the black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) is a small asian passerine bird of the drongo family dicruridae .

it is a common resident breeder in much of tropical southern asia from southwest iran through india and sri lanka east to southern china and indonesia .

it is a wholly black bird with a distinctive forked tail and measures 28 cm ( 11 in ) in length .

it feeds on insects , and is common in open agricultural areas and light forest throughout its range , perching conspicuously on a bare perch or along power or telephone lines .

the species is known for its aggressive behaviour towards much larger birds , such as crows , never hesitating to dive-bomb any bird of prey that invades its territory .

this behaviour earns it the informal name of king crow .

smaller birds often nest in the well-guarded vicinity of a nesting black drongo .

previously grouped along with the african fork-tailed drongo ( dicrurus adsimilis ) , the asian forms are now treated as a separate species with several distinct populations .

the black drongo has been introduced to some pacific islands , where it has thrived and become abundant to the point of threatening and causing the extinction of native and endemic bird species there .

black drongo

local name of black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) is bhujanga . classification of black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) . habit and habitat of black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) .
black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) complete detail – updated . description of black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) . habit and habitat of
悍將 大捲尾 ( 烏鶖 ) 出生 black drongo birthday 2015 . 7 . 8 - 9
black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .
the black drongo is a common sight across the country . photo courtsey : raju kasambe
black drongo - parent fed immature and both started calling after the latter flew to a different perch .
english : papuan drongo ; french : drongo papou ; german : rundschwanzdrongo ; spanish : drogo papúa .
black drongo is a beautiful indian bird . it is a wholly black bird with a distinctive forked tail . size of black drongo is between 22 cm to 30 cm including the tail . the weight of adult is between 40 g . to 80 g .
the white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller , common myna and black drongo fed predominantly at 0 - 3m .
the black drongo is discerned from the ashy drongo ( dicrurus leucophaeus ) by its shiny blue - black throat and breast , which merge into black on the remainder of the underparts . it is separated from the white - bellied drongo ( dicrurus caerulescens ) by its black belly , flanks , and undertail - coverts . the black drongo could be confused with the crow - billed drongo ( dicrurus annectans ) , except that the latter has a shorter and less deeply forked tail and a heavier bill than the former . additionally , crow - billed drongos occur in dense forest whereas black drongos reside in more open country . the black drongo could also be confused with an adult drongo cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) , the habitat for which can overlap that of the black drongo . however , the cuckoo has a fine , down - curved black bill , a slightly indented square ended tail , and a clean black belly and vent with white - barring on the under - tail coverts and on the underside of the shorter , outer - tail feathers .
serrao js , 1971 . black drongo dicrurus adsimilis fishing . newsletter for birdwatchers , 11 ( 7 ) . 10 .
next , the researchers played recorded drongo calls for captive southern pied babblers ( turdoides bicolor ) , white - and - brown birds frequently targeted by drongo deception . two calls were drongo calls ; one was a drongo mimicking a pied babbler alarm call , and one was a drongo mimicking a starling alarm call .
sharma sk , 1991 . nocturnal feeding by black drongo . newsletter for birdwatchers , 31 ( 3 , 4 ) . 8 .
“while exploring the countryside in thailand in october 2012 , the black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) was frequently encountered ( above ) .
diet : black drongo feeds mainly on insects such as ants and termites , locusts and crickets , beetles , bees , moths and butterflies . it also consumes small reptiles , birds and bats . black drongo feeds on flower nectar too , playing an important role in plant pollination .
english : large racket - tailed drongo ; french : drongo à raquettes ; german : flaggendrongo ; spanish : drogo de cola raqueta grande .
actually , possible attack from above , from below , from the right , from the left , and especially from the rear . it’s a bird ; it’s a plane– no ! it’s the black drongo ! the black drongo is a large , loud , black bird that has absolutely no fear of humans . this flying object is exclusive to the marianas islands . it has some distinct characteristics ; such as a shiny black coat with a long split “v” shaped tail . the black drongo , also known as the king crow , rocks and rules on the marianas !
range : black drongo is resident in southern asia , from sw iran , through india and sri lanka , east to southern china and indonesia .
flight : black drongo performs agile , acrobatic evolutions and buoyant flights when it pursues a flying prey . usually , it has an undulating flight .
concluded that the black drongo served as little direct competition for any native species of birds on guam because of the drongos choice of foraging habitat .
one of my favourite birds to see when out walking in the bush is a rather conspicuous little black bird called the fork - tailed drongo .
change the english name for calyptorhynchus latirostris from “slender - billed black - cockatoo” to carnaby’s black - cockatoo” , following christidis and boles ( 2008 ) .
change the english name for calyptorhynchus baudinii from “white - tailed black - cockatoo” to “baudin’s black - cockatoo” , following christidis and boles ( 2008 ) .
black drongo breeds from february to august , earlier or later according to the place . female lays 2 to 5 white , pinkish or creamy eggs , spotted with reddish - brown . incubation lasts about two weeks . both parents share domestic duties and protect the nest . black drongo’s nest is often parasitized by cuckoos .
maben af , 1982 . the feeding ecology of the black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) on guam . long beach , california , usa : california state university .
black drongo has glossy blue - black or green - black plumage , with semi - translucent primaries visible in flight . adults usually have a small white spot at the base of the gape and the iris is dark brown in color . the tail is long and deeply forked , and curves out at the end of outer tail feathers . head is black , with only very small white patch at bill’s commissures . bill is black . eyes are reddish . legs and feet are dark grey .
the native range of the black drongo includes afghanistan , india and sri lanka , to southeast asia , southern and eastern china , taiwan , malaysia , java and bali .
decandido r , nualsri c , allen d , 2004 . migration of black drongo dicrurus macrocercus in southern thailand in autumn 2003 . forktail , 20 : 143 - 144 .
there is a lot to love about the spangled drongo . for starters the name .
us fish and wildlife service ( 2005 ; 2007 ) states the need for research pertaining to the following on rota : assessing the impact of black drongos upon both mariana crows and rota white - eyes ; evaluation and development of black drongo control techniques ; evaluation of the expected costs , benefits , and results of black drongo control ; and testing the effectiveness of habitat restoration that benefits the crow and white - eye but not the black drongo . the us fish and wildlife service ( 2005 ; 2007 ) suggests that such research is needed to determine if drongo control on rota is warranted and if it should be a priority , based upon other conservation needs of both the mariana crow and the rota white - eye .
protection / threats / status : black drongo populations are not threatened . this species is beneficial to agriculture , because it destroys large variety of insects which are pests for cultivated areas .
the white - breasted kingfisher , small bee - eater , indian roller and black drongo in our study typically perched at the height category of 6 - 9m to scan an area .
a rare seen bird . . . . . . . . greater racket - tailed drongo
fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo ( surniculus dicruroides , with subspecies dicruroides and stewarti ) .
french : drongo de ludwig ; german : geradschwanzdrongo ; spanish : drogo de cola cuadrada .
savannas , fields , and urban habitats outside forest , in more open environments than occupied by other drongos ; over much of its range the black drongo has become a commensal of man .
: the indian roller and black drongo had the highest overlap ( 0 . 99 ) while the lowest overlap was between small bee - eater and common myna ( 0 . 11 ) .
change the english name of garrulax cachinnans from “rufous - breasted laughingthrush” to “black - chinned laughingthrush” .
an african fork - tailed drongo , which can mimic the alarm cries of dozens of species .
adult has glossy blue - black or green - black plumage , with semi - translucent primaries visible in flight . tail is long and deeply forked , and curves out at the end of outer tail feathers . head is black , with only very small white patch at bill’s commissures . bill is black . eyes are reddish . legs and feet are dark grey . both sexes are similar .
the final mystery , of course , is what the birds on the right actually are . unfortunately , i failed to track down the original poster , but as best i can tell they’re black drongo chicks . black drongos are members of the drongo family ( dicruridae ) and are native to southern and eastern asia . here’s another photo i found that looks consistent with the previous one . if any drongo experts read this blog though and want to correct me , i’d love to hear from you !
: the niche overlap in perching height was highest between white - breasted kingfisher and black drongo ( 0 . 99 ) while the lowest was between indian roller and common myna ( 0 . 19 ) .
to the unobservant , the black drongo could appear rather unremarkable . apart from the swift , balletic dives that it makes to pursue its prey , nothing about the drongo’s physical appearance — the small squat body , the glossy black feathers or even the distinctive forked tail — is spectacular . but to merely glance and then ignore this bird is to lose sight of a bird truly remarkable , fearless and aggressive .
french : drongo de nouvelle - irlande ; german : bandschwanzdrongo ; spanish : drogo de nueva irlanda .
english : king crow ; french : drongo royal ; german : königsdrongol ; spanish : drogo real .
“nearby to where i witnessed the black drongos feeding amongst the cattle , other species of drongos were sighted as well , but they never ventured anywhere near the herd . these include the ashy drongo ( dicrurus leucophaeus leucogenis ) ( above ) and the hair - crested drongo ( dicrurus hottentottus ) ( below ) . ”
black drongo is a beautiful indian bird . it is a wholly black bird with a distinctive forked tail . they are aggressive and fearless in nature . adults usually have a small white spot at the base of the gape and the iris is dark brown in color . the tail is long and deeply forked , and curves out at the end of outer tail feathers . head is black , with only very small white patch at bill’s commissures . bill is black . eyes are reddish . legs and feet are dark grey………… . .
be careful not to confuse the fork tailed drongo with a similar looking bird , the black flycatcher . the flycatcher has only a slight indentation in the tail compared to distinct fork in the drongo’s tail . drongo has a red - brown eye which shows when it catches the light , while the flycatcher has a dark brown eye . one of the ways to separate them them is whether the bird is bold and noisy , which will be the drongo or relatively quiet and unobtrusive , which is more likely to be the flycatcher .
the japanese originally introduced the black drongo to rota in 1935 to serve as a form of biological crop pest control to help increase the productivity of the sugar cane industry on the island . black drongos consume a large number of insect species in india that are considered serious pests of various important agricultural crops , including rice (
in total , 1194 foraging observations of white - breasted kingfisher , 1052 of small bee - eater , 700 of indian roller , 1277 of common myna and 1186 of black drongo were recorded in the study area .
the drongo , seen here in flight , impersonates the calls of other birds in order to steal food .
our results indicate that the white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller and black drongo foraged exclusively by gleaning , which suggests that these species adopted a foraging technique suitable to capturing slow moving insect prey on herbs and shrubs .
glossy black with iridescent blue - green spots , red eye and a long forked , “fish - like” tail .
l . ) : acute bee paralysis virus , black queen cell virus and sacbrood virus . j . invertebr pathol
dicrurus macrocercus , commonly known as the black drongo , is a medium sized passerine bird native to much of southern asia and parts of indonesia . the species was introduced to rota , northern mariana islands , f . . .
english : king crow ; french : drongo royal ; german : konigs - drongol ; spanish : drogo real .
the spangled drongo has glossy black plumage , with iridescent blue - green spots ( spangles ) , a long forked tail and blood red eyes . sexes are similar , but the female is slightly smaller . occasional white spotting can be seen on the upper wings of both sexes . young birds are more sooty black without the spangles and the eye is brown . the spangled drongo is noisy and conspicuous , usually active , and frequently aggressive to other species .
“ drongo ” is even better and refers to “ 1 any black bird of the family dicruridae , native to india africa and australia , having a long forked tail . ” and of course the australian colloquial “ 2 a fool ; a simpleton . [ malagasy ; sense 2 probably from drongo an unsuccessful racehorse of the 1920s ] ” .
the red - eyed , black - feathered fork - tailed drongo is an irrepressible mimic , capable of reproducing the calls of everything from other birds to mongoose - like meerkats . now , a new study finds that these drongo birds are strategic copycats : they
cry wolf
about potential danger , startling other animals and stealing their food .
high niche overlap was recorded between indian roller and black drongo ( perch type , foraging height , foraging substrate and foraging method ) and white - breasted kingfisher and indian roller ( foraging height , foraging substrate and foraging method ) .
sometimes drongos can deceive their victims by using their drongo alarm call . but after a while , if the drongo has called repeatedly , the targets stop responding . that ' s when the bird tries another tactic : vocal mimicry .
correct the spelling of the name of the subspecies of black - crowned tchagra of northern somalia from wardangliensis to warsangliensis .
the highest niche overlap was recorded between indian rollers and black drongos and between white - breasted kingfishers and indian rollers .
habitat : black drongo is common in open areas , savannahs and countries . it lives in open forests , habitation , farmlands and slightly wooded habitats , near water . it may be found from sea level to 2000 metres of elevation .
black - crested tit ( periparus melanolophus ) is lumped with coal tit ( periparus ater ) , following gill et al . ( 2005 ) , but is retained as a group : coal tit ( black - crested ) periparus ater melanolophus .
the white - breasted kingfisher , small - bee - eater , indian roller and black drongo perched predominantly on electric power lines but common myna used mostly ground ( table 1 ) . the perching and foraging heights varied from 0 to 12m .
in this study the white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller , common myna and black drongo foraged mainly at 0 - 3m above the ground , and the small bee - eater foraged at wide range of heights ( 0 - 12m ) .
sugarcane , groundnut , green gram , black gram , cotton , etc . are other major crops cultivated in the area .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto black drongo has powerful and varied calls . they include scrapings and raucous calls , also metallic sounds . call is a harsh , throaty “schweep - schweep” . but we can also hear beautiful and clear whistles .
the white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller and black drongo used plants ( herbs , shrubs and trees ) as foraging substrate to find insect prey while small bee - eaters used air and common mynas used ground as substrates ( table 3 ) . foraging by gleaning was relatively higher than other methods in white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller and black drongo . the small bee - eater foraged mainly by aerial feeding and the common myna was shown to use ground feeding ( table 4 ) .
so the black bird ' s first attempt was unsuccessful . he went back again to have another go at fetching the fire from yummani . so this time the spangled drongo waited for yummani to go to sleep , then he would swoop down and pick up the wood of fire . but just as he was flying away he made a noise and awoke yummani up so yummani whacked the black bird on the tail . that ' s how the spangled drongo got a fork in his tail .
) . it therefore appears that both meerkats and pied babblers are deceived by drongo - specific and mimicked false alarm calls .
lusk mr , 1993 . black drongo research . five - year progress report , fiscal year 1988 - 1992 . saipan , commonwealth of the northern mariana islands : division of fish and wildlife , department of lands and natural resources , 371 - 373 .
the scientific name for black - headed parrotbill changes from paradoxornis margaritae to psittiparus margaritae , following penhallurick and robson ( 2009 ) .
the scientific name for black - throated parrotbill changes from paradoxornis nipalensis to suthora nipalensis , following penhallurick and robson ( 2009 ) .
the black drongo appears to have little to no negative economic impact upon agriculture , aquaculture , forestry or horticulture . evidence from india indicates that the species actually has a positive impact upon agriculture by consuming large quantities of insects considered to be serious crop pests (
ali ams , asokan s , manikannan r , nithiyanandam gt , 2010 . nest - site characteristics and breeding biology of the black drongo dicrurus macrocercus in cauvery delta , southern india . world applied sciences journal , 9 ( 11 ) : 1280 - 1285 .
: the highest overlap was found between white - breasted kingfisher and indian roller and indian roller and black drongo ( 0 . 98 ) while the lowest was found between small bee - eater and common myna ( 0 . 07 ) ( table 5 ) .
so the drongo really is the bird that cried wolf , but it remains successful by crying wolf in lots of different ways .
there are no published data pertaining to predators or natural enemies of the black drongo within its native range . however , given their similar choice of habitat and the drongo’s foraging activities at or shortly after dark , barn owls ( tyto alba ) could opportunistically prey upon them ( sharma , 1991 ; p . radley , commonwealth of the northern mariana islands division of fish and wildlife , saipan , personal observation , 2007 - 2011 ) . brown tree snakes have been documented killing black drongos on guam but the effect of the snake upon drongo populations on the island is unknown ( savidge , 1988 ) . de mello ( 1935 ) identified and described a species of haemoproteus blood parasite for the black drongo ( h . dicruri ) in india but its clinical or physiological effects upon the species are unknown . however , the genus of the parasite is known to be host specific ( savage and greiner , 2005 ) .
foundation for ecological security , 2012 . dicrurus macrocercus - vieillot , 1817 ( black drongo ) in deomurari . avis - ibis ( avian information system - indian biodiversity information system ) v . 1 . 0 . gujarat , india : foundation for ecological security . urltoken
banks , r . c . 1978 . nomenclature of the black - bellied whistling - duck . auk 95 : 348 - 352 .
the black drongo is primarily insectivorous and typically forages from exposed perches in open areas , from where it frequently makes sallies at prey in mid - air or on the ground . it often hunts insects at dusk and where insects are attracted at night to artificial lights (
worthington dj , taisacan em , 1994 . rota bridled white - eye / black drongo research . annual report , fiscal year 1994 . saipan , commonwealth of the northern mariana islands : division of fish and wildlife , department of lands and natural resources , 17 - 20 .
correct the spelling of the scientific name for black sicklebill from epimachus fastuosus to epimachus fastosus , following david et al . ( 2009 ) .
for starlings and meerkats in the kalahari desert , the fork - tailed drongo , a songbird with glossy black feathers and garnet - red eyes , is like the neighborhood dog : a trustworthy pal that ' s always on the alert and ready to warn you about dangerous predators .
andamans in the bay of bengal . of the other two , the velvet - mantled drongo ( d . modestus ) occurs in west central africa and the sumatran drongo ( d . sumatranus ) is endemic to sumatra , indonesia . destruction of forest habitat is their primary threat .
the range of the black drongo is tropical to subtropical , extending mostly north of the equator between 45 degrees north latitude and 8 degrees south latitude . the species prefers more open countryside than other drongo species , including areas of cultivation , grasslands and savannas , open scrub and broken forest , and urban and residential areas , up to 1500 - 2000 m in elevation in the summer . it breeds mostly in lowland areas .
the babblers also ignored alarm calls after they heard one type—such as a drongo ' s alarm—three times . they dashed away , however , if the third alarm was made by a species they ' d not previously heard , such as a starling ( again , imitated by a drongo ) .
subspecies suthora verreauxi beaulieu belongs with black - throated parrotbill ( suthora nipalensis ) and becomes suthora nipalensis beaulieu . position this subspecies following suthora nipalensis ripponi .
following payne ( 2005 ) and erritzøe et al . ( 2012 ) , we recognize three subspecies of philippine drongo - cuckoo ( surniculus velutinus ) :
: the highest niche overlap in foraging height was between white - breasted kingfisher and indian myna ; white - breasted kingfisher and common myna and indian roller and black drongo ( 0 . 99 ) while the lowest niche overlap ( 0 . 62 ) was found between small bee - eater and common myna .
it is no wonder then that the black drongo should have the epithet ‘king crow’ bestowed on it , or that it should be called kotwal ( cop ) in hindi — given its no - nonsense approach to predators such as crows and kites , many small birds such as babblers , golden orioles and bulbuls nest in the vicinity of a drongo’s nest . with the 24 - hour security service that comes with the location , they can hatch their eggs in peace .
drongos occur throughout the old world tropics and subtropics : there are four species in tropical and subtropical sub - saharan africa , four in madagascar and nearby island archipelagos , 11–13 centered in southern and southeast asia , from east iran and india to south manchuria ( bol hai ) , the philippines and central indonesian archipelagos , and just four ( possibly five ) from the east indonesian archipelagos to the solomon islands and north and east australia . most species are sedentary , but populations of those that breed in more temperate latitudes , of the black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) , ashy drongo , and hair - crested drongo ( d . hottentottus ) in china , and the spangled drongo ( d . bracteatus ) in east australia , are migratory , shifting to the tropics in winter .
the drongos are a family , dicruridae , of passerine birds of the old world tropics . the 25 species in the family are placed in a single genus dicrurus . the drongo fantail ( chaetorhynchus papuensis ) , formerly named the pygmy drongo , is not closely related and is now placed in the family rhipiduridae .
the researchers found that the babblers were slower to resume foraging after abandoning their food when they heard a recording of a drongo mimicking their own species ' alarm call than when they heard drongo - specific alarm calls . that explains why the drongos have learned to mimic rather than just producing their own false alarm calls
so he ' s often there when a drongo utters its loud , metallic alarm cries . because drongos perch on tree limbs , they ' re often in good positions to spot raptors—and wise meerkats and other birds pay attention . they eavesdrop on the drongos , racing for cover if a drongo shouts a warning .
the fork - tailed drongo ( dicrurus adsimilis ) is a beautiful , shiny black - feathered bird with crimson red eyes . this sneaky birds steal food from others by making false alarm calls . stolen food makes up nearly a quarter of their entire food intake , so it turns out to be a decent strategy .
the drongo - monarch group is a core branch in a massive radiation of crow - like songbirds that appears to have exploded in australia some 20–30 million years ago , and quickly spread through the old world tropics . the drongo lineage would have been in the vanguard , reaching africa and radiating into 11–13 species in southeast asia and fringing archipelagos . left behind in montane new guinea , signposting the source of radiation as it were , was the pygmy drongo ( chaetorhynchus papuensis ) , the most monarch - like and ancestrally structured drongo of all . the fossil record , limited to the pleistocene for drongos , preserves little of this information .
if a drongo is following a meerkat , for instance , and the small mammal turns up juicy larvae or a gecko , the drongo is likely to switch from honest sentry to deceptive thief . indeed drongos get as much as 23 percent of their daily food by making false alarms and stealing their target ' s dinner .
edolius megarhynchus quoy and gaimard , 1830 ,
dorérei
= port praslin , new ireland . monotypic member of spangled drongo ( d . bracteatus ) superspecies .
all i can say is : whadda rool bloody drongo . the bloke is clearly a few sausages short of a barbecue and has kangaroos in his top paddock .
there’s a type of bird – the african fork - tailed drongo – that belongs to a group of animals called kleptoparasites . kleptoparasites steal food from other animals .
despite their extrovert behavior , drongos have made little impact on human society and culture except for the black drongo . this species , a familiar urban commensal across southern asia , is often cultivated in captivity there . black drongos from taiwan were also introduced successfully to rota in the southern marianas ( micronesia ) in the 1930s , and from there had colonized neighboring guam by the early 1960s . its other vernacular name—king crow—celebrates its nerve and pugnacity in driving off predatorial birds much larger than itself .
three major foraging substrates , namely air , plants and ground , were recognized of which , the white - breasted kingfisher , indian roller and black drongo fell under the plant - guild because plant offers a greater variety of insect food . the small bee - eater used air and common myna used ground as major foraging substrates .
the drongos take advantage . sometimes , when a babbler or a meerkat finds a particularly tasty looking piece of food , a drongo lies by producing a false alarm call . when that happens , the meerkat drops the food and flees to find cover , leaving the drongo to steal the food , the meerkat none the wiser .
put spangled and drongo together and you’ve really got a name that gives more than the sum of its parts and that rolls off the tongue with a laughing question .
reproduction : black drongo’s nest is located high in tree . it is a loose cup made with twigs , grass , leaves and fibres , woven with spider webs . nest is usually built in a horizontal fork , at tip of a branch in an isolated tree . nest may be at about 4 to 10 metres above the ground .
nest is usually built in a horizontal fork , at tip of a branch in an isolated tree . the cup nest is typically situated in a tree . the breeding season is from february to july . the cup nest is similar to that of the black drongo but is usually made up of more twigs and is well lined with grass .
drongo
, entry in 1970 , bill wannan , australian folklore , lansdowne press , reprint 1979 , isbn 0 - 7018 - 1309 - 1 , page 200 .
early morning enjoy spotting birds in the others national park area . birds possible to be seen ; short – billed minivet , bar – winged flycatcher – shrike , grey treepie , lesser – racket tailed drongo , verditer flycatcher , chestnut – bellied leafbird , grey – throated babbler , black – throated parrotbill . ashy bubul , mountain bulbul , striated bulbul
the scientific name of the group black - bellied whistling - duck ( northern ) is dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens ( and not dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis ) , following banks ( 1978 ) .
the word drongo is used in australian as a mild form of insult meaning
idiot
or
stupid fellow
. this usage derives from an australian racehorse of the same name ( apparently after the spangled drongo , dicrurus bracteatus ) in the 1920s that never won despite many places . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
they generally react the same way to a drongo ' s alarm call as they do to the alarm call of a member of their own species ,
flower says .
in an effort to evaluate control measures necessary to reduce black drongo numbers on rota , craig ( 1999 ) reported shooting over 1000 drongos over eight mornings in 1991 . he estimated that continued control efforts over at least 40 mornings would reduce the drongo population on the island by 80 - 90 % . both lusk ( 1993 ) and worthington and taisacan ( 1994 ) , however , found it difficult to control drongos on rota using firearms . in the early 1990s the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands’ division of fish and wildlife conducted a study to determine if the removal of black drongos on rota would increase the abundance of white - eyes on the island ( lusk , 1993 ; worthington and taisacan , 1994 ) . with repeated exposure to firearms drongos became wary of humans and fled when approached , well before being within shotgun range . no other efforts to control black drongos on rota have been attempted .
11–13 in ( 26–32 cm ) ; 1 . 5–2 . 2 oz ( 40–60 gm ) . the archetypal drongo , slender bodied , jet black with blue or green gloss , red eye , uncrested and without hackles but well bristled around bill , and tail deeply forked ; sexes are similar , and immatures dull , shorter - tailed , and brown - eyed .
glossy black plumage , with iridescent blue - green spots ( spangles ) , a long “fish - like” tail and blood red eyes . sexes are similar , but the female is slightly smaller . occasional white spotting can be seen on the upper wings in both sexes . young birds are more sooty black in colour , without the spangles , and the eye is brown .
similarly , the scientific name of the group black - bellied whistling - duck ( southern ) is dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis ( and not dendrocygna autumnalis discolor ) , following banks ( 1978 ) .
after lunch , will visit different habitat such as , huaw sai luang waterfall , farm land etc . in the national park area . birds possible to be seen ; plumbeous redstart , white – capped water redstart , slaty – backed forktail , black – backed forktail , blue whistling thrush , silver – breasted broadbill , black – napped monarch , asian paradise – flycatcher and more…
drongo survival is only threatened when total treed habitat is limited in area . this is the case for species confined to small islands , such as those in the comoro group off the central east coast of africa . both the comoro drongo ( d . fuscipennis ) on grand comoro island and mayotte drongo ( d . waldenii ) on mayotte island are listed by iucn as endangered . two of the four species in the near threatened category also occur on small islands : d . aldabranus on aldabra island just north of the comoros , and d . andamanensis in the
the spangled drongo is usually seen perched on an open branch or telegraph wire , where it awaits a passing insect . once seen , its prey is pursued in an acrobatic display , and is caught in the drongo ' s slightly hooked bill . the spangled drongo then returns to its perch to eat its victim . the prey is guided into the bill with the assistance of sensitive , long , wire - like bristles bordering the bill ( rictal bristles ) . insects are also taken from foliage and from under bark ; fruit and nectar also form part of its diet .
in accord with sacc ( proposal 570 ) and nacc ( chesser et al . 2013 ) , change the english name of thamnophilus atrinucha from western slaty - antshrike to black - crowned antshrike .
black - chinned babbler is transferred from the genus stachyridopsis to cyanoderma , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from stachyridopsis pyrrhops to cyanoderma pyrrhops .
black - browed babbler is transferred from the genus malacocincla to turdinus , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from malacocincla perspicillata to turdinus perspicillatus .
black - throated laughingthrush is transferred from the genus garrulax to ianthocincla , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from garrulax chinensis to ianthocincla chinensis .
black - chinned laughingthrush is transferred from the genus garrulax to trochalopteron , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from garrulax cachinnans to trochalopteron cachinnans .
black - faced laughingthrush is transferred from the genus garrulax to trochalopteron , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from garrulax affinis to trochalopteron affine .
the scientific name for black - chested mountain - tanager ( buthraupis eximia ) is changed to cnemathraupis eximia , following sacc proposal 437 , which is based on sedano and burns ( 2010 ) .
one of the best descriptions of the drongo’s aggression can be found in colonial era civil servant and naturalist edward hamilton aitken’s book , the common birds of bombay , which was published in 1900 .
for instance , the scientists measured the length of time a pied babbler stayed away from a tasty tidbit it had been handling after it heard a recording of a drongo making a warning cry , or a drongo imitating a babbler ' s alarm call , or that of a starling . tellingly , the babblers stayed away longest when the mimicked alarm was their own or a starling ' s .
the black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) is common across the country , often seen perched high on power cables and exposed branches , keeping a keen eye out for passing insects , its chief form of nourishment . it can also be spotted perched on grazing animals and picking grub off their hides . though often colloquially called ‘king crow’ , the bird is not related to the crow family at all .
forages by drongo - like sallying in more open mid and lower strata of forest , capturing a range of insects ; commonly associates with feeding flocks of other bird species , benefiting from insects disturbed .
the black drongo was introduced to rota , northern mariana islands , from taiwan by the japanese in 1935 as a form of biological crop pest control ( baker 1951 ) . the species is thought to have self - colonized guam , which is separated from rota by only 48 km ( jenkins , 1983 ) . it is now the most abundant avian species on guam and remains well established on rota .
the black drongo has no fear of humans , cars , or animals . they’re among the first birds to wake up in the morning and the last birds to retire in the evening . they eat mostly insects and sometimes even lizards , and drink nectar from flowers . the most common places to find the drongos are perched on telephone lines , atop bare trees , or flying straight for your face !
black - necklaced scimitar - babbler is transferred from the genus pomatorhinus to megapomatorhinus , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from pomatorhinus erythrocnemis to megapomatorhinus erythrocnemis .
black - streaked scimitar - babbler is transferred from the genus pomatorhinus to megapomatorhinus , following moyle et al . ( 2012 ) ; the scientific name for this species changes from pomatorhinus graviox to megapomatorhinus graviox .
insert the newly added subspecies chrysothlypis chrysomelas titanota olson 1981 immediately following the species heading for black - and - yellow tanager ; the range of this subspecies is “caribbean slope of costa rica and western panama” .
11 - 13 in ( 26 - 32 cm ) ; 1 . 5 - 2 . 2 oz ( 40 - 60 gm ) . the archetypal drongo , slender bodied , jet black with blue or green gloss , red eye , uncrested and without hackles but well bristled around bill , and tail deeply forked ; sexes are similar , and immatures dull , shorter - tailed , and brown - eyed .
the white - breasted kingfisher , small bee - eater , indian roller and black drongo were sit - and - wait predators and they used perches mainly to locate prey and launch their attack . brookers et al . ( 1990 ) , asokan ( 1995 ) and yosef ( 2004 ) documented the importance of perches for prey detection / hunting , vigilance , resting as well as other activities of insectivorous birds .
i caught up with this bird a few years ago at a bat’s wing coral tree erythrina verspertilio that flowers in the late dry season . you can see the pollen from the flowers on the drongo’s beak .
the pied babblers responded more strongly to fake starling and pied babbler calls than to drongo alarm calls , suggesting that taking on the voices of others benefits the drongos . in a follow - up experiment , the researchers again played various drongo calls to pied babblers . this time , they either played the same calls three times in a row or played two of the same calls followed by a third , different call .
dicrurus macrocercus , commonly known as the black drongo , is a medium sized passerine bird native to much of southern asia and parts of indonesia . the species was introduced to rota , northern mariana islands , from taiwan by the japanese in the mid - 1930s as a form of biological crop pest control . from rota the species apparently self - colonized the nearby island of guam . the black drongo has been implicated as a predator and held at least partially responsible for the decline of one of the iucn’s critically endangered red - listed avian species on rota , and has been observed as a source of frequent harassment to another . however , these assertions are supported by anecdotal evidence and no data indicate that drongos have a significant negative effect , or have played a significant role , in the decline of any bird species on guam or rota .
the drongos mimicked the alarm calls of other species for almost half their false alarms , and the birds that used a variety of alarm calls were more successful at not only tricking their targets , but tricking them over and over again . for instance , if a southern pied babbler recognized that a drongo was lying and ignored his alarm call , the drongo changed his approach and started mimicking a starling or another local bird .
with the transfer of black - throated laughingthrush from the genus garrulax to ianthocincla , the spelling of the scientific name for subspecies lochmius to lochmia , and the spelling of the scientific name for subspecies propinquus to propinqua .
to determine what strategies drongos used in kleptoparasitism and what proportion of their food they obtained from kleptoparasitism , i conducted 294 approximately 1 h focal observations ( 55 ± 1 min ; mean ± 1 s . e . ) on 25 specific drongo individuals . a minimum of six focals were collected per drongo ( mean total observation time per drongo : 10 . 47 h , range : 4 . 02–20 . 10 ) between march 2008 and july 2008 . during focal observations i recorded the time drongos spent foraging when alone and when following target species , defined as watching the species at a distance of less than 20 m . i also recorded all foraging attempts ; whether the drongo was foraging alone or attempting to kleptoparasitize a food item found by a target individual of another species ; and what strategy drongos employed in kleptoparasitism . drongos used two strategies to kleptoparasitize food : ( i ) attack , the drongo flew directly at a target that was handling a food item and chased or attacked it ; and ( ii ) call from perch , the drongo called from a perch while watching a target that was handling a food item , in response to which the target commonly fled to cover abandoning the food . in all cases , i recorded whether the foraging attempt was successful . food items were categorized by size relative to drongo bill length ; the corresponding wet mass of items of these sizes has been previously established [ 21 ] which enabled the calculation of food mass intake per hour for each focal observation .
rocamora , g . & yeatman - berthelot , d . ( 2018 ) . black drongo ( dicrurus macrocercus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
during breeding season , some displays may be observed . pairs , or competitive trio , are perched close to each other , or face to face . they perform duets , singing with harsh scolding notes , while they strongly bow their heads up and down . they also perform fluttering aerial chases . most of tropical populations are resident and may be nomadic outside breeding season . however , populations living in northern areas are strongly migratory . black drongo is a gregarious bird , roosting in flocks outside breeding period . then , they disperse at dawn to their feeding areas . black drongo is very territorial , defending vigorously feeding and breeding territories . it is fearless in front of larger birds , and will attack much larger species if nest or young are threatened . it can chase large crows or kites . this species may even chase other birds , in order to steal their preys .
insert a newly added subspecies of black - striped sparrow , arremonops conirostris pastazae , immediately following arremonops conirostris umbrinus ; the range of pastazae is “southeastern ecuador ( pastaza river drainage ) ” ( krabbe and stejskal 2008 ) .
breakfast then check out birding in different part of doi angkhang area , then drive to chiang dao rice field area , looking for birds in the shrubs and the rice fields . wat tum phaplong . the possibility birds that can find is pin - tailed parrotfinch , pin - tailed green - pigeon , asian drongo cuckoo , banded bay cuckoo , black - naped monarch , plaintive cuckoo , blue – eared barbet , wire –tailed swallow etc .
tropical and subtropical forests , secondary growth , and forest edge to mangroves , open woodlands , and even urban environs are the habitat of drongos , according to species . some , such as the new guinean pygmy drongo , the african shining drongo ( d . atripennis ) , and sulawesi drongo ( d . montanus ) are confined to primary rainforest ; but others , notably the widespread asian black drongo , occupy towns , gardens , and open areas , and are a familiar sight perched on electric lines . where different species occur together , they co - exist by occupying different habitats . thus in southeast asia , the black , ashy , and greater racket - tailed ( d . paradiseus ) drongos live in more open woods , urban areas , and marshes , while the bronzed ( d . aeneus ) , lesser racket - tailed ( d . remifer ) , and hair - crested drongos keep to denser forests , often replacing one another altitudinally . in africa , square - tailed ( d . ludwigii ) , velvet - mantled ( d . modestus ) , and shining ( d . atripennis ) drongos replace one another in different strata in different structural habitats . wherever they occur , both resident and migratory populations are well dispersed at densities of about 5–40 birds per mi 2 , depending on productivity and connectivity of habitat .
krabbe , n . , and d . j . stejskal . 2008 . a new subspecies of black - striped sparrow arremonops conirostris from south - eastern ecuador . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 128 : 126 - 130 .
sexes alike . glossy black plumage ; long , deeply forked tail . diagnostic white spot at base of bill . the ashy drongo d . leucophaeus ( 30cm ) is grey - black , and more of a forest bird , breeding in himalaya and a winter visitor to the peninsula . usually solitary , sometimes small parties ; keeps lookout from exposed perch ; most common bird seen on rail and road travel in india ; drops to ground to capture prey ; launches short aerial sallies ; rides atop grazing cattle ; follows cattle , tractors , grass - cutters , fires ; thus consumes vast numbers of insects ; bold and aggressive species , with several birds nesting in same tree .
intriguingly , when a meerkat came across a particularly delicious snack , such as a scorpion or fat larva , the drongos would sometimes let loose with an alarm call . sometimes the call would mimic that of the meerkat or another species , and sometimes it would be a drongo cry . this would typically spook the meerkat , making it drop the tasty morsel and retreat , at which point the drongo was free to swoop in for a free meal .
“not only did the black drongos seem to be more alert during this foraging frenzy , they also appeared to be more aggressive , as regular squabbles were observed as they bickered over choice perches that would guarantee close proximity and quick access to insect prey . while this association with domestic cattle has previously been reported for black drongos ( lekagul & round , 1991 ) , nothing compares to being a front row spectator to all this action ! i also wonder if the black drongos have been known to have similar associations with other cattle ( semi - domesticated or wild ) , such as water buffalo ( bubalus bubalis ) , banteng ( bos javanicus ) or gaur ( bos frontalis ) ?
the black drongo is a medium sized passerine bird that is 27 - 28 . 5cm in length . its plumage is black with a slight blue iridescent gloss , and its tail is relatively long and deeply forked . the species usually exhibits a white rictal spot , located below and in front of the eye , at the base of the bill . juveniles tend to be duller than the adults with a sooty - brown tinge to their plumage and no gloss . they also exhibit vague pale scales on the breast and belly , and often show white fringing on the secondary or inner flight feathers . the tail of juvenile birds is shorter than those of adults and is only slightly forked .
the bright blue eyes and pink bill tell you right away that this is a baby crow . within about a week the bill will turn black like and adults’ but the eyes and mouth corners with remain blue and pink respectively .
so far 18 species of australian native birds have been identified as tool users , often in relation to getting food . noisy pittas and white - winged choughs know how to use implements to open hard - shelled gastropods . black - breasted buzzards place a rock in their beak and use it as a hammer to crack open emu eggs . black kites may pick up glowing sticks in and around bushfires to start a fire elsewhere and gain access to more food .
the problem , in aesop ' s famous story , is that the villagers eventually catch on to the boy who cried wolf , and learn to ignore his alarm calls . how does the drongo avoid the boy ' s mistake ?
“these hungry black drongos appeared to display a heightened level of alertness , as they kept their eyes peeled for any hint of movement from a grasshopper or cricket that may be displaced by the advancing wave of grazing cows ( above ) .


elachista maculicerusella is a moth of the elachistidae family that is found in europe .

the wingspan is 10 – 12 millimetres ( 0.39 – 0.47 in ) .

the moth flies from may to august depending on the location .

the larvae mines the stems of phalaris arundiacea , phragmites australis and other grasses on occasion .

the mine starts at the leaf tip and descends as an irregular blotch mine .

the mine is flat and quite shallow .

the frass is initially deposited in the oldest , upper part of the mine , but later in strings .

the larva may leave the mine and restart elsewhere .

pupation takes place outside of the mine .

elachista maculicerusella

elachista globulosa elachista globulosa ( c . agardh ) j . agardh , 1848 elachista
elachista intermedia elachista elachista intermedia p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan , 1867
elachista maculicerusella ( triple - spot dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
lita maculicerusella bruand , 1859 tinea cerusella hübner , 1796 . samml . europ . schmett . : pl . 27 fig . 183 . elachista monosemiella râssler , 1881 . elachista maculicerusella ( bruand , 1859 ) .
cephaloziella elachista ( j . b . jack ex gottsche & rabenh . ) schiffn . cephaloziella elachista
elachista maculicerusella §1 , male , surlingham , norfolk , 24 / 07 / 2009 , fw 4 . 7mm © chris lewis
id : forewing pale with darker markings , with ciliary line . of the possible remaining species only e . maculicerusella and e . subocellea appear to show any hint of a median fascia . e . maculicerusella has plain unbanded antennae , while those of subocellea are banded . the markings of e . maculicerusella are very variable and poorly marked specimens may require genital examination to distinguish from e . triatomea . male genitalia : of the 6 species in group b ( forewing pale with darker markings ) only e . maculicerusella has the vinculum produced into a distinct process and the width across the uncus lobes broader than the width across the tegumen just below the uncus lobes . female genitalia : of the 6 group b species only e . maculicerusella has a long sclerotised segment at the posterior end of the ductus bursae .
occurring widely in england and southern scotland , less so in wales and ireland , this species is relatively common in damp habitats such as river and canal banks and marshes .
the small white and blackish adult is quite distinctive , and flies between may and august in one or two broods depending on latitude .
) ; occasionally on other grasses . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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white / green blotch mine down from leaf tip . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .
recorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
ws : 10 - 12mm ; bivoltine may - jun , jul - aug ; reed canary - grass ( phalaris arundinacea ) , common reed ( phragmites australis ) ; in fens & marshes in england , wales and s . scotland synonym : e . monosemiella ( mbgbi3 )
§6 torver , cumbria ; 13 / 07 / 2015 ; male ; fw 4 . 8mm all images © chris lewis
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larva makes a large whitish blotch and mines the leaf downwards . the frass tends to be deposited in the upper part of the mine ( british leafminers ) .
oviposition usually not far from the leaf tip . from there descends an irregular blotch mine . hering ( 1957a ) describes the mine as flat and quite shallow , giving it a greenish , rather than whitish appearance . frass initially in the oldest , upper part of the mine , later in strings . the larva can leave its mine and restart elsewhere . normally only one larva per mine , but sometimes two or even three mines in a leaf . pupation outside the mine ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
yellowish green , head and pronotum pale brown ; see steuer ( 1987a ) for a detailed description ( bladmineerders van europa ) . the larva is illustrated in british leafminers .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle ( ukmoths ) . the pupa is illustrated in british leafminers .
adult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .
comments : festuca pratensis is treated as schedonorus pratensis ( meadow fescue ) by stace ( 2010 ) .
time of year - larvae : october - june ; july ( british leafminers ) .
time of year - adults : between may and august in one or two broods depending on latitude ( ukmoths ) .
distribution in great britain and ireland : occurring widely in england and southern scotland , this species is relatively common in damp habitats such as river and canal banks and marshes ( ukmoths ) including anglesey , bedfordshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , denbighshire , derbyshire , dorset , east kent , east norfolk , east suffolk , flintshire , glamorgan , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , kincardineshire , leicestershire , middlesex , north essex , north northumberland , north hampshire , north somerset , nottinghamshire , shropshire , south hampshire , south lancashire , south northumberland , south - east yorkshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west gloucestshire , west norfolk , west suffolk , westmorland and wigtownshire ( nbn atlas ) .
also recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , european turkey , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east and north , slovakia , sweden , switzerland and the netherlands ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
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wingspan 10 to 12 mm . the small white and dark blotched adult is quite distinctive .
the larvae mine the stems of reed canary - grass and common reed ; occasionally on other grasses . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .
occurring widely in england as far as southern scotland , less so in wales and ireland . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .
occasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant ) .
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food plant : phalaris arundinacea ( reed canary - grass ) , common reed ( phragmites communis ) and other grasses such as dactylis glomerata ( cock ' s - foot ) , meadow grass ( poa spp . ) .
notes : makes a large whitish blotch as the larva mines the leaf downwards ( as shown ) . the frass tends to be deposited in the upper part of the mine . the larva left the mine on 29 . iv . 2006 and pupated on 01 . v . 2006 . adult emerged 11 . v . 2006 .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
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) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .