bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .

the diploid chromosome number of bithynia sp. from egypt is 2n = 32 .

bithynia ( gastropod )

new freshwater gastropod species of the iran ( gastropoda : stenothyridae , bithyniidae , hydrobiidae ) .
» species bithynia ( digoniostoma ) lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 ) represented as bithynia lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 )
bithynia hambergerae reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry
species bithynia tryoni e . a . smith , 1887 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( unnecessary replacement name for bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 )
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
during a recent survey of gastropod fauna of skadar lake one new hydrobiid genus was discovered and described in the present paper . therewith , we aim to provide faunal information on skadar lake system gastropod diversity and endemism with relevance to conservation efforts .
calow , p . , 1973 . gastropod associations within malham tarn , yorkshire . freshwat . biol . 3 : 521–534 .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry | springerlink
species bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
subgenus bithynia ( hydrobia ) w . hartmann , 1821 accepted as hydrobia w . hartmann , 1821
ein nachtrag zur kenntnis der bithynia - arten von montenegro ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : bythiniidae ) .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
species bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( invalid : secondary homonym of gabbia australis tryon , 1865 ; bithynia smithii and b . tryoni are replacement names )
comparative morphology of shell and penis in bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 ( a–b ) bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) ( c–d ) and bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 ( e–f ) : a , c , e = shell , b , d , f = penis .
lodge , d . m . , 1986 . selective grazing on periphyton : a determinant of freshwater gastropod microdistributions . freshwat . biol . 16 : 831–841 .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – i part . a vinodolia matjasici ( bole , 1961 ) b radomaniola curta curta ( küster , 1852 ) c vinodolia scutarica ( radoman , 1973 ) d radomaniola montana ( radoman , 1973 ) e radomaniola elongata ( radoman , 1973 ) f radomaniola lacustris ( radoman , 1983 ) g bracenica spiridoni radoman , 1973 h valvata montenegrina glöer & pešić , 2008 i bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 j bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 k karucia sublacustrina n . gen . n . sp . l bithynia zeta glöer & pešić , 2007 m bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) n bithynia skadarskii glöer & pešić , 2007 o viviparus mamillatus küster , 1852 .
species bithynia robusta h . adams , 1870 accepted as gabbia robusta ( h . adams , 1870 ) ( original combination )
the bithynia species from skadar lake ( montenegro ) ( gastropoda , bithyniidae ) . mollusca 25 ( 1 ) , 85–91 .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
lodge , d . m . , 1985 . macrophyte - gastropod associations : observations and experiments on macrophyte choice by gastropods . freshwat . biol . 15 : 695–708 .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
) we get the index of gastropod endemism of 0 . 478 . with this relatively high value , skadar lake exceeds such famous lakes as malawi and titicaca ( see :
this species was originally considered to be a population of the more widespread species , bithynia leachii , and gloer and georgiev ( 2012 ) separated the the populations noting that
we do not believe that bithynia leachii occurs in turkey
( yıldırım et al . 2006 ) . bithynia leachii is distributed in the lowlands of western europe towards russia , and the southernmost records known are from hungary ( glöer and fehér 2004 ) .
( of bithynia ( bithynia ) leach , 1818 ) glöer p . & pešić v . ( 2012 ) the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of iran , with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species . zookeys 219 : 11–61 . [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]
comparing the efficacy of morphologic and dna - based taxonomy in the freshwater gastropod genus radix ( basommatophora , pulmonata ) . biomedcentral evolutionary biology 14 pp . bmc evolutionary biology2006 , 6 : 100
species bithynia affinis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia affinis ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )
species bithynia stanleyi e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as gabbiella stanleyi ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
vincent , b . , h . rioux , and m . harvey . 1981 . factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the st . lawrence river ( quebec , canada ) . hydrobiologia 220 : 57 - 71 .
young , j . o . 1975 . preliminary field and laboratory studies on the survival and spawning of several species of gastropod in calcium poor and calcium rich waters . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 41 : 429–437 .
desy , j . c . , j . f . archambault , b . pinel - alloul , j . hubert , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . relationships between total mercury in sediments and methyl mercury in the freshwater gastropod prosobranch
on the identity of bithynia graeca gen . n . ( westerlund , 1879 ) with the description of three new pseudobithynia irana n . gen species from iran and greece ( gastropoda : bithyniidae ) .
a dry old stillwater channel near the river crnojevića ( september , 2012 ) , sampling site of bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) b lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) from božaj , montenegro .
species bithynia scalaris fuchs , 1877 † accepted as bythinella megarensis bukowski , 1896 † ( secondary homonym of bythinella scalaris ( slavík , 1869 ) ; bukowski ( 1896 ) invented b . megarensis as replacement name )
where the faucet snail has been observed in lake champlain , it generally dominates gastropod assemblages ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) . this species has been known to infest municipal water supplies in abundance ( ingram 1956 ; mackie and claudi 2010 ) .
glöer , p . and georgiev , d . 2012 . redescription of gyraulus argaeicus ( sturany 1904 ) with the description of two new gastropod species from turkey ( mollusca : gastropoda : bithyniidae , planorbidae ) . journal of conchology 41 ( 2 ) : 167 - 172 .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
lilly , m . m . 1953 . the mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 30 : 87–109 .
the skadar lake system is a well - known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity ( pešić et al . 2009 ) and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . research of gastropod biodiversity on the skadar lake has a relatively long tradition since the first records were published by küster ( 1843 ) . the history of research of the skadar lake gastropod fauna was reviewed by glöer and pešić ( 2008a ) . as in many of the balkan lakes , the endemic gastropod species of skadar lake were not described until some decades ago . the last recent account of freshwater gastropods of skadar lake gave 40 species by number ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . however , modern phylogenetic evaluations are still scarce ( e . g . albrecht et al . 2007 , falniowski et al . 2012 ) and the lack of such studies hampers discussions on the origin and biogeographical relationships of skadar lake mollusc fauna .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – ii part . a gyraulus meierbrooki glöer & pešić , 2007 b gyraulus ioanis glöer & pešić , 2007 c gyraulus shasi glöer & pešić , 2007 d planorbis vitojensis glöer & pešić , 2010 e radix skutaris glöer & pešić , 2007 f lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) .
the on - site molluscan species diversity in the investigated area ranged from one to 14 species , with the highest diversity in the sublacustrine springs . compared to the other investigated habitats of skadar lake lacustrine systems , karuč was species rich . we found a subset of 14 gastropod species , including eight out of 19 proposed endemic taxa .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
pinel - alloul , b . & magnin , e . 1971 . cycle vital et croissance de bithynia tentaculata l . ( mollusca , gastropoda , prosobranchia ) du lac st . louis près de montréal . can . j . zool . , 49 : 759–766 .
( of digoniostoma annandale , 1920 ) annandale n . & seymour sewell r . b . ( 1920 ) . progress report on a survey of the freshwater gastropod molluscs of the indian empire and of their trematode parasites . indian journal of medical research . 8 : 93 - 124 . page ( s ) : 103 , 104 [ details ]
von proschwitz , t . 1997 . bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) in norway – a rare species on the edge of its western distribution , and some notes on the dispersal of freshwater snails . fauna ( oslo ) 50 ( 3 ) : 102 - 107 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of bithynia tentaculata are found here .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
ménard , l . , and m . e . scott . 1987 . seasonal occurrence of cyathocotyle bushiensis khan , 1962 ( digenea : cyathocotylidae ) metacercariae in the intermediate host bithynia tentaculata l . ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) . canadian journal of zoology 65 ( 12 ) : 2980 - 2992 .
( of bithynia ( pseudemmericia ) schlickum , 1968 † ) schlickum , w . r . ( 1968 ) . die gattungen briardia munier - chalmas und nystia tournouer . archiv für molluskenkunde . 98 : 39 - 51 . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
these circumstances and the reported decline in endemic gastropod diversity , should trigger efforts to save this sensitive lake ecosystem . the iucn red list of threatened species ( cuttelod et al . 2011 ) includes 21 endemic species from the skadar lake basin . six of them are assessed as critically endangered , 9 as endangered , 3 as data deficient and 3 as least concern in the iucn red list of endangered species ( see :
the faunal relationships of malacofauna among the balkan’s lakes were analysed by albrecht et al . ( 2009 ) . they show that at the species - level , lakes skadar and pamvotis ( greece ) are clustered as sister group to lakes trichonis and lysimachia ( both in greece ) . its worth to note that lake skadar , inhabited by five bithynia spp . ( glöer and pešić 2008 , reischütz et al . 2008 ) is turned out to be a hot spot of bithynia evolution . it’s very likely that the absence of major hydrobioid radiations in some ancient lakes like skadar , pamvotis or trichonis could have triggered diversification in bithyniids ( glöer et al . 2007 ) .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro , 2018 , bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 17 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
( of bithynia ( opisthorchophorus ) beriozkina , levina & starobogatov , 1995 ) vinarski m . v . & kantor y . i . ( 2016 ) . analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science . 544 pp . [ details ]
some authors ( e . g subba rao 1989 , nesemann et al . 2007 ) mention gabbia as a genus . however , it seems not possible to distinguish the genera of the bithyniidae by the shape of opercula ( mandahl - barth 1968 ) and / or by shell forms , because these characters are found to be variable . on the other hand , the examined material of the family of bithyniidae can be easily separated by the characteristics of penis morphology ( having a penial appendix : bithynia leach 1818 ; or lacking a penial appendix : pseudobithynia glöer & pešić 2006 ) . in our study , we tentatively use the name gabbia as a subgenus for small bithynia species with a globular shell , originating from india .
( of bithynia ( digoniostoma ) annandale , 1920 ) glöer , p . ; bössneck , u . ( 2013 ) . freshwater molluscs from nepal and north india with the description of seven new species ( gastropoda : bithyniidae , lymnaeidae , planorbidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde . 142 ( 1 ) : 137 - 156 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
sauer , j . s . , r . a . cole , and j . m . nissen . 2007 . finding the exotic faucet snail ( bithynia tentaculata ) : investigation of waterbird die - offs on the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge . u . s . geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1065 . u . s . geological survey , reston , va , 3 pp . available : urltoken
comparative species list and type of endemism of gastropods occurring in skadar lake basin . levels of endemicity : e skadar – endemic to skadar lake basin ; e montenegro – endemic to the southern and central part of montenegro ; e montenegro + albania - endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro and albania ; e mont . + alb . + gre . – endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro , albania and mainland greece . spatial scales of gastropod diversity : lh – species collected in skadar lake and its sublacustrine springs , adjacent pools and mouths of the surrounding tributaries ( including its downstream part ) , sh – species collected in the surrounding spring habitat , gh – species living in the subterranean habitat ( spr . – found in spring ) .
the ecology of the aquatic gastropods bithynia tentaculata , gyraulus albus , planorbis planorbis and lymnaea peregra in north west england was investigated over 13 months at sites chosen for their wide range of water chemistry . multiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance to the mollusc distributions of a variety of physico - chemical factors . biotic factors were not considered . the species had similar life cycles , with little difference between populations within a species . b . tentaculata could live for over a year , and the major water chemistry variable was potassium ( + ) , where the sign is that of the regression coefficient . g . albus could also survive into a second year and the major variable was mud substratum type ( + ) . rock substratum type ( - ) was the most important factor for p . planorbis . there was a slight difference in the life cycles of l . peregra in hard and medium compared with soft waters and the major water chemistry variable was magnesium ( - ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
van damme , d . , do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & allen , d .
the species has a wide distribution . there is no information on threats to the species , but it is found in anthropogenic habitats and is assessed as least concern .
1985 , kim 2008 ) and to western taiwan ( province of china ) . the species has been recorded from viet nam ( bến tre province ) and china ( yuyao (
and chiangshan ( shandong province ) ) . in taiwan it is recorded from hsiaoliouchyou island on the western coast ( chao
found in pools , ponds and paddy fields and other slow - moving waters . it is also an intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
» species bythinia ( hydrobia ) proximoides capellini , 1880 † accepted as pseudamnicola proximoides ( capellini , 1880 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )
( of paludina ( bythinia ) stein , 1850 ) rolle , f . ( 1860 ) . die lignit - ablagerung des beckens von schönstein in unter - steiermark und ihre fossilien . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe . 41 ( 1 ) , 7 - 46 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
( of bulimus scopoli , 1777 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
, which seem to be closely related . numerous synonyms have been described ( brandt 1974 ) .
do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & van damme , d .
justification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution . it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing as threatened .
the species has a wide distribution from eastern myanmar ( from mandalay southwards ) , in all parts of thailand to peninsular malaysia , lao pdr , cambodia , north and south viet nam , and perhaps into southern china ( brandt 1974 , sri - aroon 2007 ) .
this species is found in a wide variety of usually shallow water bodies , including slow - flowing rivers , streams , ponds , and other anthropogenic habitats , such as irrigated fields . from lao pdr it is known that the species occurs in ponds , trenches and in quiet parts of the mekong .
is the first intermediate host of this parasite . it is also known as vector for garrison ' s fluke infection ( echinostomiasis ) .
the species is unlikely to be impacted by natural wetland loss as it can be found widely in anthropogenic habitats .
garcía , n . , van damme , d . , do , v . & tran , l .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand . it is apparently widespread and although further information is needed into the species ' threats , it is considered least concern at present . a record from peninsular malaysia requires confirmation .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand ( e . g . , chiang mai ( ngern - klun
without more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .
aho , j . 1966 . ecological basis of the distribution of the littoral freshwater molluscs in the vicinity of tampere , south finland . annls . zool . fenn . , 3 : 287–322 .
atkins , w . g . & lebour , m . v . 1924 . the habitats of lymnaea truncalata and lymnaea peregra in relation to hydrogen ion concentration . sci . proc . of roy . dublin soc . , 17 : 327–331 .
boycott , a . e . 1936 . the habitats of freshwater mollusca in britain . j . anim . ecol . , 5 : 116–186 .
bryant , a . 1936 . an experimental investigation into the ph ranges of various species of lymnaea . proc . trans . lpool . biol . soc . , 49 : 8–16 .
cridland , c . c . 1957 . ecological factors affecting the number of snails in permanent bodies of water . j . trop . med . hyg . , 60 : 250–256 .
deschiens , r . 1957 . les facteurs conditionnant l ' habitat des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses et leurs incidence épidémiologiques . ann . l ' inst . pasteur , 92 : 711–763 .
dussart , g . b . j . 1976 . the ecology of freshwater molluscs in north west england in relation to water chemistry . j . moll . stud . , 42 : 181–198 .
ellis , a . e . 1941 . the mollusca of a norfolk broad . j . conchol . , 21 : 224–243 .
harrison , a . d . , williams , n . v . & grieg , g . 1970 . studies on the effects of calcium bicarbonate concentrations on the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda ; pulmonata ) . hydrobiologia , 36 : 317–327 .
harrison , a . d . & shiff , c . j . 1966 . factors affecting the distribution of some species of aquatic snails . s . afr . j . sci . , 62 : 253–258 .
hubendick , b . 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of freshwater snails . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 1072–1080 .
hunter , w . russel - 1961 . annual variations in growth and density in natural populations of freshwater snails in the west of scotland . proc . zool . soc . lond . , 136 : 219–253 .
litalien , f . & deschiens , r . 1954 . comportement des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses en présence de nitrates et de nitrites alcalins . bull . soc . path . exot . , 47 : 525–531 .
malec , e . abdel - 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of bilharziasis - intermediate hosts of the family planorbidae . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 785–818 .
macan , t . t . 1950 . ecology of freshwater mollusca in the english lake district . j . anim . ecol . , 19 : 124–146 .
mckillop , w . b . & harrison , a . d . 1972 . distribution of aquatic gastropods across an interface between the canadian shield and limestone formations , can . j . zool . , 50 : 1433–1445 .
nduku , w . k . & harrison , a . d . 1976 . calcium as a limiting factor in the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) . hydrobiologia , 49 : 143–170 .
ökland , j . 1969 . distribution and ecology of the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of norway . malacologia , 9 : 143–151 .
say , p . j . , diaz , b . m . & whitton , b . a . 1977 . influence of zinc on lotic plants . i . tolerance of hormidium species to zinc . freshwat . biol . , 7 : 357–377 .
sutcliffe , d . w . & carrick , t . r . 1973 . studies on mountain streams in the english lake district . i . ph , calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the river duddon . freshwat . biol . , 3 : 437–463 .
thomas , j . d . , benjamin , m . , lough , a . & aram , r . h . 1974 . the effects of calcium in the external environment on the growth and natality rates of biomphalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 839–860 .
thomas , j . d . & lough , a . 1974 . the effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by biophalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 861–871 .
williams , n . v . 1970a . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . i . field distribution in relation to water chemistry . malacologia , 10 : 153–164 .
williams , n . v . 1970b . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . 2 . experimental investigation of field distribution patterns . malacologia , 10 : 165–180 .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the faucet snail has a shiny pale brown shell , oval in shape , with a relatively large and rounded spire consisting of 5–6 somewhat flattened whorls , no umbilicus , and a very thick lip ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ) . the aperture is less than half the height of the shell ( clarke 1981 ) . adult
possess a white , calcareous , tear - drop to oval - shaped operculum with distinct concentric rings ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ) . the operculum of juveniles , however , is spirally marked ( jokinen 1992 ) . the operculum is always located very close to the aperture of the shell ( jokinen 1992 ) . the animal itself has pointed , long tentacles and a simple foot with the right cervical lobe acting as a channel for water ( jokinen 1992 ) .
shell is usually no larger than 12–15 mm ; the snail is sexually mature by the time it reaches 8 mm in size ( jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ; pennak 1989 )
au gres - rifle ; black - macatawa ; brevoort - millecoquins ; carp - pine ; detroit ; kalamazoo ; kawkawlin - pine ; keweenaw peninsula ; lake erie ; lake huron ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lone lake - ocqueoc ; manistee ; muskegon ; ottawa - stony ; pere marquette - white ; pigeon - wiscoggin ; saginaw ; st . clair ; st . marys ; sturgeon ; tacoosh - whitefish
big fork ; buffalo - whitewater ; crow wing ; eastern wild rice ; leech lake ; mississippi headwaters ; snake ; st . louis
black ; buffalo - whitewater ; des plaines ; duck - pensaukee ; flambeau ; la crosse - pine ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lake winnebago ; lower fox ; lower wisconsin ; middle rock ; milwaukee ; peshtigo ; st . louis ; upper fox ; upper fox ; upper rock ; wolf
commonly found in freshwater ponds , shallow lakes , and canals . this species is found on the substrate in fall and winter ( including gravel , sand , clay , mud or undersides of rocks ) and on aquatic macrophytes ( including milfoil ,
spp . ) in warmer months ( jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ; vincent et al . 1981 ) . it lives mostly in shoals , but is found at depths up to 5 m ( jokinen 1992 ) .
can inhabit intertidal zones in the hudson river ( jokinen 1992 ) . in general , the faucet snail inhabits waters with ph of 6 . 6–8 . 4 , conductivity of 87–2320 μmhos / cm , ca + + of 5–89 ppm , and na + of 4–291 ppm ( jokinen 1992 ) . it can potentially survive well in water bodies with high concentrations of k + and low concentrations of no3 - ( jokinen 1992 ) . in the st . lawrence river , it tends to occur in relatively unpolluted , nearshore areas ( vaillancourt and laferriere 1983 ) and amongst dreissenid mussel beds ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) .
this species functions as both a scraper and a collector - filterer , grazing on algae on the substrate , as well as using its gills to filter suspended algae from the water column . when filter feeding , algae is sucked in , condensed , and then passed out between the right tentacle and exhalant siphon in pellet - like packages which are then eaten ( jokinen 1992 ) . the ability to filter feed may play a role in allowing populations of the faucet snail to survive at high densities in relatively eutrophic , anthropogenically influenced water bodies ( jokinen 1992 ) .
feeds selectively on food items ( brendelberger 1997 ) . the faucet snail is known in eurasia to feed on black fly larvae ( pavlichenko 1977 ) .
is dioecious and lays its eggs on rocks , wood and shells in organized aggregates arranged in double rows , in clumps of 1–77 . egg - laying occurs from may to july when water temperature is 20ºc or higher , and sometimes a second time in october and november by females born early in the year . the density of eggs on the substrate can sometimes reach 155 clumps / m
. fecundity may reach up to 347 eggs and is greatest for the 2nd year class . eggs hatch in three weeks to three months , depending on water temperature . oocytes develop poorly at temperatures of 30–34ºc . growth usually does not occur from september to may . the lifespan varies regionally and can be anywhere from 17 – 39 months ( jokinen 1992 ; korotneva and dregol’skaya 1992 ) .
in its native eurasian habitat , the faucet snail is host to many different species of digeneans , cercariae , metacercariae , cysticercoids , and other parasites ( mattison et al . 1995 ; morley et al . 2004 ; toledo et al . 1998 ) . natural dispersal of this snail is known to occur by passive transport in birds ( von proschwitz 1997 ) .
is capable of detecting the presence of molluscivorous leeches through chemoreception and of closing its operculum to avoid predation ( kelly and cory 1987 ) .
the faucet snail has the potential to be a good biomonitor for contaminants such as cd , zn , and mehg because there are good correlations between environmental concentrations and snail tissue concentrations with respect to these toxic compounds ( desy et al . 2000 ; flessas et al . 2000 ) .
could have been introduced to the great lakes basin in packaging material for crockery , through solid ballast in timber ships arriving to lake michigan , or by deliberate release by amateur naturalists into the erie canal , mohawk river and schuyler’s lake ( mills et al . 1993 ) . the most likely and most accepted explanation for its original introduction is the solid ballast vector ( jokinen 1992 ) .
the species is established in the drainages of lake ontario ( mills et al . 1993 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , lake michigan ( mills et al . 1993 ) , and lake erie ( krieger 1985 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , but not lake superior ( jokinen 1992 ) . occurrences in lake huron do not warrant classification as established .
( jokinen 1992 ) . between 1917 and 1968 , the species richness of mollusks in oneida lake decreased by 15 % as the faucet snail increased in abundance ( harman 2000 ) . it is very probable that impacts on pleurocerids , especially
. in oneida lake , have occurred because the faucet snail has higher growth rates per unit respiration than most pleurocerids due to its ability to filter feed ( tashiro and colman 1982 ) .
, in oneida lake , the density of the faucet snail decreased and overall mollusk abundance decreased even further ( harman 2000 ) . similar effects occurred in lake ontario between 1983 and 2000 due to competition with invasive dreissenid mussels ( haynes et al . 2005 ) .
( vincent et al . 1981 ) and amongst introduced mussels ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) . the snail also has the potential to be a bio - fouling organism for underwater intakes and in swimming areas ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) .
was found in fossils from the pleistocene in glacial lake chicago ( jokinen 1992 ) , but the only representative of the genus currently found in the great lakes is eurasian .
burgmer , t . , j . reiss , s . a . wickham , and h . hillebrand . 2010 . effects of snail grazers and light on the benthic microbial food web in periphyton communities . aquatic microbial ecology 61 ( 2 ) : 163 - 178 .
carr , j . f . , and j . k . hiltunen . 1965 . changes in the bottom fauna of western lake erie from 1930 to 1961 . limnology and oceanography 10 : 551 - 569 .
clarke , a . h . 1981 . the freshwater molluscs of canada . national museum of natural sciences , national museums of canada , ottawa , canada . 447 pp .
cole , r . a . 2001 . exotic parasite causes large scale mortality in american coots . u . s . geological survey , national wildlife health center , madison , wi . available : urltoken
cole , r . a . , and j . c . franson . 2006 . recurring waterbird mortalities of unusual etiologies . in : boere , g . c . , c . a . galbraith , d . a . stroud ( eds . ) . waterbirds around the world . the stationery office , edinburgh , uk , pp . 439 - 440 .
in the st . lawrence river , quebec . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 164 - 173 .
flessas , c . , y . couillard , b . pinel - alloul , l . st - cyr , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . metal concentrations in two freshwater gastropods ( mollusca ) in the st . lawrence river and relationships with environmental contamination . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 126 - 137 .
harman , w . n . 2000 . diminishing species richness of mollusks in oneida lake , new york state , usa . nautilus 114 ( 3 ) : 120 - 126 .
haynes , j . m . , n . a . trisch , c . m . mayer , and r . s . rhyne . 2005 . benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern lake ontario following invasion of
: 1983 - 2000 . journal of the north american benthological society 24 ( 1 ) : 148 - 167 .
herrmann , k . k . , and r . e . sorensen . 2009 . seasonal dynamics of two mortality - related trematodes using an introduced snail . journal of parasitology 95 ( 4 ) : 823 - 828 .
ingram , w . m . 1956 . snail and clam infestations of drinking water supplies . journal ( american water works association ) 48 ( 3 ) : 258 - 268 .
jokinen , e . 1992 . the freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of new york state . the university of the state of new york , the state education department , the new york state museum , albany , new york 12230 . 112 pp .
kelly , p . m . , and j . s . cory . 1987 . operculum closing as a defense against predatory leeches in four british freshwater prosobranch snails . hydrobiologia 144 ( 2 ) : 121 - 124 .
l . on its oogenesis . tsitologiya 34 ( 2 ) : 30 - 36 .
krieger , k . a . 1985 . snail distribution in lake erie , usa , canada ; the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone . ohio journal of science 85 ( 5 ) : 230 - 244 .
lawrence , j . s . , p . loegering , r . cole , and s . d . cordts . 2009 . scaup and coot die - off at lake winnibigoshish – 2008 update . minnesota department of natural resources , section of wildlife , bemidji , mn . available : urltoken
mackie , g . l . , and r . claudi . 2010 . monitoring and control of macrofouling mollusks in fresh water systems . crc press , taylor francis group , boca raton , fl . 508 pp .
mackie , g . l . , d . s . white , and t . w . zdeba . 1980 . a guide to freshwater mollusks of the laurentian great lakes with special emphasis on the genus
. environmental research laboratory , office of research and development , u . s . environmental protection agency , duluth , minnesota 55804 . 144 pp .
mattison , r . g . , t . s . dunn , r . e . b . hanna , w . a . nizami , and q . m . ali . 1995 . population dynamics of freshwater gastropods and epidemiology of their helminth infections with emphasis on larval parmphistomes in northern india . journal of helminthology 69 ( 2 ) : 125 - 138 .
mills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .
mitchell , a . j . and r . a . cole . 2008 . survival of the faucet snail after chemical disinfection , ph extremes , and heated water bath treatments . north american journal of fisheries management 28 : 1597 - 1600 .
morley , n . j . , m . e . adam , and j . w . lewis . 2004 . the role of
in the transmission of larval digeneans from a gravel pit in the lower thames valley . journal of helminthology 78 ( 2 ) : 129 - 135 .
nalepa , t . f . , d . l . fanslow , m . b . lansing , g . a . lang , m . ford , g . gostenik , and d . j . hartson . 2002 . abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 1996 . noaa great lakes environmental research laboratory and cooperative institute for limnology and ecosystem research , michigan , ann arbor . 32 pp .
( trichoptera : hydropsychidae ) larvae in destroying black flies in flowing reservoirs of the zaporozyhe oblast , ussr . ekologiya ( moscow ) 1 : 104 - 105 .
peckarsky , b . l . , p . r . fraissinet , m . a . penton , and d . j . conklin jr . 1993 . freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern north america . cornell university press , ithaca , new york state . 442 pp .
pennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the united states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .
ricciardi , a . 2001 . facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders : is an “invasional meltdown” occurring in the great lakes ? canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 58 : 2513 - 2525 .
ricciardi , a . , f . g . whoriskey , and j . b . rasmussen . 1997 . the role of the zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 54 : 2596–2608 .
: bioenergetic partitioning of ingested carbon and nitrogen . american midland naturalist 107 ( 1 ) : 114 - 132 .
toledo , r . , c . munoz - antoli , m . perez , and j . g . esteban . 1998 . larval trematode infections in freshwater gastropods from the albufera natural park in spain . journal of helminthology 72 ( 1 ) : 79 - 82 .
vaillancourt , g . , and e . lafarriere . 1983 . relationship between the quality of the environment and the benthic groupings in the littoral zone of the st . lawrence river , canada . naturaliste canadien ( quebec ) 110 ( 4 ) : 385 - 396 .
vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation . 2000 . lake champlain basin aquatic nuisance species management plan . 65 pp .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro
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citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
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to populations from the north and west of the alps . mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex , with two species proposed by falkner
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev and stoycheva ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear .
is widespread through europe and lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , etc . although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions . therefore the species qualifies for least concern .
wohlberedt , 1911 was considered a valid species , then it is possibly extinct . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria where the only known spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear , but krichimski vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009 , presumably as a result of many people washing themselves in the hot water . in the springs pollution from plastic and other materials was obvious .
the species was recorded last century from north africa , however there are no recent records , so it is considered to be regionally extinct in north africa , whereas in the northern mediterranean , it is still widespread , but local , and as such is considered least concern . however according to falkner
, as such some of the map data for the region is incorrect . although these species should probably be considered as data deficient , the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be least concern , as certainly
which is now considered to be a distinct species . fauna europaea lists the following countries : austria , balearis islands , belgium , u . k . - great britain , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , estonia , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , russia , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , poland , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine , serbia .
( paasch , 1842 ) are both recorded in the czech republic , where both species are restricted to south moravia ; in the floodplains along the morava river and the dyje river where both species are very rare .
( sheppard , 1823 ) is widespread in lowland rivers , but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years ( killeen , pers . comm , 2009 ) . slovakia : mainly the danube and morava river . also in the latorica river and slow flooding canals and oxbows , and fishponds . germany : common in the north part . in the southern part only in the river rhein , neckar and chiemsee .
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river .
there is no unified information available on population and trends for this species , although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years . there is little evidence of any significant decline .
this species lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , slow flowing canals , etc . it is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams , rivers , canals , large drains , marsh drains and lakes , however , it is less common in smaller ponds . it shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats , often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates .
its habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality . it is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline .
other threats : pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources , alteration of water courses , changes to flow regimes , and over - frequent dredging . mouthon ( 1996 ) showed that
2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
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considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
research of molluscs biodiversity in iran has a relatively long tradition . in 1862 , a group of italian scientists undertook the first systematic expedition to persia , which revealed a large number of molluscan samples . the results of this expedition have been published by issel ( 1863 ) . two decades later , the mollusc fauna of the caspian sea was studied by dybowski ( 1888 ) . the first study on the molluscs diversity of inland water was done at the beginning of the xx th century by the indian malacologists annandale and his coauthors ( annandale and prashad 1919 , annandale 1921 , annandale and rao 1925 ) who studied the molluscan fauna of seistan and baluchistan province . biggs ( 1936 , 1937 , 1971 ) studied the malacofauna of the central plateau of iran . in 1936 he noted : “little has been written on the mollusca of the iranian plateau . this was perhaps due to the inaccessibility of the interior in the past when the only method of travelling was by caravan” . forcart ( 1935 ) studied molluscs from the mazandaran province . starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) published the results of the austrian iran expedition of 1949 / 50 and 1956 . later on , starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) studied molluscs from northern and eastern iran collected by the austrian a . ruttner . more recently , mansoorian ( 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 ) published on the molluscan fauna of iran .