parambassis ranga , commonly known as the indian glassy fish , indian glassy perch or indian x-ray fish , is a species of freshwater fish in the asiatic glassfish family ambassidae of order perciformes .

it is native to an area of south asia from pakistan to malaysia .

the indian glassy fish has a striking transparent body revealing its bones and internal organs ; the male develops a dark edge to the dorsal fin .

the fish grows to a maximum overall length of 80 mm ( 3.1 in ) .

it occurs in standing water , especially in impoundments , and it breeds prolifically during the rainy season .

the species feeds on crustaceans , annelid worms , and other invertebrates .

it is , in turn , prey for larger fish , including snakeheads ( family channidae ) .

the indian glassy fish is not important as a food fish for humans , but is very common in the aquarium trade .

formerly classified as chanda ranga , the species is also known as the indian glassfish , indian glass perch , and siamese glassfish .

parambassis ranga

glassfish under the acropora . pesci vetro sotto un acropora . ( parambassis ranga ) by omar flumignan
our first encounter with dyed fish was back in the late 1980s . thousands of artificially coloured glassfish , parambassis ranga ( formerly chanda ranga ) were imported into the uk .
a . k . a . , parambassis ranga - - seen at the california academy of sciences in golden gate state park , san francisco .
giant glassfish ( parambassis gulliveri ) , darwin , northern territory , australia . by michael j barritt
glass fish ( parambassis ranga ) at the sydney aquarium . this type of fish is often sold in pet stores with neon stripes painted on them . they are much more attractive in their natural state .
considered valid as pseudambassis ranga ( hamilton , 1822 ) by eschmeyer and fricke ( 2012 ) .
macro of a tiny glass fish a . k . a . indian glassy fish ( scientific name : parambassis ranga ) . this one measured only a mere 1 . 2 centimeters from head to tail . the fish was laid on a glass bowl that ' s pretty old , hence all the scratches .
ambassis ranga : day , 1878 ; day , 1889 ; shaw and shebbeare , 1937 ; ahmad , n . 194 ; bhuiyan , 1964 .
species name : parambassis ranga synonym : ambassis alta , ambassis barlovi , ambassis notatus , ambassis ranga , chanda ranga , pseudambassis notatus , pseudambassis ranga common names : glassfish , indian glassfish family : ambassidae order : perciformes class : actinopterygii max . size : 8 cm / 3 inches environment : fresh water origin : asia . pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , and malaysia . temperament : peaceful , timid company : other small peaceful fish . water parameters : ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 2 , temperature 20 - 30°c / 68 - 86° f aquarium setup : parambassis ranga ( indian glassfish ) can be kept in small aquariums . decorate aquarium with free areas to swim in the middle and heavily planted areas around the sides . use rocks to create caves and hiding places . fish are easier to keep healthy if a small amount of salt is added to the water . feeding : accepts most foods including flakes . breeding : easy . raising the temperature and conducting water changes may trigger spawning . eggs are laid on broad leaved plants . the fry can be hard to raise .
the indian glassfish ( parambassis ranga ) is a lovely and unusual fish , that has been in the hobby / industry for many years . unfortunately , most of the indian glassfish that you will see in local fish stores are the “painted” or “dyed” ones , which should be avoided like the plague ; more on that later , i assure you .
the humphead glassfish tetra or the parambassis pulcinella come from the rivers and streams of myanmar and thailand . it apparently was not scientifically described till 2003 . i haven ' t found why it has a hump though .
nonetheless , this fish does best when kept in a dark , thickly planted tank alongside neons , cardinals , and other small , blackwater fish . while this fish resembles parambassis lala , the males are distinguished by their elongated dorsal and anal fin rays .
no fewer than three species are imported as common or indian glassfish , and in general , no attempt is made by the retailers to separate them . fortunately , all require much the same conditions to do well . the only difference between them is size  at 3cm / 11 / 3
when fully grown , the smallest species , parambassis lala , is less than half the size of the largest , p . ranga . the third , p . siamensis , is somewhere between the two , averaging 5 - 6cm / 2
- 21 / 4
.
this fish is found in the clear streams , beels and canals . most abundant found during rainy season . it feeds on larvae and pupae of mosquito ( bhuiyan , 1964 ) . iqbal , et . al . ( 1995 - 96 ) also described about feeding habit of chanda ranga .
glassfish can be susceptible to fungal infections , and keeping them in slightly brackish water can prevent this . however , adding salt is not essential , and in the case of species that are strictly confined to freshwater , such as g . filamentosa and parambassis pulcinella , keeping them in brackish water over the long term will probably do more harm than good .
besides being muddled up by importers and retailers , glassfish have laboured under a variety of scientific names . older books consign all of them to the genus chanda , and many people still refer to them as such . more recently they were moved to another genus , ambassis , and this name remains common in literature . finally , some of the glassfish were divided up between two new genera , pseudambassis and parambassis .
iqbal , s . m . , mortuza , m . g . , parween , s . and hossain , m . a . 1995 - 1996 . length - weight relationship and condition factor of chanda nama ( hamilton ) and chanda ranga ( hamilton ) . rajshahi university studies ( part - b ) . 23 - 24 : p . 238 - 242 .
the situation is still far from resolved , but the three species of interest here are all in parambassis . thankfully , recent aquarium books , magazines and web sites tend to describe these fish under this name . as if the fact that you could have any one of three difficult - to - tell - apart species of glassfish in your tank wasn ' t enough , things get even more complicated when it comes to settling on their ideal water conditions .
omnivorous ( with preference for proteins ) : in the wild , this species feeds on crustaceans , earth worms and other invertebrates . in aquaria , p . ranga does best on a mix of live and frozen foods , including bloodworm , tubifex , brine shrimp , mysis shrimp and insect larvae such as glassworm . flake foods are also eagerly accepted , but shouldn ' t be fed exclusively . feed small amounts once or twice daily .
it is not inconceivable that a combination of the brackish myth , the susceptibility of the painted fish to disease and the fact that this is quite a short - lived species have given rise to the commonly held belief that this fish is hard to keep . in reality , it is a pretty and peaceful species , well - suited to many community tanks . one final point to note is that there are several other species in the genus which are often imported as p . ranga , as they look very similar . the most common of these are p . lala and p . siamensis . lala can be distinguished by it’s small ( 1 1 / 2″ ) adult size and the presence of three vertical bars behind it’s eye . ranga has a dark area behind the eye , whilst siamensis has no patterning here . p . siamensis is also a more elongate fish than the other 2 species .
previously known as chanda ranga , the common name of this species arose because it’s translucent skin means that the bone structure and internal organs are clearly visible . for many years it has been artificially injected with luminous dyes on fish farms in asia and then sold as “painted” glass fish or “disco fish” . this abhorrent act involves injecting the fish repeatedly with a large needle and most fish do not survive more than a few months afterwards . whilst painted fish of this and other species are still available in many countries , protracted campaigning has seen them virtually removed from uk stores .
there are two fish commonly referred to in the trade as glassfish ; the chanda ranga , and the chanda baculis . of these two southeast asian fish , the one most commonly used for painting would be the latter , chanda baculis . and true , in and of itself , this is no spectacular fish . obviously it’s got to be an easy catch for importers in the confines of its natural range , india , myanmar and thailand . i would speculate the initial fascination with this fish was its transparent body . you could see right inside , organs , bones , and everything . neat !
brackish or freshwater : because this fish is found in both slightly brackish and freshwater conditions , the fishkeeper may choose to replicate either habitat ( however more fish are found in freshwater distributions . ) it ' s recommended to ask the seller whether the fish has been kept in brackish or freshwater . in this way , if a change from brackish to freshwater needs to be made , it can be done gradually and without harm to the fish . clean , well - oxygenated water heated consistently to 68 – 86°f ( 20°c - 30°c ) best replicates riverine and lacustrine habitats p . ranga is native to .
p . ranga is peaceful and shy and should not be combined with vigorous or aggressive species . the choice of tankmates is also governed by the type of water in which it is being kept . in freshwater conditions , it can be kept with barbs , livebearers , smaller rainbowfish , loaches and many other small tropicals . in the brackish aquarium , mollies , bumblebee gobies and chromides are all possibilities . the indian glass fish is a shoaling species and will not do well if kept singly or in pairs . aim for a group of at least 6 . males do become somewhat territorial when spawning but physical damage is rare .
many books suggest that in an aquarium , p . wolffii does not grow any bigger than the ' dwarf ' species like p . ranga . this appears to be the result of confusion over which species was actually imported , with p . siamensis often being sold as p . wolffii . recent imports of p . wolffii have brought them in at around 10cm / 4
, and it is probably safe to say that if looked after well , these fish will continue to grow . in other words , this species shouldn ' t be bought on the hope that it will stay small if kept in a small aquarium .
glassfish have a reputation for being delicate and tricky to keep  is this because brackish water is harmful to them ? most likely not since p . lala and p . ranga are found in brackish water , albeit rarely . of the three , only p . siamensis is entirely restricted to freshwater . adding too much salt may stress them over the long term , and these fish certainly don ' t need strongly brackish conditions like scats or monos . a specific gravity of 1 . 005 or less is probably safe , which means that these fish could be mixed with bumblebee gobies , pipefish and other fish that do well in slightly brackish conditions .
body length is comparatively short from other chanda species and body is deeply compressed . head is also short and compressed and the snout is sharp . lateral line is partly distinct and partly absent . lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw . caudal forked . in shape and colour this fish resembles chanda nama but it is rather deeper in the body and shorter in length than the chanda nama . the chief distinction is in teeth which are all small in chanda ranga . the general body colour transparent yellowihs white . outer edge of both dorsals , anal and caudal tinged black . in young specimens which are locally known as “lal chanda” the body is brightly coloured with red and yellow . dorsals , anal and caudal scarlet is red . first dorsal and pelvic black tipped . the morphological description of this species is quite similar to rahman ( 2005 ) , bhuiyan ( 1964 ) , yadav ( 1997 ) and talwar and jhingran ( 2001 ) .
greek , para = near + greek , ambassis , anabasis = climbing up ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 20°c - 30°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 38°n - 1°n
asia : pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia ( ref . 4833 ) and nepal ( ref . 9496 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1479 )
found in sluggish and standing water . a common species proliferating in impoundments . most abundant during the rainy season . feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) , worms and crustaceans ( ref . 7020 ) . breeds everywhere during the rains . builds a nest and guards its young . rare in markets and often found in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .
roberts , t . r . , 1994 . systematic revision of tropical asian freshwater glassperches ( ambassidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . nat . hist . bull . siam soc . 42 : 263 - 290 . ( ref . 10429 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01479 ( 0 . 00728 - 0 . 03004 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . fec = 500 . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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justification : the species is common or uncommon fish throughout its range and no threat recognized recently , it is assessed as least concern .
the species has an enormous range , from pakistan ( north west frontier province , punjab , sinh and azad kashmir ; mirza 2002 ) , the nepalese terai , india ( most of india , including the ganges drainage , the western ghats rivers , and chilka lake in orissa ; ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) to the ayeyarwaddy and sittaung drainages in myanmar . records of the species from the salween basin in myanmar and thailand ( where it has also been recorded from the pai river , mai hong song province , and songkhla in peninsular thailand ) probably refer to other species ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2012 ) . introduced elsewhere ( e . g . , japan ) .
common in suitable habitats throughout its range , less common in middle reaches and tributaries of the salween in thailand .
there is little fishery interest , though it is sometimes mixed with small foodfishes . this species is rarely found in the aquarium trade .
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india , pakistan , nepal , bangaldesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , cambodia , japan .
a dark substrate will help to make this shy species less nervous and encourage it to display its best colours . provide cover by planting some areas of the tank densely , along with some floating vegetation . rocks and driftwood can also be used . the fish can live in both freshwater and slightly brackish conditions .
males have blue edging to the dorsal and anal fins and are a slightly deeper yellow on the body than females . these differences are more apparent when the fish are breeding , as the colours become more intense . the swim bladder ( which is clearly visible ) has a pointed back edge in males .
not too difficult , although the fry are difficult to raise . provide the fish with a heavily planted aquarium of around 30″ x 12″ x 12″ . stock it with 6 - 8 adult fish . it is an advantage if the tank is situated so that it recieves direct sunlight in the morning . condition the group with a high quality , varied diet . during this period , maintain them at a temperature of around 70 - 75°f . a ph around neutral should be fine .
when the fish are inbreeding condition ( look for an intensifying of the colours of the males , and round bellies on the females ) , perform a large water change with warmer water ( around 80 - 84°f ) in the evening . the fish should spawn the following morning . each pair may deposit up to 200 eggs , and these will be found amongst the vegetation , stuck to plant leaves and stems . the adult fish can be removed at this point .
the eggs are very sensitive to fungussing and the entire tank should be dosed with a weak solution of methylene blue , or similar , in order to prevent this . they will hatch in around 24 hours and will be seen hanging from the plants . they become free swimming in another 3 - 4 days . they are quite difficult to raise , as they do not actively seek food . instead they wait for morsels to drift by . we suggest feeding quite heavily with brine shrimp nauplii and creating a slow current in the tank . regular small water changes will be required in order to keep the water conditions perfect .
now to dispel a myth about glass fish . according to most resources ( including the majority of internet sites ) , this species requires the addition of salt to its water to keep it at it’s best , often stating that it is susceptible to fungal infections when kept in freshwater . this is simply not true . whilst the fish can indeed be acclimatised to mildly brackish water ( and are found in brackish conditions in some of their habitats in nature ) , it is found most often in freshwater . additionally , many of these freshwater habitats actually contain quite soft , acidic water . when purchasing this fish , ask your dealer what conditions they are being kept in . if they are in freshwater , don’t be tempted to add salt to the tank when you get home , as there is no need .
this page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the
comment form . this profile was written by bunny an active contributor to the site .
these beautiful and delicate fish have the distinction of being so transparent that their bones and internal organs can be easily seen . when kept in groups of 6 or more , their timid personalities are replaced by bold and curious natures . they can be easily kept in freshwater , and also have the option of being kept in very mild brackish environment .
school of 6 : 25 gallons ( 94 . g liters ) or larger .
1 –1 . 010 ( can be kept in very mild brackish or freshwater . )
asia : pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia in rivers , lakes , standing water and reservoirs ; both brackish and freshwater .
this delicate fish is deep - bodied and laterally compressed . fins are long and rounded with the exception of two separate , pointed dorsal fins ; caudal fin is moderately long and forked . back is arched . mouth is small and dorsally - located . forehead is indented slightly . eyes are relatively large .
body and fins are primarily silvery transparent with a pale amber to green iridescence . spine and other bones and internal organs are clearly visible . dorsal and anal fins of males are edged in greyish - blue . when males are in spawning condition , their amber color intensifies and fins may display a coral color proximally .
indian glassy fish have often been sold as having been
dyed
or
painted ,
a process by which numerous injections of colored dye are made into the fish ' s transparent tissue to make them more brightly colored . the process is cruel , far from painless , opens the fish up to opportunistic diseases such as fin rot , ich and lymphocystis , and has been shown to shorten their lives considerably ( from 6 months instead of their natural lifespan of approximately 5 – 8 years . )
please remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .
from : carol h date : 10 / 01 / 2015 timid fish ? ha ! i bought six and placed them in a 75 gallon tank that also contained a male betta i was quarantining because he was a bully . the glass fish took very little time to school together and promptly start following the betta , even taking a nip at his tail ! i tried to distract them with frozen bloodworms , and they left off . however , the betta began avoiding them whenever possible , staying under the powerful filter current that he had such a hard time swimming under . it ' s true the glass fish swim away when i approach the tank , but they are bold and curious otherwise . and they are positively rapacious when i feed them . unfortunately , they seem picky . they don ' t care for brine shrimp or freeze dried tubifex , and never notice pellets whether they float or sink . they also won ' t scavenge the bottom , even if there ' s juicy bloodworms on it . even the betta isn ' t so picky !
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d 1 . vi - vii , d 2 . i / 12 - 15 , p 1 . i / 9 - 12 , p 2 . i / 5 , a . iii / 14 - 15 .
d 1 . vii / 8 , d 2 . i / 13 - 15 , p 1 . 11 , p 2 . 6 , a . iii / 14 - 16 ( shafi and quddus , 1982 ) .
d . vii + i 11 - 14 , p 1 . i 11 - 12 , p 2 . i 5 , a . iii 13 - 15 ( talwar and jhingran , 2001 ) .
breeding time of this species is may - october . it breeds in confined water ( talwar and jhingran , 2001 ) .
this species is popular small indigenous species of fish of bangladesh . most of them are taken for drying in northern region of bangladesh . it is very much famous food in rural bangladesh . good source of nutrition but low price in the market . though it is small and bony people like it as food ( rahman , 2005 ) .
ahmad ( 1943 ) states that the fish breeds freely in confined water . in confinement , on an average it feeds on about 120 larvae and pupae of mosquito a day during the first few days but this number continues to decrease as time passes .
ahmad , n . 1943 . “fauna of lahore . 5 fishes of lahore . ” bull . dep . zoo1 punjub univ . lahore . pp . 253 - 374 .
bhuiyan , a . l . 1964 . fishes of dacca . asiatic soc . pakistan , publ . no . 13 , dacca . pp . 101 - 102 .
day , f . 1878 . fishes of india . william dowson and sons . , london . p . 51 .
day , f . 1889 . fishes . fauna . brit . india . william dowson and sons . , london . 1 - 2 : p . 484 .
hamilton , f . 1822 . fishes of the ganges . archibald constable and company , edinburgh . pp . 113 - 114 .
menon , a . g . k . 1974 . fishes of the himalayan and indo - gangetic plains . inland fisheries society of india sp . publ . 1 . p . 136 .
rahman , a . k . a . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh . the zoological society of bangladesh , dhaka . pp . 340 - 341 .
shafi , m . and quddus , m . m . a . 1982 . bangladesher matshya sampad ( in bengali ) . dhaka . pp . 268 - 269 .
shaw , g . e . and shebbeare , e . o . 1937 . fishes of northern bengal . j . royal asiat . soc . bengal science . p . 110 .
talwar , p . k . and jhingran , a . g . 2001 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . oxford and ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi . 2 : pp . 805 - 806 .
yadav , b . n . 1997 . fish and fisheries . daya publishing house , calcutta . p . 320 .
ex - student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .
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native fish : north - west glassfish ( ambassis sp . ) , finniss river catchment , northern territory
male has a pointed swimbladder , whereas females ' are rounded . males also have blue edging on the dorsal and anal fins and have slightly deeper yellow colouration on the body than females . these colours are at their most vibrant when the fish are spawning .
in a freshwater set up . male indian glassfish can become territorial when spawning but physical damage is rare . males can be identified by their pointed swim bladder , whereas females have a more rounded one , a slight yellow tinge to their bodies and a blue edging on their dorsal and anal fins . the males ' colors are much more vibrant when they are in spawning condition .
will not live on flake alone , and live and frozen foods should be offered regularly .
this is not actually a brackish water species despite popular belief and does best in freshwater that is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline , ph 6 . 5 to 7 . 5 . should be provided areas of cover in the from of plants and other décor .
. these fish traditionally have a transparent high - sided body with visible skeleton . if they are found with any hint of unnatural looking colour , they have been dyed and should not be purchased .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 57 .
content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .
freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 20°c - 30°c ( ref . 1672 ) , preferred ? ; 38°n - 1°n
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obviously named for its translucent flesh , the glassfish is an interesting , slightly odd addition to the right aquarium . glassfish are a schooling fish , and prefer to be kept in groups of five or more . they can be kept in smaller numbers , but they will be shy and will spend much of their time hiding . even when kept in larger numbers , they tend to not be aggressive , though they can get to be very bold and energetic .
glassfish have a reputation for being difficult to keep alive , but this belief largely stems from the myth that they require brackish water to survive . in nature , these fish live in standing water such as bodies created from dammed mountain streams , not estuaries or other areas of brackish water . if they are kept in true freshwater , they seem to be fairly hardy fish , no more difficult to keep than many tetras .
i am currently unaware of the difficulty of breeding glassfish in the aquarium . in the wild , they breed prolifically during the rainy season . if the tank ' s water temperature is raised to 85° and the fish are fed a healthy diet of high protein food , they may be induced to breed in an aquarium .
one particular note about glassfish is that , due to their transparent flesh , they are often injected with fluorescent dye . the result is a glassfish with fluorescent dots floating in its body . most of these fish do not survive the dyeing process , and those that do are four times as likely to develop certain viral infections as undyed glassfish . for more information on this , check out the article on dyed fish .
to induce spawning they need slightly brackish water conditions with elevated temperatures . they may place eggs on plant leaves . raising the fry is another story all together . considered difficult .
a few specimens could likely be kept in a species - only 10g . 20g and at least five glassfish is preferable .
many . would likely make excellent dither fish in groups of five or more . would also make good
target
fish for species that get aggressive during mating . glassfish are very fast swimmers , and also seem to be playful . obviously , avoid predators large enough to eat the glassfish . purely aggressive tank mates may not be the best choice , though glassfish may do well in a tank with semi - aggressive fish and plenty of hiding places .
page includes symptoms , diagnosis and treatment info . only painted glassfish seem to be particularly susceptible to any particular disease . painting seems to encourage ich and fin rot immediately after paining , and makes the fish more likely to develop lymphocystis , a viral infection that causes white cysts on the body and fins , throughout its life .
frozen or fresh , mostly carnivorous diet . generally do not eat dry food , according to several sources . that being said , i have fed my glassfish nothing but flakes and freeze - dried bloodworms , and they are always eager to eat .
supposedly mid to bottom . this may be a result of lethargy induced by brackish water . in purely freshwater tanks , they range across the entire depth of the aquarium .
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neale monks explains how to keep the many varieties of glassfish on sale at specialist aquatic shops . here is an extract of the complete article .
glassfish are a regular fixture in tropical fish stores , though often not for the right reasons .
for many years they were almost always imported as ' disco fish ' , with fluorescent paints injected into their bodies to create brightly coloured fish that appealed to inexperienced fishkeepers .
however pretty these disco fish might be , the process of dyeing is known to harm their health , as well as being cruel and unnecessary . in particular , dyed glassfish are significantly more likely to contract lymphocystis than undyed fish .
since 1996 , practical fishkeeping has encouraged retailers not to stock these dyed fish , and disco fish are now far less frequently offered for sale than before . a knock - on effect has been that glassfish have slipped off the radar as far as many fishkeepers are concerned , and finding them can sometimes be tricky .
which is a pity as undyed glassfish have a subtle beauty that is easily overlooked when kept with brightly coloured , showier fish like fancy livebearers and neon tetras .
traditionally these were viewed as brackish fish , and most books suggest adding an amount of salt to their aquarium . however , collectors say these fish are found primarily in freshwater habitats , sometimes even soft and acidic ones .
however , the ideal water conditions are much more like those of other south - east asian freshwater fish : a neutral ph , not too hard , a steady but not overbearing water current , and plenty of oxygen . although not fussy about water chemistry , glassfish can be awkward when it comes to feeding . they rarely , if ever , accept flake , and even some frozen foods are rejected .
my glassfish don ' t show any interest in frozen bloodworm or mosquito larvae , though they enjoy both as live food . frozen lobster eggs , by contrast , are readily accepted and make an inexpensive and convenient staple food . frozen lobster eggs are sometimes difficult to find  look for them in stores specialising in marine invertebrates since they ' re primarily used to feed corals and giant clams . each egg is tiny , but they ' re rich in fat and protein , and the glassfish seem to go wild for them , darting about , snapping up the eggs .
a newcomer to the hobby is the hump - head glassfish , p . pulcinella . only discovered in 2003 , it has already become something of a staple and while expensive , is relatively easy to obtain . a classic oddball , this fish not only retains the silvery transparency of the smaller glassfish species , but also sports a spectacular nuchal hump .
males have more strongly developed humps than females , and by any standards , these are extraordinary fish . p . pulcinella is a schooling fish , and given that this species grows to around 20cm / 8
, it is obviously best suited to a large aquarium . not much is known about the health of this fish in captivity , but since the fish normally inhabits fast - flowing waters , good filtration and plenty of oxygen are probably crucial to long - term health .
in terms of social behaviour , p . pulcinella is a bit problematic . as with many schooling fish , there is a definite pecking order within the group and if too few are kept , dominant specimens will harass weaker individuals . you probably want to keep at least six specimens , ideally ten or more . if you only have the option of keeping three or four specimens , the safest approach is to keep just a single male in the tank , on the assumption that the most aggressive fish within a school tend to be the males .
another giant glassfish is p . wolffii . like p . pulcinella , it is an inhabitant of fresh , not brackish , water and is very widely distributed in slow - moving rivers throughout south - east asia . an adult p . wolffii is an impressive fish despite not being particularly transparent , with sturdy , spiny fins and a rather menacing face !
these fish probably have most appeal to those with an interest in oddball predators , which these most definitely are . at an adult length of 20 / 8
cm , it can easily swallow fish as large as platies and small barbs . on the other hand , it is completely peaceful with gouramis , catfish and barbs of comparable size .
by far the most infrequently imported glassfish , though many would say also the most beautiful , is gymnochanda filamentosa .
this fish is an inhabitant of acidic , blackwater streams similar to those associated with discus , though it does tolerate hard or slightly brackish water surprisingly well .
of all the glassfish , this species is generally considered the most delicate , and it is best left to advanced hobbyists .
keeping glassfish generally presents no problems once the fish are settled in and feeding properly . the main problem is that many fish may not have eaten much over the weeks that they have been in the fish shop .
since glassfish usually refuse flake or dried foods , if they have not been provided with live or frozen foods , they can quickly become weak and disease prone . ask the retailer what the glassfish have been fed on : if the answer is flake food , you can assume that the fish will be underweight and will need to be looked after especially well once you bring them home .
they are not particularly disease - prone , though whitespot can be a problem . some glassfish , most notably gymnochanda filamentosa , do not have any scales on their bodies and are in fact very sensitive to skin parasites . fortunately , glassfish respond well to commercial whitespot treatments .
glassfish are generally not aggressive , and the smaller species prefer to be kept with quiet tankmates . persistently aggressive species like the larger cichlids , pufferfish and some of the sharks and loaches are bad choices , even for the larger species of glassfish . on the other hand , the small species get along very well with small community fish , and since they are fast - moving midwater fish , they manage to keep out of the way of territorial dwarf cichlids like microgeophagus ramirezi and pelvicachromis pulcher .
in short , glassfish are ideal for the peaceful community , much misunderstood over the years , but beginning to be truly appreciated by those looking for something a bit different .
* this thread is an item from practical fishkeeping magazine website ' s articles rss feed , brought to you by courtesy of aq ' s rss feed poster robot . *
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indian glassfish are found in nature , as the first name of the fish suggests , in the region of india and other countries such as pakistan and malaysia . as the second name would indicate , the indian glassfish has a totally transparent body – “clear as glass . ” all of the bones can be clearly seen , as can the organ sac and some individual organs . the fish has a slightly yellowish cast to the body overall , but it is the fact that the body is transparent that really defines the fish .
indian glassfish have had a bad reputation as being a difficult fish to keep . most of this is because of a myth that has been powerful in the aquarium hobby / industry for many years that indian glassfish require salt in their water ; often it is erroneously stated that they require “brackish” water . a small amount of salt is fine for almost any fish . keeping a freshwater fish in brackish water will , in fact , lead to their difficulty in keeping . please note : this topic of whether indian glassfish require salt in their water , or even brackish water , is somewhat controversial . i base my statement that they do not need salt on talking with suppliers in the far east , and on my own experience . i freely acknowledge that others take the “they need salt” point of view .
once we have established that the indian glassfish does not need salt in its water , the other water parameters it requires are very simple to achieve , as they are wide ranges . ph should be in the range from 6 . 5 to 7 . 5 , with moderate hardness . they do well at a wide temperature range from 70 to 85 degrees f . indian glassfish do best in schools of five or more fish , and they like to have some thickets of plants where they can hide . they can be a bit nippy toward each other , but will usually not bother any other tank mates . indian glassfish are not , however , above eating any small tetra or other fish that can fit into their mouth .
for regular feeding they initially may require frozen , freeze - dried or live brine shrimp , mysis shrimp or bloodworms , but usually they will accommodate to dry prepared foods as they become accustomed to their surroundings . when you buy your indian glassfish it is a good idea to ask the local fish store what they are eating – and ask them to feed the indian glassfish before you purchase them .
indian glassfish are typical egg scatterers , although they are not frequently bred by hobbyists . this may be because of the reputation that these fish have for being difficult to keep , let alone breed . or it may simply be because there are so many other interesting fish to devote your tanks , time and money to getting to breed . if you do successfully breed indian glassfish i am sure that your local fish store would be pleased to buy the babies from you when they are up to a reasonable size .
unfortunately , the original form of indian glassfish ( how they are in nature ) are not what is seen most often in local fish stores . instead , what many stores offer are the “painted” or “dyed” indian glassfish , which they sell under various names . these fish are the natural indian glassfish that has either been injected with dyes in small spots in a pattern on the fish , or where the entire fish has been dyed some horrific purple , green or other color .
this is a painted indian glass fish . these are injected with a dye and should be avoided . photo by quatermass / wikipedia
if my bias is coming through on this issue – good ! i feel very strongly that painted and dyed fish have no place in our hobby / industry . many store owners who i know well , and respect , carry painted and dyed fish . their argument is “if i don’t carry painted glassfish my customers will go to joe’s fish store to buy them . ” sorry , but i do not buy that line of reasoning . there are , in fact , many stores who will have nothing to do with painted or dyed fish , and their business are thriving . please – do not buy painted or dyed fish of any kind , including when fish with a tattooed heart on them are available around valentine’s day . please note : painted and dyed fish must be distinguished from the glofish – the brightly colored zebra fish , tetras and other fish that are being produced by the industry . glofish are a genetic variation ( albeit with a gene for the colors introduced from a different animal ) , and i have no problem with them at all . in fact , glofish have probably brought more kids into the hobby than we can imagine , and that is a good thing , and i don’t think they are any different from fancy goldfish or guppies , that bear little semblance to the wild fish , but were achieved by the breeders’ art – not women in indonesia injecting fish with dyes .
natural indian glassfish are terrific fish , and they are not at all as difficult to keep as they have the reputation for . painted and dyed fish – be they indian glassfish , black tetras or any other fish – should not be encouraged . i will end by relating something that i saw a couple of years ago when i was wholesaling and delivering fish . i was dropping off the fish order for a good store ( one that has been in business many years , where the owners and staff all really know fish ) . a woman asked the owner if she could have two of the painted glassfish . the owner said of course , but he wanted her to know that the colors would fade in six weeks or so . the woman’s response was “oh , i don’t expect them to live that long ! ”
perhaps this burned my disapproval for painted and dyed fish deeper into my mind – as it is surely not what we want to hear from anyone keeping tropical fish .
keep the natural indian glassfish – and please do not keep the painted or dyed ones . in fact , please tell any store that carries them that you do not approve of this practice .
for this , my inaugural piece for the conscientious aquarist , i have to go back to where it all started . i don’t mean genesis . i don’t mean the ice age . i don’t even mean the frameless aquarium . and what do i mean by
it ?
it ,
is what i believe is the causal effect that should have opened our eyes to the fact that we need to start looking into the role within the hobby we have to take as hobbyists . in this case , i believe , is the appearance / emergence of “painted” glassfish . now i hear you hollering out , “oh , come on glass , ( no pun intended , or maybe there is ) there have been worse problems to deal with before that . what about releasing oscars and piranha into floridian waters ? what about cyaniding philippine coral reefs ? what about this , what about that ? ” they are all legitimate concerns . ( especially the “what about thats” )
what i’m talking about here is when the envelope was pushed way too far . once we started accepting dyed fish into our hobby , we’d done just went too dang far . i can’t help but imagine some seedy fish exporter looking over his bottom line , exclaiming , “we’re just not selling enough glassfish . . . we must sell more glassfish ! ” in an effort to make 3 more cents a day , some cerebral little boy meekly shimmies over to the fishlord and mumbles , “we should paint them , sir . ”
the boy , a little stronger in voice articulates , “we should paint them sir . . . bright colors , then people would buy them” .
the fishlord twirls his feathery beard , and shouts , “everyone , stop what you’re doing ! ” the little boy smiles , sensing a full loaf of bread for dinner tonight .
the fishlord kicks him in the rear , sends him away boisterously glowering , “mind your manners , you little impish slug . how dare you make my idea your own ! now git . you’re fired”
yes , i have a way of letting my imagination run away with me , but you do get a glimpse of the picture here , don’t you ? so let’s talk about the “glassfish” before the world of fluorescence brandished it’s nasty brush on the scaly canvas .
i must admit when i re - entered the hobby , post - childhood around 1986 , my eyes fell upon a tank labeled “painted glassfish” . they were transparent with a spinal stripe , colored either pink , or yellow , or orange , or blue , or purple , or green . wow ! they were pretty neat . i wondered why i never saw them as a kid . i woulda bought a bunch of them . i asked the store employee if they were real . it was a dumb question and i got a dumber answer . “uh , yeah they’re real . all the fish here are real . ”


the wingspan is 7-10.8 mm .

the larvae feed on castanopsis cuspidata , castanopsis fissa , castanopsis hystrix and castanopsis tribuloides .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

acrocercops melanoplecta

ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 49 . ch ng : acrocercops transecta , acrocercops panacivermiforma , acrocercops chionosema , acrocercops calicella , acrocercops laciniella , acrocercops brongniardella , acrocercops panacitorsens , acrocercops unistriata , acrocercops mantica , acrocercops aellomacha , acrocercops pnosmodiella , acrocercops bifasciata , acrocercops melanoplecta , acrocercops euthycolona , acrocercops astericola , acrocercops macaria , acrocercops zorionella , acrocercops panacifinens , acrocercops albinatella , acrocercops albidorsella , acrocercops apicella , acrocercops insulariella , acrocercops plebeia , acrocercops panacivagans , acrocercops phaeospora , acrocercops hoplocala , acrocercops apicepunctella , acrocercops coffeifoliella , acrocercops diffluella , acrocercops panacicorticis , acrocercops inconspicua , acrocercops vallata , acrocercops didymella , acrocercops malvacea , acrocercops heptadrachma , acrocercops distylii , acrocercops argentigera , acrocercops albofasciella , acrocercops praeclusa , acrocercops diatonica , acrocercops tristaniae , acrocercops macroclina , acrocercops paliacma , acrocercops eugeniella , acrocercops querci , acrocercops cylicota , acrocercops marmaritis , acrocercops gemmans , acrocercops hormista , acrocercops demotes , acrocercops combreticola , acrocercops ochnifolii , acrocercops quinquistrigella , acrocercops isodelta , acrocercops insulella , acrocercops phaeomorpha , acrocercops leucophaea , acrocercops ustulatella , acrocercops cocciferellum , acrocercops telestis , acrocercops arbutella , acrocercops eurhythmopa , acrocercops pentalocha , acrocercops glutella , acrocercops nolckeniella , acrocercops hexaclosta , acrocercops autadelpha , acrocercops chionoplecta , acrocercops crystallopa , acrocercops albomaculella , acrocercops loxias , acrocercops caenotheta , acrocercops eupetala , acrocercops alysidota , acrocercops hyphantica , acrocercops ornata , acrocercops convoluta , acrocercops homalacta , acrocercops irradians , acrocercops angelica , acrocercops chrysophila , acroce . . .
acrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honshū , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops distylii is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) .
acrocercops transecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaidō , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima ) , korea , the russian far east and taiwan .
acrocercops unistriata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , zhejiang ) , hong kong , japan ( tusima , honshū , the ryukyu islands , shikoku ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
borboryctis euryae is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku and tusima ) .
phyllonorycter bifurcata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the islands of kyūshū , shikoku and tusima in japan .
gibbovalva urbana is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , hainan and fujian ) , india ( meghalaya ) and japan ( the ryukyu islands , honshū and tusima ) .
elachista kurokoi is a moth in the elachistidae family . it was described by parenti in 1983 . it is found in japan ( honsyû , sikoku , kyûsyû , tusima , ryûkyû ) .
cryptolectica ensiformis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( hainan ) , india , indonesia ( sulawesi ) , japan ( tusima , the ryukyu islands , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku ) and thailand .
deoptilia heptadeta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( the ryukyu islands , kyūshū , shikoku , honshū , tusima , the amami islands ) and taiwan .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily parmacelloidea ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin .

parmacellidae

worms - world register of marine species - parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )
urocyclidae parmacellidae milacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal key is present . there is no caudal mucous gland .
schileyko a . a . 2003 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . pt . 10 . ariophantidae , ostracolethidae , rissotidae , milacidae , dyakiidae , staffordiidae , gastrodontidae , zonitidae , daudebardiidae , parmacellidae . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , supplement 2 : 1308 - 1466 .
bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cryptellidae gray , 1855 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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ariolimax _ californicus _ 2011 _ richard _ sage _ apr _ 2 _ 1995 _ purissima _ creek _ san _ mateo _ county _ california _ us . jpg
1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - _ bornholm _ between _ vang _ and _ hammerhus _ date - 15 - 06 - 2009 . jpg
1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - . . .
illustrazione delle specie terrestri e d’acqua dolce raccolte nell’isola di borneo dai signori g . doria e o . beccari .
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katja schulz marked the classification from
wikipedia
as preferred for
parmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836
.
katja schulz merged another page with parmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836 .
valter jacinto marked
lesma / / slug ( parmacella valenciennii )
as trusted on the
parmacella valenciennii
page .
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slugs are mollusks in the phylum mollusca . the information below highlights the taxonomy of slugs of economic interest as pest species .
subclass gymnomorpha order soleolifera family veronicellidae ( = vaginulidae ) the mantle of veronicellid slugs covers the entire surface dorsal surface of the animal . veronicellid slugs include several species of slugs found in the genera vaginulus and veronicella . they are herbivores and live mainly in tropical and subtropical africa , america and asia . they are also intermediate hosts of angiostrongylus costaricensis , the rat lung worm .
subclass pulmonata order stylommatophora suborder sigmurethra the families : testacellidae these are an earthworm ' s enemy , a carnivore with sharp teeth that impale their wormy prey . the remnant of a shell at the tail end of the slug covers the mantle and organs . this family is comprised of a single genus , testacella . testacella has been introduced into north america and new zealand . regionally , testacella sp . has been found in the portland and eugene areas of oregon .
limacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal keel is present . there is no caudal mucous gland . this family includes several large slug species in the genus limax . limax maximus is very prominent in the pacific northwest and also been distributed in other regions of north america . limax flavus , also called the cellar slug , can also be found in the northwest . it can be recognized by its brilliant blue tentacles .
this family also includes the genus deroceras . this genus includes several species that can reach pest status including : d . agreste , d . laeve , the marsh slug , d . reticulatum , the field slug or milky slug .
lehmannia valentiana can also be found in the pacific northwest . the mantle has dark lateral bands and dark bands along the dorsal side of the foot .
boettgerillidae trigonochlamydidae arionidae this family of slugs has a mantle on the front part of the slug body . the pneumostome is located towards the anterior portion of the mantle . subfamilies of arionid slugs are separated by anatomical features .
; a . dolichophallus ; and a . californicus . slugs in this subfamily have a keel along their back . they can often be found with a slime plug or caudal pore with a mucous
anadeninae the subfamily has a number of genera found in north america . the genus prophysaon andersoni ( cooper ) is endemic in the pacific northwest . this species can drop a portion of its foot as a defensive measure giving it the common name , the reticulate taildropper . the pneumostome is located near the middle of the mantle .
arioninae the subfamily contains several genera commonly found in the pacific northwest , although exotic transplants . these slugs can be quite large . there may be a prominent fringe along the edge of their foot . the pneumostome is located towards the front of the mantle , anterior to the midpoint . these slugs also have a well developed caudal mucous gland . one of key genera in this subfamily is arion . a . rufus , a . ater , a . circumcriptus , arion subfuscus are some of the species commonly found in the pacific northwest . these mostly palaearctic slugs have been distributed worldwide including in america , australia , new zealand , and south africa .
arion subfuscus can eat a wide variety of foods but fungi and decaying vegetation have been noted as their preferred diet . this species has a flexible abilty to occupy a variety of ecological environments ( beyer and saari , 1978 ) .
n . beyer and d . saari . 1978 . activity and ecological distribution of the slug , arion subfuscus ( drapanard ) ( stylommatophora , arionidae ) . american midland naturalist .
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additions to the malacofauna of vietnam : genera parmarion and meghimatium ( pulmonata , stylommatophora ) | a . a . | ruthenica
home > vol 26 , no 1 ( 2016 ) > a . a .
two species of south - east asian genus parmarion fischer , 1856 ( p . martensi simroth , 1894 and p . pupillaris humbert , 1864 ) ( ariophantidae ) have been found in central vietnam ( dak lak province ) . illustrated descriptions of external appearance and reproductive tracts of both species are presented . along with these species one juvenile specimen of meghimatium bilineatum ( benson , 1842 ) ( philomycidae ) has been found in south - east part of vietnam ( dalat city ) .
лихарев и . м . , виктор а . й . 1980 . слизни фауны ссср и сопредельных стран ( gastropoda terrestrial nuda ) . фауна ссср . моллюски . 3 ( 5 ) . ленинград , наука : 1 - 438 .
benson w . h . 1842 . mollusca . in : cantor th . general features of chusan , with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island . annual and magazine of natural history , 9 : 486 - 489 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1950 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . ii . treubia , 20 ( 3 ) : 381 - 506 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1952 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . iii . treubia , 21 ( 1 / 3 ) : 291 - 435 .
hoffmann h . 1941 . anatomische und systematische untersuchungen über die parmarioninen ( gastr . pulm . ) . zoologische jahrbücher , abteilung für systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 74 ( 3 ) : 1 - 155 .
humbert a . 1864 . études sur quelques mollusques terrestres nouveaux ou peu connus . mémoires de la société de physique et d’histoire naturelle de genéve , 15 : 109 - 128 .
schileyko a . a . 2011 . check - list of land pulmonate molluscs of vietnam ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 68 .
simroth h . 1894 . ueber einige parmarion - arten . in : m . weber . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in niederländisch ost - indien . 3 : 100 - 111 .
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superfamily athoracophoroidea family athoracophoridae - these are the leaf - veined slugs of new zealand , australia , and surrounding islands . the discover life web site does not list all the genera below . this list and the distributions were taken from powell , 1979 [ new zealand mollusca , william collins publishers ltd , auckland , new zealand ] .
superfamily succineoidea family succineidae - these snails have a very thin shell with a large aperature . they are usually found near water .
north america , hawaiin ids . , samoa , raotunga isl . , costa rica , europe
this clade is characterized by the placement of the pore of ureter opening into mantle cavity near the anterior margin of lung after the ureter passes forward from anterior kidney margin . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize five superfamilies .
even though this is a paraphyletic group , there are some monophyletic clades contained within . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize 21 superfamilies within the sigmurethra . these are all considered monophyletic . in addition , seven of these superfamilies are grouped into a clade called the
limacoid clade
reflecting their presumed monophyly .
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a world treatise on the recent genera of terrestrial molluscs , in numerous parts .


the diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) is a species of bird in the rhinocryptidae family .

it was described as a new species in 2007 , and is endemic to chapada diamantina in bahia , brazil .

in the same region , another species , the sincorá antwren , was described in 2007 .

the diamantina tapaculo is closely related to the very similar espinhaço tapaculo and planalto tapaculo .

the three differ mainly by their calls .

diamantina tapaculo

this entry was posted in archive , south america and tagged bahia , brazil , diamantina tapaculo . bookmark the permalink .
this is the recently described diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) , see the formal description on - line : urltoken neornithes / 12 % 20 - % 20rbo . pdf
possibly responding to playback of mouse - colored tapaculo ( s . speluncae ) , which i had played a few minutes before .
bornschein , m . r . ; maurício , g . n . ; belmonte - lopes , r . ; mata , h . ; bonatto , s . l . 2007 . diamantina tapaculo , a new scytalopus endemic to the chapada diamantina , northeastern brazil ( passeriformes : rhinocryptidae ) . revista brasileira de ornitologia 15 ( 2 ) : 151 - 174 .
. the remaining forest fragments in the chapada diamantina are described as very disturbed . large - scale governmental projects and unsustainable ecotourism are also listed as threats ( bornschein
endangered . restricted - range species : present in central brazilian hills and tablelands eba . has moderately small range , limited to chapada diamantina region of bahia , in . . .
c . 10–11 cm ; c . 15 g . a mouse - grey tapaculo with buff or rufous flanks conspicuously barred blackish , and relatively short tail . male is dark grey above , some brown and . . .
fjeldså , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
diamantina tapaculo is known only from the chapada diamantina , bahia , brazil ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) . the species is listed as near threatened , approaching the thresholds for b1ab ( iii ) . the species’s extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is estimated to be 21 , 200 km 2 , to be revised to 31 , 500 km 2 following changes to the standardised method for eoo calculation . the species’s population size has not been quantified . the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the continued loss and degradation of its forest habitat , as driven by the expansion and shifting of agriculture , charcoal production and use of fires in pasture management ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) .
the species ' s range is partly protected by chapada diamantina national park , marimbu / iraquara state environmental protection area , and possibly morro do chapu state park . forest clearance is reported to be ongoing in the national park ( bornschein
i agree with uplisting this species from nt to en and am sending andy symes separately more information on this species based on research by brazilian ornithologists in 2013 funded by american bird conservancy that found this species at 17 of 34 search sites in and around chapada diamantina national park .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
, being small , predominantly grey in colouration , with a relatively short tail . males have blackish grey crown , nape , upper neck and back , with some brown and black barring on the blackish grey rump and uppertail coverts . chin light grey ; throat and breast slightly darker grey . belly medium grey , becoming paler to whitish in the centre of the lower belly . flanks and extreme lower belly brown to cinnamon , barred blackish . undertail coverts barred blackish and cinnamon . iris dark brown . bill black , with some brown areas . legs and feet brown with yellowish - brown undersides to the toes . the upperparts are washed dark brownish olive and the belly is slightly paler in subadult males , with some variation in barring . a presumed subadult female had brownish upperparts and cinnamon rump , the feathers having blackish edges and central dots ; throat grey and upper breast washed buffy .
call , which is distinctive among its congeners . its song is generally faster - paced and lower - pitched compared to congeners , although with some overlap , and its accelerating song is slower paced compared with closely related species .
belmonte - lopes , r . , bornschein , m . & lebbin , d .
sharpe , c j , taylor , j . , wheatley , h . & ashpole , j
this species has a very small range with fewer than five locations and its habitat is declining owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . for these reasons , this species is evaluated as endangered .
vegetation . it favours patches of dense vegetation such as bamboo stands , masses of dead fern leaves and fallen stems . the species has been observed to move around at ground level and in the lower vegetation strata , up to 2 m above the ground ( bornschein
carry out surveys to find new locations and obtain a population estimate . monitor population trends . monitor the extent and condition of suitable habitat . promote sustainable ecotourism practices . protect more forest fragments in the species ' s known range , perhaps partly through encouragement of private reserve designation ( bornschein
. 2007 ) . provide alternatives to local people to reduce pressure on habitats .
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probably sister to s . petrophilus # r ; see also s . novacapitalis and s . speluncae ( below ) . monotypic .
song composed of long ( often more than a minute ) and fast repetition of one simple note , series . . .
a nest found in jan 2016 , containing two nestlings , was in a rock crevice 50 cm above the ground ; the bowl - shaped nest was made of grasses . . .
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recent phylogenetic study recommends division into two subfamilies , rhinocryptinae and scytalopodinae # r .
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distance to mic . 4m . middle of long typical song phrase ( cut due to road noise at start and end ) . different individual from others recorded at this site .
distance to mic . 3m . short song phrase , then calls , then very short song phrase , all from apparent male in view , near top ( 1 . 0m ) of fern vegetation near river . different individual from other recs .
distance to mic . 3m . female in view 1 . 5m above ground on top of dense fern vegetation . note female song has rapid descent at end ( just like female s . novacapitalis ) .
distance to mic . ( nearer bird ) 6m . songs after playback of two males , one already singing more distantly at start of cut .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : scytalopus diamantinensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
in the brazilian red list assessment for birds ( mma 2014 ) this species is listed as endangered under b2ab ( iii ) . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be 32 km 2 and it is estimated to occur at only five locations . a continuing decline in habitat quality is inferred owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . the species’s assessment on the brazilian red list can be accessed here .
up - to - date information is requested on the species’s geographic range . confirmation that the species is found at less than or equal to five locations or is severely fragmented , with a continuing decline in area / extent and / or quality of habitat and an aoo of < 500 km 2 would likely qualify the species for endangered under criterion b2ab ( iii ) . comments on the proposed uplisting are welcome . references :
mma ( 2014 ) lista nacional oficial de espécies da fauna ameaçadas de extinção . portaria no 444 , de 17 de dezembro de 2014 . diário oficial da união – seção 1 . nº 245 , quinta - feira , 18 de dezembro de 2014 .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 28 october , after which the recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
please note that we will then only post final recommended categorisations on forum discussions where these differ from those in the initial proposal .
the final 2016 red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in early december , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
this year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing – and all but one were [ … ]
a major stopover site of europe’s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner doğa derneği showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ … ]
read the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ … ]
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we would like to invite participants of this ornithological congress of the americas to submit manuscripts to be considered for publication on a special volume of the brazilian journal of ornithology . we welcome review and case study manuscripts derived from the research exposed at the meeting . particularly , we would like to invite organizers of each symposium , as well as symposium´s participants , to submit a review manuscript on the topic of the symposium , which could have particular emphasis on the individual talks involved in the symposium . also , we would like to publish one study case per symposium . in addition to the manuscripts derived from symposia , we encourage other authors presenting their studies to submit manuscripts as a general submi
for this particular issue , the brazilian journal of ornithology will publish articles and reviews on ornithology in general , with emphasis on neotropical birds . it is indexed in databases zoological records , biological abstract , scopus , and isi . the current ( june 2017 ) impact factor is 0 . 414 ) . the journal o
nly publishes articles in english , with four volumes per year . this special issue is schedule to appear in full in mid - 2018 , with individual / accepted manus
cripts released before in the webpage . for this special volume authors should login into the journal´s webpage and to follow the editorial rules and guidelines of the journal for manuscript submission . please , refer to the following webpage for details .
marcos ricardo bornschein , giovanni nachtigall maurício , ricardo belmonte lopes , helena mata , sandro l . bonatto
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bythinella cylindrica is a species of very small freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family amnicolidae .

this species is endemic to austria .

bythinella cylindrica

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different spring snail species . right : bythinella cylindrica , left : belgrandiella wawrai ( hydro - biidae ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .
rhön spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
robert a . patzner , naturschutzbund österreich : weichtier des jahres 2008 - bythinella austriaca . ( in german )
spring snails ( bythinella compressa ) on a fallen leaf . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
rhön spring snails ( bythinella compressa ) on a fallen leaf . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
limestone tuff spring near fischbach in the rhön mountains . habitat of the rhön spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : j . gombert ( source ) .
justification : bythinella cylindrica has been assessed as critically endangered ( cr b1ab ( iii ) ) . this species has a restricted range and has undergone a significant decline in the population and is now considered to be ' very rare ' . there are current threats posed to this species , and whilst it is protected under austrian law , there is no specific recovery plan in place . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that habitat monitoring is conducted , along with research into the species ' population trend
description : the austrian spring snail is smaller than bythinella bavarica ( see below ) and almost cylindrical . the whorls of its shell are flattened at the sides . also the suture is less prominent . the last whorl takes two fifths of the shell ' s overall height .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species is one of many small spring - snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system .
is endemic to austria . specifically it is known from the eastern alps in the lower austria province , in the triesting valley .
this species is described as ' rare ' . it has also experienced a significant decline in the population . the last known living population was significantly reduced ( from millions of individuals down to tens of living specimens ) due to the reconstruction of a chapel .
the species inhabits mainly freshwater springs , but during dry phases of the spring it can withdraw for a short periods of time into the deeper ' groundwater ' zones of the spring .
the main current threats to this species are habitat degradation , the abstraction of water for drinking purposes and pollution , arising mostly from the over - use of fertilizers in agricultural practices .
this species is possibly present in a nautra 2000 protected area but there is no species specific recovery plan in place . however , it is strictly protected by law in lower austria . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted , along with research into the species population trends .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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austria . kuchlbach . altmunster . near lake traunsee . ex - coll . wart . 09 july 1976 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )
bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
in central and south europe about 40 species of spring snails are found , of which the five most important german species are defined mainly by anatomic characters , but are difficult to tell apart by shell characters . often , the single species can only be told apart by the finding location , as they are restricted to a very narrow area . this does lose importance in a growing fashion , as for example in austria there are often several species of spring snails in one place usually restricted to a narrow finding area .
the colour of spring snail shells often appears dark brown or green . this is due to diatoms ( brown ) and green algae growing on the shell surface . distribution of spring snail species often happens by insects capable of flying , on which the snails have laid eggs . spring snails live on diatoms , blue and green algae which they graze from the ground , as well as on detritus - decaying organic matter .
accustomed to constantly low water temperatures , spring snails are cold - stenothermal creatures . they almost exclusively live on springs and in the uppermost areas of streams . the presence of spring snails is an indicator for very clean water ; in the springs of clean streams sometimes more than 1000 snails can be found per square metre .
spring snails are crenobionts , which means the are specialist with a very low ecological amplitude , which react to the slightest difference in environmental conditions , their density decreasing or the population disappearing altogether . on the other hand , spring snails are very well adapted to the extreme habitat of springs .
spring snails are usually threatened by fountain constructions around the springs they live in , by agricultural use as watering place for cattle . also drainage and ground water descent are a large problem to spring snails , and sadly so is overfertilisation , resulting in the eutrophication also of springs .
additionally , global warming results in the water temperatures of springs rising , which means , the cold - stenothermous populations of spring snails generally decrease .
umweltschutz - news : klimawandel bedroht weichtier des jahres 2008 , die österreichische quellschnecke . ( in german ) urltoken : die österreichische quellschnecke ist das weichtier des jahres . ( in german ) naturschutzgroßprojekt thüringer rhönhutungen : feuchtlebensräume - naturnahe quellen und kalk - flachmoore . ( in german )
distribution : the species is an main indicator species for springs and low mountain streams . it is found in the eastern bavarian limestone alps and the sudetes , through moravia , austria as far as north - eastern tyrol , styria , carinthia , northern slovenia , hungary and galicia .
threat situation : in austria the austrian spring snail is classified as
near threatened
( nt ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .
the shell is less slender , the suture noticeably deepened . the whorls are rounded at the sides , the last whorl takes two thirds of the overall shell height .
distribution : northern alps , eastern bavarian limestone alps and their foot hills . from munich east through bavaria , as far as northern tyrol and salzburg country , pottenstein near wiener neustadt ( lower austria ) and the high terrace near munich .
the rhön spring snail ' s shell is oval to bluntly conical , the last whorl takes four fifths of the shell height . the whorls are strongly rounded at the sides , the apex is blunted a little obliquely .
distribution : in germany : rhön and vogelsberg mountains in hesse and thuringia . also present in austria .
the rhön spring snail needs constantly cold and unpolluted water ( saprobial value of 1 . 0 ) with a temperature of around 7 - 8 °c . it feeds on bacteria growing on stones and leaves , as well as on decaying organic matter ( detritus ) , which is grazed from stones , water plants , fallen leaves ( picture ) and dead wood lying in the water .
while some time ago the rhön spring snail was wide spread in the open landscape shaped by man , today it appears nearly exclusively in spring exits and some hundreds of metres downstream in the streams of deciduous forest areas . in intact habitats there may be as many as 50 snails on 25 x 25 cm .
populations live isolated from each other . with their highly specialized demands to habitats ( see above ) , populations disappeared are lost forever .
description : the bavarian spring snail usually is large ( for a spring snail ) , turricular and conical with rounded whorls , the last of which is widened . the shell often is green coloured due to algae growing on it . the shell tip ( apex ) is small and blunted obliquely , the whorls are separated by a deep suture .
dimensions : h : 4 mm ; w : 2 . 3 mm ; n : 4 ½ - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .
distribution : the bavarian spring snail is a calciphile species - it needs limestone ground . its distribution area spreads over the northern alps and the foot hills ( lech and isar river areas ) . the bavarian spring snail can be found from southern württemberg as far east as the inn river and northern tyrol in austria .
, d . : unsere land - und süßwassermollusken , stuttgart , 1927 , s . 165 ff .
wide - lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
description : the wide - lipped spring snail has a bluntly conical shell , the last whorl of which has a distinctive palatal callus . the apertural lip , as the name states , is folded back to form a wide whitish lip . the whorls grow fast .
dimensions : h : 6 mm ; w : 4 mm . n : 4 ½ - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .
habitat and distribution : emmericia patula lives in springs and rivers rich in limestone .
the species ' distribution area spreads along the italian and yugoslavian adriatic coast from venetia as far south as central dalmatia . in southern france and bavaria ( central franconia ) , emmericia patula has been introduced in 1960 ; how and where from , is unknown . in the meantime , it has also been found in dachau and munich .
wide lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) from the tinavo springs near trieste , italy .
francisco welter - schultes : emmericia patula species homepage . dr . stefan nehring : neozoa ( makrozoobenthos ) in den deutschen gewässern - eine einführung . ( in german ) . molluscs with immigration background ( neobiota ) .
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