ophlitaspongia papilla is a species of demosponge belonging to the family microcionidae .

it is found along north east atlantic coastlines .

this is a red sponge which forms thin , smooth encrusting patches , up to 5 cm across , with regularly spaced oscula .

ophlitaspongia papilla

howson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . 1999 . ophlitaspongia and ophlitaspongia papilla reinstated , and a new species of ophlitaspongia described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 .
howson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . ( 1999 ) . ophlitaspongia and ophlitaspongia papilla reinstated , and a new species of ophlitaspongia described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 . page ( s ) : 609 - 614 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . ophlitaspongia papilla bowerbank , 1866 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
howson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . ( 1999 ) . < i > ophlitaspongia < / i > and < i > ophlitaspongia papilla < / i > reinstated , and a new species of < i > ophlitaspongia < / i > described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . < em > journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . < / em > 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 .
identity : superficially ophlitaspongia papilla could be confused with several other species . however the spiculation is distinctive and the form , colour and habitat make it readily identifiable . it could be confused with amphilectus fucorum ( q . v . ) but when alive the strong smell of amphilectus can be used as an initial indication ; amphilectus has a much softer consistency . it could also be confused with microciona atrasanguinea ( q . v . , a shallow sublittoral species which also forms thin sheets ) , but whereas ophlitaspongia can be peeled off the rock , microciona usually crumbles and tears and is much thinner . the spiculation is also very different .
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 924 - 926 ; lám . 118 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) lévi , c . ( 1963 ) . spongiaires d’afrique du sud . ( 1 ) poecilosclérides . transactions of the royal society of south africa . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 72 , pls i - x . page ( s ) : 59 - 60 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 167 , pl lxv 1 - 4 [ details ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) lévi , c . ( 1960 ) . les démosponges des côtes de france : 1 . les clathriidae [ the demospongiae of the french coasts : 1 . the clathriidae . cahiers de biologie marine . 1 ( 1 ) : 47 - 87 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 64 - 65 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) kelly , m . ; edwards , a . r . ; wilkinson , m . r . ; alvarez , b . ; cook , s . de c . ; bergquist , p . r . ; buckeridge , st j . ; campbell , h . j . ; reiswig , h . m . ; valentine , c . ; vacelet , j . ( 2009 ) . phylum porifera : sponges . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 23 - 46 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 378 - 380 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
( of halichondria seriata sensu johnston , 1842 ) johnston , g . 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . ( w . h . lizars : edinburgh ) : i - xii , 1 - 264 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]
hooper , j . n . a . 2002 . family microcionidae carter , 1875 . pp . 432 - 468 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 177 , pl . lxx 1 - 4 [ details ]
ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
cruz , t . ( 2002 ) . esponjas marinas de canarias . consejería de política territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias . s / c tenerife . 260 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of chalinula seriata ( grant , 1826 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 376 - 378 [ details ]
( of chalina seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 376 - 378 [ details ]
( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) babiç , k . 1922 . monactinellida und tetractinellida des adriatischen meeres . zoologische jahrbücher . abteilung für systematik , geographie und biologie der tiere 46 ( 2 ) : 217 - 302 , pls 8 - 9 . page ( s ) : 244 - 245 ; fig t [ details ]
( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
) is a firm , smooth , bright orange - red flat crust with regularly spaced perfectly round holes ( oscules ) . freshly exposed specimens have a distinct gleamy aspect ; dried out they become corky - crumbly . it is common under intertidal boulders and on
thin sheets , usually 2 - 3 mm thick , but can develop into cushions of uniform thickness up to 10 mm thick . diameter of an individual may be up to 10 cm . surface very finely granular , even . the oscules (
) are conspicuous , numerous and evenly distributed in a regular fashion between 5 and 10 mm apart over the surface . neat , round and mostly flush with the surface , but the margins can be raised slightly above the surface . no smell . consistency moderately firm and elastic . compressible , resilient . breaks somewhat in the manner of a soft biscuit .
are thin subtylostyles ; they measure : 86 - 130 x 2 µm . the principal megascleres of the main
: slightly curved robust toxas with smooth tips : 10 - 150 µm . chelas are absent .
of spongin can be seen , which forms an anisotropic reticulation of well - developed fibres . the primary ascending fibres are semi - cored by plumosely arranged megascleres ; the same
echinate the fibres at variable angles . the secondary connecting fibres usually do not contain
stipes in areas of strong water movement ( either tidal or wave action ) .
no type material in bmnh ; possibly in royal college of surgeons or edinburgh museum . (
) ; mcs voucher : belum mc 588 , rutland harbour , donegal , ireland .
superficially it could be confused with several other species . however the spiculation is very distinctive and the form , colour and habitat make it readily identifiable . it could be confused with
, but when alive the strong smell of that species can be used as an initial indication . it could also be confused with
usually crumbles and tears . the spiculation is also very different . fry ( 1971 , as
ackers , r . g . , d . moss , b . e . picton and s . m . k . stone , 1985 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge iv
) . ii . marine conservation soc . , ross on wye , u . k . : 108 - 197 .
ackers , r . g . a . , d . moss and b . e . picton , 1992 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge v
) , a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society , 175 pp .
arndt , w . , 1935 . porifera . tierwelt nord . - ostsee , iiia : 1 - 140 , figs . 1 - 239 .
beauchamp , p . de , 1914 . les grèves de roscoff . lechevalier , paris .
form : thin sheets , usually 2 - 3mm thick , but can develop into cushions of uniform thickness up to 10mm thick . diameter of the animal may be up to 10cm .
consistency : moderately firm and elastic .
compressible , resilient . breaks somewhat in the manner of a soft biscuit .
surface : very finely granular ,
even , hispid
,
minutely wrinkled
. the surface has a smooth dense appearance which is quite distinctive .
apertures : the oscules are conspicuous and evenly distributed in a regular fashion between 5 and 10mm apart over the surface . neat , round and mostly flush with the surface , but the margins can be raised slightly above the surface .
occasionally sub - fistular .
skeleton : very characteristic . in cross - section a ladder - like skeleton of spongin can be seen , which forms an anisotropic reticulation of well developed fibres . the primary ascending fibres are semi - cored by plumosely arranged megascleres , which often quasi - echinate the fibres . the secondary connecting fibres usually do not contain spicules . accessory spicules are usually interstitial , rather than at the surface .
spicules : the principal megascleres of the main skeleton are short fat styles or subtylostyles ( a ) 110 - ( 117 ) - 130ám . the accessory spicules are thin subtylostyles ( b ) 105 - ( 118 ) - 130ám . the microscleres are toxa ( c ) with smooth tips 50 - ( 55 ) - 60ám . chelae are absent .
habitat : on rock , commonly under boulders on the lower shore and also in the shallow sublittoral ( to 5m cd ) .
on clean rock , shells , fucus ,
and laminaria stipes in areas of strong water movement ( either tidal or wave action ) .
distribution :
british isles ; france and spain .
a common shore species with recent records from south - west england , western ireland , strangford lough and tiree . fry ( 1971 ) did research on this species from the menai straits and anglesey .
distribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
picton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .
ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . < em > a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . < / em > 1 - 175 .
bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .
bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii .
cruz , t . ( 2002 ) . esponjas marinas de canarias . < em > consejería de política territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias . < / em > s / c tenerife . 260 pp .
ferrer hernández , f . ( 1914 ) . esponjas del cantábrico . parte 2 . iii . myxospongida . iv . tetraxonida . v . triaxonida . < em > trabajos del museo nacional de ciencias naturales ( zoológica ) . < / em > 17 : 1 - 46 .
hooper , j . n . a . 2002 . family microcionidae carter , 1875 . pp . 432 - 468 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) .
van soest , r . w . m . 2001 . porifera , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 85 - 103
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( porifera : microcionidae ) from wave - exposed sublittoral rock in the north - east atlantic is described and compared to the two other species recorded from the genus in the north - east atlantic . the species known as
has been separated from related genera and reinstated for species in the north atlantic .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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images of species taken at long rock , penzance , cornwall . found on the extreme lowershore , in water filled gulley , on side of a rock with lomentaria articulata and chrondus crispus algae . 09 . 03 . 12 . sw4974530820 ; also found on lowershore overhang at stackhouse cove , near rosudgeon , cornwall . 21 . 01 . 11 .
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a website based on sponges of the british isles 1992 edition , revised and extended , 2007 , by bernard picton , christine morrow & rob van soest . without a shadow of a doubt the best online resource to sponges of britain and ireland .
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bowerbank , j . s . 1866a . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .
cruz , t . 2002 . esponjas marinas de canarias . consejería de política territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias , s / c tenerife . 260 pp .
bowerbank , 1866 . in : van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez de glasby , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schoenberg , c . ; janussen , d . ; tabachnick , k . r . , klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; cristina díaz , m . ; cárdenas , p . ( 2014 ) world porifera database . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
all british coasts except the southeast . predominantly recorded on the west coasts of england and wales .
and lives in shallow water . it occurs on the lower shore and shallow sub - littoral on rocky coasts .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
marlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
rudman , w . b . , 2002b . rostanga rubra [ on - line ] . urltoken
thompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1976 . british opisthobranch molluscs . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 8 . ]
thompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1984 . biology of opisthobranch molluscs , vol . ii . london : ray society .
oakley , j . a . 2007 . rostanga rubra a sea slug . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
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supplementary material 1 incident light ( lux , raw data and third order moving average ) monitored every 15 min within a kelp - cleared plot ( 3 m diameter ) between april , 14th and june , 19th 2014 on the study site using onset hobo ® data loggers pendant temp - light , onset computer corporation . courtesy of thibaut de bettignies and thomas wernberg . * : tidal range > 6 . 5 m ( jpeg 541 kb )
supplementary material 2 macroalgae identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina , stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . ° : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 15 kb )
supplementary material 3 sessile macrofauna identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina , stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . ° : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 16 kb )
supplementary material 4 mobile macrofauna identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina / stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . ° : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 23 kb )
supplementary material 5 results of simper analyses of bray–curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for biomass abundance of seaweeds associated with the different kelp forest strata . seaweed average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (
% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phyllum ) : och : ochrophyta , chl : chlorophyta , rho : rhodophyta . ( xlsx 13 kb )
supplementary material 6 results of simper analyses of bray–curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for biomass abundance of sessile fauna associated with the different kelp forest strata . fauna average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (
% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phylum ) : por : porifera , bry : bryozoa , cho : chordata ( xlsx 13 kb )
supplementary material 7 results of simper analyses of bray–curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for numerical abundance of mobile fauna associated with the different kelp forest strata . fauna average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (
% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phylum ) : ann : annelida , mol : mollusca , art : arthropoda , ech : echinodermata , sip : sipunculida . tg ( trophic group ) : g : grazer , df : deposit - feeder , sf : suspension - feeder , sf - p : sessile fauna - predator , mf - p : mobile fauna - predator ( xlsx 20 kb )
airoldi , l . , 2003 . the effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review 41 : 161–236 .
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open coasts , on bedrock and boulders in strong tidal streams or . . .
thinly encrusting sheet or cushion , 3 - 5 cm in diameter , 1 - 3 mm . . .
evidence of unique and generalist microbes in distantly related sympatric intertidal marine sponges ( porifera : demospongiae ) .
authors : lynne a . fieber , stephen l . carlson , andrew t . kempsell , justin b . greer , michael c . schmale .
authors : audrey r . matteson , charles r . budinoff , claire e . campbell , alison buchan , steven w . wilhelm .
genetics , issue 74 , developmental biology , molecular biology , cellular biology , anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , marine biology , disciplines and occupations , whole mount in situ hybridization , rna in situs , rna , acid mucins , alcian blue , nuclear fast red stain , elasmobranch , marine elasmobranchs , l . erinacea , shh , hoxa13 , gene expression , hybridization , histology , skate , embryos , animal model
authors : colin w . bell , barbara e . fricks , jennifer d . rocca , jessica m . steinweg , shawna k . mcmahon , matthew d . wallenstein .
institutions : colorado state university , oak ridge national laboratory , university of colorado .
authors : desirae l . deskins , shidrokh ardestani , pampee p . young .
institutions : vanderbilt university school of medicine , the department of veterans affairs medical center , vanderbilt university school of medicine .
authors : steven robbins , jisha jacob , xinxin lu , mary ann moran , xiaozhen mou .
authors : andreas florian haas , ben knowles , yan wei lim , tracey mcdole somera , linda wegley kelly , mark hatay , forest rohwer .
authors : daniel t . claiborne , jessica l . prince , eric hunter .
authors : michael j . rothrock jr . , kelli l . hiett , john gamble , andrew c . caudill , kellie m . cicconi - hogan , j . gregory caporaso .
institutions : usda - agricultural research service , usda - agricultural research service , oregon state university , university of georgia , northern arizona university .
jared leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on earth . jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi - layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants , but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves .
jared leadbetter explains why the termite - gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes . the symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose - degrading gut microbes is explained , as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels .
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the gray cells of four orders of demosponges contain basophilic inclusions and glycogen . they are capable of synthesis and accumulation of glycogen and responsible for its transfer to sites of more intense metabolism ( growth , bud , blastema ) . they do not occur in larvae ; but all the phases of their differentiation from the flagellar cells of the larva have been demonstrated .
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borojević , r . , fry , w . g . , jones , w . c . , lévi , c . , rasmont , r . , sarà , m . , vacelet , j . : mise au point actuelle de la terminologie des éponges , bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . paris
( grant ) au cours de la réorganisation après dissociation . z . zellforsch .
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boury - esnault , n . : structure et ultrastructure des papilles d ' eponges du genre
( schmidt ) démosponge , poecilosclerida ) . origine des cellules grises . cah . biol . mar .
boury - esnault , n . : morphogénèse expérimentale des papilles inhalantes de l ' éponge
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( l . ) — factors affecting glycogen synthesis . comp . biochem . physiol .
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( ellis and solander ) . i . a study of cellular function and differentiation . j . exp . zool .
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willmer , e . n . : cytology and evolution . new york : academic press 1960
boury - esnault , n . cell tissue res . ( 1977 ) 175 : 523 . urltoken


trochomorpha apia is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family trochomorphidae .

this species is endemic to american samoa .

trochomorpha apia

information on trochomorpha apia is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
trochomorpha apia ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1852 )
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illustration of trochomorpha apia , a snail endemic to samoa and american samoa . it is classified as endangered by the iucn .
mollusc specialist group ( 1996 ) . trochomorpha apia . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .
trochomorpha apia illustration of trochomorpha apia , a snail endemic to samoa and american samoa . it is classified as endangered by the iucn . vector image ( 8 kb ) only available for download by registered users - login or register now ( free & quick ! )
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trochomorpha apia
.
facts summary : trochomorpha apia is a species of concern belonging in the species group
snails
and found in the following area ( s ) : american samoa .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - trochomorpha apia facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
genus : trochomorpha j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 53 sp )
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . trochomorpha apia ( hombron & jacquinot , 1852 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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genus : bertia c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 2 sp )
subgenus : bertia ( exrhysota ) f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )
bertia ( exrhysota ) brookei ( a . adams & l . a . reeve , 1848 )
genus : brazieria c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 6 sp )
brazieria entomostoma ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot )
genus : coxia c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 1 sp )
genus : hogolua f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )
genus : kondoa f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 3 sp )
genus : trochositala a . a . schileyko , 2002 ( db : 1 sp )
genus : videna h . adams & a . adams , 1855 ( db : 28 sp )
genus : vitrinoconus j . o . semper , 1873 ( db : 2 sp )
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back in october , the toledo zoo received new additions to their creature family . . . two orphaned cougar cubs , rescued from washington state when they were 3 weeks old .
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