the lowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) , is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is found in eastern africa .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .

lowland tiny greenbul

montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]
lowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa .
diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa . - pubmed - ncbi
now considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )
fuchs j , fjeldså j , bowie rck . 2011 . diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa . bmc evol biol , 11 : 117 .
lowland evergreen forest , forest - woodland mosaic , thick coastal scrub , gallery forest ; sometimes . . .
the clear altitudinal segregation in morphology found within the tiny greenbul is the result of secondary contact of two highly differentiated lineages rather than disruptive selection in plumage pattern across an altitudinal gradient . based on our results , we recommend albigula be elevated to species rank .
fishpool , l . , tobias , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
marks bd . ? 2010 . are lowland rainforests really evolutionary museums ? phylogeography of the green hylia ( hylia prasina ) in the afrotropics . mol phylogen evol , 55 : 178–184 .
experiences with species i had seen this small greenbul in mozambique on two previous occasions , but 2011 was the first time i got him in the lens . other names : -
we found significant biometric differences between the lowland ( rabai ) and montane ( albigula ) populations in tanzania . the differences in shape are coupled with discrete differences in the coloration of the underparts . using multi - locus data gathered from 124 individuals , we show that lowland and montane birds form two distinct genetic lineages . the divergence between the two forms occurred between 2 . 4 and 3 . 1 myrs ago . our coalescent analyses suggest that limited gene flow , mostly from the subspecies rabai to albigula , is taking place at three mid - altitude localities , where lowland and montane rainforest directly abut . the extent of this introgression appears to be limited and is likely a consequence of the recent expansion of rabai further inland .
sheldon fh , oliveros ch , taylor ss , mckay b , lim hc , rahman ma , mays h , moyle rg . 2012 . molecular phylogeny and insular biogeography of the lowland tailorbirds of southeast asia ( cisticolidae : orthotomus ) . mol phylogenet evol , 65 : 54–63 .
assignment of individuals to genetic cluster using the structure algorithm for k = 2 ( mean loglikelihood across three runs , - ln = 595 . 9 ) . the red color corresponds to the individuals sampled in the nguru and usambara mts ( albigula ) . green corresponds to individuals sampled in the tanzanian lowland ( rabai ) and mozambique / zimbabwe ( debilis ) . evidence for admixture involves five individuals sampled in the nguru mts , usambara mts and on mt kanga .
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urltoken
we appreciate the many constructive comments received , and we will continue to revisit problematic english names on a case by case basis . we also refine and adjust english names as required by changes of species taxonomy .
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 11 ( jan 2 , 2012 )
crested hawk - eagle ( used for n . limnaetus , if split ) was incorrectly applied to n . cirrhatus sensu lato , when lumped in version 2 . 0 . correct to changeable hawk - eagle as used by other primary world lists . thanks to frank lambert for advising us of this error
adopt name established in other major lists . ioc alone in dropping the modifier , the bird’s most distinguishing feature .
shorter name without “pied” adopted for thai checklist ( p round comm ) . spot - breasted woodpecker is preoccupied by colaptes punctigula
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 10 ( oct 18 , 2011 )
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 9 ( july 10 , 2011 )
we acknowledge widespread opposition to ioc 1 . 0 proposal of common pigeon to avoid conflict with petrophassa ” rock pigeons” ; accept bou choice of classic rock dove for this species native to british isles . feral pigeon is available for populations introduced worldwide .
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 8 ( mar 31 , 2011 )
follows split of c . pampa ; english names follow ridgway , sibley & monroe 1993 , aou 1998
english nam e updates – ioc version 2 . 7 ( dec 29 , 2010 )
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 6 ( oct 23 , 2010 )
only one species and the simpler name conforms to other leading works ( hbw , inskipp ) .
shrike - babblers are not babblers , but vireo relatives ; hence lower case .
english name updates – ioc version 2 . 5 ( july 4 , 2010 )
correct name for amboinensis ; brown cuckoo - dove is used for m . phasianella
bamboo flatbill of hilty ( 2003 ) is better name , but “large - headed” prevails .
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
is a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to
from
black - crested bulbul
to
black - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )
the rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .
is in prevailing usage . based on
turdoïde de gourdin
of homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )
nigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola
rwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi
based on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017
as a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet
( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .
kuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
dalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )
is a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
barrera et al . 2010 , carantón - ayala and certuche - cubillos 2010 , cadena & stiles 2010 . sacc 479
c . aeruginosus ( currently treated as a ssp of c . rubiginosus ) is sister to c . auricularis ; rubiginosus is sister to c . atricollis ( moore et al 2010 )
xingu scale - backed antbird , including subspecies vidua and nigrigula is split from scale - backed antbird ( isler and whitney 2011 ) ; sacc proposal badly needed . shorter english name preferred ? ?
king 1997 ; drovetski et al 2004 ; alstrom et al 2011 , obc ; cf dickinson 2003 , hbw 11 w comments .
treat this virtually unknown holdover from sibley & monroe as ssp of black - eared ground thrush g . cameronensis as do other major lists ( p gregory comm ) .
until recently considered conspecific with p . albigula ( which see ) . race rabai has grey vs green crown ( recent published illustration # r misses this point ) and approaches nominate to within 200 km ( based on published map # r ) . study of voices of these two taxa and p . albigula needed . two subspecies recognized .
e . j . o . hartert & van someren , 1921 – c & s coastal kenya and ne coastal tanzania ( s to r rufiji ) .
( w . l . sclater , 1899 ) – se tanzania , s mozambique and extreme e zimbabwe ( haroni–rusitu ) .
12·8–13·8 cm ; male 13·3–17 g , female 12·5–14·9 g ( nominate ) , male 13·5–17 g , female , 11·6–15 g . . .
insectivorous . usually seen in pairs or in small parties of up to c . 10 individuals , sometimes singly ; often joins mixed - species parties . . . .
nesting recorded in dec and may ; birds in breeding condition in oct–may in coastal tanzania and oct–jan in zimbabwe . monogamous . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally common ; apparent declines in n & s parts of range , implying that it is less common than it used to be in parts of kenya . . .
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mixed flock , observed moving through tangled undergrowth for several minutes . recording amplified . iphone 5s .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phyllastrephus debilis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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museum of vertebrate zoology and department of integrative biology , 3101 valley life science building , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 - 3160 , usa . jeromefuchs @ urltoken
pmid : 21539741 pmcid : pmc3097164 doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 117
distribution of phyllastrephus debilis ; dots represent our sampling localities ( blue : albigula ; green , rabai ; red , debilis ) . the painting depicts the typical plumage of p . d . albigula and p . d . rabai / debilis , respectively .
50 % majority consensus rule tree obtained from the bayesian analyses of nd2 . values close to nodes represent bootstrap values ( above node ; if > 75 % ) and bayesian posterior probabilities ( below node ; if > 0 . 95 ) . mean genetic distances among the primary groups are indicated . the haplotype networks were constructed using the statistical parsimony algorithm implemented in tcs .
multi - locus network obtained using standardized genetic distances of the three nuclear loci . only individuals that could be sequenced and phased with a posterior probability greater than 0 . 75 for all three loci ( n = 80 ) are included .
biplot of the first two components of the bioclimatic variables extracted from our sampling locality co - ordinates . note the rather disparate environmental conditions for the albigula sampling points . all sites where gene flow was recorded ( e . g . mt . kanga ) are characterized by reduced seasonality ( variable 4 ) .
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this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
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this article is part of project pycnonotidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bulbul , including made - up species .
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chinese birds 2013 , 4 ( 2 ) 99 - 131 doi : 10 . 5122 / cbirds . 2013 . 0016 issn : 1674 - 7674 cn : 11 - 5870 / q
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nassarius hirtus , common name the rough nassa , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius hirtus

nassariidae » nassarius hirtus , id : 176674 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : nassarius hirtus ( l . c . kiener , 1834 ) - id : 1950000570
nassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )
nassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
( of nassarius ( alectrion ) hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) : tröndlé & boutet ( 2009 ) [ source de l ' enregistrement ] tröndlé , j . & boutet , m . 2009 . inventory of marine molluscs of french polynesia . atoll research bulletin , 570 : 1 - 87 .
nassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912
nassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
id : 101289 original name : nassarius _ hirtus [ jdg1 ] . jpg size 423x750 - 24818 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 1081 created : 2009 - 09 - 21 00 : 20 : 15 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 101289 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 101289 ] ] ( thumbnail )
( of nassarius ( alectrion ) hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )
nassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .
nassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .
nassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius duméril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .
according to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril , 1806 .
the name is derived from the latin word
nassa
, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean
someone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish
.
most nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius duméril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30
haitao li ( 李海涛 ) , duan lin ( 林端 ) , hongda fang ( 方宏达 ) , aijia zhu ( 朱艾嘉 ) and yang gao ( 高阳 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]
( of buccinum hirtum kiener , 1834 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( alectrion ) seminodosa a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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singapore . tmft , changi . during low tide on sand flat . february 10 , 2001 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
locally common in silty sand under stones in shallow water . attains 1 . 25 inch . hawaii , tuamotus , marquesas , and the solomon islands .
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* image is also available in higher resolution : 101289 . jpg ( 751x1331 - 149 kb ) .
own collection . hawaii . sharks cove . on 2 feet in tide pools at night .
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galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) .
depth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
r . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
species within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .
the shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .
is believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red
) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .
. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even
shows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus
. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .
, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the
bouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .
82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior
proceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356
bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp
kay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .
wolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163
nassa röding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta röding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( bruguière , 1798 ) .
in the 19th and much of the 20th century , all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae . after the rediscovery of röding ' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia , the muricid genus nassa röding , 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .
nassa röding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .
nassa francolina ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa serta ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
houart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa röding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63
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perophora japonica is a species of colonial sea squirt in the genus perophora , native to the north indo-pacific .

it has spread to several other parts of the world including the south coast of britain , france , the netherlands and the west coast of the united states .

perophora japonica

perophora japonica , with stolons photographer : richard lord . publisher : frey , melissa .
perophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg
in the northeast pacific , perophora japonica is most similar to p . annectens ritter , 1893 .
kento furui added the japanese common name
マメボヤ
to
perophora japonica oka , 1927
.
home » perophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg
perophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg | marine invaders of the ne pacific
introduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : in japan , where perophora japonica is native , it has been reported to foul cultured oysters ( arakawa 1990 , cited by da rocha et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]
monniot , c . & monniot , f , 1985 . apparition de l ' ascidie perophora japonica sur les côtes et dans les ports de la manche . compte rendu de la société de biogéographie , 61 , 111 - 116 .
baldock , b . & bishop , j . d . d . , 2001 . occurrence of the non - native ascidian perophora japonica in the fleet , southern england . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 81 , 1067 .
nishikawa , t . bishop , j . d . d . & sommerfeldt , a . d . , 2000 . occurrence of the alien ascidian perophora japonica at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 80 , 955 - 956 .
oka , a . ( 1927 ) . uber eine perophora aus japan . proc . imp . acad . 2 ( 8 ) : 588 - 560 . [ details ]
bishop , j . 2005 . perophora japonica a sea squirt . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
image courtesy of john bishop , marine biological association , plymouth , uk . image shows ( a ) a colony overgrowing the bryozoan membranipora membranacea on kelp and ( b ) the characteristic bright yellow terminal buds of p . japonica .
shenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .
monniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nishikawa , t . ( 1991 ) . the ascidians of the japan sea 2 . publ . seto mar . biol . lab . 35 ( 1 / 3 ) : 25 - 170 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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fofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :
colonies of small , translucent zooids ( approximately 4 mm long ) budded from stolons and generally rather closely packed . young parts of colony are yellow or greenish - yellow . stolons may bear angular , often star - shaped , terminal buds , which are bright yellow .
recorded in queen anne ' s battery marina , plymouth sound ; the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth , and in guernsey .
also recorded from the english channel coast of france . originally described in japan , and reported from korea .
at plymouth , it grows on fucoid algae , hydroids and artificial settlement panels on the underside of a floating pontoon . in france , it is reported growing on
spp . , sponges , solitary ascidians , oysters , and directly on floating pontoons .
in the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth . it was recorded in guernsey in 2003 ( richard lord pers comm . ) .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
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this species is a social ascidian , with individual zooids connected basally by stolons . together , zooids and stolons often form a dense mass similar to a tiny bunch of grapes . individual zooids are globular in shape , measure 2 - 4 mm in diameter , and covered by a pale green tunic . stolons are characterized by distinct , star - shaped flattened terminal buds , yellow in color .
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of tissue . the vaselike individuals are only slightly taller than they are wide , and are a translucent yellowish or grayish - green . the
have 5 - 6 lobes . the ovary and testis are within the curve of the gut . individual
are about 2 - 3 mm wide x 3 - 5 mm tall ; colony up to 10 cm or more across . colony may resemble a cluster of tiny green seedless grapes .
of this species may be well separated , or may be fairly closely packed together or their tunics may even be partially fused together . this species broods its larvae . some of the darker yellow spots on the individuals above are likely larvae .
the zooids of a colony are genetically identical , formed by budding of the stolons . individual zooids are hermaphroditic . in a related species the hormone thyroxin has been shown to enhance growth of the stolons while inhibiting formation of buds , which would presumably result in a colony of individuals which are more spread out from each other . thiourea , on the other hand , inhibits stolon growth but stimulates bud formation . growth of the stolons seems to be strongly affected by local electrical charges . in p . orientalis , stimulation of the neural ganglion alters the heartbeat . this alteration is passed on to neighboring zooids by the blood .
this species concentrates vanadium up to 9 ppt dry weight , mainly in blood cells .
in california these colonies grow rapidly in spring , sexually reproduce in summer or early fall , and degenerate over winter .
though small , this translucent species is excellent for studying heartbeat , blood flow , ciliary beating on the pharyngeal basket , and characteristics of stolon growth .
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the principals were invited to the uk as guests of her majesty the queen ( state visits ) or guests of government at the invitation of the prime minister or foreign secretary . for such visits the fco . . .
state pension claimants source : department for work and pensions ( dwp ) publisher : department for work and pensions ( dwp ) geographies : lower layer super output area ( lsoa ) , middle layer super . . .
the state of calderdale assembly was held on thursday 9 february 2017 . it was hosted by calderdale council to bring together key representatives from the public , private , and voluntary and . . .
database of inward state visits and guest of government visits to the uk . this dataset gives details of the principals who were invited to the uk as guests of hm the queen ( state visits ) or guest . . .
claimants who either a ) were claiming the state pension ( stocks ) on the count date , b ) ended a claim ( off - flows ) during the previous accounting month or c ) started a new claim ( on - flows ) during the . . .
the state of the cities database provides access to a broad range of statistical data and information at several geographic levels source : communities and local government ( clg ) publisher : . . .
presents statistical information that illustrated the factors that contributed to regional competitiveness . source agency : business , innovation and skills designation : national . . .
contract documentation is only available for contracts with a value of over £10 , 000 which have been agreed after 1st july 2010 ( it contracts ) and 1st jan 2011 ( all other contracts ) .
data held in association with a person who provides services to land registry under terms specified in a contract .
this spreadsheet lists all our current information and communications technology ( ict ) contracts . details of new ict contracts will be published as they are signed .
details of central government tenders and contracts , including those for the national archives , will be published on contracts finder urltoken contracts finder is . . .
contracts entered into with land registry relating to facilities management including tenders , awards , transactional data , contract variations and performance against key performance indicators . . .
information relating to contracts managed by hmrc for the provision of property and services . updated : monthly .
the total supply of social rent housing and intermediate housing . source : communities and local government ( clg ) publisher : dclg floor targets interactive geographic coverage : england time . . .
calderdale council delivers a national standard bikeability cycle training to year 5 and year 6 school children as part of a series of training courses for each year group . the funded two day . . .
provides information on savings in adult and junior individual savings accounts - the number of individuals subscribing to isas and market values of isas . source agency : hm revenue and . . .
this indicator is part of the council ' s corporate indicator set - ki h2 these figures are published every 6 months , at the half year and year end the 3 year target was to deliver 400 affordable . . .
the national archives provides information about the number of records delivered to the public in our reading rooms within 60 minutes . this information is available here .
provides information on the distributions of savings in individual savings accounts ( isa ) by income , age , gender and region source agency : hm revenue and customs designation : national . . .
provides general information on all hmrc taxes , including tax receipts , the number of taxpayers , personal tax credits , child benefit and estimates of the cost of tax expenditures and structural . . .
here you can find data on each of the arts council ' s music education hubs . information includes the address , name and type of every school within reach of a music education hub .
a tree preservation order ( tpo ) is an order made by the local planning authority in respect of trees or woodlands . the prinicpal effect of a tpo is to prohibit the - cutting down , uprooting , . . .
data details the results of the confirmation dry run ( cdr ) , a test of the confirmation process which will be the first step in transition to individual electoral registration . the full evaluation . . .
information on weekly incomes by family type , source of income , age , marital status , and employment status . source agency : social development ( northern ireland ) designation : national . . .
presents statistics on iva outcomes - completions , failures and ongoing cases - since their introduction in england and wales source agency : business , innovation and skills designation : official . . .