the amber mountain rock thrush ( monticola sharpei erythronotus ) is a songbird in the family muscicapidae , formerly placed in the turdidae together with the other chats .

it is now usually considered a subspecies of the forest rock thrush .

amber mountain rock thrush

nobody uploaded videos for amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) yet .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) yet .
information on the amber mountain rock - thrush is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
ioc 8 . 2 : tax : recent papers do not support previous splits of amber mountain rock thrush or benson ' ' s rock thrush , now included in forest rock thrush ( outlaw et al . 2007 , zuccon and ericson 2010 )
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forest or benson ' s rock - thrush [ incl . ssp . erythronotus ]
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amber mountain is made up of montane rainforest , mid - altitude rainforest , and dry deciduous forest .
. once a baseline population estimate has been obtained , continue to monitor its numbers . protect the species ' s habitat on amber mountain .
identify the species ' s ecological requirements . conduct a survey and extrapolate data for all rainforest on amber mountain to assess the species ' s population size ( m . rabenandrasana
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
fluid , viable relationships bring into focus the connection of one life to another , and the ways in which we impact our planet and are impacted by it . i create images that reveal the inherent bond between species and ecosystems , people and the natural world . the amber mountain rock - thrush has been found only in madagascar ' s amber mountain massif . the bird ' s population is estimated to be less than 5 , 000 due to habitat loss and deforestation . as you view this image , feel the optimism as the brilliantly colored male sings to his mate with hope for a bright future . we can restore balance in our natural world ! yes we can !
males told from other rock - thrushes by diagnostic dark rufous back , females have bright orange tails and lack white streaking on the breast .
presently , there are few threats to the species . habitat destruction through commercial logging and clearance for subsistence agriculture are widespread threats in madagascar and may ultimately threaten this species . the clearance of forest on amber mountain has so far been limited ( f . hawkins
i believe amber mountain is overrated . inside the park there is a very limited wildlife and nothing really worth spending time on . yes you can see the smallest chameleon in the world ( brookesia ) but not in the park but nearby the park . at least this . . .
velvet asity , schlegel ' s asity , yellow - bellied sunbird - asity , appert ' s greenbul , grey - crowned greenbul , dusky greenbul , long - billed greenbul , spectacled greenbul , yellow - browed oxylabes , white - throated oxylabes , crossley ' s babbler , madagascar magpie - robin , amber mountain rock - thrush , forest rock - thrush , littoral rock - thrush , madagascar wagtail , ward ' s flycatcher , common newtonia , dark newtonia , archbold ' s newtonia , red - tailed newtonia , madagascar lark , madagascar swamp - warbler , thamnornis warbler , lantz ' s brush - warbler , grey emu - tail , brown emu - tail , common jery , stripe - throated jery , green jery , wedge - tailed jery , rand ' s warbler , cryptic warbler , nuthatch vanga , white - headed vanga , chabert ' s vanga , blue vanga , helmet vanga , sickle - billed vanga , rufous vanga , red - shouldered vanga , red - tailed vanga , lafresnaye ' s vanga , hook - billed vanga , pollen ' s vanga , , tylas vanga , ashy cuckoo - shrike , madagascar starling , forest fody , madagascar fody , sakalava weaver , nelicourvi weaver , madagascar munia also indri and several lemur .
next to joffreville , in the north of madagascar , there is a national park called
montagne d ' ambre
which is often translated as
amber mountain national park
. the access is easy from antsiranana . you can go there even by sedan . the main attraction are : wildlife , waterfall , . . .
: ambre mountain is an isolated patch of montane forest that rises from the surrounding dry region . the park is famous for its waterfalls and crater lakes .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue rock - thrush ( monticola solitarius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . chestnut - bellied rock - thrush ( monticola rufiventris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue - capped rock - thrush ( monticola cinclorhyncha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
montagne d ' ambre ( ambre mountain ) is an isolated patch of montane forest that rises from the surrounding dry region . the park is famous for its waterfalls , crater lakes , and wildlife .
mountain forests of albertine rift in sw uganda ( bwindi impenetrable forest ) , w rwanda , burundi and e drcongo ( w of l edward to ruzizi area , and itombwe highlands to n end of l tanganyika ) .
16 cm . small forest - dwelling thrush . males have blue hoods , chestnut upperparts , bright orange tail with brown central feathers and orange underparts . females are much duller , mostly brown ( although have an orange wash on the underparts ) and lack the blue hood .
. the total population is estimated to number less than 5 , 000 individuals , which occur in a single block of forest on the upper slopes of one mountain , and may be declining , although so far there has been relatively low levels of habitat loss ( f . hawkins
amber schiltz , nebraska wildlife education coordinator growing up in southeast nebraska , amber spent much of her childhood camping , exploring and enjoying nature and the outdoors with her family . eventually she received her bachelor’s degree in fisheries and wildlife from the university of nebraska - lincoln . during college , she discovered her love of sharing a passion for nature with others through volunteering in environmental education . these experiences led to working for different agencies throughout nebraska . she joined bird conservancy as the nebraska wildlife education coordinator in 2016 , and reaches the entire nebraska panhandle with education programs , field trips and events throughout the year . ( 308 ) 633 - 1013
matthew mclaren , imbcr coordinator / biologist matthew joined the bird conservancy in 2010 and works on the bird monitoring program . after graduating from the university of colorado with a bachelor’s degree in biology and environmental science , matthew spent five years conducting field work throughout alaska . since then he has worked on several projects in colorado and wyoming , including studying mountain plover nest success and habitat use in wyoming . he is based in the fort collins office . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x22
ty woodward , private lands wildlife biologist ( woodland park , co ) born and raised in southeast colorado , tyrel earned his bachelor’s degree in biology from colorado college in 2008 . he studied lesser prairie chicken habitat on conservation reserve program enrolled land in southeast colorado and southwest kansas , and graduated with his master’s degree from colorado state university - pueblo in 2012 . he has worked for the colorado parks and wildlife as a wildlife conservation technician , aquatic conservation technician , and forest habitat technician . he has worked with wildlife species ranging from arkansas darters and new mexico jumping mouse to rocky mountain bighorn sheep , from the plains to the highest peaks . ty believes strongly in habitat conservation ; his forest restoration work has taken place across the state of colorado . when not working he enjoys hiking , camping , hunting , and fishing . ( 719 ) 686 - 9405 x103
this species is listed as endangered because it has a very small extent of occurrence and its forest habitat is declining in both area and quality . the population is small and suspected to be declining , albeit slowly . the validity of this taxon is doubtful and it may not be recognised as a species in the future .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : monticola erythronotus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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goodman , s . m . ; weigt , l . a . 2002 . the generic and species relationships of the reputed endemic malagasy genus pseudocossyphus ( family turdidae ) . ostrich 73 ( 1 & 2 ) : 26 - 35 .
the total population is estimated to number fewer than 5 , 000 individuals ( f . hawkins in litt . 2003 ) , roughly equivalent to 3 , 300 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining at an unquantified rate , owing to limited habitat loss ( f . hawkins in litt . 2003 ) .
the species ' s ecology is poorly known . it inhabits mid - altitude and montane humid , evergreen forest from 800 - 1 , 300 m , and forages inconspicuously in the understorey and on the ground . the species nests in tree hollows or in crevices under overhangs ( morris and hawkins 1998 )
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classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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, but with slightly larger bill , bluer on head and extending only to throat and nape ; mantle to wing - coverts dull chestnut , . . .
song poorly known , described as high - pitched and harmonious , or rich and short , often given at dusk . . .
montane evergreen humid forest and mistforest in areas with discontinuous canopy , thus creating . . .
forages on ground and in understorey . usually catches terrestrial prey in pounce from perch ; sometimes takes aerial prey in agile sally .
oct–nov . largest territory 2·5 ha , normally c . 1 ha . nest similar to that of
endangered . restricted - range species : present in east malagasy wet forests eba . common within localized range .
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incorporates pseudocossyphus and one species ( m . semirufus ) previously included in thamnolaea , based on genetic findings # r # r .
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this ecoregion contains a large number of endemic species , found in the remaining forest patches and also in some wetland areas , but the remaining habitats are highly fragmented and surrounded by a sea of anthropogenic grasslands and agricultural areas that have almost no biological value . this ecoregion is the site of some of the major extinctions of recent times , including that of the world’s largest flightless bird ( aepyornis maximus ) , and a number of large lemurs . with only small fragmented areas of habitat left within most areas of this ecoregion , there is a high risk of further species extinction in the near future .
the subhumid forest ecoregion has been previously mapped as part of the eastern madagascar regional center of endemism ( white 1983 ) . to the east , these subhumid forests meet moist forests , in the lowland forest ecoregion around 800 m elevation , and to the west they merge into the dry deciduous forest ecoregion around 600 m elevation . at higher elevations ( generally above 1 , 800 to 2 , 000 m ) these habitats are replaced by ericoid thickets .
the rainfall is approximately 1 , 500 mm per year , although it may total as much as 2 , 000 mm in the sambirano area in the northwest and as little as 600 mm in the southwest . the temperatures at higher elevations are mainly moderate , between 15° and 25°c . there is a cool , dry season between july and september and a warmer wet season during the rest of the year .
the underlying geology of the ecoregion is mainly ancient precambrian basement rocks that have been deformed and uplifted over millions of years . there are a few areas of more recent lava flows , and some alluvial deposits associated with wetlands ( du puy and moat 1996 ) .
vast grasslands now cover the central highlands at elevations ranging from 1 , 000 to 1 , 500 m ( jolly et al . 1984 , du puy and moat 1996 ) . there is some debate regarding the degree to which this upland area was formerly forested and the degrees to which humans have affected the fauna and flora ( burney 1997 , lowry et al . 1997 ) . however , it is clear there have been very significant anthropogenic changes in the ecoregion . the central highlands was once home to a remarkable array of endemic species . these included several species of elephant birds ( aepyornithidae ) , including the world’s largest bird species ( aepyornis maximus ) , a giant tortoise , and several species of lemurs most of which were large bodied species , some larger than female gorillas today . all of these species have become extinct since the arrival of humans on the island around 2 , 000 years ago .
there are few remaining patches of subhumid forest on the central highlands . small patches are found on ankaratra massif , and some larger forest blocks are on the slopes of andringitra and tsaratanana massifs . at the higher elevations , the subhumid forest , also referred to as sclerophyllous montane forest , holds canopy trees that are 10 to 12 m in height , including species from the families rubiaceae , lauraceae , verbenaceae and ericaceae . at lower elevations , from 1 , 400 to 1 , 600 m , the forest has a 15 m canopy and includes species in the families cunoniaceae , araliaceae , cornaceae , celestraceae , anacardiaceae , burseraceae , euphorbiaceae , lauraceae and ebenaceae .
the remaining
tapia
woodlands , in the southwest of the ecoregion are restricted in distribution . the largest intact areas of this habitat are found in the isalo and itremo massifs on sandstone and quartzite . they are characterized by a relatively open canopy dominated by members of the family sarcolaenaceae and euphorbiaceae , including the fire - resistant uapaca bojeri and the genus sarcolaena . the shrub layer consists of asteraceae , rubiaceae , and leguminosae . there are also some endemic kalanchoe and aloe species .
biodiversity features this ecoregion is similar to others in madagascar in that most natural vegetation cover has been destroyed . the remaining small and isolated patches or distinctly larger blocks are biodiversity
jewels
essential for a variety endemic species .
current status the remaining natural habitats of the central highlands are extremely fragmented except for the zone spanning its eastern edge and the upper portion of the eastern escarpment . on the central highlands proper , the few patches of natural vegetation continue to be fragmented by grassland fires . habitats of the ecoregion are partially protected with the remaining central highland forests of ambohijanahary and ambohitantely being protected areas and the eastern slopes of andringitra and the upper slopes of ranomafana being national parks . however , the degree to which the protected areas can maintain and manage the integrity of these habitats varies . lack of resources , inadequate training and limited personnel , in addition to the absence of clear management plans , all contribute to the difficulty of preventing habitat destruction within the reserves .
types and severity of threats remaining patches of forest and woodlands of the central highlands face continuous and intensive pressure from encroaching agriculture , increasing exploitation by growing human populations , and fire . introduced plants and animals are affecting the integrity of habitats . nearly all of the ecoregion has been modified either directly or indirectly by humans ( see lowry et al . 1997 ) .
justification of ecoregion delineation the madagascar subhumid forest , located in central madagascar , is based on cornet’s subhumid bioclimatic division ( cornet 1974 ) , with the eastern boundary delineated at 800 m elevation and the western boundary delineated at 600 m elevation . although the western boundary differs from humbert’s vegetation map ( humbert 1959 ) , the 600 m contour better reflects climatic patterns which distinguish moist evergreen forest from dry deciduous forest ( schatz per . comm . ) . the ecoregion also includes disjunct subhumid areas such as mt . d’ambre in the north and the analavelona and isalo massifs in the southwest .
references burney , d . a . 1997 . theories and facts regarding holocene environmental change before and after human colonization . in natural change and human impact in madagascar , eds . s . m . goodman and b . d . patterson , pp . 75 - 89 . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution press .
carleton , m . d . , and s . m . goodman . 1998 . new taxa of nesomyine rodents ( muroidea : muridae ) from madagascar ' s northern highlands , with taxonomic comments on previously described forms . in a floral and faunal inventory of the réserve spéciale d ' anjanaharibe - sud , madagascar : with reference to elevational variation , ed . s . m . goodman . fieldiana : zoology , new series , 90 : 163 - 200 .
cornet , a . 1974 . essai cartographique bioclimatique à madagascar , carte à 1 / 2 ' 000 ' 000 et notice explicative n° 55 . paris : orstom .
du puy , d . j . and moat , j . 1996 . a refined classification of the primary vegetation of madagascar based on the underlying geology : using gis to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status . in w . r . lourenço ( editor ) . biogéographie de madagascar , pp . 205 - - 218 , + 3 maps . editions de l’orstom , paris .
gautier , l . and goodman , s . m . in press . inventaire floristique et faunistique de la réserve spéciale de manongarivo , madagascar . boissiera x : xx - xx .
harcourt , c . ( ed . ) 1990 . lemurs of madagascar and the comores . iucn red data book , iucn gland .
hilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , united kingdom .
humbert , h . 1955 . les territoires phytogéographiques de madagascar . in . colloques internationaux du c . n . r . s . , 59 : les divisions écologique du monde . moyen d’expression , nomenclature , cartographie . paris , juin - juillet 1954 . année biologique , 3e sér . 31 : 439 - 448 .
humbert , h . 1959 . origines présumées et affinités de la flore de madagascar . mém . inst . sci . mad . sér . b ( bio . vég . ) , 9 : 149 - 187 .
jolly , a . , oberlé , p . and albignac , r . 1984 . key environments : madagascar . pergamon press , oxford .
langrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . yale university press , new haven .
lowry , p . p . ii , schatz , g . e . and phillipson , p . b . 1997 . the classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in madagascar . pp . 93 - 123 in : s . m . goodman and b . d . patterson ( eds ) . natural change and human impact in madagascar . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
mittermeier , r . a . , tattersall , i . , konstant , w . r . , meyers , d . m . & , mast , r . b . 1994 . lemurs of madagascar . conservation international , washington , d . c .
nicoll , m . e . and langrand , o . 1989 . madagascar : revue de la conservation et des aires protégées . world wide fund for nature , gland , switzerland .
perrier de la bâthie , h . 1936 . biogéographie des plantes de madagascar . paris : société d ' éditions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales .
white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa , a descriptive memoir to accompany unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
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barn , eastern barn , cape verde barn or andaman masked owl [ excl . insularis ]
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the park is about 27 km southwest of diego suarez . good place for bird watching and wildlife . . .
next to joffreville , in the north of madagascar , there is a national park called
montagne d ' ambre . . .
a vast , beautiful reserve , the parc national de montagne d ' ambre draws more visitors than any other place in northern madagascar .
this park was my first experience in madagascar . the hike was nice and we saw crowned lemur and several leaf geckos as well as lots of birds , chameleons , etc . it was worth seeing
the park is about 27 km southwest of diego suarez . good place for bird watching and wildlife sporting . you can always find mongooses close to the camping places .
what a beautiful rain forest so easy to reach to and so magnificient not to miss . its flora and fauna was so surprising to witness . . many lemurs . lots of chameleons , a very interesting experience to live . . must be seen . .
visited for two days . refreshing environment . lush , green forest , plenty of wildlife . there are a number of circuits you can trek . overnighted on the park grounds in the base camp in a building that looked like it ' s haunted . bring your sleeping bag if you plan . . .
our trip was organised by cactus tours madagascar , charlie was amazing . our guide edi was very knowledgeable and friendly . we had a fantastic day . we were lucky enough to spot lemurs near the end of our stay . we also saw chameleons and geckos . the park . . .
we had a day off whilst working the area and decided to go here due to it being reasonably close to antsiranana . the park is very nice and we had an excellent guide but didn ' t find any lemurs . what he did find was numerous species . . .
we visited the park on a recent trip to madagascar hoping to catch our first glimpse of lemur . we weren ' t disappointed seeing sanford brown lemur group . they weren ' t easy to photograph in the trees . we saw loads of chameleon , a boa constrictor , spiders , gecko and . . .
the chameleons in this park are amazing . try and get your guide to take you off the beaten path , and don ' t bother going all the way to the big waterfall - just go the first km or so ( before the eucalypt and pine appears ) .
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this park was my first experience in madagascar . the hike was nice and we saw crowned lemur and . . .
separation of races generally difficult ; characters tend to intergrade , suggesting that most , if not all , variation is clinal , perhaps including from longirostris through pandoo to philippensis . race philippensis highly distinctive in plumage and to some extent apparently also in ecology , but intergradation extensive , vocalizations very similar # r and molecular evidence # r contradicts a break between this form and the other taxa , identifying instead one clade for nominate and longirostris and another for pandoo and philippensis ( presumably with madoci ) . five subspecies recognized .
– nw africa , s europe ( e to italy and n balkans ) , n turkey , caucasus and transcaucasia ; non - breeding also n africa and arabia .
( blyth , 1847 ) – greece , w & s turkey and levant e to tien shan , afghanistan and nw himalayas ( n pakistan and kashmir ) ; non - breeding also arabia , ne africa e to nw india .
( sykes , 1832 ) – c himalayas , s , c & e china ( including hainan ) and n vietnam ; non - breeding s & se asia s to greater sundas .
– e mongolia , ne china , korea , sakhalin , s kuril is , japan , ryukyu is , coastal taiwan and n philippines ( batanes is ) ; non - breeding se china ( including hainan and taiwan ) , se asia and philippines s to sundas , moluccas and palau .
20–23 cm ; 37–70 g . male nominate race is deep blue , darker and browner on wings and tail . female variable , usually much duller above , generally blue - grey , often . . .
song ( by both sexes , chiefly by male ) melodious and rich , a short series of individually varied . . .
breeds on precipitous cliffs , in steep rocky valleys and defiles , ravines and gorges , on crags , . . .
invertebrates , small vertebrates , and fruit . mainly insects , including grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , mole - crickets , adult and larval . . .
mar–jul in nw africa , end apr to mid - jul in iberia and end feb to mid - jun in israel ; jun–jul in afghanistan , apr–jul in . . .
sedentary , partial migrant , altitudinal migrant and intercontinental migrant ; nocturnal migrant , . . .
not globally threatened . total population in europe in mid - 1990s estimated at 40 , 675–61 , 602 pairs , with additional 5000–50 , 000 pairs in turkey . by 2000 total . . .
most of the bird conservancy’s regular staff members are based in colorado and western nebraska , although they can be found across the rocky mountains and great plains working to conserve birds and their habitats . staff members are associated with our science , education , stewardship , international or administration teams , as indicated following their position titles .
tammy vercauteren , executive director a michigan native , tammy earned a bachelor’s degree in wildlife management in 1995 from michigan state university and a master’s degree in 1998 from the university of nebraska - lincoln where she studied sandhill cranes . she began working for bird conservancy ( then colorado bird observatory ) in 1999 as a specialist in gis and landowner outreach for the prairie partners program . she has been bird conservancy’s prairie partners coordinator and outreach director and has served as executive director since 2008 . she enjoys working with partners and encouraging proactive voluntary efforts for species conservation , and she believes it is relationships with people that will make a positive difference for conservation now and in the future . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x16
nannette archuleta , staff accountant raised in the north metro denver area , nannette earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration with an emphasis in management from the university of colorado denver in 2013 . a very competitive person , nannette loves meeting new people and trying new things . she enjoys the outdoors and spending time with her family and her two american bull dogs . nannette joined the finance team in the spring of 2015 and works out of the old stone house in brighton . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x13
has over 18 years of experience designing and implementing community conservation and rural development projects in africa and the western united states . prior to joining bird conservancy , adam
a human ecologist for usda - ars at the jornada ( new mexico state university ) where he coordinated the development of mobile and web - based data integration platforms to support grassland stewardship efforts around the world .
employs participatory action research in his work and is always searching for new and innovative ways to integrate local , traditional , and scientific knowledge in land use decision making . he earned both his master’s ( 2006 ) and phd ( 2010 ) in human dimensions of natural resources from colorado state university .
jennifer blakesley , biometrician jennifer received her bachelor’s degree in biology from utah state university , her master’s degree in wildlife resources from the university of idaho and her doctorate in wildlife biology from colorado state university . she studied the demography , habitat relationships and breeding dispersal of northern and california spotted owls for 18 years . prior to owl research , she studied habitat relationships of songbirds in utah , idaho and wyoming . jennifer joined the bird conservancy in july 2006 . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x18
tyler cash , environmental educator tyler grew up in sunny southern california where he spent most of his time outside and in the ocean . he graduated from the university of california santa cruz with a bachelors degree in environmental studies , where he gained extensive knowledge in natural history . tyler is extremely excited to share his knowledge and love of birds and the outdoors . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x19
mo was born and raised in conway , massachusetts . she earned her bachelor’s degree in biology at the college of
erin divine , coordinating wildlife biologist erin grew up in southeastern nebraska roaming around the farm land of her parents’ home and the adjacent state wildlife management area and state recreation area . she attended nebraska wesleyan university and earned a bachelor’s degree in biology in 2005 . in 2013 , she completed a graduate certificate of advanced study in geographic information systems from university of denver , university college . after earning her bachelor’s degree , she worked for the forest service in arizona , oregon state university and boise state university’s raptor research center conducting surveys for mexican and northern spotted owl , northern goshawk , golden eagle and other raptors . she also has some experience with habitat improvement projects . erin is stationed in chadron , nebraska . ( 308 ) 432 - 6122
growing up as a free - range child in the wilds of rural iowa , sarah’s connection with nature was fostered from an early age . this connection prompted her to earn a bachelor’s degree in animal ecology from iowa state university ( 2011 ) and then a master’s degree in conservation biology from miami university ( 2017 ) . realizing that most children no longer have the opportunity to connect with nature in safe , meaningful ways , and that these early experiences help to shape conservation - minded adults , she has made it her mission to innovate ways to bring children and nature back together . when not teaching , sarah can be found hiking , reading , or cooking with her husband . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x23
nancy drilling , dakotas projects coordinator a native iowan , nancy received her master’s degree at illinois state university and is finishing her doctorate in conservation biology at the university of minnesota . she has worked on many avian projects in all corners of the u . s . , including research on forest passerines , shorebirds , waterfowl and colonial water birds . she also has experience in southeast asia , including three years as a peace corps volunteer in thailand and several years working and conducting avian research in indonesia and malaysia . nancy coordinates bird conservancy projects in south dakota , including the second south dakota breeding bird atlas . ( 605 ) 791 - 0459
angela dwyer ( mangiameli ) , grassland wildlife coordinator , nebraska prairie partners originally from texas , angela moved to colorado in 2010 and worked part - time for audubon rockies on habitat restoration and at colorado state university on several gis vegetation mapping projects . she studied wading bird ecology and received a master’s degree in wildlife management at stephen f . austin state university in 2006 and has been working with birds ever since . angela was the conservation biologist for audubon north carolina from 2007 to 2010 , chasing shorebirds on the beach . she loves exploring colorado through birding , hiking and skiing . she is based in fort collins . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x17
marcella fremgen , range ecologist ( montrose , co ) marcella grew up in golden , colorado and did her undergraduate at western state college in gunnison in 2011 . she worked for colorado parks and wildlife and the u . s . forest service in gunnison , as well as oregon state university on a variety of projects . marcella then studied sage - grouse diet and habitat use at boise state university for her master’s degree . she enjoys skiing , backpacking , fishing and living in the west ! marcella is based out of the montrose , colorado nrcs office . ( 970 ) 249 - 8407 x129
veronica grigaltchik , private lands wildlife biologist ( jordan , mt ) veronica received her bachelor’s degree in zoology from the university of florida , where she first developed a passion for birds . she then worked with u . s . fish and wildlife at a wildlife refuge in south texas , conducting bird surveys . following this , she traveled to australia to complete a doctorate in biology at the university of sydney , where she explored how temperature affects interactions between species . she is currently based in the jordan nrcs field office and is working to deliver wildlife habitat conservation programs , emphasizing grassland birds , to landowners in montana . ( 406 ) 557 - 2740 x114
kelli hirsch , development manager a central nebraska native , kelli earned a bachelor’s degree from hastings college . kelli has spent her career in fundraising for various nonprofit organizations and truly enjoys connecting people’s passions and interests to an organization’s mission . kelli developed a deep appreciation for migrating sandhill and whooping cranes as a young child . although a bird novice compared to her colleagues , kelli’s appreciation for birds stems from personal connections to birding friends and loved ones . kelli loves natural landscapes , endless horizons and open spaces and looks forward to helping bird conservancy conserve these precious resources for future generations . in her spare time , kelli plays french horn with the denver philharmonic orchestra and gossamer winds and enjoys spending time with her family , hiking and exploring national parks . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x12
kelsea holloway , private lands wildlife biologist ( wetland specialist ) kelsea , a native to idaho , received her bachelor’s degree in wildlife resources from the university of idaho in 2013 . during her years as an undergrad she assisted with prairie song bird studies and pygmy rabbit habitat studies . in 2014 she moved to minnesota to assist the natural resources conservation service with the wetland reserve program ( wrp ) . after almost 2 years in minnesota , kelsea joined the bird conservancy team in colorado . she now assists multiple counties in northeast colorado with wrp management . ( 970 ) 356 - 8097 x109
wendy lanier , spotted owl project leader wendy received her bachelor’s degree in ecology , evolution and organismal biology from vanderbilt university . she became passionate about research with conservation applications while conducting avian field work in california and colorado . this passion led her to colorado state university , where she received her master’s degree in wildlife biology in 2015 . briefly leaving the avian world , her thesis focused on the effects of introduced greenback cutthroat trout on boreal toad recruitment . wendy is currently applying her knowledge of population biology , ecological modeling and conservation biology to monitor the threatened mexican spotted owl in arizona and new mexico . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x18
kelsey mazur , programs coordinator kelsey has served as an educator and a coordinator for a variety of nature - based experiential education programs . she’s gained professional experience building both citizen science and residential learning programs as well as inquiry - based family programs and summer camps . kelsey loves working with students , volunteers , and the public to share her love for birds , nature , and all things wild . kelsey is originally from ohio where she attended wittenberg university and earned a degree in history through studying pre - modern interpretations of the natural world . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x10
meredith mcburney , biologist / bander meredith made her decision to make conserving birds and their habitats her second career in 1997 when she held a warbler in the hand for the first time while volunteering for earthwatch in monteverde , costa rica . returning to colorado , she took hugh and urling kingery’s beginning birder class , obtained a bachelor’s degree in zoology from colorado state university , and learned her banding skills from the many excellent banders who preceded her as the bander at the barr lake station . she has worked for the bird conservancy since 2004 , and bands in the spring at chatfield and the fall at barr lake . she loves the hands - on experience of banding , and she loves sharing that experience with the hundreds of kids and adults who visit the banding stations every year . ( 303 ) 329 - 8091
stacey monahan , camp and family programs coordinator stacey grew up in the beautiful state of new hampshire , where she fostered a love of everything outdoors . she graduated from the university of vermont with a bachelors in wildlife biology . stacey has worked at many different environmental education centers and summer camps on the east and west coasts . she is very excited to bring her knowledge and experiences to bird camp ! ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x18
maryanne murphy , chief administrative officer maryanne is a certified public accountant with nearly 30 years of experience , including six as controller at the denver museum of nature & science . during her career , maryanne has earned a reputation for her incredible attention to detail and ability to streamline organizations and processes . she earned her bachelor of science in accounting from drexel university in philadelphia . in her leisure time , maryanne enjoys walking tours of foreign lands and has explored zambia , morocco and turkey on foot ; the theater and recreational softball . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x16
david pavlacky , biometrician a colorado native , david received a bachelor’s degree in wildlife biology from colorado state university ( 1995 ) and a master’s degree in zoology and physiology from the university of wyoming ( 2000 ) . he earned a doctorate in zoology from the university of queensland , australia ( 2008 ) , where he studied landscape genetics and ecology of rainforest birds . david first worked for the bird conservancy as a field technician in 1995 , and he rejoined the bird conservancy in april 2008 to work on the spatial ecology of playa wetlands in eastern colorado and western nebraska . his research interests include quantitative methods for the distribution and abundance of wildlife and landscape ecology of forest birds . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x11
laura quattrini , stewardship program manager laura obtained a bachelor’s in wildlife biology from ohio university with an environmental studies certificate . she has assisted with numerous avian research projects with organizations including whitefish point bird observatory , carnegie museum of natural history / powdermill biological reserve , hawkwatch international , southern sierra research station and humboldt state university . she has higher education teaching experience and was an americorps vista organizing outreach efforts with landowners in southeast ohio . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x21
allison shaw , gis and data manager allison is originally from ann arbor , michigan . she obtained a bachelor’s degree in biology from grinnell college and a master’s degree in ecology and evolutionary biology from iowa state university . she has worked on forest and wetland conservation projects across the united states and central america for the nature conservancy , national park service , colorado natural heritage program , peace corps guatemala and others . she joined the bird conservancy in the fall of 2014 to assist the international team with data and project management . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x23
rita sims , accounting manager rita received her bachelor of science degree in accounting from metropolitan state university in denver , co . since graduating in 2012 she has gained experience in multiple types of industries focusing in on nonprofits in 2015 because she enjoys working for companies that have a larger picture in mind for the greater purpose . in her spare time , she enjoys spending time with her family and 4 dogs , trying to master the art of fishing and seeing more of the country side . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x14
erin strasser , biologist erin received her bachelor’s degree in zoology from northern arizona university where she studied pinyon jay behavioral ecology . in 2010 , she earned her master’s in raptor biology from boise state university , investigating the impacts of human disturbance on american kestrel stress physiology and reproductive abandonment . her passion for research and avian conservation has led her to study birds in several western states , as well as belize and honduras . she is interested in how anthropogenic change impacts breeding bird behavior and physiology , and the overwintering ecology of migrants . erin is involved with the bird conservancy’s chihuahuan desert grasslands project aimed at understanding overwintering survival and habitat use of baird’s and grasshopper sparrows . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x27
alex van boer , gis biologist growing up far from colorado on the east end of long island , alex began birding when he was only six years old . he graduated from bowdoin college in maine with a bachelor’s degree in biology and has spent the last several years working field jobs in conservation and ecological research , including a summer surveying saltmarsh birds for the university of connecticut . he started at the bird conservancy as a data proofing technician and gis volunteer , and joined as a full - time staff member in 2016 . alex enjoys the outdoors during all seasons and writes and performs music in his free time . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x19
chris white , director of science operations chris white is director of science operations with bird conservancy of the rockies . after graduating from arizona state university in 2002 with a bachelor’s degree in biology , chris volunteered at an avian rehabilitation facility in scottsdale , arizona and was smitten with birds . he conducted field work for the next few years , moving to fort collins , colorado along the way . chris was initially hired to work for the bird conservancy as a data entry technician in the fall of 2006 . since then , chris has worked is way up through the ranks , serving as a biologist , then imbcr coordinator , and finally to his current position working directly under the science director . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x24


the white-bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america .

this manakin is found in forests , secondary growth and plantations .

it is a small , plump bird about 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) long .

males have a black crown , upper back , wings and tail and are otherwise white .

females are olive-green and resemble female golden-headed manakins .

at breeding time , males are involved in lekking behaviour on the forest floor during which they puff out their neck feathers .

this is a fairly common species with a wide range , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of " least concern " .

white - bearded manakin

characterisation of microsatellite dna markers in the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) .
birdlife international . 2012 . species factsheet : white - bearded manakin manacus manacus . downloaded from birdlife international on 16 april 2012 .
the white - bearded manakin is generally uncommon in northern amazonia and southeastern peru where it ranges up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in the humid and semi - deciduous forest in tumbez . the white - bearded manakin also occurs in
male white - bearded manakin is distinctive across most of its range , and unlikely to be confused with any other species . it is most similar to white - collared manakin ( manacus candei ) , but the geographic distributions of these two species do not overlap ; also , male white - collared manakin has a bright yellow belly . there is contact ( and limited hybridization ) between white - bearded manakin and golden - collared manakin ( manacus vitellinus ) in western colombia . as the name suggests , the white of the collar , throat and breast of white - bearded manakin is replaced in male golden - collared manakin by bright deep yellow , with a green belly . females of the two species are quite similar , but female golden - collared manakin has a yellow tinge to the belly , which is more olive in female white - bearded .
: manacus from the dutch , manakin , the name a manakin bears in surinam .
white - bearded manakin occupies the understory of the edge of tropical lowland forest and adjacent second growth , where there is a dense understory .
protection / threats / status : white - bearded manakin is common in most parts of its range . the species is not threatened at this moment .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia .
description : white - bearded manakin , as other manakins’ species , is a small compact bird . its courtship displays are spectacular and occur at communal leks .
flight : white - bearded manakin performs rapid and complex flight displays . when in flight , this bird produces a kind of whirring noise , as a grasshopper .
diet : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits . it also consumes insects such as beetles , flies and flying termites . it also takes spiders .
lill , a . 1974 . social organization and space utilization in the lek - forming white - bearded manakin , m . manacus trinitatis . zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 36 : 513 - 530 .
habitat : white - bearded manakin is locally common in gallery woodland and forest edges with dense undergrowth . it also frequents second growths . it is mainly seen below 800 to 1000 metres of elevation .
the white - bearded manakin , manacus manacus , is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america . it is found from colombia , venezuela and trinidad south to bolivia and northern argentina .
cestari , c . 2010 . anting behavior by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) : an example of functional interaction in a frugivorous lekking bird . biota neotropica 10 : 339–342 .
female white - bearded manakin also is similar to female chiroxiphia and antilophia manakins , but is smaller , with tarsi that are more orange ; also , antilophia have longer tails , and the females of some species of chiroxiphia ( lance - tailed manakin c . lanceolata and swallow - tailed manakin c . caudata ) have elongated central rectrices .
as other manakins’ species , the white - bearded manakin performs elaborated and complex figures at leks , involving several males . the lek is the same year after year , and the male spends most of its time in its territory . displays are more active after dawn and in the early afternoon . white - bearded manakin performs three distinct phases during the courtship displays , always with several males , sometimes up to 50 or more .
olson , d . h . and m . k . mcdowell . 1983 . a comparison of white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) populations and lek systems in suriname and trinidad . auk 100 : 739 - 742 .
white - bearded manakins are widespread in the lowlands of northern and central south america . there is an isolated population west of the andes from southwestern colombia south to extreme northwestern peru . the range also extends more continuously from northern and eastern colombia east across southern venezuela to the guianas and northeastern brazil , and south through eastern ecuador and peru to northeastern bolivia and central and east central brazil . white - bearded manakin is scarce or absent , however , from parts of southwestern amazonia . white - bearded manakin also occurs on trinidad , and from northeastern brazil south to southeastern brazil , eastern paraguay , and northeastern argentina .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . - dryad
the white - bearded manakin is a widespread species in northern south america from colombia to northern argentina . males of the species gather at communal leks to display for females . the lek display includes the males hopping from vegetation to the ground and is accompanied by loud wing snaps , whirring , and calls . males are black above with white underparts and a white neck collar , while females and immatures are dark olive .
snow , d . w . 1962 . a field study of the black and white manakin , manacus manacu s , in trinidad . zoologica 47 : 65 - 104 .
cestari , césar and pizo , marco aurélio 2013 . frugivory by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) in restinga forest , an ecosystem associated to the atlantic forest . biota neotropica , vol . 13 , issue . 2 , p . 345 .
. the male white - bearded manakin has a black cap and white neck and underparts . birds on the south side of the amazon have white mantle and have paler underparts . birds on the north side of hte amazon have black mantle and darker underparts . the female is olive - green with paler throat and center of the belly . both sexes have orange legs . it forages in the understory of interior forest . the female is similar to a
behaviour : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits and insects ( mainly eaten by the young ) . fruits are plucked while flying , or sometimes from a perch if the fruit is close enough . insects are caught in flight in low branches . it usually forages alone .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto white - bearded manakin usual call is a slightly trilled “peerr” uttered at lek . during the displays , the male utters an excited “pee - you” and a high - pitched “chwee” . as other manakins’ species , it produces snaps and other noises with the wings .
adult male : crown deep black . sides of head ( including the auriculars ) and of neck , and broad collar across nape , white ( constrasting sharply with the black of the crown ) . back , wings and tail deep black . rump and uppertail coverts dark gray . throat and breast white ( and connected to the white nape collar ) ; belly and flanks white , with a gray cast .
the bird leaps across to an opposite vertical perch . as it alights , it turns in the air in order to look at the place from which it came . this short flight produces the characteristic snap when the bird takes off . white - bearded manakin male repeats rapidly these movements to and fro between two perches . when several males perform these movements together , we only see jumping black and white silhouettes .
the movement patterns of males , females and juveniles of lekking species often differ due to differences in the commitment to lek activities , which may lead to differences in the spatial distribution and dispersal distances of seeds they eat . by sampling seeds in three lek and non - lek areas of the white - bearded manakin (
range : white - bearded manakin is resident in tropical regions of south america . it is found in colombia , venezuela and trinidad , and southwards in bolivia and northern argentina . there are two populations in separated ranges , one in the pacific coast of ecuador , and the other in eastern and south - eastern coasts of brazil .
the white - bearded manakin lives in trinidad and throughout much of south america . the males court females by snapping their wings with firecracker - like pops . a flurry of males flits rapidly back and forth from one slender , bare sapling to another , a foot above the ground . when the male spots the . . . read more »
the elevational range of white - bearded manakin extends from the lowlands up to 1900 m in colombia , although it usually occurs below 1000 ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , to 1300 m ( but usually below 800 m ) in ecuador ( ridgely and greenfield 2001a ) , to 1000 m in venezuela ( hilty 2003 ) , and to 1000 m in peru ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) .
snow , d . ( 2018 ) . white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
marini , m . â . 1992 . foraging behavior and diet of the helmeted manakin . condor 94 : 151 - 158 .
description museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . hyphen indicates absence of geographic coordinates in the specimen label . the data correspond to specimens of the ornithological collections held in instituto de ciencias naturales de la universidad nacional de colombia ( icn ) and museo de historia natural de la universidad de los andes , colombia ( andes ) .
occurs at the court level , and the spatial distribution of deposited seeds varies with manakin lekking status and the daily period of foraging .
manacus are small , short tailed manakins . both sexes have orange tarsi and toes , and males have elongated feathers on the throat . females of all species of manacus are dull olive ; males of all species have a black crown and wings and a broad pale collar across the nape and upper back , but the color of the body plumage is variable across species , in various combinations of white , yellow or orange , and pale olive . the male white - bearded manakin is the whitest member of the genus : the upperparts are mostly black , except for the broad nape collar and a gray rump , and the underparts are almost entirely white , with a gray wash , variable in intensity , on the belly and flanks .
the amazing moonwalking manakin bird ! with naturalist , kim bostwick . from the pbs nature documentary deep jungle - new frontiers . read more »
eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
n2 - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
ab - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
abstract =
eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
,
hartert , e . 1912 . [ description of a new subspecies of manakin ] bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club 29 : 63 - 64 .
data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
morphological , territorial , and behavioural characteristics were measured on white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) males from two leks in two consecutive years . these data were combined with data on marker - inferred relatedness to study possible co - variation with mating success . in one year , male size and male condition were correlated with mating success . in both years , males holding courts nearer the lek centre gained more matings . no observed male display behaviour appeared to be an independently important factor in explaining variance in male mating success . successful males made more aggressive displays than non - successful males and more displays were between close relatives . number of aggressive displays increased as the distance between male courts decreased . mating success in the white - bearded manakin is most likely mediated by a combination of morphological and behavioural characteristics , influencing both male–male competition and female choice . females could potentially use centrality on the lek as an indicator of male characteristics . however , levels of relatedness may influence spatial arrangement of males on a lek thereby affecting male–male interactions and ultimately influencing patterns of mating success .
friedmann , h . 1944 . a new manakin from cerro yapacana , upper orinoco valley , southern venezuela . proceedings of the biological society of washington 57 : 99 - 100 .
adult male has black and white plumage . crown , back , wings and tail are black . rump and uppertail coverts are rather grey . on the underparts , chin , throat and breast are white . belly , flanks , vent and undertail coverts are pale grey . undertail feathers are black . the throat shows elongated feathers which play an important role in courtship displays . on the head , lores , forehead and crown are black . cheeks and neck collar are white . bill is blackish , with paler lower mandible . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are orange - red .
brumfield , r . t . , and m . j . braun . 2001 . pylogenetic relationships in bearded manakins ( pipridae : manacus ) indicate that male plumage color is a misleading taxonomic marker . condor 103 : 248 - 258 .
bostwick , k . s . , and r . o . prum . 2003 . high - speed video analysis of wing - snapping in two manakin clades . journal of experimental biology 206 : 3693 - 3706
morales - betancourt ja , castaño - villa gj ( 2017 ) data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
reproduction : breeding season varies according to the region . the white - bearded manakin male does not take part in nesting duties . the nest is a small shallow cup built between horizontal twigs , and secured with spider webs . it is usually placed low in vegetation , from 50 cm to 1 , 50 metre above the ground . it is a woven cup , made with rootlets and dead leaves , and the interior is lined with fine and soft materials . the nest - site is often near water . female usually lays two eggs . she incubates during 18 to 19 days , spending long moments on the nest , with brief foraging flights . chicks are fed mainly with insects , and they fledge about two weeks after hatching .
phiphatsuwannachai , suchada westcott , david a . mckeown , adam and savini , tommaso 2018 . inter - group variability in seed dispersal by white - handed gibbons in mosaic forest . biotropica , vol . 50 , issue . 1 , p . 106 .
morales - betancourt ja , castaño - villa gj ( 2017 ) males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . journal of avian biology 49 ( 1 ) : jav - 01467 . urltoken
we find several subspecies which vary in size and sometimes in colour extension . m . m . abditivus , with stiff and longer throat feathers . m . m . flaveolus with yellowish tinge in throat and collar . m . m . bangsi is smaller with grey belly and narrower collar . m . m . leucochlamys with more white in mantle and white belly . m . m . maximus is similar in plumage but larger , with longer throat and mantle feathers . m . m . interior with paler grey rump and lower belly and vent . m . m . trinitatis is larger , with broader white collar . m . m . umbrosus with darker grey areas . m . m . manacus is very similar . m . m . expectatus is much smaller . m . m . subpurus with darker grey rump and variation of grey on underparts . m . m . purus with less black on upperparts . m . m . longibarbatus with longer throat feathers and some variations in colour extensions . m . m . purissimus with shorter throat feathers and longer wings . m . m . gutturosus is darker grey below .
margareta wieser , luis r figueroa , agustin carrasco , jack piper , lmarce , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , lindolfo souto , paul van giersbergen , mauricio rueda , stephen john jones , andretti . tche , lars petersson , jens thalund , josef widmer , rodrigo paez , wim ten have , samantha klein , alfredo rosas , oswaldocortes , tadeusz stawarczyk , daniel avendaño , ken havard , philgunson , emilio white , nigel lallsingh , michael fritzen , hal and kirsten snyder , dilia e . garcia , nick athanas , stanisław czyz , ileyne lopes , andre zambolli , stephen romany , steve garvie , barb winterfield , guy poisson , rodrigo y castro , anselmo d affonseca , antonio silveira , dusan m . brinkhuizen , sam , christophe gouraud , jim watt , phil kindermann .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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tu , l . , c . mccabe , and w . tori ( 2013 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
female is very different with olive - green plumage on upperparts . underparts are duller , rather greyish - olive on throat and belly . breast is more olive - green . juvenile is similar to female . immature male has full adult plumage at one year .
the first phase is the commonest . the males jump between vertical twigs situated around the lek . the bird is perched sideways on a vertical stem . at this moment , the long throat feathers are erected as a “beard” longer than the bill .
the second phase is performed occasionally and less common . after the series of jumps from perch to perch , one male remains on the mating perch , quivering , and with the head and the body pointed downwards . then , it hops to the ground , turning in the air , lands with a strange grunting sound , and returns to higher place on the mating perch . then , with rapid small steps , it comes down to the perch with flapping wings . this phase is pre - copulatory .
the third phase is often directed to a female approaching the lek . the male crouches while its head is retracted . it sways side to side and flaps the wings , producing the whirring sounds . the long throat feathers are fluffed forwards and upwards as the wings are raised and fanned .
the female which visits a lek for mating , usually joins the male in a dance of jumps between a stem and the mating perch , both birds crossing each other in the air . then , the female remains on the mating perch . at this moment , the male performs the pre - copulatory display , ending in the “slide down” the perch onto female’s back .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : manacus manacus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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manacus manacus longibarbatus : lower amazonian brazil ( r . xingú to r . tocantins )
manacus manacus purissimus : e brazil ( r . tocantins to se pará and n maranhão )
manacus manacus purus : n brazil ( r . madeira to r . tapajós and sw pará )
manacus manacus subpurus : s - cent . brazil ( se amazona , e rondônia and nw mato grosso )
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the feathers of the throat are somewhat elongated ( and can be projected forward during displays ) . most remiges are stiffened , with thickened , bowed shafts and stiff outer webs . additionally , the distals portions of four outer five primaries are very narrow and stiff .
adult female : upperparts olive green . underparts paler and grayer , especially on the throat and belly .
juvenile : very similar to adult female ; body plumage fluffier .
young males
( age ? ) may have dark shaft streaks on the crown .
bare parts color data are from junge and meise ( 1958 ) , haverschmidt ( 1968 ) , wiedenfeld et al . ( 1985 ) , and novaes and lima ( 1998 ) .
total length : 10 . 2 cm ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , 10 . 7 cm ( hilty 2003 ) , 10–11 cm ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) , 11 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001b )
tail length ( n = 7 ) , 28 . 5 - 33 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 2 ) , 11 . 95 - 12 . 41 mm
tarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 16 . 82 - 22 . 32
wing length ( n = 13 ) , 51 . 0 - 57 . 5 mm
bill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 94 - 12 . 67 mm
tarsus length ( n = 4 ) , 19 . 14 - 20 . 97
wing length ( n = 4 ) , 53 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 4 ) , 12 . 44 - 13 . 38 mm
tarsus length ( n = 3 ) , 16 . 85 - 18 . 76 mm
wing length ( n = 13 ) , 50 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 81 - 14 . 06 mm
bill length ( n = 3 ) , 11 . 75 - 11 . 96 mm
wing length ( n = 10 ) , 52 . 0 - 58 . 5 mm
bill length ( n = 10 ) , 10 . 66 - 12 . 58 mm
tarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 19 . 54 - 20 . 42
bill length ( n = 6 ) , 11 . 33 - 12 . 41 mm
tarsus length ( n = 5 ) , 17 . 31 - 20 . 35
mass : manacus , male , mean 17 ± 2 g ( range 14 - 20 g , n = 5 ; dick et al . 1984 ) ; female , mean 15 . 5 g ± 3 g ( range 12 - 20 g , n = 4 ; dick et al . 1984 ) . additional data on mass is provided by kirwan and green ( 2011 ) .
the century dictionary and cyclopedia ( new york , ny : the century co . , 1889 )
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shorey , l . behav ecol sociobiol ( 2002 ) 52 : 451 . urltoken
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chapman , f . m . 1924 . descriptions of new birds from ecuador , colombia , peru , and bolivia . american museum novitates number 138 : 1 - 16 .
cherrie , g . k . , and e . m . b . reichenberger . 1923 . descriptions of proposed new birds from brazil and paraguay . american museum novitates number 58 .
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dick , j . a . , w . b . mcgillivray , and d . j . brooks . 1984 . a list of birds and their weights from saül , french guiana . wilson bulletin 96 : 347 - 365 .
galetti , m . , and m . a . pizo . 1996 . fruit eating by birds in a forest fragment in southeastern brazil . ararajuba 4 : 71 - 79 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1941 . preliminary descriptions of some new birds from the brazilean amazonas . arkiv för zoologi 33b ( 12 ) : 1 - 10 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1945 . the bird fauna of río juruá in western brazil . kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar , third series 22 ( 3 ) : 1 - 388 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1951 . the ornithology of the rio purús region in western brazil . arkiv för zoologi second series volume 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 320 .
haffer , j . 1967 . speciation in colombian forest birds west of the andes . american museum novitates number 2294 .
haverschmidt , f . 1968 . birds of surinam . oliver and boyd , london .
hellmayr , c . e . 1929 . catalogue of birds of the americas . part vi . field museum of natural history zoological series volume 13 , part 6 . field museum of natural history , chicago , illinois .
hilty , s . l . 2003 . birds of venezuela . second edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
hilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
junge , g . c . a . , and g . f . mees . 1958 . the avifauna of trinidad and tobago . zoologische verhandleingen number 37 .
kirwan , g . m . , and g . green . 2011 . cotingas and manakins . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
lima , c . a . , p . r . sequeira , r . m . m . gonçalves , m . f . vasconcelos , and l . leite . 2010 . dieta de aves de mata atlántica : uma abordagem baseada em conteúdos estomacais . ornitología neotropical 21 : 425 - 438 .
lopes , l . e . , a . m . fernandes , and m . â . marini . 2005 . diet of some atlantic forest birds . ararajuba 13 : 95 - 103 .
mckay , b . d . , f . k . barker , h . l . mays , jr . , s . m . doucet , and g . e . hill . 2010 . a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the manakins ( aves : pipridae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 733 - 737 .
novaes , f . c . , and m . de fátima cunha lima . 1998 . aves da grande belém . museu paraense emílio goeldi , belém .
olivares , o . m . 1958 . aves de la costa del pacifico , municipio de guapi , cauca , colombia . iii . caldasia 8 : 217 - 251 .
oniki , y . , and e . o . willis . 1999 . body mass , cloacal temperature , morphometrics , breeding and molt of birds of the serra das araras region , mato grosso , brazil . ararajuba 7 : 17 - 21 .
parkes , k . c . 1961 . intergeneric hybrids in the family pipridae . condor 63 : 145 - 150 .
rego , p . s . , j . araripe , m . l . v . marceliano , i . sampaio , and h . schneider . 2007 . phylogenetic analyses of the genera pipra , lepidothrix and dixiphia ( pipridae , passeriformes ) using partial cytochrome b and 16s mtdna genes . zoologica scripta 2007 : 1 - 11 .
ridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001a . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
ridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001b . the birds of ecuador : field guide . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
ridgely , r . s . , and g . tudor . 1994 . the birds of south america . volume ii . the suboscine passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .
ryder , t . b . , and j . d . wolfe . 2009 . the current state of knowledge on molt and plumage sequences in selected neotropical bird families . ornitologia neotropical 20 : 1 - 18 .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , d . f . lane , j . p . o’neill , and t . a . parker iii . 2010 . birds of peru . revised and updated edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
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snow , d . w . 1979 . family pipridae , manakins . pages 245 - 28o in m . a . traylor , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume vii i . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
snow , d . w . 2004 . family pipridae ( manakins ) . pages 110 - 169 in del hoyo , j . , a , elliott , & d . christie , editors . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 . cotingas to pitpits and wagtails . lynx edicions , barcelona .
snow , d . w . , and a . lill . 1974 . longevity records for some neotropical land birds . condor 76 : 262 - 267 .
tello , j . g . , r . g . moyle , d . j . marchese , and j . cracraft . 2009 . phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannides ) . cladistics 25 : 429 - 467 .
théry , m . 1992 . the evolution of leks through female choice : differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 30 : 227 - 237 .
todd , w . e . c . 1928 . five new manakins from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington 41 : 111 - 113 .
wiedenfeld , d . a . , t . s . schulenberg , and m . b . robbins . 1985 . birds of a tropical deciduous forest in extreme northwestern peru . pages 305 - 315 in p . a . buckley , m . s . foster , e . s . morton , r . s . ridgely , and f . g . buckley ( editors ) , neotropical ornithology . ornithological monographs number 36 .
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often considered conspecific with all congeners . see also m . vitellinus . almost all geographical variation probably clinal , and some of listed races may be untenable ; full revision of taxonomy needed . form named as “ m . coronatus ” , known only from type specimen ( “upper amazon” ) , appears to be hybrid between present species and ceratopipra erythrocephala . fifteen subspecies recognized .
bangs , 1899 – n colombia ( santa marta region , lower cauca valley , lower and middle magdalena valley ) .
chapman , 1914 – sw colombia ( s from sw cauca ) and extreme nw ecuador ( n esmeraldas , imbabura ) .
chapman , 1914 – nw & w ecuador ( w esmeraldas and pichincha s to n guayas ) .
chapman , 1924 – sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
chapman , 1914 – nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru ( n of r marañón ) , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .
( linnaeus , 1766 ) – s venezuela ( r casiquiare region , in s amazonas ) , the guianas , and ne brazil n of lower amazon , w to r negro .
gyldenstolpe , 1941 – w brazil ( r juruá ) , ne peru ( e loreto , madre de dios ) and nw bolivia ( e to r beni ) .
cherrie & reichenberger , 1923 – sc brazil ( upper r madeira to w mato grosso ) and n bolivia ( beni , n santa cruz ) .
bangs , 1899 – s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( r madeira probably to left bank of r xingu ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1936 – s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( right bank of r xingu e to right bank of r tocantins ) .
todd , 1928 – e brazil from right bank of r tocantins e to n maranhão .
( desmarest , 1806 ) – e & se brazil ( alagoas , bahia and minas gerais s to extreme se mato grosso do sul , e santa catarina and extreme ne rio grande do sul ) , se paraguay and extreme ne argentina ( misiones ) .
male calls at lek a rather plaintive , slightly trilled “peerr” , changing in excitement . . .
forest edges , especially where woody undergrowth is thick , also low shrubby forest and secondary . . .
mainly small fruits , also insects . in trinidad study area , fruits of 105 plant species , from 27 families , recorded as eaten ; . . .
in trinidad , egg - laying in jan–sept ( exceptionally , dec ) , peak may–jun , month of starting varying annually , and up to five . . .
resident . in radio - tracking study in french guiana , adults largely sedentary when breeding , moving . . .
not globally threatened . common in many parts of its wide range , but more local in areas of extensive unbroken forest . common in trinidad ; common in n & c parts of . . .
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) , chapman , 1924 . sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
) , chapman , 1914 . nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .
) , gyldenstolpe , 1941 . w brazil ( r juruá ) , possibly also adjacent ne peru ( e loreto ) .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
. context - dependence in seed removal by lekking and non - lekking frugivorous birds in brazilian of atlantic forest .
the ecology of a tropical forest : seasonal rhythms and long - term changes .
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* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .
taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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