one of the larger species of tarantula , the chaco golden knee ( grammostola pulchripes ) , formerly known by grammostola aureostriata , can be expected to reach between 20 – 22 cm ( 8.5 in ) .

the chaco golden knee tends to be one of the more docile and calm species of tarantula and therefore makes an attractive first pet .

the chaco is an opportunistic burrowing terrestrial tarantula : they tend to burrow while younger and adopt a pre-existing hide as its home when it begins to mature .

it is quite flashy in appearance , bearing long light-colored hairs all over its body and gold stripes on its legs , particularly at the " knees " .

this is a good display species as it often sits in plain view .

when it was first imported into the pet trade , it was thought to be a variant of the pink zebra beauty species , but it is significantly larger and can easily be distinguished by those familiar with both species .

grammostola pulchripes

grammostola pulchripes ( formerly grammostola aureostriata ) is also a good ground - dwelling beginner tarantula .
grammostola pulchripes are also cool and big if you don ' t completely hate the idea of a grammostola sp .
common name : chaco golden knee tarantula scientific name : grammostola pulchripes ( formerly g . aureostriata )
grammostola pulchripes a . k . a chaco golden knee sling . . | my pets | pinterest
tanya higgins added the english common name
chaco tarantula
to
grammostola pulchripes ( simon 1891 )
.
the chaco gold knee ( grammostola pulchripes ) formally ( grammostola aureostriata ) is one of my favorite species and exceedingly docile . never had a
hissy fit
once .
tanya higgins added the english common name
golden knee tarantula
to
grammostola pulchripes ( simon 1891 )
.
tanya higgins added the english common name
chaco golden stripe tarantula
to
grammostola pulchripes ( simon 1891 )
.
tanya higgins added the english common name
chaco golden knee tarantula
to
grammostola pulchripes ( simon 1891 )
.
gabriel , r , 2009 , notes on the taxonomic placement of eurypelma borellii ( simon 1892 ) and grammostola pulchripes simon 1892 ( araneae : theraphosidae ) , exotiske insekter no . 73 . 7 - 13 the species avicularia borelli is moved to the genus grammostola , grammostola auriostriata is the junior synonym of g . pulchripes . ray
the chaco golden knee , grammostola pulchripes , had a different species name a few years ago , which was aureostriata . why the name change ?
so is this saying the g . mollicoma is really a g . pulchripes ?
tarantula mythbuster vid 20 : detailed vid on g . pulchripes ( chaco golden knee )
my grammostola pulchripes ( chaco golden knee ) tarantula . in pre - molt , so her colours aren ' t too showy at the moment , but still an awesome tarantul… | pinteres…
first of all , another tarantula has that name already : h . pulchripes , the golden blue - legged baboon .
what about g . mollicoma ( ausserer , 1875 ) ? wasn ' t g . pulchripes supposed to be synonim for g . mollicoma ?
this molt belonged to my female g . pulchripes , notice that there is a tiny tongue - like flap just between the upper booklungs .
grammostola rosea is the most common first tarantula . this is because it is docile and generally easy to care for . this specie are ground - dwellers .
grammostola pulchripes is definitely not one of the faster growing tarantulas . i don ' t think storm76 was saying they ' re not slow growers , he was saying it won ' t necessarily take 6 - 10 years to mature . 4 years to 6
is still slow , just not g . rosea or some aphonopelma slow .
even if i can ' t acquire a grammostola or brachypelma in exchange . . . . i ' ll be happy knowing my c . darlingi will be in more capable hands .
grammostola rosea are common in most pet stores but i recommend that you buy from breeders or private users of this forum for an example . look for a female in a relative young age .
cheers , does this mean that g . aureostriata is no longer a valid name and that it ' s now pulchripes ? i only have a limited understanding of taxonomy terms .
the chaco golden knee tarantula ( grammostola pulchripes ) , bristling with hair and boasting leg spans of up to 8 inches , may appear formidable , but they are among the calmest spiders in the pet trade . their needs are simple , and they live for a long time - - 15 years or more . bear that in mind before rushing to add one to your menagerie .
for the time being , my main goal is finding someone willing to take my c . darlingi . a trade for either b . albopilosum , b . vagans or g . pulchripes is secondary .
+ 1 for the growing not slow . i ' ve read numerous reports online , in books , and from the pros on here , that g . pulchripes is one of the faster growing tarantulas .
my opinion : a very large , attractive , docile tarantula . they are popular with beginners but often not as readily available as other starter tarantulas such as the mexican red knee and chile rose . they were formally known as grammostola aureostriata .
i have an a adult female g . pulchripes and she now at 6 inch rather that all . i have been used this caresheet as basis on how to care on her . really great job this one helps me a lot : )
nice care sheet . so comprehensive and in - depth . the only thing i ' ve done differently with my g pulchripes is that i gave mine a water dish right from the start . have you written ones for any other species ?
i got one of my new 1 / 4
g . pulchripes slings out to let it walk around on my hand a little bit . almost immediatley i felt pressure and when i went to put it back in the deli cup i realized it was anchored to my finger by it ' s fangs . there was a little pain at the bite location and i think it may have swollen a little bit . i was very surprised that a g . pulchripes sling was my first bite .
g . pulchripes are easy to keep . any random ( appropriately sized ) jar will work for slings . idk if a viv would be ideal , as ime g . pulchripes like it pretty dry . i just use cocofiber substrate , a well ventilated lid and nothin else for my sling . when its bigger i may place it in a decorated tank . unless your home gets below high 60 ' s or 70 degrees ( comfort zone ) no additional heat is needed . see how i house mine here >
grammostola species can be predictable sometimes . one day they can be all sweet and cuddly , and downright evil the next . i think being in post molt is also a factor . give it a few weeks . feed it some more . if her attitude doesnt change , than theres nothing we can do about it .
this species is one of the best species suitable for any beginner tarantula owner . the reason for this statement is because g . pulchripes ( formerly g . aureostriata ) has a very pleasing demeanour . they have a docile , calm and hardy nature which are essential characteristics for a starter tarantula .
hi al , my name is jessica ( as well ) and i am about to receive my grammostola and a l . klugi . i am very excited and will definitely be giving you a shout if i need any advice . but thank you kindly for sharing this awesome care sheet with us ! your knowledge and research is greatly appreciated .
i wouldn ' t bother with the isopods as g . pulchripes are a dry environment species the isopods will just die . also i think a sling would take about 6 - 10 years to mature depending on your feeding ( powerfeeding makes it grow quicker but will reduce its lifespan drastically from what i ' ve read )
it ' s the fastest growing specie in the grammostola genus and it can grow up to be over 20 cm ( 8 inches ) and live up to 5 + years ( male ) or 20 + years ( female ) which is desirable for beginners . it ' s also a very docile tarantula and it rarely flick hairs . you can feed it with crickets , coackroaches etc .
my collection : - support captive breeding 0 . 1 . 0 grammostola rosea 0 . 1 . 0 aphonopelma sp . new river 0 . 0 . 1 ephobopus murinus 0 . 1 . 0 avicularia versicolor 0 . 1 . 0 brachypelma smithi 1 . 0 . 0 brachypelma albopilosum 0 . 0 . 1 haplopelma albostriatum 0 . 0 . 1 lasiodora parahybana 0 . 0 . 1 avicularia avic .
you can feed them with crickets or smaller cockroaches or other insects ( see links below ) . an adult grammostola rosea has a tendency to stop eating for a long period of time so dont freak out if it just suddenly stops eating ! they can grow to be 15 cm ( 6 inches ) and live up to be 5 + years ( male ) or 20 + years ( female ) .
my g . pulchripes 4 . 5 - 5inches hasn ' t been eating for 2 weeks now , i ' m really worried . i haven ' t experience this with my other t ' s . i even think she shrunk : ( she ' s not in pre - molt , her abdomen is not even big yet . reply please , i don ' t know what to do .
and just for the record again , the tend to take some time before they get used to their
new
surroundings . i ' ve tried feeding my g . pulchripes tonight , with no luck . she just moved away from it , so i took the cricket out again and won ' t try before the weekend . she ' s well - fed anyways , so no big deal .
i had a similar experience with an obt . i just realized that it ' s not really necessary . what happens is , you psyche yourself out . . . often for nothing . yes , c . darlingi is fast , especially at this size . and it , like most new worlds , are a bit on the aggressive side . of course , any tarantula in the hobby can be unpredictable . and that includes brachypelma and grammostola species .
chaco golden knee tarantulas can easily be identified by the striking golden stripes on each knee . they can grow leg spans up to 8 inches measured diagonally , which makes them more desirable for beginners . they also are the fastest growing of the grammostola genus and have a lifespan of over 5 years for males and over 15 years for females . and unlike most beginner tarantula species which has very little activity , this specie will keep itself busy . these little critters are mini - bulldozers .
obviously there will be some mechanical damage due to the puncture wound , depending on the size of your tarantula . fortunately , the venom from this specie isnt that potent . i have had a bite from a grammostola rosea ( chillean rose tarantula ) which is closely related to the chaco golden knee . it got swollen , a bit itchy and numb , and it went away within the day . best be careful , theres a very slim chance that you might be allergic to the venom . very rare cases .
thanks . glad you liked it . they dont call it g . auriostriata anymore . now its g . pulchripes . and i believe its the same specie . you see , people who make a business out of selling these pets come up with
marketing
strategies such as making up a completely outrageous names and sell them as a completely
new
or
rare
specie . if youre new to the hobby i suggest learning the binomial names for each specie you encounter . dont be intimidated . make it a hobby to use binomial names . it helps a lot .
and since i ' ll be sticking with these two genus from now on . . . my 5 t wishlist became a whole lot easier . maybe a bit pricier , but oh well . 1 . g . rosea 2 . b . boehmei 3 . g . pulchripes 4 . b . albopilosum 5 . b . vagans so the last 3 are relatively common and inexpensive . if i am to extend my list to 5 more eventually , g . pulchra , b . smithi , b . emilia , b . klaasi and b . auratum are what i ' d be really looking into . - luc
so , i have an emp scorp and want to add a good t to my home . i ' ve settled on getting a g . pulchripes and want to know general advice for sling care . as well , i ' m going to a reptile show in indianapolis to find a good specimen , ( trying to find a cb preferably ) and i want to know what you guys think i should look for / avoid . also , what should i do for heating ? i ' m going to use a custom made glass vivarium i ' m currently building ( pics later ) . thanx all in advance .
hi , i have an emergency question about a t . other than the g . pulchripes . i put in a superworm in my a . seemanni cage and she had a nice little burrow going on . i didn ' t crush the superworms head before i put it in the cage which now was an afterthought . i believe she is in premolt and didn ' t bother to eat it and then the superworm just rolled down the burrow . i need help as far as if i should dig up her cage to get the superworm out before it becomes a beetle and a bigger problem . help please ! ! !
this is where people will tell you to get g . pulchripes , g . rosea , g . pulchra , avic avic , and many many others the h . lividum i have is very fast but it hasn ' t tried to bite yet . all you need to remember is that some t ' s will be good and some t ' s will be nasty , t ' s can be fine one second and flip out the next . if i was to give you a suggestion try to look at a avic , they are arboreal , good size , they might be able for you to get used to the speed of the t .
i ' ve become too afraid of my c . darlingi sling . i should ' ve known i was way over my head when i ordered that . i can ' t even muster the courage to open the kk lid and pick up cricket remains . it ' s that bad . didn ' t get a threat pose yet . . . but i know the chances of it bolting out when i least expect it are pretty high . therefore i ' ve chosen to trade it off for another brachypelma or grammostola . i ' m simply afraid of either killing it by accident while trying to get it back into the enclosure or being bitten and causing harm to the hobby should the incident be reported to the media . i feel so embarassed , but i can ' t help it . . . it ' s dawning upon me now that old world species aren ' t for me . i ' m even thinking of merely
specialising
with the brachypelma and grammostola genus , mostly because of their somewhat docile temperament , slow speed , low toxicity , ease of care and extreme hardiness . surely i can ' t be the only one that feels like this . i ' ve posted an ad in the respective forum . this would be interesting and worthwhile mostly to eastern atlantic canadian members . just let me know i ' m not alone in feeling that old worlds are completely out of my league . - luc
when i first time had my g . pulchripes sling , i put her in a pretty big container ( for her size ) which is 20 x 15 cm , then she looks so stressed out , she always hanging on the top of the cage , i was thinking that the substrate is too wet , but after i change the substrate , there ' s still no much different . at the end i tried to change the cage to a smaller one , just a pretty small plastic container , and guess what . . she looks so calm and never hanging on the top of the container anymore , some people said that a big container will make a ts feel unsafe . guess that it ' s true
2 inches is still considered a sling , 3 inches is considered as a juvenile . it is measured in diagonal leg span . from leg no . 1 on one side to leg no . 4 on the other side . usually for a chaco of that size they eat 3 - 5 days after molting . what are you feeding it ? whats the size of the prey items ? as i have said , chaco and other tarantulas of the grammostola genus sometimes go on fasts which can last from a couple of weeks to over half a year . just keep on offering it food every 3 days . dont disturb it too much . tarantulas who are stressed out will often refuse food . i have noticed that if you handle your tarantula before feeding it , it will refuse the food . it is best not to bother it before feeding it .
so i shouldnt expect him / her to jump at a meal ? as well , i bought a slate rock that makes a pretty nice hide since i read that they prefer rocks due to the fact that burrowing in their natural habitat is typically difficult , so they hide under rocks , i have three containers for three potential size , a pill bottle if i get a sling w nothing but air holes and substrate i will moisten , a small tupperware container with substrate , holes for good ventilation , and a small small bit of cork bark , and then i have a good sized but short plastic kritter keeper on the off hand chance i get a mature g . pulchripes . i was going to get isopods for keeping it all nice and clean . thoughts ? oh , also , that big slate rock is in the container i have if i get an adult .
good day everyone a while back i sold my entire collection and yes i was rather depressed but nothing i could do about it at the time . however , i have recently decided to start up again so i ' m searching for the following : avic avic ( pinktoe ) p . irminia ( suntiger ) t . cupreus ( violet tree spider ) p . fasinata ( sri - laken ornimental ) l . klugi - ( scarlet birdeater ) l . parahybana ( salmon pink ) g . pulchripes ( golden knee ) c . cyaneopub ( green bottle blue ) those are the ones i would like to buy first before i get into the p . metallic and m . bal ect i would ideally prefer spiderlings ( 2 - 3cm ) in size as i have a certain way of raising them ( if you can call it that ) . thanks in advance splurge read more . . .
my collection : - support captive breeding 0 . 0 . 1 haplopelma minax 0 . 0 . 1 haplopelma hainanum 1 . 0 . 1 cyriopagopus schioedtei 0 . 0 . 1 poecilotheria rufilata 0 . 1 . 0 heteroscoda maculata 0 . 1 . 2 haplopelma lividum 0 . 1 . 0 grammostola rosea 0 . 1 . 1 haplopelma longipes 0 . 0 . 1 brachypelma vagans 0 . 0 . 5 aphonopelma iodius 0 . 1 . 0 ornithoctonus aureotibialis / sp ' nakorn ' 0 . 1 . 0 ornithoctonus aureotibialis 0 . 0 . 4 haplopelma albostriatum 0 . 0 . 1 aphonopelma abberans 0 . 0 . 1 ornithoctonus sp ' koh samui ' 0 . 0 . 1 chromatopelma cyaneopubescens 1 . 0 . 0 poecilotheria striata 0 . 0 . 1 chilobrachys dyscolus 0 . 0 . 1 haplopelma schmidti 0 . 0 . 2 yamia sp koh samui 0 . 0 . 1 psalmopeus cambridgei 0 . 0 . 1 chilobrachys sp aladdin 0 . 1 . 0 lampropelma violaceopes 0 . 0 . 1 lampropelma nigerrimum
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native to the grasslands of argentina and paraguay , the chaco golden knee tarantula is a ground - living species that burrows when he can . the chaco golden knee ' s natural habitat remains warm throughout the year , with dry spells alternating with periods of heavy rainfall .
tarantulas don’t need enormous tanks , but chaco golden knees are large specimens , so you’ll need a habitat with capacity of at least 15 gallons . they’ll feel more secure with a shelter , such as a large piece of bark or a plastic hut . provide a thick layer , at least 6 inches , of a safe substrate such as coconut fiber or chemical - free potting compost , and a shallow water dish . keep the tank in a warm room and out of direct sunlight ; if the room ' s not warm year - round , you may have to invest in supplemental heat - - but this creature doesn ' t need a particularly warm habitat that would necessitate a heat source , generally .
like other tarantulas , the chaco golden knee subsists on a diet of smaller invertebrates , mostly arthropods , in the wild . feed your captive tarantula crickets , roaches , grasshoppers and similar nontoxic insects . she probably won’t eat that often , about once or twice a week . remove any insect parts afterward . if she hasn’t eaten a prey item after a few hours , she’s not hungry . remove it from the tank and feed her again after a day or so - - unless she starts to molt , in which case don’t feed her anything until the process is over .
keep the substrate fairly dry - - it doesn’t need to be dry as dessicated dust , but don’t let it become soggy , except perhaps under the water bowl . tarantulas produce very little waste and do not appreciate their habitat being disturbed , so limit cleaning out the tank to once or twice a year .
although generally sweet - natured , the chaco golden knee , like many other tarantulas , may flick irritating hairs at people when alarmed . avoid scaring your pet with sudden movements or by picking her up with your bare hands , especially early on . the hairs and venom of this species should cause only minor irritation in most people , but if you are prone to allergies , talk to your doctor before acquiring any tarantula as a pet . never handle or feed your golden knee while she is molting - - your hands or a prey insect could do immense damage at this vulnerable time .
judith willson has been writing since 2009 , specializing in environmental and scientific topics . she has written content for school websites and worked for a glasgow newspaper . willson has a master of arts in english from the university of aberdeen , scotland .
willson , judith .
the needs & habitat of the chaco golden knee tarantula .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / needs - habitat - chaco - golden - knee - tarantula - 5814 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
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willson , judith .
the needs & habitat of the chaco golden knee tarantula
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hi craig yep that is what it means . the paper is available as a download from the downloads section of this site . ray
. mr gabriel in his paper rejects this synonymy , i . e . treats
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lightning speed from a big 6
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habitat : the climate of paraguay is subtropical . at asunción average temperatures range from about 17°c ( about 63°f ) in july to about 27°c ( about 80°f ) in january . in the chaco and other points to the north temperatures often reach 38°c ( 100°f ) . annual rainfall averages some 1 , 120 mm ( 44 in ) in the asunción area , some 815 mm ( 32 in ) in the gran chaco , and some 1 , 525 mm ( 60 in ) in the eastern forest regions . the chaco has heavy rainfall in the summer and almost no rain in the winter .
temp / humidity : 65 ° - 78 ° / 55 % - 65 % humidity i keep this species temperature at 78 ° degrees and the humidity at 65 % .
substrate : i use four inches of substrate . ( i use a mixture of peat moss , vermiculite , coconut fiber and dirt for firmness , as the substrate ) .
retreat / hide : this is an opportunistic burrower , therefore i placed a bark for a starter burrow hide .
food consumption : i fed the new born spiderling fruit flies , then when they reached 1 / 2
i introduced baby crickets . i feed my adult chaco stripe knee two ( 2 ) one - inch b . dubia roaches or 7 adult crickets weekly . this species is a laid back eater . the only time this tarantula refuses food is when it is near a molt .
water requirements : i keep a water dish in the tank . i have never seen mine drink . i keep the substrate in the terrarium dry .
growth rate : the growth rate of this species is medium . i purchased this tarantula as a juvenile .
adult size : i read that they get seven - eight inches ( 17 . 78 - 20 . 32cm ) . after eight years my chaco has grown to a solid seven inches ( 17 . 78cm ) , easily .
temperament : this is a laid back , easy to handle species . it has never kicked hair at me nor given a threat pose . she is always out in the open and is friendly .
comments : this is one of my favorite tarantulas . she is large and is a beautiful display specimen . the larger it gets , the more colorful it becomes . check the pictures out and the colors . the colors are natural not enhanced . she always accompany me when i do events . this spider has a personality , and i believe it likes attention . every hobbiest must have this species .
all photos on this website are courtesy of mike basic tarantula unless stated otherwise . it ' s prohibited to copy without permission of author .
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today . unpacking a sling order and they were pretty active and my gf wanted to hold one . next thing i know she is like oh ! ow ! holy _ _ _ _ ! that hurts . ( no i did not step on her foot ! ) this sling is about 1 / 4
and she felt no pain other than the bite , there was no swelling and no redness . medical attention was : i had to give her a hug to make her feel better . symptoms lasted less time than it took her to say
ouch that hurt , get him back in his container
this happened sometime in early december . this t has been finally been proven to be a chaco and i ' m certain it was a bite .
i was putting the chaco back into the container , while i was wearing gloves ( i react to the urticating hairs ) . it had walked on to the back of my right hand . the chaco was three inches at the time . unforunately , even though i was being quite careful , it started to slip a little bit as i was putting it back in it ' s container . it panicked and apparently used it ' s fangs to help hold on .
i was not sure i had been bitten until after i washed my hands and sat back down at the computer . i later pulled out the gloves and examined them for a bite mark . there were two tiny little holes in the gloves . right hand ring finger was bitten . right ring finger turned slightly reddish , and was slightly swollen . i don ' t recall much , if any pain . i did have a strong itching burning sensation however . about an hour or two later i went to bed without any problems . no swelling in the finger the next day , and no burning sensation .
i was rather concerned for a couple of days , about the tarantula having bitten latex but it was ( and is ) fine . so there you go , there ' s my stupid newbie bite experience .
you never know , i have a 7 in . female chaco . have handled her many times and so have my sons , 6 and 12 . i saw her on the screen top of her cage and as usual i took her out . sitting at the computer , all of a sudden i felt some pressure . she had her fangs out , about 1 / 2 in long , and was hanging on with them . not biting but gripping . one fang did lightly pierce skin . if she really wanted to , i would have two large holes in my hand .
my little 2
chaco was my first tarantula , and it had just molted . . . i missed this , but knew it was imminent , so of course i wanted to check in on the spider because i had read somewhere that problems can occur with molting and was way too overconcerned . i saw something crumpled with its legs under it in the corner of the webbed in burrow area and freaked out , so go diving in to discover the old skeleton and brush my hand against the shiny new ultra defensive soft spider in the process . it nailed me on the inside of the left wrist with both fangs , i barely felt the bite , i noticed the venom a few minutes later as the area became warm and itchy . this continued for a half hour or so before being joined by pain in the joints of my wrist and hand , the pain wasn ' t bad , but just kindof there . this lasted about 3 hours with minor swelling , but really wasnt nearly as bad as i had expected .
needless to say , i wont go rushing in with a just molted spider again .
was bitten last night by my sub adult male . my own fault though , he had hooked himself onto my shirt and wouldn ' t let go anymore . trying to get him of resulted in being bitten ( plus getting him loose ) . he didn ' t get a very good grip , only one fang was inserted and it wasn ' t a dry bite ( substance could clearly be seen around the place of insertion ) . had no reaction at all , only that my hands were itchy cause of urticating bristles ( possibly from working inside the aureo ' s exo - terra .
not much to report , but i figured i would anyway cause i did have some symptoms , and i believe any info is useful .
i got a 1 / 2
g . aureostriata today and was handling it to get some pics , and i thought
oh , i think it may have bit me
cause it was so small that i couldnt feel it walking on me , but definitely felt a small prik . well i got it on the third knuckle , no pain , slight local swelling and redness , and ichyness . 15 min after my hand felt a little like it just woke up from being asleep , all tingly , and that went away in 5 min . not bad at all , there really isnt much to expect from a 1 / 2
sling .
sp . , here is a bit of first - hand experience . this is se7en , my new 7 - legged
during se7en ' s initial handling session , i apparently got tagged . . . . . twice ! ! ! ! she must have fanged me during that session , because the itchyness started about an hour afterwords . i didn ' t even notice the two bite marks until the next day , though the webbing between my right middle and ring finger was experiencing small bouts of being itchy as hell . i thought she haired me at first , but the sensation was more like a mild bee sting that would come and go . when i saw the bite marks the next day , that ' s when i put it together that i had been tagged .
second , the bite is nothing to worry about . i didn ' t feel it when it happened ( 2 bites delivered without any indication i had been fanged ) , and the symptoms were
between the time i was bitten , and the time i realized it , i had handled my girl three times , pinch - grabbed her for a ventral shot , and fed her . she has been handled since , and without incident or protest . because of the mild effects of the venom , and the fact that her temperament is really calm , i am not frightened in the least to take another hit from her . love her lots , though ! ! !
i got bit about 3 hours ago by an chaco golden knee . it jumped at me and bit my thumb while i was transferring her to a new enclosure . it only bit me for a second but the pain was real intense . it was burning pretty bad and my whole hand and arm have started cramping . it only got me with one fang since i only see one puncture wound .
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this very popular tarantula has some fantastic qualities . it makes a great display spider because of the beautiful patterns and coloration it sports , it stays out in the open most of the time , and it is one of the more active tarantulas . it is known to move things around and rearrange its habitat , especially as a juvenile . this species is also one of the most docile tarantulas available . its calm demeanor , slower movements , and hardiness make it appealing to beginner and advanced collectors alike .
new world . opportunistic burrower size : 7 - 8” growth rate : medium natural habitat : argentina , paraguay , uraguay housing needs : terrestrial setup with burrow or hide available . temperament : calm and docile .
etudes arachnologiques . 23e mémoire . xxxviii . descriptions d ' espèces et de genres nouveaux de la famille des aviculariidae .
two new species of guyruita guadanucci et al . , 2007 ( araneae , theraphosidae ) from brazil
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urltoken
get the facts , not the hype !
visit urltoken stay informed and join the fight to keep your pets ! this is extremely important right now , there are several new laws being passed and many states are jumping on the anti - reptile bandwagon . if you enjoy being able to keep your pets you need to keep up to date on what is going on . you also may be asked to do something as simple as write some letters . we can ' t stress enough how important it is to do this !
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. why the name change ? i couldn ' t find any information on the web , and it just makes no sense . first of all , another tarantula has that name already :
if there are multiple possible names , the oldest one will generally take precedence . it doesn ' t matter if the newer name sounds cooler or has a more descriptive meaning .
only the binomial ( genus + species ) must be unique . you can find lots of examples where the species component of the name is used more than once . ( this is especially common when species are named after people or places . )
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
it is difficult to give a size for the spiders as stock is constantly changing . generally , the small size is a spiderling up to 1 . 5cm body length ( small will be small ) , juvenile is a grown on spiderling with a body length of about 1 . 5cm , medium 2cm to 4cm and a large is 4cm to fully adult ( but a lot depends on the species ! )
if you would like me to measure the body length of any medium or large spider , please send me an email . i cannot measure the body length of small and juvenile size spiders as they are constantly changing .
cockroaches ( species & sizes will vary ) i sometimes only have one species of cockroach av . .
common name : ghost porcelain cockroach scientific name : gyna caffrorum size : vari . .
common name : headlight cockroach scientific name : lucihormetica subcincta size : adult . .
common name : black beauty stick insectscientific name : peruphasma schulteisize : adult / sub - adultstat . .
common name : hissing cockroach scientific name : gromphadorhina species size : adult / s . .
the chaco golden knee tarantula is a ground - living species that burrows where it can . the chaco golden knee’s natural habitat remains warm throughout the year , with dry spells alternating with periods of heavy rainfall .
the chaco golden knee tarantula can be expected to reach between 20–22 cm ( 8 . 5 in ) . it bears long light - colored hairs all over its body and gold stripes on its legs , particularly at the “knees” .
no human is ever known to have died from a tarantula bite ! a tarantula bite is no worse than a bee sting in terms of toxicity .
least concern : the chaco golden knee tarantula is common or abundant and is likely to survive in the wild .
adoption is simple . show how much you care about animals all year round by selecting your favorite animal from our adoption list .
the diet of a tarantula is typically crickets , grass - hoppers , locusts , moths , mealworms , and cockroaches with the occasional small animal . in a zoo environment , they are fed one cricket per week .
every visit to the zoo is a unique experience that awakens your senses . with a buffalo zoo membership you may visit the zoo as often as you like – and your admission is absolutely free .
10 : 00 a . m . - 4 : 00 p . m . ( grounds close at 5 : 00 p . m . ) reptile house is closed until the spring of 2019
this is a care sheet dedicated to the chaco golden knee tarantula , a medium - large sized specie from argentina , paraguay & uraguay . this is also a standard care sheet applicable to most terrestrial tarantula species .
this care sheet is based on books , articles and information that i have gathered and my personal opinion , observations and experiences dealing with this specie . some information may be incorrect or insufficient . this care sheet is , and will always be a work in progress . if the reader finds any misinformation and have any corrections or suggestions , please feel free to leave a comment so i may address your concerns .
it is advisable for 1 st time tarantula keepers to talk to someone who owns tarantulas before getting one . research about the tarantula you want and never hesitate to ask questions .
keeping of this species is fairly easy . spiderlings , or often referred to as
slings
are more suitable for beginners , because slings will almost never bite , the mere size of your hand is enough to intimidate them . by the time your tarantula is juvenile - sized , you will already have an idea of its personality .
if you are getting adult specimen then a female is recommended since they live longer and grow larger than the males . males , after reaching maturity will have the tendencies to turn aggressive and defensive , this is because mature males aim on securing a mate . males will also have about a year or two left to live after reaching maturity .
it is also wise to check the health and temperament of a potential tarantula . adult tarantulas should have abdomens bigger than its carapace or cephalothorax . how it stands or walks will also give you an idea of the tarantula’s health ; healthy tarantulas should stand and walk on the tips of their toes like ballerinas , their abdomens shouldn’t be dragged on the substrate ( ground ) when they walk . looking at the back of the abdomen will also tell you about their temperaments . hair - flickers will have bald spots on their abdomens . this specie rarely flicks . a tarantula’s temperament can be checked by gently touching the back of its abdomen or hind legs with a paintbrush / stick , if it simply walks away , then it can be handled , if it runs away , then it might be a little nervous or skittish so exercise caution if you want to handle this tarantula , if it raises its fangs and its 1 st and 2 nd pairs of legs , then its aggressive . the latter reaction is known as the threat posture , any tarantula that is sporting this position will readily strike . they shouldn’t be handled . if a tarantula turns towards the point where you made contact , it might be hungry or irritated .
sexing tarantulas is a very tricky business . even experts have a hard time sexing a tarantula . a male tarantula could easily be taken for a female if it gets too big .
the best and accurate way to sex your tarantula is to wait until they are fully mature . females can be identified by looking into their molts for their ovaries . female specimens will have a skin - like flap in their sexual opening also called the epigastric furrow , just between the upper booklungs , this is called spermathecae . females will store a male’s sperm in the spermathecae . female tarantulas are bulkier and have larger abdomens compared to the males .
male tarantulas have smaller bodies and the tips of their pedipalps ( short leg - like appendages located next to the fangs ) will look like boxing gloves . also males of this specie will develop tibial hooks or spurs on their 1st legs when they reach maturity ( tibial hooks are not present in some of the species ) . these hooks are used mainly to hold the female’s fangs while mating .
slings can easily be kept in small deli containers . be sure to have air wholes on the sides . the container should be big enough for your sling to walk around but not too big for it to get lost . most tarantulas prefer smaller enclosures . enclosures shouldn’t be too high as this specie lives on the ground . 1inch ( or more ) substrate should be provided . 1 sling per enclosure .
juveniles and adults should be kept in either low tanks or critter keepers or shoebox sized containers . be sure that there are air holes on the sides and on the top . an ideal tank cover would be glass / plexi - glass with air holes on it . for larger tanks , a hide should be provided . emptied coconut shells , hollowed tree barks and other hollowed ornaments will be suitable for the job . at least 3 inches of substrate should be provided for juveniles and 5 inches of substrate for adults ; more is appreciated since this specie likes to dig . do not put more than one tarantula in a single enclosure .
to avoid ants , you can coat the legs of the table where you keep your enclosures or the bottom part of the sides of the enclosures with a generous amount of petroleum gel . just wipe clean and reapply every month or as needed . a swarm of ants can easily kill your tarantula . there are also other methods to avoid ants but from my experience , petroleum gel works best .
1 . feed your tarantula before rehousing or transferring it to a new enclosure . tarantulas will not eat for days when transferred to a new enclosure . they need time to acclimate to the new environment .
2 . do not feed your tarantula for a few days to a week after rehousing or transferring it .
3 . if your tarantula stops being inactive or starts pacing around the enclosure or keeps on sticking to the sides of the enclosure , it is a sign that the tarantula is uncomfortable with the enclosure . you may need to change the whole enclosure or provide it with dryer substrate .
organic potting soil , coconut fibre mulch , peat moss or any combination of 2 or more of these will be ideal . perlyte or vermiculite can optionally be added to help retain humidity .
moist your substrate with water and squeeze out the water , if the substrate holds the shape after its squeezed then it is perfect . never use wood shavings as they are highly abrasive and may contain oils that may be toxic to your tarantula , particularly oils from cedar .
substrate should be replaced twice or thrice a year . to treat substrate , simply pour a generous amount of boiling water on it and let it sit for 10 minutes before draining . another way is to put dampen the substrate and put it in an oven at 350 degrees for 10 minutes .
most pet shops sell blocks of substrate . they are simple to use , affordable , and since they are heat treated to compress , they are sterile . all you need to do is soak the blocks in water and wait a few minutes , then break them off and squeeze the water out . if possible , use fresh substrate rather than recycled
treated
substrate .
note : be sure that your substrate can retain water and hold humidity , but be sure your enclosure will not be overly damp as tarantulas don’t like wet substrate .
tip : always have dry substrate handy . if your tarantula is rejecting your substrate , try adding a layer of dry substrate over the damp one .
adult and juveniles will need a hide if they are kept in a larger enclosure . a hollowed bark is perfect since it provides both shelter and climbing spots for your tarantula . for this specie , it is recommended to set the hollowed log horizontally . if flora should be added , use fake ones . real plants will attract mites and other pests . leave the real plants to the hardcore experts . also , do not put too much flora since this will only create hiding spots for the prey . rocks are also optional to add beauty , just be sure that there are no sharp edges . other accessories may be added as décor .
caution : in setting up your enclosure , be sure that everything will stay into place . things that might get knocked down or fall or roll out of place could potentially hurt and kill your tarantula . remember that this specie likes to dig . accessories should be rooted in place .


the salt marsh common yellowthroat , ( geothlypis trichas sinuosa ) , is a subspecies of the common yellowthroat , a new world warbler .

the salt marsh common yellowthroat has experienced a dramatic 80 % decline from the early 20th century through 1976 .

it is a species of concern for protection in efforts to restore chelsea wetlands in hercules , california .

salt marsh common yellowthroat

this species exhibits a wide range of geographic variation in plumage and taxonomists have described many subspecies in their struggle to categorize this variation . it is a migrant through much of its range , although some populations are partially migratory or sedentary . two sedentary populations , the san francisco or salt marsh yellowthroat and the brownsville yellowthroat (
foster , m . l . 1977 . a breeding season study of the salt marsh yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas sinuosa ) of the san francisco bay area , california . master ' s thesis , san jose state univ . , san jose , ca . close
hsu , a . 1993 . habitat use and singing activity of the common yellowthroat . master ' s thesis , univ . of rhode island , providence . close
kowalski , m . p . 1983a . factors affecting the performance of flight songs and perch songs in the common yellowthroat . wilson bull . no . 95 : 140 - 142 . close
zink , r . m . and j . t . klicka . 1990 . genetic variation in the common yellowthroat and some allies . wilson bull . no . 102 : 514 - 520 . close
menges , t . 1998 . common yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas ) . in the riparian bird conservation plan : a strategy for reversing the decline of riparian - associated birds in california . california partners in flight . urltoken
salt , g . w . 1957 . an analysis of avifaunas in the teton mountains and jackson hole , wyoming . condor . 59 : 373 - 393 .
geothlypis trichas sinuosa female arrowhead marsh , martin luther king , jr . , regional shoreline , alameda county , california , usa 25 november 2007
chen , p . 1993 . a study of the possible functions of the black mask in the male common yellowthroat : is the mask a badge signifying fitness ? master ' s thesis , univ . of wisconsin , milwaukee . close
although this species primarily uses marsh habitats , riparian habitat may be important as a corridor and for other activities ( birds of north america ) .
cardiff , e . a . 1989 . breeding bird census 1988 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 60 : 63 .
cardiff , e . a . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 63 : 96 - 97 .
stewart , r . e . 1953 . a life history study of the yellowthroat . wilson bull . no . 65 : 99 - 115 . close
ritchison , g . 1991 . the flight songs of common yellowthroats : description and causation . condor no . 93 : 12 - 18 . close
hofslund , p . b . 1959 . a life history study of the yellowthroat , geothlypis trichas . proc . minn . acad . sci . no . 27 : 144 - 174 . close
klicka , j . t . 1994 . the biological and taxonomic status of the brownsville yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas insperata ) . master ' s thesis , univ . of minnesota , minneapolis . close
ritchison , g . 1995 . characteristics , use and possible functions of the perch songs and chatter calls of male common yellowthroats . condor no . 97 : 27 - 38 . close
south coast and colorado desert bioregion : according to maps data , bbs routes , and expert opinion ( b . kus and p . unit ) , coye is common in this area .
cardiff , e . a . 1996 . breeding bird census 1995 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 67 : 75 . chapman , f . m . 1968 . warblers of north america . dover publications inc . ny .
table 1 . latitude and longitude of current breeding status of common yellowthroats at maps locations throughout california from 1989 - 1996 ( ibp 1997 ) . this is based on birds captured in mist nets only . refer to ibp for interpretation of breeding status codes .
coye is a common brown - headed cowbird host . a study in michigan reported 10 of 22 nests parasitized ( stewart 1953 ) . in the central valley of california , 7 of 14 nests were parasitized ( geupel et al . 1995 - 1997 , draft progress reports ) .
san joaquin valley ( sjv ) bioregion : coye has been recorded on bbs routes in the northern sjv , but not in the southern portion . approximately 15 breeding territories were recorded along the san joaquin river and salt slough ( prbo 1997 ) . coye also was detected on incidental surveys as far south as the mendota wildlife area , fresno county . the status of coye in the southern portion of the sjv needs further investigation .
this inhabitant of thick , tangled vegetation ( particularly in wet areas ) is one of north america ' s most widespread warblers , breeding throughout the continental united states ( including part of alaska ) and in parts of all canadian provinces . the male ' s distinctive black mask and wich - i - ty wich - i - ty wich - i - ty song make it an easily identified warbler . first collected in what is now maryland , and described by carl von linné ( linnaeus ) in 1766 , the common yellowthroat was one of the earliest species of birds tobe described from the new world .
sierra nevada bioregion : bbs routes and reports of coye in inyo county indicate that it is a common migrant and breeder ( heindel unpublished ) . coye appear absent from the northern portion of this region . however , bbs routes have detected coye in the southern portion of this bioregion ( peterjohn ) .
pacific northwest bioregion : coye appears to be historically more common . they were recorded on 17 bbs routes from 1966 - 1985 whereas from 1986 - 1996 only 10 routes recorded coye . mist netting data indicates coye as a transient in this region and a fall migrant ( c . j . ralph , ibp ) .
i reviewed point count surveys ( provided by b . peterjohn ) from 1966 - 1985 and 1986 - 1996 to determine if differences existed in distribution . common yellowthroat ( coye ) were either seen or heard singing / calling during the breeding season at many locations throughout the state . coye were recorded in at least one location within each of the 10 bioregions in california . however , only one location in the sacramento valley bioregion had recorded coye . all other regions had > 2 locations . this is a compilation of all bbs routes in the state of ca . review rough maps with coye detected at stations . i highlighted all of the historic and current routes that detected coye ( see very rough maps with bioregion in black ) .
we have an opportunity in hercules to preserve the 12 acre chelsea wetlands near chelsea by the bay and hercules by the bay communities . the wetland is a vital part of our ecosystem . egrets once nested there and it remains the habitat of some endangered species . the past century took its toll on the chelsea wetland . as the area was developed , tons of soil was dumped in the wetland . a similar practice occurred throughout the country . by 1950 , an estimated 45 million acres , or 35 % , of all wetlands in america had been drained .
restoring the chelsea wetland has several benefits . by removing the unnatural soil in chelsea wetland , the water storage capacity will increase by four feet , thus helping to reduce flooding in nearby neighborhoods , as happened in pinole in 2006 . this is particularly important to the communities of chelsea by the bay and hercules by the bay .
a healthy wetland also prevents pollutants from running into the bay . ecologists call wetlands “the kidney” of the ecosystem because of the natural cleansing functions they perform . they do this by retaining sediments and toxic pollutants attached to the sediments . wetland plants also reduce algae blooms and fish kills .
restoring the chelsea wetland currently , the chelsea wetland turns dry and brown in the summer . a healthy wetland and creek would cycle water year round , providing a place for wildlife . native vegetation would return naturally or be reintroduced . some of the current goals of the restoration project include :
the city of hercules has committed to reviewing the county’s work on flood control to make sure that we are protected and that future efforts will not aggravate what is currently in place .
2012 update last year , the city of hercules finalized grant agreements with the california natural resources agency and the environmental protection agency and association of bay area governments . in all , the chelsea wetlands project has recieved several grants : $ 1 . 83 million from the proposition 84 is the california river parkways program ; $ 145 , 000 from the green infill clean storm water initiative ( epa / abag ) , $ 56 , 200 from the contra costa county fish and wildlife propagation fund and $ 40 , 000 from the san francisco foundation . the city of hercules has also contributed $ 128 , 000 , bringing the project total to over $ 2 . 1 million .
in februrary of 2012 , the city solicited request for proposals for ceqa and permit regulatory compliance for for the project . a request for proposals for final engineering design will also be made available in february .
the list of all grant recipients can be found on the natural resources agency website at : urltoken .
the city of hercules and their consultants have presented plans and answered question on the chelsea wetlands restoration at community workshops sponsored by the friends of pinole creek watershed . and the chelsea by the bay homeowners association has been actively involved with the city on this project . community involvement is a critical component of success for projects like this .
draft initial study and proposed mitigated negative declaration ( is / mnd ) for the chelsea wetlands restoration project ( appendices joined to final document ) draft conceptual restoration plan ( 11 . 7 mb pdf ) . this report describes the details of the project .
biological evaluation report ( 10 . 3 mb pdf ) this report identifies special status plant and wildlife and habitat restored by the project .
contours map ( 1 . 92 mb cad file ) contours map ( 1 . 44 mb pdf file )
if you are interested in getting more involved in the wetland restoration , contact holly smyth for the chelsea wetland restoration project at ( 510 ) 245 - 6531 .
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management status : ( g . t . sinuosa ) california species of special concern
this review is based on mist - netting information , bbs data , and expert opinion ( sources noted individually ) .
the following is a compilation of maps stations from 1989 - 1996 where coye have been recorded with accompanying breeding status ( institute for bird populations , d . desante , h . smith ) - lat / long of maps sites with coye breeding status ( table 1 ) . 25 of the 70 maps stations have captured coye ( ibp 1997 ) . coye attempted to breed at only 10 of these stations , and an occasional breeder at 3 stations ( ibp 1997 ) .
northeast bioregion : coye was recorded in five areas in the northeast bioregion from 1966 - 1996 . mist netting data confirms that coye breeds in this area . however , coye has not been recorded on bbs routes in the southwest portion of this bioregion ( this may be due to the topography ) . further investigation is warranted .
sacramento valley bioregion : coye is a confirmed breeder in this region . however , in the upper and lower sacramento and feather rivers , coye populations have decreased ( gains 1974 ) . data are inconclusive for the southern portion of this region .
bay / delta bioregion : confirmed breeder in the western portion of this region . also recorded on bbs routes throughout this region . the bay / delta bioregion supports the listed g . t . sinuosa subspecies .
central coast bioregion : according to recent bbs surveys , coye seem to be absent from the northern portion of this region . historically , bbs routes detected coye , but have failed in recent years . however , coye have been captured in mist nets in this area ( see table 1 ) .
mojave bioregion : coye seems to be absent from the eastern section of this region , whereas the western region reports numerous observations . b . kus indicated that only a few coye in highly optimal habitat exist near victorville along the mojave river . further investigation is warranted in this area .
evens et al . ( 1997 ) report 1 . 04 territories per hectare and 5 . 48 territories per km when design data is pooled ( i . e . , burned and unburned plots ) for g . t . sinuosa at point reyes national seashore . in michigan , home ranges vary from 0 . 3 - 0 . 7 ha ( stewart 1953 ) . in new york , coye were spaced 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 ha . in the san francisco bay , 0 . 2 - 2 . 0 ha spacing reported by foster ( 1977 ) .
woodrey and chandler ( 1997 ) indicate no significant difference between adults and immatures in timing of passage at any site studied . however , this varied between year and site . grinnell and miller ( 1944 ) indicate coye is a summer resident from mid - april until september in northern ca , and is a winter resident in central and southern ca . nevertheless , they are uncommon in ca during the winter months ( grinnell and miller 1944 ) .
sally and gleaner of insects , spiders , and caterpillers ( bent 1953 ) .
ground level to 3 m , but most commonly found between ground level and 0 . 6 m .
the nest contains dead grasses , leaves , ferns , etc . , and is lined with fine grasses and hair ( harrison 1978 , zeiner et al . 1990 ) .
the coye is found from sea level to at least 450 m in bishop , california . more information needed .
territory / home range size is reported as 0 . 4 - 1 . 2 hectares , suggesting there may be a minimum wetland size for breeding . however , more information is needed .
livestock grazing intensity , loss and destruction of wetland habitats ( airola 1990 ) . coyes are sensitive to destruction of wetlands and grazing , especially in certain parts of california . however , more data are needed to fully assess this issue , perhaps concentrating on the central valley where wetland loss is documented .
studies in the northern prairies of canada and north dakota have shown that incidental depredation may be harmful to ground - nesting birds ( vickery et al . 1992 ) . snakes , accipiters , and small mammals are known predators . coyes also are parasitized frequently ( bent 1953 , ehrlich et al . 1988 ) .
airola , d . a . 1986 . brown - headed cowbird parasitism and habitat disturbance in the sierra nevada . journal of wildlife management . 50 ( 4 ) : 571 - 575 .
american ornithologists ' union . 1983 . check - list of north american birds . 6th ed . am . ornithol . union , washington , d . c .
atwood , j . l . 1994 . endangered small landbirds of the western united states . studies in avian biology 15 : 328 - 339 .
beal , f . e . l . 1907 . birds of california in relation to the fruit industry ( part 1 ) . u . s . dept . agri . biol . surv . bull . 30 .
beedy , e . c . and s . l . granholm . 1985 . discovering sierra birds : western slope . yosemite natural history association and sequoia natural history association , usa .
beer , j . r . , l . d . frenzel and n . hansen . 1956 . minimum space requirements of some nesting passerine birds . wilson bulletin . 68 ( 3 ) : 200 - 209 .
bent , a . c . 1963 . life histories of north american wood warblers . dover publications inc . , ny .
bierman , g . c . and s . g . sealy . 1982 . parental feeding of nestling yellow warblers in relation to brood size and prey availability . auk . 99 : 332 - 341 .
blakesley , j . a . and k . r . peese . 1988 . avian use of campground and noncampground sites in riparian zones . journal of wildlife management 52 ( 3 ) : 399 - 402 .
briskie , j . v . 1995 . nesting biology of the yellow warbler at the northern limits of its range . journal of field ornithology . 66 : 531 - 543 .
burridge , b . 1995 . sonoma county breeding bird atlas : detailed maps and accounts for our nesting birds . madrone audubon society , santa rosa , ca .
busby , d . g . and s . g . sealy . 1979 . feeding ecology of nesting yellow warblers . can . j . zool . 57 : 1670 - 1681 .
clark , k . l . , and r . j . robertson . 1981 . cowbird parasitism and evolution of anti - parasite strategies in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin . 93 ( 2 ) : 249 - 258 .
collins , s . l . 1981 . a comparison of nest - site and perch - site vegetation structure for seven species of warbler . wilson bulletin . 93 : 542 - 547 .
dawson , w . l . 1923 . birds of california . south moulton co . , san diego , los angeles , san francisco .
dellasala , d . a . 1986 . polygyny in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin 98 ( 1 ) : 152 - 154 .
desante , d . and d . g . ainley . 1980 . the avifauna of the south farallon islands , california . studies in avian biology no . 4 . cooper ornithological society ,
dixon , j . b . 1934 . records of the nesting of certain birds in eastern california . condor . 36 : 35 - 36 .
dunn , j . l . , and k . l . garrett . 1997 . a field guide to the warblers of north america . houghton mifflin co . , new york 656pp .
evens , j . g . , and r . w . stallcup . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : coastal riparianmarsh . journal of field ornithology 63 : 95 - 96 .
ehrlich , p . r . , d . s . dobkin , and d . wheye . 1988 . the birder ' s handbook : a field guide to the natural history of north american birds . simon and schusterinc . , new york , ny .
ficken , m . s . and r . w . ficken . 1966 . notes on the male and habitat selection in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin . 78 : 232 - 233 .
fatooh , j . 1996 . preliminary results of 1995 breeding bird censuses in riparian areas , bishop ra . unpublished report to the bureau of land management , bishop resource area .
fatooh , j . 1997 . breeding birds of wilson creek . unpublished report to the bureau of land management , bishop resource area .
gaines , d . 197 ? . the nesting riparian avifauna of the sacramento valley , california and the status of the yellow - billed cuckoo . ms thesis , university of california , davis .
gaines , d . 1977 . birds of the yosemite sierra . grt book printing , oakland , ca .
gaines , d . 1974 . a new look at the nesting riparian avifauna of the sacramento river valley , california . western birds . 5 : 61 - 84 .
gaines , d . 1988 . birds of yosemite and the east slope . artemesia press , lee vining , ca .
gardali , t . and g . r . geupel . 1997 . songbird inventory and monitoring at golden gate national recreation area . prbo unpublished report . stinson beach , ca .
garrett , k . and j . dunn . 1981 . birds of southern california : status and distribution . l . a . audubon , artisan press , los angeles , ca .
geupel , g . r . and n . nur . 1993 . evaluation of migration monitoring at the palomarin field station : population trends in california and the west , 1980 - 1992 . paper presented at the
workshop to develop a north american monitoring program for landbird species nesting in northern canada and alaska .
simcoe , ontario . september 1993 .
geupel , g , r . , g . ballard . 1995 . status and distribution of the landbird avifauna along riparian corridors of the sacramento river national wildlife refuge : results of the 1994 field season . prbo report to the u . s . fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g , r . , g . ballard , a . kiener . 1996a . songbird monitoring within the san luis national wildlife refuge : results from the 1995 field season . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g , r . , g . ballard , n . nur , a . king . 1996b . population status and habitat associations of songbirds along riparian corridors of the lower sacramento river : results from 1995 field season and summary of results 1993 to 1995 . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife and the nature conservancy . stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g , r . , g . ballard , a . king . 1997a . songbird monitoring on the cosumnes river preserve : results from the 1995 field season . prbo report to the nature conservancy . stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g , r . , a . king , g . ballard . 1997b . songbird monitoring within the san luis national wildlife refuge : results from the 1996 field season . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .
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this species breeds locally from northern portions of california , nevada , utah , and colorado south , and also winters in the eastern caribbean . map adapted from godfrey 1986 , howell and webb 1995 , dunn and garrett 1997 , and raffaele et al . 1998 . see text for details .
) , have undergone severe declines in this century because of habitat loss and alteration . despite the widespread occurrence and abundance of yellowthroats , few studies ( none of which are long - term ) of the breeding biology or behavior of this species have been conducted . two detailed studies of breeding behavior have been published for populations in minnesota (
) . only song and singing behavior have received recent attention in the literature ( e . g . ,
escalante - pliego , b . p . 1978 . genetic differentiation in yellow - throats ( parulina : geothlypis ) . acta xx congr . int . ornithol . : 333 - 341 . close
escalante - pliego , b . p . 1991 . phylogenetic relationships of geothlypis ( aves : parulinae ) . ph . d . diss . , city univ . of new york , new york . close
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
canon eos 40d , canon ef 100 - 400mm f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6l is usm
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