the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) is a north american species of freshwater fish in the catostomidae family .

it is found only in canada .

its extremely small range , which is restricted to a few rivers in the lowlands of southwestern quebec , has contracted significantly in the past few decades .

confirmed populations currently exist in the st. lawrence and richelieu rivers .

rivière des mille îles likely supports a remnant population .

the copper redhorse is one of seven species of the genus moxostoma ( family catostomidae ) occurring in canada .

its discovery has been attributed to vianney legendre in 1942 , but it appears to have been first described by pierre fortin in 1866 as an already known species of the genus moxostoma .

copper redhorse

figure 5 . critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse at the chambly dam .
maintaining the area , in km 2 , of the copper redhorse distribution range .
2 . habitats are available to permit the growth and reproduction of the copper redhorse .
effects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) , an endangered species .
figure 4 . critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse at the saint - ours dam .
species at risk other than copper redhorse will be measured and released back into the water .
figure 1 . pharyngeal apparatus of the adult copper redhorse . photo : yves chagnon , mrnf
objective 4 . reduce the impact of anthropogenic pressures on the copper redhorse and its habitat .
the copper redhorse lives in shallow grass - beds around the islands in the st . lawrence river and its lakes . these grass - beds provide plenty of gastropods , which represent 90 % of the copper redhorse’s food resources .
effects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) , an endangered species . - pubmed - ncbi
recovery of the copper redhorse is considered possible because it meets the four criteria of technical and biological recovery feasibility .
many studies carried out since the early 1990s demonstrate that the copper redhorse has difficulties reproducing naturally and that the population is aging .
objective 2 . support the copper redhorse population through stocking until natural reproduction can ensure the long - term stability of the population .
the copper redhorse is the only fish species with a distribution range entirely in quebec . it is found nowhere else in the world .
the copper redhorse is the only fish living exclusively in quebec . weighing more than 5 kg and with a length generally greater than 50 cm , it is the largest of quebec’s redhorses . it also lives the longest , reaching thirty years of age . this copper tinted fish with large scales has robust teeth , particularly well adapted to crush the shells of its preys . copper redhorse population size estimates remain uncertain , numbering them at the most a few hundred individuals .
recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ proposed ]
( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 419 . 42 kb )
description of critical habitat of the copper redhorse in îles de contrecoeur national wildlife area
( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 116 . 09 kb )
identify the grass beds in lac saint - pierre , lac saint - louis and in the de la prairie basin which exhibit the necessary attributes of critical feeding habitat for adult copper redhorse .
recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ final version ]
( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 477 . 75 kb )
spawning habitat spawning critical habitat includes the only two known spawning grounds of the copper redhorse , located in the richelieu river , below the saint - ours dam ( figure 4 ) and in the chambly rapids ( figure 5 ) . the spawning grounds are used by the copper redhorse during the months of may , june and july . the attributes of these spawning grounds are listed in table 3 .
objective 3 . promote further research into the sub - adult component of the population ( 100–500 mm ) to fill the gaps in our current knowledge of this stage of the copper redhorse life cycle .
the copper redhorse’s identified critical habitat includes three features supporting specific vital functions of the life cycle : the grass beds , the littoral zone , and the rapids . their attributes are listed in table 3 .
furthermore , several characteristics of the species’ biology and ecology increase its vulnerability . for example , spawning activity takes place late in the season , exposing the copper redhorse to lower water levels and a shorter growing season for fry which are consequently smaller in size when facing their first winter . the spawning period of the copper redhorse also coincides with the pesticide application period and therefore to peaks in concentrations of these pollutants in rivers .
fisheries although fishing for copper redhorse is prohibited in quebec , incidental captures occur in the commercial and sport fisheries . the immediate release of this fish is mandatory , according to the quebec fishery regulations ( 1990 ) , sor / 90 - 214 of the fisheries act , r . s . c . , 1985 , c . f - 14 . as mentioned in the “threats” section , the risk of accidental mortalities caused by commercial fisheries is very low . an outreach project aimed at commercial fishermen in lac saint - pierre to assess copper redhorse bycatch , determined that no copper redhorse was incidentally caught by these fishermen ( comité zip du lac saint - pierre , 2010 ) . the mortality risk owing to commercial fisheries in the river stretches upstream of the lake is not considered detrimental to the copper redhorse because the only permit for fyke nets will be bought back ( p . dumont , mrnf , personal communication ) and gill nets used for fishing sturgeon and carp are unlikely to capture copper redhorse ( vachon and chagnon , 2004 ; chagnon , 2006c , b , a ) .
finally , flood control structures and hydroelectric installations which modify water input into the critical habitats of the copper redhorse may alter or destroy these habitats . structures which present obstacles to both upstream and downstream migration may destroy critical habitat .
the copper redhorse population is in decline . several threats to the recovery of the species have been identified : habitat degradation ( sedimentation , degradation of riparian environment , eutrophication , organic pollution ) , construction of dams , contaminants , exotic or introduced species , recreational activities , commercial fishery , and low water levels . certain biological characteristics of the copper redhorse such as the late age of sexual maturity , late spawning activities and specialized diet contribute to its vulnerability .
known spawning grounds are located in the richelieu river , below the saint - ours dam and in the chambly rapids . after hatching , the copper redhorse fry will find shelter and food in the grass - beds along the river .
the distribution range of the copper redhorse is restricted to the st . lawrence river , from lake saint - louis to lake saint - pierre , and to the milles îles , des prairies and richelieu rivers . gilles fortin , dfo
recommended citation : dfo . 2012 . recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ proposed ] . species at risk act recovery strategy series . fisheries and oceans canada , ottawa . xi + 60 pp .
notice is hereby given that , pursuant to subsection 58 ( 2 ) of the species at risk act , subsection 58 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act applies , 90 days after the date of publication of this description , to the critical habitat of the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) population that is located in the îles de contrecoeur national wildlife area and is identified in section 2 of the recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada .
during two workshops held in 2009 and 2010 , with the participation of the ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune du québec , fisheries and oceans canada reviewed the information and used the new data to identify habitat use by the copper redhorse in the st . lawrence and richelieu rivers ( dfo , 2010a ) . in october 2010 , the copper redhorse recovery team recommended , that the habitat used by the copper redhorse in the rivière des prairies and rivière des milles îles be identified as critical habitat . these two rivers were not discussed during the workshops due to a lack of time . the identification of critical habitat in the recovery strategy is based on the information gathered during these workshops ( summarized below ) and the recovery team recommendation .
any person who accidentally captures a copper redhorse while fishing shall without delay return the fish to the waters in which it was caught and , if the fish is alive , release it in a manner that causes the least harm to the fish .
the competent minister for the copper redhorse under the species at risk act ( sara ) is the minister of fisheries and oceans canada ( dfo ) . because this species makes use of the vianney - legendre fish ladder , the minister responsible for the parks canada agency ( parks canada ) is the competent minister for individuals located in the ladder . section 37 of sara requires the competent minister to prepare recovery strategies for listed extirpated , endangered or threatened species . the copper redhorse was listed as endangered under sara in december 2007 . fisheries and oceans canada – quebec region led the development of this recovery strategy in close collaboration with the copper redhorse recovery team . this strategy meets sara requirements in terms of content and process ( sections 39 - 41 ) .
despite the considerable effort made to gather information on such a rare species , knowledge gaps subsist and have been identified . this lack of knowledge must be addressed before the development of a comprehensive and adequate strategy for the recovery of the copper redhorse is possible .
although many aquatic grass beds have been degraded , the protection of available habitat , together with bank restoration and other measures for the improvement of water quality , will increase the quantity of available habitats for the copper redhorse and consequently the chances of its recovery .
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copper redhorse
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the enlarged , molariform pharyngeal teeth of this species are adapted for crushing the shells of mussels , snails and crayfishes ( eastman 1977 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . stomach analysis performed by hackney et al . ( 1967 ) of cahaba river , alabama specimens , found that river redhorse fed largely on bivalve molluscs . smaller quantities of insect larvae were also taken . the adult diet of sympatric moxostoma species from the richelieu river was compared by mongeau et al . ( 1986 , 1992 ) . stomach contents of the river redhorse were dominated by ephemeroptera ( 54 % ) and trichoptera ( 15 % ) larvae . diet ovelap was very low and gut contents varied according to the development of pharyngeal teeth . copper redhorse had the highest preference for molluscs ( 99 % of prey observed ) while molluscs represented about 25 % of the river redhorse diet and less than 15 % of the diet of the greater redhorse , shorthead redhorse and silver redhorse .
in addition to sucker and redhorse species , competition for food may occur with other native ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) and non - native fish species . freshwater drum has pharyngeal teeth adapted for crushing mussels and snails ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , which was introduced into north america in 1831 , also feeds on molluscs ( scott and crossman 1973 ) . common carp has been associated with copper redhorse and river redhorse in the experimental catch of the 1960s and 1970s in the yamaska - noire system and in the richelieu river ( mongeau et al . 1992 ) . the recent introduction of tench ( tinca tinca ) in the upper richelieu and its capacity to rapidly spread into the st . lawrence river system also adds a potential competitor to the copper redhorse and river redhorse ( dumont et al . 2002 ) .
this species’ habitat is under great pressure from agriculture , urbanisation and recreational activities . habitat degradation is related to the majority of the threats to the recovery of the copper redhorse . this degradation can be caused by erosion and increased suspended matter owing to agriculture , deforestation and urbanisation , by contamination of water with pollutants disrupting the reproduction process , and by the premature aging of the rivers . dams that fragment habitat and represent obstacles to migration , decreased water levels and disturbance by boaters and anglers are other threats to the copper redhorse .
several actions have been taken to promote the recovery of the copper redhorse . the vianney - legendre fish ladder was constructed in 2001 so that the copper redhorse can move up the richelieu river to spawning grounds in the chambly rapids . this fish ladder is operated by parks canada . the chambly rapids spawning grounds are protected by the pierre - étienne - fortin wildlife preserve , created in 2002 by the ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune du québec in order to ensure a peaceful reproduction period . an awareness campaign is also taking place in the wildlife preserve , in order to educate boaters and the public about the copper redhorse . this campaign , carried out by the comité de concertation et de valorisation du bassin versant de la rivière richelieu , is financed in part by the habitat stewardship program for species at risk .
in quebec , river redhorse occurrence has been related to the presence of the copper redhorse , showing an affinity for lowlands rivers of medium size characterized by abrupt banks and uniformely deep channels ( 4 - 7 m ) flowing over a solid clay , sand or gravel bottom exposed to rather slow currents and interspersed by sections of rapids suitable for spawning ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) .
despite these knowledge gaps , the available information on the copper redhorse is significant and of high quality considering how rare the species is . further efforts to collect more information should avoid manipulation of specimens as much as possible as this presents a threat to the survival of the species .
quebec legislation also provides general protection of fish habitat under the environment quality act . the act respecting the conservation and development of wildlife , under articles 128 . 1 to 128 . 18 , controls activities that could modify biological , physical and chemical components peculiar to fish habitat . the act respecting threatened or vulnerable species makes additional provision for the protection of the habitat of threatened or vulnerable species . finally , the pierre - étienne - fortin wildlife refuge , created in 2002 for the protection of the copper redhorse spawning grounds in the chambly rapids ( richelieu river ) , also protects river redhorse habitat from activities that could disturb the river bed and flow characteristics . access to the refuge sectors where the copper redhorse and river redhorse spawn is forbidden between june 20 and july 20 ( gendron and branchaud 2001 ) .
many questions still remain concerning the distribution range and habitat of immature copper redhorse , particularly about the downstream migration and survival of larvae , the presence of sites in the richelieu river where juveniles congregate , habitat characteristics , and the threats to the habitat and survival of sub - adult fish .
the copper redhorse is the focus of increasing interest on the part of the general public and different organizations . this recovery strategy aims to coordinate the various actions that must be taken to complete the work already accomplished to prevent the disappearance of this species which is endemic to canada . it also includes the identification of the critical habitat of the species : grass bed inhabited by adult copper redhorse in the st . lawrence river , the littoral area along the richelieu river used by juveniles and for migration , and the rapids of the chambly and saint - ours dams , used for spawning .
spawning habitat in order to identify the critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse , experts have studied the needs and behaviour of the species , the use of the rapids below the chambly and saint - ours dams and the size of potential spawning habitat in the richelieu river ( dfo , 2010b ) . the spawning behaviour of the copper redhorse involves two or more males for each female . the copper redhorse appears to use the same sites as the other redhorse species , and apparently experiences reduced levels of competition at these sites due to the late onset of spawning . it adapts to environmental conditions and remains relatively faithful to spawning sites . the area required for spawning was estimated to be 1 m2 per female ( trio ) which corresponds to a minimum required area of 2 , 000 m2 for 2 , 000 females ( to meet the objective of 4 , 000 mature individuals ) . this value was extrapolated from known data from other redhorse species . the size of the potential spawning sites in the richelieu river is estimated at 583 , 064 m2 ( chambly : 488 , 364 m2 and saint - ours : 94 , 700 m2 ) . this potential area has been calculated based on the location of the spawning grounds , the drifting of eggs , resting places for spawners and the variability of the substrate and hydraulic conditions . thus , the critical spawning habitat identified in this recovery strategy appears sufficient to meet the objective of a recovered population of 4 , 000 copper redhorse spawners .
the copper redhorse , moxostoma hubbsi , is an endangered species endemic to quebec . the presence of contaminants , in particular endocrine disrupting chemicals ( edcs ) , in its habitat has been advanced as partly responsible for the reproductive difficulties encountered by the species . in the present study , immature copper redhorse were exposed to the estrogenic surfactant nonylphenol ( np ; 1 , 10 and 50µg / l ) and the synthetic estrogen 17α - ethinylestradiol ( ee2 ; 10ng / l ) for 21 days in a flow - through system . the endpoints investigated included general health indicators ( hepatosomatic index and hematocrit ) , thyroid hormones , sex steroids , brain aromatase activity , plasma and mucus vitellogenin ( vtg ) , cytochrome p4501a protein expression and ethoxyresorufin - o - deethylase activity , heat shock protein 70 ( hsp70 ) and muscle acetylcholinesterase . exposure to 10ng ee2 / l significantly increased brain aromatase activity . exposure to 50µg np / l resulted in a significant reduction of plasma testosterone concentrations and a significant induction of hepatic hsp70 protein expression . np at 50µg / l also induced plasma and mucus vtg . the presence of elevated vtg levels in the surface mucus of immature copper redhorse exposed to np , and its correlation to plasma vtg , supports the use of mucus vtg as a non - invasive biomarker to evaluate copper redhorse exposure to edcs in the environment and contribute to restoration efforts of the species . the results of the present study indicate that exposure to high environmentally relevant concentrations of np and ee2 can affect molecular endpoints related to reproduction in the copper redhorse .
due to restrictive spawning habitat ( water depth and substrate ) preferences , river redhorse recruitment is vulnerable to changes in the flow regime and siltation of spawning habitats . large increases in discharge during the spawning period have been observed to prevent the spawning of other redhorse species ( bowman 1970 ; cooke and bunt 1999 ) . river redhorse is also a late spring spawner and as such is significantly smaller at the end of the first growing season than earlier spawning redhorse species ( vachon 1999a ) . as over - winter survival of yoy is size - selective ( sogard 1997 ) , yoy river redhorse are less likely to survive than earlier spawning species . lastly , river flows during spawning are lower compared to earlier spawning redhorse species and the river’s capacity to dilute chemicals is reduced . in the richelieu river , late spring spawning coincides with period of peak pesticide application . in the yamaska and richelieu rivers , gendron and branchaud ( 1997 ) provide evidence that the final steps of sexual maturation by copper redhorse ( another late spawner ) in these rivers is disrupted by exposure to agricultural , urban and industrial toxins as they congregate to spawn . in the mid - 1990s , poor river redhorse gonadal condition was observed in specimens collected from this area .
the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) is the only fish whose distribution is exclusively restricted to quebec . this range is restricted even further to the st . lawrence river and some of its tributaries . at the present time , the richelieu river is the only body of water in which reproductive activity has been confirmed .
in november 2004 , the copper redhorse population was designated endangered by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . in december 2007 , the population was listed as endangered in schedule i of the species at risk act . in 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species .
when invasive exotic species such as the tench , round goby , zebra mussel , european water chestnut and common water reed establish themselves in an environment , they bring changes to the physical environment and to the food chain . however , the effects of these introduced species on the copper redhorse population have not been sufficiently well documented .
river redhorse populations may be at risk due to recreational angling activity , in particular the grand river population where angling for redhorse is reported to occur ( portt et al . 2003 ) . during spring spawning runs , congregative behaviour likely increases the susceptibility of river redhorse to recreational angling or spearfishing . the river redhorse is not afforded protection by catch limits , minimum size restrictions , or spearfishing regulations ( mcallister et al . 1985 ; ontario fishing regulations 1989 ) . due to lack of regulation and vulnerability during the spawn , populations may be affected to a degree . additionally , confusion with other sucker species may result in unknown harvesting and be a factor in decline of local populations ( parker and mckee 1984 ) . this potential threat has not been quantified . in quebec , to prevent accidental catch of the copper redhorse and river redhorse , sportfishing is prohibited for sucker species in the sectors of the richelieu , des mille iles , yamaska and noire rivers where both species cohabit . commercial catch of these two species is also prohibited in quebec .
cosewic ( 2004 ) provided the following summary : the copper redhorse and its habitat receive a level of protection under the federal fisheries act , the quebec act respecting the conservation and development of wildlife , and environment quality act . additional measures include amendments to the sport fishing regulations in a number of sectors used by the copper redhorse and the creation of the pierre - étienne - fortin wildlife preserve at chambly in october 2002 . the objective of the wildlife preserve is to protect the integrity of the largest spawning site and prevent disturbances of spawners and encroachment on spawning sites during the spawning period . the copper redhorse was designated threatened in 1987 by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) . in april 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species . this is the most critical status that can be applied to a species under quebec legislation and is used when the loss of the species is feared . currently , the survival of the species hinges essentially on protection and reintroduction efforts .
except for quebec rivers supporting copper redhorse , the river redhorse is the last of the moxostoma species to spawn each year ( mongeau et al . 1992 ) . american populations of river redhorse begin spawning in mid - april to mid - may at water temperatures between 18°and 24° c ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . canadian populations spawn later in the year , usually beginning in late may or early june and ending in late june ( reid 2003 ) . in the chambly rapids of the richelieu river , spawning typically occurs between the second and last week of june at temperatures between 17° and 20° c . this period overlaps with the spawning period of the greater redhorse and copper redhorse ( mongeau et al . 1992 ; la haye et al . 1992 ) . both sexes were observed in spawning condition once water temperatures reached 15 . 5° c ( early june ) in the trent river ( reid 2003 ) . spawning - ready river redhorse were captured in the grand river in late may 2002 at temperatures of 18 . 5° c . similarly , the gatineau river population began spawning at water temperatures between 17 . 5°and 19° c ( campbell 2001 ) . males have been found to be in spawning - ready condition at temperatures of 4 . 5° c colder than females ( campbell 2001 ) .
the copper redhorse , moxostoma hubbsi , is a species of fish that only exists in québec and is in danger of extinction . the critical situation prompted the ministère du développement durable , de l ' environnement , de la faune et des parcs du québec to develop an artificial reprodution technique , in collaboration with the biodôme and the université du québec à montréal .
in the richelieu river , backcalculated tl at age 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 and 18 are 229 , 410 , 533 , 586 , 659 and 680 mm , respectively ; and corresponding weights are 223 , 950 , 1833 , 2317 , 3107 and 3360 g ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) . compared to other north american populations , growth rate in the richelieu river is relatively high ( mongeau et al . 1986 ) . in september and early october , yoy river redhorse collected from the richelieu river averaged between 48 and 67 mm tl . these specimens were smaller than earlier spawning shorthead redhorse , silver redhorse and greater redhorse . fall tl of age 1 + river redhorse ranged from 114 to 131 . 5 mm . yoy examined by jenkins ( 1970 ) from the southern half of its distribution averaged 50 mm standard length ( sl ) in september with a maximum of 70 mm sl . as reported for the richelieu river population , yoy river redhorse were smaller than other earlier spawning redhorse species ( m . erythrurum and m . duquesnei ) .
methods of hormonal induction , egg incubation and raising the young were developed . more specifically , the biodôme has played an important role in developing a shelter network ( genitarium ) to conserve the species’ genetic variability . as of 1994 , young copper redhorse males crossbred from different parents are kept at the biodôme , the québec aquarium and the baldwin mills provincial fish hatchery .
figure 2 . distribution area of the copper redhorse . it ranges in the richelieu river , rivière yamaska , rivière noire , rivière l’acadie , rivière des prairies and rivière des mille îles , at the mouth of the rivière maskinongé and rivière saint - françois , and in a few stretches of the st . lawrence river , between vaudreuil and the downstream sector of lac saint - pierre
the copper redhorse is listed an endangered species and is protected by the species at risk act since 2007 . a recovery team developed a recovery strategy , which was published in 2012 by fisheries and oceans canada . since 1995 , three five - year intervention plans , developed by the government of quebec , helped acquire data on the basic biology of the species and the threats affecting it .
rearing and migration habitat critical habitat in the richelieu river includes the littoral zone of the river , with a depth of 0 to 4 m , from the chambly basin , to the mouth of the river ( figure 6 and figure 7 ) . submerged aquatic vegetation is found in this area ( table 3 ) . the richelieu river is the only watercourse in which larvae and young copper redhorse of the year have been observed . juvenile redhorse , such as the copper redhorse , ( less than 100 mm ) are confined to the grass beds of the littoral zone . habitat for the growth of juveniles is in the grass beds in the littoral zone of the richelieu river , identified as critical habitat . these grass beds , which play a key role during the rearing stage ( growth , food and shelter ) , are not only an important habitat for juveniles , but also for adults who frequent the river or use it as a migration corridor .
the saint - ours canal national historic site on the richelieu river , together with the bridge - dam and fish ladder , the adjacent west bank and l ' île darvard fall under the jurisdiction of the parks canada agency . the tailrace of the dam is a known spawning ground , while the fish ladder represents a necessary stage in the migration of copper redhorse towards the chambly spawning ground .
the minister of fisheries and oceans invites all interested canadians to submit comments on the potential use of a s . 58 order to protect the critical habitat of the copper redhorse as soon as possible . please note that , pursuant to s . 58 , any such order must be operational within 180 days of the posting of the final version of the recovery strategy , or action plan , that identifies critical habitat .
several conservation and outreach measures have already been implemented and various projects can be undertaken to mitigate the threats facing this species . agricultural practices can be modified to diminish the effects of fertilizers and pesticides , soil erosion and sedimentation . the treatment of wastewater can be improved to reduce the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment . important copper redhorse distribution areas can be protected from disturbance caused by pleasure boaters and fishermen .
access to spawning habitat is essential for the continued existence of the river redhorse . during the spring , redhorse species migrate to spawning habitats ( jenkins 1970 ; mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) . hackney et al . ( 1967 ) documented tagged river redhorse to travel more than 15 km upstream along the cahaba river , alabama to spawn . along the trent and gatineau rivers , large increases in river redhorse abundance have been measured at spawning habitats during may and june ( campbell 2001 ; reid 2003 ) . in 2002 , the river redhorse was present in the vianney - legendre fish ladder during almost the entire observation period , from may 16 to june 18 ( fleury and desrochers 2003 ) . in 2003 , between may 22 and june 24 , 555 river redhorse were observed at the outlet of the ladder , and 444 were counted during four peaks of migration , on may 26 ( n = 54 ) and 30 ( n = 128 ) and on june 5 ( n = 155 ) and 7 ( n = 107 ) ( fleury and desrochers 2004 ) .
in addition to adverse effects on spawning habitats , siltation can also result in decreased production of benthic macroinvertebrates and freshwater molluscs , the primary components of the river redhorse diet ( waters 1995 ; vachon 2003a ) . french ( 1993 ) suggested that declines in mollusc populations caused by pollution and siltation of habitat will likely factor in the decline of mollusc–feeding catostomids such as the river redhorse .
little information is available on the physiological tolerances of catostomids found in eastern north america other than the white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) . walsh et al . ( 1998 ) reported physiological tolerances for juvenile robust redhorse ( m . robustum ) , a sister taxon of the river redhorse . critical thermal maxima were identified to be between 35 and 37 o c . at dissolved oxygen concentrations between 0 . 7 and 0 . 8 mgo 2 l - 1 , juvenile robust redhorse switched to aquatic surface respiration and lost equilibrium at 0 . 54 to 0 . 57 mgo 2 l - 1 . hatching success of robust redhorse eggs has been observed to decline above 23 o c along with an increase in the incidence of larval and juvenile deformities at temperatures above 25° c .
a protocol for the monitoring of redhorse young - of - the - year recruitment in the richelieu river has been designed and implemented on an almost yearly basis . the objective of this project is to develop a performance index with which to evaluate present and future conservation and support measures . certain preliminary trends have been detected in population abundance , young - of - the - year growth and the climatic and hydrological conditions of the environment ( vachon , 1999b , 2002 , 2007 ) . these efforts have also confirmed the short - term survival of juvenile copper redhorse introduced into the environment as part of the stocking program and have added to our knowledge of older juveniles .
the river redhorse is a late - maturing , long - lived and large - bodied sucker that requires large interconnected riverine habitat to fulfill the need of all life stages . generally , specimens are greater than 500 mm tl ( campbell 2001 ; reid 2003 ) . the largest river redhorse recorded to date was 812 mm tl ( jenkins et al . 1999 ) . males are usually shorter and lighter than females ; however , both sexes can attain sizes in excess of 700 mm tl ( mongeau et al . 1992 ; campbell 2001 ; fleury and desrochers 2004 ) . the maximum weight recorded for river redhorse was a gravid female , 7 , 938 g ( jenkins et al . 1999 ; campbell 2001 ) . maximum ages recorded for river redhorse are 27 ( trent river ) and 28 years ( mississippi river ) ( reid unpubl . data and campbell 2001 ) . campbell ( 2001 ) characterized growth using the following the equation :
it has been reported that river redhorse excavate spawning redds ( hackney et al . 1967 ) . parker ( 1988 ) observed shallow swept depressions 10 - 15 cm deep and 50‑75 cm long at the base of shallow rapids in the mississippi river . similarly sized areas of cleaned spawning substrate have been observed during river redhorse spawning along the trent river ( s . reid unpubl . data ) . jenkins ( 1970 ) suggests that these apparent redds are merely an artifact of aggressive mating and not a depression dug prior to spawning . further investigation is required to confirm if river redhorse construct redds as this has implications for spawning habitat requirements . although redd formation is not definite , the river redhorse does exhibit ritualized spawning displays . hackney et al . ( 1967 ) described this process for river redhorse in the cahaba river , alabama : “the female approaches the nest as the male performs a nuptial dance , darting back and forth , then a second male joins in . once the second male is present the female swims between them . at this point the males press tightly against the female and all three vibrate across the bottom , releasing eggs and milt and burying the eggs in one sweeping pass . ” aggregations of two or three river redhorse were observed at the trent river spawning locations ( reid 2003 ) supporting previous observations of hackney et al . ( 1967 ) and parker and mckee ( 1984 ) .
the present recovery strategy includes the critical habitat identified to the extent possible , based on the best available information . the quantity and quality of habitat suitable for the growth of adults identified for the purposes of this recovery strategy does not appear sufficient to provide an adequate environment for a population containing 4 , 000 mature individuals . the fluvial lakes may offer adequate habitat for the copper redhorse , but their use by this species is not well documented . studies need to be conducted to identify the entire critical habitat necessary to attain the population and distribution objectives ( table 4 ) .
pharyngeal arch and teeth are present in yoy river redhorse ( vachon 1999a , 2003b ) . however , during the first growing season , young river redhorse feed mostly on microcrustaceans . the diet of 31 yoy river redhorse ( 32 ≤ tl ≤63 mm ) caught from the richelieu river was composed of chydorid cladocerans ( 22 % in number ) , algae ( diatoms ) ( 21 % ) , nematodes ( 15 % ) , harpacticoid copepods ( 12 . 5 % ) , protozoans ( 6 % ) and chironomid larvae ( 4 % ) ( vachon 1999a ) . in contrast to adults , there was a high degree of overlap among the diets of yoy moxostoma ( vachon 1999a ) . mcallister et al . ( 1985 ) examined the gut contents of 10 ontario specimens . river redhorse ranging between 100 - 150 mm tl fed primarily on chironomid larvae and pupae . larger individuals ( 200 - 250 mm tl ) consumed chironomids , crustaceans , trichopterans and coleopterans . the diet from an age 2 + specimen ( tl = 140 . 5 mm ) caught in the richelieu river on june 10 was principally composed of chironomid larvae ( 57 % in number ) and chydorid cladocerans ( 26 % ) ( vachon 1999a ) . larger river redhorse consumed molluscs , insect larvae and crayfishes .
while there are many species of sucker found in quebec , the copper redhorse is quebec ' s only indigenous fish species . unfortunately , it is also one of quebec ' s endangered fish species . its range is limited to certain portions of the st . lawrence river drainage system : lac st . louis , lac des deux - montagnes , lac st . pierre , the ottawa river , the richelieu river , and the yamaska river system . nowhere within its range is it considered abundant . in addition , these watersheds are heavily impacted by industrial and domestic pollution . the future of this fish is highly uncertain .
in 1987 , the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) , initially designated the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) as threatened ; in november 2004 cosewic changed the designation to endangered . in december 2007 , this species was listed as endangered in schedule i of the species at risk act . in 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species . the present recovery strategy was developed following three five - year intervention plans ( 1995 , 1999 , 2004 ) developed and implemented by the ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune ( mrnf ) and its partners .
the habitat of the river redhorse is protected under the habitat provisions of the federal fisheries act , particularly section 35 ( 1 ) which states that a development proposal must not cause a “harmful alteration , disruption , or destruction” of fish habitat . habitat may also receive protection by other federal legislation , including the environmental assessment act , environmental protection act and water act . in ontario , river redhorse may also receive protection under the lakes and rivers improvement act , ontario environmental protection act , ontario environmental assessment act , ontario planning act and ontario water resources act .
the river redhorse is at the northern limit of its distribution in canada with low numbers and disjunct distributions . tolerance for a narrow range of habitat characteristics , and a limited amount of suitable habitat restricts the distribution of river redhorse . it is an inhabitant of medium to large - sized rivers and intolerant of high turbidity levels , siltation and pollution ( trautman 1981 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ; vachon 2003a ) and likely disappeared from watersheds highly developed for intensive industrial agriculture , such as the yamaska and châteauguay rivers in quebec .
larval drift is important for the dispersion of moxostoma species to suitable rearing habitats ( d ' amours et al . 2001 ) . for example , the nursery habitat for yoy river redhorse in the richelieu river is 21 km downstream from the spawning site in the bassin of chambly ( vachon 1999a ) .
introgression among catostomid species due to habitat alteration has been identified as a conservation concern in western north america where hybridization between catostomid species is often common . however , hybridization is unknown or rare in most eastern suckers ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . of thousands of moxostoma specimens examined , only two cases of hybridization have been reported ( jenkins 1970 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . this included a single river redhorse hybrid with either a shorthead or greater redhorse . barriers to hybridization among moxostoma species include aggressive behaviour and differences in spawning time , temperature and habitat ( curry and spacie 1984 ; kwak and skelly 1992 ) .
the regulation respecting the pierre - étienne - fortin wildlife preserve , r . q . c . c - 61 . 1 , r . 3 . 01 . 3 . 3 , provides protection measures for the spawning ground at the chambly rapids . the land on which the wildlife preserve is located is owned by hydro - québec and the municipality of richelieu . according to sections 3 and 4 of the regulation , “from 20 june to 20 july , no person may enter , stay in , travel about or engage in any activity in sectors b and c of the wildlife preserve” and “no person may , in the wildlife preserve , engage in an activity that may alter any biological , physical or chemical element of the habitat of the copper redhorse , the river redhorse or the channel darter ( percina copelandi ) . ” ( c . c - 61 . 1 , r . 46 , sections 3 and 4 ) . for critical habitat to be adequately protected , the preserve will need to be extended to include all the spawning grounds .
canadian river redhorse populations reach sexual maturity at an older age and a larger size than their american counterparts . in southern populations , river redhorse have been speculated to reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 5 years ( tatum and hackney 1970 ; huston 1999 ) . more northerly populations of river redhorse do not achieve sexual maturity until a relatively late age . in the richelieu river , mongeau et al . ( 1986 , 1992 ) observed mature male and female near or on the spawning sites between age 10 and 20 ( 543 - 713 mm tl ) . along the trent river , males in spawning condition were 5 to 16 years old while females were 7 to 16 years old . spawning - ready males captured from both the trent river and grand river were smaller than females ( trent river : ♂mean tl = 603 mm ; ♀mean tl = 641 mm . grand river : ♂mean tl = 627mm ; ♀mean tl = 662 mm ) ( s . reid unpubl . data ) .
riverine habitat in canada is also threatened by the construction of hydroelectric dams and other barriers . increased energy demands in ontario and quebec may result in the construction of new hydroelectric facilities , or the conversion of run - of - river facilities to peaking facilities . dam construction has already heavily fragmented the madawaska , mississippi , ottawa , trent , yamaska , richelieu , and châteauguay rivers and the lower reaches of the grand river , increasing the risk of local extirpation due to limited immigration or emigration of the river redhorse population . suitable spawning habitat is primarily limited to the tailwater areas downstream of these locks and dams . maintenance of sufficient flows through these habitats during spawning is necessary for successful river redhorse reproduction ( reid 2002 ) . in addition , due to the number of barriers , available habitat becomes limiting as movement between habitats and populations is restricted . recovery of river redhorse populations after disturbances through emigration is expected to be limited by the number of dams along the rivers it inhabits ( reid 2002 ) .
rearing and migration habitat the habitats frequented by young - of - the - year and sub - adults may be generally described as shallow littoral zones exposed to weak currents and with aquatic - grass beds . these habitats are relatively evenly distributed all along the richelieu river and the size of the grass beds available in the richelieu river remains unknown . this is why a bathymetric approach has been recommended to identify critical juvenile rearing habitat . given the current hydrological conditions of the richelieu river , restoration of lost grass beds would be problematic . the littoral zone frequented by juvenile copper redhorse is between 0 and 3 m deep . however , the critical habitat which has been identified in the richelieu river covers the littoral zone which is 0 to 4 m deep in order to include the migration corridor used by spawners .
river redhorse has the potential to re - establish populations in waters where they have been extirpated when other populations exist nearby ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . however , in many of the rivers in which they reside , low population sizes and the presence of barriers to immigration ( i . e . dams ) reduce their ability to recover from disturbances .
it is possible that the methods used to gather information on the total distribution range skewed the results partially to the detriment of lac saint - louis . the information obtained through an analysis of the commercial fishery in lac saint - pierre is based on incidental catches , while research activity itself is concentrated on the portion of the population located in the richelieu river and st . lawrence river , downstream of montréal . moreover , no sampling program has been carried out in the rivière noire and rivière yamaska since 1995 . though these environments have been severely degraded and minimum water flow within them greatly reduced , neither the presence nor absence of the species in these rivers can be confirmed . questions also remain concerning factors ( e . g . inadequate grass beds ) which could explain why some areas of potential summer habitat in the fluvial lakes are less frequented by copper redhorse .
critical habitat for the copper redhorse has been identified to the extent possible , based on the best available information . this critical habitat consists of aquatic grass beds in the st . lawrence river , the littoral zone of the richelieu river and the rapids below the saint - ours and chambly dams ( figures 4 to 9 ) . the grass beds provide rearing and feeding habitats while the rapids are used as spawning grounds . critical habitat identified in the littoral zone of the richelieu river is used for rearing and by adults to migrate to the spawning grounds . the critical habitat identified in the present recovery strategy is essential for the survival and recovery of the species but it is insufficient to reach the population objectives . the schedule of studies presented in section 7 . 2 outlines the research deemed necessary to complete the identification of critical habitat in order to meet population and distribution objectives .
the anatomical specialization of the river redhorse for feeding on molluscs may increase this species’ susceptibility to extirpation . over much of the north american range of this species the molluscan fauna has declined ( williams et al . 1993 ) . the invasion of the great lakes and st . lawrence river by zebra mussels ( dreissena polymorpha ) has reduced the availability of the native species of molluscs and changed the bioaccumulation process of contaminants . it is not known to what extent river redhorse are consuming the large biomass of the newly established zebra mussel or its effect on growth rate . likely the result of poor caloric value , french and bur ( 1996 ) reported that zebra mussel - dominated diets reduced growth rate of adult freshwater drum ( aplodinotus grunniens ) in lake erie .
the successful recovery of the copper redhorse will depend on the commitment and cooperation of the many concerned parties who will participate in the implementation of the recommendations put forward in this strategy . success will not depend solely on fisheries and oceans canada or any one jurisdiction . in the spirit of the accord for the protection of species at risk , the ministers of fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada invite all canadians to join with fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada in supporting and implementing the strategy , for the good of the species and of canadian society as a whole . fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada are committed to providing support for the implementation of the strategy , subject to the availability of resources and the various priorities regarding the conservation of species at risk . other jurisdictions and agencies will participate in implementing the strategy according to their respective policies , allocated resources , priorities , and budgetary constraints .
while the river redhorse has been reported from both lakes and rivers within its canadian range , the persistence of this species relies upon access to suitable riverine spawning habitat . past studies have indicated a preference for habitats with moderate to swift current , riffle - run habitat and clean coarse substrates ( hackney et al . 1967 ; scott and crossman 1973 ; becker 1983 ; yoder and beaumier 1986 ; parker 1988 ; campbell 2001 ; reid 2002 ; 2003 ) . yoder and beaumier ( 1986 ) observed densities eight times greater in locations of preferred habitat than at pooled and impoundment locations in an ohio river . summer trap - net sampling on the mississippi river resulted in the capture of river redhorse in run habitat , suggesting that its habitat requirements may be more extensive than previously thought ( campbell 2001 ) . summer sampling of river redhorse resulted in capture in areas of abundant aquatic vegetation , fairly slow current and soft substrates ( campbell 2001 ) . compared to the spawning period ( june ) , lower catch per unit effort numbers in fall sampling of fastwater habitats along the trent river suggest that deeper run / pool habitats are used during other periods of the year ( reid 2003 ) .


the dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nanus ) is a species of bird in the family corvidae .

it is endemic to mexico .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

as its name would imply , this is the smallest member of the family corvidae at 20 – 23 cm long and weighing 41 g .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

dwarf jay

the dwarf jay often appears in flocks with steller’s jay ( cyanocitta stelleri ) but the dwarf jay can be easily distinguished by its smaller size , lighter plumage and the lack of a prominent crest of feathers on top of the head ( 6 ) .
the dwarf jay is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the greatest threat to the dwarf jay is habitat loss , due to human activities such as logging , agriculture , firewood gathering , road construction and cattle grazing . the dwarf jay is particularly sensitive to human presence , and any disturbance typically leads to the dwarf jay abandoning its nest ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .
it is thought that the grey - barred wren ( campylorhynchus megalopterus ) and steller’s jay ( cyanocitta stelleri ) may prey on the eggs and chicks of the dwarf jay , and a sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus ) has been observed attacking an adult dwarf jay ( 6 ) .
the dwarf jay has a small and fragmented distribution in south - eastern mexico . it was once thought to be restricted to southern veracruz and northern oaxaca , but recent surveys have also found small numbers of the dwarf jay in northern hidalgo , eastern querétaro and central veracruz ( 7 ) .
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hardy , j . w . ( 1971 ) habitat and habits of the dwarf jay , aphelicoma nana . wilson bulletin , 83 : 5 - 30 .
the dwarf jay inhabits humid pine , oak and fir forest ( 8 ) , at elevations between 1 , 400 and 3 , 200 metres ( 7 ) .
the dwarf jay is a small , rare species of corvid . it is endemic to the mountains of southeastern mexico , where it occupies pine - oak - fir forests . although the dwarf jay is locally common within its range , it is a poorly known species . it is threatened by ongoing habitat loss , and its conservation status is rated as vulnerable .
compared with other jay species , the dwarf jay has a fairly small vocal repertoire , with just two main , nasal - sounding calls , either a “ shree - up ” in units of two or three or a single cry of “ shiev - a shiev - a ” ( 2 ) .
thought to be a largely insectivorous bird , the dwarf jay is known to feed on weevils , bark beetles , crane flies and wasps , but it may also consume some plant fibre ( 8 ) .
foote , d . ( 2010 ) dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
this endangered species is not currently known to be the focus of any specific conservation action . it has been recorded in benito juárez national park , but this is believed to offer the dwarf jay little protection in practice ( 7 ) .
in march , the male dwarf jay presents food to the female as part of the courtship ritual . once a pair has formed , a tightly woven cup - shaped nest of mosses and lichen , lined with pine needles , is usually constructed in an oak tree at a height of about seven metres . the female dwarf jay typically lays two to three eggs , which are a pale greenish - blue , marked with olive spots . the eggs are incubated for around 20 days by the female alone , but the newborn chicks are fed by both parents ( 6 ) .
climate change poses a long - term threat to this species , as it is likely to alter the dwarf jay ' s preferred habitat ( 7 ) . for example , it has been predicted that climate change will result in tropical forest in southern mexico being replaced by savanna ( 10 ) .
the small , slender dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana ) is an attractive bird , with greyish - blue plumage and a distinct black ‘face mask’ ( 4 ) . a whitish ‘eyebrow’ stripe extends above each reddish - brown eye and the bill is black ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the throat is whitish and is separated from the rest of the underparts by a darker line . juvenile dwarf jays have a much smaller , less defined throat patch , which blends gradually into the rest of the plumage ( 4 ) .
20 - 23 cm . small , slender and agile , blue jay . slate - blue except for black mask bordered by slight , whitish supercilium and whitish throat highlighted by diffuse breast - band .
the dwarf jay forages in groups containing between four and ten individuals , often in a flock with other bird species . it is an agile bird and may be seen hanging upside down as it searches amongst vegetation for food . it also investigates tree stumps , searches under peeling bark , and will break open plant galls in search of hidden larvae , as well as pursuing slow flying insects ( 8 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
cyanolyca armillata and c . quindiuna ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as c . armillata following sacc ( 2005 & updates ) , sibley & monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) and stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
this species is considered vulnerable because it is believed to be declining rapidly in response to habitat loss .
. it was feared extinct throughout this range except for the cerro san felipe in the sierra aloapaneca , where it remains quite common . however , it is now known to be more widespread . there are records from tangojó in extreme east querétaro , north - east hidalgo , central veracruz and la chinantla in north oaxaca , and it may be locally common where suitable habitat persists ( m . angel martínez , e . ruelas and r . sanchez pers . comm . to a . g . navarro
in hidalgo the population density has been estimated at 4 . 4 individuals per km 2 ( m . martínez - morales in litt . 2016 ) . assuming that this is representative and that only a proportion of its range is occupied , this would equate to a population of c . 4 , 100 individuals ; roughly equating to 2 , 750 mature individuals . trend justification : no quantitative data are available for the calculation of population trends ; however , the species is suspected to be declining rapidly in line with habitat degradation within its range .
it has been observed in several humid montane forest - associations , but most abundantly in pine - oak - fir associations and areas with an even mix of pine and oak . laurel and abundant epiphytic growth are characteristic of these associations . lower densities occur in oak - dominated forest , and its occurrence in secondary growth depends on the predominance of the preferred tree - associations and nearby tracts of primary forest . suitable breeding habitat has a sufficiently open canopy to allow the development of a dense subcanopy . it forages mostly from the lower subcanopy to the higher shrub layer , where it gleans invertebrates from and around epiphytes . it occurs at elevations of 1 , 400 - 3 , 200 m ( rojas - soto
, but only above 1 , 670 m in the centre and south of its range . this is plausibly a natural altitudinal distribution , but it may have been extirpated from the lower elevations in the south of its range . the breeding season begins at cerro san felipe in early april .
. it is prone to nest - desertion following human disturbance , suggesting that there are few predators of adult birds . the continuing spread of west nile virus is not thought to pose a serious threat , and no related mortality has been detected in this species ( p . escalante
climate change is also expected to be an additional factor of habitat loss ( ponce - reyes et al . 2012 ) .
benito juárez national park . cerro san felipe is officially within benito juárez national park , but the boundaries of this relatively small reserve have never been demarcated ( salas
survey to assess more precisely the extent of its distribution . demarcate and effectively protect the boundaries of benito juárez national park . protect sites where the species has been recently recorded .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
effective protection of this national park has been recommended , as has the protection of other sites where this attractive bird has recently been recorded ( 7 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
incubated kept warm so that development is possible . insectivorous feeds primarily on insects . larvae stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . plant galls abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues caused by various parasites , such as fungi , bacteria , and insects .
howell , s . n . g . and webb , s . ( 1995 ) a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america . oxford university press , oxford .
dunning , j . b . ( 2008 ) crc handbook of avian body masses . crc press , boca raton , florida .
ridgway , r . ( 1904 ) the birds of north and middle america . part iii . bulletin of the united states national museum 50 , government printing office , washington .
madge , s . and burn , h . ( 1994 ) crows and jays . a guide to the crows , jays and magpies of the world . houghton mifflin company , new york .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
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this species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanolyca nanus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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natural vocalization ; calls from one of a pair of birds moving high through tall pine forest with a dense oak understory .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 125 side b track 7 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 125 side b track 4 seq . a )
a single bird responding aggressively to playback . poor photo of the same bird in this recording :
natural vocalization from one of several in mixed - species flock in pine - oak - dougfir forest . an unusual extended vocalization i ' d not heard before . the pecking was from a picoides villosus nearby .
natural vocalizations , possibly some soft - song . flock of several ( 5 - 7 ? ) individuals . in humid pine - oak forest .
natural vocalization ; extremely quiet whisper song from a bird perched part way up a tall pine tree in pine forest . an unfortunate amount of wind noise in this cut .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
a small blue - crested bird living in temperate woodlands , known for its harsh chirps .
blue jays are a type of above ground vermin . they are found in any temperate area with trees . they may be captured in animal traps and turned into pets . all blue jays possess legendary skill in climbing .
this page was last modified on 20 january 2018 , at 21 : 49 .