the red hake or squirrel hake , urophycis chuss , is a phycid hake of the genus urophycis , found in the atlantic ocean at depths between 10 and 500 m .

it grows to about 30 in ( 75 cm ) and 7 lb ( 3.2 kg ) .

red hake are edible , and are sought out by recreational fisherman as a gamefish .

red hake

red hake prefer soft sand or muddy bottom , and feed primarily on crustaceans and rock crabs , as well as fish such as haddock , silver hake , sea robins , mackerel and small red hake . primary predators of red hake include spiny dogfish , cod , goosefish , and silver hake .
table 5 . 2 msy - based reference points for the northern red hake stock .
) . based on this , the southern red hake stock is not in an overfished condition .
table 5 . 3 recreational and commercial landings of southern red hake ( thousand metric tons ) .
brodziak , j . 2001 . status of fisheries resources off of northeastern united states – red hake . urltoken
red hake migrate seasonally , preferring temperatures between 5 and 12° c ( 41 - 54° f ) ( grosslein and azarovitz 1982 ) .
this reduction is required because the northern red hake fishery is projected to have reached or exceeded 37 . 9 percent of the total allowable landings .
the northern red hake commercial possession limit is reduced from 3 , 000 lbs per trip to 400 lbs per trip . effective immediately , federally permitted vessels may not possess on board or land more than 400 lb of northern red hake per trip for the remainder of the 2017 fishing year ( i . e . , through april 30 , 2018 ) .
[ 47 ] landings of red hake at new bedford from the nantucket shoals region , mostly used in this way , were about 5 , 600 , 000 pounds in 1947 .
the red hake can be found from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . they are a member of the cod family and as such possess a distinctive barbel on their chin . red hake vary in color depending upon their environment , but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .
red hake , urophycis chuss , is a demersal gadoid species distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . red hake are separated into northern and southern stocks for management purposes . the northern stock is defined as the gulf of maine to northern georges bank region , while the southern stock is defined as the southern georges bank to mid - atlantic bight region ( figure 5 . 1 ) . both red hake stocks were last assessed in the fall of 1990 .
hake is noted for its long , slender body and visible front teeth . only buy fish that are longer than 50cm with bright eyes and red gills . hake fillets should have firm white flesh with no discolouration , blemishing or bruising .
on the southwest part of georges bank , in late june 1951 , but only 51 white hake . reported landings also , in pounds , for 1945 , were about 100 times as great for red as for white hake from the nantucket grounds , whence all the little hake are brought in for the trash fish industry . and the discrepancy is greater still in numbers , for the white hake are much the heavier of the two , individually . red hake also predominate over white among the hake landed in new york and to the southward , as is illustrated by the catch statistics for 1947 .
the primary fishing gear used to catch red hake is the otter trawl . recreational catches , taken almost exclusively from the southern stock , have been of minor importance and have been negligible in recent years . in 2000 , the new england fisheries management council implemented amendment 12 to the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) , and placed red hake into the “small mesh multispecies” management unit , along with silver hake and offshore hake . this amendment set retention limits based on net mesh size , adopted overfishing definitions for the northern and southern red hake stocks , identified essential fish habitat for all life stages , and set requirements for fishing gear ( nefmc 2000 ) . the survey indices used in this document differ from previous assessments in that vessel and door conversion coefficients have been incorporated ( nefsc 1991 ) .
tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .
during the spring and summer months , red hake move into shallower waters to spawn , and during the winter months move offshore to deep waters in the gulf of maine and the edge of the continental shelf along southern new england and georges bank .
bank . but this would give a wholly false picture of the actual situation , because most of the red hake that are caught on these grounds are thrown overboard because they are too small to be worth gutting and icing under present market conditions .
red hake ( urophycis chuss ) these fish have a tall first dorsal fin followed by a much longer second dorsal fin , and long narrow ventral fins . they are reddish - brown on top and yellowish - white on the belly . they have a small barbel on their chin . the maximum length for red hakes is 20
( 50 cm ) , but they commonly grow no larger than 16
( 40 cm ) .
it has only been since 1944 that the landings of white hake and of red ( i . e . , squirrel ) hake have been reported separately . taken at their face value , these would point to the white hake as by far the more plentiful member of the pair throughout the inner parts of the gulf as a whole , and on georges bank . in 1945 , for example ,
dealers issued federal dealer permits for small - mesh multispecies may not purchase more than 400 lbs of northern red hake per trip from federally permitted vessels for trips started after august 7 , 2017 . federally permitted dealers must continue to report all fish purchased from any vessel .
red hake are rarely known to attain weights exceeding 6 or 7 pounds , so this particular fish can truly be considered a monster hake . white hake on the other hand are very similar looking and known to attain weights of as much as 40 pounds . since the two species are so similar and the weight of the fish watson caught was more in the white hake range , marine fisheries biologists diligently examined the fish to confirm its identification and its world record status .
steiner , w . w . , j . j . luczkovich , and b . l . olla . 1982 . activity , shelter usage , growth and recruitment of juvenile red hake urophycis chuss . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 7 : 125 - 135 .
the 2003 - 2005 average fish weight of 0 . 068 kg was about half of the acceptable individual fish weight reference point , however the 2003 - 2005 recruitment index of 5 . 68 red hake less than 25 cm length per tow was above 4 . 07 , the median value
division of fish and wildlife marine fisheries biologists first examined the fish and counted scale rows and the gill rakers on the upper portion of the first gill arch , which are both reported to be valid diagnostic characters . the initial examination showed the fish to be a red hake . the identification was then confirmed by ichthyologists at the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia who x - rayed the specimen to determine the number of abdominal vertebrae , another diagnostic character . this too identified the fish as a red hake and it has been added to the academy ' s extensive fish collection .
, corresponding to the increase in landings by distant water fleets . during 1967 to 1983 , the survey index fluctuated without trend , and has since declined despite very low landings since the early 1980s . in 2005 , the stock biomass index for southern red hake was 0 . 78 kg per tow
in 1998 the overfishing definition review panel ( applegate et al . 1998 ) concluded that msy and f reference points could not be determined for southern red hake because the time series of landings and survey biomass indices did not include a period of stable landings at high biomass levels . the panel noted that discarding could be significant , especially in the scallop and trawl fisheries . habitat destruction was also thought to be prohibiting stock recovery since juveniles rely on intact scallop beds for shelter . however , in recent years the scallop stock has been recovering , but red hake biomass indices have not increased .
few fishermen target red hake when they go fishing . they do not put up a fight when hooked , do not grow that large , and have a meat that deteriorates quickly if not properly handled . mostly , they are considered just one of the neat species that make up the
by - catch
when fishing for cod , haddock , or pollock . if you were to actively fish for red hake , you would find that they will accept many different kinds of bait . clam is probably the most popular but seaworms , shrimp , and chunks of herring or mackerel will also take them . in fact , those that fish at night ( when they feed most actively ) with chunks of herring on a simple dropper rig will find very good results . you want to fish wrecks and other areas of heavy structure with an 8 - 16 ounce lead sinker to hold bottom . due to the sloth - like nature of these fish , articial lures are pretty much useless . although possible to snag one on a jig , this is the exception , rather than the rule . when it comes to fishing for red hake , you are far better off to stick with the still - fishing bait approach . fishing for red hake is only moderately important for commercial fisherman , making up a portion of the by - catch that is typically ground up for fish meal . here on the south shore of massachusetts , a fair number of red hake are caught by charter and party boats that take passengers out on all - day cod trips . the flesh of the red hake is white , flaky , and with a delicate sweetness that loses much of its flavor when repeatedy frozen and thawed . it is often used in chowders and is best fresh . the meat is softer than cod or haddock and turns rather rubbery and tasteless if not handled properly .
hake is particularly loved in spain , where it is often grilled or baked and served with chorizo , paprika or garlic . try geoffrey smeddle ' s roast hake with chorizo , chickpeas and coriander . in fact , each region in spain seems to have its own hake dish . in basque country , it is often partnered with clams ; in galicia with garlic , tomato and onion ; in catalunya , it is often served with potato in a stew . paul aussignac pan - fries his hake and serves it with a red pepper relish .
on the south shore , silver hake move inshore in numbers in the fall .
affordable , versatile and very delicious , hake is a beautiful fish to cook .
typically , hake is sold fresh or frozen but is occasionally sold salted or smoked .
silver hake have an overall silver iridescent color on their sides with some light brown relections mixed in . color is slightly darker above and nearly pure white on the underside . fins are silver tinged with light brown . silver hake have two dorsal fins . the first being almost a perfect triangle , the second dorsal being about four times greater in size . athough a member of the cod family , they do not possess the distinctive barbel on their chin that is common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , but not as eel - like in appearance as the red hake . it also does not share the red hakes long ventral fins . scales are very small and the head is relatively compressed . however , the mouth is large and filled with very sharp needle - like teeth .
) . annual landings then declined sharply to 12 , 900 mt in 1970 , increased to 76 , 400 mt in 1972 , and then declined steadily with increased restrictions on distant - water fishing effort . prior to implementation of the magnuson fisheries conservation and management act ( mfcma ) in 1977 , distant - water fleets accounted for approximately 80 - 90 % of the total landings from both stocks . between 1977 and 1986 , landings generally declined due to restrictions placed on distant water fleets , and foreign landings ceased in 1987 ( brodziak 2001 ) . red hake landings continued to decline afterwards , and averaged only 1 , 100 mt per year during 1996 - 2005 . in 2005 , total red hake landings were a historic low of 300 mt
from 2012 to 2015 , u . s . landings of silver hake decreased ~ 15 %
no doubt the eggs of the white hake are bouyant like those of the squirrel hake ( p . 225 ) , but few wholly ripe females , no eggs naturally spawned , or young larvae have been seen yet .
northern red hake landings and nefsc autumn survey biomass indices were relatively high until the mid - 1970s when the distant water fishery was at its maximum . landings have since declined to a historical low in 2005 . in 2005 , the exploitation index was well below the f msy proxy of 0 . 65 and the 3 - year average biomass index remained above the ½ b msy proxy , indicating that the stock is not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .
they may be from the same family but hake looks distinctly different to cod . hake are streamlined and fierce with distinctive ( and slightly scary ) pointed teeth and a silvery belly . despite its aggressive appearance , the flesh of the hake is a dream – firm , flaky and pale with a subtle flavour that is not dissimilar to cod .
the southern red hake stock is considered to be in an overfished condition when the three - year moving average weight per individual fish in the nmfs autumn survey falls below the 25th percentile of the 1963 - 1997 average of 0 . 12 kg and when the three - year moving average of the abundance of immature fish less than 25 cm in the fall survey is below the 1963 - 1997 median value of 4 . 07 immature fish per tow ( table 5 . 4 ) .
we were equally ignorant of the spawning and early stages of the squirrel hake up to the summer of 1912 . but we trawled squirrel hake with running spawn and milt in ipswich bay in that july , fertilized the eggs on board the
one of the reasons hake is so popular among chefs and home cooks is that it carries a subtle yet sweet flavour . hake , like most other white fish , can be paired with flavours as diverse as bacon , horseradish and coconut .
red hake vary in color depending upon their environment but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath . a member of the cod family , they possess the distinctive barbel on their chin , common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , with the first dorsal fin triangular in shape but the second dorsal and anal fins are long and continous like an eel , but not connected to the tail fin . it is best distinguished from other species by it ' s abnormally long ventral fins that begin at their throat and run half the length of their body . scales are very small , giving the fish a slippery feel similar to an eel . the head is relatively small but the mouth is compartitively large and filled with small , harmless teeth .
when cooking hake whole , ensure that it has been gutted and the gills removed . roasting is a superb way to cook a whole hake but it can also be barbecued , cooked en papillote or poached . when cooked in the oven , it should be covered with either a tight - fitting lid or wrapped in foil . the flesh of hake absorbs flavours brilliantly so if you’re roasting hake , add a generous amount of flavouring to the cavity and into slashed flesh before cooking to add flavour .
, and thus identified the eggs . since then large numbers of squirrel - hake eggs have been hatched artificially at the gloucester hatchery .
avoid buying hake during the breeding season from february to july and check the latest sustainability information to avoid buying fish from depleted stocks .
silver hake , a . k . a .
whiting ,
is one of several similar hake and whiting species that inhabit cold and temperate waters on both the northern and southern hemispheres . most species are identified by their geographic origin and quality among species varies significantly . similar to cod and haddock , silver hake has a softer flesh and less flakes . among hake and whiting species , silver hake has one of the firmer meats . raw flesh should appear a translucent white with a watery appearance and when cooked , coloration ranges from pure white to off - white . peak season for fresh silver hake is summer and fall . freshness of the fish can be determined by the durability of the fillet . avoid purchasing fillets that have a dull , brown , or dry appearance . because it spoils quickly , silver hake is often used for frozen , value - added seafood products , and properly handled fresh silver hake has a shelf - life of up to five days . the flavourful fish has a high degree of culinary versatility at a noticeably lower price point than its atlantic cod and haddock counterparts .
silver hake reach sexual maturity between ages two and three , and can live up to 14 years . recently , however , most silver hake observed in us waters are not much older than six . they grow up to 28 inches in length and weigh up to five pounds .
undoubtedly were either white hake or squirrel hake . but the simple post anal pigment band , short , stocky bodies , and fan - like ventrals of the younger stages pictured by , him under this same name ( pl . 7 , figs . 1 - 4 ) suggest that they were rockling .
remarks : the species was formerly confused with the white hake , u . tenuis , but musick ( 1973 , 1974 ) confirmed differences in morphometry , distribution , and life history of the two species . markle et al . ( 1982 ) compared other life history traits of the 2 sibling hake species .
bivalve mollusks , and neither large mollusks nor echinoderms have ever been found in a hake , so far as we know . the stomach contents so far recorded
[ 38 ] about 13 , 000 pounds of white hake were reported from maryland in 1947 , about 65 , 000 pounds from virginia , and about 4 , 000 pounds from north carolina , with no reds . but we suspect that reds were actually included as well as whites , and spotted hake also .
the ventral fins of the squirrel hake overlap the vent as a rule , whereas those of the white hake fall short of it , but this is not invariably the case , as already remarked ( p . 222 ) , for we have seen squirrel hakes in which the ventrals , did not reach to the vent . furthermore , the filamentous part of the third ray of the first dorsal fin is much longer ( if undamaged ) in the squirrel than in the white hake , i . e . , three to five times as long as the rest of the fin , and the nose is blunter . the color , too , is of some value in identifying these species , for while the squirrel hake is almost always reddish brown , the white hake has a decidedly purplish lustre when fresh caught .
have found little hake hiding in the mantle cavities of scallops in 20 fathoms off new york , and scallop fishermen have informed us that they often find little hake in the scallops that they dredge off the coast of maine . both of the common species of hake are known to use this curious refuge ( they do not feed on the scallops but merely use their shells as hiding places ) , but most of the specimens so taken have proved to be squirrel hake . and the latter adopts this form of commensalism so commonly that welsh records as many as 27 taken from 59 scallops in one haul of a scallop dredge , and 11 hake from 9 scallops in another haul , besides many others not counted off southern new england , new york , and new jersey during the summer and autumn of 1913 .
the mid - water trawls that target silver hake result in little bycatch , fishwatch reported in 2015 . silver hake are part of the small - mesh multispecies fishery in the united states , which can unintentionally catch squid , atlantic butterfish , and atlantic mackerel . overall , seafood watch called bycatch a moderate conservation concern in the fishery .
~ 45 % of global landings of silver hake meet a seafood watch
good alternative ( yellow )
rating ( ~ 99 % of u . s . landings )
figure 108 . —young stages of either white hake of squirrel hake . a , larva , 2 . 2 mm . ; b , larva , 6 . 2 mm . c , larva , 9 mm . ; d , young fry , 40 mm . silvery still , and living at the surface of the water . specimens collected off woods hole .
noaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council manage the silver hake fishery in the us under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) for small mesh multispecies . as vessels participating in this fishery use small mesh to target silver hake and other species , the fishery is managed as a series of exemptions under northeast multispecies fmp . the fmp establishes :
the localities where we have found eggs , provisionally identified as squirrel hake ( fig . 109 ) , show that it spawns all around the gulf from cape cod to nova scotia . and despite its rather deepwater habitat and preference for soft bottom , most of these egg stations have been in shoal water near the coast ; a haul in the eastern basin which yielded both squirrel hake and silver hake eggs ( p . 178 ) has been the only exception . this , of course , points to a movement from the basins into shoaler water for spawning .
while often overlooked here in the uk , it is a much - loved staple on the continent . europe’s biggest consumers of hake are spain – they get through around 6kg per year , per person . hake can be caught all around the world , but most commonly in the atlantic and north pacific from november to march , with the european variety being the most prized .
the spatial distribution of silver hake is highly correlated with the position of the gulf stream . changes in distribution are in response to changes in temperature on the continental shelf , which responds to circulation of the north / south paths of the gulf stream . silver hake shift geographically to remain within their preferred temperature range , and the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards
the squirrel hake resembles its larger relative , the white hake ( p . 221 ) so closely that the one is often taken for the other . the number of scales affords the most reliable means of identification , those of the squirrel being much larger relatively than those of the white , and arranged in only about 100 to 110 oblique cross rows along the side from gill opening to base of caudal fin , and in about 9 longitudinal rows on the upper part of the sides between lateral line and dorsal fin , as against about 140 transverse rows and about 12 longitudinal rows in the white hake ( p . 222 ) . also , the upper jaw ( maxillary bone ) reaches back only as far as the rear edges of the pupil in the squirrel hake , but as far as the rear edge of the eye in the white hake ( p . 222 ) , and this difference can be relied upon , even for very small fish .
slightly larger hake of both species , up to 8 to 12 inches long , are not only plentiful offshore , but are rather common close inshore in a fathom or two of water , in harbors , and even well up estuaries . the larger fish usually keep to deeper water , especially in summer , when hake of marketable sizes are most plentiful below 20 fathoms and when only a few large ones are caught in less than 10 fathoms of water . but this rule , like most others , has its exceptions . for instance , we once saw a white hake of about 8 pounds caught from a float in northeast harbor , maine , in about 10 feet of water , in july ( in 1922 ) . on the other hand , hake of both the species in question are to be caught in the deepest parts of the gulf , and white hake have been taken down to 545 fathoms at least , on the offshore slope of georges bank .
both the white hake and the squirrel hake are exclusively american , occurring in continental waters from the gulf of st . lawrence and the southern part of the grand bank of newfoundland southward to the middle atlantic states . the squirrel , though common as far south as chesapeake bay , has not been reported from farther south than virginia . but the white hake is known off north carolina ( we have seen a 30 inch specimen that was trawled off bodie i . , north carolina , lat . 35° 52 ' n . , long . 74° 51 ' w . in 70 fathoms by the
such as alewives , butterfish , cunners , eels , flatfishes , tautog , herring , mackerel , menhaden , launce , silversides , silver hake , sculpins , sea robins , smelt , and tomcod .
as of february 2018 , there is one fishery improvement project for silver hake in new england , with volume being ~ 85 % of u . s . landings and ~ 35 % of global landings
silver hake are migratory and also move up through the water column to feed . they are mainly fished using small - mesh multispecies trawlers . in some areas , fishermen use modified gear to catch silver hake , which reduces contact with the seafloor . the fish prefer resting on sandy and muddy ocean bottoms during the day , a habitat that isn’t heavily impacted by bottom trawls , according to seafood watch .
fisheries and oceans canada ( dfo ) manage the silver hake fishery in canada . dfo conducts research surveys and based on the results of those surveys , sets annual total allowable catch ( tac ) limits .
at the present time ( as represented by 1946 and 1947 ) 4 to 5 times as much hake is marketed in maine and massachusetts in the form of fresh and frozen fillets as is marketed there salted , some are used for fish cakes , and a very small part [ 45 ] as smoked fillets . hake sounds ( swim bladders ) , especially of those that are caught off nova scotia in deep water , are also used to make isinglass , [ 46 ] and increasing amounts of small squirrel hake brought in from nantucket shoals , are utilized from year to year in the trash - fish industries . [ 47 ]
there are numerous ways to cook hake fillets . popular options are pan - frying in a little lemon juice and butter , braising with herbs and aromatics or poaching in fish stock , wine and lemon juice . they can be steamed or roasted too . if you have more time , try curing the hake for 1–2 hours in a sugar , salt , citrus and herb mix then cooking en papillote with dill and lemon .
[ 33 ] contrib . canadian biol . , ( 1914 - 1915 ) 1916 , p . 87 . unfortunately , hake scales do not show the yearly growth zones as clearly as cod and haddock scales do .
silver hake are fast swimmers with large , sharp teeth . they are voracious predators , feeding on fish , crustaceans , and squid , and are important to the northwestern atlantic as both a predator and prey species .
) are hooked on pieces of herring . but they also take clams on the hook greedily enough . in the northeastern part of the gulf of maine hake feed far enough off bottom to capture the pelagic euphausiid shrimps (
on the other hand , inquiries of fishermen , corroborated by our own experience , point to the white hake as the more plentiful of the two in the basin of our gulf at depths greater than 40 to 50 fathoms . the
[ 26 ] the youngest stages of the two species are so much alike that in most cases we have been forced to list them simply as
hake ,
awaiting more critical examination than we have been able to give them .
hake are plentiful in the so - called south channel also , and on the northwest slope of georges bank , whence about 2 , 000 , 000 pounds were landed in 1919 , about 1 , 500 , 000 pounds in 1947 . and it has long been known that there is an abundance of hake at depths greater than 60 to 70 fathoms all along the southern slope of georges bank . long - line fishermen , too , have told us that while it was unusual to hook a hake on the shoaler parts of georges , many were caught wherever the line was run off into deeper water on the northwest face of the bank ; i . e . , onto soft bottom . and this is borne out by the statistics of the catches , for the good trawling grounds on georges bank yield far fewer hake of marketable size than the inner parts of the gulf do , if the year 1945 can be taken as representative . [ 35 ]
sundry small grounds outside the islands from penobscot bay to cape elizabeth and all along the western side of the gulf , also yield good numbers of hakes , especially near boon island ; the vicinity of the isles of shoals , a famous hake ground for small boat fishermen ; ipswich bay ; the lower slopes of jeffreys and stellwagen banks ; also the deeper parts of massachusetts bay , which yielded 750 , 000 pounds in 1919 when the demand for hake was better than it is now .
, march 2 , 1931 , had small mackerel , flounders , crabs , and squid in their stomachs . and we have seen squirrel hake caught off northern new jersey with their bellies distended with launce , and with launce hanging from their mouths .
hake , indeed , are so widespread on the lower slopes of all the banks and ledges in the inner parts of the gulf , as well as on the mud floors between them , that rich [ 34 ] listed 119 named grounds in the western side of the gulf as good haking bottoms . hake , with flounders , rosefish , and silver hake are practically the only commercially valuable fish one is likely to catch on the floors of the deep basins and channels of the gulf ; and a catch of 2 , 880 of them with 580 cusk , but no cod or haddock , by long - line fishing 15 miles southeast of monhegan on june 24 to 25 , 1913 , will illustrate how completely they may monopolize suitable bottoms .
except for in and offshore movements , hake are resident throughout the year in the open gulf of maine wherever they are found , once they have taken to the bottom . and they appear to be much more stationary than either cod or haddock .
because silver hake shift geographically , the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards within their preferred temperature range . the change in temperature on the continental shelf also changes ocean circulation and overall temperatures , and ultimately the path of the gulf stream , which may further affect populations and migrations . spawning is also affected by temperature , with fluctuations influencing spawning peaks and juvenile growth . research is needed to further understand the long - term impacts of global climate change on silver hake populations .
roughly two - thirds of the poundage of hake that is landed in maine and massachusetts are caught in otter trawls nowadays , roughly one - fifth in gill nets , and only a little more than one - eighth on long lines . [ 48 ]
silver hake are found in the atlantic ocean from south carolina in the united states to newfoundland in canada . they are primarily targeted in the u . s . atlantic . there are two silver hake stocks : a northern one in the gulf of maine and northern georges bank , and one in southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight coastal region . a seafood watch report from 2016 noted that , according to the most recent assessment , both stocks are not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .
the squirrel hake does not grow so large as the white hake , seldom reaching a greater length than 30 inches ( the largest of 780 bay of fundy fish measured by craigie was about 27 inches long ) , or a greater weight than 6 to 7 pounds , and the average of those caught will not run above 1 to 3 pounds . in fact , a fish as heavy as 5 pounds is exceptional . females are both longer and heavier than males of the same age ( p . 226 ) .
[ 35 ] landings of hake in 1945 were about 414 , 000 pounds for georges bank ; about 12 , 700 , 000 pounds for the inner parts of the gulf by united states fishermen and about 9 , 140 , 000 pounds by canadian fishermen .
silver hake are widely distributed and are found throughout the northwest atlantic ocean from newfoundland to south carolina . two stocks have been identified in the united states – a northern stock inhabiting the waters of the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock inhabiting the waters of southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight . silver hake are nocturnal predators and spend their days resting on sandy , muddy , and pebbly ocean floors . from dusk to midnight , they will move up in the water column to feed .
both of these hake haunt soft bottom chiefly , few being caught on the gravelly or shelly grounds that are so prolific of cod and haddock , or on rocky grounds . and it has been our experience that the whites are the more strictly mud fish of the pair .
hake is a white fish which is rather grandly referred to as ‘the king of the fish’ by the spanish . it makes a good alternative choice to other white fish such as cod or haddock . due to its firm flesh , hake can be prepared in many ways from barbecuing whole to pan - frying the fillets . to check that it is cooked , the delicate flesh should feel firm to the touch and appear opaque . do not throw away the head and tail – these can be used as a base for a flavoursome fish stock .
) , amphipods , and other small crustacea which they find on the bottom are their chief dependence at most times and in most places . they also feed as greedily on squid as others of the cod tribe do , and a variety of small fish have been found in hake stomachs at woods hole
slows the growth of any fish ) probably does not take place until they have passed their third birthday . nothing definite is known of the rate of growth of the white hake , but it is fair to assume that it grows faster than the squirrel , to attain its greater length and weight .
in the united states , silver hake are managed by noaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan for small - mesh species . measures include permitting requirements , a cap on groundfish bycatch as well as seasonal and spatial limitations . seafood watch called the management effective .
silver hake are managed as two stocks in the northwest atlantic – a northern stock that ranges from the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock that ranges from southern georges bank to cape hatteras . according to a 2014 stock assessment neither the northern nor southern stock are overfished nor subject to overfishing .
probably the explanation is that the adults , being cool water fish , are barred from the shallows in summer by high temperature along the coasts of massachusetts and of west - central maine , but that the low summer temperature of passamaquoddy bay allows large hake to summer there , as well as small . their reported withdrawal from
the hakes are such dull and inactive fish that they are of no special interest to the angler . but a good many fair - sized ones are caught hand - lining from party boats , for they bite readily , and small hake are caught from small boats in harbors and bays , along the maine coast especially .
) encysted in the wall of its body cavity , having no doubt penetrated the hake ' s stomach after it had been swallowed . ( sumner , osburn , and cole , bull . u . s . bur . of fish . , vol . 31 , pt . 2 , 1913 , p . 768 ) .
more research is also needed in relation to silver hake migrations , biology , and population dynamics . habitat studies typically include location , depth , temperature , and sometimes salinity levels . future habitat studies should also include bottom type as a habitat consideration . food habits analysis is needed to determine predator - prey relationships , distribution , and abundance .
herrick [ 31 ] has given an interesting account of the perceptions of squirrel hake kept in a tank at woods hole , where they proved to have keen sight ( though less so than pollock ) and usually caught bits of meat before these had sunk . but it seems that it was only while food was in motion that the fish recognized it by sight , and that they depend chiefly on the sense of touch for their livelihood . they exercised this by swimming close to bottom with the sensitive tips of the ventral fins dragging the ground . when a hake touched a fragment of clam in this way it immediately snapped it up , but not otherwise . and they paid no attention whatever to live clams in their shells , though they often brushed over them . these observations , applied to the conditions under which hake actually live , suggests that they recognize shrimps , crabs , and other foods by their ventral feelers , and that they snap up their victims as these dart ahead , when the feelers drag over them .
ever since 1616 , when capt . john smith [ 30 ] wrote
hake you may have when the cod failes in summer , if you will fish in the night ,
it has been common knowledge that they bite best after dark , from which it is fair to assume they do most of their foraging between sunset and sunrise .
the newly hatched larvae have not been described . older fry ( identity established either as white hake or squirrel hake by comparison with young fry that have been reared in the hatchery by louella e . cable ) already show the long , slender ventral fins , the short first dorsal but long second dorsal , and the tapering body form , characteristic of the adults . these little hakes , greenish blue on the back , with silvery sides , are separable from rockling fry by their more slender form , and by their scattered pigment . older stages are separable from rocklings by their two well developed dorsal fins , while their silvery sides mark them at a glance from the dull colored fry of the cusk . [ 32 ]
, for example , trawled about 700 white hake in the deep basins off cape cod , west of jeffreys ledge and off mount desert , in august 1936 , but only a scattering of squirrel hake . this appears to apply equally to the deeper holes in massachusetts bay at depths greater than 30 fathoms or so ( both storer and goode and bean spoke of the
white
as the more common of the two there ) , also to the bay of fundy region in general , including passamaquoddy bay , according to huntsman . and nearly all of the hakes that have been listed by name from the more easterly of the nova scotian banks , or from the southern part of the grand banks in the annual reports of the newfoundland department of natural resources , have been the white (
the hakes are soft - meated and have rather poor keeping qualities , but both the white and the squirrel hake are readily absorbed by the fish markets if they are large enough , and great numbers of small squirrel hake are now used for mink and poultry feed . a quarter of a century ago the yearly catch in the gulf ran between 20 and 35 million pounds , and it has been much the same of late years ( 1941 - 1946 ) , with yearly landings by canadian and united states fishermen of between 19 and 30 million pounds . in 1946 , which may serve as representative , canadian fishermen landed about 2 , 100 , 000 pounds in outer nova scotian ports ( cape sable to cape north ) , about 4 , 800 , 000 pounds along the southern shore of the gulf of st . lawrence .
the rate of growth during the first few months cannot be stated until many more young fry have been measured and identified as the one species or as the other . it is probable that two year classes are represented among the fry that are caught along shore in summer . some of the smaller ones ( 2 to 3 inches long ) may be from the earliest spawned eggs of that same season , but other squirrel hake of 2
hake are very common fish in our gulf , where the two species , white and squirrel , are caught side by side regularly . in the bay of fundy there are so few toward the head that stragglers are caught , or none at all , but they are plentiful enough toward the mouth where , for example , about 6 , 400 , 000 pounds were landed on the nova scotian side by canadian fishermen in 1944 , and about 8 , 200 , 000 pounds in 1946 , while the yearly catch on the new brunswick side is about 500 , 000 to 600 , 000 pounds . other centers of abundance for them inshore are along the coast of maine between machias and mount desert island , in frenchman ' s bay ( formerly the site of an important hake fishery ) , the ground known locally as the
grumpy
near isle au haut , and off penobscot bay .
passamaquoddy bay in autumn may be in avoidance of extreme winter chilling . but we should remind the reader that failure to catch fish on hook and line in the cold season of the year ( it is in this way that hakes are caught in the passamaquoddy region ) does not necessarily mean that they have departed . the hake may have stopped biting , as every fisherman knows by experience . the evidence of otter trawl catches is much more reliable in this respect , for ground fishes in general .
there is nothing in the statistical picture to suggest that hake of either species fluctuate very widely in abundance in our gulf from year to year , for the ups and downs in the amounts caught are not greater than can be charged to market conditions . neither has any attempt been made to estimate the periodic variations in the relative abundance of different year classes . earlier characterizations of the numbers of the two hakes in our waters have been in relative terms , ranging from
common
to
in immense numbers .
at the other extreme , all of the hakes living around the inner slopes of the gulf at depths less than 50 fathoms experience temperatures as low as 35° to 37° f . in late winter and early spring ; as low as 33° to 34° locally if they are living as shoal as 20 fathoms , which many of them do . but the fact that the bottom temperatures at the particular stations on the grand banks ( all on the southern part ) where white hake have been reported by the newfoundland fisheries research commission have all been between about 42° and about 33° f . ( 5 . 5° c . and 0 . 6° c . ) , and that they were not taken on other parts of the bank where the bottom is colder , suggests that they tend to avoid regions where the temperature is as low as 32° f . or lower . and this finds some corroboration in the report ( see p . 228 ) that hake tend to withdraw in autumn from passamaquoddy bay , where the water chills at least as low as 32° at some time during some winters .
the squirrel hake is reddish , muddy , or olive brown on sides and back , darkest above ; sometimes almost black , sometimes more or less mottled , and sometimes plain , with pale lateral line . the lower part of its sides usually are washed with yellowish , and sometimes marked with dusky dots . its belly and the lower parts of the sides , of its head are pure white , grayish , or yellowish ; its dorsal , caudal , and anal fins are of the same color as the back except that the anal is pale at the base . the ventral fins are very pale pinkish or yellowish .
the temperatures in which hakes of different ages are found cover the entire range proper to the gulf except perhaps the very lowest . at the one extreme many of the youngest fry that are seen swimming at the surface in the west central part of the gulf in summer are in water as warm as 68° to 70° f . , while young hake are in still higher temperatures west and south from cape cod if they are at the surface . and the somewhat larger fry found on our beaches a little below tide mark may be in water as warm as 60° locally . but the great majority of the hakes living deeper are in water at least as cool as 50° throughout their later lives , most of them in temperatures lower than 45° f .
silver hake have been observed at temperatures ranging from 36 - 63° f ( 2 - 17° c ) and are commonly found between 45 - 50° f ( 7 - 10° c ) . they are found at depths ranging from 36 - 1 , 640 feet ( 11 - 500 meters ) with older , larger whiting preferring deeper waters . the fish will migrate in response to seasonal changes in water temperatures , moving into shallow , warmer waters in the spring where they will spawn in the late spring and early summer months . during the summer , portions of both the northern and southern stocks can be found on georges bank . as the water temperature cools in the autumn months , whiting will move offshore into deeper waters . during winter , fish in the northern stock will move to deep basins in the gulf of maine while the southern stock will move to the outer continental shelf and slope waters .


junius ( 15 march 1976 – 1997 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

after fetching a price of $ 300,000 as a yearling he was sent to race in europe where he had his greatest success as a two-year-old in 1978 .

following a narrow defeat on his debut he won twice in ireland before traveling to england and winning the group one middle park stakes in record time .

he failed on his only appearance in the following year and was retired from racing .

he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and japan but had little impact as a sire of winners .

junius ( horse )

the junius cup was the third race on day one , and creeper won it “in fine style” , according to the monitor of october 8 .
the junius cup comes from the estate of the late richard kelynack evans of rylstone , a direct descendant of the original winning owner , robert fitzgerald .
his millionaire father , junius , made his fortune by investing other people’s money and helped found modern investment banking . when john pierpont , or jp , is a child , junius has him handle a million dollars in cash so he knows what it feels like . jp morgan is taught early to avoid risk .
1 lithograph : color . | george washington on horse , soldiers fighting during the battle of the monongahela .
the junius cup has been documented in literature including “australian silver 1800 to 1900” by john hawkins , the catalogue for a 1973 exhibition held by the national trust of australia . further background has been researched by rkt’s jonathan alford .
the decision to hold the races on october 3 and 5 in 1827 , to fit in with the parramatta fair , was taken at a meeting at parramatta’s woolpack inn – which still trades today . the woolpack’s licensee , andrew nash , owned the original junius , which was renowned in the colony , and even issued his own pound notes featuring an image of the horse .
after a grim few years of economic gloom , ireland’s thoroughbred horse breeders are looking forward to bright year of the horse . my friends back home tell me forget france and red wine - lots of rich chinese are coming to visit studs and other bloodstock breeding grounds in ireland .
relatively humble yet functional and elegant , it is 21cm high with out - turned lip and gadrooned lower section , raised on a knopped stem , the interior being gilded . it is inscribed “the junius cup , presented to robt fitzgerald , as the winner by his horse creeper . . . ” while the reverse bears the wording “nsw , parramatta racing fund , october meeting 1827” .
the 3 . 3 million square metre site in panzhuang , ninghe county , tianjin is designed to meet the needs of china’s new horse industry .
as rocking horse entered the 1990s , the signs of financial distress w ere alarmingly abundant . saddled with an extremely large bank loan it could not pay , rocking horse had difficulty convincing its bank to a pprove a lease on a company vehicle . the company had a negative net w orth of $ 3 . 8 million and was reeling from the effects of successi ve annual losses . after rocking horse defaulted on its loans , the acc ounting firm of coopers lybrand issued a statement based on the child - care provider ' s 1991 results , stating that it was unsure if rocking horse had the capacity to survive .
booth next jumped off the stage , breaking his leg in the process , but managed to make it to his getaway horse before anyone in the shocked crowd could stop him .
tianjin has already hosted china’s richest - ever race day last autumn , which included the inaugural rmb1 million tianjin national cup . tianjin has a 150 year tradition of horse racing .
junius ( usa ) b . h , 1976 { 3 - n } dp = 14 - 6 - 6 - 2 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 4 . 60 cd = 1 . 14 - 5 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 64 , 664
ayr gold cup and portland handicap winner 1977 grey horse foaled : 1974 by comedy star out of romany rose jon george was another superb sprinter we trained here at sheriff hutton . foaled in 1974 he went on to complete the ayr gold cup and portland handicap at the age of three . he was a grey horse by comedy star and went on to stand as a stallion . click here for more !
a year after petrarch had won the middle park , chamant became the first horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes and the following year he also added the 2 , 000 guineas .
a bay horse , raja baba stood 15 . 3 hands . he was compact , short - legged and correct with strong forearms and extremely powerful quarters . he was said to have had a kindly temperament .
rocking horse began modestly , with a single child - care center that re corded $ 48 , 000 in revenue during its first year of operation . roc king horse did not expand until april 1986 , but once it began develop ing into a chain of day - care centers , the company did so with fervor . by the end of 1986 , the company ' s revenue total had increased mighti ly , swelling to nearly $ 3 million as it began an aggressive acqui sition campaign . between april 1986 and october 1987 , rocking horse a cquired 31 child - care centers and constructed two new facilities , ext ending its operating territory to an eight - state area . the company ' s energetic growth , however , did not translate into profitability . rock ing horse posted a net loss of $ 3 . 2 million in 1986 , $ 300 , 000 more than it collected in revenue .
on may 10 , 1838 , john wilkes booth was born near bel air , maryland . booth was the second youngest of 10 children . his father , junius brutus booth , was a well - known actor and was eccentric , with a reputation for heavy drinking . john and his siblings were raised on a farm , which was worked by the family & apos ; s slaves .
three years later the great bahram gave notice of his immense talent as he won the gimcrack stakes and middle park stakes . in 1935 he was a fantastic winner of the triple crown and became the last horse to accomplish this feat before nijinsky in 1970 .
when clegg joined rocking horse in may 1992 , he inherited a company t hat had lost $ 10 . 2 million during the previous two years . the los ses were out of control , delivering staggering blows to a company tha t only generated roughly $ 30 million in annual sales . clegg worke d quickly to trim the company ' s liability , reducing rocking horse ' s d ebt by nearly $ 7 million within a year . he raised money for much - needed restructuring through private placements , initially raising & #
though his father junius believes it a fad , electric light becomes a must have modern utility for the city’s elite . against his father’s advice , morgan invests everything in edison to form the edison electricity company . they create the world’s first power station and soon half of manhattan’s connected . but every home and business lit electrically is a lost customer to rockefeller who supplies kerosene to the oil powered lamps . so he starts planting scare stories in the press .
in 2012 reckless abandon became the latest horse to complete the prix morny - middle park stakes double , having already won the norfolk stakes and prix robert papin . he ended the year unbeaten in 5 races but ran well without winning as a 3 year old sprinter .
the first winner of the race was a horse called the rake in 1866 and just five years later , the 1871 winner was called prince charlie and the following years he went on to become the first colt to land the middle park - 2 , 000 guineas double .
jingle bells
was written by james l . pierpont , the uncle of famed financier j . p . morgan . the song , originally titled
the one horse open sleigh ,
was actually written about thanksgiving , and was considered a failure when first published in 1857 .
desert star holdings chairman teo ah khing’s tak design has an impressive pedigree , being responsible for the design , development and delivery of the meydan grandstand and racecourse in dubai . he is also behind the china horse club , the exclusive membership group connected to the tianjin equine culture city .
coolmore is helping to set up the stud farm , with broodmares from ireland . the breeding programme has already started . more than a hundred mares will be sent to china over three years . stallions will follow . coolmore is hosting china’s top agriculture graduates from the inner mongolia agricultural university , so they can learn how to run the equine operation . coolmore’s tom magnier said :
this major new chinese project is great news for the world horse racing and breeding industry ,
adding he was very excited by the continued growth in this relationship with the china horse club .
bold lad and petingo were smart winners of the race in the 1960s but both failed to add classic glory the following season . right tack however , won the 1968 middle park stakes and the following season became the first horse to win both the english and irish 2 , 000 guineas .
this is the first of its kind on the mainland and is the first international joint venture into horse racing and breeding and is designed to help china to get started at the highest level . tianjin , population 12 million and close to beijing , is opening the equine centre in phases .
indeed , ireland’s famous coolmore stud has joined forces with the china horse club and last year spent almost us $ 4 million ( hk $ 31 million ) on two blue - blooded colts , sired by fastnet rock , at the inglis australian easter yearling sale . the horses are being trained by coolmore in australia . it was the start of their joint venture , destined to set the tone for china’s new racehorse and breeding industry . this partnership between the globally renowned coolmore and the chinese government backed tianjin state farms agribusiness group and desert star holdings , affiliated to the china horse club , sees the establishment of a huge breeding operation . this is part of china’s new world class tianjin equine culture city project .
robert fitzgerald , to whom the cup is dedicated , was the son of richard fitzgerald , a convict turned rich pastoralist who became a close friend of governor macquarie and his wife . aged only 20 when his horse creeper won the cup , the son went on to become one of the colony’s biggest landowners , an mlc and a director of the bank of nsw .
despite the loss , the company continued to expand into the late 1980s . rocking horse raised $ 5 million in a public offering of stock i n october 1987 , the capital from which was used , as its president , jo hn w . quaintance , told the philadelphia business journal in th e october 12 , 1987 , issue ,
to continue our acquisition strategy .
by the end of 1988 , the company operated 41 of what it called
preschoo l learning centers .
there were ten each in georgia and florida , eigh t in south carolina , four each in illinois and pennsylvania , three in new jersey , and one each in maine and massachusetts . rocking horse h eld licenses to accommodate 5 , 538 children , allowing an average of 13 5 children per center . the company charged between $ 43 to $ 14 0 per week for its child - care services , the nature of which represent ed the hidden and unexploited strength of the chain . to distinguish i tself from the scores of other child - care companies in existence , roc king horse used professionally developed educational and recreational programs administered by trained supervisors and teachers . by tailor ing itself as more than a traditional day - care provider , the company ' s management hoped to attract parents and their children away from th e competition , but the strategy never worked , at least not financiall y . by the end of the decade , rocking horse was a company suffering fr om profound financial problems .
, beaten just over two lengths . he was exactly the same distance behind cockney rebel when they were again first and fourth in the irish 2 , 000 guineas three weeks later , but he had his revenge on that horse ( and on dutch art ) when finishing second in an aidan o’brien - trained trifecta in the st . james’s palace stakes at royal ascot , splitting
the 1980 middle park went to mattaboy , a colt who was narrowly defeated by to agori mou in the 1981 2 , 000 guineas . then after cajun had won the race for sir henry cecil in 1981 , the champion trainer added a second consecutive middle park stakes in 1982 , through diesis . the son of sharpen up , racing in the apricot silks of lord howard de walden , was a fully brother to kris and then won a sensational dewhurst stakes in which the long odds - on favourite and so - called “wonder horse” gorytus was virtually pulled up amid allegations of doping . the headlines rather robbed diesis of his achievement in winning the double and he became the last horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes , although he sadly failed to reproduce his form in 1983 .
john pierpont morgan was born into a distinguished new england family on april 17 , 1837 , in hartford , connecticut . one of his maternal relatives , james pierpont ( 1659 - 1714 ) , was a founder of yale university ; his paternal grandfather was a founder of the aetna insurance company ; and his father , junius spencer morgan ( 1813 - 90 ) , ran a successful hartford dry - goods company before becoming a partner in a london - based merchant banking firm . after graduating from high school in boston in 1854 , pierpont , as he was known , studied in europe , where he learned french and german , then returned to new york in 1857 to begin his finance career .
multiple winning sprinter and successful stallion brown horse foaled : 1969 by firestreak out of silver sand wins : 6 workboy was a magnificent looking brown horse he was bred by mrs k e cooke , by the stallion firestreak out of singing sand . a very fast horse over sprint distances , workboy was a six times winner earning black type by being placed in four group races . his list of wins included the cherkley sprint at epsom , and the zetland handicap at doncaster . he was also placed seven times including the group 3 king george stakes at goodwood , the palace house stakes , the national stakes and the group 1 kings stand stakes . his career earnings were £13 , 387 when he was retired . workboy went on to stand as a stallion at easthorpe hall stud , malton and also ham house stud and norton grove stud , siring many winners both on the flat , over jumps and also point to pointers . his stud book entry described him as a
racehorse of phenomenal speed and courage
. workboy had a successful stud career , and offspring included spriteband , beckingham ben , peacework , contact kelvin and grange hill girl . the photo shows him winning the north cave auction plate at beverley westwood on 7th may 1971 . thank you brian bivens for the photos and information .
cesarewitch winner , newmarket 1967 bay horse foaled : 1965 by mossborough out of branches park boismoss became one of our earliest big winners when he won the cesarewitch in 1967 ridden by ernie johnson . sent off at 13 - 1 , he saw out the marathon 2m 2f trip to win the race at the age of three . he is pictured here leading the string , ridden by jock skilling . thank you to brian bivens for the photo .
it took roughly a decade before nobel arrived at the strategy , the co rporate structure , and the leader capable of achieving consistent suc cess . the years in between were difficult , a period when nobel operat ed under a different name and pursued a different corporate mission . nobel began operating in 1984 as rocking horse child care centers of america inc . , a cherry hill , new jersey - based operator of private chi ld - care centers .
bahamian bounty won the 1996 middle park stakes but disappointed in the dewhurst stakes and the following year david morley was back in the winners’ enclosure thanks to hayil . tragically morley passed away early the next year and the horse moved to the french yard of freddie head but never made an impression . the middle park stakes really underlined the training prowess of david morley who had successfully trained national hunt horses since the early 1970s and was a hugely popular figure .
the next two years proved that duke of marmalade’s injury had healed very well , because through the ’07 and ’08 seasons he proved himself a very tough horse , as well as a very good one . he was thrown straight in at the deep end first up at three : having his first run for nearly 10 months , he was one of aidan o’brien’s three runners in the 2 , 000 guineas . he fared the best of this trio , finishing fourth behind
the third and most famous woodcut from dürer ' s series of illustrations for the apocalypse , the four horsemen presents a dramatically distilled version of the passage from the book of revelation ( 6 : 1–8 ) :
and i saw , and behold , a white horse , and its rider had a bow ; and a crown was given to him , and he went out conquering and to conquer . when he opened the second seal , i heard the second living creature say , ' come ! ' and out came another horse , bright red ; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth , so that men should slay one another ; and he was given a great sword . when he opened the third seal , i heard the third living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a black horse , and its rider had a balance in his hand ; . . . when he opened the fourth seal , i heard the voice of the fourth living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a pale horse , and its rider ' s name was death , and hades followed him ; and they were given great power over a fourth of the earth ; to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth .
transforming what was a relatively staid and unthreatening image in earlier illustrated bibles , dürer injects motion and danger into this climactic moment through his subtle manipulation of the woodcut . the parallel lines across the image establish a basic middle tone against which the artist silhouettes and overlaps the powerful forms of the four horses and riders—from left to right , death , famine , war , and plague ( or pestilence ) . their volume and strong diagonal motion enhance the impact of the image , offering an eloquent demonstration of the masterful visual effects dürer was able to create in this medium .
chestnut mare foaled : 1983 by junius ( usa ) out of restless lady wins : 14 catherine ' s well was bred foaled in 1983 , a bright chestnut filly by junius . she made her racecourse debut as a two year old and proved she had bags of speed . she won her first race at doncaster in september 1985 and the same season also won at newmarket and again at doncaster later in the year . her biggest win came at ripon in her three year old season when she won the great st wilfrid handicap , a season which also saw her win at beverley , newcastle and newmarket . catherine ' s well had won seven races when she was then retired to the paddocks but she failed to produce a winner from her first three foals . she returned to training in 1991 , but her second career didn ' t start well as she was left at the start in her first race at ripon in april 1991 . however , she soon got back into the racing game and that season she won at catterick and ripon . catherine ' s well raced for another two seasons winning again at doncaster ( twice ) , catterick , thirsk and york . in all she managed to win seven races between her first and her second retirements . returning to the paddocks , her second spell as a broodmare was a huge success and she will be remembered as a brilliant broodmare in her later career as well as a 14 times winner . she was to be the dam of many winning sprinters including williams well who also went on to win the great st wilfrid handicap in 2000 and other multiple winners including emperor ' s well and elvington boy .
’s st leger . this is clearly “a stallions’ family” – but that , of course , is no guarantee that duke of marmalade will prove a good stallion . however , the most obvious clues are often the best ones – and in this case the most obvious clues are that duke of marmalade is a beautiful horse who proved himself to be close to the perfect racehorse in three testing seasons of racing . it would be a foolish man who wrote off his prospects at this very early stage .
certainly the middle park stakes does not hold the same sway it did 50 years ago , when it was a major pointer to the following year’s classics . often the speedier early season type of horse competes in the race nowadays and it has perhaps more bearing on the following year’s major sprints . however every so often a rodrigo de triano might come along and the race remains one of the big prizes of the year as one of only three group 1 races exclusively run for two year old colts in britain .
duke of marmalade retired to coolmore stud in 2009 at a fee of 40 , 000 euros . the relatively quiet season enjoyed by his first juveniles last year proved a major factor in his foals selling badly last autumn ( averaging 8 , 856 gns , having been conceived in 2011 at a fee of 25 , 000 euros ) and in his fee being reduced to 12 , 500 euros for the current season . however , it would be extremely premature to write the horse off . he himself improved notably as he matured and , with
another brilliant colt appeared in the 1888 middle park stakes , which was won in terrific style by donovan . the colt had started off winning the brocklesby stakes at lincoln and later won at the royal meeting . after landing the middle park stakes donovan stepped up to 7 furlongs and became the latest horse to add the dewhurst stakes and by the season’s end , had won 11 of his 13 races . as a 3 year old , donovan won the derby and st leger and was denied a triple crown by just a head in the 2 , 000 guineas .
the task of rescuing rocking horse fell to a new management team head ed by a . j .
jack
clegg , whose arrival marked the beginning of a new and decidedly more successful era . clegg ' s professional background in cluded the 1979 founding of empery corporation , an operator of cable television and printing business . at empery , clegg served as chairman , president , and chief executive officer from 1979 to 1992 , but his d uties at empery represented only a fraction of his business backgroun d in the decade preceding his arrival at rocking horse . between 1983 and 1993 , clegg served as chairman and chief executive officer of tvc , inc . , a distributor of cable television components . during the same period he also held identical titles at design mark industries , a ma nufacturer of electronic senswitches . clegg served as chairman and ch ief executive officer of globe ticket and label company from 1984 to 1991 and was on the board of directors of ferguson international hold ings plc . in the academic world , he was a member of the advisory boar d of drexel university , an honor bestowed on the then - 50 - year - old cle gg in 1989 .
bay gelding foaled : 1999 by bluebird out of suedoise races : 92 wins : 9 blue spinnaker arrived in 2002 after i bought him from john hammond in france . he had had problems with his legs but i knew i could fix him up and i knew he would be good once i had ! he showed lots of promise on his debut at pontefract where he was narrowly beaten by a head in a maiden race for older horses at odds of 100 / 1 . at that point i knew i had a serious horse on my hands . spinnaker went on to win the thirsk hunt cup and the zetland gold cup along with seven other races in 92 outings . he earned a total of £160 , 000 in prizemoney . blue spinnaker liked doncaster , winning there three times and he also won twice just up the road at york and twice at thirsk as well as at redcar and haydock . it was his fifth win , at york in 2006 , that got me into trouble . i was interviewed about how i bought him and i got pulled up for what i said on the telly . i had no idea it was a forbidden word that i ' d used , but i got a letter for me troubles and a slap on the hand . blue spinnaker was retired in 2011 . he is still with us here at the yard and now in his 18th year he provides a valuable role , babysitting the yearlings when they are out in the fields . it suits him y ' see , ' cos he ' s a bossy sort and he likes to put the youngsters in their place . a bargain horse that goes on to win some big races and wins twice on our home track at york , that ' s the sort of horse that gives me so much satisfaction . click here for more !
in 1890 , morgan’s father dies after a horse carriage accident . it instantly quadruples morgan’s wealth . the 1893 world fair is to be held in chicago and organisers want the entire event lit with electricity . westinghouse underbids at a quarter of the cost offered by morgan . over 27 million people flock to see the 200 , 000 light bulbs that illuminate the event , powered by westinghouse generators . and in 1895 , it’s the westinghouse ac electric generating plant that is built at niagara . it seems it will be him , not morgan who will light america . in 1897 , tesla tears up his patent claim on his ac design , reducing his rights to profits which immediately attracts investment into the westinghouse / tesla company .
gimcrack stakes winner , york 1986 chestnut horse foaled : 1984 by thatching out of lustrine races : 13 wins : 5 wiganthorpe was foaled in ireland on 12th april 1984 . we purchased him for just 2 , 000gns as a yearling after he failed the veterinary checks at the sales with a wind infirmity . wiganthorpe was a striking bright chestnut with three white socks , making him very easy to spot in his races . he was a precocious individual and at the age of two he won the prestigious gimcrack stakes at york , ridden by the legendary willie carson . after several seasons at stud in the uk , wiganthorpe was exported to australia on 22nd september 1993 and went on to stand as a successful stallion in the southern hemisphere . he died at the age of 23 in november 2007 .
while facts and figures of a stallion’s first crop of two - year - olds make one tool which many people use to help themselves rush to judgement about whether or not a stallion is going to make the grade , another factor which people seem to consider important is whether or not the horse comes from “a stallions’ family” . this , of course , is also nonsense , because it is not uncommon to find excellent stallions who have no other notable sires in their immediate family ; while there are likewise plenty of indifferent sires who are closely related to extremely successful stallions . duke of marmalade’s pedigree provides a perfect example of the fact that hailing from “a stallions’ family” means nothing : he is related seemingly to dozens of horses who have retired to stud over the past few decades , some of whom have done very well and some of whom proved bitterly disappointing .
bay gelding foaled : 2004 by machiavellian out of magna graecia races : 94 wins : 7 ancient cross joined us in march 2008 after running just once for mark johnston . he was placed five times in his first season here , but did not win his first race until the age of five . ancient cross was a horse who got better with age . after many placed runs he won his first race at musselburgh in 2009 and won again a few weeks later at catterick . after winning at york in may 2011 he scored his biggest career win in the 2011 gosforth park cup at newcastle . ancient cross was again a winner at york ' s dante festival in 2013 and the following month he won the ayr silver cup under top weight . as time was catching up with him , it was decided to retire him in june 2016 . however , he went out with a bang and he became a popular winner at hamilton park when he came home in front for joanna mason , which was to be ancient cross ' s last race . click here for more !
thirteen wins , including flat , hurdles and fences bay gelding foaled : 2006 by dansili out of bay shade races : 65 wins : 13 shadows lengthen came to the yard as a yearling having being bought at tattersalls for a mere 5 , 500 gns . and what a bargain for a horse that went on to become a 13 times winner ! running in the red and white colours of thomas frost , his two year old career started unspectacularly , finishing second last on his debut , and signing off his juvenile year at redcar where he finished 20th of 20 . gelded in the autumn of 2008 , his first win came at southwell in november , the first leg of an amazing six - timer as he won five times at southwell and once at wolverhampton in the space of just over two months . he became a certainly throughout the autumn on the all weather , twice sent off odds on in what should have been competitive handicaps . however , as always happens the handicapper was to put an end to the winning streak as shadows was put up 32 pounds in the ratings . the remainder of 2010 proved more difficult , and the beginning of 2011 saw shadows began his hurdling career , winning at catterick and doncaster . rated 120 , in december 2012 he was switched to jumping fences , and won at the second time of asking at sedgefield . further victories came at bangor , doncaster and haydock . shadows saved the best ' til last , and his final win proved to be his biggest when he came home in front at wetherby , winning the listed bet365 handicap chase in october 2014 . shadows lengthen was retired in october 2017 , a thirteen times winner and one of the toughest most genuine horses we have ever trained .
clamart is recorded as a foal in volume 9 of the french stud book where his sire is given as saumur or soukaras , in that order . in all later editions his sire is given only as saumur .
owner : s . fraser breeder : warner l . jones jr . state bred : ky winnings : 5 starts : 3 - 1 - 0 , $ 64 , 664 at 2 : won william hill middle park s . ( eng - g1 ) 1977 sent from us to ireland . 1984 sent from ireland to japan . ( close )
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
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keith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .
david ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .
ashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .
on april 14 , 1865 , actor john wilkes booth assassinated president abraham lincoln while he was watching our american cousin at ford theater in washington , d . c .
john wilkes booth was born may 10 , 1838 , near bel air , maryland . at age 17 , he made his acting debut . in the 1850s , he joined the know - nothing party . during the civil war , he was a confederate secret agent . in march of 1865 , his attempt to kidnap president abraham lincoln failed . on april 14 , 1865 , he assassinated lincoln at ford theater . booth was killed on april 26 , 1865 , in port royal , virginia .
as a youngster , booth attended the milton boarding school for boys—and later st . timothy & apos ; s hall—sporadically . from a very young age , he was described as disarmingly handsome . to those who knew him , it seemed only natural that he would follow in his father & apos ; s footsteps , by gracing the stage with his charismatic presence .
when he turned 17 , booth made his acting debut in baltimore , with a role in a production of shakespeare & apos ; s richard iii . his early performances were such a hit that booth was soon invited to tour all over the country with a shakespearean acting company based in richmond , virginia .
in 1862 , booth made his new york debut , this time as the lead in richard iii . the new york herald described him as a
veritable sensation .
when describing his natural inclination for the role , booth tellingly expressed his credo with the declaration ,
i am determined to be a villain .
while on tour , he achieved national praise as an up - and - comer , but a respiratory illness in 1863 meant booth had no choice but to take temporary leave from the stage . just days prior to delivering his famed gettysburg address that same year , president abraham lincoln watched a performance by booth in a play called the marble heart at ford’s theater .
in the 1850s , booth joined the know - nothing party , which aimed to limit immigration into the united states . in 1859 , he showed his support for slavery by joining a virginia militia that aided in the capture and execution of john brown , following his raid on harpers ferry . during the civil war , booth served as a secret agent for the confederacy .
faced with idle time during his break from the theater , booth became involved in a conspiracy to kidnap president lincoln . the plan involved bringing lincoln to richmond and demanding either peace or the release of confederate soldiers as a ransom . booth enlisted six southern sympathizers , but their march 1865 attempt in washington , d . c . , failed when the president failed to appear where they had anticipated .
frustrated at seeing his plot foiled , booth resolved to go to a far greater extreme . on april 14 , 1865 , just after 10 p . m . , booth shot and killed lincoln while he was watching a performance of the play our american cousin at washington , d . c . & apos ; s ford theater . directly after the shooting , booth leaped onto the stage and yelled ,
sic semper tyrannis ! ( thusever to tyrants ! ) the south is avenged !
after crossing the potomac river with some difficulty , booth and his co - conspirators arrived at richard h . garrett & apos ; s farm in port royal , virginia . investigators were in hot pursuit and on april 26 , 1865 , caught up to the criminals , who had been hiding in garrett & apos ; s barn . booth refused to surrender , which spurred his pursuers to set the barn on fire . as the blaze engulfed the barn , booth was shot by one of the investigators , thomas p .
boston
corbett , a union army soldier . corbett had intended to shoot booth in the arm , but his bullet struck booth & apos ; s neck instead . the shot paralyzed him . booth was then carried from the burning barn and lay three hours on garrett & apos ; s porch before he died .
we strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !
edwin booth was a 19th century shakespearean actor best known for his portrayal of hamlet and as the brother of assassin john wilkes booth .
john dillinger was an infamous gangster and bank robber during the great depression . he was known as
jackrabbit
and
public enemy no . 1 .
john brown was a 19th - century militant abolitionist known for his raid on harpers ferry in 1859 .
john forsythe was a theater , film and tv actor . he won golden globes for playing blake carrington in aaron spelling’s long - running prime - time drama dynasty .
u . s . secretary of state john hay began his career as abraham lincoln’s private secretary , and was later known for promoting an
open door
policy in china .
john mills was an award - winning actor , dancer and producer whose career spanned eight decades with works like great expectations and ryan’s daughter .
british serial killer john christie murdered at least six women , including his wife , before being arrested and hanged in 1953 .
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full name : lusopakak @ urltoken user title : watcher registered since : may 20th , 2007 07 : 58 current mood : accomplished artist profile : requests : keep an eye out for such journals . however , read the journal before posting your request , alright ? trades : note me about them ! or look for trade journals commissions : 7 usd for one character , 10 for two . price may vary due to subject matter and complexity . look out for discount journals ! i have a lot of stuff in scraps as well . check that out .
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big enough to bail out the us , buy in a president & build the first billion dollar company . meet jp morgan .
morgan escapes military service during the civil war by paying $ 300 to a substitute to fight for him . during the war he buys five thousand rifles at $ 3 . 50 each and sells them on at $ 22 apiece . the rifles are defective and some shoot off the thumbs of the soldiers firing them . later , a congressional committee notes this but a federal judge upholds the deal and morgan is exonerated .
dominated by his father , jp is 40 before he ignores his father’s business lessons . he wants to be synonymous with an industry , like rockefeller is with oil , and carnegie is with steel .
like the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel , electric light will revolutionise mankind and morgan believes , make him rich , and crucially , richer than his rivals . morgan hires thomas edison , a telegraph boy turned inventor , to install electricity in his 5th avenue manhattan mansion . morgan’s home becomes a lab for edison’s experiments and a small generator is installed to power the home’s 400 light bulbs .
an apprentice of edison , tesla , creates alternating current , or ac , but edison believes its higher voltage unsafe , so sticks to direct current , or dc . but electrical pioneer george westinghouse invests in tesla . and to disprove suggestions that ac is dangerous , tesla stages magical light shows where electricity harmlessly crackles around him . orders for westinghouse power stations pour in . edison tries to discredit ac by using it in his new creation , the electric chair . the first execution goes horribly wrong and instead of killing the man quickly , it slowly roasts him alive . the resultant publicity damages edison , not tesla .
the niagara falls contract opens for bids . it could light the entire north east and the only real choice is between morgan and westinghouse . and morgan desperately wanted to replace rockefeller as the man who lit america .
so morgan threatens westinghouse with patent infringement . few could afford to fight a lengthy lawsuit with morgan . westinghouse , stretched to breaking point is forced to sign over tesla’s patents . morgan’s consolidated electric company ( minus edison and operating on ac ) general electric , will become one of america’s biggest corporations .
morgan now heads the biggest investment bank in america , and has consolidated both the electricity and rail - road industries . by 1900 , morgan controls 100 , 000 miles of railroad , half the country’s mileage .
when , after a two year depression , the us treasury becomes desperate , morgan , a private individual guarantees them a $ 100m ( $ 3bn today ) and bails out the federal government , effectively bailing out the country from collapse . morgan virtually single handily saves the us economy in both 1895 and 1907 .
the process of creating a monopoly through the elimination of competition and the maximisation of profits by slashing the workforce and reducing their wages is named after jp morgan .
but as profits soar , working conditions sink . pay reduces so that the average worker earns barely a dollar a day , over 90 % of americans survive on less than $ 100 per month . working hours and workplace fatalities increase .
in a single year , more men die inside a steel mill than died at the battle of gettysburg .
monopolies , cartels and trusts dominate everyday life . popular disgust at such unregulated capitalism leads to the rise of politicians such as democrat williams jennings bryan . he promises an end to the excesses of big business characterising the bosses as ‘robber barons’ .
sensing a common threat , morgan , carnegie , and rockefeller , put aside their bitter rivalry to ensure their man , william mckinley sits in the white house . bryan criss - crosses the country in the nation’s first press tour giving over 500 speeches . but he can’t compete against the robber barons contributions . mckinley outspends bryan by a factor of five to one .
in the 1896 election , 90 % of the electorate vote , double today’s turnouts . but back then voting was a public affair and workers know they may be fired if seen to be voting for bryan . mckinley wins . he rolls back regulations .
carnegie agrees to sell out to morgan for the equivalent of four hundred billion dollars nowadays ( or $ 480 back then ) . this is more than the entire budget of the us federal government . it gives carnegie the largest private fortune the world has ever seen .
it allows morgan , in 1901 , to create us steel , the first billion dollar company in history . it will dominate the steel business for almost a hundred years . at his peak morgan will sit on the board of 48 corporations .
but morgan’s power drew the attention of new york city police commissioner turned politician , theodore roosevelt . born into a wealthy family , roosevelt entered public life after an image makeover from new york aristocrat to man of the people . he joins the army and serves during spanish - american war . back in new york as governor , he clamps down on the abuses of big business . the robber barons hope making roosevelt into the vice president will silence him .
the vice presidency in those days was a place where people went to disappear . they became vice president , were never heard from again . it was almost like a modern witness protection program .
but in 1901 , president mckinley is shot by leon czolgosz , a factory worker who lost his job in a jp morgan takeover . czolgosz had joined the growing anarchist movement and mckinley’s big business ties made him a target .
roosevelt , impotent as mckinley’s number two , now becomes president . just five months into office he targets the morgan owned railroad consortium . morgan is furious . he sees the president of the united states as just another business rival to be bested , or bought off . the government sues the rail consortium in the first antitrust case filed against a major consortium . the case goes to the supreme court . roosevelt wins and jp morgan’s rail monopoly is broken .
undaunted , morgan invests in the new canal project in panama that hopes to link the atlantic and pacific oceans . morgan acts as the middle man for the government and raises $ 40m ( $ 70billion today ) to get the project started . over 75 , 000 workers labour in brutal heat , under the threat of deadly diseases , digging a 51 mile long canal . but in 1913 , a year before it’s completed , morgan dies in his sleep aged 75 . the new york stock exchange shuts down for 2 hours in remembrance ; an honour normally reserved for the passing of a president .
set in a pawn shop in johannesburg , south africa , they receive the most unexpected items to sell .
rick talks about keeping his promise to get to the bottom of 10 - x in this season 4 web exclusive .
read about the tings you didn ' t know about the annual boat race .
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one of the most powerful bankers of his era , j . p . ( john pierpont ) morgan ( 1837 - 1913 ) financed railroads and helped organize u . s . steel , general electric and other major corporations . the connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s , and in 1871 formed a partnership with philadelphia banker anthony drexel . in 1895 , their firm was reorganized as j . p . morgan & company , a predecessor of the modern - day financial giant jpmorgan chase . morgan used his influence to help stabilize american financial markets during several economic crises , including the panic of 1907 . however , he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain . the gilded age titan spent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection .
in 1861 , morgan married amelia sturges , the daughter of a wealthy new york businessman . amelia morgan died of tuberculosis four months after the couple’s wedding . in 1865 , morgan married frances louisa tracy ( 1842 - 1924 ) , the daughter of a new york lawyer , and the pair eventually had four children .