crassostrea ingens is a species of fossil oyster , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family ostreidae , the oyster .

this species lived during the pliocene .

fossils have been found in new zealand shallow-water limestone and shellbeds .

locations include the wairarapa , whanganui basin , gisborne district , north canterbury , and hawke 's bay ( especially in the te aute limestone ) .

crassostrea ingens

a fossilised oyster ( crassostrea ingens ) shell . it is a large , amorphous , thick , scaly , laminate shell .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : crassostrea ingens ( c . a . von zittel , 1865 ) † - id : 7661000837
species crassostrea graphoides auct . non schlotheim accepted as crassostrea cuttackensis ( newton & smith , 1912 ) accepted as magallana cuttackensis ( newton & smith , 1912 ) ( misspelling and misidentication )
[ footnote ] * o . ingens , however , has since been collected at kaawa creek .
( 1995 ) stable - isotope and amino acid profiles of the new zealand giant pliocene oyster crussostreu ingens .
species crassostrea belcheri ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1871 ) represented as magallana belcheri ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1871 )
species crassostrea hongkongensis lam & b . morton , 2003 represented as magallana hongkongensis ( lam & b . morton , 2003 ) ( original combination )
the present investigation goes to show how necessary it is not to neglect the evidence that small molluscs may have to offer , for it modifies very materially the earlier estimate of the age of the wilkie ' s bluff beds , which was based solely on the large and obvious fossils . the masses of crassostrea ingens and the large pectens and the corals at first glance appear to provide a faunule so different from that at nukumaru that stage distinction seems apparent , but closer study has shown that the difference is mainly a superficial one .
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exceedingly large ( 200 mm to more than 300 mm high ) , exceedingly thick and heavy , calcitic ; exterior irregularly foliose , without true radial or commarginal sculpture ; cemented to hard substrates by umbonal area of left valve . some specimens oval ( length up to 0 . 7 height ) but most narrowly elongate , length half height or less , and relatively deeply dished . left valve exceedingly thick , deep ( inflation of left valve 60 - 80 mm or more ; interior cavity 30 - 40 mm or more deep ) , most specimens curved weakly to left over ventral half ; ligamental area large , in most specimens elongate ( a little higher than wide ) , depressed medially and with a margining groove and ridge up each side ; no sign of chomata in any adult specimens . adductor scar at centre of cavity height , a little in front of centre , gently to steeply inclined ( dorsal side depressed ) , dorsal margin straight to slightly irregular , ventral margin deeply convex , i . e . , a rounded semicircular outline ; retaining bright purplish red colour in most pliocene specimens . ventral area of internal cavity with a wide shallow groove in most specimens , extending from posterior of adductor scar to antero - ventral extremity of shell . right valve almost flat , more weakly foliose than left , about 15 to 40 mm thick ( i . e . , considerably thinner than corresponding left valve ) ; hinge a mirror image of left one ; adductor scar as in left valve but less steeply inclined .
( early nukumaruan ) occur in the base of hautawa shellbed at hautawa road , north of hunterville , rangitikei valley , and in the base of pukenui limestone in southern wairarapa . the oldest specimens referred here ( tentatively ) are relatively small ( to c . 150 mm long ) , narrow , laterally compressed specimens from the basal grit member of the hurupi formation in putangirua stream , eastern palliser bay ( early tongaporutuan ) ; we are not aware of any kapitean records . rare , poorly preserved ?
occurs exceedingly abundantly in
reefs
( e . g . , in wilkies shellbed , wanganui ( mangapanian ) , in a bank up to eight metres thick found continuously over more than 45 km ) and scattered in very near - shore , subtidal shellbeds , and apparently occupied much the same semi - estuarine , near - shore niche as
tongaporutuan - kapitean ? ; opoitian - early nukumaruan .
wanganui river
, type , almost certainly from the
reef in wilkies shellbed , mangapanian . widespread and abundant in shallow - water , near - shore limestone and shellbeds of pliocene age ( opoitian to early nukumaruan ) in wanganui basin , gisborne district , hawke ' s bay ( particularly abundant in te aute limestone facies ) , wairarapa , and north canterbury .
cite this publication as :
a . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .
© gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )
north chanter island , kermadec group , raoul island sector , pacific ocean , n . z .
waipatiki limestone , south side , waipatiki beach , hawkes bay , n . z .
bartrum bay , motutara , south muriwai coast , rodney district , west auckland , n . z .
mathesons bay , leigh , rodney district , north auckland , n . z .
keyhole rock , spit beach , aromoana , dunedin heads , n . z .
matanganui limestone , south rocky side , tarawhenua peninsula , pitt island , chatham islands .
fossil point , bosquet bay , kawau island , hauraki gulf , auckland , n . z .
awapapa limestone , te mata peak , havelock north , hawke bay , n . z .
modern pholad bivalves which have bored into a piece of rock from a coastal shore platform . pholads use the edge of their shells to mechanically drill / cut into the rock . fossil examples like this image exist in rocks from the wanganui basin .
this specimen shows gastropod shells which have accumulated in muddy sediment , and then been ' current aligned ' , i . e . , the movement of the water has turned them so they face the same direction . this specimen comes from the cenozoic of new zealand . image shown in both plan and cross - sectional views . see also
scallop shells embedded in a sandy limestone , from cenozoic sediments of hawke ' s bay .
) . this specimen is formed from casts and molds . these fossils are often found in the port waikato area .
tracks in sandstone . probably made by an echnoderm ( like a sea urchin or kina ) grazing on organic detritus on a sandy sea floor . these tracks can be see in waitamata group sediments , dated at about 20 - 18 million years old .
this group of microfossils is interesting as we don ' t really know what they are - we think they are algae .
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urltoken
mitchell , l . , curry , g . b . , and fallick , a . e .
several beaches in the taranaki province of the north island are famous for fossils . this ancient oyster shell lived between 3 . 6 and 2 . 6 million years ago , and was buried in marine sediment that has since been uplifted .
by comparison with an image and description in ' cenozoic mollusca of new zealand ' by beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) .
to download this volume and to learn more about ancient molluscs in new zealand .
dr daniel thomas from the institute of natural and mathematical sciences , massey university , made this model using a structured light 3d scanner ( 2015 ) . this fossil shell is from sediment that also contains fossil penguin bones . this specimen was found by daniel when he was looking for fossil penguins .
please do not reproduce without permission from puke ariki . contact images @ urltoken for more information . order images online here .
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urltoken
[ read before the auckland institute , august 18 , 1939 ; received by the editor , october 5 , 1939 ; issued separately , june , 1940 . ]
years ago the writer closely studied the fossils occurring at kaawa creek , south of waikato heads , in beds that on palaeontological grounds have been assigned to the waitotaran stage of the wanganui system . these beds were found to be rich in small molluscs , in addition to the larger forms that had already been recorded by bartrum and powell (
, p . 40 ) : —“the high percentage of species that are peculiar to the beds , together with the small number found in pliocene rocks elsewhere in new zealand , shows that the faunule is definitely an isolated one , — . when the faunule is compared with that at hawera the difficulty of correlation becomes further apparent , for the kaawa and hawera beds belong to different facies , and on the whole the assemblage of species differs at each locality , there being only 19 species that are common to both . a striking feature of the faunule at kaawa is the entire absence of such typical waitotaran fossils as the large pelecypods
, vol . 1 , no . 2 , p . 87 , 1931 ) shows a total absence of minutae , and as these are well represented in the faunule at kaawa , correlation is made still more difficult . not until a facies of the taranaki waitotaran is found in which minutae are represented can precise comparisons be made . ”
an attempt to obtain minutae from several localities along the section between , and including , nukumaru beach and waihi beach , hawera , was recently made with moderate success . shortage of time made it necessary to limit collecting to a very brief interval ( two to three hours ) at each locality , and to devote most of this time to searching for matrix that appeared likely to yield small shells , little attention being given to collecting the larger species . collections of matrix were thus made at nukumaru beach , wilkie ' s bluff ( waitotara ) , mangapani ( 12 miles by road upstream from waitotara township ) , and waihi beach , hawera .
the present paper includes description of new species and furnishes new records ; in addition to these , an attempt is made to define more precisely than has been possible in the past the limit that should be drawn between the nukumaruan and waitotaran stages of the wanganui system .
park ( repts . geol . explor . during 1886 - 87 , no . 18 , p . 57 , 1887 ) placed the rotella beds at nukumaru in the newer pliocene , the nukumaru limestone in older pliocene , and the coralline series at waitotara in the upper miocene . the palaeontological observations made in this paper go to show that actually these three horizons are not so widely separable as park thought , but are sufficiently close in faunal characteristics to be grouped together .
although based originally on park ' s waitotara coralline series as developed at wilkie ' s bluff , waitotara ( park , loc . cit . , pp . 55 and 64 ) , as conceived at present the waitotaran includes the succession of beds from waitotara to beyond hawera ; it is here shown , however , to contain two distinct faunal communities . certain upper members of the sequence must be withdrawn from the waitotaran stage ; but they need not be recognised as an additional stage for they contain a faunule that is essentially nukumaruan .
the lists given below ; with the exception of that for waihi beach , hawera , do not represent the full muster of species at the various localities , those for wilkie ' s bluff and mangapani including only those species obtained during the visits recently made by the writer . though not comprehensive , these lists supply strong evidence regarding the correlation of certain beds along part of the nukumaru - hawera coastal section , and , as will be shown , assist in indicating more accurately than has hitherto been possible the sectional division between the nukumaruan and waitotaran stages .
[ footnote ] * recorded by marshall and murdoch ( trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 52 , p . 123 , 1920 ) .
the presence of nukumaruan faunas in hawke ' s bay as well as in taranaki demonstrates that a continuous sea - way united these areas in nukumaruan times . this has already been shown by ongley ' s ( n . z . jour . sc . tech . , vol . 16 , no . 5 , p . 260 , 1935 ) recent demonstration that near manawatu gorge nukumaruan sediments once formed a continuous sheet across the mountain axis of mesozoic rocks which is shown on current geological maps of new zealand as intervening between extensive areas of pliocene strata on either side of this axis . it is not unreasonable to suppose that the sea
connection existed in the form of a great strait , for , as mr . powell has remarked to the writer , the conditions under which the oyster beds of the coralline series accumulated probably were analogous to those obtaining in foveaux strait at the present day ; such supposition is not opposed to a nukumaruan age for the beds at waitotara .
the outcrop collected from at mangapani extends for a chain or two along the left wall of mangapani valley , which enters the valley of the waitotara river approximately from the west at a point about 12 miles by road upstream from waitotara township . the fossils were obtained from loose , brown , micaceous quartzsands of shallow water character , underlying six or eight feet of a flaggy limestone ( upper limit not seen ) which contains large pectens here and there near its base .
of the 64 species collected at mangapani , 43 ( 67·1 per cent . ) are found at nukumaru or higher wanganuian horizons , or are recent , and do not occur at waipipi or hawera ; the following eight species ( 12·5 per cent . ) occurring at mangapani are found also at waipipi or hawera , and not at nukumaru or higher wanganuian horizons : — chlamys ( phialopecten ) triphooki , eumarcia ( atamarcia ) benhami , polinices waipipiensis , polinices pateaensis , cerithioderma mangawera n . sp . , zelandiella pliocenica , alcithoe whakinoensis , stiracolpus haweraensis , taniella planisuturalis . of the species not entering into these percentages seven range from recent or from upper or mid - pliocene into the lower pliocene , and therefore cannot be used to show the affinity of these beds with either the nukumaruan or waitotaran . there are no species that are peculiar to the mangapani faunule .
[ footnote ] * marwick ( trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 621 , 1927 ) states that c . orassitesta is a species important to the stratigrapher as it seems to be characteristic of the nukumaruan .
at nukumaru , wilkie ' s bluff , mangapani , and in nukumaruan beds in hawke ' s bay are essentially alike , yet distinct from that at hawera ( which shows affinity with that at kaawa creek ) . at least 56 . 5 per cent . of the species of mollusca found at wilkie ' s bluff , and at least 53·1 per cent . of those at mangapani , occur also at nukumaru .
in view of all these facts there seems little reason for hesitation in assigning the mangapani beds to the nukumaruan stage .
the downward sequence between nukumaru and waitotara ( park , loc . cit . , p . 64 ) is : —
soft brown micaceous sandstones ( park makes no reference to these being fossiliferous ) .
? ? ? ( no exposure , but if coralline beds are present one would expect them to outcrop ) .
direct stratigraphical evidence on the correlation of the beds of the two areas is not at present available , though this may yet be obtained by search inland from waitotara . park ( loc . cit . , p . 67 ) has noted the similarity in succession of the strata in the sections at scinde island and pohui , hawke ' s bay , to that at waitotara ; in each case there is an upper and a lower limestone separated by about 150 feet of soft brown sandstone , the lower limestone
at waitotara being a shell limestone passing down into brown calcareous sands ( i . e . , the upper part of park ' s coralline series ) . may it not be that the limestone at mangapani is equivalent to the lower calcareous beds at waitotara ? if so , the fossiliferous sands at the former locality must be lower in the sequence than the coralline beds at wilkie ' s bluff ; and this is in accord with the palaeontological evidence discussed below .
b . percentage of species found in nukumaru and younger wanganuian beds , or recent , but not on waipipi–hawera section .
both sets of beds are more nearly related faunally to mid - and upper wanganuian than to the waipipi - hawera beds , so nearly in fact that one is justified in assigning them to the nukumaruan .
the beds at mangapani are slightly older than those of the coralline series at waitotara .
of the older series exposed to erosion increased as uplift continued . this would account for the greater number of derived forms in later rather than in the earlier beds of the younger sequence . another possibility is that the upper beds of the strata uplifted might be sparsely fossiliferous , and those exposed later to erosion rich in fossil species ; in which case any fossils derived from the older rocks would be more commonly found in later rather than in earlier members of the younger sequence . so far as is known , however , there is no evidence of unconformable relations or of notable disconformity at the requisite horizon along the wanganui section , but there is no stratigraphic evidence that such do not exist in the obscured portion of the coastal section between waitotara heads and the point some miles north - west , where the pliocene beds reappear from under drifts of sand . in fact , it is here that the stratigraphic equivalent of the mangapani beds is to be expected , if , as has been suggested above , these latter constitute a horizon that is lower than that of the coralline beds at waitotara .
to the 73 species recorded by powell ( rec . auck . inst . mus . , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 87–89 , 1931 ) from waihi beach , hawera , the following 40 have now to be added : —
( k indicates that the species is peculiar to the hawera and kaawa creek faunules ) .
it is interesting to note that 11 of the species listed above occur also at kaawa creek , 10 of them being found only in the hawera and kaawa creek faunules . as a result of these additions the total number of species common to the two faunules now stands at 29 , and there is little doubt that further search for small molluscs will show additional connection between them . the presence at hawera of the hitherto exclusively kaawa creek species indicated in the above list strengthens the argument for correlation of these
two horizons . the pyramidellid unit in the beds at hawera affords the same evidence , for it has much in common with that at kaawa creek , such species as chemnitzia ngatutura , odostomia bartrumi , and waikura n . sp . in particular being distinctive .
the additions in the above list bring the total number of species at hawera to 113 , and reduce the percentage of recent species from 35·62 , as determined by powell ( rec . auck . inst . mus . , vol . 1 , no . 2 , p . 89 , 1931 ) , to 23·0 ; compared with this the percentage of recent species at kaawa creek is 21·6 . continued collecting at hawera , however , no doubt will still further reduce this percentage .
the writer is greatly indebted to professor j . a . bartrum , of auckland university college , for his ready assistance with photography , and for the suggestions he kindly made during preparation of the manuscript . to mr . j . n . anderson , engineer to the patea county council , he is also considerably indebted for help in locating certain fossiliferous outcrops along waitotara valley , including that at mangapani . mr . anderson kindly conducted the writer by car for many miles from waitotara township .
nucula ( linucula ) wanganuica n . sp . ( fig . 10 ) .
shell moderately inflated , beaks about posterior third , small , directed backwards . antero - dorsal margin short , curving downwards ; anterior end truncated , the margin straight , oblique ; ventral
margin regularly curved ; posterior margin convex , lightly sinused at its middle ; postero - dorsal margin very short , curved , descending rapidly . upper portion of valve smooth , weak concentric sculpture developing ventrally ( seen only under hand - lens ) . very fine microscopic radials are also developed , and these cut the concentric ridges in a fashion reminiscent of the sculpture of limopsis . only very good specimens show the lunule ornamented by weak radial threads as described by marwick for linucula . chondrophore triangular , oblique , broadening considerably below ; teeth moderately heavy , 7 posterior to pit , about 12 in front . margins finely crenate .
nucula ( linucula ) aptera n . sp . ( fig . 1 ) .
from n . wanganuica n . sp . this shell differs in having greater inflation of valve and fuller beak , stronger concentric sculpture , no antero - dorsal wing , and much finer teeth . tutamoensis , waipaoa and ruatakiensis lack the regular concentric sculpture , and have the outline different . beak at posterior fourth . divaricating radials well seen under microscope . hinge very light , there being 8 or 9 fine anterior teeth and about 7 posterior ones . margins finely crenate . radial threads present as in wanganuica .
shell small , solid , a little oblique , prodissoconch not quite central , but not so laterally situated as that of h . kaawa , the species it most resembles . kaawa has the beak notably broader and is a thinner shell , more circular in outline . the radials of kaawa , though widely spaced like those of the new shell , are heavier and not of the nature of delicate fine threads . waitotara has the flat inter - spaces crossed by close - set concentric threads , which cause fine nodulation of radials where they cross them . the beak rises prominently above hinge , which is fairly broad . ligamental pit triangular ; on each side of it the hinge bears about 20 vertical taxodont teeth , extending for equal distances on each side of the pit . internally the whole of the ventral margin and the ventral parts of anterior and posterior margins are crenulated .
height , 1·7 mm . ; length , 1·7 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 0·6 mm .
of neozelanic species this fossil most resembles g . coccinea hedley , a macquarie island species . it differs from other local species in the almost total absence of sinuation on ventral margin , the beaked effect at anterior being much less obvious than in coccinea , forsteriana and aucklandica . it is notably smaller than coccinea , and equally notably larger than the last two species . except for the unsinuated ventral margin and for the rather more
erect posterior one , the outline is that of coccinea . the beak , however , is more turned inwards . in characters of hinge these two species resemble one another very closely . the fossil has tooth of left valve rather better developed . the right valve has a lamellar tooth developed below and just in front of beak ; above this there is a groove that engages the tooth of the left valve . coccinea has these teeth barely developed ( right valve ) . sculpture consists of concentric growth - ridges and striae and weak radial lines and very low folds , mostly towards posterior end , much as in coccinea . there is a broad fold running from umbo to postero - ventral margin .
height , 5·0 mm . ; length , 6·1 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 1·6 mm .
height , 2·2 mm . ; length , 2·05 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 0·6 mm .
closely allied to marshalli marwick , but is a larger and more heavily built species with much coarser ribbing and dorsal side drawn up a good deal more . the ribs are broad and heavy , and are separated by wide , shallow , almost flat - floored interstices , which are broader in relation to width of axials than are those of marshalli . the ribs are only 8 or 9 in number as compared with 11 or 12 in marshalli , from which species the large , heavy , shell and different ribbing provides ready separation .
localities : nukumaru ( nukumaruan ) ; devil ' s elbow , napier - wairoa road ; kawau island , in 20 fathoms ( recent ) .
type from nukumaru . the type - material consists of odd right and left valves .
shell auriform , imperforate , spire very slightly elevated . sculpture of thin , spaced spiral threads and curved axials , these two elements of equal strength , giving a fenestrated effect . in fact , the sculpture very closely indeed resembles that of scissurella geoffreyi , a fossil from kaawa creek . the present shell , however , has the broadly spreading aperture , concave columella and almost completely covered umbilicus of s . rosea ( hedley ) , the genotype of scissurona . slit deep , situated above periphery , not crossed by lamellae .
[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]
shell large , last whorl enlarging rapidly ; upper surface convex . spire low , its whorls lightly rounded ; sutures distinct . protoconch closely coiled , its nucleus minute . surface smooth to unaided eye , but hand - lens shows numerous fine spiral threads . periphery sharply rounded low down , almost angled . base practically smooth . umbilicus small , its width about 1 / 7 ; to ⅛ that of least diameter of shell .
distinct in its lack of prominent sculpture ; large size and sharply angulated , narrow periphery ; laterally spreading aperture , in which respect it resembles edomita marwick .
spire very low , whorls cenvex , suture channelled broadly , umbilicus wide and perspective . the body - whorl bears about eight distinct regular spiral cords , the first from suture being on rim
of channel , the last forming a keel well below periphery and almost on outer edge of base . these cords become stronger and more distant from suture downwards . base smooth .
localities : wilkie ' s bluff ( type ) ; mangapani ; devil ' s elbow , napier - wairoa road .
not unlike the recent sub - tatei ( suter ) , but the smooth base distinguishes it . albolapis laws has spirals on the base . politus ( suter ) has the spirals much finer . the specimen of unicarina from hawke ' s bay has the channel around suture not so strongly excavated .
one shell , probably a new species , close to finlayi , but with few axials and the umbilicus rather more open . specimen not good enough for description .
several dozen very well preserved specimens have been collected . these show the surface to be sculptured with very numerous , dense radial threads , a feature not commented on at the time of description , owing no doubt to lack of the best material .
related to subtilicosta marwick , but notably smaller and with relatively larger aperture , which is circular . spire lightly convex in outline , sutures moderately distinct ; whorls clasping , faintly convex and rather bulging anteriorly . height of body greater than half that of shell . body - whorl narrow ; aperture with its rim trumpet - like , heavily thickened on parietal wall ; aperture as wide as , or perhaps rather wider than , the body .
this species has relationship with both rekohuana powell and minor ( suter ) . from rekohuana it differs in having the whorls more clasping and sutures tangential , the height of body not so great relative to height of shell , and the aperture different , its posterior border being more nearly horizontal . minor is smaller and has the whorls bulging , those of rekohuana and of rekominor being flat .
shell small , narrow , outline pupoid , whorls flat to very lightly convex , often bulging a little below , and thus slightly overhanging suture . periphery sub - angled , the angulation bearing a fine spiral groove . suture below periphery , the spiral thus in evidence above suture . not unlike morioria powell in shape , but the presence of peripheral angulation and of supra - sutural spiral distinguishes it . porrectoides is also a tapering species , but has not the angulation and coarse spiral . e . ngatutura is consistently much smaller .
this is an exquisitely fashioned little species , taller than either fricta or castlecliffensis , and having the heterostrophe protoconch similar to that described by powell for expansa . the embryo of fricta has the nucleus minute , that of both nukumaruensis and castlecliffensis being much larger . whorls well rounded , sutures strongly cut in , the summit of whorls being shouldered close in to suture . all adult whorls crossed by close , fine ( hair - like under hand - lens ) straight , slightly oblique axials , which extend well down on to base . numerous fine spiral threads , rather finer than the axials , are universally developed . aperture typical , elongate - oval , lips thin , peristome discontinuous . height of body - whorl about half that of shell .
shell minute , attenuate , whorls convex , sutures distinct . protoconch with five thin raised spiral threadlets , spaced widely on posterior part of whorl , but closer together in front . axial sculpture almost obsolete , indicated by exceedingly low corrugations , and present on all post - nuclear whorls . body - whorl long , its height not quite half that of shell . aperture similar to that of analoga powell ; peristome continuous ; parietal callus thick .
shell minute , spire elevated ( about twice height of aperture ) , whorls lightly convex to flat , sutures moderately defined , impressed , situated slightly below periphery . aperture roundly ovate ; outer
lip thin , slightly effuse ; columella arcuate , set vertically , a slight umbilical chink present near its insertion . outer lip antecurrent to suture , which descends to meet aperture . good specimens show low , faint spirals over surface of last two whorls .
five specimens from mangapani are undoubtedly marshall and murdoch ' s ataxocerithium perplexum . like nukumaru shells they are considerably worn , but one is sufficiently preserved to show the sculpture and carination of zeacumantus lutulentus ( kiener ) , to which marshall and murdoch ' s name must fall in synonymy .
shells from nukumaru and mangapani have characters close to those of this species . the protoconch , however , seems less bulging , but this may be due to wear , and the nodules are finer .
the protoconch is described in the generic diagnosis above . the embryonic volutions ( about 2 ½ in number ) increase slowly ; the early post - embryonic whorls increase rapidly at first and then gradually ; thus the protoconch as a whole projects in mucronate fashion . the embryo closes at an ill - defined varix , issuing from which there are three spirals , a third now appearing between the original embryonic ones . all adult whorls with three spiral keels , evenly and regularly nodulated , the nodules connected axially by ridges , weaker than the spirals , giving a fenestration of squares . sutures margined above by a thin thread , which issues from suture on body - whorl as a distinct cord marking the sharply angled periphery . base with two spiral threads .
the resemblance to isotriphora is superficial . it is more likely that the new zealand shell has arisen from a local group , such as notosinister or cautor , possibly the latter .
height ( estimated ) , 15·0 mm . ; width , 5·0 mm . larger specimens occur .
numerous topotypes have been obtained . the writer has this species also from mangapani , wilkie ' s bluff , and from an outcrop near devil ' s elbow ( napier - taupo road ) . the keels on the shells from these localities are slightly heavier and a little more distant one from the other , but otherwise they agree well with topotypes . hawera specimens show some variation in regard to the strength and number of secondary spirals ; some shells have the secondaries fine , even dense ; others have only one or two rather stronger secondaries between the pairs of keels .
three specimens were collected at hawera . the species occurs also at kaawa creek .
one very striking specimen with the umbilical perforation deep and entering right to the top of the shell , seeming to be more penetrating than that of sagenus the parietal callus is worn and outer lip badly broken back .
these shells carry the same number of spirals as octocarinata ( powell ) and also like that species lack the prominent shoulder of inornata . unlike the former , however , the posterior of spire - whorls
has two distinct , though fine , spirals developed , and not a broad swelling as in octocarinata . further , octocarinata has the aperture almost equal in height to that of the spire , whereas the new species has the height of the whole body about half that of the shell . the shell of cavatocarinata is thus more attenuate .
localities : off otago heads , in 72 fathoms ( type ) ; nukumaru ; mangapani . the shells from nukumaru , though stumpier than the recent ones from otago heads , lack the shoulder of inornata and have fewer spirals .
the protoconch is large , its summit flattened and blunt ; smooth . the nucleus on the flattened summit is minute , closely coiled in planorboid fashion . after the first 1 ½ turns the coiling descends in helicoid volutions , the whorls enlarging rapidly , becoming strongly convex , and persisting for just over two turns to close of embryo . the large protoconch appears out of proportion to the size of the early adult whorls . the anterior canal is better defined than that of inornata , being not so open , and longer ; the beak is twisted somewhat to left ; umbilicus entirely closed ; there is no swollen rib comparable with that on inornata and related forms running from beak and bordering left side of umbilicus .
cerithioderma ( miplioderma ) mangawera n . sp . ( fig . 17 ) .
the form of this pliocene species is entirely that of trichosirius finlayi laws , a fossil occurring in hutchinsonian and awamoan beds in the south island . the new species , however , is smaller , more lightly built , and has the axials much less oblique with respect to posterior suture . the posterior one of the three strongest spirals is higher up on whorl in mangawera , and above it there is one fairly strong spiral . finlayi has two , and sometimes three , spirals between suture and the posterior of the three heavy cords ; and these spirals are always much finer than the cords , appearing as spaced , thin but distinct thread .
so far as the writer is aware this species has been known up till now only from the pliocene beds at petane . it is extremely close to f . maxwelli finlay , occurring in deep water off otago heads .
shell very small , spire staged , body - whorl equal to spire in height , of about three post - nuclear whorls , the last one disproportionately long and narrow ; outlines straight . whorls convex , a little flattened around suture , which is distinct . protoconch
heterostrophic , paucispiral , planorboid , well rounded and considerably tilted . spiral sculpture of weak , irregular striae here and there , but rather better developed than in the genotype ( g . dolichostoma ) ; growth - stages well seen . body - whorl long , widely convex in one broad sweep from suture to base ; aperture elongately oval , narrowly angled behind , rather broadly rounded in front ; columella set vertically , strongly arcuate , its fold indicated externally by a low swelling near junction with parietal wall , and becoming more strongly differentiated within aperture ; inner lip with a narrow , well developed pad of callus ; outer lip thin , lightly convex .
the shells from wanganui localities scarcely show the slight anterior bulge typical of christyi .
shell of moderate size , attenuate , body not unduly inflated . whorls convex ; sutures distinct , margined by a low , moderately broad spiral . whorls rising steeply above shoulder . axials developed on all whorls , the interspaces rather narrower than the ribs ; 12 axials on last whorl , no obsolescence of axials evident . the whorls are higher in relation to width than are those of marshalli and imperator , more like those of attenuatus . axials are not so sharply defined as those of imperator and the spirals ( about 28 on body - whorl , each pair with an interstitial threadlet ) are finer . anterior canal long . protoconch typical of the genus .
a very delightfully preserved shell , more slender than any of its associates in zeadmete , quite devoid of axial sculpture , and having fine , close , evenly spaced and regular spiral cords over whole adult surface ; 12 spirals on penultimate whorl . whorls strongly shouldered , the suture almost channelled . the two folds on columella are equal in strength . protoconch normal .
closely allied to m . maoria ( marshall and murdoch ) , an awamoan fossil from target gully . it is , however , considerably larger , has the sutures very deeply channelled and the fenestration of sculpture closer . the spire - whorls have three spiral cords ( two in maoria ) ; the body - whorl four heavy ones ( three in maoria ) , and four or five fine spaced threads anterior to them . axials on body 14 in number ( 12 in maoria ) . nodules at intersections of spirals and axials present on all whorls . columella with three strong , evenly
spaced plaits . inner lip fairly thickly callused . the protoconch is polygyrate , closely coiled , and has the nucleus tiny and central . outer lip broken .
height ( estimated ) , 20·0 mm . ; width ( estimated ) , 10·0 mm .
related to z . opihiensis laws , a fossil from awamoan beds in south canterbury , but separable on account of the more numerous and finer axials ( 18 or 19 on penultimate whorl ; 11 or 12 on that of opihiensis ) , more cut in suture , and less swollen sub - sutural spiral . in apical characters the two forms are identical , the protoconch being conical , polygyrate and sharply pointed , its nucleus minute and base broad . both also have the two small denticles on mid - portion of columella , separated by a light groove . were it not for the protoconch these species would fall into macrozafra , for they agree in build , sculpture and denticulation of columella with m . subabnormis ( suter ) , the genotype of macrozafra .
localities : mangapani ( type ) , common ; wilkie ' s bluff ; petane ; hawera .
just as these shells placed in zafra differ from macrozafra in nuclear characters , so zemitrella inconspicua ( marshall ) , a fossil from the pakaurangi point beds , differs from other neozelanic zemitrella , as has been remarked by the writer ( trans . roy . soc . n . z . , vol . 68 , p . 496 , 1939 ) . if group - names are not already available for those forms with polygyrate apices , it seems that generic distinction should be accorded them .
shell with spire very elongate and slowly tapering , whorls as high as broad , shouldered above posterior third , the shoulder concave and rising steeply to suture , which is clasping . below shoulder whorl descends vertically and is practically straight . shoulder with a swollen border around suture , and a thin spiral thread at about its anterior third , elsewhere with fine spiral striae and curved growth - lines . antepenultimate whorl with six strong , sharply raised and evenly spaced spiral cords , nodulated weakly where crossed by axials , the nodulation strongest on posterior cords , hardly visible on anterior one or two . body - whorl with 14 strong , spaced spiral cords , the upper few faintly nodulated ; interstitial spirals absent . axials very weakly developed , indefinite , indicated chiefly by nodulation on spirals ; some better developed than others , persisting weakly across spiral grooves ; all axials weakening and many dying out entirely towards anterior of whorls . sinus moderate , as indicated by growth - lines on shoulder . anterior notch broken away , but growth - lines on fasciole show it was moderately deep . aperture narrowly ovate , angled behind . sutures very oblique to the horizontal .
separable at a glance from all other neozelanic austrotoma on account of its tenuity of whorl and spire , and large size .
shell tall and slender , outline of spire straight , protoconch missing . whorls with a broad , prominent rounded median keel carrying three or four spiral cinguli ; above keel three fine subequidistant spirals ; below keel two spirals , the lower the heavier . suture margined below by a swollen band consisting of two strong close nodular spirals , the nodules connected axially across interspace . body - whorl with 15 raised and spaced spiral cords , the last half - dozen or so becoming finer , though still well elevated ; most of the inter - spaces with an interstitial threadlet . sinus normal .
pliocene shells from several localities differ in a number of ways from the recent p . zelandica ( smith ) . they are more attenuate ( body much less swollen ) than zelandica , have whorls not so strongly shouldered , and lack the broad smooth zone on whorls .
three shells differing from sata in that they are notably less slender and have the protoconch larger and broader across the base .
l . sata , a kaawa creek species , has been collected also at waihi beach , hawera .
shell small , elevated , outlines convex above , straight below . whorls broadly sulcate medially ; sutures narrow at periphery . whorls axially ribbed , the ribs vertical , straight , nodulated at both extremities , the nodules at anterior ends rather sharper and stronger than those behind . penultimate whorl with 12 to 14 ribs , spaced at intervals greater than their own width . body - whorl swollen and pouting around periphery , contracting rapidly over short base to strongly twisted neck and well developed fasciole .
somewhat like z . biplex ( hutton ) , and z . turpicula marwick .
( of dioeciostrea orton , 1928 ) orton j . h . ( 1928 ) . the dominant species of ostrea . nature . 121 ( 3044 ) : 320 - 321 . , available online at urltoken note : names in this paper are unavailable because there is a disclaimer p . 121 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
coan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]
( of dioeciostrea orton , 1928 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]


the yellow-billed babbler or white-headed babbler ( turdoides affinis ) is a member of the leiothrichidae family endemic to southern india and sri lanka .

the yellow-billed babbler is a common resident breeding bird in sri lanka and southern india .

its habitat is scrub , cultivation and garden land .

this species , like most babblers , is not migratory , and has short rounded wings and a weak flight and is usually seen calling and foraging in groups .

it is often mistaken for the jungle babbler , whose range overlaps in parts of southern india , although it has a distinctive call and tends to be found in more vegetated habitats .

its name is also confused with t. leucocephala , which is also known as white-headed babbler .

yellow - billed babbler

yellow - billed babbler | for details check my blog www . drkris… | flickr
english : yellow - billed scimitar babbler ; french : moineau friquet ; german : rotrückensäbler .
yellow - billed babbler ( turdoides affinis ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .
the orange - billed babbler ( turdoides rufescens ) also known as ceylon rufous babbler or sri lankan rufous babbler is a member of the leiothrichidae family .
a portion of the mural
from so simple a beginning
focusing on the yellow - billed magpie .
once a pied cuckoo lays its egg in a yellow - billed babbler’s nest , the latter has no way of telling the difference . the cuckoo eggs are turquoise blue like the poor babbler’s .
english : yellow - naped yuhina , yellow - collared ixulus ; french : yuhina à cou roux ; german : gelbnackenyuhina .
page 31 , yellow - billed pintail ( south georgia ) anas georgica georgica add a missing range statement : “south georgia i . ”
the orange - billed babbler is a resident breeding bird endemic to sri lanka . in the past , it was considered to be a race of jungle babbler , turdoides striatus .
page 640 , yellow warbler dendroica petechia ruficapilla this subspecies is moved from the yellow warbler ( mangrove ) group dendroica petechia [ erithachorides group ] to the yellow warbler ( golden ) group dendroica petechia [ petechia group ] .
i saw two birds ( yellow billed babbler ) frequenting a small tree in our garden . this tree is located almost in front of our main door . so we can observe them very easily from our living room .
throat , olive back , orange and yellow wings , and uniquely forked tail .
other synonyms catalan : tordenc de bec groc czech : timálie žlutozobá danish : lyshovedet larmdrossel german : gelbschnabeldrossling , gelbschnabel - drossling , gelbschnabel - schwatzhäherling english : white - billed babbler , white - headed babbler , yellow billed babbler , yellow - billed babbler , yellow - billed chatterer spanish : turdoide piquigualdo spanish ( spain ) : turdoide piquigualdo finnish : valkopäätimali french : cratérope à bec jaune , cratérope affin italian : garrulo beccogiallo , garrulo testabianca japanese : kibashiyabuchimedori japanese : キバシヤブチメドリ latin : m [ alacocircus ] . affinis , turdoides affinis , turdoides affinis affinis lithuanian : geltonsnapė strazdinė timalija malayalam : പൂത്താങ്കീരി , പൂത്താങ്കീരി dutch : geelsnavelbabbelaar norwegian : gulnebbskriketrost polish : dżunglotymal żółtodzioby , tymal zóltodzioby , tymal żółtodzioby russian : желтоклювая дроздовая тимелия , желтоклювая дроздовидная тимелия slovak : timáliovec žltozobý swedish : ljushuvad skriktrast tamil : venthalai silamban chinese : 印度白头鸫鹛 , 白头鸫鹛 chinese ( traditional ) : 印度白頭鶇鶥
jamie , g . a . & de silva wijeyeratne , g . ( 2014 ) similarity of the calls of juvenile pied cuckoo clamator jacobinus and its sri lankan host species , yellow - billed babbler turdoides affinis . forktail 30 : 133 - 134
the backwaters waterbirds including cinnamon and yellow bitterns , bronze - winged and pheasant - tailed jacanas , and stork - billed kingfisher . also a chance of black - capped kingfisher .
all day birding mang den where the primary target bird is the recently discovered and seldom seen endemic chestnut - eared laughingthrush . our guide has had very good success getting this species . other target birds are stripe - breasted woodpecker and black - hooded laughingthrush . other notable birds of the area are the scarce pale - capped pigeon , brown hornbill , yellow - billed nuthatch , rufous - faced warbler , red - billed scimitar - babbler , and short - billed scimitar - babbler . night at tba in mang den .
english : yellow - bellied laughing thrush ; french : garrulaxe à gorge jaune ; german : gelbbauchhäherling .
english : pekin robin , red - billed hill tit ; french : léiothrix jaune ; german : sonnenvogel .
mudumalai np ( adjoining bandipur np ) including jungle hut cabins yellow - wattled lapwing , blue - faced malkoha , blue - bearded bee - eater , grey - headed and white - browed bulbuls , yellow - billed babbler and gold - fronted leafbird . also a chance of brown fish owl , jerdon ' s nightjar , white - naped woodpecker , indian pitta , white - bellied minivet and orange - headed thrush .
babbler with dark brown upperside , narrowly streaked pale underside , and variably whitish . . .
blue - rumped & bar - bellied pitta , germain’s peacock - pheasant , green peafowl , orange - necked partridge , great slaty woodpecker , lesser adjutant , grey - faced tit - babbler , collared , black - hooded , white - cheeked & orange - breasted laughingthrush , collared babbler , yellow - billed nuthatch , grey - crowned crocias , hume’s treecreeper , grey - crowned tit , vietnamese cutia , indochinese cuckooshrike , slender - billed oriole , burmese shrike , vietnamese greenfinch , black - crowned fulvetta , black - crowned parrotbill , green peafowl , great slaty woodpecker , austen’s brown hornbill , chestnut - eared , black - hooded & white - cheeked laughingthrush , yellow - billed nuthatch , pale - capped pigeon , coral - billed scimitar - babbler , white - winged magpie , grey - crowned crocias , golden - winged , red - tailed , black - hooded & white - cheeked laughingthrush , indochinese fulvetta , black - crowned barwing , annam partridge , blue - rumped & bar - bellied pitta , short - tailed scimitar babbler , austen’s brown hornbill .
as a result of these revisions , pomatorhinus erythrocnemis becomes a monotypic species , and the english name is changed to black - necklaced scimitar - babbler . the sequence of these species is : rusty - cheeked scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus erythrogenys spot - breasted scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus mcclellandi black - streaked scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus gravivox gray - sided scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus swinhoei black - necklaced scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus erythrocnemis reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
page 136 , yellow rosella platycercus flaveolus adelaide rosella platycercus adelaidae in accord with raou , yellow rosella and adelaide rosella are lumped into a single species under the name crimson rosella ( platycercus elegans ) . the two former species continue to be recognized as groups : crimson rosella ( yellow ) platycercus elegans flaveolus crimson rosella ( adelaide ) platycercus elegans adelaidae / subadelaidae
page 497 , long - billed wren - babbler rimator malacoptilus in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , this species is split into three species : — subspecies rimator malacoptilus pasquieri is elevated to species rank , with english name white - throated wren - babbler . — subspecies rimator malacoptilus albostriatus is elevated to species rank , with english name sumatran wren - babbler . rimator malacoptilus becomes monotypic , and retains the english name long - billed wren - babbler . the range statement for long - billed wren - babbler – e himalayas ( sikkim to e assam and ne myanmar ) – inadvertently was omitted from the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will reinstate the range statement in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
4 . 3 in ( 11 cm ) . the most brilliantly colored member of a large genus of mostly brown birds . chest orange or yellow ; head black , with gray throat and whitish cheeks and crown . wings black with brilliant orange and yellow highlights . tail black , edged with orange or yellow . mantle grayish and rump yellow . sexes similar . shape typical of genus : rounded , like a titmouse or kinglet , with a short , sharp bill , and tail of moderate length .
page 499 , wedge - billed wren - babbler sphenocichla humei in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies sphenocichla humei roberti is elevated to species rank , with english name chevron - breasted babbler . sphenocichla hume i becomes monotypic , and the english name is changed to blackish - breasted babbler . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
species shared only with sri lanka painted francolin , crested ( changeable ) hawk eagle , blue - faced malkoha , sri lanka frogmouth , jerdon’s nightjar , indian swiftlet , malabar trogon , malabar pied hornbill , crimson - fronted barbet , orange ( scarlet ) minivet , jerdon’s ( rufous - winged ) bush lark , hill ( pacific ) swallow , square - tailed black , white - browed and yellow - browed bulbuls , indian blackbird , indian ( white - browed ) scimitar babbler , dark - fronted and yellow - billed babblers , lesser hill myna , jerdon’s ( blue - winged ) leafbird and long - billed ( loten’s ) sunbird .
morning have the park ranger drive us up the mountain road on lang bien . key target birds there are black - throated tit , yellow - billed nuthatch , hume ' s treecreeper , black - crowned fulvetta , and vietnamese cutia . other interesting possibilities include mountain hawk - eagle , hodgson ' s hawk - cuckoo , dalat shrike - babbler , clicking shrike - babbler , bianchi ' s warbler , rufous - capped babbler , collared laughingthrush , and orange - bellied leafbird . afternoon return to the lake area to look for birds missed the previous day . night at dreams hotel .
an additional aspect of my research involves understanding interspecific interactions and communication . originally i started investigating these interactions between pied babblers and fork - tailed drongos . more recently , i have begun investigating interspecific interactions in scimitar - bills , yellow - billed hornbills and wattled starlings .
english : rough - templed tree - babbler ; french : lobélia spéciosa ; german : goldstirn - buschtimalie .
english : mount omei babbler ; french : garrulaxe de l ' omei ; german : omei - haeherling .
english : golden - breasted tit babbler ; french : alcippe à poitrine dorée ; german : gold - alcippe .
this is a reupload - initially i had mistaken the turdoides affinis for turdoides striata , the jungle babblers , but a good youtube friend explained that it must be a yellow - billed babbler , so i had to change the title ; - ) well , whatever seven sisters they are - they are always noisy and funny , and come usually together with a gang of palm squirrels ( funambulus palmarum ) .
english : lesser scaly - breasted wren - babbler , brown wrenbabbler ; french : turdinule mailée ; german : moostimalie .
5 . 25 in ( 13 . 2 cm ) . unique , rather bizarre appearance : black head with golden yellow forehead , lores , eye ring , and chin ; bright reddish orange tufts on side of head . streaked olive mantle with brown wings and tail . breast yellow with black spots .
page 499 , long - tailed wren - babbler spelaeornis chocolatinus in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , the long - tailed wren - babbler is split into four species . — subspecies spelaeornis chocolatinus oatesi is elevated to species rank , with english name chin hills wren - babbler . — subspecies spelaeornis chocolatinus reptatus is elevated to species rank , with english name gray - bellied wren - babbler . — subspecies spelaeornis chocolatinus kinneari is elevated to species rank , with english name pale - throated wren - babbler . — spelaeornis chocolatinus becomes monotypic , and retains the english name long - tailed wren - babbler . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
kukri belur ( kokkare bellur ) spot - billed pelican and painted stork nesting colony in village . also a chance of red - naped ibis and painted stork .
page 496 , spot - breasted scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus erythrocnemis in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , this highly polytypic species is split into four species : — subspecies pomatorhinus erythrocnemis mcclellandi is elevated to species rank , with english name spot - breasted scimitar - babbler . — subspecies pomatorhinus erythrocnemis gravivox is elevated to species rank , with english name black - streaked scimitar - babbler . subspecies odicus , decarlei , dedekensi , and cowensae also now are transferred to black - streaked scimitar - babbler . — subspecies pomatorhinus erythrocnemis swinhoei is elevated to species rank , with english name gray - sided scimitar - babbler ; subspecies abbreviatus also is included in gray - sided scimitar - babbler . in addition , subspecies ferrugilatus and haringtoni are transferred from pomatorhinus erythrocnemis to the rusty - cheeked scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus erythrogenys . we also add the two following subspecies of rusty - cheeked scimitar - babbler , both of which inadvertently had been omitted from previous editions of clements checklist : pomatorhinus erythrogenys imberbis karenni , e myanmar pomatorhinus erythrogenys celatus shan states , e myanmar and nw thailand
5 in ( 12 cm ) . tiny , long - tailed , brownish bird with rufous accents , finch - like yellow bill , and dark eyes . sexes similar .
english : white - necked bald crow , yellow - headed rockfowl , guinea picathartes ; french : picatharte de guinée ; german : weisshals stelzenkraehe ; spanish : picatartes cuelliblanco .
page 500 , pygmy babbler stachyris plateni in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies stachyris plateni pygmaea is elevated to species rank , with english name visayan pygmy - babbler . stachyris plateni becomes monotypic , and the english name changes to mindanao pygmy - babbler . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
page 499 , pygmy wren - babbler pnoepyga pusilla in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies pnoepyga pusilla formosana is elevated to species rank , with english name taiwan wren - babbler ; it also is repositioned to follow scaly - breasted wren - babbler pnoepyga albiventer . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
page 494 , puff - throated babbler pellorneum ruficeps indictinctum correct a typographical error in the scientific name : change “indictinctum ” to “ indistinctum . ”
page 498 , large wren - babbler napothera macrodactyla rusty - breasted wren - babbler napothera rufipectus black - throated wren - babbler napothera atrigularis marbled wren - babbler napothera marmorata in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , these four species all are transferred to the genus turdinus . please note that for one of these species we failed to change the spelling of the species name : turdinus macrodactyla should be turdinus macrodactylus . we will correct this oversight in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
ranganathitu bs mugger crocodile , waterbirds including a chance of spot - billed pelican , painted stork , great thick - knee and river tern , and raptors including a chance of indian spotted eagle .
page 496 , indian scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus horsfieldii in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies pomatorhinus horsfieldii melanurus is elevated to species rank , with english name sri lanka scimitar - babbler . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
page 497 , streak - breasted scimitar - babbler pomatorhinus ruficollis in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies pomatorhinus ruficollis musicus is elevated to species rank , with english name taiwan scimitar - babbler . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
liocichla omeiensis riley , 1926 , mt . emei , sichuan . only recently recognized as full species , distinct from taiwanese endemic steere ' s babbler ( l . steerii ) .
day 11 : yok don national park to mang den early morning birding at yok don before the scenic drive north to mang den in kontum province with a lunch stop en route . arrive in time for some late afternoon birding around mang den . overnight at mang den . day 12 : mang den a full day’s birding at mang den where the recently - discovered and seldom - seen endemic , chestnut - eared laughingthrush , is the main target . other specialities of the mang den area include the scarce pale - capped pigeon , yellow - billed nuthatch , black - hooded laughingthrush and indochinese wren - babbler . overnight at mang den .
preventing a nest parasite such as the pied cuckoo from laying eggs in its nest should be the first line of babbler defence . but babblers don’t chase anything , let alone cuckoos .
page 136 , bluebonnet ( yellow - vented ) northiella haematogaster / pallescens the scientific name of this new group is incorrect ; the name should be northiella haematogaster haematogaster / pallescens . we will correct this error in the next edition .
the pied cuckoo chick was a giant amongst its foster family of yellow - billed babblers . every morning for a few days , we watched the flock of dowdy brown birds frantically stuff leftover dog food , insects , and other tidbits from the garden into the gaping maw of the ever - hungry monster chick . the family must have been blind to think the fledgling with a pointed crest , prominent black and white plumage , and a long tail was its own .
11 in ( 28 cm ) . slender grayish brown , long - tailed bird , which may remind americans of thrashers ( mimidae ) . plumage identical in both sexes , but male ' s eyes pale yellow , female ' s brown .
for the first picture common babbler ( turdoides caudatus ) might be a good place to start . i ' m not familiar with the group and there may be other species that look similar .
page 289 , greater scythebill campylorhamphus pucherani in accord with sacc , the greater scythebill is transferred to the new genus drymotoxeres , and placed in a new position in the linear sequence of genera , immediately following the wedge - billed woodcreeper glyphorynchus spirurus .
page 502 , miniature tit - babbler micromacronus leytensis in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , elevate subspecies micromacronus leytensis sordidus to species rank , with english name mindanao miniature - babbler . micromacronus leytensis becomes monotypic , and the english name changes to visayan miniature - babbler . we inadvertently used a different name , visayan tit - babbl er , in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will correct this error in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
9 . 1 in ( 23 cm ) ; 1 . 75 oz ( 50 g ) . elegant thrush - shaped bird with brown mantle , black mask , and yellow throat and underparts . sexes monomorphic . nominate subspecies , from the western part of the range , has an olive green nape and crown , while the two isolated eastern subspecies have brilliant dark blue napes and crowns instead . jiangxi population has a clear , brilliant yellow chest , while birds from yunan have yellowish gray chests .
page 506 , white - hooded babbler gampsorhynchus rufulus torquatus in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies gampsorhynchus rufulus torquatus is elevated to species rank , with english name collared babbler . subspecies gampsorhynchus rufulus saturatior also should be transferred to gampsorhynchus torquatus ( thus leaving white - hooded babbler gampsorhynchus rufulus as monotypic ) , but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will correct this mistake in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
the orange - billed babbler lives in flocks of seven to ten or more . it is a noisy bird , and the presence of a flock may generally be known at some distance by the continual chattering , squeaking and chirping produced by its members . it is usually the first sign that a mixed - species feeding flock , so characteristic of asian wet forests , is in the vicinity . it feeds mainly on insects , but also eats jungle berries .
page 30 , anas flavirostris altipetens anas flavirostris andium we announced in the updates and corrections of clements 6 . 4 that subspecies altipetens and andium were split from yellow - billed teal ( anas flavirostris ) to form a new species , andean teal ( anas andium ) . in the clements checklist 6 . 4 spreadsheet , we erected andean teal ( anas andium ) as a species , but we failed to change the species name of the two subspecies . this oversight is corrected in clements checklist 6 . 5 : andean teal anas andium altipetens anas andium andium
parus fasciatus gambel , 1845 , monterey , california . six subspecies . while delacour long ago considered this species a babbler , many authorities have persisted in assigning it its own family or subfamily . however , the dna hybridization research
clear distinguishable patterns are observed to be emerging in the responses of avian community structure to habitat characteristics in study , and undoubtedly this variation resulted in avian assemblages specific to the degree of anthropogenic distribution along the elevational gradient of the forest [ 8 ] . at forest edge and the juxtaposition of the edge support higher number of avian species than the other interior habitat . despite the anthropophilic species such as brown - headed barbet , red - vented bulbul , and yellow - billed babbler [ 26 , 31 ] some forest loving birds such as sri lanka wood pigeon and emerald - collared parakeet [ 21 ] were observed to actively utilize resources available in these habitats . although these observations are from our area of study , avian assemblages were typical to other neighborhood study systems available in literature [ 15 , 32 , 33 ] .
page 480 , scarlet robin petroica multicolor in accord with raou , scarlet robin is split into two species : pacific robin ( petroica multicolor ) , including subspecies pusilla , feminina , similis , cognata , ambrynensis , soror , kleinschmidti , taveunensis , becki , polymorpha , septentrionalis , kulambangrae , dennisi , and multicolor ; and scarlet robin ( petrioca boodang ) , including subspecies campbelli , leggii , and boodang . page 481 , yellow robin eopsaltria australis in accord with raou , the english name is changed to eastern yellow robin . page 481 , gray - breasted robin eopsaltria griseogularis in accord with raou , the english name is changed to western yellow robin . page 481 , white - browed robin poecilodryas superciliosa in accord with raou , the two subspecies of white - browed robin are elevated to species rank : white - browed robin ( poecilodryas superciliosa ) and buff - sided robin ( poecilodyas cerviniventris ) .
following this , i worked as a research assistant for dr mandy ridley at the pied babbler project ( 2011 - 2013 ) . i carried out playback experiments and collected and analysed sound data from individuals and groups , throughout the breeding seasons .
ootacamund , nilgiri hills black - and - orange and nilgiri flycatchers , indian and nilgiri blue robins , black - chinned laughingthrush , indian scimitar babbler and nilgiri langur . also a chance of painted bush quail , nilgiri wood pigeon and forest wagtail .
of sibley and ahlquist suggests the wrentit is the only new world babbler , whose ancestors crossed the bering land bridge in the mid - miocene ( 15–20 million years ago ) . sibley and ahlquist do place it in its own tribe , chamaeini .
16 in ( 40 cm ) , 7 oz ( 200 g ) . elegantly proportioned bird of unmistakable appearance . head unfeathered , with unique black and orange - yellow skin pattern . eyes and powerful bill dark . mantle , wings , and tail black , or nearly so . neck and under - parts creamy white .
all five endangered babblers are primarily threatened by habitat loss . all are forest birds . two are philippine endemics : the flame - templed babbler ( stachyris speciosa ) occurs only on negros and panay , while the negros striped - babbler ( s . negrorum ) is entirely restricted to that severely deforested island . the remaining three depend on high - elevation forests : the nilgiri laughing thrush ( garrulax cachinnnans ) , one of many imperiled inhabitants of india ' s nilgiri hills , the white - throated mountain babbler ( kupeornis gilberti ) , known to science only since 1949 , restricted to several places in nigeria and cameroon , and the gray - crowned crocias ( crocias lang - bianis ) , rediscovered in 1994 after 56 years of no records , from a few locations in vietnam .
page 270 , straight - billed reedhaunter limnoctites rectirostris this species was placed in the genus limnornis in earlier editions of clements checklist . it was transferred to the genus limnotictes in the clements checklist 6 . 4 spreadsheet , in accord with sacc , but we did not acknowledge this change in taxonomy in the accompanying updates and corrections ( december 2009 ) .
page 502 , striped tit - babbler macronous gularis in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , elevate the bornensis group of subspecies ( zopherus , zaperissus , everetti , ruficoma , javanicus , montanus , bornensis , argenteus , and cagayanensis ) to species rank , as bold - striped tit - babbler macronous bornensis . the remaining subspecies are retained in macronous gularis , but the english name changes to pin - striped tit - babbler . subspecies macronous bornensis javanicus , which previously did not exist in the clements checklist in the gularis / bornensis complex , is a new addition ; but we later realized that macronous flavicollis javanicus surely represents the same taxon . we will resolve this discrepancy in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
early morning birding at cat tien . then transfer to di linh area , a fairly short drive away . the main birding site is the forested mountain pass known as deo suoi lanh . it ' s an excellent site for several specialties of the dalat highlands , notably white - crested laughingthrush , black - hooded laughingthrush , orange - breasted laughingthrush , and the near endemic black - crowned parrotbill . the first two laughingthrushes often travel in mixed flocks and are reliably seen . the orange - breasted laughingthrush is much more difficult . groups sometimes spend days looking along the road for it without success , as it is quite secretive and hard to find . our guide knows an out of the way locale not known to other guides where the bird is more possible . other birds of the di linh area include pin - tailed pigeon , silver - backed needletail , red - headed trogon , golden - throated barbet , indochinese green - magpie , black - throated tit , gray - faced tit - babbler , red - billed scimitar - babbler , and spot - necked babbler . it can also be good for raptors such as black eagle and rufous - winged buzzard . night at mai khanh hotel in di linh .
page 499 , mishmi wren - babbler spelaeornis badeigularis in accord with inskipp et al . ( 1996 ) , rasmussen and atherton ( 2005 ) , collar ( 2006a ) , and many other sources , the english name is changed from mishmi wren - babbler to rusty - throated wren - babbler . references : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 . inskipp , t . , n . lindsey , and w . duckworth . 1996 . an annotated checklist of the birds of the oriental region . oriental bird club , sandy , united kingdom . rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . atherton . 2005 . birds of south asia : the ripley guide . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona , spain .
page 147 , dusky - billed parrotlet forpus sclateri in accord with sacc , change the scientific name of dusky - billed parrotlet from forpus sclateri to forpus modestus . the respective subspecies name changes are : forpus sclateri eidos becomes forpus modestus modestus forpus sclateri sclateri becomes forpus modestus sclateri page 147 , orange - chinned parakeet brotogeris jugularis in accord with sacc , the orange - chinned parakeet should be moved to a new position in the linear sequence of species of brotogeris parakeets . we intended to position orange - chinned parakeet immediately following gray - cheeked parakeet brotogeris pyrrhoptera , but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet . we will correct this oversight in the next round of revisions to clements checklist .
all day birding limestone forest . key target species include brown hornbill , red - collared woodpecker , limestone leaf warbler , and sooty babbler . also possible is tonkin partridge . there is a good chance of seeing the endangered ha tinh langur as well . night at accommodations in the park .
page 498 , limestone wren - babbler napothera crispifrons in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , napothera crispifrons is transferred to the genus gypsophila . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
paleontology has , thus far , not served to clarify the origins and relationships of babblers , the only fossils being a middle pleistocene example of the modern species , the arabian babbler ( turdoides squamiceps ) . dna research seems to support asian origins in the oligocene , about 40 million years ago .
nearly a century ago , ernst hartert , curator of the incredible rothschild collection of preserved birds , observed :
what can ' t be classified is regarded as a babbling thrush .
in the opinions of many of today ' s ornithologists , hartert then proceeded to confuse matters further . the convoluted history of babbler classification is well treated in sibley and ahlquist ' s phylogeny and classification of birds , and the reader is best referred to that book . suffice it to say that exactly what a babbler is , and how it should be classified , has been , and remains , a controversy among ornithologists .
page 318 , thrush - like schiffornis ( southern ) schiffornis turdina [ turdina group ] with the recognition of a number of new groups within thrush - like schiffornis , the “southern” group now is restricted to include just three subspecies : steinbachi , intermedia , and turdina . page 586 , tooth - billed catbird ailuroedus dentirostris in accord with raou , this species is transferred to the genus scenopoeetes .
page 498 , luzon wren - babbler napothera rabori in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies napothera rabori sorsogonensis is elevated to species rank , with english name gray - banded babbler . subspecies napothera rabori mesoluzonica also should be transferred to napothera sorsogonensis , but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will correct this mistake in the next edition . additionally , in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , the two philippine species of napothera are transferred to a newly - described genus , robsonius . finally , collar also recommended changing the english name of robsonius rabori to “ rusty - faced babbler . ” we failed to implement this change to the english name in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will correct this oversight in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
page 700 , slender - billed white - eye zosterops tenuirostris stenurus in accord with raou , subspecies zosterops tenuirostris strenuus is elevated to species rank , with english name robust white - eye . this species is extinct ; the year of extinction is 1923 . also note that the spelling of the species name is “ strenuus , ” not “ stenurus ; ” we will correct this error in the next edition .
8 in ( 20 cm ) . striking bird reminiscent of new world thrashers ( mimidae ) . bright chestnut mantle , flanks , and vent . brownish primaries and tail . white chest and throat . remainder of head black , except for well - defined white eyebrow . long curving bill bright yellow , with black at rear of upper mandible , extending along part of culmen . legs gray . melodious voice .
my research interests are centred on avian social and breeding behaviour , and during the course of my phd ( supervised by dr . matt bell & dr . per smiseth ) i hope to investigate intra - and interspecific signalling and communication in the southern pied babbler . utilising playback and feeding experiments i aim to ascertain the amount of information use by babblers in a social context .
insects are the core of babbler diets . some species appear to feed exclusively on them , while many also eat fruit , other invertebrates , and small frogs and reptiles . as with any huge family , there have evolved some peculiar specialists . while the bearded reedling feeds vigorously on insects for most of the year , and rears its young entirely on them , it subsists on seeds during the winter , its digestive tract making remarkable adjustments to this change in diet . as one might expect , the desert - adapted arabian babbler will eat practically anything . on the other hand , the fire - tailed myzornis ( myzornis pyyrhoura ) has come to resemble a hummingbird or sunbird , consuming nectar with its insects , and becoming a pollinator in the process .
14 in ( 35 cm ) , 7 . 7 oz ( 220 g ) . appears obviously related to preceding species , but markedly distinct . uniquely beautiful blue , black , and red pattern of bare skin on head , blue extending to base of bill . neck , mantle , back , and tail gray . a patch of black bristles on crown , and short ruff at base of bald head , can be erected when bird is excited . primaries black ; underparts pale yellow .
delacour ' s description fits most of the forest - dwelling babblers fairly well . it is in other sorts of habitat that particularly interesting variations have evolved . the arabian babbler ( turdoides squamiceps ) , of the semi - desert , with its highly developed
tribal
social system , and the semi - aquatic bearded reedling ( panurus biarmicus ) of the marshes , are two striking examples .
morning back at ta nung valley . afternoon birding higher elevation roadside near lake area of hotuyen lam . this site features birds such as red - vented barbet , gray - capped woodpecker , sooty - headed bulbul , black bulbul , chestnut - capped babbler , mountain fulvetta , snowy - browed flycatcher , gray bushchat , fire - breasted flowerpecker , and gould ' s sunbird . night at dreams hotel .
collar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . spiny babbler ( acanthoptila nipalensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
morning birding in bach ma national park looking for the endemic annam partridge and the near endemic short - tailed scimitar - babbler . also possible are brown hornbill , silver - breasted broadbill , blue - rumped pitta , bar - bellied pitta , indochinese green - magpie , and black - browed fulvetta . after lunch transfer to phong nha - ke bang national park , arriving by dark . night at accommodations in the park .
at the moment i am a second - year phd candidate in a joint supervision program ( cotutelle ) between tel aviv university , israel and macquarie university , sydney , australia , and i also work as the director of the arava birding center in the dead sea & arava science centre . my thesis title is
the effect of group size and composition on individual behaviour , group dynamics and population regulation in the arabian babbler (
) . to explore these relationships i conduct field experiments and observations on individual foraging success , foraging strategies and self versus social learning . together with this fieldwork i use the uniquely detailed 40 - year arabian babbler database to analyze long - term demographic effects . this database work involves finding what social or environmental factors promote group growth or extinction , and identifying critical group size effects in relation to eviction , dispersal and reproductive conflict behaviour .
page 490 , yellow - throated laughingthrush garrulax galbanus courtoisi in accord with collar ( 2006a ) , subspecies garrulax galbanus courtoisi is elevated to species rank , with english name blue - crowned laughingthrush . subspecies garrulax galbanus simaoensis also should be transferred to garrula courtoisi , but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet ; we will correct this mistake in the next edition . reference : collar , n . j . 2006a . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail 22 : 85 - 112 .
day 15 : bach ma national park to ho chi minh city via hue a full morning for birding at bach ma national park . target species here include the near - endemic indochinese wren - babbler , silver pheasant , long - tailed & silver - breasted broadbills , indochinese green magpie , ratchet - tailed treepie , masked , lesser - necklaced & black - throated laughingthrushes . in the afternoon transfer to hue airport for the short flight to ho chi minh city to connect with international flight to europe .
periyar np nilgiri langur , oriental darter , black baza , malabar trogon , great and malabar grey hornbills , white - bellied treepie , asian fairy bluebird and indian scimitar babbler , as well as nilgiri langur . also a chance of heart - spotted woodpecker , indian pitta , orange - headed thrush , wynaad laughingthrush , forest wagtail , asian elephant , gaur , leopard and rusty - spotted cats , sloth bear , dhole , indian crested porcupine , and oriental small - clawed and smooth - coated otters .
the indian subcontinent , including sri lanka , is another babbler stronghold , and 131 species are recorded there . the majority are birds of the himalayas , shared with china , but a number are endemic to peninsular india or sri lanka . in the middle east , babblers are represented by three species of turdoides . europe , including the united kingdom , share the bearded reedling ( panurus biarmicus ) with temperate asia . finally , on the pacific coast of north america is the wrentit ( chamaea fasciata ) .
i possess a great passion for scientific research and conservation . having interned at the pied babbler research project in 2009 , i jumped at the opportunity to study the behavioural and physiological effects of temperature on pied babblers for my master’s degree . this research was especially fascinating as it combined components of multiple disciplines ( climate change , avian biology , behavioural ecology , physiology , and conservation biology ) to answer conservation questions . my supervisors on this project included : amanda ridley , rowan martin , susan cunningham , and phil hockey .
after arrival transfer to cat tien national park , about 3 hours drive on somewhat congested roads . then birding near the park headquarters and accommodations , where coppersmith barbet , lesser yellownape , red - breasted parakeet , common woodshrike , ashy woodswallow , common iora , greater racket - tailed drongo , buff - breasted babbler , tickell ' s blue flycatcher , and common hill myna are possible . the trees behind the park buildings harbor a local group of endangered black - shanked douc langurs . night in accomodations within the park near park entrance .
page 369 , yellow - eyed cuckoo - shrike coracina lineata in accord with raou , change the english name to barred cuckoo - shrike . page 372 , white - shouldered triller lalage sueurii white - winged triller lalage tricolor in accord with raou , white - winged and white - shouldered trillers are lumped into a single species , white - winged triller lalage sueurii . both former species still maintain an identity as groups : white - winged triller ( white - shouldered ) lalage sueurii sueurii white - winged triller ( white - winged ) lalage sueurii tricolor page 375 , gray - chinned minivet pericrocotus solaris deignani correct a typographic error in the range statement : change “a vietnam” to “s vietnam . ”
early morning drive out to grasslands area where green peafowl commonly forage in the open . bird along the jeep track looking for other species such as red junglefowl , oriental darter , red - wattled lapwing , oriental pratincole , red - collared dove , barred cuckoo - dove , lesser coucal , white - throated kingfisher , chestnut - headed bee - eater , indian roller , black - and - buff woodpecker , collared falconet , thick - billed flycatcher , and scarlet - backed flowerpecker . there ' s a good chance of seeing woolly - necked storks flying overhad and some chance of seeing the rare lesser adjutant . at dusk look for great - eared nightjar and large - tailed nightjar . night at accommodations near park entrance .
pages 269 - 270 , cinclodes cinclodes in accord with sacc , the sequence of species in the genus cinclodes is rearranged . the new sequence of species is as follows : long - tailed cinclodes cinclodes pabsti blackish cinclodes cinclodes antarcticus buff - winged cinclodes cinclodes fuscus chestnut - winged cinclodes cinclodes albidiventris cordoba cinclodes cinclodes comechingonus cream - winged cinclodes cinclodes albiventris olrog’s cinclodes cinclodes olrogi stout - billed cinclodes cinclodes excelsior royal cinclodes cinclodes aricomae white - winged cinclodes cinclodes atacamensis white - bellied cinclodes cinclodes palliatus gray - flanked cinclodes cinclodes oustaleti dark - bellied cinclodes cinclodes patagonicus surf cinclodes cinclodes taczanowskii seaside cinclodes cinclodes nigrofumosus we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6 . 5 spreadsheet , however , but we will correct this oversight in the next revision .
using the sentinel system of the babblers i will investigate whether they make adjustments to personal contributions this public good given the state of others , and also investigate whether alarm caller reliability is monitored by other group members . additionally i intend to explore the role of vocalisations in the context of nestling provisioning , investigating whether nestling provisioners transfer information from the nest site to the foraging group , which may be several hundred metres away . finally , i will be undertaking observational work to see which other bird species may be found around babbler groups , and exploring whether the babblers utilise information from heterospecific sources when making foraging decisions using playback experiments .
morning back at deo suoi lanh looking for species listed above . mid - day transfer to dalat , a tourist mecca with numerous western style hotels and restaurants . afternoon birding ta tung valley outside dalat . this valley is mostly an open area down a gravel road adjacent to a local farm . the main target bird there is gray - crowned crocias , which is sometimes easily seen and sometimes quite challenging to find . other interesting birds there include green - billed malkoha , greater coucal , indochinese barbet , green - backed tit , chestnut - vented nuthatch , hill prinia , black - crowned parrotbill , black - headed sibia , rufous - backed sibia , asian fairy - bluebird , verditer flycatcher , blue - winged leafbird , black - throated sunbird , and vietnamese greenfinch . night at dreams hotel in dalat .
fourteen island endemics , seven restricted to the philippines , are included among the 39 near threatened species , and of the remainder , nine occur only in the malay peninsula , sumatra , and borneo . again , loss of habitat , in often restricted ranges , is the cause for their designation . finally , there is one categorized as data deficient , the miniature titbabbler ( micromacronus leytensis ) , at 3 in ( 7 . 6 cm ) , the smallest babbler . restricted to the philippine islands of leyte , samar , and mindanao , it is a forest - dependent species in a land of increasing deforestation , and has remained rare , and little known since its discovery in 1961 .
i am now a phd student at macquarie university , sydney , under the supervision of dr amanda ridley , dr matt bell and a / prof simon griffith . my current work on the southern pied babbler is looking at how group members recognise one another and the implications this has for their social behaviour . using a series of playback experiments i am investigating whether they are able to individually recognise each other’s vocalisation . i also look at when group member recognition develops in young birds , a factor which may be crucial in explaining life history events such as kidnapping . in addition i look at how responses to the vocalisations of previously familiar individuals change over varying periods of continued separation . this may help to explain observations of prospecting and dispersal in this species . other work includes looking at whether the pied babblers are able to recognise kin and how this is affecting their social interactions with neighbouring groups .
cat tien national park features a variety of habitats including primary and secondary lowland tropical forest , wetlands , lakes , and open grassland . the first day will focus on forest birds along the track leading to crocodile lake . the primary target birds are scaly - breasted partridge and germain ' s peacock - pheasant . the former is especially secretive , while the latter is most easily seen when calling . other key species orange - breasted trogon , great hornbill , blue - eared barbet , blue - rumped pitta , bar - bellied pitta , ashy minivet , blyth ' s paradise - flycatcher , black - headed bulbul , ochraceous bulbul , gray - faced tit - babbler , and blue - winged leafbird . a dozen woodpeckers are possible including laced woodpecker , heart - spotted woodpecker , and great slaty woodpecker , and three broadbills are possible , namely black - and - red broadbill , long - tailed broadbill , and silver - breasted broadbill . night at accommodations near park entrance .
southern india endemics grey junglefowl , grey - fronted ( pompadour ) green pigeon , nilgiri wood pigeon , malabar parakeet , malabar grey hornbill , malabar ( crimson - fronted ) and white - cheeked barbets , white - bellied treepie , malabar ( large ) woodshrike , malabar lark , white - spotted ( white - throated ) fantail , indian ( chestnut - bellied ) nuthatch , flame - throated ( black - crested ) and grey - headed bulbuls , black - and - orange and nilgiri flycatchers , white - bellied blue flycatcher , nilgiri blue and white - bellied blue robins ( both formerly white - bellied shortwing ) , malabar whistling thrush , black - chinned ( nilgiri ) and grey - breasted ( kerala ) laughingthrushes , ( indian ) rufous babbler , malabar white - headed ( chestnut - tailed ) starling , nilgiri ( plain ) flowerpecker , crimson - backed sunbird , nilgiri pipit and rufous - bellied ( black - throated ) munia . also a chance of broad - tailed grassbird and wynaad laughingthrush .
for so diverse a group of birds , generalizations are difficult . as did bertram smythies in the first edition of this encyclopedia , one cannot do better than to quote jean delacour , from his monumental 1946 monograph of the babblers :
they move restlessly among twigs and on the ground ; they hop about and dig among fallen leaves . usually they live in the undergrowth , sometimes on the ground among dense plant growth , fallen branches , climbers and evergreen trees , where they can be observed searching for berries and insects . while doing so , they move busily , flutter the wings a great deal , wag their tails and utter noisy calls . as rule , they are loud and varied vocally , hence the name babbler , for they are virtually never quiet . some sing very well and their full melodies ring out far . outside the breeding season , they move about in small troops . often they join with other birds into the mixed flocks characteristic of tropical forest , all seeking food together .
the first online digital theses library covering more than 1000 theses in sanskrit , malayalam , hindi and english the digitilization project done for the mahatma gandhi university , kerala , india commemorating 25 year of achievement . website © copyright mahatma gandhi university and beehive digital concepts
natural vocalization ; song from a pair of birds ( part of a larger flock of the species ) moving low through small trees at the edge of hotel grounds near second growth forest .
this bird is moving all the time ! l ' oiseau change souvent de place .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : turdoides affinis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( grewal et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any current declines or substantial threats .
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song complex , varied , rich and full of mimicry , consisting of series of alternating , quickly . . .
mainly insects . in one long - term study , 2295 food items ( from 316 birds ) consisted of 86 % invertebrates and 14 % fruit and seeds ; beetles ( . . .
apr–jun . nest a deep cup of grass , placed in small bush or built into sturdy grass clump . clutch 3–4 eggs , pale blue ; nestlings . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in central himalayas eba . frequent and locally fairly common within patchy range ; possibly extends at w of range . . .
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recently split from a broader timaliidae . to date , traditionally recognized genera cutia , kupeornis , phyllanthus , turdoides , garrulax , babax ( now in garrulax ) , heterophasia , leiothrix , minla , liocichla and actinodura have been recovered as members of a clade separate from those now placed in timaliidae or pellorneidae ; however , garrulax , actinodura , minla , heterophasia and turdoides , as typically circumscribed , have also been discovered to be polyphyletic . as a result , genetic data available to date # r # r # r # r # r ( many species have not been screened ) can be interpreted in various ways , permitting for a smaller number of larger genera , or many more genera characterized by fewer species , so listing presented here is provisional and dependent on additional molecular data for most of the as yet untested taxa . family name has been spelt in variety of different ways ; above is the original spelling , which is correctly formed and so must be used # r .