afrixalus ( commonly known as the banana frogs , spiny reed frog , cat 's eye reed frogs , or leaf-folding frogs , or ) is a genus of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

they occur in the subsaharan africa .

they lay their eggs in vegetation above water , often folding leaves around the eggs for protection — hence the common name " leaf-folding frogs " .

afrixalus

poynton and broadley ( 1987 ) referred to true afrixalus brachycnemis as
afrixalus sp .
. the species that they treated as afrixalus brachycnemis is now treated as afrixalus delicatus ( m . pickersgill pers . comm . ) . this species is a member of the afrixalus stuhlmanni group ( pickersgill 2005 ) .
we follow perret ( 1976 ) , rödel ( 2000 ) and pickersgill ( in prep . ) in separating afrixalus fulvovittatus from the so - called afrixalus vittatus complex of schiøtz ( 1999 ) , which includes afrixalus quadrivittatus , a . upembae and a . vittiger .
afrixalus unicolor — pickersgill , 1996 , herptile , 21 : 81 ; pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469 .
afrixalus fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus unicolor — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus fornasinii — schiøtz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 12 . rejected by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 .
afrixalus spinifrons is an endemic species complex comprising afrixalus knysnae and two subspecies , afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons confined to the central kwazulu - natal coast and a . s . intermedius from the kwazulu - natal midlands ( sensu pickersgill 1996 ) . subpopulations from the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal previously assigned to afrixalus knysnae were re - assigned to a . spinifrons ( pickersgill 1996 ) . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular and morphological descriptions , eastern cape populations should be referred to a . s . intermedius instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought . tarrant ( 2012 ) also suggested that the umkomaas river is a possible boundary to a . s . spinifrons . the two subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of morphology , genetics and calls .
conservation actions although there are many threats to individual sites , the species as a whole is not considered to require conservation effort at this time . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius occurs in the khahlamba - drakensberg national park , silaka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) and hluleka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) . afrixalus s . spinifrons occurs in a number of coastal protected areas .
afrixalus fornasinii unicolor — laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
it is common wherever it is the only dwarf afrixalus species present . where it is sympatric with arixalus delicatus , this species always appears to be the more rare of the two , and its populations are much smaller , with numbers of calling males at several sites estimated to be less 50 individuals .
afrixalus fornasinii fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication ; laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 ; loveridge , 1953 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 110 : 345 .
this species occurs in the hilly areas of the west african forest zone in côte d’ivoire , guinea , liberia and sierra leone . it has also recently been recorded from ghana in the ankasa conservation area ( aca ) a twin wildlife protected area comprised of nini - suhien national park to the north and the ankasa forest reserve to the south . the distributional limits of this species , especially in relation to afrixalus vittiger , remain largely unknown , and the map should be regarded as provisional .
many of the historical sites of this once common species have disappeared under development ( pickersgill et al . 2004 , pickersgill 2007 ) . certain subpopulations , especially in coastal kwazulu - natal , are affected by loss of wetlands . this habitat loss is a result of urban and recreational development and direct drainage of wetlands for afforestation , especially eucalyptus plantations and agricultural activities , including sugarcane ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . other threats include pesticides and overgrazing or trampling by livestock . coastal populations may be at higher risk than those inland due to heavier development pressure along the kzn coastline . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius has been highlighted as having particular conservation significance for kwazulu - natal since it is endemic to the province ( armstrong 2001 ) .
this species is difficult to detect , but it is known to be doing well at some sites where it appears to be abundant . the southern eastern cape subpopulation is scarce and very difficult to detect ( venter and conradie 2015 , j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) and this might be due to the fact that these subpopulations are on the edge of the species’ distribution . subpopulations in silaka nature reserve , near port st . johns in the eastern cape , occur in abundance ( venter and conradie 2015 ) , as do populations of afrixalus spinifrons intermedius in the kwazulu - natal midlands ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . coastal populations of a . s . spinifrons are less abundant ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) .
this species , which is endemic to south africa , occurs as two subspecies : afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons and a . s . intermedius . the nominate subspecies occurs at low to intermediate altitudes ( below 700 m asl ) in kwazulu - natal ; the latter occurs at altitudes up to 1 , 500 m asl in western kwazulu - natal , between the midlands and foothills of the drakensberg , and in the eastern cape province . according to pickersgill ( 2007 ) , a . s . spinifrons and a . s . intermedius appear to intergrade on the escarpment at about 700 m asl . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular , acoustic and morphological analyses , the eastern cape subpopulations of this species should be referred to a . s . intermedius , instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought .
see short accounts in poynton , 1964 , ann . natal mus . , 17 : 183 , poynton and broadley , 1987 , ann . natal mus . , 28 : 192–193 , and lambiris , 1988 , lammergeyer , 39 : 133–134 , as well as a longer one by schiøtz , 1975 , treefrogs e . afr . : 81–84 . see schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 for discussion ( and rejection ) of afrixalus unicolor . see also accounts by channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137–139 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134–135 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127–128 , pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 464–469 , and du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230–231 . loader , poynton , and mariaux , 2004 , afr . zool . , 39 : 71–76 , provided a record for mahenge mountain in tanzania and detailed the range . pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469–472 , provided an account for afrixalus unicolor ( boettger , 1913 ) by did not address the rejection of this taxon by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67–69 , who provided a brief account and map . mercurio , 2011 , amph . malawi : 148–152 , provided an account for malawi . see comments regarding a specimen from malundwe mountain , tanzania , by lawson and collett , 2011 , fieldiana , life earth sci . , 4 : 76 . channing , rödel , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 187–188 , reported on comparative tadpole morphology . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 160–161 , provided a brief account and photograph . ohler and frétey , 2014 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . , 103 : 84–85 , provided a brief discussion of a colleciton from northern mozambique .
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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
it occurs widely in degraded former forest ( farm bush ) in the forest zone . it is not found in primary or even secondary forest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds where they develop .
there are no obvious threats , though local populations might be impacted by very severe habitat clearance .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
channing , a . , rebelo , a . , turner , a . a . , de villiers , a . , becker , f . , harvey , j . , tarrant , j . , measey , j . , tolley , k . , minter , l . , du preez , l . , burger , m . , cunningham , m . , baptista , n . , hopkins , r . , davies , s . , conradie , w . & chapeta , y .
justification : listed as least concern due to its overall wide distribution and presumed large population . however , certain sites where this species occurs , particularly coastal kwazulu - natal , are experiencing ongoing habitat transformation which may seriously impact on long - term population viability . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) may therefore be prone to continuing decline and the species should therefore be carefully monitored . furthermore , should the two subspecies be spilt in the future , this would have implications for conservation status . since the taxa contained within this complex have different geographical ranges , and possibly differing ecological requirements , protection plans should be precisely defined in order to increase their impact on target populations .
research needed additional molecular work is required to to clarify taxonomic boundaries . because the ecological divergence and differences in geographical distribution between species of this complex could influence the relative conservation efforts , a clear description of their taxonomic status is necessary by way of various independent criteria . monitoring of breeding sites is recommended .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group & south african frog re - assessment group ( sa - frog ) . 2016 .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .
this species ranges from extreme southeastern guinea through liberia , côte d’ivoire and western ghana , with a disjunct population in southwestern nigeria . records on the guinean side of mount nimba were made in 2006 ( a . hillers unpubl . data ) . in 2010 , it was found in the yaya classified forest ( alépé region , southeast côte d ' ivoire ) ( n . g . kouamé pers . comm . may 2012 ) , and in atewa in ghana in 2006 ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . it has recently been confirmed in tanoé - ehy swamp forests ( kpan et al . 2014 ) and yakassé - mé village forest , southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( kouamé et al . 2014 ) . in côte d ' ivoire it is found in lowland areas ( 500–1 , 000 m asl ) , but it is likely to occur much lower in other parts of its range down to sea level . as such , the northern boundary of the range map follows the wwf ecozones for western and eastern guinean forests , and nigerian lowland forest .
this species is rare in southeastern côte d ' ivoire and in atewa ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
it is found mostly in primary rainforest , although it has been recorded in farm bush adjacent to forest ( degraded forest and farmland ) ( hillers and rödel 2007 ) and regenerating secondary forest along an old logging road ( n . l . gonwouo pers . comm . may 2012 ) . it is often found with
using more open , exposed sites , and this species calling from dense vegetation . during breeding , the eggs are laid on leaves overhanging temporary ponds , into which the larvae fall and develop .
forest habitat throughout the region is decreasing as a result of agricultural encroachment ( coffee and cacao plantations in liberia , côte d ' ivoire and ghana ) , expanding human settlements , and logging .
individuals from nigeria tested positive for bd ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) suggesting that chytridiomycosis could be a threat to this species , although no mortalities or ill effects have yet been observed .
conservation actions this species occurs in several protected areas including the mount nimba world heritage site in guinea , yaya classified forest in southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . may 2012 ) , atewa range forest reserve in ghana ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) and okomu national park in nigeria ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) . research needed research is needed for the life history of this species .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
this species apparently occurs in three major isolated populations : from eastern sierra leone east to western togo ; from western nigeria to western democratic republic of congo ; and in western angola . although the presence of the species is uncertain in togo , it is included in the species distribution on the map . however , it is possible that the angolan population is in fact contiguous with the one to the north . records from uganda and western kenya refer to
, and records from the central african republic presumably refer to another species . the record in rödel ( 2000 ) refers to another species .
it is a common species , and is probably increasing , as forest is lost .
it lives in grassy vegetation , cultivated land , bush land and degraded forest in the forest belt and in forest outliers and gallery forests in moist savanna . it is very adaptable , but needs some form of cover . it is not found in primary rainforest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above still water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds , puddles , ditches , ruts and herbaceous marshes where they develop .
it presumably occurs in many protected areas . it has been reported for kyabobo national park ( leaché
frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population .
this species ranges from western angola , up to gabon where it has been recorded in the invindo national park , east through the democratic republic of congo , to uganda and western kenya . it is likely that is occurs throughout the congo basin ( m . dehling pers . comm . november 2015 ) .
it lives in degraded secondary forest and heavily degraded former forest , including farm bush , in the central african rainforest belt . it breeds in small temporary and permanent water bodies with overhanging vegetation , including artificial waterbodies , e . g . in old drums ( m . dehling pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it is a very adaptable species that is unlikely to be facing any significant threats .
conservation actions it occurs in several protected areas , but no conservation actions are currently in place for this species . research needed further work is required to clarify its taxonomy .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species occurs above 400m asl in northern mozambique , malawi , and eastern zambia , north to southwestern tanzania in the rungwa area north of lake rukwa . there are very few records from the northern part of its range , presumably due to lack of survey work , and its distributional limits are still poorly known .
it is a species of grassy pools and marshes in moist grassland and savannah . it can survive in anthropogenic habitats . it breeds in ephemeral ponds and with dense peripheral vegetation .
, which appears to be an aggressive competitor . some populations might be impacted by agricultural spread . chemical spraying to control mosquitoes might impact some populations .
species boundaries in this complex are uncertain and taxonomic studies using calls , morphology and genetics are necessary .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence being 816 km 2 , the area of occupancy being 27 km 2 , with all individuals in five locations , and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat , area of occupancy , and number of mature individuals .
this species is known from around five locations at low altitudes , on either side of the border between the eastern cape and western cape provinces in south africa . this species was rediscovered at covie in 2011 , where it was previously not found for four years and thought to be extinct from that location ( w . conradie pers . comm . august 2016 ) . it occurs up to 300 m asl , its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 816 km 2 , and its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 27 km 2 .
the spatial distribution of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented as no one site holds > 50 % of individuals and the distances between subpopulations are considered to be too great for dispersal within one generation . there are four known subpopulations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . only the groenvlei subpopulation is a fairly large site , whereas the other sites are tiny waterbodies ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . at groenvlei , the frogs are concentrated in a few reed beds along the periphery ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . the saasveld and groenvlei subpopulations are relatively stable , but the other sites are being degraded and the species is suspected to be decreasing at these locations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . visits to six historic sites indicated that five of these no longer exist or are not suitable . specifically , the crags sites have been degraded to the extent that most of them no longer contain suitable habitat ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . ongoing studies will attempt to determine the viability and dispersal potential between sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it lives in a coastal mosaic of vegetation types , including mountain fynbos heathland and forest . it breeds in small dams and shallow semi - permanent water with much emergent vegetation , and even in well vegetated ornamental garden ponds . it is suspected that this species requires high water quality for breeding . species in this genus deposit between 20 and 50 eggs on vegetation above water , folded in a grass leaf . tadpoles emerge , drop into the water and remain there until metamorphosis .
although some known sites are pristine , others are threatened by habitat loss due to urban and recreational development , afforestation , invasive vegetation , agricultural expansion , chemical pollution , and livestock . these threats are likely to negatively affect breeding sites . habitat loss is the primary threat . the sites at saasveld groenvlei do not seem to have been impacted too severely , but the other sites are being degraded ; the crags sites have been seriously degraded to the extent that most of the historic sites no longer are suitable ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . livestock is a huge problem in the covie and especially the crags sites as these sites are used by cattle as drinking holes : this is an intensive milk producing area and the cattle destroy the vegetation these frogs need to breed ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . pollution in the form of urine and faeces from cattle , together with trampling , adds to habitat loss ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . drought may cause additional stressors for this species .
conservation actions it occurs in tsitsikamma national park , goukamma nature reserve , and diepwalle forestry area . an assessment of the health of all known sites is ongoing ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) . once this has been achieved , monitoring at known breeding sites should be instigated . conservation needed this species ranks amongst the highest in the need for conservation orientated research within south african threatened frogs ( measey 2 011 ) . in the light that many of the sites are so small , there is a need to take action to preserve these sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . control of invasive vegetation is imperative for this species ' survival . research needed the taxonomy of the species complex is in need of comprehensive review ( channing et al . 2011 ) . important questions are still unanswered concerning the call and tadpoles of this species , as well as its breeding phenology . there is a definite need to identify management areas and direct threats ; in particular , the effects of changes in water quality at sites with this species need to be documented . there is also a need to study the feasibility of restoring historical sites .
( males 25–28 mm , females 26–29 mm ) from bushland localities in west africa and the coastal regions of cameroun to coastal angola . dorsum dark with a pattern in silverish white , normally consisting of a triangle on top of the snout continuing into a broad dorsolateral stripe to the groin . a light spot in the lumbar region , sometimes confluent with the dorsolateral stripes , and two light spots on tibia , or tibia uniformly light . although normally constant in pattern , individuals in some populations can vary considerably , e . g . having a light middorsal stripe or even a uniform light dorsum .
( peters 1877 ) with a light upper side of tibia . rio muni to coastal angola . it is disputed whether the name
is widely distributed and common in bushland localities in the west african forest belt and in forest outliers in the humid savanna . the farthest west i have found it is in eastern sierra leone , while apparently suitable localities further west had populations of
instead . towards the east it is recorded commonly from coastal cameroun to coastal angola .
the voice consists of an initial sound followed by a number of figures , about 12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum at 3800–4100 cps .
the eggs are white , surrounded by clear jelly . they are deposited in small clumps on leaves which are then folded and glued together . the tadpoles are streamlined with a terminal mouth and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
( males 23–27 mm svl , females 25–28 mm ) from savanna and bushland . dorsum dark brown with three regular light longitudinal stripes of equal width , confluent on the head .
is a characteristic and abundant element of the savanna and open forest in the northern half of africa . perret has studied this form extensively and has noted small differences between the populations , differences which in cameroun are consistent so that two types are allopatrically distributed in savanna and bushland respectively . the differences are :
type a : slender , light stripes without fine dark midline , two dark dorsal lines without an expansion at eye level . small dorsal asperities in males . strictly savanna - living .
type b : stout , fine dark line or median punctuation in light lines , dark dorsal lines expanded on the upper eyelid ; no dorsal asperities in males . savanna and bushland , or bushland alone .
outside cameroun the picture becomes complicated . throughout west africa type a seems to be the only form which occurs except in sierra leone and liberia , where some samples taken in bushland show type b characters . further east , in the savanna of northern r . d . congo , south - western ethiopia and uganda the characters do not seem to vary consistently , and both type a and b can be found or , in uganda , populations with a mixture of characters ( such as expansion of dark lines at eye level but no fine dark midline ; male with asperities ) . laurent has analysed the populations from r . d . congo and found small morphological differences between bushland and savanna forms here , but cannot correlate these differences with those from populations in cameroun . in some literature ( schiøtz 1974 , 1975 ) it has been advocated that there are two species ,
( type a ) from northern cameroun westwards , and another , largely type b , from central cameroun east - and southwards . in other literature ( frost 1985 , rödel 1996 ) that there are two species ,
( type b ) both distributed from sierra leone eastwards to ethiopia , and that they are partly sympatric but that the latter has a disjunct distribution and is split up into several subspecies and distributed further to the south .
also the names applied show a certain level of confusion . perret ( 1976 ) , frost ( 1985 ) and rödel ( 1996 ) used the name
for type b , both with liberia as the type locality , but perret ( in . litt . ) has pointed out that his use of the name
for type a is probably incorrect . this use cannot be justified from the description , and it is unlikely that such a strict savanna species can be found in liberia , the type locality for
, and the widespread and abundant striped savanna form ( type a ) may be unnamed . schiøtz ( 1975 ) referred type b in uganda to
( type loc . sangmelina , cameroun ) has been regarded as the subspecies or species ( type b ) which occurs in the southern , forested cameroun . a name frequently used for the more eastern and southern type b specimens is
with a thin light midline and broad , irregular dorsolateral lines , as seen from peters’ illustration . unfortunately his type has disappeared .
strictly a savanna dweller in most of west africa , and seems more abundant in dry savanna than in the humid , southern savanna . in western sierra leone apparently occurring in bushland , possibly because a second species is involved . the name
should probably be restricted to the form occurring in dry , open forest in sierra leone and western liberia . the
complex is distributed from cameroun to south - western ethiopia and south through much of r . d . congo to western kenya and western tanzania .
it is not known whether there are consistent differences between the voices of the different forms or species . a voice from tamale , ghana ( type a ) has two motifs . the first , the initial sound , consists of a number of segments with rising frequency and repetition rate . the main motif is a series of figures , about 15–18 per second with an indistinct frequency - intensity maximum at about 3800–4000 cps . a second voice from the eastern form , from toro g . r . , uganda has an initial sound of varying length followed by a series of clicks , about 11–12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum of about 3000–3500 cps . a voice recorded from gambela , ethiopia ( largen ) has only 6–7 clicks per second , but is otherwise identical to the voice from uganda . in cameroun where both forms occur ( although not sympatrically ) , amiet has noted a conspicuous difference in their voices .
with respect to development , the tadpoles from west africa ( type a ) have the usual shark - like appearance , a size up to 21 mm ( 6 + 15 ) and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
species description : gilles s , grell o , sinsin b , rodel m - o , 2006 . the amphibian fauna of pendjari national park and surrounding , northern benin . salamandra 42 : 93 - 108 . ; asw
distributed throughout western africa , probably extending as far as western ethiopia . there is uncertainty about both the species delimitation and the name . see further discussion under the account for
species description : koehler , scheelke , schick , veith , and loetters , 2005 , afr . zool . , 40 : 132
from open vegetation in the forest belt and humid savanna in central africa . the name
this species is found in central africa . it inhabits open vegetation , in humid savanna and the forest belt . since both the taxonomy and nomenclature are unsettled , it is difficult to give an exact distribution with confidence .
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euchnemis fornasini bianconi , 1849
1848
, nuovi ann . sci . nat . , bologna , ser . 2 , 10 : 107 . syntypes : mzub 100174 , 100174a , and 100064 , according to bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 364 ; type locality :
mozambico
; restricted to
inhambane , mozambico
, by bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 362 . ( only a single i in original orthography—drf . )
hyperolius bivittatus peters , 1854 , ber . bekannt . verhandl . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1854 : 627 . syntypes : zmb 4529 ( 7 specimens ) , according to bauer , günther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 44 . type locality :
terra boror
, mozambique ; rendered as
tette
and
mozambique
by ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 . synonymy by günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 ; peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
hyperolius fornasinii — günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
rappia fornasinii — günther , 1869
1868
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1868 : 479 .
megalixalus fornasinii — peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
megalixalus fornasinii var . unicolor boettger , 1913 , in voeltzkow ( ed . ) , reise ost - afr . , 3 ( 4 ) : 349 . syntypes : smf , mcz 15429 ( on exchange from smf , according to barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 153 ) ; smf 7274 designated lectotype by mertens , 1967 , senckenb . biol . , 48 ( a ) : 48 . type locality : pemba island , tanzania .
megalixalus fornasinii — nieden , 1915 , mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 7 : 372 . loveridge , 1942 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 91 : 395 .
megalixalus loveridgii procter , 1920 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1920 : 418 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 83 , according to museum records . type locality :
morogoro
, kenya . synonymy by parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 .
megalixalus unicolor — ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 ; ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 443 .
megalixalus fornasinii loveridgei — parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 . suggested as a likely arrangement . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
fornasini ' s frog ( hewitt , 1937 , guide vert . fauna e . cape province , rept . amph . fishes : 113 ) .
spiny reed frog ( wager , 1965 , frogs s . afr . : 192 ) .
greater leaf - folding frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127 ; du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230 ) .
brown and white spiny reed frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
brown - striped spiny reed frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 70 ) .
fornasini ' s banana frog ( broadley , 1973 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 10 : 23 ; passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( lambiris , 1990
1989
, monogr . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 10 : 159 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 ) .
zaire banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 65 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137 ) .
mozambique banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
silver - banded banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
savannas of coastal southern kenya southward through eastern and southern tanzania , malawi , mozambique , and extreme eastern zimbabwe to extreme southern coastal kwazulu - natal , rep . south africa .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .


the red-banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .

it is endemic to papua new guinea .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

red - banded flowerpecker

red - banded flowerpecker - the red - banded flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - capped flowerpecker - the red - capped flowerpecker is a small passerine bird endemic to , and widespread within , new guinea and adjacent islands . red - chested flowerpecker - the red - chested flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - striped flowerpecker - the red - striped flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . more
red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .
the red - banded flowerpecker is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum eximium . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as common in canopy in central new britain . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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p . l . sclater , 1877 – new hanover and new ireland ( including selapiu and lihir group ) , in n bismarck archipelago .
salvadori , 1880 – new britain ( including islands of lolobau and watom ) , in s bismarck archipelago .
8–9·5 cm ; 7–9·5 g . male nominate race has brownish crown and side of head , contrasting olive - brown and bronze - green upperparts , rump scarlet , tail . . .
forest , including degraded forest and forest edge , but rarely coastal or montane forest ; also tall . . .
insects recorded as taken . few other data , but recorded as foraging for fruits and around flowers in canopy .
birds with enlarged ovaries in jul and aug ; thought to be possibly double - brooded . nest with overhanging roof , but no porch , usually below . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in new britain and new ireland eba . poorly known . although large areas of lowland forest have been or are being . . .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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quelea / ˈkwiliə / is a genus of small passerine birds that belongs to the weaver family ploceidae , confined to africa .

these are small-sized , sparrow - or finch-like gregarious birds , with bills adapted to eating seeds .

queleas may be nomadic over vast ranges ; the red-billed quelea is said to be the most numerous bird species in the world .

quelea

male ( right ) and female red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) .
a flock of red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) , etosha national park , namibia .
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
: a red - billed bird ( q . quelea ) often kept as a cage bird
the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .
( red - billed quelea ) is the most numerous bird in the world , numbering thousands of millions .
…of the african weaverbird ( quelea ) have been estimated to exceed 1 , 000 , 000 individuals . …
…a grain - eating finch , the red - billed quelea ( quelea quelea ) , occurs like locusts , in plague proportions so numerous that alighting flocks may break the branches of trees . the use of city buildings for roosts by large flocks of starlings and blackbirds is also a problem , as is the nesting of albatrosses on…
quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
…red - billed weaver , or quelea ( quelea quelea ) , of the african savannas can sometimes become an agricultural pest ; it has been reported nesting in colonies covering several square miles of trees and harbouring millions of birds . bishop birds ( euplectes ) weave nests with a side entrance , generally in wet grassy areas . ( see …
quelea supports the zefania xml bible format , so you can easily download and use the language and translation of your choice .
research in this programme centres on the ecotoxicological risk and environmental impact assessments of quelea control operations in terrestrial and wetland biomes .
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quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
what made you want to look up quelea ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
early detection is essential for preventing pest establishment . if you have seen or are in possession of a red - billed quelea contact biosecurity queensland on 13 25 23 .
the waxy preen - gland secretions have not been studied extensively in passerine birds . poltz & jacob ( 1974 ) analysed samples from four ploceinae , including q . quelea and p . cucullatus . they found that the fatty acids were identical in three ploceus species , while the dominant compound in q . quelea was different . the alcohol component was almost exclusively one type in ploceus , and this was also the major constituent in quelea , with significant contributions from other alcohols . this suggests that that these secretions may be informative at the generic level .
craig , a . ( 2018 ) . cardinal quelea ( quelea cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
find the projector background difficult to read ? quelea can push out lyrics to any mobile device with a browser , all in real time - and you can choose the colours to best suit your needs .
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the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .
tens of thousands of quelea ' s came to feed on the superabundance of grass seed after the rains on our home estate . the recording includes both hundreds of birds calling whilst they feed but also the whirring of wings as they fly up and down from one patch of seed to another .
crook ( 1963 ) examined nest structure and classified the nests of p . bicolor , p . ocularis , p . philippinus and p . cucullatus in separate types , while the nests of euplectes , quelea and f . madagascariensis all were placed in the same category . later schnell ( 1973 ) carried out a phenetic analysis of crook ' s data . clustering by correlation coefficients grouped quelea and euplectes together ; f . sechellarum was linked with p . bicolor , f . madagascariensis with p . ocularis , and p . cucullatus with p . velatus . a slightly different arrangement resulted when he used distance coeeficients : quelea , euplectes , and f . madagascariensis formed one cluster , and p . cucullatus and p . velatus still were in the same cluster , but p . bicolor was isolated . in both these analyses , p . philippinus was not associated with any of the other species considered here .
pesticide fate and behaviour in the environment is followed in biotic matrices ( invertebrates , vertebrates , plants ) as well as abiotic matrices ( water , air - borne residues and soil ) . in addition , integrated decision support systems are being developed to assist managers in the integrated control of redbilled quelea in south africa .
…or eliminated ( locusts , tsetse flies , quelea finches—which do immense damage to grain crops—and some ungulates or carnivores ) , ( 3 ) species that provide a spectacle and bring economic benefit ( elephants , the larger plain ungulates , primates , or carnivores ) , and ( 4 ) endangered , rare , or unique species . …
…numbers of birds , the red - billed quelea , or “millet eater , ” which destroys crops , is notable , as are the partridge and the guinea fowl . reptiles are numerous and include pythons , as well as cobras and other venomous snakes . crocodiles , hippopotamuses , and turtles are found in the rivers . the rivers and the coastal…
there ' s some good lyrics projection software out there already , some of which is free and open source , some of which is commercial . with quelea we aim to incorporate the best features of existing solutions as well as leveraging new , useful technologies that existing solutions don ' t have - providing it all under a free , open source license .
( order passeriformes ) . it occurs in such enormous numbers that it often destroys grain crops and , by roosting , breaks branches . efforts to control quelea populations with poisons , napalm , pathogens , and electronic devices have had poor success ; but dynamiting the dense colonies , which may contain more than two million pairs in less than 50 hectares ( 125 acres ) , has achieved local control .
native to africa , the red - billed quelea is a small finch with a brown body and red bill . it can form nomadic super - colonies of up to 30 million birds , feeding on grains such as sorghum , wheat , barley , rice and corn . red - billed queleas are one of the world’s most abundant and destructive birds , causing us $ 70 million damage to grain crops each year .
basing his conclusions primarily on morphology and plumage characters , moreau ( 1960 ) suggested that foudia was closer to euplectes than to quelea . he also suggested that p . sakalava and p . nelicourvi had a recent common ancestor , and represented dry - country and forest versions of the same stock . elsewhere he commented that asian weavers appeared to have been better island colonists than african species , though he did not infer that asia was therefore a more likely source for the madagascar ploceus species .
four ploceidae occur naturally on madagascar : forest fody foudia omissa and madagascar fody f . madagascariensis , and nelicourvi weaver ploceus nelicourvi and sakalava weaver p . sakalava . a preliminary phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters and features of their breeding biology supports the view that the genus foudia may be closest to the african genera quelea and euplectes . the madagascan ploceus species may be linked to the solitary , insectivorous african weavers , or the asian baya weaver p . philippinus , rather than derived from the colonial savanna weavers of africa .
in a comparative study of limb musculature bentz ( 1979 ) dissected specimens of p . ocularis , p . cucullatus , q . quelea , f . madagascariensis and e . afer . four characters of the forelimb muscles and six on the hindlimb were shared by all these species . although f . madagascariensis had one autapomorphy on the forelimb and e . afer one on the hindlimb , comparison with the estrildidae suggested that the most significant variation in limb muscle morphology was at the family or subfamily level , rather than at the generic level .
karyotyping has not been used widely in bird studies . christidis ( 1986 ) commented that f . madagascariensis appeared to have a karyotype identical to that of p . velatus and p . philippinus . thus this character may not provide useful information on relationships within the sub - family . dna studies have yet to include any madagascar ploceids . dna - hybridization showed q . quelea and q . erythrops as close relatives , with euplectes their sister taxon , and ploceus species , including p . cucullatus , forming part of the same branch ( sibley & ahlquist 1990 ) .
table 2 shows the character states for the species in fig . 1 . the uninformative characters , which showed the primitive condition in all taxa , were disregarded in the analysis . with regard to skeletal characters , these are remarkably uniform in the three genera foudia , euplectes and quelea . i have data for eight other euplectes species , and all members of this genus share the same character states for these nine skeletal features . in contrast , the 17 species of ploceus examined so far represent seven different combinations of skeletal characters . this implies that the current genus , which includes more than 60 species in most checklists , is likely to be paraphyletic .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as possibly the most abundant bird in the world ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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less than 5 in . ( 13 cm ) long and weighing slightly more than 1 / 2 oz ( 1 . 4 grams ) , these tiny birds are found throughout sub - saharan africa in areas receiving less than 30 in . ( 76 cm ) of annual rainfall .
with the spread of grain farming and irrigation , they have extended their natural habitats , generally picking new breeding grounds every year . highly mobile , they often descend in a locustlike manner upon fields and in flight may indeed be mistaken for locusts . queleas are often found in concentrations of more than a million birds ; such a flock can destroy up to 60 tons of grain in a single day , consuming half and knocking the rest to the ground . hence , they are hunted aggressively with poisons and fire , but , as with locusts , to little effect .
queleas nest in thick thornbushes and trees ; a colony may cover up to 4 sq mi ( 10 . 4 sq km ) . the males build the simple grass nests , and a single thatched nest may house hundreds of females and their young , with only a few highly polygamous males . queleas are persistent and prolific breeders , beginning as early as nine months of age . in addition to grain , queleas also feed on insects and , in the
, strip the leaves from trees . the size of their groups is sufficient to break branches and flatten plants . queleas are classified in the phylum
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© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
a family of small , stocky birds that have short , stout bills . the weavers ( e . g .
, of which there are about 56 species , many kept as cage birds ) are mainly black with yellow , red , or brown . sparrows are mainly brown . some members of the genus
( bishops and whydahs ) have long tails . many ploceids are gregarious , inhabit forest , grassland , desert , urban areas , and cultivated land , and feed on seeds and insects . many build elaborate woven nests , suspended from trees , with a long entrance tunnel . others build untidy nests in trees , grass , and buildings . some are parasitic and most are colonial .
( house sparrow ) , one of 18 species in its genus , is particularly associated with humans . rock sparrows ( five species of
) inhabit open , rocky country , bush , and forest . there are 17–19 genera , comprising 145 species , many kept as cage birds ( e . g .
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
queleas breed in thorn - scrub country : every bush and tree for miles around may contain hundreds of their globular nests , which are built by the males ( black - faced , with pinkish foreparts at that season ) . each pair has two or three young , which within the year may wander hundreds of miles and breed in their turn . the “locust bird” plague has been the indirect and complicated result of human exploitation of marginal land for stock raising and of the large - scale cultivation of grains . queleas are thought to be among the most populous bird species in the world .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
several birds calling and singing at a small colony ; most nests still under construction .
flock calls from group in trees in the rest camp . flocks of many thousands of post - breeding birds seen over nearby grasslands .
relaxed chattering and some descending whistles from a whole bunch of queleas resting in the crown of an acacia tree in the heat of the day .
several hundred birds at dawn in mangrove , before taking off from the roost .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324311 .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324312
flock feeding on the ground and in short grass . habitat : accacia savanna .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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red - billed queleas coming to a waterhole for a drink chasing an african elephant away .
juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , doug and denise norris , daniêl jimenez , per . alstrom , yoël jimenez , marc de bont , trheijnen .
éric roualet , paul van giersbergen , petemorris , holger teichmann , aleix comas , jens thalund , lars petersson , frédéric pelsy , loutjie , guy poisson , robert erasmus , james kashangaki , smoghead , mauriravasini , ruben gaasenbeek , markus lilje , billonneau jean claude , tomasz doroń , priska rüegg , buchert , ossewa , arthur grosset , lutz duerselen , lad , antero topp , danielengelbrecht , manakincarmelo , paul cools , morten venas , juan josé bazán hiraldo .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon though locally abundant ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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taxon name is the
namestring
or
scientific name ,
the
data
that is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .
taxon term is the data value of either a classification term (
animalia
) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .
term type is the rank (
kingdom
) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (
author text
) .
source indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .
common names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .
sometimes placed with q . erythrops in a separate genus , queleopsis . proposed race rhodesiae ( described from e zambia ) alleged to have brown on nape more extensive , but individual variation occurs throughout species’ range . treated as monotypic .
s south sudan , ne drcongo , uganda , w kenya , rwanda and nw & n tanzania s to e zambia and , rare , c malawi ; rare non - breeding visitor to s ethiopia .
11 cm ; 11–15 g . small , short - tailed weaver . male breeding has bright red head down to throat and to variable extent onto breast ; nape and upperparts light brown with . . .
song a repetition of buzzes or sizzles introduced by sharp notes , terminating in nasal whistle ,
. . .
rank grass and wooded grassland , generally in dry areas . recorded at altitudes of 400–3000 m . . .
breeds aug–sept in drcongo , mar–jul in uganda and kenya , feb–may in tanzania and feb in zambia . polygynous . colonial , in . . .
flocks appear in many areas after rain , but may move on without breeding ; not clear if seasonal . . .
not globally threatened . locally abundant . a pest of agricultural crops in some parts of e africa .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) .
department of zoology , göteborg university , box 463 , 405 30 göteborg , sweden .
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this tool provides a simple way to produce distributions of trees with subsets of taxa . the upper limit for the tool is 2 , 500 species . if larger subsets ar required you can download full trees .
the tool first trims to a subset , and then samples trees from a chosen pseudo - posterior distribution . note that any further analyses should only be conducted with a large sample of trees .
. then copy and paste or drag and drop them into the box to the right .
alternatively , download the taxonomy file and paste species names from the “scientific” column .
please note : if you have different names , you will have to resolve to the available list .
click “get trees” to download a zipped set of randomly selected trees with metadata including accession numbers and citations to original sources .
results taking longer than expected ? traffic volume may result in longer processing times . if you don ' t recieve an email with the completed subset trees within 24 hours , please contact us .
note : once completed , a link to the generated phylogeny subsets will be emailed to the address provided .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1999 . weaving a story : the relationships of the endemic ploceidae of madagascar . in : adams , n . j . & slotow , r . h . ( eds ) proc . 22 int . ornithol . congr . , durban :
, primarily on the basis of their nesting and courtship behaviour . crook ( 1964 ) tentatively assigned the two endemic
, to a group that includes both african and asian ploceids , noting that little information was available for them .
previous accounts of the biogeography of the madagascar avifauna have neglected the ploceidae ; they were not mentioned at all by griveaud ( 1967 ) nor by keith ( 1980 ) . apart from incidental observations , little has been recorded concerning the biology of these species , which are also of minor conservation concern compared to other malagasy endemics . recent research has focussed on endangered
also comes from populations introduced on other indian ocean islands ( e . g . , crook 1961 ; safford 1997 ) . in this paper i have used published information and data from museum specimens to compare the four madagascar ploceids ,
, to possible relatives in africa and asia . from asia , i selected only baya weaver
, the most widespread and best - known species . from africa , i chose four
there is a long tradition of including many species of weavers in the genus ploceus . reichenow ( 1886 ) recognised 38 taxa in six subgenera . he included p . sakalava in the subgenus ploceus alongside the asian species streaked weaver p . manyar , black - breasted weaver p . benghalensis and asian golden weaver p . hypoxanthus ; p . velatus was placed in the subgenus sitagra ; and p . cucullatus in hyphantornis . ploceus ocularis and p . bicolor were assigned to the genus symplectes ( reichenow 1887 ) . in the most recent comprehensive afrotropical checklist , dowsett & forbes - watson ( 1990 ) recognise 56 species of ploceus . of the current world checklists , only wolters ( 1979 ) has broken up this large genus . he restricted ploceus to the five asian species ; placed sakalava and nelicourvi as the only two species making up nelicurvius ; ocularis in hyphanturgus ; bicolor in symplectes ; and velatus and cucullatus in textor . unfortunately wolters did not publish any reasons for these decisions , but morlion ( 1980 ) noted differences in pterolyosis within the genus ploceus that could support such subdivisions .
my original field studies of ploceids in south africa were stimulated and guided by the late profs . g . j . broekhuysen and k . immelmann , and by prof . g . l . maclean and dr . c . j . skead . for access to museum specimens , i am grateful to d . allan , t . cassidy , k . garrett , j . hinshaw , a . c . kemp , w . e . lanyon , m . louette , r . b . payne , and d . willard . research funding has been provided by rhodes university , and the foundation for research development . n . barker assisted with the systematic analysis , and p . e . hulley and c . j . whittington - jones commented on a draft of the paper .
benson , c . , colebrook - robjent , j . f . r . & williams , a . 1977 . contribution à l ' orithologie de madagascar . l ' oiseau et le revue française d ' ornithologie 47 : 167 - 191 .
bentz , g . d . 1979 . the appendicular myology and phylogenetic relationships of the ploceidae and estrildidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history 15 : 1 - 25 .
christidis , l . 1986 . chromosomal evolution in finches and their allies ( families : ploceidae , fringillidae , and emberizidae ) . canadian journal of genetics and cytology 28 : 762 - 769 .
collar , n . j . , crosby , m . j . & stattersfield , o . j . 1994 . birds to watch 2 . cambridge ; birdlife international .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1984 . the spectacled weaver ploceus ocularis and monogamy in the ploceinae . proceedings of the fifth pan - african ornithological congress : 477 - 483 .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1995 . adaptation and evolution in ploceid weaver nests . ostrich 66 : 100 - 102 .
crook , j . h . 1960 . studies on the reproductive behaviour of the baya weaver ploceus philippinus ( l ) . journal of the bombay natural history society 57 : 1 - 44 .
crook , j . h . 1961 . the fodies ( ploceinae ) of the seychelles islands . ibis 103a : 517 - 548 .
crook , j . h . 1963 . a comparative analysis of nest structure in the weaver birds ( ploceinae ) . ibis 105 : 238 - 262 .
crook , j . h . 1964 . the evolution of social organisation and visual communication in the weaverbirds ( ploceinae ) . behaviour supplement 10 : 1 - 178 .
davis , t . a . 1971 . variation in nest - structure of the common weaverbird ploceus philippinus ( l . ) of india . forma functio 4 : 225 - 239 .
de queirez , a . & wimberger , p . h . 1993 . the usefulness of behavior for phylogeny estimation : levels of homoplasy in behavioral and morphological characters . evolution 47 : 46 - 60 .
dowsett , r . j . & forbes - watson , a . d . 1993 . checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . vol . 1 : species limits and distribution . liege ; tauraco press .
farris , j . s . 1988 . reference manual for hennig86 , version 1 . 5 . new york ; the author .
frith , c . b . 1976 . a twelve - month field study of the aldabran fody foudia eminentissima aldabrana . ibis 118 : 155 - 178 .
griveaud , p . 1967 . le peuplement ornithologique de madagascar : origines - biogéographie . cahiers orstrom , serie biologie , number 4 : 53 - 76 .
keith , s . 1980 . origins of the avifauna of the malagasy region . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 99 - 108 .
langrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . new haven & london ; yale university press .
moreau , r . e . 1960 . conspectus and classification of the ploceine weaver - birds . ibis 102 : 298 - 321 , 443 - 471 .
morlion , m . l . 1980 . pterylosis as a secondary criterion in the taxonomy of the african ploceidae and estrildidae . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 27 - 41 .
newton , r . 1959 . notes on the two species of foudia on mauritius . ibis 101 : 240 - 243 .
poltz , j . & jacob , j . 1974 . bürzeldrüsensekrete bei ammern ( emberizidae ) , finken ( fringillidae ) , und webern ( ploceidae ) . journal für ornithologie 115 : 119 - 127 .
rand , a . l . 1936 . the distribution and habits of madagascar birds . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 72 : 143 - 499 .
reichenow , a . 1886 . monographie der gattung ploceus cuv . zoologisches jahrbuch 1 : 113 - 164 .
reichenow , a . 1887 . monographie der gattung symplectes sw . zoologisches jahrbuch 2 : 625 - 638 .
safford , r . j . 1997 . the nests of sympatric native and introduced fody foudia species on mauritius . ostrich 68 : 27 - 30 .
schnell , g . d . 1973 . a reanalysis of nest structure in the weavers ( ploceinae ) using numerical taxonomy techniques . ibis 115 : 93 - 106 .
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds . new haven & london ; yale university press .
swofford , d . l . 1993 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 1 . 1 . champaign ; illinois natural history survey .
wolters , h . e . 1979 . die vogelarten der erde , lieferung 4 . hamburg & berlin ; paul parey .
character states of male birds used for a phylogenetic comparison of selected ploceidae ; the presumed primitive condition is coded as 0 .
the ploceidae , or weavers , are small passerine birds related to the finches .
the weaver group is divided into the buffalo , sparrow , typical , and widow weavers . the males of many species are brightly coloured , usually in red or yellow and black , some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season .
the birds build their nests together for protection , often several to a branch . usually the male birds weave the nests and use them as a form of display to lure prospective females . the weaver bird colonies may be found close to water bodies . they sometimes cause crop damage , notably the
craig , adrian ( 2010 ) .
family ploceidae ( weavers )
. in del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; and christie , d . a . handbook of the birds of the world 15 . barcelona : lynx edicions . pp . 74–197 .
fry , c . h . & keith , s . ( 2004 ) the birds of africa vol . vii . christopher helm , london
allende , luis m . ; rubio , isabel ; ruíz - del - valle , valentin ; guillén , jesus ; martínez - laso , jorge ; lowy , ernesto ; varela , pilar ; zamora , jorge ; arnaiz - villena , antonio ( 2001 ) .
the old world sparrows ( genus passer ) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes
( pdf ) . journal of molecular evolution 53 ( 2 ) : 144–154 . pmid 11479685 . archived from the original on 21 july 2011 .
arnaiz - villena , a ; gómez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .
phylogeography of finches and sparrows
. nova science publishers . isbn 978 - 1 - 60741 - 844 - - 3 .
red - headed fody ( f . eminentissima ) ( comoro fody and aldabra fody if species split )
cuckoo - finch also called parasitic weaver ( a . imberbis ) ( probably belongs in viduidae )
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red - billed queleas are occasionally kept as pets in australia . they have not been recorded in the wild in queensland , but would be well suited to queensland’s tropical and subtropical savannas .
found in tropical and subtropical seasonally dry savannas , grasslands , woodlands , croplands .
prefers thorny or spiny vegetation ( e . g . acacia savannas ) during breeding season .
breeds several times in same season , with 1 - 2 year break between seasons .
could cause significant damage to queensland ' s $ 400 million per annum cereal grain crops .
herons , storks , falcons , goshawks , owls , hornbills , rollers , kingfishers , crows , marabou , shrikes , snakes , lizards , small mammals .
local governments must have a biosecurity plan that covers invasive plants and animals in their area . this plan may include actions to be taken on certain species . some of these actions may be required under local laws . contact your local government for more information .
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