burara amara , the small green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in northeast india and southeast asia .

the butterfly has been reassigned to the genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is now burara amara .

burara amara

small green awlet , burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] formerly bibasis amara .
burara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )
[ thailand ] ismene amara ; godfrey , 1930 : 356 . ( west : me wong ) bibasis amara ; evans , 1949 : 50 . ( siam ) bibasis amara ; pinratana , 1985 : 16 , pl . 3 , fig . 7 , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chaiyaphum / ratchaburi / kanchanaburi / chonburi / chanthaburi ) bibasis gomata gomata ; pinratana , 1985 : pl . 3 , fig . 8a , ♂ . ( in part ) burara amara ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 724 , pl . 331 , fig . h9 , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chanthaburi ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11♂ . ( chiang rai / chiang dao / mewong / fang / chantaburi ) burara amara ; kimura et al . , 2011 : 22 , fig . ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang dao / kao soi dao / kao khiewo ) burara amara ; ek - amnuay , 2012 : 772 , pl . 355 , fig . h8 , ♂ , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chanthaburi ) burara amara ; s . sophonviwatkul , c . sunthornwiphat & t . laola , 2015 - : butterflies of thailand , fig . ♂ ( un ) . ( ratchaburi ) [ laos ] burara amara ; masui & uehara , 1994 ; 6 , fig . 44 . ( luang phabang ) burara amara ; osada , uémura & uehara , 1999 ; 221 , pl . 130 , fig . ♂ ( un ) . ( oudomxay ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11♂ . ( laos ) burara amara ; nakamura & wakahara , 2012 ; 56 . [ vietnam ] bibasis amara ; devyatkin & monastyrskii , 1999 ; 155 . ( north : ba be ; cuc phuong ) bibasis amara ; ikeda et al . , 2001b : 58 , figs . 1 : 3♂ , 4♂ ( un ) , 5 : 2 ( ♂genitalia ) . ( cuc phuong ) bibasis amara ; hao et al . , 2004 : 12 . ( cuc phuong ) burara amara ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2007c ; 41 , fig . h - 135 , ♂ . ( lam dong : dai duc me ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11♂ . ( north / central ) bibasis amara ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 70 . ( n / c )
ismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam
burara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
burara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
burara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
burara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
green awlet , burara vasutana moore , 1865 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 13 ] formerly bibasis vasutana .
pale green awlet , burara gomata ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 6 ] formerly bibasis gomata .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
plain orange awlet , burara anadi de nicéville , 1883 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] formerly bibasis anadi .
orange - striped awl , burara jaina ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 11 ] formerly bibasis jaina .
ismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 62 . tl . naga ; khasia hills , assam . ( nhml )
orange awlet , burara harisa ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 10 ] formerly bibasis harisa .
branded orange awlet , burara oedipodea ( swainson , 1820 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] formerly bibasis oedipodea .
note : bibasis contains just three diurnal species , of which only one occurs in india ; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them . [ 3 ]
amara ; ♂ , type ( red ) , h2395 , bengal . ( nhml . examined . ) pindappatra ; ♂ , type ( red ) , h2396 , assam . h . fruhstorfer . ( nhml . examined . )
on : ismene amara moore , [ 1866 ] od : proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 . tl : n . e . bengal , india . ( nhml ) distribution : sikkim , assam , myanmar , andamans , thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis amara
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
ismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson
bibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
ismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling
gomata radiosa ( plötz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes
ismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java
bibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
ismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma
ismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .
hasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b
ceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]
goniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal
bibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
sri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans
bibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java
bibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , tyô to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9
bibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
sikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]
bibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )
ismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes
burma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]
ismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak
ismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal
ismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa
ismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore
bibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6
ismene imperialis plötz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes
w . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]
ismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam
ismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9
bibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4
ismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap
ismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa
chaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]
ismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java
larva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes
ismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand
bibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill
ismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china
sri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]
bibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma
larva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
unipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146
nepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]
ismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63
bibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )
ismene fergusonii de nicéville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
neue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , künstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; kühn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more
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moore , 1865 – small green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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rajkamal goswami , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment , bangalore .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male and female : upperside brown with a greenish gloss ; costal streak of forewing ochreous yellow in the male , less prominent in the female ; male with a blackish subbasal patch . cilia of both wings short and brownish white . body dark brown ; abdomen with greyish segmental bands . underside , forewing brown , becoming bluish black along the base of the costa ; posterior margin broadly brownish white ; hindwing bluish black ; veins of both wings brownish white , the space between them having a greyish blue parallel line running their entire length . both wings also with the black ochreous - yellow - encirled basal spot . thorax in front and beneath , head , palpi , legs , middle of abdomen , and anal tuft ochreous yellow . femora and tibiae with a black spot ; sides of abdomen black , the segmental bands prominent , cilia greyish .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
includes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
kunte , k . 2000 , butterflies of peninsular india , university press , hyderabad .
kunte , k . and u . kodandaramaiah . 2011 . history of species pages on butterflies of india website . in k . kunte , s . kalesh and u . kodandaramaiah ( eds . ) . butterflies of india , v . 1 . 05 . indian foundation for butterflies . url : urltoken accessed on 23 . 8 . 2012 .
antram , c . b . 1924 , butterflies of india , thacker , spink & co , kolkata .
watson , e . y . 1891 , hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .
vane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 . the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden ( 343 ) : 1–267 .
evans , w . h . 1927 , the identification of indian butterflies , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
the butterflies of the kameng protected area complex in western arunachal pradesh , india , covering . . .
the present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal prad . . .
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chiang mai : fang dist . 1♂ ; phrao dist . 1♀ ; chiang dao dist . 1♂ ; san sai dist . 1♂ ( photo ) ; omkoi dist . 1♂ .
moore , f . , [ 1866 ] : on the lepidopterous insects of bengal .
fruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .
an individual sipping on wet sand . satchari national park , habigonj . 31 - 10 - 2013
status : rare . habit and habitat : very fast flier . prefer well forested areas . more active in the morning and before evening . local distribution : northeast region . range : bangladesh , india , myanmar and thailand
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
copyright © tahsinur rahman shihan ( 2015 - 2018 ) in photographs and texts . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .
moore , 1865 – harisa orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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the project through outreach and awareness programs would provide a better knowledge of butterfly diversity and their importance to students , local communities and policymakers . the awareness of the students and local communities would be crucial milestone in promoting community conservation measures .
fixed width circular plot count method along the transects will be followed for sampling butterflies . depending upon the availability of suitable plots and accessibility in the sloppy terrain , transects of 600 - 1000 m will be established covering various elevation sites and vegetation types . along the transects , permanent points will be marked at 50 - 100 m apart . elevational distance between two consecutive sites will vary from 150 - 350 m depending upon the accessibility and availability of the plots in laying the transects . climatic and vegetation data will be collected .
read about the latest progress of this project in the reports , articles and promotional materials below .
journal of threatened taxa , 26 may 2018 , vol 10 , no . 6 , 11775 - 11779
read more about the activities undertaken and findings of this project in the final report below .
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in book : proceedings of national conference on zoology for future education and research , publisher : queen marry ' s college , chennai , pp . 61 - 77
established by government of india under national board for wildlife ( nbwl ) . out of 668 p
belongs to the most conspicuously recognizable insect order lepidoptera . so far 1 , 504 species of butterflies
are mostly circumscribed to certain pockets . hence a comprehensive research is necessary to unearth the
hidden natural history of butterfly in arunachal pradesh . the present article is a critique of butterflies from
family ( sherri , 2003 ; maria de la paz celorio , 2013 ) .
anand padhye , sheetal shelke and neelesh dahanukar . 2012 . distribution and composition of butterfly
betham , j . a . ( 1980 ) . the butterflies of the central provinces .
chandra , k . ( 2006 ) . the butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) of kangerghati national park ( chhattisgarh ) .
areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets . philosophical transactions of the royal
choudhary , m . ( 1995 ) . insecta : lepidoptera , pp . 45 - 52 .
abrera , b . ( 1982 , 1985 , 1986 ) . butterflies of the oriental region . parts i , ii & iii , hill house , australia .
doubleday , e . ( 1845 ) . description of new or imperially described diurnal lepidoptera .
. r . , murphy , d . d . 1987 . conservation lessons from long - term studies of checker spot butterflies .
hassan , s . a . ( 1994 ) . butterflies of islamabad and murree hills . asian study group , islamabad , 1 - 68 .
. b . ( 1978 ) . butterfly migrations in the nilgiri hills of south india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .
. b . ( 1987a ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .
. b . ( 1987b ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .
. b . ( 1987c ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .
mandal , d . k . ( 1985 ) . notes on the papilionidae of arunachal pradesh , north - east india .
moore and swinhoe . 1890 - 1913 . lepidoptera indica by : 10 volume complete . a
. ( 1975 ) . butterflies transects in a linear habitat , 1964 - 1973 .
niklas janz , klas nyblom and so ren nylin . ( 2001 ) . evolutionary dynamics of host - plant specialization :
seitz . 1906 - 1928 . the macrolepidoptera of the world by : issued in parts , complete . contain a brief
description and a coloured figure of every species . the palaearctic section of 380 pages and 89
shafer , c . l . 1999 . national park and reserve planning to protect biological diversity : some basic elements .
. 2007 . checklist of south asian skipper butterflies ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) .
smith , c . 1989 . butterflies of nepal , 352 pp . ( tecpress service l . p
swinhoe , c . ( 1886 ) . on the lepidoptera of mhow . proceeding of
arshney , r . k . 2010 . genera of indian butterflies : 1 - 186 . published by
arshney , r . k . ( 2006 ) . an estimate of the number of butterfly species in the indian region . bionotes ,
alpole , m . j . and sheldon , i . r . ( 1992 ) . sampling butterflies rain forest : an evaluation of transect walk
elle , c . s . and levin , s . a . 2005 . spatial attributes and reserve design models : a review .
witt , d . o . ( 1909 ) . the butterflies ( rhopalocera ) of the nimar district central provinces .
- blyth , m . a . 1957 . butterflies of the indian region .
butterflies of sacon ( sálim ali centre for ornithology and natural history ) campus , anaikatti , coim . . .
the freshwater fish fauna of new amarambalam reserve forest ( narf ) in the southern western ghats ( kerala ) is constituted by 43 species belonging to 13 families and 28 genera . family cyprinidae dominated with 20 species followed by balitoridae and bagridae ( four species each ) . narf may harbour higher freshwater fish species diversity than in protected areas in north kerala . the area around . . . [ show full abstract ]
a checklist of butterflies , so far recorded from madhya pradesh and chhattisgarh , representing 174 species / subspecies of 100 genera under eight families is given .
the community structure of butterflies was studied in the dry deciduous , thorny forest of anaikatty hills , western ghats . pierid butterflies showed greater abundance , which may be due to the relatively greater abundance of capparaceae and caesalpinaceae plants in the area . more species of nymphalid butterflies were recorded from the area than any other family . six endemic species and eight . . . [ show full abstract ]
ankita gupta , swapnil a . lokhande & abhay soman . 2013 . parasitoids of hesperiidae from peninsular india with description of a new species of dolichogenidea ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) parasitic on caterpillar of borbo cinnara ( wallace ) ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) zootaxa 3701 ( 2 ) : 277–290 .
( moore , [ 1866 ] ) – common orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
( moore , [ 1866 ] ) – pale green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
the awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crepuscular habits of this species .
this list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
badamia exclamationis
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved april 20 , 2018 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis sena
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis gomata
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
haribal , meena ( 1992 ) . the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history . gangtok , sikkim , india : sikkim nature conservation foundation .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis anadi
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis harisa
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis jaina
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis oedipodea
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis vasutana
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes benjaminii
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes plateni
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes xanthopogon
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
the common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes hemixanthus ssp . furcata
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . accessed 12 october 2007 .
the species is considered to be furcata by lepindex , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora anura
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
hasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora chromus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora chromus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora taminatus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora schoenherr
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora badra
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora vitta
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora khoda
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora leucospila
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora salanga
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 2 october 2007 .
evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) . the identification of indian butterflies ( 2nd ed . ) . mumbai , india : bombay natural history society .
gay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) . common butterflies of india . nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press . isbn 978 - 0195631647 .
kunte , krushnamegh ( 2000 ) . butterflies of peninsular india . india , a lifescape . hyderabad , india : universities press . isbn 978 - 8173713545 .
watson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .
wynter - blyth , mark alexander ( 1957 ) . butterflies of the indian region . bombay , india : bombay natural history society . isbn 978 - 8170192329 .
beccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .
brower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
empusa pennata , common names conehead mantis in english and mantis palo in spanish , is a species of praying mantis in genus empusa . it can be found in spain and parts of portugal , france , lebanon , central and southern italy and greece . the species invalidly cited by their synonyms in many tropical checklists such as in india and sri lanka .
empusa pennata generally has large and thin body along with a great flying apparatus by their pair of wings and light body mass . also , they are mostly found in perennial herbs and scrubs . there are three ways for insects to find mates : chemical , acoustic , and visual signals . cryptic coloration is significant to some predatory insects like mantids , which is used to protect themselves from predators and to capture their prey .
this species of mantis , although similar in size to the common european praying mantis ( mantis religiosa ) , is easily distinguished by the protrusion from its crown . both male and females , even from first hatching carry this tall extension giving them a very alien appearance . they live in areas that are warm and dry and use their cryptic colouring of either greens and pinks or various shades of brown to keep them hidden from predators . the female may grow to a length of 10cm while the male is shorter and slimmer . the male has distinctive ‘feather’ type antennae as shown on the image above .
however , insects that depend on vision will hinder to find their mate because they will be undetectable to each other . therefore , as an alternative way to find mates , sex pheromone is used . the releasing of sex pheromone by empusa pennata is an adaption derived from sexual selection .
mantids stalk their prey and pounce on it , grasping it with their raptorial forelegs . only living prey is selected and it is consumed directly after the catch . the predator orients itself optically , and therefore only takes notice of moving prey . the maximum size of prey which mantids can overwhelm is species - specific and depends on the prey type . on average mantids eat crickets of 50 % their own body weight , while cockroaches can weigh up to 110 % .


pseudotrichonotus is a genus of fish in the family pseudotrichonotidae native to the indian and pacific ocean .

this genus is the only member of its family .

pseudotrichonotus

pogonoski j j ( 2015 ) . pseudotrichonotus belos new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .
< i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .
pseudotrichonotus belos gill & pogonoski 2016 , zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 190 , figs . 1 - 2 . type locality : southwest of exmouth gulf , western australia , 22°51 ' s , 113°31 ' e , depth 100 m .
parin , n . v . , 1992 . pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - new species from the saya de malha bank . j . ichthyol . 32 ( 7 ) : 128 - 131 . ( ref . 41477 )
holotype of the dart sand - diving lizardfish , pseudotrichonotus belos , from southwest of exmouth gulf , western australia , depth 100 m - csiro h 6406 - 04 . source : louise conboy / australlian national fish collection , csiro . license : all rights reserved
johnson , g . d . , baldwin , c . c . , okiyama , m . & tominaga , y . ( 1996 ) osteology and relationships of pseudotrichonotus altivelis ( teleostei : aulopiformes : pseudotrichonotidae ) . ichthyological research , 43 , 17–45 . urltoken
parin , n . v . ( 1992 ) pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - a new fish from the saya - de - malha submarine rise . voprosy ikhtiologii , 32 , 156–158 . [ in russian . english translation in journal of ichthyology , 32 , 128–131 .
gill ac , pogonoski jj . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa . 2016 ; dec 054205 : zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8
gill ac , pogonoski jj . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 2016 ; 4205 ( 2 ) : zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 urltoken < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > _ < i > belos < / i > _ new _ species _ first _ record _ of _ the _ fish _ family _ pseudotrichonotidae _ from _ australia _ _ teleostei : _ aulopiformes _ _ . accessed july 9 , 2018 .
gill ac , pogonoski jj :
< i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .
zootaxa , vol . 4205 , no . 2 , 2016 , pp . zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 , urltoken < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > _ < i > belos < / i > _ new _ species _ first _ record _ of _ the _ fish _ family _ pseudotrichonotidae _ from _ australia _ _ teleostei : _ aulopiformes _ _ . accessed july 9 , 2018 .
this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article gill , anthony c . , pogonoski , john j . ( 2016 ) : pseudotrichonotus belos new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 189 - 193 , doi :
gill ac & pogonoski jj . ( 2016 ) . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa , 4205 , pp . zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8
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anthony c . gill macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12 – macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 1 william street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia
john j . pogonoski australian national fish collection , national research collections australia , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , gpo box 1538 , hobart , tasmania 7001 , australia .
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greek , pseudes = false + greek , thrix , - ichos = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
inhabits sandy bottoms of about 30 m depth ; has been observed to dive into the sand .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 ; anal soft rays : 13 ; vertebrae : 49 . head pointed . body beam - like . mouth small . upper jaw protrusible ; protruding slightly beyond the lower one when mouth is closed . interorbital space is very narrow ; just less than 1 / 3 of eye diameter . branchiostegal rays 6 . gill rakers spinelike , 4 + 1 + 8 . caudal fin rays 8 - 10 ( ref . 41477 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
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a small sand - diving lizardfish known from only three specimens . the species is pale pinkish with a bright yellow midlateral stripe that breaks up into four spots along the rear of the body , a faint iridescent bluish - grey stripe below the yellow , and a series of purplish spots within the yellow stripe that become saddles posteriorly .
trawled in depths of 100–120 m offshore between exmouth gulf and shark bay , western australia .
distinguished by the following characters : dorsal - fin origin well behind pelvic - fin origin , predorsal length 39 . 6–41 . 2 % sl ; dorsal - fin rays 31–33 ; anal - fin rays 12 .
the specific name belos is from the greek meaning arrow or dart , in reference to the dart - like appearance of this species .
new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 189–193 .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
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johnson , r . k . ( 1982 ) fishes of the families evermanellidae and scoleparchidae : systematics , morphology , interrelationships , and zoogeography . fieldiana zoology ( new series ) , 12 , 1–252 .
machida , y . ( 1988 ) pseudotrichonotidae . in : masuda , k . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . & yoshino , t . ( eds . ) , the fishes of the japanese archipelago . second edition . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 60–60 .
masuda , h . , araga , c . & yoshino , t . ( 1975 ) coastal fishes of southern japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 379 pp .
nakabo , t . ( 2002 ) pseudotrichonotidae . in : nakabo , t . ( ed . ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species . english edition , volume 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 350–350 .
saruwatari , t . , lópez , j . a . & pietsch , t . w . ( 1997 ) cyanine blue : a versatile and harmless stain for specimen observation . copeia , 1997 , 840–841 . urltoken
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for one of world’s foremost fish finders ( dr . gerald allen ) , ‘no better place’ than this dive site by molly bergen
bird ' s head natural history notes ( vol . 4 ) : the pygmy seahorses of raja ampat by dr richard smith
big shoes to fill ! dr . mccook takes over , from dr . mark erdmann , as ci indonesia ' s senior advisor for marine progr… urltoken
off course the ladies are involved too . read about an extraordinary group of women who are changing their lives wh… urltoken
austrian photographer shares his amazing images from the bird ' s head seascape ' s triton bay . enjoy ! … urltoken
on the papuan mainland , halfway between raja and triton bay , lies fak - fak . read about how efforts to create mpa ' s i… urltoken
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the art of describing a new species of fish by dr . gerald r . allen
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macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12 - macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 1 william street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia . anthony . c . gill @ sydney . edu . au .
zootaxa 4205 : 2 2016 dec 05 pg zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8
< i > plectranthias < / i > < i > takasei < / i > , new species of anthiadine fish from southern japan ( teleostei : serranidae ) .
a new jellynose , ateleopus edentatus , from the western pacific ocean ( teleostei : ateleopodiformes : ateleopodidae ) .
three new species of the indo - pacific fish genus hime ( aulopidae , aulopiformes ) , all resembling the type species h . japonica ( günther 1877 ) .
pempheris bexillon , a new species of sweeper ( teleostei : pempheridae ) from the western indian ocean .
plectorhinchus caeruleonothus , a new species of sweetlips ( perciformes : < br / > haemulidae ) from northern australia and the resurrection of p . unicolor ( macleay , 1883 ) , species previously confused with p . schotaf ( forsskål , 1775 ) .
taxonomic revision of the flathead fish genus platycephalus bloch , 1785 ( teleostei : platycephalidae ) from australia , with description of a new species .
amblyceps accari , a new species of torrent catfish ( teleostei : amblycipitidae ) from the western ghats of india .
a new species of the genus hypleurochilus ( teleostei : blenniidae ) from trindade island and martin vaz archipelago , brazil .
satyrichthys kikingeri pogoreutz , vitecek & ahnelt , 2013 , a junior synonym of satyrichthys laticeps ( schlegel , 1852 ) ( actinopterygii : teleostei : peristediidae ) .
a new species of anchovy , encrasicholina macrocephala ( clupeiformes : engraulidae ) , from the northwestern indian ocean .
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ichnotropis grandiceps is a species of african lizards in the family lacertidae .

they are commonly called caprivi rough-scaled lizards as they are largely found in southwestern africa on the border of the caprivi strip .

the cape rough-scaled lizards are terrestrial and found in the range of open woodland and mesic savanna .

the caprivi rough-scaled lizards are medium in size and distributed in parts of namibia and botswana .

this species is on the international union for conservation of nature 's red list for endangered species as they are rare and has not been seen or collected since 1998 .

data about the population or specimens collected are needed for the iucn to obtain more information about the unknown threats that may be impacting them .

ichnotropis grandiceps

ichnotropis grandiceps broadley 1967 ichnotropis grandiceps — auerbach 1987 : 132 ichnotropis grandiceps — edwards et al . 2013
justification : ichnotropis grandiceps is a rare species and it is unknown whether threats are impacting it . therefore an assessment of data deficient has been made . further research should be carried out before a more accurate assessment of its conservation status can be made .
broadley , d . g . 1967 . a new species of ichnotropis ( sauria : lacertidae ) from the botswana - caprivi border . arnoldia 3 ( 24 ) : 1 - 5
bischoff , w . 1991 . übersicht der arten und unterarten der familie lacertidae 2 . die gattungen eremias , gallotia , gastropholis , heliobolus , holaspis und ichnotropis . die eidechse 2 ( 2 ) : 14 - 21 - get paper here
berg , m . p . van den 2017 . an annotated bibliographic history of ichnotropis peters , 1854 ( reptilia , lacertidae ) with remarks on the validity of some of the including species . l @ certidae ( eidechsen online ) , 2017 [ 4 ] : 60 - 138 . - get paper here
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
type locality : 25 miles west of mohembo , botswana , on the border of the caprivi strip ( south west africa ) .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : usnm 163989 , an adult male . paratypes : um 16278 ( male ) and usnm 163990 ( juvenile ) . ( um = umtali museum , rhodesia ) . besides the type and paratypes , only 4 other specimens are known , collected by w . d . haacke and residing in the transvaal museum : tm 30822 , tm 38309 , tm 38310 and tm 38404 .
alexander , g & marais , j . 2007 . a guide to the reptiles of southern africa . struik publishers , 408 pp . [ book review in elaphe 16 ( 3 ) : 18 ]
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
auerbach , ronald daniel 1986 . first steps in setswana herpetology . botswana notes and records ( gaborone ) , 18 : 71 - 90 .
branch , w . r . 1998 . field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . 3rd ed . fully revised and updated to include 83 new species . ralph curtis books ( sanibel island , florida ) , 399 pp .
branch , w . r . , baard , e . h . w . , haacke , w . d . , jacobsen , n . , poynton , j . c . , & broadley , d . g . , eds . 1988 . a provisional and annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of southern africa . j . herp . assoc . africa 34 : 1 - 19 . - get paper here
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
branch , w . r . 1988 . field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , 328 pp .
broadley , d . g . 2004 . herpetofauna of the four corners area . - in : r . & childes , s . l . ( eds . ) 2004 . biodiversity of the four corners area : technical reviews volume two ( chapters 5 - 15 ) . timberlake , j . occasional publications in biodiversity no 15 , biodiversity foundation for africa , bulawayo / zambezi society , harare , zimbabwe : 313 - 346
conradie w , bills r , and branch wr . 2016 . the herpetofauna of the cubango , cuito , and lower cuando river catchments of south - eastern angola . amphibian & reptile conservation 10 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 6–36 - get paper here
conradie , w . 2012 . herpetofauna of the cubango - okovango river catchment . a report on a rapid biodiversity survey conducted in may 2012 . port elizabeth museum ( bayworld ) . 17 pp
edwards , shelley ; william r . branch , bieke vanhooydonck , anthony herrel , g . john measey , krystal a . tolley 2013 . taxonomic adjustments in the systematics of the southern african lacertid lizards ( sauria : lacertidae ) . zootaxa 3669 ( 2 ) : 101–114 - get paper here
griffin , m . 2003 . annotated checklist and provisional national conservation status of namibian reptiles . namibia scientific society , windhoek . [ 2 ] + 169 pp .
haacke , w . d . 1970 . new herpetological records from south west africa . ann . transvaal mus . 26 ( 12 ) : 277 - 283 - get paper here
herrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94–115 - get paper here
kirchhof , s . ; engleder , a . ; mayer , w . & richter , k . 2011 . die radiation der lacertiden des südlichen afrikas . elaphe 19 ( 4 ) : 6 - 11
lewin , amir ; anat feldman , aaron m . bauer , jonathan belmaker , donald g . broadley , laurent chirio , yuval itescu , matthew lebreton , erez maza , danny meirte , zoltán t . nagy , maria novosolov , uri roll , oliver tallowin , jean - françois trape , enav vidan and 2016 . patterns of species richness , endemism and environmental gradients of african reptiles . journal of biogeography , doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12848 - get paper here
mayer , w ; berger - dell ' mour - h 1988 . proteinelektrophoretische untersuchungen zur systematik der gattungen aporosaura , meroles , pedioplanis und heliobolus ( sauria : lacertidae ) aus südwest - afrika . herpetozoa 1 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 - 29 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1971 . die herpetofauna südwest - afrikas . senck . naturf . gesell . , frankfurt am main , abhandl . 529 : 110 pp .
pietersen dw , pietersen ew , conradie w . 2017 . preliminary herpetological survey of ngonye falls and surrounding regions in south - western zambia . amphibian & reptile conservation 11 ( 1 ) [ special section ] : 24–43 ( e148 - get paper here
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is found in the caprivi strip and adjacent botswana and northeast namibia .
this species is rare . searches have been carried out for this species , but it has not been collected in recent years ( branch 1998 ) .
this species was listed as secure in namibia conservation status report ( griffin 1999 ) but further research is needed into the population numbers and possible threats of this species .
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lizards are reptiles closely related to snakes . like snakes some of them are legless whilst others resemble snakes but have legs . the larger lizards take on a ' crocodile ' appearance , but overall they come in all shapes , sizes and colours which helps their defensive capabilities .
as lizards do not have the built - in temperature controls of most other animals , they tend to live in areas where the ground doesn ' t freeze and in cold winters lizards hibernate . they are the most common of reptiles in deserts , such as the namib desert , and other dry regions such as the kalahari desert . if the desert temperature does becomes too hot for lizards , they will seek shade or go under the sand to escape the hot sunshine . other areas of special interest to enjoy lizards are the auas mountains in central namibia and the etosha pan .
lizards are cunning creatures and as with snakes can defend themselves in a variety of ways . like snakes , lizards bluff or play tricks such as swelling up , lashing the tail and hissing . african chameleons are famous for changing colour and other lizards have the same gift . although it is widely believed chameleons change colour to camouflage themselves from enemies , they also can turn a darker colour to absorb more heat from the sun ' s rays .
unlike snakes , some lizards can eat plants although insects and small animals feature regularly on the menu . reproduction is by depositing eggs in nests whilst others are hatched inside the females . lizards are measured from the tip of the snout to the vent on the body , directly behind the rear limbs , annotated as svl ( snout vent length ) .
agamas belong to the family agaidae and are small to large lizards with either a flattened or a cylindrical shaped body . they have large heads , well - developed limbs with a narrowing long tail that cannot be shed or regenerated . agamas are active during the day and mainly terrestrial , although some species are specific to living in trees or amongst rocks . some species feed on ants , whilst others are predominately herbivores . they are known to form social groups with territorial patterns that are well - developed and displays include the males showing off brightly - coloured crests , frills or throat fans common . agamas are closely related to chameleons and there are only 2 subfamilies in southern africa . they are :
the bushveld lizard ( heliobolis lugubris ) is closely related to sand and desert lizards .
there is only 1 species of festive gecko in namibia . it is a very small gecko with long , slender , clawed toes that do not have ' sticky ' scansors .
girdled lizards belong to the family cordylidae and are so called because of their body scale arrangement hence the name . the scales on the tail are set in regular rings and are spiny and the tail can be shed and regenerated , although slowly and not the original condition . they have a short tongue covered with long papillae . the head of a girdled lizard is triangular and flattened on the top and covered with large shield that are fused to the skull .
they are mainly a rock dwelling although some species do live in trees or on the ground . rock living species are protected from the abrasiveness of moving between rock surfaces by their rough scales . this is also a safety advantage when escaping from predators along with the ability to sneak into rock crevices and inflating the body and shortening and thickening the skull , possible due to the unusual head hinged structure .
a wide variety of large vertebrates are eaten by girdled lizards , whilst some of the larger members of the species add plants and small vertebrates to their menu . females give birth to between 1 to 6 young each year when males become territorial during the breeding season . there are 6 species of girdled lizards found in namibia and 3 of them are endemic to the country . they are :
monitors belong the family varanidae and are the largest of the lizards . they are not poisonous and all living monitors are similar in appearance , with well - developed limbs and strong claws . the tail cannot be shed or regenerated as with other species of lizard . smaller species eat insects whilst larger monitors will take anything it can overpower . prey might be torn to shred by their claws or even consumed whole . little is known of their breeding habits as they are shy creatures with sightings and observations of their mating habits and egg - laying uncommon . females lay large , soft - shelled eggs in termite nests or holes . as the skins are an attractive item for hunters and poachers to pass on to the fashion industry , all varinids are a protected species in southern africa .
plated lizards belong to the family gerrhosauridae and have strong legs and longish tails . members of the species that live in grasslands can take on a snake - like appearance as their limbs are somewhat reduced . the head has large , symmetrical head shields and the body is covered with rectangular plates that overlap ( hence the name ) .
they are diurnal , oviparous lizards and although they are terrestrial , some species will find their way into rock crevices . there are 3 subfamilies of plated lizards in namibia . they are :
a small genus that to a lizard run around on the ground on sandy soil in savannah . females lay eggs and die soon after the first egg is laid . rough - scaled lizards of namibia are :
sand lizards are a group with cylindrical bodies and long tails . they are diurnal and terrestrial in nature , often seen dashing between clumps of sparse vegetation . these lizards lay small clutches of soft - shelled eggs with 5 species endemic to namibia . sand lizards of namibia are :
sandveld lizards have rounded snouts , a cylindrical body and a longer than usual tail . they are fairly common creatures in their distribution range , but are rarely seen because of their secretive nature , even though they are terrestrial lacertids . they forage early morning and late afternoon / early evening , which is the best time to try and catch a glimpse of them tucking into flying termites .
some species feed on scorpions . unlike other lizards who lie in wait to ambush their prey , sandveld lizards will go out to hunt for their food . predators include birds of prey and snakes . some species having brightly coloured tails to fend offer attackers , which protects the more vulnerable areas of head and body .
identification of many species of lizards are done by scale count , but colouration and distribution can also be reliably used in determining different species . sandveld lizards in namibia are :
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namibia is diverse and spectacular , desolate and unforgiving . for many the excitement of game viewing will revolve around larger mammals , rare and exotic birds or a beautiful array of fascination sea creatures . there is one other class of animal that earns its wildlife stripes the country over ; often feared , much admired but usually avoided - it is none other than the world of reptiles .
a reptile is an animal that has dry , scaly skin and breathe through lungs . they are classed as a vertibrates ( animals that have a backbone ) .
habitats play an incredibly important role in the life and survival of reptiles . namibia has 5 different categories of vegetation types : desert , nama karoo , succulent karoo shrubland , arid savannah and moist savannah . each biome experiences mainly a temperate climate , contrasting wildly in seasonal rainfall and temperature . in turn , these meteorological boundaries affect who lives where and for how long , including every reptile , large or small .
as reptiles are cold blooded they obtain their heat externally ( as opposed to internally as with humans and birds ) usually from the sun , by basking . they can then absorb the warmth from the environment and commute between sun and shade to maintain a constant and favoured temperature . burrowing species take advantage of hot surface layers of soil or rocks warmed by the heat of the sun to gain heat .
most reptiles reproduce sexually , mating during the spring . the young are born in summer . all turtles , crocodiles , as well as some as some snakes and lizards are oviparous - females that lay eggs that have shells . only a few species of reptiles provide care for their eggs or young although amongst pythons and some skinks , the female wraps her body around the eggs to assist in the incubation period .
there are more species of reptile than mammal in namibia . reptiles species number 256 ( with 112 species within etosha national park and 95 in namib - naukluft park ) as opposed to 186 land and sea mammals . snake species number 92 . pythons attract an enormous amount of fascination and as they are attracted to water they will lurk in the reeds of waterholes waiting for an opportunity for a meal . cobras , puff adders and the black mamba add to the reptilian mystique and are regularly seen crossing roads or at waterholes . the dry river beds of the namib desert are host to the occasional chameleon as well as the black - necked spitting cobra .
without doubt the reptile of all reptiles has to be the crocodile . reaching a maximum of length of nearly 6m and weighing up to 1 , 000kg , this species will take large game including man . best to hop on a boat cruise along the chobe river , a mokoro trip in the okavango delta or from the safety of a 4 x 4 self - drive tour along the riverbanks of the zambezi or chobe rivers to get the best views !
frogs are the oldest known amphibians . they inhabited the earth over 200 million years ago and thousands of species of frogs and toads have developed from their ancestors . these small , tailless animals have characteristic bulging eyes and strong hind legs that enable them to leap distances far greater then the total length of their bodies . they are highly adaptable to any environment and can be found all over namibia ; in lowveld or highveld , the namib desert , forests , mountains and in coastal regions .
some species spend their entire life in or near water , others spend part of their life as a water animal and part as a land animal , whilst others live mainly on land and find water to mate . certain species of frogs can climb and dwell in trees ( they have sticky pads on ends of fingers and toes ) and others are burrowers that live underground .
frogs are namibia ' s only amphibians . they do not drink water though . around 51 species are thought to occur in the country . some 16 species have been recorded in etosha national park . they spend most of the year underground in etosha in dried mud , waiting for the next rainy season . none of them are truly aquatic as they do not depend on water throughout the year . all species avoid the pan as it is too salty .
the giant african bullfrog is the most commonly observed , but only in periods of brief rain to breed . once they are above the surface the race is on to consume enough food to sustain them through the dry winter months . frogs are cannibals though and can swallow any animal it can fit into their mouths . other species found in etosha include the bushveld rain frog , ornate frog and namibia ' s rarest , the spotted rubber frog .
amongst the leopard and mountain zebra tracks of the naukluft mountains , amphibians are common . river frogs abound amongst the fountains and pools of crystal - clear water . large tadpoles are more easily observed than adults and the sound of marbled rubber frog precedes their appearance . common platanna reside in remaining naukluft pools or in the ephemeral tsondab river . widely distributed and close to the dunes is the tremelo sand frog .
the desert rain frog is an inhabitant of the sperrgebiet , one of namibia ' s true surviving wilderness areas . those fortunate to have lived and worked there can appreciate this vast stretch of the namib desert . banned for public access due to diamond mining restrictions , the rather unusually attractive desert rain frog can emerge form their underground hide - outs for short winter periods when the winds have died . they enjoy cooler temperatures and take advantage of the seasonal moisture .
almost all frogs have the same body structure less for variable size and colour differences . females are invariably larger than males . front legs are short , hind legs are large and the body and head are flat and bereft of a neck . the tongue is attached to the front of the mouth , a feature that allows them to flick it out quickly to capture prey . they have internal organs such as a heart , liver , lungs and kidneys and although frogs breathe by lungs , they also breath through their skin .
the skin is thin and moist and many species have poison glands in their skin which irritates an attackers mouth , causing the predator to release the frog . there is only 1 species of frog that has hair ( the african hairy - frog , what else ? ) and some species can change colour with changes in temperature , light and humidity .
with such large eyes , you would expect frogs to have good eyesight . their eyes bulge out enabling them to see in almost any direction to capture food and stay safe . frogs that hunt at night have a better sense smell than those that don ' t and they have a delicate sense of touch , particularly when in water . tongues and mouths have numerous taste buds enabling them to spit out bad - tasting food .
species such as the painted reed frog are very beautiful . unfortunately frogs have been branded as cold and slimy , ugly and repulsive but a different opinion can be formed if they are handled and studied a bit . there are no poisonous or dangerous frogs in the country and you won ' t catch warts from picking up a toad either !
frogs are difficult to recognize . they make distinctive sounds , as do birds , calling out to females in the mating season in a louder voice than that of a female . to find a frog it is best to go out at night ( or in the rain ) with a torch . this is not advisable if you in the okavango delta when other potentially dangerous nocturnal creatures are around doing the same thing ( less the torch ) but many species are likely to occur in the vicinity of lodges and camps . so after your traditional early morning or late afternoon game drive in etosha national park or naukluft national park , it might be possible to go on an accompanied night ' frogging safari ' .
there are 3 stages in the life of a frog . egg , tadpole and a 4 - limbed adult . most frogs mate in the rainy season in water . the male will enter first , probably as a sign of bravado , to attract some mates . females will only respond to calls from the same species and they are grasped by the males as soon as they enter the water before clinging to her back . the male then fertilizes the eggs in this position and they will hatch between 3 to 25 days afterwards , depending on species and temperature . a tiny tailed animal , known as a tadpole hatches from the egg .
the tadpole is not completely developed when they hatch . they resemble tiny fish and breath through gills . their form changes as they grow . hind legs appear first , enabling them to swim and feed on plants and decaying animal matter , frog eggs or other tadpoles . once the digestive system has changed they can eat live animals . the tadpole will then lose its gills and its metamorphosis ( change ) takes place into a tiny frog . most tadpoles change into adults within 8 to 10 weeks . enemies of tadpoles include platannas , water tortoises , fish , dragonfly larvae , water beetles , water bugs and water scorpions . adult frogs eat mainly insects and other small insects such as earthworms , minnows and spiders .
frog or a toad ? toads are one of the frog families . it is deemed incorrect to separate the two . one is an order ( frogs ) , the other is a family within that order ( toads ) .
the body of a toad is broader , flatter and darker than a frog ' s .
most toads live in land . adult toads go to water only to breed .
frogs benefit humans in many ways . the consume large numbers of insects , which could become pests . their legs provide us with food , the legs of larger frogs are considered a delicacy in many countries . there are 12 families of frogs found in namibia
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