the black slug ( also known as black arion , european black slug , or large black slug ) arion ater l. is a large terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family arionidae — the round back slugs .

land slugs lack shells like other terrestrial mollusks ( such as snails ) .

without such shells , slugs produce unappetizing mucus — that may also contain toxins — to deter predators .

additionally , terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying .

such mollusks are hermaphroditic preferring to find mates .

slugs most often function as decomposers but are also often omnivores .

arion ater is one such slug , decomposing organic matter , preying on other organisms , and consuming vegetative matter — including agricultural crops .

native to europe , the black slug is an invasive species in australia , canada ( british columbia , newfoundland , quebec ) , and the united states — pacific northwest .

black slug

the african black slug is a slimy , black mollusk about an inch long with a distinctive white mark on its back , unlike several harmless species of black slugs native to the lower rio grande valley that are solid black .
the black velvet leatherleaf slug doesn ' t closely resemble any native terrestrial slugs .
the large black slug archived march 3 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .
one tweeted : “watching jeremy kyle - what the hell is a black slug . ”
description : true to its name , the giant black slug usually is jet black . other than in the red slug , the foot seam is also black . especially conspicuous are the juveniles - those are ivory coloured with a black head ( see also : black arion juvenile on urltoken ) . but they become grey quite fast with advancing age , adolescent slugs quite often are already black . in contrary , the young of lusitanian slugs are quite characteristically banded .
three types of banana slugs include the california banana slug , the pacific banana slug and the slender banana slug .
there is much debate concerning black slug effect upon plant species diversity . slug impacts change over successional stages , and alaska conservationists observed the black slug’s impact on species diversity depends upon community composition . [ 16 ] if a system is composed of sensitive species , the black slug will likely have a negative impact by pressuring said species . if a system presents more evenness with less sensitive species , the black slug may promote species diversity and encourage healthy succession rates . [ 16 ]
vinegar is a good ingredient for slug sprays , and for removing slug slime .
walls jg . 2009 . just a plain black slug : belocaulus angustipes . american conchologist 37 : 28 - 29 .
garry oak ecosystem recovery team . “black slug . ” urltoken archived march 21 , 2014 , at the wayback machine . .
world’s longest list of slug remedies loads of helpful tips for dealing with the slug menace .
used black slugs to smear on the frying pan when they made pancakes . butter
giant red slug or chocolate slug ( arion rufus ) from belgium . picture : hans hillewaert .
but lucy didn ' t believe her and called serena a “black slug” twice on monday’s episode , much to the amusement of viewers .
only seen from the outside , the giant red slug , the giant black slug and the lusitanian slug are only very hard to tell apart . all three species have red , black ( with the exception of the lusitanian slug ) and brown specimens . the red slug and the black slugs can even be white . without an anatomical examination at the cost of the slug ' s life , the species cannot usually be determined with certainty . the best way usually is to have a look at the juveniles , which are quite conspicuous in all three species .
black slug latin name : arion rufus native region : europe introduced region : southern bc reason for introduction : unknown threats : destruction of plant - life , displacement of native slug species many cachers have probably stepped on a black slug at some point on the local trails . they ' re also the bane of gardeners . is
a third joked : “black slug ? are they worse than the orange ones ? all slugs are equal . # endmolluscracism # jeremykyle . ”
eruopean black slug , photo by hugh griffith [ editor ' s note : a . k . a . chocolate arion , arion rufus ]
a large roundback slug varying in colour through browns to black , with a similarly coloured , dull foot fringe and exhibiting a strong rocking response when stimulated . ubiquitous up to moderate altitudes . a jet black form occurs on peatlands .
lucy has been with kyle for six months but thinks serena is after him , prompting her to tell jeremy : “she’s a black slug . ”
the unusual insult returned later on when serena joined lucy on stage - and lucy even treated the audience to an impression of a black slug .
“i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug ! ” said lucy , shimmying across the stage as jezza looked on utterly baffled .
incredibly , the slimy black slug peterson pulled from the water was on the small side for its species , weighing a comparatively paltry 10 pounds .
a black specimen of the giant red slug from hesse in germany . well visible : the red foot seam in both specimens . [ rn ]
giant black slug ( arion ater ) from the island of bornholm ( denmark ) . picture : francisco welter - schultes ( animal base ) .
most conspicuous on wet days , the black slug is an important , but often overlooked , part of the woodland floor fauna in the caledonian forest .
due to its huge size the black slug often accepts the blame for most garden carnage , but actually its three smaller cousins wreak the most havoc .
outrageous sights are normal on itv’s the jeremy kyle show , but one guest’s impression of a ‘black slug’ may have emerged victorious in the hilarious stakes .
when picked up or touched , the black slug will contract into a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side . this behaviour confuses predators .
researching the black slug has provided human and ecological value . for example , a 1996 study investigated the bioaccumulation of mercury in black slugs and determined these slugs could be used to monitor levels of heavy metals in terrestrial systems—similar to how ecologists use aquatic mollusks . [ 25 ] and a 2014 study researched the black slug gut’s microbiology in hopes of catalyzing other studies of cellulolytic activity that could improve biofuel technology . [ 17 ]
the slimy insult wasn’t a one - time slip however , later in the show lucy proceeded to demonstrate how a ‘black slug’ would walk in its natural surroundings .
to us , slug mucous is horrible , but to the slug , this valuable substance is their arms and legs .
like other members of the family arionidae , the black slug has a pneumostome ( breathing hole ) on the right side of its mantle through which it breathes . this mantle is the part in snails that secretes a shell , but in the black slug , the mantle contains a resilient protective structure of calcareous granules . [ 1 ]
another said : “ ' i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug ' couldn ' t make this s * * t up ! # jeremykyle . ”
the black slug is generally deep black , with some adults being brown or even white . generally , pigmentation darkens directly with increasing latitude . young specimens tend to be brown or ivory whitish , turning to grey before becoming characteristically black at maturity . [ 1 ] rust - brown individuals are arguably classified as a separate species arion rufus ( red slug ) . [ 5 ] the two can only be distinguished by dissecting the reproductive anatomy . [ 6 ]
large red slug and black slug ( arion ater ) this is widespread and common throughout the uk in most terrestrial habitats . it can reach up to 12cm in length . body is uniform in colour but can be either orange - red or black . when alarmed it contracts into a spherical shape and may rock from side to side . mucus is colourless . this slug is rarely a problem in arable crops .
in contrary to the giant red slug , the black slug is distributed more to the north of europe : its distribution area covers north and northwest europe , in scandinavia beyond the 61st degree of latitude , it remain confined to the coast .
the canola variety , thunder , was sown on the 14 th may into burnt wheat stubble . sowing rate of 3 . 5 / ha broadcast and prickle chained . the slug species identified in this trial were the grey field slug ( deroceras reticulatum ) and the black keeled slug ( milax gagates ) .
slug bait should be applied at a rate to provide sufficient bait points per m 2 relative to slug populations in the paddock .
internal : gray - black with two darker stripes on each side , and black mantle ( kerney & cameron 1979 ) ; orange - red forms sometimes occur ( wiktor 1996 ) ; no spots on mantle ( wiktor 1983 ) ; keel pale , reaches 2 / 3 length between tail tip and mantle ; coarse tubercles ; black spots on tentacles ; white sole with longitudinal side sections of gray to black ; clear mucus ( kerney & cameron 1979 ) .
the uk’s largest slug , ash - black slugs can grow to 25cm long ! they have a keel down their back , and a white stripe down the middle of their foot .
caught in a fiery rant with serena , she said : ‘how do you walk ? i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug , ’ with accompanying hilarious impression .
coyote peterson , who hosts the discovery network ' s youtube series brave wilderness , had a camera rolling when he encountered the world ' s largest slug - the black sea hare .
the african black slug is endemic to asia and the caribbean . it was recently found in harligen and is considered an invasive species . credit : agrilife extension photo by rod santa ana
habitat and distribution : the black slug prefers humid habitats , mostly closer in more rugged landscapes than arion rufus , and it mainly occurs in forests . in spain the black slug also lives as a commensal species and may become a garden pest in some places . black slugs live on green and decaying plant matter , so their diet is similar to that of the red slug . black slugs lay about 150 eggs per batch , which they place under moss , only rarely also in the earth . later in the year , the egg count may decline to about 20 eggs per batch . after almost a month , the juveniles hatch , and like in the red slug , it is them who hibernate , while the adults die .
so remember the old saying : if it’s black , put it back . if it’s grey , keep it at bay .
elsewhere in its range in britain , the black slug is considered to be a pest , especially by gardeners , but in the caledonian forest it is a vital but often overlooked part of the ecosystem .
european great grey slug , photo by hugh griffith [ editor ' s note : a . k . a . giant garden slug , limax maximus ]
i analyze slugs collected from several regions in sweden to investigate genetic diversity and activity of different genes . i would also like to know if there is hybridization with our native black slug ( arion ater ) .
arita , l . h . 1990 . control of the black slug , veronicella leydigi ( simroth ) and the veronicellid slug , veronicella cubensis ( pfeiffer ) on chrysanthemums . horticulture digest , no 92 . university of hawaii college of tropical agriculture and human resources , department of horticulture : honolulu .
african black slugs feed on plants at night to avoid the heat of the sun , which can quickly dry them out , villanueva said .
veronicellid slugs are tropical ( deisler & stange , 1984 ) . the black slug was described from queensland , australia , and was introduced into honolulu in the early 1900ős ( hawaii dept . of agriculture , unpublished ) .
in the past , slugs were sometimes used as a cure for warts . an artifact in the pitt rivers museum in oxford consists of a glass jar containing a slug impaled on a thorn , the label on the jar gives the following instructions : charm for warts , oxfordshire . go out alone & find a large black slug . secretly rub the underside on the warts and impale the slug on the thorn . as the slug dies the warts will go .
of all the common garden slugs , the field slug probably causes most damage .
one individual field slug has the potential to produce about 90 , 000 grandchildren .
slug was found in henry cowell redwood state park after a day of rain .
if you go down to the woods tonight you might come face to face with one of the world’s largest land slugs ! most ash - black slugs ( limax cinereoniger ) are between 10 and 20cm long , but larger ones have been recorded . this nocturnal slug is only found in ancient woodlands . on damp nights the slugs emerge to feed on fungi , lichens and algae and can be found on the woodland floor , on stumps or up trees . during the day they hide under large pieces of dead wood . adult ash - black slugs can be found all year round . ash - black slugs are one of the keeled slugs – they have a ridge or keel running along their back . the keel is pale in comparison to the dark grey body colour . some ash - black slugs have thick black and grey stripes along their bodies . if you turn an adult ash - black slug over you will see that the underside of the foot is dark grey with a white stripe down the middle .
slug slime comes in two varieties : a thin slippery mucous used to lubricate the slug as it moves , and a thicker type used for a variety of purposes .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes .
these slugs might endanger sensitive ecosystems , especially as an invasive species , and it is yet unclear how drastically these slugs might alter plant community compositions . the black slug is a voracious seedling predator . terrestrial slugs are considered to be especially dangerous because they alter plant species abundance , adult plant fecundity , and the production of plant defensive compounds . black slugs are of special concern in fragmented ecosystems and areas with high shrub and tree cover . in alaska , the black slug threatens seedling populations of lilies and orchids after already having diminished sensitive populations of deltoid balsamroot and yellow montane violet in bc canada . [ 6 ]
the black slug has a soft , unsegmented body . the back is covered by a tough , leathery mantle skin with a yellow line down the middle . the head has 2 pair of tentacles . the upper pair have eyes and can be pulled back toward the head , while the shorter pair below have organs of smell ( williams , 1931 ) . like all of its slug relatives , the black slug is a hermaphrodite , having both male and female reproductive parts in the same animal ( crowell et al . , 1986 ; yates , 1988 ) . fertilization , however , is always by another slug ( yates , 1988 ) .
when disturbed , the black slug contracts itself into a slimy hemispherical hump , making itself difficult to be pecked up by a hungry bird . it sometimes rocks from side to side ; thought to be an attempt to confuse its predator .
, the keelback slugs . this is the largest land slug species in the world .
this slug is native to europe . it is recorded in most of europe , including
with a maximum length exceeding 20 centimeters , this species is the largest land slug .
a slug has approximately 27 , 000 teeth – that’s more teeth than a shark .
like other terrestrial slugs , the black slug is a hermaphrodite , preferring to find a mate—often several—but can self - fertilize . after mating , the black slug seeks a dark , moist environment such as beneath mosses—occasionally within topsoil—to lay its eggs about 5mm ( 0 . 2 in ) in diameter . between august and october , an individual slug lays up to 150 eggs every one to three weeks—clutches diminishing to 20 eggs late in the season . juveniles hatch after at least twenty - seven days , hatching later under cold temperatures . [ 7 ] maturation takes up to nine months , enabling mating in early summer . black slugs die shortly after laying its last clutch , rarely surviving into a second year . [ 7 ]
the black slug is native to western and central europe , from scandinavia to spain and from ireland to austria and the czech republic . it has been introduced to southeastern australia and to some part of north america ( newfoundland , alaska ) .
may into burnt barley stubble . sowing rate of 4 . 2kg / ha on a 300mm row spacing . the slug species identified in this trial were the grey field slug (
the black slug prefers a diet of rotting vegetation , fungi , manure , and even the odd decomposing dead animal . only during springtime when these aren’t so abundant , and tender young seedlings are , does it cause most damage in the garden .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes . reference : urltoken
protective position of the giant red slug ( arion rufus ) . picture : martina eleveld .
a slug is basically a muscular foot , and the name ‘gastropod’ literally means stomach foot .
lore , they were used in certain plays accompanied with a rhyme to the slug . this
invasive species , which in many cases have been introduced by man , are an increasing threat to today’s ecosystems . the iberian slug arion vulgaris ( previously regarded as a . lusitanics ) is an invasive species dispersing through large parts of europe and causing considerable damage to gardens , horticulture and agriculture . it is possible that this slug displaces or hybridizes with native species such as the black slug , arion ater . the invasive nature of this slug species calls for research into its taxonomy and biology as well as its natural enemies .
this terrestrial slug is from the family veronicellidae ( leatherleaf slugs ) andcan grow up to 3 . 5 inches in length . as the common name suggest , this slug is typically jet black with an inconspicuous tan stripe down the underside . they have two ocular tentacles that are also black . the velvety / wrinkled mantle covers the entire length of the body . both the breathing pore ( pneumostome ) and anus are located posteriorly . young slugs are not as dark , and their underside is much lighter .
the black slug is the ‘grand - daddy’ of garden slugs , reaching lengths of 20cm ( 8” ) , although up to 13cm ( 5” ) is more typical . the skin is coarse and granular and the sole is pale , often fringed with orange .
this is only the second find ever of the african black slug in the u . s . , villanueva said . the first find , also in the lower rio grande valley , occurred in the 1980s , but was eradicated with chemical pesticide baits called molluscicides .
is a terrestrial slug , common in england and the pacific northwest . ( bbc 2000 ) .
slug eggs can lay dormant in the soil for years and then hatch when conditions are right .
managing slug populations is unlikely to be successful unless both cultural and chemical control strategies are used .
may into burnt wheat stubble which was grazed . sowing rate of 4 . 0kg / ha on a 220mm row spacing . the slug species identified in this trial was the grey field slug (
the field slug is another small slug , growing up to 4cm ( 1½” ) in length . it’s lighter coloured than the garden slug , usually grey or fawn with dark speckles . it has a whitish sole and a short ‘keel’ , or ridge , on the back of the tail end .
before heading out to the field i had to find the best sampling technique to study european black slugs in eshamy bay . i reviewed a vast amount of literature on various study methods and invasive slug removal . i learned that there are several ways invasive species are managed :
leopard slug ( limax maximus ) this is a large slug - up to 16cm in length - which has distinctive black leopard like marking on its upper body . its underside is white . it has a pronounced keel along the rear of its body . mucus is sticky and colourless . widespread and common in the uk favouring woodland and gardens . low risk to agricultural crops .
the role of parasites and predators in regulating iberian slug populations - the hypothesis that slug - parasitic nematodes reduce or regulate a . vulgaris populations in a chosen area will be tested . we will test the hypothesis that naturally occurring predatory beetles and snails are significant predators of the iberian slug . we will also test if measures to increase predator and parasite abundance leads to reduced populations of the iberian slug .
especially in the northern parts of europe , the black slug sometimes maintains its juvenile pale colour even in the adult stage . so adult specimens might be encountered with cream or ivory coloured bodies and foot seams . the appearance of such a slug with a pale body and a dark head allows the assumption ( ! ) that here the juvenile colour might have been kept in adulthood .
the keel slug , as its name suggests , has a keel , with a yellow or orange stripe along the ridge . this is a larger slug , up to 6cm ( 2½” ) long and dark grey or olive in colour . when contracted , the keel slug often curls into a ‘sickle’ shape .
two juveniles of the lusitanian slug ( arion vulgaris ) feeding on a smaller conspecific . [ rn ]
a slug’s slime absorbs water , which is why it’s nearly impossible to wash it off your hands .
when a slug loses one of its sensory tentacles it grows another , usually within a few months .
identify slug species present in a paddock for the most effective control . different species demonstrate different behaviours .
figure 2 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( inverleigh trial ) .
figure 3 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( skipton trial ) .
figure 4 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( hamilton trial ) .
slug and snail control . natural , organic ways to deter and kill snails and slugs in the garden
do whole seedlings disappear in a night ? read on for expert slug and snail control . . .
slug sex , which can take several hours , is as fascinating and spectacular as it is repellent .
the only solution to the problem is a technique called apophallation - the chewing off of the other slug ' s penis using the same razor - sharp teeth with which the slug can decimate your cabbages .
having lost its penis , the castrated slug is then only able to copulate using its female organs .
nickel , june 1998 . the slimy , yet special slug . natural history , 107 : 18 .
the banana slug’s mating behavior , and its slime , have evolved over millions of years . after all this time , the banana slug is very well adapted to the redwood forest environment , scientists say .
iron phosphate : also known as ferric phosphate , this popular and effective slug and snail bait is sold as organic under names such as garden safe slug & snail bait , and sluggo and other commercial names .
slugs are easy to identify , but not always easy to find . they are basically snails without their protective shells . depending on the species , slugs range in size from less than an inch to 10 inches long , such as the banana slug , native to the west coast . one of the most common slug species found in iowa gardens is the gray garden slug . they are typically less than an inch long and their plump , slimy bodies range in color from light gray to brownish black .
similar species the only large keeled slug with which it might be confused is the common tiger slug or great grey slug limax maximus . in limax maximus the keel is usually shorter and similar in shade to the ground colour of the slug rather than being conspicuously paler . tiger slugs often have a series of broad dark lateral bands along the back rather than being uniformly dark and juveniles are very similar , not undergoing the obvious colour change seen in limax cinereoniger as it matures . the tiger slug always has a uniformly pale sole .
chris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens
most animals prefer not to prey upon the black slugs because of the taste of its mucus and because this mucus can make them slippery and consequently difficult to capture ; however , this slug does have some natural predators , including the hedgehog , badger , shrew , mole , mouse , frog , toad , snake , carnivorous beetle , and some birds . [ 19 ] when picked up or touched , the black slug will contract to a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side . this defensive behavior confuses predators , and is unique in the family arionidae . [ 20 ]
the black slug plays an important role in a natural ecosystem such as the caledonian forest . by processing decaying plant and fecal material , it helps to recycle the organic matter and nutrients back into a form that can be used by other organisms . this also aids in the maintenance of soil fertility .
australia [ invasive ] : the museum victoria reports the black slug to have been first documented in australia in 2001 with multiple reports of these slugs in cultivated gardens and farms since , but as of 2009 , the species was still not considered to be an established species in australia . [ 14 ]
this slug is common and widespread throughout scotland and the rest of the uk . it occurs in most terrestrial habitats , including grasslands , hedgerows and woodlands . two closely - related species are arion rufus and arion lusitanicus , and they can only be told apart from the black slug by dissection . however those other species are restricted to the south of the uk , so arion ater is easy to identify in scotland .
facilitating a study on european black slugs’ presence or absence in eshamy bay , in west prince william sound ( a newly reported area where slugs were observed in 2012 ) with alaska geographic’s youth group .
black slug is often a host of small mites . mites eat mucus of slugs . there are predators which eat it . for example the urchin , the badger , the fox and various birds . seeds and spores are dispersed by slugs , as they get caught in the mucus or slime as a slug moves and are transported for varying distances before being deposited in new sites when the accumulated debris falls off the animal .
the moth genus monema is represented by medium - sized yellowish species . the genus belongs to the limacodidae family also known as the slug moths due to the distinct resemblance of their caterpillars to some slug species . . . .
winter mortality - we will investigate the hypothesis that the iberian slug experiences high mortality when overwintering in agricultural fields .
gulp . just look at how ridiculous this thing looks . it’s a giant black sea slug known as a sea hare and it’s freaking monstrous . you don’t really hold it in your hand as much as the sea hare , which can grow up to over 3 feet long and weigh over 30 pounds , just swallows your entire arm . brave wilderness found the black sea hare in the tide pools off the coast of the pacific ocean in san pedro , ca and described holding it as super slimy and unbelievably slippery .
the european black slug is native to western and central europe , from scandinavia to spain and from ireland to austria and the czech republic . it has been introduced to southeastern australia and to north america , where it occurs in newfoundland , southern british columbia , the pacific northwest of the usa and some parts of alaska .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . recent research has also shown that it eats seedlings of scots pine ( pinus sylvestris ) . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes .
the grey field slug or reticulated slug ( deroceras reticulatum ) is mainly surface active and can have up to three generations a year . it will generally breed in autumn and spring however , if conditions are favourable this species will breed any time , and therefore , a pair can produce up to 1000 eggs a year . the second species identified at these two sites was the black keeled slug ( milax gagates ) . this species can burrow up to 20 centimetres underground to escape the heat . a breeding pair can lay up to 200 eggs a year .
the orange and red forms have been considered a separate species – the red slug – but this classification is debatable .
a slug’s slime enables it to glide without difficulty over glass shards , or even the edge of a razor blade .
a slug can stretch out to 20 times its normal length , enabling it to squeeze through the smallest of openings .
use of molluscicides – we will test the impact of iron phosphate baited molluscides on slug pest populations in agricultural fields .
most molluscs have shells , like snails . a slug ' s shell is hidden inside itself and is very small .
the african black slug originated in africa and is now endemic to asia and several islands in the caribbean ,
villanueva said .
how it got here is anybody ' s guess . it could have come in on imported plants , turf , produce— who knows ? it hides very well among all those products .
the rich chestnut coloured slugs ( see picture below ) one finds in the garden or on the verges differ only very slightly from the large black and the two are regarded as varieties of the same species .
black slugs get puberty at the age of 1 year . it’s a hermaphrodite , produces sperm and ovum as well , but for reproduction breeding is needed . slugs lay their eggs in nodes below the soil .
whilst arion ater is a very common slug , it belongs to a species complex that can only be 100 % differentiated by dissecting the genitalia so it is usual to record them as part of this aggregate group . there are three species in this complex ( arion ater group ) : arion ater , a . rufus and a . vulgaris . these slug species range from 75 - 180 mm in length at maturity . they may be dark brown , black , grey , orange or reddish in color . they are large and bulky with long , coarse tubercles on the side and back . the juveniles of these species have an even wider range of colors and can be distinguished from mature adults by the presence of lateral stripes . juveniles of the arion ater - complex may be confused with adults of other arion species . the contracted body is bell - shaped . the sole of the foot may be black or tripartite ( pale with a black vertical line down the center ) . the foot fringe may possess any of the following colors with vertical black bands : red , orange , yellow or grey . the mucus of this slug group is colourless , though very sticky , and they lack a keel .
besides the usefulness of the trace of mucus , it jeopardizes the animal as some predators follow the trace and eat up the slug ; however , subsistence of the genus is not endangered . it’s not protected , rather proliferated and gnaw the parts of plants . due to its harmful behavior , black slugs are often killed by gardeners .
if you ever wondered what a slug the size of a household pet would look like , today is your lucky day .
paddocks with a previous history of slug damage are always a good place to start monitoring in a susceptible crop like canola .
below the majestic trees and prehistoric ferns that grace california’s redwood forests lives a weird and slimy creature : the banana slug .
are orange when hatched , have a
straw
coloration until aproximately one inch in length , and eventually take on a black coloration . typical slugs are about six inches long at maturity . ( branley 1996 ) .
slug locomotion is one of the triumphs of evolution . to see how it works , place a slug ( or a snail , the two groups use an identical technique ) on a sheet of glass and observe its muscular ' foot ' from underneath .
a dark red specimen of the giant red slug ( arion rufus ) from washington state , usa . picture : walter siegmund .
being boneless , the slug ' s body is highly flexible and when fully extended it can be up to 20 cm . in length , although 10 - 15 cm . is more normal . as its common name suggests , it is usually black in colour , although considerable variation does exist , ranging from chestnut brown and orange to pale grey or cream . in general , slugs in northern england and scotland are jet black , while in the south of england the orange forms appear to be more common - the colour variation is thought to be due to differences in ambient temperatures .
slime serves several other functions , including keeping the slug ' s skin moist , which is important in enabling it to breathe properly . it provides some protection from predators , as more slime is produced when the slug is threatened , and it has an unpleasant taste and texture . slime plays a role in mating , as the slug secretes a chemical in it which attracts potential mates that can follow the slime trail to meet the chemical ' s producer . a slug will also follow an old slime trail to find food .
several specimens found in march in a new residential area of harlingen have since been identified as african black slugs , said dr . raul villanueva , an entomologist at the texas a & m ; agrilife research and extension center at weslaco .
fortunately , we have never found the nematode that can be carried by the african black slug ,
he said .
these nematodes , or tiny worms , pose serious health risks to humans , including meningitis . but the nematode has never been detected here . nevertheless , it ' s a good idea to thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before consuming them .
like most organisms , the black slug has its own suite of predators and parasites , so that it too forms food for other species within the ecosystem . predators which will eat it in the caledonian forest include the badger ( meles meles ) , fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , hedgehog ( erinaceus europaeus ) , slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) and various birds . a parasitic nematode , french heartworm ( angiostrongylus vasorum ) , which affects dogs , has been reported as naturally occurring in the black slug in france , while a parasitic mite ( riccardoella oudemansi ) also affects arion ater . another nematode ( phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita ) is also a parasite of slugs , including arion ater . it causes a swelling of the mantle , leading to the death of the infected slug within 21 days , and it has recently been marketed commercially as a biological control for slugs in the uk .
banana slug , photo by hugh griffith [ eidtor ' s note : a . k . a . pacific bananslug , ariolimax columbianus ]
use of barriers - we will test the hypothesis that barriers can be effective in stopping the iberian slug gaining access into agricultural fields .
not only do slugs clear an area of dead and dying matter , they also help spread seeds that are present in vegetation and dung . ( see references 2 ) not all slugs are voracious garden pests . for example , the banana slug is thought to favor mushrooms . it also eats lichen , algae , fungi and dead animals . on the other hand , the garden slug , arion hortensis ; the field slug , derocereas reticulatum ; and the keel slug , tandonia budapestensis , can wreak havoc in gardens . ( see resources 1 )
predation in the field by carabid beetles is most significant in spring and seems to be density dependent without any clear preferences between slug species .
the size of the slug is from 10 to 15 cm . the colour variation is due to the differences in temperatures . usually black coloured but sometimes happed to be red , dark - brown , light - orange and even white . young specimens of black slug do have a brown colour , which is later lost . it has two sets of tentacles : the larger , upper tentacles are sensitive to light , but they cannot differentiate colours ; the smaller , lower tentacles are used for smell . both tentecles can be retracted when the slug is danger . the mouth is on the underside of the head , and it contains a toothed tongue ( radula ) , that has up to 27000 teeth on it . the radula is used to rasp food into the slug ' s mouth . behind the head , the smooth area is called the mantle , and it contains a breathing hole on the right hand side ( pneumostone ) . it protects the rest of the organs . its leg is muscular and covered by mucus . slugs do wavy movements for getting forward .
lemon slug ( limax tenellus ) this is a small ( max 4cm ) , bright yellow slug which has dark tentacles . it is scarce and almost always found in woodland . it is a good indicator of ancient sites . feeds on fungi . very low risk to agricultural crops .
the distribution of the iberian slug in hordaland - the current distribution will be explored , as an example of anthropological spreading of an invasive species .
one reason humans do not much care for slugs is undoubtedly their sliminess . a large tiger slug can produce several teaspoonfuls of slime a day .
when it senses danger the black slug retracts its tentacles and pulls its body back into a compact half - round shape . it also often sways from side to side , although the reason for that behaviour is not entirely clear . slugs possess the ability to re - grow a tentacle which has been lost , and for arion ater this process of regeneration takes 1 - 2 months to be completed .
juveniles : pale and translucent at hatching , then becoming opaque brown and black , with the sides of the foot becoming pigmented last ( quick 1960 ) . resemble adult lehmannia , and can be distinguished by the absence of a caecum ( wiktor 1996 ) .
the european black slug is an invertebrate ( i . e . an animal without a backbone ) and is classified as a mollusc , the group of mainly marine organisms that includes whelks , mussels and squid . it is a gastropod , the class of molluscs that includes snails and slugs , and is defined by the presence of an unsegmented soft body , a large foot and a well - developed head .
the slug pictured above is the largest member of the round - backed type of slug . the round backed slugs have no keel , although they often bear numerous rows of elongated tubercles . the breathing pore is near the front of the right hand edge of the mantle ( see picture below ) .
while creating this website i discovered many fascinating – and some truly bizarre – facts about the humble slug . it really is a remarkable little creature .
the humble slug has few friends , but as she / he is munching through your prized vegetables , these little creatures will not care one jot .
the black sea hare gets its deep , dark color from its diet of algae and seaweed and gets it name from the two tentacles sticking out of its head that look like rabbit ears . where it gets it comical size is probably some prehistoric alien energy source .
because of its dependence on staying moist , the black slug is most active at night and on wet days , when numbers in the forest can be prolific . by contrast , none will be visible on a dry sunny day , when they will rest out of sight , to conserve moisture . similarly , they will stay deep in the soil on cold days , only becoming active when the temperature exceeds 5 degrees celsius .
for the past two weeks my role in the wildlife devision of the u . s . forest service changed temporarily from studying dusky canada geese to european black slugs . i spent several weeks learning all about the slugs , and wishing that more was known about the species .
common keeled slug ( tandonia budapestensis ) this is the most common of the keeled slugs . it is relatively small reaching around 6cm at maturity . it is typically black or grey in colour with a yellow - orange ridge along its length . it remains mostly underground and will feed on newly drilled seeds which will have a serious effect on emergence . if populations are large it can lead to the need to re - seed .
i know i’ve already mentioned many of them throughout the pages of ‘slug off’ , but i’m sure you’ll love reading them all here together in one place .
the great grey slug of europe is a voracious garden pest , and the fastest of our slugs . it is able to crawl four times faster than the banana slug , perhaps 6 inches in a minute . not only will it devour many species of plant , this slug is also a predator who will stalk and eat other slugs . i have not witnessed this , but have seen footage of cheetahs chasing gazelles . it is probably similar , but much slower .
when the weather turns hot and dry , a snail can retract into its protective shell to prevent desiccation , while a slug must retreat into the soil or under vegetation to prevent drying out . it is estimated that , during warm summer months , as much as 90 % of a garden’s slug population lives underground .
species description a very large , dark slug with tripartite sole - black or dark grey on either side and white down the middle . this slug is keeled along the back , the keel occupying two - thirds or more of the distance between the mantle and the tail . the keel is whitish to yellowish and contrasts with the dark body colour . juveniles have uniformly pale soles and are coloured a warm buff with double lateral bands . like other keeled slugs , the breathing pore is at rear of the mantle and the mantle has shallow concentric grooves like fingerprints centred on the middle of the back .
of our three largest slugs , only the banana slug is native . it is the second largest species in the world and can grow to more than 20 cm . if there is a creature that truly symbolizes the great rainy northwest , i suggest it is the banana slug . it is a good slug , almost never found in gardens or crops . in natural habitats it acts as nature ' s garbage collector and recycler , consuming and further breaking down dead and decaying matter .
u . s . habitat : since they are intolerant of low humidity the sup - tropical southeastern united state are very suitable . commonly found in st . augustine grass , they can also be found under rocks , boards , flower pots , greenhouses and even in the hearts of plants such as lettuce or cabbage . with the black leatherleaf slug having such a voracious and scavenging appetite , they could establish in urban , suburban and rural areas .
so far , there have been only a few of these african black slugs found in one localized urban area of harlingen ,
villanueva said .
others have been found nearby , but they are very slow movers , so it ' s not likely they will spread .
sanitation is vital to slug control . slugs escape hot , dry conditions by hiding between the soil surface and any material on the soil during the daytime . removing boards , pots , and debris from growing areas will reduce slug cover and breeding areas thinning dense foliage will allow sun to reach the soil ( yates , 1988 ) . weather affects slug populations . hot dry weather or excessive flooding reduce populations , while cool , damp weather boosts populations ( crowell et al . , 1986 ) .
the ash - black slug is a large keeled slug i . e . it has a sharp ridge or keel running along the middle of the back . in adult slugs the keel is whitish and contrasts with the generally dark ground colour . ash - black slugs can grow to 20 cm ( 8 in . ) and live in undisturbed mature broadleaf woods or , in the west , on open hillsides and marine cliffs feeding on lichens and algae on bare rocks . this species is widespread but very local in n . ireland . there is no evidence at present of a decrease and it has been encountered more frequently in some localities than formerly . this in sharp contrast to experience in southern ireland where it is declining sharply . irish forestry policy is almost certainly implicated , particularly the clear felling of old broadleaf woodland and replacement with conifers and the practice of under - planting with conifers in established broadleaf woods .
the field slug only feeds on the surface but will virulently munch its way through most vegetation , and is often found nestling among the leaves of lettuces and cabbages .
description : like its name states , the giant red slug usually is red . there are also brown and black specimens , but those have a red foot seam ( f in the picture above ) . the foot sole , in contrary is light grey , cream coloured or reddish . the tentacles are blackish brown and can be palely striped . the juveniles , contrary to the adults , are of a pale yellowish colour or light orange with a dark head .
the foot - fringe is black , the tubercles are large and elongate , and the sole is blackish grey . the atrium and vagina ( genitalia ) are considerably narrower than is the spermatheca ( organ for storing sperm ) . the oviduct is narrow while the spermatheca is spherical . [ 7 ]
slugs eat dead organic matter as well as living vegetation . various species will feed on rotting plants , leaves , dead animals and even animal droppings . for example , the european black slug , arion ater , eats dung and also lays its eggs in it . after hatching , the larvae live in the dung for three to four weeks . as decomposers , the slugs break down organic matter , thereby releasing nutrients which enrich the soil . ( see references 1 )


it is endemic to mexico and only known from the area of its type locality near ayutla , oaxaca .

its common name is mustache false brook salamander or mustached false brook salamander .

the specific name refers to the whitish protuberances on the lips that resemble a mustache in the frontal view of the male holotype .

pseudoeurycea mystax

pseudoeurycea mystax is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae . it is endemic to mexico .
pseudoeurycea mystax is a species of salamander in the plethodontidae family . it is endemic to mexico .
pseudoeurycea ( pseudoeurycea ) lineola — dubois and raffaëlli , 2012 , alytes , 28 : 77 - 161 .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . pseudoeurycea mystax . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t59388a53983330 . urltoken
parra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . pseudoeurycea mystax . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .
pseudoeurycea unguidentis is a species of salamander in the plethodontidae family . it is endemic to mexico .
new salamanders of the plethodontid genus pseudoeurycea from the sierra madre del sur of mexico . american museum novitates ; no . 2314
parra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . pseudoeurycea unguidentis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .
reviewed by tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1–5 ( as lineatriton lineolus prior to the naming of lineatriton orchimelas and lineatriton orchileucos ) . parra - olea and wake , 2001 , proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 98 : 7888–7891 , suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that
lineatriton
lineolus is composed of at least two species , one more closely related to pseudoeurycea werleri and pseudoeurycea mystax and another , most closely related to pseudoeurycea leprosa . see comment under pseudoeurycea . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as lineatriton lineolus ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 577 . raffaëlli , 2013 , urodeles du monde , 2nd ed . : 270–271 , provided a brief account , photograph , and map .
reviewed by tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1 - 5 ( as lineatriton lineolus prior to the naming of lineatriton orchimelas and lineatriton orchileucos ) . parra - olea and wake , 2001 , proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 98 : 7888 - 7891 , suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that
lineatriton
lineolus is composed of at least two species , one more closely related to pseudoeurycea werleri and pseudoeurycea mystax and another , most closely related to pseudoeurycea leprosa . see comment under pseudoeurycea . raffažlli , 2007 , les urodťles du monde : 223 - 224 , provided a brief account ( as lineatriton lineolus ) , photograph , and map . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as lineatriton lineolus ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 577 .
pseudoeurycea lineola — frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 359 .
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frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km 2 , it occurs in a single threat - defined location , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
this species is known only from near ayutla , east - central oaxaca , mexico , at 2 , 100 m asl . it is only known from one threat - defined location and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km 2 .
it is an uncommon species , having last been seen in 1999 ( lamoreux et al . 2015 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
this species is a terrestrial inhabitant of pine - oak forest and madroño ( arbutus forest ) . it can tolerate some habitat disturbance , as evidenced by the fact that a handful of small subpopulations survive in several tiny fragments of remaining habitat . it breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water .
the major threat to this species is the extensive loss of habitat ( only small fragments of original habitat remain ) that has taken place due to agriculture ( including slash and burn practices ) , logging and human settlement .
conservation actions this species has not been recorded in any protected areas . it is listed as
threatened
( amenazada ) by mexican law . conservation needed there is an urgent need for the protection of forested areas near ayutla . research needed research is needed on its population size and distribution and to monitor its population trends .
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this species is known only from near ayutla , east - central oaxaca , mexico , at 2 , 100 m asl . it is only known from one threat - defined location and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km
. 2015 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
this species has not been recorded in any protected areas . it is listed as
threatened
( amenazada ) by mexican law .
research is needed on its population size and distribution and to monitor its population trends .
, it occurs in a single threat - defined location , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 10 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
will find all uses of
hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
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. . . hyla
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla
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interprets this as
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spelerpes lineolus cope , 1865 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 17 : 197 . holotype : not designated ; ansp 735 , according to dunn , 1926 , salamanders fam . plethodontidae : 423 , and malnate , 1971 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 123 : 348 . type locality :
table land , mexico
; probably eastern central veracruz , mexico , according to smith and taylor , 1948 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 194 : 21 . restricted to
metlac
, veracruz , mexico by smith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33 : 349 .
opheobatrachus lineolus — cope , 1869 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 21 : 101 .
spelerpes ( oedipus ) infuscatus peters , 1879 , monatsber . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1879 : 778 . holotype : zmb 6556 according to bauer , günther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 40 . type locality :
hayti [ = haiti ] ; in error according to dunn , 1923 , proc . new england zool . club , 8 : 39 - 40 , who also made the synonymy ( but see wake , 1993 , herpetologica , 49 : 229 - 237 ) . type locality restricted to
metlac
, veracruz , mexico by smith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33 : 349 .
geotriton lineolus — garman , 1884 , bull . essex inst . , 16 : 39 .
oedipina lineolus — cope , 1887 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 32 : 8 .
oedipina lineola — cope , 1896 , am . nat . , 30 : 1022 .
oedipus lineolus — fowler and dunn , 1917 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 69 : 21 . dunn , 1926 , salamanders fam . plethodontidae : 422 .
lineatriton lineola — tanner , 1950 , great basin nat . , 10 : 39 .
lineatriton lineolus — brodie , mendelson , and campbell , 2002 , herpetologica , 58 : 194 .
veracruz worm salamander ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 12 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 32 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 33 ) .
mexican slender salamander ( tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1–4 ) .
known only from a small area of pine - oak forest in the sierra madre oriental of veracruz , mexico , in the vicinity of cuautlapan , nearby barranca metlac , and jalapa , 800–1250 m elevation .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
this species occurs in cerro san felipe / cerro san luis ( the type locality ) in north - central oaxaca , mexico . elevation 2 , 600 - 2 , 800 m asl . taxonomic status of specimens provisionally assigned to this species found in llano de las flores and cerro machin remain to be validated .
paratype : taylor , e . h . 1941 . herpetologica . 2 ( 3 ) : 57 .
this taxon is found in the sierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests , an ecoregion of northern oaxaca , mexico exhibiting a large number of endangered species , so that the conservation value is outstanding in terms of uniqueness of the habitat . the sierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests is within the tropical and subtropical conifer forests biome , and the ecoregion is known for elevated plant endemism , especially within the sierra de juarez montane forests .
this ecoregion is located in northern oaxaca state , and is delineated by the sierra norte de oaxaca mountains , which have characteristically abrupt and rugged topography . its tallest peak is zempoaltepetl ( 3400 metres ) , and most of the terrain in this area is above 1000 metres . three mountain chains or sierras constitute the sierra madre de oaxaca : juarez , aloapaneca and zempoaltepec . the climate is temperate and humid with annual temperatures ranging from 16°c to 20°c . the annual mean precipitation varies greatly from 700 millimetres ( mm ) to as great as 4000 mm .
the sierra juarez spiny lizard ( sceloporus cryptus ) is endemic to the ecoregion , and limited in range to drier parts of the sierra de juarez , in northeastern oaxaca . there are a number of threatened reptilian taxa in the ecoregion including the ribbon graceful brown snake ( rhadinaea fulvivittis vu ) , a limited distribution snake endemic to southern mexico .
avian taxa found here include the dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana en ) , bearded tree quail ( dendrortyx barbatus cr ) , tamaulipas pygmy - owl ( glaucidium sanchezi ) and grey - barred wren ( campylorhynchus megalopterus ) as restricted - range bird species , which includes this ecoregion . the oaxaca sparrow ( aimophila notosticta nt ) , golden - cheeked warbler ( dendroica chrysoparia en ) , russet nightingale - thrush ( catharus occidentalis ) , hooded yellowthroat ( geothlypis nelsoni ) , and collared towhee ( pipilo ocai ) are also species which thrive in the habitats offered by this mountainous ecoregion .
this ecoregion presents a mosaic of vegetatative associations , due to the varied climate and topography . these formations include tropical evergreen forest , montane cloud forest , pine forest , pine - oak forest , and oak forest . the pine forests , at elevations between 1600 and 2600 metres ( m ) , include trees that are 25 to 40 m tall . dominant pine species are mexican white pine ( pinus ayacahuite ) ; lawson ' s pine ( p . lawsonii ) , a mexican endemic ; chiapas white pine ( p . strobus var . chiapensischiapensis ) ; michoacan pine ( p . devoniana lr / lc ) and smooth - barked mexican pine ( p . pseudostrobus ) . these pine forests have a robust understory and an herbacious layer dominated by numerous species of the ericaceae family .
this is a semi - arboreal species that inhabits pine - oak and fir forests , and has commonly been found under logs . it can live in somewhat disturbed forest . it reproduces by direct development .
listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km , all individuals are known with certainty only from a single location , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .
formerly common , this species was not found in the 1960s and the early 1970s , and , although it was recorded briefly , there have been no records since 1976 at the type locality .
the cause for declines remain a mystery . it is probably being negatively impacted by agricultural expansion , human settlements , and logging , all of which are taking place extensively within its range . however , these threats do not explain the level of decline that has been observed , because the habitat is still in quite good condition in some places . possible explanations include climate change , and disease ( such as chytridiomycosis ) .
it occurs in parque nacional benito juarez . there is a need for further research to establish the cause of the declines observed in this species in suitable habitat . this species is listed as
threatened
( amenazada ) by the mexican government .
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smith and taylor , 1948 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 194
smith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33
fowler and dunn , 1917 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 69
frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sš , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297
mexican slender salamander ( tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1 - 4 ) .
known only from a small area of pine - oak forest in the sierra madre oriental of veracruz , mexico , in the vicinity of cuautlapan , nearby barranca metlac , and jalapa , 800 - 1250 m elevation .
copyright © 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
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parra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .
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calliostoma metabolicum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( fautor )

calliostoma metabolicum

calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915
species calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903
species calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )
species calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rolán & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
species calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )
» species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
species calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
species calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )
species calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
species calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998
subgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840
subgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 · accepted , alternate representation
calliostoma swainson , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 30 october 2010 .
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
» species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )
» species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
species calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )
species calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )
subgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )
species calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )
species calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )
species calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
species calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )
species calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )
species calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
species calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )
species calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )
species calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )
drawing of a dorsal view of a living animal of calliostoma bairdii dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger . 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus . 108 : 83–127 .
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus . 106 : 77–114 .
» species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
vilvens c . 2005 . new records and new species of calliostoma and bathyfautor ( gastropoda : calliostomatidae ) from the vanuatu , fiji and tonga . novapex 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 17 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards . [ 3 ]
( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
the species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , [ 4 ] although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . [ 5 ] the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates . [ 6 ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
etymology greek : polymorphous - with reference to the variability of the new species in colours and granularity of spiral cords .
etymology greek : polymorphous - with reference to the variability of the new species in colours and granularity of spiral cords . [ details ]
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sorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .
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organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
always existoccupy themselves with a vision of the future : but the former do so out of a strength of their age , the latter out of its weakness .
the genus ; through all genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity . nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same .
and kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .
( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer
blake
, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrates , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . [ 7 ] the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
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