastropod shell . many other se bering sea invertebrates , including polychaetes , slipper shells , tunicates , hydroids , bryozoans , sponges , and anemones commonly live in and on gastropod shell . gastropod egg cases are also commonly laid on gastropod shell .
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buccinidae a large family , with a worldwide distribution . most of the larger species live near the arctic . their rough shells , often with a heavy periostracum are appealing because they remind the collector of the cold atmosphere of very northern beaches . their data reminisce of the time of the great discoveries : barentz sea bering strait , spitzbergen , nova zembla , are all romantic names linked to great ships and explorers such as the victoria and perry . nowadays buccinidae are more collected than ever . warm water species may have beautiful colours and are usually smaller than their northern relatives . especially the genera siphonalia and babylonia are a pleasure to collect and to build up a complete set . about 800 species .
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fox , austin l . ; hughes , emily a . ; trocine , robert p . ; trefry , john h . ; schonberg , susan v . ; mctigue , nathan d . ; lasorsa , brenda k . ; konar , brenda ; cooper , lee w .
deep - sea research part ii , volume 102 , p . 56 - 67 .
) averaged ( ±standard deviation ) 2 . 8±1 . 4 pm in the necs , ~ 2 times greater than values of 1 . 5±0 . 5 pm for the bering strait . overall , consistently lower concentrations of thg
were found at depths with markedly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a . concentrations of total hg ( thg ) in sediments from the necs averaged 31±10 ng g
, correlated well with silt + clay , al and toc , and showed a long - term record consistent with the natural , background environment . very localized occurrences of sediment with elevated thg concentrations were identified near two exploratory drilling sites where drilling mud and formation cuttings were discharged in 1989 . concentrations of sediment monomethylmercury ( mmhg ) averaged 0 . 15±0 . 07 ng g
and accounted for only 0 . 43±0 . 17 % of the sediment thg . the lowest average value ( ± standard error ) for thg in biota was found for a . borealis at 44±4 ng g
n . biomagnification of mmhg was observed in this benthic food web with the following relationship : log [ mmhg ] = 0 . 19 [ delta
image from page 526 of
the eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder
( 1981 )
title : the eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder
authors : hood , d . w . ( donald wilbur ) , 1918 - ; calder , john a ; united states . office of marine pollution assessment ; united states . bureau of land management
publisher : [ rockville , md . ? ] : u . s . dept . of commerce , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , office of marine pollution assessment ; seattle , wash . : distributed by the university of washington press
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amio , m . ( 1963 ) a comparative embryology of marine gastropods , with ecological emphasis . j . shimonoseki coll . fish . , 12 : 229 - 253 .
bertalanffy , l . von ( 1938 ) a quantitative theory of organic growth ( inquiries on growth laws , ii ) . human biology , 10 ( 2 ) : 181 - 213 .
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choe , b . l . , park , m . s . , jeon , l . g . , park , s . r . and kim , h . t . ( 1999 ) commercial molluscs from the freshwater and continental shelf in korea . national fisheries research and development institute . pusan . pp . 80 .
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kubo , i . and yoshinara , t . ( 1970 ) fisheries biology . kyoritsu shuppan co . ltd . , tokyo , pp . 482 .
kwon , o . k . , park , g . m . and lee , s . u . ( 1993 ) colored shells of korea . academy publishing company , seoul , pp . 285 .
weatherley , a . h . and gill , h . s . ( 1987 ) the biology of fish growth . academmic press inc . , london , pp . 443 .
yoo , j . s . ( 1976 ) korean shells in colour . iljisa , seoul , pp . 78 . [ in korean ]
zhang , c . i . ( 1991 ) fisheries resources ecology . woosung publishing company , seoul . pp . 199 . [ in korean ]