the habitat consists of exclaves of open steppe vegetation on sands or loess and xerophilous grasslands on alkaline substrates .

the larvae bore the roots of artemisia species .

paracossulus thrips

paracossulus thrips - urdu meaning and translation of paracossulus thrips , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of paracossulus thrips and more .
what is there to think - at sineva by yakovlev paracossulus thrips . correct necessary .
paracossulus thrips is a species of moth of the cossidae family . it is found in hungary , romania , ukraine , russia , kazakhstan and turkey .
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regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european central black earth , central european , western caucasus , krasnoyarsk , lower volga , prealtay , mid - volzhsky , south west siberian , south ural .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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also common in the southern urals , in the south of western siberia , kazakhstan and altai .
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ixodes neuquenensis is a species of tick that lives on the monito del monte ( dromiciops gliroides ) , a nocturnal marsupial that lives in the northern temperate forests of southern south america .

due to the near-threatened status of its host , ixodes neuquenensis is also at risk .

ixodes neuquenensis

borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes cf . neuquenensis and ixodes sigelos ticks from the patagonian region of argentina
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes cf . neuquenensis and ixodes sigelos ticks from the patagonian region of argentina - sciencedirect
have a fact about ixodes neuquenensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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it is the first report of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks from brazil .
the presence of ixodes neuquenensis ( ringuelet , notas mus la plata 12 : 207–216 , 1947 ) ( acari : ixodidae ) parasitizing populations of dromiciops gliroides thomas , 1894 ( microbiotheria : microbiotheriidae ) at chiloé island confirms that this tick species is established in chile . no preference of the ticks for sex or age of the host was observed .
nuttall , g . h . f . ( 1916 ) . notes on ticks . iv . relating to the genus ixodes and including a description of three new species and two new varieties .
benson mj , gawronski jd , eveleigh d , e , benson dr . intracellular symbionts and other bacteria associated with deer ticks ( ixodes scapularis ) from nantucket and wellfleet , cape cod , massachusetts .
in summary , this study provides solid evidence for extending the range of lb borreliae to the western coast of south america . it also serves as a basis for further studies of relationships of b . chilensis with ixodes ticks and rodents , and the pathogenic relevance of this genospecies .
almost two years ago , we launched pubmed journals , an ncbi labs project . pubmed journals helped people follow the latest biomedical literature by making it easier to find and follow journals , browse new articles , and included a journal news feed to track new arrivals news links , trending articles and important article updates .
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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
amico , g . & aizen , m . a . ( 2000 ) mistletoe seed dispersal by a marsupial .
armesto , j . j . , rozzi , r . , smith - ramírez , c . & arroyo , m . t . k . ( 1998 ) conservation targets in south american temperate forests .
black , w . c . & piesman , j . ( 1994 ) phylogeny of hard - and softtick taxa ( acari : ixodida ) based on mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences .
. buenos aires : departamento editorial , universidad de buenos aires , 113 pp .
clifford , c . m . , sonenshine , d . e . , keirans , j . e . & kohls , g . m . ( 1973 ) systematics of the subfamily ixodinae ( acarina : ixodidae ) . 1 . the subgenus of
corwin , d . , clifford , c . m . & keirans , j . e . ( 1979 ) an improved method for cleaning and preparing ticks for examination with the scanning electron microscope .
keirans , j . e . ( 1992 ) systematics of the ixodida ( argasidae , ixodidae , nuttalliellidae ) : an overview and some problems .
mangold , a . j . , bargues , m . d . & mas coma , s . ( 1998 ) 18s rrna gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of european hard - tick species ( acari : ixodidae ) .
nuttall , g . h . f . ( 1916 ) notes on ticks . iv . relating to the genus
spotorno , a . e . , marin , j . c . , yévenes , m . , wlaker , l . i . , fernández - donoso , r . , pincheira , j . , berríos , m . e . & palma , r . e . ( 1997 ) chromosome divergences among american and the australian affinities of the american dromiciops .
springer , m . s . , westerman , m . , kavanagh , j . r . , burk , a . , woodburne , m . o . , kao , d . j . & krajewski , c . ( 1998 ) the origin of the australasian marsupial fauna and the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic monito del monte and marsupial mole .
thompson , j . d . , higgins , d . g . & gibson , t . j . ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position - specific penalties weight matrix choice .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
marín - vial , paula ; gonzález - acuña , daniel ; celis - diez , juan l . ; cattan , pedro e . ; guglielmone , alberto a .
) . the
mountain monkey
is the only species still alive from an ancient lineage dating back more than 40 million years . due to habitat loss , the population of this little marsupial has declined over recent years . this is bad news for
because it is a very host - specific tick . if the
mountain monkey
goes extinct , it will also spell doom for this tick , along with a whole suite of other parasites and symbionts which are dependent upon this little marsupial . reference : guglielmone aa , venzal jm , amico g , mangold aj , keirans je ( 2004 ) description of the nymph and larva and redescriptions of the female of
if i ' m not mistaken , there is at least one extinct parasite described from a frozen mammoth .
tommy - i think we had this conversation once before ! the parasite is a stomach bot , cobboldia russanovi . look at entomol . rev . 52 : 165 - 169 .
hint : you ' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg . . .
if you think you or your pets have a parasite , please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .
why parasite of the day ? ( if it ' s not every day . . . )
the united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity . in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance , we created this blog , which showcased a species of parasite every day . now that 2010 is over , we will continue to add more parasites from time to time , and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .
see this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity , and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .
got parasites ? the american society of parasitologists is interested . we invite you to share with us your observations , ideas and questions about parasites . our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology , evolution , systematics , immunology , biochemistry and molecular biology . please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page . please go to our home page at
bush , albert , gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez . parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites . cambridge university press .
combes , claude . the art of being a parasite . university of chicago press .
desowitz , robert . new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers . norton & company .
desowitz , robert . the malaria capers : tales of parasites and people . norton and compay .
moore , janice . parasites and the behavior of animals . oxford university press .
zuk , marlene . riddled with life : friendly worms , ladybug sex , and the parasites that make us who we are . mariner books
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. buenos aires : departamento editorial de la universida de buenos aires , 113 pp .
les tiques du monde . nomenclature , stades décrits , hôtes , répartition ( acarida , ixodida )
corwin , d . , clifford , c . m . , & keirans , j . e . ( 1979 ) . an improved method for cleaning and preparing ticks for examination with the scanning electron microscope .
keirans , clifford & corwin , 1976 ( acari : ixodidae ) in argentina and southern chile .
neumann , 1911 ( acari : ixodidae ) : morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16srdna sequences .
guglielmone , a . a . , robbins , r . g . , apanaskevich , d . a . , petney , t . n . , estrada - peña , a . , & horak , i . g . ( 2009 ) . comments on controversial tick ( acari : ixodida ) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008 .
horak , i . g . , camicas , j . l . , & keirans , j . e . ( 2002 ) . the argasidae , ixodidae and nuttalliellidae acari : ixodida ) : a world list of valid tick names .
, n . sp . ( acarina : ixodidae ) , a parasite of rodents in chile , with a method for preparing ticks for examination by scanning electron microscopy .
lahille , f . ( 1916 ) . descripción de un nuevo ixódido chileno .
. volume ii ( sixth edition ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1936 pp .
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larisa b . ivanova , 1 alexandra tomova , 1 daniel gonzález - acuña , 4 roberto murúa , 5 claudia x . moreno , 1 , † claudio hernández , 6 javier cabello , 7 , 8 carlos cabello , 9 thomas j . daniels , 2 , 10 henry p . godfrey , 3 and felipe c . cabello 1 , *
† present address : grupo de microbiodiversidad y bioprospección , facultad de ciencias , departamento de biociencias , universidad nacional de colombia - medellín , calle 59a no 63 – 20 , medellín , colombia .
in an effort to explore the question of whether b . burgdorferi s . l . is present in south america , i . stilesi ticks collected from vegetation and colilargos in a forest reserve in southern chile and from captive pudus undergoing rehabilitation in the same region were examined . these ticks harbored a novel lb group borrelial species genetically distinct from other lb borreliae from north america , europe and asia . we propose this new borrelial genospecies be named borrelia chilensis va1 in honor of its country of origin .
sp . using serial dilution on solid medium and liquid media , ultrafiltration ( 0 . 2 μm and 0 . 45 μm pore sizes ) , flow cytometry , and antimicrobials ( kanamycin , erythromycin , tetracycline , gentamycin , novobiocin , vancomycin , bacitracin , cycloserine , rifampicin , phosphomycin , amphotericin b ) were unsuccessful .
subcultured at weekly intervals in bsk - h media ; early passages were stored at −80°c . cultured spirochetes frequently grew in long filamentous forms (
morphology of spirochetes from i . stilesi midgut ( a ) , or after in vitro culture for ( b ) 5 or ( c ) 12 days or after ( d ) 9 passages in bsk - h media ( magnification , 100× ) .
borrelial dna in ticks and comparison with dna from b . chilensis va1 cultured from a tick
standard and nested / seminested pcr amplification was used to detect borrelial dna in ticks obtained from the environment and from pudus and colilargos . tick 16s rdna was used as an internal control to define the quality of isolated dna . borrelial 16s rdna ( 800 bp ) was amplified from one flat male tick collected from vegetation in 2005 , two flat female ticks collected from vegetation in 2008 and two flat nymphs removed from colilargos in 2011 , including the one in which spirochetes were observed (
) . the mean prevalence of infection in ticks ( 10 % ) was not significantly different between ticks collected from environmental vegetation in 2005 - 2008 and from colilargos in 2011 ( p > 0 . 05 , fisher’s exact test ) . none of the ticks removed from pudus contained borrelial dna .
b . chilensis va1 sequences in i . stilesi ticks and in b . chilensis va1 cultured from i . stilesi
a 2005 : 13 ticks from environmental vegetation , fixed in 70 % ethanol at 4°c : 1 positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 7 . 7 % prevalence ) .
b 2008 : 25 ticks from environmental vegetation , fixed in 70 % ethanol at 4°c : 2 positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 8 . 0 % prevalence ) .
c 2011 : 12 live ticks from four long - tailed pygmy rice rats ( colilargos ) ( oligoryzomys longicaudatus ) , 2 ticks positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 17 % prevalence ) . difference in prevalence of infection between ticks obtained from environmental vegetation and ticks removed from rice rats is not significant ( p > 0 . 5 , fisher’s exact test ) .
d b . chilensis ( bch ) va1 cultured from tick 5 ( fourth passage ) . sequences for clpa , clpx , nifs , pepx , pyrg , recg , rplb and uvra were identical to those obtained directly from tick 5 .
) , indicating that they represented new alleles for each of these genes ( data not shown ) .
sequences amplified from uruguayan ticks . additional phylogenetic analyses of 23s rrna and igs sequences from several ticks confirmed that borrelial sequences amplified from chilean ticks belonged to a single well - supported clade with 98 % and 99 % support , respectively ( data not shown ) .
va1 was closely related to lb borrelia and only distantly related to rf borrelia . pairwise genetic distances of the concatenated housekeeping genes of
va1 from rf borrelia were 0 . 2859 - 0 . 3011 , while pairwise genetic differences from other lb borreliae were 0 . 0952 - 0 . 1138 (
) . all these distances are much larger than the species threshold of 0 . 0170 using this typing scheme (
va1 was characterized using pcr and pulsed - field gel electrophoresis ( pfge ) on borrelial samples taken from the upper third of culture tubes . microscopic examination of two replicate preparations showed they contained < 1 and 4 contaminating
sp . cells per 100 spirochetes . pcr and pfge results were similar with both preparations . lp17 was not present in
b31a3 by pcr and corresponded to the smallest band in pfge . of the larger borrelial plasmids , lp54 and lp56 were identified by pcr in
) probably corresponding to the four mid - range bands seen on pfge . this profile was clearly different from the mid - range profile of
plasmid profiles of b . burgdorferi b31a3 and b . chilensis va1 analyzed by ( a ) pcr using primers designed for b . burgdorferi b31 and ( b ) pfge of whole - cell dna prepared in agarose plugs . see experimental procedures for details .
ticks collected from local vegetation and from a rodent endemic to chile and argentina . dna sequencing analysis of pcr amplicons from 16s and 23s rrna genes , igs ,
s . l . complex . sequences for each gene from individual ticks ( when multiple sequences were available ) formed well - supported single clades within the lb borrelial group . furthermore , amplicons for igs ,
s . l . complex . taken in toto , these observations provide strong evidence for these sequences representing a new borrelial species and the cultured organism validly representing the borrelial dna found in ticks . we propose to name this new species
, and note that this extends the range of lb group borrelia in south america and the southern hemisphere .
) . the reason for this is not clear . it might be the result of low spirochete load given that microscopy of tick gut fluid showed 0 - 1 spirochetes per field . low spirochete load may be a general condition of southern hemisphere borrelia as recently demonstrated by the inability of barbieri et al . to amplify full sequences of a new borrelial species in ticks from uruguay (
) . other causes for this lack of amplification could be dna degradation as a result of the prolonged fixation of ticks in ethanol , the presence of pcr inhibitors in the dna extracted from the ticks , sequence heterogeneity at the priming sites or some combination of these factors . for example ,
) . the different branching orders in these trees do not reflect phylogenetic uncertainty or the evolutionary history of the species but rather reflect the evolutionary history of the particularl loci used to generate the trees . the basal position of
sp . after repeated attempts by different methods , we took advantage of the physical separation of spirochetes and gram - negative betaproteobacteria during culture to effect a partial separation of the two bacteria . pcr and pfge showed this new
b31a3 while lacking others present in this strain . some of these latter negative results may not indicate absence of particular plasmids but may be a result of sequence heterogeneity at the priming sites .
; król j . e . , rogers , l . m . , sen , d . , and top , e . m . , genbank accession
, no attendent publication ) , but the plasmid content of delftia sp . is in general poorly characterized (
by pcr , but its presence in pfge analysis could not be definitively determined because of the multiplicity of mid - range sized plasmids visible on the gel . obtaining a pure culture of this bacterium will be essential to determine its pathogenic potential . in this regard , our inability to grow
sp . may suggest a symbiotic relationship between these two bacteria and frustrate such studies .
ticks for this study were collected in the san martin experimental forest preserve ( 39°38′ s , 73°07′ w ) , universidad austral de chile , valdivia , chile and from captive pudu deer undergoing rehabilitation at the wildlife rescue center in the veterinary hospital at the faculty of veterinary sciences , universidad austral de chile , valdivia . the preserve is located in the valdivian temperate rain forest ecoregion in the eastern foothills of the pacific coastal range in region de los rios ( region xiv ) at an average elevation of 3 m above sea level . its climate is temperate and wet ( average temperature , 12 . 1°c , range 0° to 30°c ; average annual rainfall , 2 , 500 mm ) ( miller , 1976 ; veblen and schlegel , 1982 ) .
ticks were collected in 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 and 2011 . a group of 38 ticks was collected from the environment during the austral springs of 2005 and 2008 by dragging 1 m
) undergoing rehabilitation at the wildlife rescue center in the veterinary hospital , faculty of veterinary sciences , universidad austral de chile , valdivia ( one in 2002 , one in 2003 , and at least one in 2005 ) . all ticks clinging to the drag cloth or attached to the deer were removed with forceps , fixed with 70 % ethanol and stored in vials at 4°c for later identification and dna extraction . a third group of 12 ticks was removed with forceps from four colilargos (
) trapped in the reserve in september , 2011 . these ticks were stored alive in sterile glass vials at ambient temperature for later identification , borrelial culture , and dna extraction . fixed and living ticks were identified by standard tick keys (
abarca k , ribera m , prado p , lobos t , palacios o , ferres m , et al . neuroborreliosis in chile . report of a child probably infected by imported pets .
ataliba ac , resende js , yoshinari n , labruna mb . isolation and molecular characterization of a brazilian strain of
balashov ys . importance of continental drift in the distribution and evolution of ixodid ticks .
barbieri am , venzal jm , marcili a , almeida ap , gonzalez em , labruna mb .
bouchard c , beauchamp g , nguon s , trudel l , milord f , lindsay lr , et al . associations between
collares - pereira m , couceiro s , franca i , kurtenbach k , schafer sm , vitorino l , et al . first isolation of
de silva am , fikrig e , hodzic e , kantor fs , telford sr , iii , barthold sw . immune evasion by tickborne and host - adapted
dsouli n , younsi - kabachii h , postic d , nouira s , gern l , bouattour a . reservoir role of lizard
duarte jm , gonzalez s , maldonado je . the surprising evolutionary history of south american deer .
estrada - peña a , ayllon n , de la fuente j . impact of climate trends on tick - borne pathogen transmission .
fukunaga m , yanagihara y , sohnaka m . the 23s / 5s ribosomal rna genes (
gazumyan a , schwartz jj , liveris d , schwartz i . sequence analysis of the ribosomal rna operon of the lyme disease spirochete ,
gonzález - acuña d , guglielmone aa . ticks ( acari : ixodoidea : argasidae , ixodidae ) of chile .
guglielmone aa , venzal jm , gonzález - acuña d , nava s , hinojosa a , mangold aj . the phylogenetic position of
neumann , 1911 ( acari : ixodidae ) : morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16s rdna sequences .
guglielmone aa , beati l , barros - battesti dm , labruna mb , nava s , venzal jm , et al . ticks ( ixodidae ) on humans in south america .
guglielmone aa , nava s , gonzález - acuña d , mangold a , robbins r . additional observations on the morphology and hosts of
hail d , lauziere i , dowd se , bextine b . culture independent survey of the microbiota of the glassy - winged sharpshooter (
hanincová k , kurtenbach k , diuk - wasser m , brei b , fish d . epidemic spread of lyme borreliosis , northeastern united states .
haven j , vargas lc , mongodin ef , xue v , hernandez y , pagan p , et al . pervasive recombination and sympatric genome diversification driven by frequency - dependent selection in
heylen d , tijsse e , fonville m , matthysen e , sprong h . transmission dynamics of
hoen ag , margos g , bent sj , diuk - wasser ma , barbour ag , kurtenbach k , fish d . phylogeography of
isogai e , kamewaka y , isogai h , kimura k , fujii n , nishikawa t . complement - mediated killing of
iyer r , kalu o , purser j , norris s , stevenson b , schwartz i . linear and circular plasmid content in
jakcsic f , iriarte ja , jimenez je , martinez dr . invaders without frontiers : cross - border invasions of exotic mammals .
jewett mw , lawrence k , bestor ac , tilly k , grimm d , shaw p , et al . the critical role of the linear plasmid lp36 in the infectious cycle of
kimura m . a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences .
kirby mx , jones ds , macfadden bj . lower miocene stratigraphy along the panama canal and its bearing on the central american peninsula .
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the costello tetra is a species of characin from the amazon basin and is found in brazil and peru .

the specific name comes from lake hyanuary in brazil .

other common names used in english are january tetra and green neon .

the name " green neon " is also used for paracheirodon simulans .

costello tetra

, the costello tetra is a species of least concern and has a stable population .
10 x yellow phantom ' four - eye ' tetra ( h . roseus )
also known as the costello or green neon tetra , this species is seen much less often in the hobby than it used to be . it’s occasionally confused with the common head and tail light tetra , h . ocellifer , as it resembles an elongated version of that species .
how to care for silvertip tetras . hasemania nana - silver tip tetra school size .
specimen from the german aquarium trade . © hippocampus - bildarchiv . hyphessobrycon roseus ( géry , 1960 ) yellow phantom tetra | freshwater fish | pinterest | aqu…
an elongate slender tetra which is pale in base colour with a vivid bright yellow lateral line from the gills to the caudal peduncle . at the caudal peduncle there is a large black dot . the caudal fin itself is sharply forked and and the fins are mainly translucent with a slight yellow tint .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : assessed as least concern due to its sizeable distribution , which is probably wider than known , and the lack of any known major widespread threats .
known from floodplains lakes in the solimões river ( local name of the amazon river above its confluence with the negro in brazil ) . there are no reliable records in peru but the species probably more than likely occurs there ( lima pers . comm . 2007 ) .
h . hyanuary is a benthopelagic ( ecological region at the lowest level of water body ) species . occurs in flood plain lakes .
not a significant amount taken from the wild for the pet trade to cause threat .
even if ornamental and as such exploited for the aquarium hobby , the harvest of the species is probably negligible for the species as a whole , considering that the species is probably not harvested in most of its range . it is however a species poorly known in nature .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 6 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
bassleer , g . 1997 . color guide of tropical fish diseases : on freshwater fish . bassleer biofish , westmeerbeek , belgium .
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iucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .
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tello , s . and sánchez , h . 1995 . to be filled . unpublished .
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the female is more full and rounded in the belly than males . the male has a small hook on its anal fin . this is not always easy to see .
a peaceful shoaling community fish that should be kept in groups of 6 or more . keep with other peaceful community fish .
prefers a densely planted tank with dark substrate and floating plants and some open swimming space .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 18 .
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it hails from the amazon basin in peru and brazil . the type specimen was collected from lake hyanuary , near the brazilian city of manaus .
a standard 24″ x 15″ x 12″ ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) – 70 litre tank is suitable for a small shoal .
a biotope setup would be very simple to arrange . use a substrate of river sand and add a few driftwood branches ( if you can’t find driftwood of the desired shape , common beech is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark ) and twisted roots . a few handfuls of dried leaves ( again beech can be used , or oak leaves are also suitable ) would complete the natural feel . aquatic plants are not a feature of this species ‘ natural waters . allow the wood and leaves to stain the water the colour of weak tea , removing old leaves and replacing them every few weeks so they don’t rot and foul the water . a small net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can be added to the filter to aid in the simulation of black water conditions . use fairly dim lighting .
alternatively , , it also does well in a well maintained , heavily planted tank . as any of these seen for sale will almost certainly be wild caught a more general setup is not really suitable .
ph : 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 . it tends to lose colour when kept in alkaline conditions .
feeds chiefly on small invertebrates in nature . in the aquarium it proves unfussy . feed a mixture of dried flakes and granules along with small live and frozen foods .
it’s a very peaceful species that won’t compete well with very boisterous or much larger tankmates . ideally , keep it with other south american species , such as other hemigrammus or hyphessobrycon species , pencil fish , apistogramma dwarf cichlids , corydoras and small loricariids . in a more general community it can be combined with smaller rasboras , barbs , anabantoids and west african dwarf cichlids such as pelvicachromis species .
always buy a group of at least 6 of these , preferably 10 or more . it is a shoaling species by nature , and will fare much better when in the company of its own kind . like most tetras it actually looks far more effective when maintained like this anyway .
adult males are slightly smaller and noticeably slimmer than females . the male also has a small hook on the anal fin , which is lacking in females .
it can be spawned in a group , with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number . condition these with plenty of small live foods and spawning should not present too many problems .
alternatively , it can be spawned in pairs . under this technique the fish are conditioned in male and female groups in separate tanks . when the females are noticeably full of eggs and the males are displaying their best colours , select the fattest female and best - coloured male and transfer them to the spawning tank in the evening . they should spawn the following morning .
in either situation , the adults will eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as eggs are noticed . these will hatch in 24 - 36 hours , with the fry becoming free swimming a 3 - 4 days later . they should be fed on an infusoria – type food for the first few days , until they are large enough to accept microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . the eggs and fry are light sensitive in the early stages of life and the tank should be kept in darkness if possible .
like all hemigrammus , its taxonomic status is currently incertae sedis , meaning uncertain . the genus is currently used as something of a catch - all for over 70 species of small characin . most experts agree that a full revision is required , with the likely outcome that many species will be placed into new or different genera .
from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
mature females are noticeably larger and fuller bellied . male fish also possess a tiny hook on the anal fin , which is absent in females .
soft and acidic . ph : 6 . 0 - 7 . 2 , dh : up to 12 degrees .
analysis of the five glycosylation sites of human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein . - pubmed - ncbi
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the scar bank gem , ( ctenoplusia limbirena ) , also known as silver u-tail , is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in south-western europe , africa ( lesotho , the cape province , kwazulu-natal , transvaal , mozambique , zimbabwe , zambia , botswana , malawi and eastern and equatorial africa ) , the canary islands , arabia , the southern himalayas , india , sri lanka , indochina to south-eastern china , taiwan , sulawesi , bali and timor .

in new zealand , it has been established since 2011 .

ctenoplusia limbirena

ctenoplusia limbirena looks very similar to another moth trichoplusia ni . ctenoplusia limbirena has a distinctive pale brownish / cream mark near the outer forewing margin .
remarks : ctenoplusia limbirena has a palaeotropical - subtropical distribution and occurs in macaronesia , africa and southern asia . ctenoplusia limbirena migrates occasionally further north ( southern europe etc . ) .
habitat : ctenoplusia limbirena inhabits subtropical agricultural areas , fallo land and herb - rich borders of all kinds .
ctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) astrapeia ; [ ne10 ] , 156 ( missp . ? )
ctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) limbirena ; behounek & ronkay , 1999 , spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 139 ; [ ne10 ] : 179 , pl . 12 , f . 52 - 56 , gen . 206 , 277 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2010 , witt catalogue 4 : 56
plusia limbirena guenée , 1852 ; in boisduval & guenée , hist . nat . insectes ( spec . gén . lépid . ) 6 : 350 ; tl : madagascar
ctenoplusia limbirena is a member of noctuid moths ( family noctuidae ) and it is now found in new zealand . it has a wingspan is 40–45 mm . europe , africa , arabia , asia including se asia to urltoken the known range of this species .
ctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) placida sundicata behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 125 , pl . 1 , f . 15 - 16 ; tl : timor
ctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) sumbawana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 126 , f . 14 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : sumbawa
? ctenoplusia placida caledonica holloway , 1979 ; series entom . 15 : 481 ; tl : new caledonia
ctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) accentifera ; [ ne10 ] : 180 , pl . 12 , f . 57 - 62 , gen . 207 , 278 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2010 , witt catalogue 4 : 63
life cycle : ctenoplusia limbirena can be found all year round . i observed larvae feeding on urtica membranacea and other herbs near the coast in madeira in march 2013 ( ribeira da janela ) . the larvae live more concealed than those of related species such as trichoplusia ni or chrysodeixis chalcites and stay more near the ground or in the inner parts of the plants .
ctenoplusia caelata dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 99 ; tl : uganda , bwamba
ctenoplusia crinoides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 100 ; tl : kenya , kakmega
ctenoplusia perispomena dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 97 ; tl : kenya , makakwet
ctenoplusia polycampta dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 94 ; tl : gabon , makokou
ctenoplusia triteia dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 96 ; tl : kenya , nairobi
ctenoplusia amydra dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 96 ; tl : cameroon , dchang plateau
ctenoplusia etiennei dufay , 1975 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 80 : 160 ; tl : reunion , grand maturum forest
ctenoplusia perplexa dufay , 1975 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 44 ( 4 ) : 115 ; tl : cameroon
ctenoplusia psileia dufay , 1975 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 44 ( 4 ) : 116 ; tl : cameroon
ctenoplusia asteia dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 103 ; tl : kenya , mt . elgon
ctenoplusia isospila dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 103 ; tl : tanzania , mt . roungoué
ctenoplusia proseides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 102 ; tl : kenya , nairobi , muguga
ctenoplusia rubronitens dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 98 ; tl : cameroon , mt . cameroon
ctenoplusia scoteina dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 104 ; tl : kenya , nairobi , muguga
ctenoplusia selagisma dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 101 ; tl : tanzania , mt . merou
ctenoplusia dargei dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 102 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest
ctenoplusia fulgens dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 97 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest
ctenoplusia gemmata dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 98 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest
ctenoplusia phoceoides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 99 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest
ctenoplusia karthalae dufay , 1982 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 87 : 224 ; tl : comoro is . , grande comore ; la covalescence
ctenoplusia vermiculata dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 106 ; tl : mt . korintji , sumatra
ctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) javana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 134 , f . 20 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : tjinjiroean
subfamily plusiinae . the caterpillars of moths in this subfamily have only three fully developed pairs of prolegs on the abdomen ( those on segments 3 and 4 are lost or reduced ) . thus they are often termed ‘loopers’ , as they have a similar mode of progression to larvae of geometridae . adults usually have at least a small metallic marking on the forewing ; thysanoplusia orichalcea has extensive golden forewing patches . all new zealand species occur overseas ; ctenoplusia limbirena is a very recently introduced species with a natural distribution from southern europe through to south - east asia ; it appears to be established and can be expected to become commoner in new zealand . larvae of most species feed on a range of herbaceous plants , especially garden plants , but ctenoplusia albostriata seems to prefer asteraceae .
ctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) latistigma floresiana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 129 , f . 16 , pl . 2 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : flores
ctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) armata behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 128 , f . 15 , pl . 2 , f . 30 - 31 ; tl : philippines , mindanao
ctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) latistigma sulawesiana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 131 , f . 17 , pl . 2 , f . 32 ; tl : sulawesi , puncak , palopo , 900 - 1300m
ctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) dufayi behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 132 , f . 18 - 19 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; tl : philippines , n . luzon , ifugao , banaue
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host plants : the larva feeds polyphagous on herbs like solanaceae , fabaceae , asteraceae or urtica .
a rare autumn immigrant , mainly to the south and south - west of england , there have been around 15 records to date of this afrotropical species .
the species resembles silver y in appearance , but tends to be more reticulated , often with a violet or purple sheen , and usually a distinctive pale patch on the central part of the termen .
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insects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .
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trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .
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trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .
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weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .
the larvae host plants include solanum spp , geranium , nicotiana tabacum , althea , salvia , primula , lactuca sativa , mentha piperita , verbascum sp . and agave sisalana .
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version validée du meilleur niveau de connaissance disponible à un moment donné . cette catégorie indique une image fiable de la répartition à la date de réalisation de la carte , avec une bonne présomption d ' absence dans les secteurs où le taxon n ' est pas mentionné . exemple : atlas des amphibiens et reptiles de métropole .
ensemble de données contrôlées issues de programmes : comprend les jeux de données validées associés aux inventaires en cours ou à des inventaires terminés mais partiellement incomplets . diffère du niveau
distribution de référence
essentiellement sur le degré de complétude et d ' expertise collégiale . c ' est - à - dire que les données présentées ont une forte fiabilité mais ne représentent pas forcément l ' aire de répartition nationale du taxon .
jeux de données dont la méthodologie d ' acquisition ou d ' organisation ne satisfait pas aux critères de définition d ' un inventaire pour l ' inpn . ces données , provenant généralement de spécialistes et considérées a priori comme fiables , ne sont pas encore intégrées à un processus de validation tierce - partie . il s ' agit souvent de données destinées à intégrer un inventaire . exemple : données issues de cardobs , données pré - triées de programmes de sciences participatives .
données de programmes dont l ' objet principal n ' est pas l ' inventaire d ' espèces mais la qualification d ' une zone , en particulier d ' espaces protégés ou de périmètres d ' inventaire . exemple : znieff g1 et g2 , natura 2000 , espaces protégés , apb .
sweu - greece , africa , near east , asia minor . see [ maps ]
plusia aenescens prout , 1921 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 8 ( 43 ) : 24 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : [ zambia ] n . rhodesia
indonesia , new guinea , new zealand , rapa is . . see [ maps ]
phytometra albostriata ab . disjunctana strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 48
plusia aurisuta dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 203 ; tl : perinet region , madagascar
polychrysia camptogamma hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 430 ; tl : br . e . africa , kikuyu , roromo
plusia caudata schaus , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1444 ) : 105 ; tl : mexico , orizaba
plusia chalcopasta hampson , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 4 ) : 1225 ; tl : gooty ; nilgiris ; ceylon ; maskeliya ; pattipada
plusia edora prout , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 1927 ) 75 : 222 ; tl : sao thomé
plusia epargyra dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 196 ; tl : périnet , e . madagascar
phytometra euchroa hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 215 ; tl : natal , durban
plusia euchroides carcasson , 1965 ; j . e . africa nat . hist . soc . 25 : 146 ; tl : uganda
plusia fracta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 920 ; tl :
congo
plusia gammaloba hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 430 ; tl : madagascar
plusia glaphyra dufay , 1974 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 43 : 109 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : brazil , parana , castro
plusia griveaudi dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 208 ; tl : s . moramango , e . madagascar
plusia lavendula hampson , 1902 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 2 ( 10 ) : 347 ; tl : cape colony
plusia leucostigma dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 208 ; tl : périnet , e . madagascar
sweu , africa , canary islands , arabia , s . himalayas , india , sri lanka , indochina - se . china , taiwan , sulawesi , bali , timor . see [ maps ]
plusia melanocephala möschler , 1884 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 33 : 297 , pl . 16 , f . 11 ; tl : cape colony
plusia micans dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 206 ; tl : ambre mt . , n . madagascar
phytometra nigrogemmea romieux , 1943 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 19 ( 3 ) : 111 , pl . 9 , f . 10 ; tl : upper katange , tshinkolobwe
plusia orbifer guenée , 1865 ; in vinson , voy . madagascar , annexe f : 47 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : madagascar
s . ontario , e . usa - arizona , kansas , nebraska , iowa , wisconsin , mexico , antilles , ca - brazil , n . argentina . see [ maps ]
larva on aster sp . , erigeron canadensis , nicotiana tabacum , solidago sp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 47
plusia pauliana dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 202 ; tl : e . madagascar , lakato
plusia phocea hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 433 ; tl : natal , durban
plusia rhodographa dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 205 ; tl : ambre mt . , n . madagascar
plusia seyrigi dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 207 ; tl : madagascar , bekily
acnthoplusia dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 104 ; ts : pytometra tarassota hampson
acanthoplusia adiaphora dufay , 1974 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 43 : 107 ; tl : formosa , wushe
phytometra agnata var . sokutsuna strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 129 ; tl : formosa , banshoryo , sokutsu
phytometra eugrapha hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 474 , pl . 237 , f . 14 ; tl : dutch new guinea
acanthoplusia herbuloti dufay , 1982 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 51 ( 3 ) : 73 ; tl : philippines
plusia ichinosei dufay , 1965 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 34 : 194 ; tl : japan
plusia latistigma prout , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 229 ; tl : ceram
ceylon , indochina , taiwn , sumatra , java , bali , sulawesi , timor , flores . see [ maps ]
acanthoplusia sigillata dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 105
plusia confusa ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 32
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
revision de plusiinae : descriptions de nouvelles especes asiatiques et notes synonymiques ( lep . noctuidae )
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 1 - 16 )
lépidoptéres de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of british india
. series iv . part v ( ? vi )
on some apparently new species and forms of noctuidae . collected by c . , f . , and j . pratt , in the mountains of central ceram , october , 1919 , to february , 1920
a list of noctuidae with descriptions of new forms collected in the island of sao thomé by t . a . barns
die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff ,
wallengren , 1856 anteckningar i zoologien . i . kafferlandets macrolepidopter - fauna anteckn . zool . 1 : 1 - 78
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the following moth families are covered by this online guide : hepialidae , zygaenidae , sesiidae , geometridae , saturniidae , sphingidae , erebidae ( includes the former families arctiidae and lymantriidae ) , nolidae , noctuidae .
brief general introductions to these and some of the included genera are presented below ; no key to families is given here , as characters tend to be rather technical and involve specialised preparation techniques ; it is quite easy , however , to learn to recognise which family a moth belongs to , especially in the limited new zealand fauna .
the ghost moths or swift moths are primitive moths with very short antennae , long abdomens , and hindwings rather similar in shape and wing venation to the forewings . the family is well represented in new zealand with 30 species , including our largest moth species , the puriri moth ( aenetus virescens ) with a wingspan up to 150 mm in the female . aenetus is confined to the north island ; caterpillars form characteristic scars on trunks of native and introduced trees . other hepialid larvae in new zealand are more or less subterranean , forming tunnels in the soil of grasslands or wetlands ( e . g . , wiseana spp , the porina moths ) or under leaf - litter in forests ( e . g . , dumbletonius spp . ) . adults of many species are crepuscular , flying at dusk , and coming to light before it is fully dark , but aenetus tends to fly later in the night .
the burnet and forester moths are an unusual family of day - flying lepidoptera , many of which are brightly coloured and distasteful to birds and other vertebrate predators . they are naturally absent from new zealand , and only a single introduced species , the bamboo moth ( artona martini ) is present , having first been detected in whangarei in 1996 . it is has now spread as far as auckland ; the hairy larvae can cause conspicuous defoliation of bamboos in gardens and parks and sometimes occur locally in huge numbers . the diurnal adults are less conspicuous . artoni martini originates in south - east asia , and was presumably introduced accidentally through trade .
the clearwings are another unusual family of day - flying moths , most of which are mimics of wasps or bees , with partially transparent wings . they are day - flying but often very hard to find as adults ; caterpillars are internal feeders in a wide range of plants . there is only a single introduced european species in new zealand : the currant clearwing ( synanthedon tipuliformis ) , which as its name suggests , feeds as a caterpillar inside stems of cultivated currants ( ribes spp . ) . adults may occasionally be seen flying around the currant bushes in sunshine . they are rarely found north of the central north island .
the loopers are a very large family of moths ( over 20 , 000 species worldwide ) , well represented in new zealand by over 250 species , where most species are endemic . the common name comes from the larvae , which do not have the full complement of abdominal prolegs ( usually they have prolegs only on segments 6 and 10 ) , and therefore progress in the characteristic ‘inchworm’ looping motion . an important feature of the family is the presence of tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) at the base of the abdomen .
subfamily ennominae . all new zealand ennominae ( about 55 species ) are medium - sized relatively robust moths ( although not as robust as noctuidae ) , and the males in most genera have feathery antennae . in the genus pseudocoremia , the hindwings are often yellowish and much brighter than the forewings under which they are concealed when the moth is at rest . declana contains robust noctuid - like species , most exhibiting lichen - like or bark - like patterning . some , like d . floccosa , are very variable in colour pattern . the fern loopers in the genera ischalis , sarisa and sestra have scalloped or hook - tipped forewings , usually with strong dark lines running across them ; males have simple , non - feathery antennae . chalastra males do have feathery antennae ; c . aristarcha and pellurgata are medium - sized moths with distinctive white markings . ‘ chalastra ’ ochrea is more pseudocoremia - like and does not really belong with the other two chalastra species . gellonia and cleora are large brown moths , with feathery antennae in the males , and scalloped edges to the wings . cleora scriptaria , the kawakawa looper , is especially variable in pattern ; its current genus placement is likely to be incorrect . zermizinga indocilisaria is a small , grey , rather atypical ennomine , with an eastern distribution in new zealand . the female is short - winged ( brachypterous ) ; the species almost certainly originates from australia .
subfamily larentiinae . the larentiinae are very well represented in new zealand with about 200 described species . they tend to be more delicate , butterfly - like moths than ennominae , and some species ( e . g . asaphodes aegrota , austrocidaria similata , epyaxa rosearia ) will hold their wings vertically above the body like a butterfly when at rest . the subfamily contains many brightly coloured day - flying species , especially in the endemic genera paranotoreas , notoreas and dasyuris , many of which are restricted to open subalpine and alpine habitats . the cabbage tree looper ( epiphryne verriculata ) is a common and well known species belonging to this subfamily : the adults are often illustrated as a fine example of crypsis when resting on the dead leaves of their larval host - plant cordyline australis . the genus tatosoma is remarkable for the highly elongated abdomens of the males ; this feature has presumably evolved as a result of sexual selection by the females . the genus - level classification of larentiinae in new zealand is in need of extensive revision , e . g . moths currently assigned to the genus hydriomena are all wrongly placed . at the species level , the genera notoreas and pasiphila are particularly difficult and badly in need of revision ; identifications given here are based on those in nzac and there may still be errors .
subfamily sterrhinae . only a single species of this cosmopolitan subfamily ( usually called ‘waves’ ) occurs in new zealand ; this is scopula rubraria , which also occurs widely in australia . it is a very common species in pastures , roadsides and weedy places , especially in late summer , flying by day . larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants , including plantain ( plantago spp . ) .
the very large and unmistakeable gum emperor moth ( opodiphthera eucalypti ) is our only species of this family of silk moths , and was introduced from australia in the early 20th century . it is now widespread in new zealand , larvae feeding chiefly on eucalyptus spp . in gardens and parks , but also on schinus ( pepper tree ) .
the hawk - moths are a family of large streamlined moths ; many species are powerful fliers and migratory in habit . only one cosmopolitan species occurs regularly and breeds in new zealand , the convolvulus hawk - moth ( agrius convolvuli ) , with larvae feeding on convolvulaceae , including kumara ( sweet potato , ipomoea batatas ) . the silver - striped hawk - moth ( hippotion celerio ) occurs rarely as a migrant to new zealand : there appear to be very few recent records .
this family name has recently been revived ; the erebidae now include the former families arctiidae ( tiger moths ) and lymantriidae ( tussock moths ) along with several subfamilies formerly assigned to noctuidae . like noctuidae , erebidae have tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) on the metathorax . the family is very diverse in the tropics , but there are very few truly native species in new zealand .
subfamily lymantriinae . naturally absent from new zealand , the tussock moth subfamily is recorded here based on two accidentally introduced species which established briefly in the auckland area , but were subsequently eradicated . teia anartoides , the painted apple moth , originates from australia . the female has strongly reduced wings and is flightless ; males are day - flying . orgyia thyellina , the white - spotted tussock moth , originates from south - east asia , and has both winged ( flying ) and brachypterous ( flightless ) forms of the female . both species have hairy larvae with characteristic ‘toothbrush’ tufts on the dorsum ; larvae feed on a wide range of host plants , though teia prefer wattle ( acacia spp . ) .
subfamily arctiinae . this subfamily ( the tiger moths ) contains many colourful species worldwide ; larvae are hairy , with many secondary setae . the genus metacrias is our only endemic genus of arctiinae ; the three species chiefly occur in open habitats at higher elevations , and are almost confined to the south island ; only m . huttoni occurs in the north island ( ruahine range ) . females are flightless with minute wings , and males are diurnal with a strong , buzzing flight . larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants . two similar species of utetheisa ( crimson speckled footman ) occur as migrants to new zealand : u . pulchelloides ssp . vaga is a common migrant , with larvae on boraginaceae ; u . lotrix is very much rarer , with larvae on fabaceae . the cinnabar moth , tyria jacobaeae , is a european species introduced to new zealand in the 1920s as a biological control agent for its larval host - plant ragwort ( jacobaea vulgaris ( = senecio jacobaea ) ) . the conspicuous yellow and black banded larvae are distasteful to predators , as is the black and red day - flying adult . nyctemera annulata is an endemic species of a widespread genus ; larvae feed on senecio spp . the closely related australian n . amicus has reached northern new zealand and now hybridises freely there with n . annulata ; it can be difficult to distinguish the adults of the two species and the hybrid , but a white fringe to the wings probably always indicates some amicus parentage . specimens with whitish lines at the base of the forewing along the veins are the most likely to be nearly pure amicus .
other erebid subfamilies . all other erebidae in new zealand were formerly assigned to noctuidae ( subfamilies catocalinae , hypeninae and hypenodinae ) . subfamily placements still remain uncertain for some species , as the subfamily classification of erebidae has so far been largely based on northern hemisphere genera . a number of species only occur in new zealand as migrants from australia ( genera achaea , anomis , eudocima , hypocala ) ; other australian species have become established ( the large dasypodia spp . , with larvae on acacia , pantydia sparsa , with larvae on a range of plants , and the geometrid - like artigisa melanephele , with larvae on fungi and dead wood ) . schrankia costaestrigalis is a common , near - cosmopolitan species ; being small and slender - bodied , it is often mistaken for a micro - moth . only two endemic erebid species are found in new zealand : the common rhapsa scotosialis , with larvae feeding on leaf - litter or hanging moss , and the less common trigonistis anticlina , a forest species whose larvae are unknown .
two species of this family ( previously often treated as a subfamily of noctuidae ) are found in new zealand . larvae , as in arctiinae , have many secondary setae . the endemic nola parvitis is a rare species whose larvae feed on the endemic shrub helichrysum lanceolatum . the gum - leaf skeletoniser , uraba lugens , was accidentally introduced from australia and is now common in the northern north island , feeding on various myrtaceae , especially eucalyptus and lophostemon .
this is a huge worldwide family has about 140 named species in new zealand , which by world standards is an extremely limited fauna . adults have tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) on the metathorax , as do erebidae . it should be noted that the species of declana ( geometridae : ennominae ) resemble noctuidae superficially with their robust bodies and narrowish forewings .
subfamily amphipyrinae s . l . our two species of the endemic genus bityla are true amphipyrines , closely related to the northern hemisphere amphipyra . larvae of b . defigurata feed on muehlenbeckia vines ; adults overwinter . the life history of b . sericea is currently unknown . cosmodes is an unusual and striking endemic australian genus containing the single species c . elegans ; it occurs more or less regularly in new zealand , and probably breeds here at least temporarily . larvae feed on lobelia and verbena spp . proteuxoa is a large australian genus ; of the three species known from new zealand , one ( p . sanguinipuncta ) is a recent arrival , now well established . two species have been confused under the name proteuxoa comma , one of which may be undescribed , and both of which are thought to be endemic to new zealand , though closely related to australian species . proteuxoa species have larvae feeding on a range of herbaceous plants . the proper systematic placement of both proteuxoa and cosmodes remains to be determined ; they will probably be removed from amphipyrinae .
subfamily agaristinae . only the australian phalaenoides glycinae ( grapevine moth ) has been found in new zealand . the conspicuous black , white and red caterpillar feeds mainly on members of the plant family vitaceae ( including vitis , grapevine , and parthenocissus , virginia creeper ) , but is also recorded from other plants including cultivated fuchsia . formerly common in northern new zealand , this moth seems to have declined greatly here , and there have been few records ( if any ) in the last 10 years .
subfamily condicinae . only condica illecta ( formerly platysenta illecta ) has been recorded in new zealand , where it occurs rarely as an immigrant . overseas it is found in australia and throughout south - east asia and the pacific , where the larvae feed on various herbaceous plants in the family asteraceae .
subfamily heliothinae . the rare endemic heliothine australothis volatilis is known only from a few sites in central otago , where larvae feed on vittadinia ( asteraceae ) . adults are day - flying . our two species of helicoverpa are immigrant pest species ; h . armigera is by far the commoner species .
the large and highly enigmatic titanomis sisyrota is known only from ten specimens ( two of them lost ) , collected from scattered localities from the central north island to the southern south island . the last ( one of the lost specimens ) was collected in 1959 . the life history is unknown , but the very elongate , probing ovipositor of the female suggests that larvae are internal feeders . family placement of titanomis has never been satisfactorily resolved ; a recent published assignment to the micro - moth family glyphipterigidae is almost certainly incorrect , since morphology of the base of the abdomen suggests a more advanced position in ditrysia . extinction is a possibility , but as the moth has only ever been collected extremely rarely at long intervals , and was apparently widespread , it may well await rediscovery .
apart from unnamed species and species only recorded from the kermadecs , or only captured once in new zealand , there are a number of species of larger moth that are not represented in the image galleries . these fall into three categories :
1 . species for which it proved impossible to find or borrow good enough specimens for photography . the following species are in this category : hepialidae : aoraia hespera , a . oreobolae ; geometridae : pseudocoremia hollyae , p . hudsoni , austrocidaria prionota , chloroclystis impudicis ; noctuidae : agrotis ceropachoides .
2 . species of dubious taxonomic status , i . e . named species in unrevised groups that lack clear diagnostic features , that are not separated as species in nzac , and that require further taxonomic investigation . some may still prove to be valid species . the following species are currently in this category : geometridae : austrocidaria praerupta ( not distinguished from a . callichlora ) , dasyuris strategica , homodotis amblyterma , ‘ hydriomena’ canescens ( not distinguished from ‘ h . ’ clarkei ) , notoreas galaxias , n . isoleuca , pasiphila acompsa , p . punicea , p . vieta , xanthorhoe lophogramma ( not distinguished from x . semifissata ) ; noctuidae : ‘ aletia ’ cyanopetra ; ‘ a . ’ probenota ( not distinguished from ‘ a . ’ obsecrata ) ; ichneutica homerica ( not distinguished from holotype of i . cana , but an undescribed species is often called cana in collections ) ; meterana coctilis ( not distinguished from m . praesignis ) ; m . badia ( not distinguished from m . inchoata ) .
3 . species for which no known specimen survives , and which have never been recognised since their original description : hepialidae : ‘ porina ’ mairi ; geometridae : ‘ hydriomena’ iolanthe .
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opistoclanis is a genus of moths in the family sphingidae , containing only one species opistoclanis hawkeri , which is known from china ( yunnan ) , north-eastern thailand , laos and northern vietnam , where it has been recorded at altitudes between 888 and 2,800 meters .

opistoclanis

transferred to opistoclanis by jordan , 1929 , novit . zool . 35 : 62
genus : opistoclanis jordan , 1929 . novit . zool . 35 : 62 . [ bhl ]
clanis hawkeri joicey & talbot , 1921 , entomologist 54 : 106 . type locality : french indo - china [ laos / cambodia / vietnam ] .
china : urltoken ( yunnan ) . in thailand , o . hawkeri flies between late march and early may at the end of the dry season ( i . j . kitching , unpublished data ) .
china ( yunnan , hainan ) , northern thailand , laos ( khammouan province ) and northern vietnam ( inoue , kennett & kitching , [ 1996 ] 1997 ) .
holarctic ; eastern palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : monocentric - - yunnan refugium .
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urltoken
type - species : clanis hawkeri joicey & talbot , 1921 . entomologist 54 : 106 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : type ( s ) [ vietnam ] french indo - china : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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adults are on wing from late march to early may at the end of the dry season in thailand .