the fungiidae / fəŋˈɡiː.ᵻdiː / are a family of cnidaria , often known as mushroom corals .

the family contains thirteen extant genera .

they range from solitary corals to colonial species .

some genera such as cycloseris and fungia are solitary organisms , polyphyllia consists of a single organism with multiple mouths , and ctenactis and herpolitha might be considered as solitary organisms with multiple mouths or a colony of individuals , each with its separate mouth .

fungiidae

family fungiidae ( enter fungiidae in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .
kento furui added the japanese common name
クサビライシ科
to
fungiidae
.
stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net
phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) .
distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi .
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )
evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) .
most members of the family fungiidae are solitary corals that are free - living ( i . e . , lie unattached ) as adults . the family fungiidae is restricted to the indo - pacific .
( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contrib zool 81 : 125–146
explanation note : species occurrence of hard coral families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae at pulau layang - layang .
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )
( 5 ) family fungiidae ( ' mushroom corals ' ) ( fig . 20 . 6h - k )
phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) [ 2000 ]
species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea .
urltoken where reefkeeping begins on the internet - stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net
hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh 254 : 1–295
a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits .
) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles . zool meded leiden 67 : 639–654 .
phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home .
mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species .
the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n .
the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle .
scleractinia of eastern australia iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae .
( scleractinia : fungiidae ) populations in the indo - malay archipelago : implications for live coral trade management efforts . conserv genet 10 : 241–249
supervisor - visser , r . r . - a phylogenetic analysis of biometric variables of free - living mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )
hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh leiden 254 : 1–295 .
family fungiidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .
hoeksema bw ( 1991b ) evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . neth j zool 41 : 122–139
hoeksema bw ( 2012b ) evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contrib zool 81 : 199–221
hoeksema b . w . 1990 . systematics and ecology of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . phd . thesis leiden university , 471 pp .
reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in th
by susan b . colley , joshua s . feingold et al .
hoeksema bw ( 2012a ) distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bull zool 60 : 183–212
hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen 254 : 1 - 295 .
hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 .
hoeksema bw , koh egl ( 2009 ) depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bull zool suppl 22 : 91–101
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contributions to zoology 81 : 199 - 221 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 112 - 129 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 122 - 139 .
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a ctenactis albitentaculata b cycloseris boschmai c cycloseris costulata d cycloseris explanulata e cycloseris mokai f cycloseris tenuis g danafungia horrida h danafungia scruposa .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a fungia fungites b halomitra pileus c herpolitha limax d lithophyllon ranjithi e lithophyllon repanda f lithophyllon scabra g lithophyllon undulatum h lobactis scutaria .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a pleuractis granulosa b pleuractis gravis c pleuractis moluccensis d podabacia sinai e polyphyllia talpina f sandalolitha boucheti g sandalolitha dentata h sandalolitha robusta .
supervisor - jong , i . de - mushroom coral - inhabiting barnacles of sw sulawesi , indonesia , a study of barnacles ( cirripedia : pyrgomatidae ) on mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )
hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . the ecology of indonesian series 7 1 : 311 - 313 : periplus , hong kong .
hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57–84 .
hoeksema bw ( 1991a ) control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . mar ecol prog ser 74 : 225–237
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 .
hoeksema bw ( 2009 ) attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bull zool s22 : 81–90 .
chadwick - furman n , loya y ( 1992 ) migration , habitat use , and competition among mobile corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the gulf of eilat , red sea . mar biol 114 : 617–623
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 639 - 654 .
gittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107–132
hoeksema , b . w . , 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
scleractinia ; fungiidae ; mushroom corals ; taxonomy ; revision ; fossil record ; phy - logeny ; biogeography ; indo - pacific ; tropical ; marine ; benthic ; shallow - water habitats ; coral reefs ; species diversity .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 639 - 654 .
gittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107–132 .
bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2017 . mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines , with records of associated fish and other cryptofauna . raffles bulletin of zoology 65 : 9 .
hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan - 2 : family fungiidae ( including a new species ) . bulletin of the institute of zoology academia sinica 30 : 203 - 228 .
hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 81 - 90 .
claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen 61 : 303 - 309 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 .
hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .
hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan . ii family fungiidae ( with the description of a new species ) . bulletin zoological institute , academia sinica , taipei 30 : 201 - 226 .
hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . fungiidae dana , 1846 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196100 on 2018 - 07 - 09
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 . go to website ( doi )
gittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .
kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 1 - 24 .
hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k . 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 1 - 19 .
hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 81 - 90 .
gittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .
kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 11 - 24 .
claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 61 : 303 - 309 .
hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the
fungia patella group
( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57 - 84 . go to website ( doi )
hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 91 - 101 .
hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen 58 : 323 - 328 .
hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 91 - 101 .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 1 - 19 .
veron jen , pichon m ( 1980 ) scleractinia of eastern australia . part iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 422 p .
hoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .
hoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .
hoeksama , bert w . 30 dec 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 97 - 107 .
hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 58 : 323 - 328 .
hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) related to coral - reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 . go to website ( doi )
gittenberger a . , reijnen b . t . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) in the java sea - stress tolerance and interference by life - history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 . go to website ( doi )
hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 .
hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . in : tomascik et al . ( eds . ) the ecology of the indonesian seas . part one : 311 - 313 . periplus editions ( hk ) ltd .
there are two basic type of stony corals ; those who live as colonies and those who lives as individual polyps , called solitary corals . in the family fungiidae we do find both kinds , but some species are rather difficult to place in either of the two groups .
wells , j . w . 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in : rees wj ( ed . ) the cnidaria and their evolution . symposium of the zoological society of london 16 : 223–246 , pl . 1 . academic press , london . [ details ]
bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . cryptobenthic fishes and co - inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines . environmental biology of fishes 98 : 1479 - 1489 . go to website ( uri )
hoeksema , bert w . and esther g . l . koh . 30 dec 2009 . depauration of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 91 - 101 .
wells , j . w . , 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in w . j . rees ( ed . ) . : the cnidaria and their evolution . symposia of the zoological society london 16 : 223 - 246 , 1 plate . academic press , london .
owada m . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . 1968 , boring into mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , in relation to other mussels ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) . contributions to zoology 80 : 169 - 178 .
hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 . go to website ( uri )
colley , susan b . ; feingold , joshua s . ; pena , j . ; and glynn , peter w . ,
reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in the galapagos islands , ecuador
( 2000 ) . oceanography faculty proceedings , presentations , speeches , lectures . 320 . urltoken
benzoni f . , arrigoni r . , stefani f . , reijnen b . t . , montano s . , hoeksema b . w . 2012 . phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contributions to zoology 81 : 125 - 146 .
gittenberger , a . , reijnen , b . t . & hoeksema , b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 . , available online at urltoken ; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]
waheed z , benzoni f , van der meij set , terraneo ti , hoeksema bw ( 2015 ) scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1–37 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 517 . 9308
meij s . e . t . van der , fransen c . h . j . m . , pasman l . r . & hoeksema b . w . 2015 . phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . ecology and evolution 5 : 5770 - 5780 . go to website ( doi )
the fungiidae are mushroom corals that live in sublittoral habitats in the tropical indo - pacific . their habitats are part of coral reefs or other marine substrata , which usually can be found in the proximity of the reefs . in the present taxonomic revision , the family is divided into 11 genera ; one of which , fungia , is subdivided into seven subgenera . a total of 40 species is described and figured , three of which are new to science . one species is renamed . the stratigraphic distribution is given for all the species recorded in fossil state . a tentative phylogenetic reconstruction down to the species level is given . the cladogram that is provided should be considered a working hypothesis and not a sound basis for a completely revised classification and nomenclature of the fungiidae . for each species the presently known geographic range is mapped . the pattern of species richness in the indo - pacific is compared with that of some other taxa and discussed with respect to their distributional patterns . the ranges of the fungiidae are analyzed with the use of approaches from both historical and ecological biogeography .
waheed z . , hoeksema b . w . ( 2012 ) hard corals ( families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) . in : kassem k . , hoeksema b . w . , affendi y . a , ( eds ) semporna marine ecological expedition . wwf - malaysia , ncb naturalis , universiti malaysia sabah . kota kinabalu , malaysia . pp 9 - 42 .
family fungiidae dana 1848 . the mushroom corals could be poster children for lps ( large polyped stony corals ) if they weren ' t so odd in many ways . these are solitary , non - reef building animals that amongst the true or stony corals are ambulatory . . . yes , they ' re capable of movement . all but three genera remain free , unattached from the substrate as adults .
waheed z . , benzoni , f . , mei , s . e . t . van der , terraneo t . i . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1 - 37 . go to website ( doi )
the coral species list for the families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae in the present study added 32 new records for layang - layang and includes rarely recorded species such as leptoseris kalayaanensis , which is thus far a south china sea endemic . the mushroom coral lithophyllon ranjithi has a wider distribution range than previously thought and can no longer be considered endemic to northeastern borneo . this is the first record of this species from an oceanic and offshore reef habitat , in contrast to its previously reported habitat preference for coastal and sheltered reef conditions .
a total of 552 corals , including 375 reef species , are represented on this maximum parsimony cladogram that is part of the scleractinian supertree ( figure 1 ) . roman numerals denote clades based on the phylogeny in fukami et al . [ 42 ] . ant : anthemiphyllidae , ast : astrocoeniidae , car : caryophylliidae , eup : euphylliidae , fav : faviidae , fun : fungiidae , mea : meandrinidae , mer : merulinidae , mus : mussidae , ocu : oculinidae , pec : pectiniidae , poc : pocilloporidae , rhi : rhizangiidae , sid : siderastreidae , ste : stenocyathidae , trc : trachyphylliidae .
cladogram of the fungiidae ( based on gittenberger et al . ; benzoni et al . ) , combined with gall crab associations . percentages ( depicted as filled circles ) portray how the gall crabs are distributed over their coral hosts : fungicola syzygia ( n = 316 ) , fungicola fagei ( n = 4 ) , fungicola utinomi ( n = 82 ) , and dacryomaia sp . ( n = 29 ) , based on fieldwork in sw sulawesi using belt quadrats . other records ( depicted as filled squares ) are based on collection data ( table ) and fieldwork other than sw sulawesi ( see ) .
figure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )
figure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )
the marine aquarium hobby has at last reached a level where the aquarists can observe animal behaviour and study biological events that hardly can be examined in detail anywhere else other than in the aquarium . today many of the private reef tanks can show far better results with respect to the growth of corals than the majority of public marine aquariums , which are still run by heavy biological filters and have an extensive growth of algae . in this article we shall concentrate on the scleractinian family fungiidae ( “piltzkoralle” ) , which has proven to very durable , and which has shown us some very interesting examples of unisexual breeding through the development of a structure called “acanthocauli” - which we shall return to .
underwater surveys of 27 , 000 mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) at papua new guinea ( laing island , madang and motupore ) , singapore , the maldives ( ari atoll and south male atoll ) , the red sea ( hurghada ) , indonesia ( makassar , sulawesi ) and examination of 1 , 000 fungiids from museum collections ( mainly national museum of naturaf history , leiden ) have shown that 36 coral species were infested by several species of coralliophilidae belonging to the genus leptoconchus . the rate of infestation of the mushroom coral assemblage varied from 0 to 7 / . the two most infested fungiidae were fungia ( fungia ) fungites and f . ( verrillofungia ) repanda . at the east side of laing island , f . ( f . ) fungites reached an infestation rate of 19 / , the highest value ever recorded . the rate of infestation was positively correlated with hydrodynamics and negatively with turbidity . it was , however , not correlated with the density of the fungiid assemblage . infestation was maximum in shallow water ( 1 - 5 m ) ; nearly no leptoconchus spp . were found deeper than 20 m . place of settlement of the mollusc ( coral centre or edge ) , opening of the burrow ( oral / aboral side of the coral ) and deformation of coral skeleton varied according to the coral species infested . these variations seemed specifically related to the different leptoconchus species rather than the infested host species
the polyps of fungiidae are among the very largest of all coral polyps , and the very often imported species heliofungia actiniformis can reach a diameter of over 50 cm . it also has very long tentacles usually with green and brown colors , but occasionally colored beautifully purple . there is little known about the feeding habits of fungiids , but it is for certain that these corals , like another hermatypic corals , are utilizing the energy produced by the symbiotic algae . most likely the majority of the species catch and utilize plankton as well . like most corals fungiids do have parasites . the bivalve fungicava eilatensis lives inside the mouth of the corals and is found nowhere else . i have , however , not heard of any aquarists that have detected it in an aquarium yet .
references : anonymous . arkive images of life on earth online . mushroom corals ( fungia spp . ) . . anonymous . reef corner online . plate coral . . fenner , bob . wet web media online . plate corals , family fungiidae . goldstein , robert j . . marine reef aquarium handbook hauppauge : barrons , 1997 . hiller , greg . reefkeeping magazine online . propagating fungia sp . ( plate coral ) . . jennings , greg . the new encyclopedia of the saltwater aquarium . buffalo : firefly books ltd . , 2007 . personal observation shimek , ronald l . marine invertebrates . neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2004 . tullock , john h . . natural reef aquariums ; simplified approaches to creating living saltwater microcosms neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2001 .
corals within the scleractinian family fungiidae were observed to move toward light ( positive phototaxis ) . negative phototactic movement was not observed in any of the specimens tested . on sandy substratum , diaseris distorta moved faster ( max . speed of 3 cm h - 1 ) than other species . although d . distorta has symbiotic algae , phototactic movement also was observed both in bleached corals and in those treated with a specific inhibitor ( dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea ) of photosynthesis . d . distorta was phototactic even on a glass plate , and climbed up a steep slope ( up to 30° ) . based on experiments with fungia fungites and d . distorta , soft tissues at the peripheral region of the dise seem to be responsible for movement via peristalsis . it is suggested that positive phototaxis in symbiontbearing fungiid corals is an important trait for selection of favorable habitats .
there are discussions among scientists of how to define the term “solitary” . as a general rule , corals with one mouth only are called solitary while those with many mouths are called colonial . the majority of fungiids are solitary corals . most species in the largest genus fungia , have one mouth only , but the species fungia simplex always has several mouths . the closely related species fungia echinata does , however , only have one single mouth . abnormal developments can also result in the development of an unusual number of mouths . it is accepted that the solitary corals are the oldest evolutionary form and that colonial forms have evolved from the solitary form . the fungiidae does also contain one hermatypic genus - fungiacyathus . altogether this family contains a number of highly interesting species some of which are very durable in the reef aquarium . but again . . . . . the term “solitary” is very diffuse .
in most corals , there is a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a colony . this is not always so , as seen in the family fungiidae , where there is a continual gradation between solitary individuals ( with a single mouth ) and colonies ( with many mouths ) , as exemplified by the sequence cycloseris ? fungia ? ctenactis ? herpolitha ? polyphyllia . in this sequence , cycloseris and ( usually ) fungia exist only as solitary individuals with a single mouth while polyphyllia forms colonies with many mouths . a single specimen of ctenactis or herpolitha could be considered a solitary individual with many mouths or a colony of individuals , each with a single mouth . likewise , in some corals there may not be a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a row of individuals . this is best seen in families faviidae and mussidae , where there is a continual gradation between colonies composed of distinct polyps ( corallites ) to colonies where individuals are recognisable only by the existence of mouths and / or columella centres , to colonies where there is no sign of individuality .
the value of investigating extinction risk in the phylogenetic context has been emphasised in considerable detail elsewhere [ 26 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 137 ] , [ 138 ] . specifically for corals , confusion surrounding traditional taxonomy makes it difficult to accurately generalise traits exhibited by species to higher level taxa [ 42 ] . for instance , following the massive bleaching event in 1998 , the family faviidae , including leptastrea purpurea and l . transversa , has been declared a ‘winner’ in the recovery process at sesoko island , japan [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . yet phylogenies inferred in the last 15 years have unequivocally demonstrated that leptastrea is more closely related to members of fungiidae rather than faviidae [ 42 ] , [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 82 ] , [ 139 ] ( see also [ 140 ] , [ 141 ] ) , recovered within clade x with corals that are resistant to or recover quickly from bleaching ( figures 3 , 5 ) . results here suggest that these traits are conserved on the evolutionary tree , irrespective of species ' taxonomic affiliations .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
although the presence of fish on coral colonies and individual polyps of the anthozoa is relatively common ( e . g . , munday et al .
) . other fishes may hover over individuals of this large solitary coral polyp , but without direct contact with the tentacles .
at 3–28 m depth in the davao gulf between july 2010 and may 2011 . instead of
. about every 15th coral polyp was inhabited by one or two fish and , at a few occasions , specimens of more than one fish species were present on a single coral polyp ( fig .
b ) . these fishes dwelled within the coral canopy apparently without being adversely affected . although these fishes survive outside this coral microhabitat , i repeatedly observed one specimen of
occupying the same coral polyp over a period of 5 days . the representatives of the gobiidae were mostly adult specimens , whereas those of the labridae were exclusively juveniles . small juveniles ( ≤4 cm tl ) resided among the tentacles , whereas larger juveniles hovered over the tentacles or swam along the coral periphery . this is the first observation of fishes , other than
gobies a trimma sp . ( undescribed species ) , b eviota pellucida and e . lachdeberei , and the shrimp cuapetes lacertae among tentacles of heliofungia actiniformis
hoeksema bw , van der meij s , fransen chjm ( 2011 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 91 : doi :
munday pl , jones gp , caley mj ( 1997 ) habitat specialisation and the distribution and abundance of coral - dwelling gobies . mar ecol prog ser 152 : 227–239
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a coral is recorded eating a jellyfish for the first time , in intriguing photographs taken by scientists .
coral usually feed on tiny plankton as well as products provided by photosynthetic algae .
yet the photos reveal a stationary mushroom coral sucking in a large moon jellyfish .
researchers believe the ability to feed on a variety of food sources like jellyfish may give the coral an advantage in a changing world .
the pictures were taken on a dive by mr omri bronstein from tel aviv university in israel and mr gal dishon from bar - ilan university , ramat gan , israel in march 2009 during a survey on reefs near the israeli city of eilat in the red sea .
ocean currents and nutrients had created a seasonal bloom of the jellyfish ( aurelia aurita ) and many surrounded the reef in which the team were diving .
during the survey we were amazed to notice some mushroom corals actively feeding on the moon jellyfish ,
says ada alamaru , a member of the research team who is doing her phd in marine biology supervised by prof yossi loya at tel aviv university , israel .
we couldn ' t believe our eyes when we saw it ,
ms alamaru says .
the moon jellyfish is known to be eaten by a number of predators including fish , turtles and sea birds .
however , to find it preyed upon by the mushroom coral ( fungia scruposa ) was a unique discovery .
this is the first documentation of a coral feeding on a jellyfish almost equal to its size ,
ms alamaru says .
in fact we saw a few corals feeding and not only one .
normally corals feed on small microscopic organisms that make up plankton only 0 . 2mm to 0 . 4mm in size . in doing so they may ingest extremely small embryonic jellies that would be difficult to see by the naked eye . however research into the stomach contents of corals by scientists in the us did not find evidence of this .
they also feed on energy products provided by photosynthetic algae that live inside the coral .
this is definitely unusual . as far as i know no other coral are reported to feed on jellyfish . however , some sea anemones , which are close relatives of corals , are documented feeding on other jelly species ,
ms alamaru says .
unlike most reef building corals which are colonial and are made up of hundreds of polyps f . scruposa is solitary and composed of one large polyp , measuring up to 30cm in diameter .
they are not attached to the seabed so have a limited ability to move , unlike their reef building relatives .
however , ms alamaru says it is still a mystery how exactly f . scruposa manages to capture its prey .
the coral ' s ability to feed opportunistically when a jellyfish bloom occurs provides valuable protein to the animal .
ms alamaru suggests the discovery reveals not only a food source for the large mouthed coral but also potential further benefits in a changing environment , where due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances , jelly blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity .
the ability to utilise a variety of food sources and to take advantage of such a bloom event gives the mushroom corals an advantage compared with other small polyped corals that are not able to feed on such large prey items ,
ms alamaru says .
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all my fungiids are placed closely together and they do not seem to have any negative influence to each other . their stinging cells seem to be harmless , and other nearby animals like a galaxea sp . and some actinodiscus sp . do not react negative at all . they are all living like a happy family . even the anenomfish premnas biaculeatus have joined them .
i have tried to classify the species and most likely it is f . danai . but i am far from sure . i placed both polyps in good light and on sandy bottom . they are doing excellent , are expanded the whole day long and have during 1989 shown the following growth :
october - 89 : “ “ 60mm this gives an average growth of 3 , 5mm diameter pr . month . if the average thickness of the skeleton is estimated roughly to 2 . 0 mm and the specific weight of app . 1 , 5 g / ccm , these two colonies alone have fixed app . 17 gr . calcium carbonate , all very roughly estimated of course . as we clearly see that stony corals , serpulide worms , vermetide snails , different crustaceans , molluscs , the calcareous red - , green - and brown algae and many other calcium fixers are growing heavily , how can anyone state that the adding of calcium and bicarbonate is not necessary ! ?
in august 1990 i once again measured the second generation acanthocauli on the shell - side of the giant calm . it had now grown to a diameter of 2 cm and as this was not enough , another three very small new acanthocauli - polyps are developing near by . meanwhile the “older ones” have grown to a diameter of 8 cm .
when i examined the shells of the clam about two months after the event , i to my even bigger astonishment discovered that two new acanthocauli were growing from the same stalk ! in nature the stalk becomes weakened from calcareous destroying organisms like algae and sponges , and the polyp breaks off . here the obvious reason for loosening was the decreasing in light intensity when the giant calm was moved backwards in my aquarium . when i visited herr dietrich stã¼ber , who is one of the world leading persons on hermatypic stony corals in captivity , in berlin ( brd ) in october 1989 , in his excellent aquarium especially designed for the growth of scleractinian corals , i was able to detect the asexual formation from several acanthocauli at an fungia sp . , perhaps f . simplex . the pictures that follows this article clearly shows that we have now reached the technical point where natural conditions can be simulated and that natural events can be studied in detail . we can add something new to the knowledge of the reef corals . for all those especially interested in scleractinian corals veron , 1986 is a must and really an excellent work on the subject . the full reference is given below .
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific .
angus & robertson publ . , london , uk and north ryde , australia . 644 pp . fully colored illustrated . isbn 0 207 15116 4 .
the field surveys carried out in this study comply with the “animal welfare act of 1998” issued by the government of the philippines . we greatly acknowledge j . bayogan and g . gumanao ( davao del norte state college ) for providing logistic support during the fieldwork activities . furthermore , we are grateful for identification confirmations by c . fransen ( naturalis biodiversity center , netherlands ) , d . greenfield ( university of hawaii , u . s . a . ) and r . winterbottom ( royal ontario museum , canada ) . we thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments .
ahmadia gn , pezold fl , smith dj ( 2012 ) cryptobenthic fish biodiversity and microhabitat use in healthy and degraded coral reefs in se sulawesi , indonesia . mar biodivers 42 : 433–442
allen gr ( 2008 ) conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for indo - pacific coral reef fishes . aquat conserv mar freshw ecosyst 18 : 541–556
allen g , steene r , humann p , deloach n ( 2003 ) reef fish identification ; tropical pacific . new world publications , fl , 457 pp
bellwood dr , hughes tp , connolly sr , tanner j ( 2005 ) environmental and geometric constraints on indo - pacific coral reef biodiversity . ecol lett 8 : 643–651
berkström c , jones gp , mccormick mi , srinivasan m ( 2012 ) ecological versatility and its importance for the distribution and abundance of coral reef wrasses . mar ecol prog ser 461 : 151–163
bos ar , gumanao gs , salac fn ( 2008b ) a newly discovered predator of the crown - of - thorns starfish . coral reefs 27 : 581
l . ) outbreaks : removal success depends on reef topography and timing within the reproduction cycle . ocean coast manag 71 : 116–123
brooker rm , munday pl , jones gp ( 2011 ) coral obligate filefish masquerades as branching coral . coral reefs 30 : 803
( crustacea : decapoda : palaemonidae ) from lizard island , queensland , with notes of related taxa . rec aust mus 44 : 45–84
buhl - mortensen l , mortensen pb ( 2005 ) distribution and diversity of species associated with deep - sea gorgonian corals off atlantic canada . in : freiwald a , roberts jm ( eds ) cold - water corals and ecosystems . springer , berlin , pp 849–879
carpenter ke , springer vg ( 2005 ) the center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity : the philippine islands . environ biol fish 72 : 467–480
carpenter ke , abrar m , aeby gs et al ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science 321 : 560–563
in response to host , space and time . j sea res 85 : 37–47
( fischer , 1874 ) ( actiniaria , actiniidae ) . basteria 51 : 95–108
duchene d , klanten so , munday pl , herler j , van herwerden l ( 2013 ) phylogenetic evidence for recent diversification of obligate coral - dwelling gobies compared with their host corals . mol phylogenet evol 69 : 123–132
fautin dg , allen gr ( 1997 ) anemonefishes and their host sea anemones . western australian museum , perth
froese r , pauly d ( 2014 ) fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
gittenberger a , gittenberger e ( 2005 ) a hitherto unnoticed adaptive radiation : epitoniid species ( gastropoda : epitoniidae ) associated with corals ( scleractinia ) . contrib zool 74 : 125–203
gittenberger a , hoeksema bw ( 2013 ) habitat preferences of coral - associated wentletrap snails ( gastropoda : epitoniidae ) . contrib zool 82 : 1–25
gosliner tm , behrens dw , williams gc ( 1996 ) coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . sea challengers , monterey
herler j ( 2007 ) microhabitats and ecomorphology of coral - and coral rock - associated gobiid fish ( teleostei : gobiidae ) in the northern red sea . mar ecol 28 : 82–94
herler j , hilgers h ( 2005 ) a synopsis of coral and coral - rock associated gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) from the gulf of aqaba , northern red sea . aqua int j ichthyol 10 : 103–132
hoeksema bw ( 1988 ) mobility of free - living fungiid corals ( scleractinia ) , a dispersion mechanism and survival strategy in dynamic reef habitats . proc 6th int coral reef symp 2 : 715–720
hoeksema bw ( 2007 ) delineation of the indo - malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity : the coral triangle . in : renema w ( ed ) biogeography , time , and place : distributions , barriers , and islands . springer , dordrecht , pp 117–178
hoeksema bw , ten hove ha ( 2014 ) first record of a christmas tree worm in a mushroom coral ( loyalty islands , southwest pacific ) . coral reefs 33 : 717
hoeksema bw , van der meij set , fransen chjm ( 2012 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 92 : 647–663
hoeksema bw , waheed z , alamaru a ( 2013 ) out of sight : aggregations of epizoic comb jellies underneath mushroom corals . coral reefs 32 : 1065
huang d , licuanan wy , hoeksema bw , chen ca , ang po , huang h , lane djw , vo st , waheed z , affendi ya , yeemin t , chou lm ( 2014 ) extraordinary diversity of reef corals in the south china sea . mar biodivers . doi :
in the spermonde archipelago , south sulawesi , indonesia . coral reefs 28 : 793–804
oliverio m , barco a , modica mv , richter a , mariottini p ( 2009 ) ecological barcoding of corallivory by second internal transcribed spacer sequences : hosts of coralliophiline gastropods detected by the cnidarian dna in their stomach . mol ecol resour 9 : 94–103
spp . ) from the great barrier reef , australia . bull mar sci 55 : 193–211
randall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227–268
reijnen bt , van der meij set , van ofwegen lp ( 2011 ) fish , fans and hydroids : host species of pygmy seahorses . zookeys 103 : 1–26
roberts cm , mcclean cj , veron jen , hawkins jp , allen gr , mcallister de , mittermeier cg , schueler fw , spalding m , wells f , vynne c , werner tb ( 2002 ) marine conservation hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs . science 295 : 1280–1284
schiemer l , niedermüller s , herler j ( 2009 ) the influence of colony size and coral health on the occupation of coral - associated gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) . coral reefs 28 : 137–142
van der meij set , suharsono , hoeksema bw ( 2010 ) long - term changes in coral assemblages under natural and anthropogenic stress in jakarta bay ( 1920–2005 ) . mar pollut bull 60 : 1442–1454
waheed z , hoeksema bw ( 2013 ) a tale of two winds : species richness patterns of reef corals around the semporna peninsula , malaysia . mar biodivers 43 : 37–51
waheed z , hoeksema bw ( 2014 ) diversity patterns of scleractinian corals at kota kinabalu , malaysia , in relation to depth and exposure . raffles bull zool 62 : 66–82
bos , a . r . & hoeksema , b . w . environ biol fish ( 2015 ) 98 : 1479 . urltoken
in most corals , the over - all appearance of a colony is not a direct outcome of the way its corallites multiply . however , in the family faviidae , the type of budding may determine the type of colony that results . in this family , the terms used to describe both budding ( the formation of corallites ) and growth form are usually the same . ( for example , the term ‘meandroid’ may be used to describe both the type of budding and the type of colony . )
all corals that form colonies do so by a process of budding , where the parent polyp divides itself into two or more daughter polyps ( intratentacular budding ) , or daughter corallites form on the side of the parent colony ( extratentacular budding ) , or polyps lose their identity , as seen in colonies with valleys . some colonies have both intra - and extra - tentacular buds .
right . extratentacular budding ( left ) and intratentacular budding ( right ) in faviid colonies . drawings : geoff kelley
if the corallites of a colony all have their own walls they are called plocoid or phaceloid , depending on how elongate they are . if they share common walls they are called meandroid or cerioid , depending on whether or not they form valleys . if they are meandroid and have their own walls they are termed flabello - meandroid .
5 . colony formation in corals . 1 plocoid colonies have corallites with their own walls . 2 phaceloid colonies also have corallites with their own walls , but these are long and tubular . 3 cerioid colonies have polyps , which have common walls . 4 . meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 4 meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 5 . flabello - meandroid colonies also have valleys , but do not have common walls . drawings : geoff kelly .
these growth forms confer several constraints on corallite replication and growth . plocoid and phaceloid colonies can have both intratentacular and extratentacular budding , while cerioid colonies can only have intratentacular budding . plocoid , cerioid and meandroid colonies have integrated corallites or valleys , while adjacent corallites or valleys of phaceloid and flabello - meandroid colonies may have little or no connecting tissue . the latter may compete for space and other resources , with the result that some parts of colonies overgrow other parts .
some colonies combine two growth forms . euphyllia and lobophyllia colonies may be phaceloid toward the colony centre where lack of space constrains valley formation and be flabello - meandroid at the periphery where there are no such constraints . similarly , symphyllia colonies may have both meandroid and flabello - meandroid areas ; favia colonies may have both plocoid and meandroid areas ; favites and goniastrea colonies may be both plocoid and cerioid . there are also many intermediate forms between plocoid and fully phaceloid and ( very commonly ) between cerioid and fully meandroid colonies .
a variety of other types of colony formation are found in corals , but these are uncommon .
the most common terms used to describe growth form are ordinary descriptive words . massive means solid and similar in shape in all dimensions . encrusting means adhering to the substrate . branching means forming branches . arborescent means tree - like . columnar means forming columns . laminar means plate - like . explanate means forming solid sheets . other terms are used with particular groups of corals ; all are explained in the glossary . however , there are so many different shapes of corals that such descriptive terms can be misleading and carry less meaning than illustrations .
a common modification of all descriptive terms is the addition of the prefix sub to the term ( e . g . submassive , subcerioid , sub - equal ) , meaning ‘less than’ or ‘not quite’ .
the much - studied coral porites forms large hemispherical colonies which typically grow ( radially ) at a rate of around 1 cm per year as determined by x - rays of thin slices . some more heavily calcified colonies of other corals grow at slower rates than this , although most are faster . staghorn acropora readily grows ( linearly ) up to about 30 cm per year . plate - forming acropora also grows ( in diameter ) up to about 30 cm per year .


pupilla muscorum , commonly known as the moss chrysalis snail or widespread column , is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family pupillidae .

pupilla muscorum

barna páll - gergely marked
pupilla muscorum
as trusted on the
pupilla muscorum
page .
subgenus pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © stefan haller ( urltoken ) .
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .
subgenus pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
subgenus pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
subgenus pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
» species pupilla ( pupilla ) triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as pupilla triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 )
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
sammalkotilo
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
' the ecological status of pupilla muscorum ( linné ) in holocene overbank alluvium at kingsmead bridge , wiltshire . '
hans - martin braun added the german common name
moospüppchen
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus 1758 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
moos - puppenschnecke
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements | springerlink
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola | masaryk university
( of pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
although it is not clear whether any subspecies of this species are currently recognized , if subspecies do exist within this species , it would possibly be the type ( or nominate ) race , pupilla muscorum muscorum , that occurs in utah . the species , however , could well be considered monotypic .
» species pupilla ( pupilla ) anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † accepted as negulopsis anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )
pupa ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ( considered as a separate genus )
all 20th century authors who have discussed this species in utah have used the currently accepted scientific name pupilla muscorum . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) applied to it the common name the two - toothed snail .
von proschwitz , t . , c . schander , u . jueg , and s . thorkildsen . 2009 . morphology , ecology , and dna - barcoding distinguish pupilla pratensis ( clessen , 1871 ) from pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . journal of molluscan studies 75 : 315 - 322 .
( of pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
moss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .
how to see this species pupilla muscorum has been seen within the last decade only at benderg bay , co . down and portstewart strand , co . londonderry . areas where it was formerly common such as murlough nnr , garron point , bushfoot dunes , curran sands , whitepark bay and magilligan appear abandoned . it should be looked for by sieving sand and moss in fore dunes or around the edges of dune slacks .
( of pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
species description the moss chrysalis snail is a small ( 3 - 3 . 5 mm ) , cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . the shell is brown , slightly glossy and finely striate . the aperture is dextral and has a single white denticle , with the outer lip reinforced internally by a strong white rib or callus . the lip is not reflected . in this it differs from lauria cylindracea which is superficially rather similar . lauria is in general a wall species with a predilection for climbing vertical surfaces , something which it does not share with pupilla . the lip in lauria is reflected outwards and is thickened and whitish and there is a single internal tooth .
( of pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) pilsbry h . a . ( 1920 - 1921 ) . pupillidae ( vertiginidae , pupillinae ) . manual of conchology , ser . 2 . 26 : 1 - 254 , pls 1 - 24 . [ part 101 : 1 - 64 , pls 1 - 8 , 23 december 1920 ; part 102 : 65 - 128 , pls 9 - 13 , 13 may 1921 ; part 103 , 129 - 192 , pls 14 - 18 , 4 august 1921 ; part 104 : 193 - 254 , i - iv , pls 19 - 24 , 21 december 1921 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 153 , 155 [ details ]
chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) mentioned :
a form known as xerobia [ sic ] pilsbry , commonly ranked as a subspecies , is reported to be the common form in colorado .
seemingly , chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) , who noted
[ w ] e failed to take this species [ in utah ]
and clearly had not seen material from this state , were implying that this species , in utah , may be represented by the nominal race xerobia . pilsbry ( 1948 ) , who had earlier named the form xerobia , reversed his earlier opinion , stating that xerobia should
. . . be regarded as an arid station hunger form rather than a true race .
in modern terms , xerobia would be called an ecomorph .
only 5 occurrences have been reported in utah , all of them historical , these being in utah county ( ingersoll 1877 , chamberlin and jones 1929 ) , sevier county ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) , salt lake county ( woolstenhulme 1942a ) , grand county ( henderson 1936 ) , and san juan county ( henderson 1936 ) .
abundance of this species in utah is not known . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) and chamberlin and berry ( 1930 ) , did not provide information regarding specimens . woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) reported a
new record
based on 1 utah specimen but did not indicate whether it was alive when collected or , perhaps , a very old , dead shell .
threats to this species in utah are not known but are thought not to be great . the population trend of this species in utah is unknown .
inventory is needed to determine whether this species , not reported in utah since 1942 ( and even then based on one specimen of unknown condition - - perhaps an old dead shell ) , is extant in the state as well as to determine the extent of its distribution and abundance . it should be sought throughout the wasatch mountains and the central high plateaus and in other mountainous areas of utah .
as with other species in the family pupillidae , this species is minute and living examples are difficult to find ; thus , it is easily missed unless special efforts are made to discover it .
habitat information for this species in utah is lacking . however , two of the reported localities are canyons descending west from the wasatch mountains ( chamberlin and jones 1929 , woolstenhulme 1942a ) and another is a moderately high ( approximately 8 , 000 - 9 , 000 ft elevation ) location in the central high plateaus ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) . part of the locality data reported by woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) was
stepping stone spring
, which , though this species is terrestrial and would not have been in the spring itself unless it was dead ( drift ) material , suggests a moist , probably riparian site .
text modified from : oliver , george v . and william r . bosworth iii . 1999 . rare , imperiled , and recently extinct or extirpated mollusks of utah [ : ] a literature review . publication number 99 - 29 . utah division of wildlife resources , salt lake city . 230 pp .
linnæus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 1 - 824 . holmiæ . ( salvius ) .
shell usually light brown , varies from reddish brown to horny grey , weakly striated or almost smooth , 5 - 6 . 5 weakly convex whorls , suture not very deep , aperture usually with with well developed lip , cervical callus strongly developed , like a dam , parietal tooth usually present , palatal tooth sometimes too . differs from p . pratensis with which it lives sympatrically , in its thicker , smaller and more slender shell , lighter and more variable colour and stronger apertural lip . animal small , elliptical , dark with lighter sides and foot , upper tentacles not very long , lower tentacles very short .
on dry meadows , sand dunes , open and sunny habitats . calciphile . in portugal found under stones , dead leaves and in mosses . in britain frequent in sheep - grazed calcareous grasslands . in the alps in up to 2400 m , in bulgaria 1200 m . feeds mainly on dead plant remains on the soil , occasionally also green leaves . ovoviviparous . reproduction in france mainly between july and september , maximum release period in poland is june - august , the species is able to hibernate with eggs ( diameter 1 - 2 mm ) and can release eggs with partly grown embryos ( size 1 mm , 1 . 5 whorls ) in favourable seasons . individuals incubate 1 - 8 ( mostly 3 - 7 ) embryos thoughout the year , activity in poland is from march to october . maturity is probably reached in the second or third season . gravid individuals are not able to copulate , 0 - 20 % of the individuals at a given time are not gravid .
threatened by disturbance due to intensivation of land use of old calcareous grasslands in britain . vulnerable in vorarlberg , lower concern in austria and germany , decreasing ( 4r ) in bavaria .
proschwitz et al . 2009 provided evidence that pupa pratensis was a separate species , which had already been suggested by jueg 1997 . references : moquin - tandon 1853 : 225 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 392 ( life cycle ) , germain 1930 : 423 ( life cycle ) , nobre 1941 : 146 , damjanov & likharev 1975 : 99 , kerney et al . 1983 : 118 , grossu 1987 : 275 , falkner 1990 : 148 , vogt et al . 1994 : 103 , jueg 1997 , turner et al . 1998 : 162 , réal & réal - testud 1988 : 50 ( no record from corse since 1848 ) , kerney 1999 : 103 , pokryzsko 2001 ( life cycle ) , hubenov 2007 , proschwitz et al . 2009 , boschi 2011 : 239 , welter - schultes 2012 : 131 ( range map europe ) .
bennington co . , dorset , vermont . on concrete rubble , culvert in low grassy area between parking lot and vt 30 at quarry pond ( ca . 1 . 4 mi se dorset ) , h . lee ! 10 / 27 / 07 , visual reconnaissance . ( 3 . 0 to 3 . 6 mm . )
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county name all counties alcona alger allegan alpena antrim arenac baraga barry bay benzie berrien branch calhoun cass charlevoix cheboygan chippewa clare clinton crawford delta dickinson eaton emmet genesee gladwin gogebic grand traverse gratiot hillsdale houghton huron ingham ionia iosco iron isabella jackson kalamazoo kalkaska kent keweenaw lake lapeer leelanau lenawee livingston luce mackinac macomb manistee marquette mason mecosta menominee midland missaukee monroe montcalm montmorency muskegon newaygo oakland oceana ogemaw ontonagon osceola oscoda otsego ottawa presque isle roscommon saginaw sanilac schoolcraft shiawassee st . clair st . joseph tuscola van buren washtenaw wayne wexford
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species . it is therefore considered to be least concern ( lc ) .
is a widespread species that occurs in almost all countries of the european union . its exact distribution is unknown , because parts of the literature records refer to
is in decline in most parts of its irish range . it is now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture ( byrne
it has suffered a 66 % distributional decline in ireland . the coastal populations are becoming increasingly rare and local ( byrne
2009 ) . for the other subpopulations , there is no coherent information available on the population size or trend of this species .
2009 ) . in general it is known from dry meadows and grazed land on calcareous substrata .
2009 ) . elsewhere , there is no conservation action in place for this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
provoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the widespread column is a small land snail with an elongated shell that is 3 . 4 - 4 . 0 mm long and 1 . 5 - 1 . 7 mm wide .
updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .
this species inhabits calcareous slopes and wetlands . it is thought to be tolerant of disturbed habitats such as roadsides , culverts , and even quarries . in michigan , it has been documented only from a rocky woodland and roadside cedar swamp .
for each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .
natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .
this species may be more tolerant of disturbance than most rare snails . however , land - use activities that remove forest canopy cover and alter critical habitat requirements such as cool microclimate and moisture availability should be avoided at occupied sites . these include activities such as timber harvesting , residential development , and road building . the species also is sensitive to excessive trampling and orv use .
surveys can be conducted anytime during the growing season , but are most successful in spring and fall following rain showers or when soil is moist , during high relative humidity and cooler temperatures . in addition to visual surveys , surveyors can collect samples of leaf litter , turf , and loose soil , dry in a low - temperature oven , and sift through , looking for shells .
michigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]
nekola , j . c . 1998 . terrestrial gastropd inventory of the niagaran escarpment and keweenaw volcanic belt in michigan ' s upper peninsula . small grants program , 1998 nongame wildlife fund , natural heritage program , michigan dnr , lansing . 133pp .
schilthuizen , m . and h . a . rutjes . 2001 . land snail diversity in a square kilometer of tropical rainforest in sabah , malaysian borneo . journal of molluscan studies 67 : 417 - 423 .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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chrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .
the common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .
description : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .
the snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .
dimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 ½ . ( abbreviations ) .
moss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e
, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .
) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for
( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .
falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j .
justification : there are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as different taxonomic concepts have been applied for this species . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched . it is listed as data deficient ( dd ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level : european regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) eu27 regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union
it is difficult to define the species distribution as different taxonomic concepts have been applied to this species .
there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate .
in switzerland , the species is listed as critically endangered , due to the strong population declines . there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched .
falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j . 2011 .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
beran l . , juřičková l . & horsák m . 2005 . —mollusca ( měkkýši ) , pp . 69–74 . in : farkač j . , král d . & škorpík m . ( eds ) , červený seznam ohrožených druhů české republiky . bezobratlí [ red list of threatened species in the czech republic . invertebrates ] , agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny čr , praha .
brabenec j . 1970 . měkkýši státní přírodní rezervace dubno . ( molluskenfauna des naturschutzgebietes dubno ) . práce stud . přírodověd .
clessin s . 1871 . die mollusken - fauna der umgegend von augsburg . ber . naturhist . ver . augsburg
clessin s . 1887–1890 . die molluskenfauna mitteleuropa’s . ii . theil . diemolluskenfauna österreich - ungarns und der schweiz . bauer & raspe , nürnberg , 858 pp .
ehrendorfer f . & hamann u . 1965 . vorschläge zu einer floristischen kartierung von mitteleuropa . ber . deutsch . bot . gesell .
horsák m . 2003 . how to sample mollusc communities in mires easily . malacol . bohemoslov .
horsák m . 2005 . molluscs , pp . 197–208 . in : poulíčková a . , hájek m . & rybníček k . . ( eds ) , ecology and palaeoecology of spring fens in the western part of the carpathians , palacky university , olomouc .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) im nsg ‘klädener plage’ ( mecklenburg - vorpommern , landkreis parchim ) : ein beitrag zur ökologie , gehäusemorphologie und systematik der art ( gastropoda : stylommatophora : pupillidae ) . malakol . abh .
juřičkovák m . & beran l . 2001 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . acta soc . zool . bohem .
juřičková l . , horsák m . , beran l . & dvořák l . 2008 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . available from
kerney m . p . , cameron r . a . d . & jungbluth j . h . 1983 . die landschnecken nord - und mitteleuropas . verlag paul parey , hamburg und berlin , 384 pp .
ložek v . 1956 . klíč československých měkkýšů [ the key of czechoslovakian molluscs ] . vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied , bratislava , 435 pp .
ložek v . 1992 . měkkýši ( mollusca ) , pp . 22–39 . in : škapec l . ( ed . ) , červená kniha ohrožených a vzácných rostlin a živočichů čsfr . 3 . bezobratlí [ red book of threatened and rare plants and animals of czechoslovakia . 3 . invertebrates ] , príroda , bratislava .
rafajová a . 2002 . měkkýší fauna dlouhé meze v chko železné hory [ molluscs of the dlouhá mez in the protected landscape area železné hory mts ( east bohemia , czech republic ) ] . východočes . sb . přírodověd . práce a studie
sádlo j . 2000 . původ travinné vegetace slatin v čechách : sukcese kontra cenogeneze [ the origin of grassland vegetation of fen peats in the czech republic : succession versus coenogenesis ] . preslia
ter braak c . j . f . & šmilauer p . 2002 . canoco reference manual and canodraw for windows user’s guide : software for canonical community ordination ( version 4 . 5 ) . microcomputer power , ithaca , ny , 500 pp .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . j . mollusc . stud .
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click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .
a northern ireland priority species which has been red - listed as endangered ( en ) in ireland ( byrne et al . , 2009 )
life cycle adults are present at all times of year . breeding probably takes place during the spring and summer months
current status much rarer than formerly in n . ireland due to abandonment of dune management and grazing , particularly at murlough nnr , bushfoot dunes , curran sands and much of magilligan .
it is a priority species in northern ireland and listed as endangered ( en ) in the irish red list ( byrne et al . , 2009 )
what you can do this small shell should be looked for in dune areas kept clear of vegetation either by natural sand movement or by grazing . if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details , with a specimen or specimens to cedar ( record centre manager , cedar , national museums northern ireland , cultra , holywood , co . down , bt18 0eu ; cedar . info @ nmni . com ) .
literature anderson , r . ( 1997 ) . an annotated list of the land and freshwater mollusca of northern ireland . environment and heritage service research & development series .
bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of paracoryna flach , 1890 † ) nordsieck , h . ( 2014 ) . annotated check - list of the genera of fossil land snails ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) of western and central europe ( cretaceous – pliocene ) , with description of new taxa . archiv für molluskenkunde : international journal of malacology . 143 ( 2 ) : 153 - 185 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 158 [ details ]
( of torquatella held , 1838 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .
east - central north american populations ( maine and tennessee west to eastern iowa ) generally occur in disturbed anthropogenic habitats such as road verges , vacant lots , abandoned quarries , old fields , and concrete culverts ( hubricht , 1985 ) although they may also occasionally inhabit less disturbed carbonate cliff , glade , and grassland sites . to the north ( newfoundland , the north shore of the st . lawrence to northwestern minnesota and the southern shore of hudsons bay ) populations occur on bare soil , under stones , on turf , and in thin leaf litter accumulations on sandy or rocky shorelines and in tundra ( nekola and coles , 2010 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
anderson , t . k . 2005 . land snail diversity in wind cave national park , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 65 ( 2 ) : 186 - 195 .
cheatum , e . p . , and r . w . fullington . 1973 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part ii : the recent and pleistocene members of the pupillidae and urocoptidae ( gastropoda ) in texas . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin 1 . 67 pp .
dourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .
harris , s . a . and e . pip . 1973 . molluscs as indicators of late - and post - glacial history in alberta . canadian journal of zoology , 51 : 209 - 215 .
hotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .
hubricht , l . 1985 . the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states . fieldiana : zoology , 24 : 1 - 191 .
jass , c . n . , j . i . mead , a . d . morrison , and l . d . agebroad . 2002 . late pleistocene mollusks from the southern black hills , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 62 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .
neck , r . w . 1989 . additional terrestrial gastropods of travis county , texas . malacology data net , 2 ( 5 / 6 ) : 135 - 143 .
nekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .
nekola , j . c . and b . f . coles . 2010 . pupillid land snails of eastern north america . american malacological bulletin 28 : 29 - 57 .
nekola , j . c . , b . f . coles , and u . bergthorsson . 2009 . evolutionary pattern and process within the vertigo gouldii ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae ) group of minute north american land snails . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 1010 - 1024 .
pilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 2 ( 2 ) : 521 - 1113 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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map hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .
a short cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . aperture has a single , white , parietal denticle . there is a strong white rib or callus behind the lip which can be seen through the shell from the side . the lip itself is slightly thickened but not reflected . the shell is brown , faintly glossy and finely striate . widespread but declining .
found across europe and siberia to the far east . also in northern north america . distribution type : circumpolar wide - temperate ( 66 ) .
in decline in most parts of its irish range . now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture .
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full reference : c . linnaeus . 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima 1 : 1 - 824
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