the striped red mullet or surmullet ( mullus surmuletus ) is a species of goatfish found in the mediterranean sea , eastern north atlantic ocean , and the black sea .

they can be found in water as shallow as 5 metres ( 16 ft ) or as deep as 409 metres ( 1,342 ft ) depending upon the portion of their range that they are in .

this species can reach a length of 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) sl though most are only around 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) .

the greatest recorded weight for this species is 1 kilogram ( 2.2 lb ) .

this is a commercially important species and is also sought after as a game fish .

mullus barbatus and it are commonly called " red mullets " and often are not distinguished , though they can be told apart by the striped first dorsal fin of m. surmuletus .

despite its english name , the striped red mullet , of the goatfish family mullidae , is only very distantly related to the grey mullet and other species called " mullet " , classified in a different family of the order perciformes .

striped red mullet

add the striped red mullet fillets and cook until the meat is white and flakes away , about 5 - 10 minutes .
striped red mullet : : triglia di scoglio is found in the mediterranean and black seas as well as the eastern north atlantic ocean . it has been considered a delicacy since antiquity , especially among the ancient romans . if you are not able to find striped red mullet in your local grocery store you can also substitute it with red snapper .
want to put together an easy , yet elegant looking meal for valentine’s day ? try out this recipe for striped red mullet , a delicate white fish that is stewed with juicy red tomatoes , tangy capers and salty black olives ; it’s an italian specialty .
there is no restriction on red mullet catch . they are a non - quota species but red mullet catches to cornwall are very small , at 20 - 50 tonnes per year , compared to total eu landings of 2000 tonnes . minimum landing size for red mullet in cornish waters is 15cm . there is no eu minimum landing size . red mullet netting is controlled by eu regulations which state that the catch must be 70 % of the target species ( red mullet ) . mesh size between 70 and 90mm is prohibited in cornish waters ( cornwall inshore fisheries and conservation authority , cifca ) . a red mullet netting code of practice has been developed to ensure that red mullet netting in cornish waters is carried out responsibly , and cifca report that the level of red mullet netting has decreased in recent years , and the majority of fishermen using red mullet nets are abiding by the code of practice ( cifca 2011 ) . cifca provide support for fishermen in terms of checking gear and providing advice on legislation and they feel that this sector of netting is currently being managed appropriately ( s . cadman pers com ) .
want to put together a easy yet fancy looking meal for valentine’s day or any special occasion ? try out this recipe for striped red mullet , a delicate white fish that is stewed with juicy red tomatoes , tangy capers and salty black olives ; it’s an italian specialty .
red mullet make up a small , but high value part of the cornish fishing industry ' s landings . red mullet stocks are not well studied in our area however across the eu ices are concerned that they are being over fished and advised a reduction in catches of 20 % for the western area . the stocks are not protected by quotas but in cornwall are protected by a minimum landing size of 15cm . red mullet are caught using specialised red mullet nets in coastal waters and are also caught in cornish trawl fisheries .
forster . r , and smith . s , 2001 selectivity of gill nets used in the cornish red mullet fishery , fisheries science partnership , cefas lowestoft
red mullet are also caught in demersal trawls and beam trawls , often in deeper water in the western english channel during colder times of year . forster and smith , 2011 . french trawlers using small mesh size ( 70 - 90mm ) target red mullet in the winter months in the central pit of the western channel .
red mullet are very delicate and must be put straight onto ice as their quality deteriorates quickly . for best freshness source direct from a fisherman or specialist fish seller .
red and yellowish scales enticed me to try something new . the fish monger was all too kind to supply me with a typical italian recipe called “triglia alla livornese . ” triglia , as you can imagine , means striped red mullet ; “alla livornese” , on the other hand , basically means livorno style . ( livorno is a port city on the ligurian sea . )
both species mullus surmuletus ( red mullet ) and mullus barbatus ( striped red mullet ) are distinctly crimson or even orange in color – but the barbatus boasts yellowish streaks along their sides and grow larger of the two . both are caught without much distinction between the two commercially . they are typically quite small , less than 10 - 14 inches in length , and weigh about a third to a half of a pound each . the smaller the fish , it is commonly believed , the better the flavor and texture .
red mullet are caught in cornish waters by targeted red mullet nets . static nets set on the seabed with a mesh size of 65 - 70ml and a short soak time , set in summer months specifically to target red mullet which are a high value species . it is a highly skilled method of fishing and care must be taken not to accidentally catch unwanted fish as it is illegal to catch more than 30 % of non - target species and in our waters young pollack can be difficult to avoid . there are few other by catch issues or environmental issues with this fishery .
red mullet stocks are not well studied in our waters but there is no local evidence to suggest that stocks are declining . red mullet are a warm water species that moves into our waters in the summer months . due to a lack of evidence and taking a precautionary approach ices advises that catches should decrease by 20 % in relation to the average catch of the last three years , corresponding to catches of no more than 2000 t in 2015 . cefas list red mullet as a species that is currently underutilized and having potential for increased fishing effort in its report ( catchpole 2011 ) identifying under - utilized species .
red mullet is a regular summer visitor to south west coasts of the uk and is caught near to shore by netters . red mullet has a unique texture somewhere between white and oily fish . its high fat content adds a richness to it ' s flavour . it ' s liver is considered a delicacy . it has all the healthy eating attributes of white fish : high in protein and vitamin rich and also has the health benefits of being a source of omega - 3 fatty acids . red mullet are very delicate and must be put straight onto ice as their quality deteriorates quickly . for best freshness source direct from a fisherman or specialist fish seller .
which may confound efforts to correctly identify this species in the north sea bottom trawl surveys . additional confusion may arise from the use of the same common name ,
red mullet
, for both species ( uiblein 2007 ) .
red mullet are warm water fish that are related to the tropical goat fish . they feed on worms and crustaceans which they find by rooting around with a highly sensory pair of whisker like barbels , in muddy and sandy seabeds . red mullet mature at 2 years old and at a length of 16cm . maximum length is 45 cm . juveniles are found inshore and in estuaries whilst adults are found in deeper water . in the english channel they spawn between may and july . biological vulnerability score 39 / 100 cheung et al 2005 .
while the fish monger scaled the striped red mullet , he quickly told me the ingredients for this beloved dish . unfortunately , he was extremely quick at his job and finished before i could ask him the quantities : : le dosi . seeing a long line behind me , i didn’t want to bother him so the recipe you find below may not be true livorno style , but dare i say the presentation is more beautiful following my recipe while the taste is equally delicious .
rouget are better known in many areas of the world as the red mullet ( or rouget de roche , salmonette ) . but according to various sources , rouget should not be considered mullets at all . the name “mullet” is usually reserved for the various species of striped , grey and silver mullets , which are typically larger , longer and more streamlined in their body shape . the rouget is similar in appearance to a perch ( and is categorized under the perciformes order ) but is easily distinguished by a small set of barbels under its chin , which are used to “frisk” along the sea floor for food – an attribute that has also given it the name “goatfish” for their “beardlike” appearance .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
rating 5 ( red ) is associated with fish to be avoided on the basis that all or most of the criteria for sustainablilty have not been met .
head is less steep . barbels longer than pectoral fin . body with longitudinal red and brown stripes . first dorsal fin with dark markings ( ref . 35388 ) .
scientific synonyms and common names mullus surmuletus linnaeus , 1758 synonyms : mullus surmuletus linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . , ed . x : 300 ( ' habitat in m . mediterraneo et ad cornubiam ' ) . mullus barbatus surmuletus : day , 1880 1884 : 22 , pl . 8 ( fig . 2 ) lozano rey , 1952 : 245 & 249 . mullus sunnuletus : moreau , 1881 : 244 , fig . 107 fowler , 1936 : 871 , fig . 374 poll , 1947 , fig . 157 soljan , 1948 : 174 , fig . bougis , 1952 : 57 - 174 , fig . dieuzeide et al . , 1954 : 256 , fig . wheeler , 1969 : 344 , fig . , pl . 10 . common names : mulle [ no ] mulle [ da ] meerbarbe [ de ] red mullet [ en ] salmonete de roca [ es ] rouget de roche [ fr ] barbouni [ he ] triglia di scoglio [ it ] mulit happassim [ iw ] barabulja [ ru ] striped red mullet [ en ] rouget de roche [ fr ] salmonete de roca [ es ] mul [ ne ] zeebarbeel [ ne ] koning van de poon [ ne ]
' red improver ' ratings are assigned to seafood sources which have been assessed and rated 5 ( red ) due to significant environmental concerns with one or more aspects of their management , capture or production , yet credible efforts to improve these issues have been agreed through a fisheries or aquaculture improvement project – a fip or an aip - and work is underway . such projects are normally publicly listed at www . fisheryprogress . org . mcs wants to encourage environmental improvements in fisheries and fish farms , and so does not recommend avoiding these sources , as we normally do for seafood rated 5 ( red rated ) .
seabream are a group of compact , medium - sized fishes known as sparidae . their firm white meat is similar in taste and texture to bass and is ideal for grilling , steaming , baking and pan - frying whole . the black bream or porgy and the red or
distinctive rounded shells that are slightly heart shaped . it is a bivalve ( two identical shells ) belonging to the family cardidae meaning ' heart - shaped ' . they can jump by bending and straightening the foot - the end bit - which is often coloured red and called the ' red nose ' . choose cockles harvested by sustainable methods only such as licensed hand gathering . avoid eating them during breeding season from march to july . burry inlet cockles and cockles from the dee estuary are both msc certified and provide the most sustainable options in the uk .
use the good fish guide to find out which fish are the most sustainable ( green rated ) , and which are the least sustainable ( red rated ) . make the right choice and reduce your impact – every purchase matters ! find out more about our seafood work , including how we develop our seafood ratings , plus sustainable seafood recipes and more .
marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 5 - 409 m ( ref . 56504 ) . subtropical ; 62°n - 14°n , 19°w - 42°e
eastern atlantic : western norway , english channel ( rare in north sea ) to dakar , senegal and the canary islands , including the mediterranean and the black sea .
maturity : l m 16 . 1 , range 15 - 26 cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4845 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 0 kg ( ref . 35388 ) ; max . reported age : 11 years ( ref . 92286 )
adults occur on broken and rough grounds but also found over sand and soft bottoms at depths less than 100 m . depth range from 5 - 60 m ( ref . 07313 ) and from 305 - 409 m in the eastern ionian sea ( ref . 56504 ) . feed on benthic organisms such as shrimps and amphipods , polychaetes , mollusks , and benthic fishes . spawning occurs from may to july , eggs and larvae are pelagic ( ref . 4845 ) . marketed fresh and frozen for steaming , pan - frying , broiling and baking ( ref . 9988 ) .
ben - tuvia , a . , 1990 . mullidae . p . 827 - 829 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 7313 )
) : 7 - 16 . 1 , mean 10 . 2 ( based on 549 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00810 - 0 . 00980 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 3 . 08 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 7 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 10 ) .
prior r = 0 . 85 , 2 sd range = 0 . 46 - 1 . 58 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 16 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 31 , based on : 2 m , 25 k , 9 tgen , 7 tmax , records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .
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you can play a key role in securing the future of our seas and marine wildlife by making more environmentally responsible choices when buying seafood .
our seas face a wide range of threats . climate change , pollution , habitat and biodiversity loss are all impacting our seas ; plus 90 % of global fish stocks are either fully or over - exploited . all these factors combined mean that urgent action is needed to restore the health of our seas . fish farming ( aquaculture ) is rapidly expanding to meet increasing demand for seafood , but if this is done badly it can also damage the environment and exacerbate these other problems .
abalone ( called ormer in france and elsewhere ) are molluscs , belonging to a group of animals known as gastropods ( the same group as whelks ) . abalone can be farmed on land in aquaculture systems that are enclosed , referred to as
recirculating systems
, which means that all water and waste are contained . abalone graze on seaweeds . as there are no environmental interactions and no depletion of resources for food this makes abalone a really sustainable seafood choice . abalone can be farmed on land in aquaculture systems that are enclosed , referred to as
recirculating systems
, which means that all water and waste are contained . abalone graze on seaweeds for food . as there are no environmental interactions and no depletion of resources for food this makes abalone a really sustainalbe seafood choice .
as an oily fish , their strong flavour is used to add a kick to many dishes and sauces , including worcestershire sauce , and they are widely used in mediterranean cooking . anchovy fillets are generally packed in oil or salt and sold in jars
or tins . often used as a topping for pizza , caesar salads or just on toast . also in paste or rolled and accompanied with other foods such as olives . anchovy can also be processed into fish meal . they are small green fish with a silver stripe that gives them a bluish hue . a relative of the herring , they are a short - lived , schooling fish feeding on small fry ( recently hatched fish ) and plankton at the bottom of the food - chain . the bay of biscay fishery is a sustainable choice . the cantabrian sea ( bay of biscay ) purse seine anchovy fishery is certified by the marine stewardship council ( msc ) as sustainable . anchovy are a species with a low vulnerability and high resilience and as such can sustain high levels of fishing pressure . however , recruitment of young fish to the stock is affected by environmental factors including climatic fluctuations . if recruitment is low and fishing pressure too high the stock becomes vulnerable to collapse . anchovy are also a species at or near the base of the food chain and the impact of their large - scale removal on the marine ecosystem is poorly understood .
or tins . often used as a topping for pizza , caesar salads or just on toast . also in paste or rolled and accompanied with other foods such as olives . anchovy can also be processed into fish meal . they are small green fish with a silver stripe that gives them a bluish hue . a relative of the herring , they are a short - lived , schooling fish feeding on small fry ( recently hatched fish ) and plankton at the bottom of the food - chain . anchovy populations fluctuate largely because of environmental variability . it is important that their populations are maintained at an appropriate level because anchovy are a very important part of the food chain . their catches need to be appropriate to maintain an ecosystem balance . due to the last el nino , anchovy populations are low and therefore a suite of management measures have been implemented to ensure anchovy populations can rebuild . however , there needs to be more transparency in stock assessments and quotas need to be made more appropriate for predators of anchovy .
a member of the salmonidae family ( as are salmon and trout ) , arctic char ( or charr ) are both a freshwater and marine fish . they are native to the cold water of the arctic and sub - arctic , occupying coastal waters and lakes . it is also a
native species to scotland where is it found in deep , cold glacial lakes , as can be found in similar deep waters in the rest of the uk . it can reach sizes over 9kg but more typically are offered for sale at 1 - 2 kg . land based farmed arctic char is a good choice to make when looking for an oily fish . the use of land based production systems addresses many issues of environmental concern that can be associated with farmed fish production . artic charr has a lower requirement for fish in its diet compared to other salmonid species and in uk and icelandic production responsibly sourced feed is used .
method of production — farmed production country — uk production method — land based flow through and recirculating systems .
the group of freshwater fish known as catfish are captured from the wild or farmed for food and displayed in public aquaria dependant on the species . this farmed species natural habitat is medium to large rivers in asian countries such as
vietnam , where they can grow up to 44kg . there are omnivores , feeding on a diet of other fish , vegetable matter and crustacea . pangasius bocourti is one of the most important farmed species in vietnam . pangasius farmed to aquaculture stewardship council ( asc ) certified production standards is currently the best choice to make for this farmed species . the asc standard certification addresses a number of issues of environmental concern , the auditing of which requires farm inspections and standard enforcement . in general there are a number of issues of environmental concern associated with production , these include : habitat alteration ; nutrient and organic pollution ; escapes ; interactions with local wildlife and enforcement of regulations . pangasius is a an omnivore and as such is not heavily reliant on marine proteins and oils to form part of its diet , however the fish used to produce the feed is currently not certified as being responsibly managed or sustainable .
seabass are thick - set fish with silvery - scales and a rapid swimming predator , prized by anglers and chefs alike . can be roasted , grilled , baked or barbecued , also be steamed or poached . good with rosemary , garlic or lemon .
can be roasted , grilled , baked or barbecued , also be steamed or poached . good with rosemary , garlic or lemon . seabass are thick - set fish with silvery - scales and a rapid swimming predator , prized by anglers and chefs alike .
seabream are a group of compact , medium - sized fishes known as sparidae . their firm white meat is similar in taste and texture to bass and is ideal for grilling , steaming , baking and pan - frying whole . black bream or porgy are commonly found
in northern european seas and are commercially fished . however the bulk of the seabream in the uk market comes from imports of mediterranean farmed gilthead bream . black bream is a pretty inexpensive fish to eat as it ' s not massively popular despite the fact it ' s delicious . its taste is distinctive and on the sweet side so best grilled or stuffed and baked whole ( after removing its scales ) . fascinating fact - black bream all mature as females at around 20cm ; but once they reach about 30cm they may change into males and all fish over 40cms are males ! they lay their eggs in nests which males excavate with their tails and guard against predators . black bream stocks currently appear to be in a healthy state , however there is a lack of stock assessment and appropriate management measures in force for the species . they are moderately vulnerable to fishing in terms of growth rate and fecundity and the species spawning behavioural traits make them especially vulnerable to bottom trawling . trawling for black bream can destroy both nests and eggs . black bream caught with rod and line or gillnet is a more sustainable option . cornwall , north western and sussex ifca districts , as well as north wales , have the best management for black bream and are currently the most sustainable areas to source from ( sussex has mesh regulations and closed areas for the spawning season and cornwall , sussex , north western and north wales prohibit landing of seabream below 23 cm ) . avoid eating immature black bream ( below 23 cm ) caught prior to and during their spawning season ( april and may in uk inshore waters ) , thus allowing them chance to spawn or reproduce .
sold as whole steaks and fillets and is sometimes used as an alternative to turbot . it is similar to turbot but has slightly smaller flakes and a sweeter taste . brill belongs to a small family of left - eyed flatfish . it grows relatively
fast and generally reaches a certain length faster ( at younger ages ) than flatfish , such as sole and plaice , in the same areas . fisheries for this species are poorly managed . due to lack of data there is no assessment of brill populations or stock . the state of the stock is unknown although abundance is estimated to be increasing . landings of brill derive mainly from the north sea where it is taken as bycatch , predominantly in beam trawl fisheries for plaice and sole . these fisheries are associated with substantial damage to seabed flora and fauna and high discarding of juvenile fish . avoid eating immature brill ( less than 30cm ) and during their breeding time in spring and summer .
clams are versatile shellfish which you should only eat if they are from farmed sources ( e . g . manila or american hardshell clams ) or harvested from the wild ( e . g . carpet or razor clams ) using sustainable manual methods such as hand
gathering . they can be eaten raw , boiled , baked or fried and are most popularly made into clam chowder - a brothy soup , containing potatoes and other vegetables , and often cream . clams , like many fish , were served in restaurants on fridays to provide an option for catholics who abstained from eating
meat ' on this day , as well as during important christian periods such as lent . all manila clams in the uk are progeny of broodstock imported from the west coast of usa . they are grown in trays on trestles in the sea before planting out in ground plots or seabed . only a small number of manila clams are farmed for the table in uk ( 5 tonnes , 2012 ) , the biggest production is seed for ongrowing . clams may be harvested by manual digging or raking , or by mechanical methods , e . g . suction or hydraulic dredge . manual harvesting methods cause less disturbance to sediment than mechanical methods . shellfish farming is a low - impact method of producing farmed seafood and high quality water standards are required for cultivation of shellfish for human consumption .
gathering . avoid eating clams that have been harvested using illegal methods such as by electrical fishing . they can be eaten raw , boiled , baked or fried and are most popularly made into clam chowder - a brothy soup , containing potatoes and other vegetables , and often cream . clams , like many fish , were served in restaurants on fridays to provide an option for catholics who abstained from eating meat on this day , as well as during important christian periods such as lent . in scotland , razor clams are also known as spoots , a reference to the jets of water they produce when rapidly burrowing into sand when exposed at low tides . the marine conservation society fishery team is currently updating the consumer advice for this entry
best boiled then seasoned with malt vinegar and pepper , they are often pickled but also sold in a sealed packet to eat on the go . a traditional welsh breakfast is cockles fried with bacon and served with laver bread . cockles have
many of the fish listed are caught in different ways and from different areas of the sea . some species are caught in a variety of ways and this range shows that , within a species , some may be fished sustainably whilst others unsustainably .
to find out the individual ratings for each fish click on the ratings button next to the image .
fish to eat are rated 1 and 2 , fish to avoid are rated 5 . ratings 3 and 4 mean don’t eat too often .
fish that are being assessed are shown with a question mark icon and
no rating
.
this system has been developed by the marine conservation society to help consumers choose the most environmentally sustainable fish .
seafood sources indicated as , ' to be assessed ' , are those that have not yet been assessed and assigned a rating or are undergoing a period of review . these include sources previously rated by mcs for which the rating has lapsed , due to changes in the market or mcs priorities and resources . given that these sources are not fully assessed , the profile should not be used to infer the current sustainability of the fishery or farmed species .
rating 1 ( light green ) is associated with the most sustainably produced seafood .
rating 3 ( yellow ) based on available information ; these species should probably not be considered sustainable at this time . areas requiring improvement in the current production may be significant . eat only occasionally and check urltoken for specific details .
rating 4 ( orange ) should not be considered sustainable , and the fish is likely to have significant environmental issues associated with its production . while it may be from a deteriorating fishery , it may be one which has improved from a 5 rating , and positive steps are being taken . however , mcs would not usually recommend choosing this fish .
' best choice ' fish are rated 1 and 2 , fish to avoid are rated 5 .
this system has been developed by the marine conservation society to help businesses and consumers choose the most environmentally sustainable fish .
© marine conservation society ( mcs ) 2017 . registered charity no : 1004005 ( england & wales ) ; sc037480 ( scotland ) . company limited by guarantee no : 2550966 . registered in england vat no : 489 1505 17 . registered office : overross house , ross park , ross - on - wye , hr9 7us .
© marine conservation society ( mcs ) 2017 . registered charity no : 1004005 ( england & wales ) ; sc037480 ( scotland ) . company limited by guarantee no : 2550966 . registered in england vat no : 489 1505 17 . registered office : overross house , ross park , ross - on - wye , hr9 7us . scottish office : suite 7 , cbc house , 24 canning street , edinburgh , eh3 8eg
beam trawls are nets with a steel beam that holds the net open . the belly of the net is made of chains and the upper surface of the net is mesh . beam trawlers pull two nets along the seabed simultaneously .
gill nets are lightweight nets made of nylon ( monofilament ) fishing line that are anchored to the seabed and are used to catch fish by entangling the gills .
demersal trawls are large nets that are pulled through the water with the bottom edge of the net touching the seabed . at each edge the net is pulled open by metal ‘trawl doors’ . sometimes referred to as otter trawling .
cornwall good seafood guide rates fish on sustainability using a scale of 1 to 5 .
1 , 2 and 3 are recommended , fish to avoid are rated 5 .
we use the system devised by the marine conservation society ( mcs ) so our scores are comparable with the scores produced by mcs for the uk and fisheries from all around the world . for more information on scoring click here .
demersal trawling in inshore waters is carried out by licenced vessels operating under very strict criteria on vessel size and power and the majority of demersal trawlers in cornwall are using larger than mandatory mesh size over 100mm to reduce unwanted bycatch of juvenile fish .
ref - cheung , w . w . l . , t . j . pitcher and d . pauly , 2005 . a fuzzy logic expert system to estimate intrinsic extinction vulnerabilities of marine fishes to fishing . biol . conserv . 124 : 97 - 111
this simple dish is delicous and easy to prepair . and is best . . .
nathan outlaw proves fish is more than a match for beef in a . . .
a delicious , creamy , spicy recipe to set off quality sustainable . . .
a great way to enjoy crab meat - brown crab claws are full of . . .
this is a simple but effective recipe to make the best of . . .
this is a lovely light lunch or starter using one of our . . .
cornwall good seafood guide is underpinned by the marine conservation society ( mcs ) good fish guide . the first uk consumer guide to sustainable seafood . for more information visit urltoken
if you would like to get in touch with us please feel free to contact us below or use our contact us page .
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carpenter , k . e . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , de bruyne , g . & de morais , l .
madeira and the canary islands , and is found in the entire mediterranean and in the black sea . it is found at depths ranging from zero to 300 m over sandy and muddy substrates . this species was considered a valuable bycatch species prior to the 1990s , after which it became a major target for small scale and semi - industrial fisheries . it is heavily exploited in the mediterranean and northeast atlantic . in the mediterranean sea there are few spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) estimates . available information from the balaeric islands shows reductions in ssb to a series low in 2009 . all additional examined stocks are considered overexploited , with recommendations to reduce fishing effort by 40 to 60 % , depending on the region . in the northeast atlantic the population of
appears to be increasing due to warming temperatures . this increase in abundance has led to the development of fisheries which target this species . it
is a relatively short lived species which is capable of rapid reproductive turnover . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
is distributed from norway and the english channel to dakar , senegal , including madeira and the canary islands , and is found in the entire mediterranean and in the black sea . it is found at depths ranging from zero to 300 metres ( golani in press , vasil ' eva 2011 ) .
albania ; algeria ; belgium ; bulgaria ; cape verde ; croatia ; cyprus ; denmark ; egypt ; france ; gambia ; georgia ; germany ; gibraltar ; greece ; guernsey ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; netherlands ; norway ; portugal ( madeira ) ; romania ; russian federation ; senegal ; serbia ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . ) ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey ; ukraine ; united kingdom ; western sahara
have continuously increased from 1950 ( 1 , 000 tonnes ) to a peak in 2007 ( 18 , 331 tonnes ) , gradually decreasing to 14 , 096 tonnes in 2011 . the largest landings are reported from libyan arab jamahiriya and france .
the most recent review of scientific advice for 2014 of the scientific , technical and economic committee for fisheries ( stecf ) provides the following insight : in most regions for which information was available , spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) estimates are not available . the majority of stocks are considered overfished . in the balaeric islands this species is overfished . ssb has declined continuously since 2000 to the lowest value of the time series in 2009 and remaining low to 2011 . stocks in the liguirian and north tyrrhenian sea are also overfished , with juveniles representing the majority of the catch . this species is among the most valuable demersal resources off the coast of egypt , and is also overfished in this area . throughout the mediterranean basin recommendations are to reduce fishing mortality ( f ) by 40 to 60 % ( stecf 2013 ) .
catch per unit effort ( cpue ) has steadily decreased from 1968 to 2008 in the balearic islands , western mediterranean . landings and cpue remained relatively constant from the 1990s to 2008 ( quetglas
are considered overfished , and in some cases over - exploited , in the following mediterranean sub - regions : gsa06 , gsa07 , gsa09 , gsa05 , gsa25 ( gfcm 2011 ) . although
2002 ) . international bottom trawl survey ( itbs ) data show fluctuating trends from 1992 to 2012 .
m . surmuletus , suggesting that there is need to improve onboard identification using keys and training of participating scientists . this species is thought to be an indicator of climate - related temperature increase in the northern atlantic . there are recent records from 50°n along the norwegian coast , recorded just south bergen , in hardanger fjord and off coastal islands in the area . in the eastern part of the north sea , some small - scale fisheries have been started due to the increased abundance . it is also found in the kattegat area . it is still rare further north . the same trends have been reported from scotland and the shetland islands . temperature increases in the 1930s resulted in similar range expansions ( uiblein 2007 ) .
was considered a valuable bycatch species prior to the 1990s , after which it became a major target for small scale and semi - industrial fisheries . it is heavily exploited in the mediterranean and northeast atlantic ( vogiatzi
is caught primarily by trammel nets and by trawl ( golani in press ) .
is a commercial species throughout its range . it is a major target for small scale and semi - industrial fisheries , and is heavily exploited in the mediterranean and northeast atlantic ( vogiatzi
. 2013 ) . in the mediterranean , two of the three anaged stocks are considered to be over - exploited , and recommendations have been made to not increase fishing mortality , to reduce fishing mortality , and to reduce the percentage small individuals in the catch . in the mediterranean , catches mostly consist of animals less than 15 cm tl which have not yet completed their second year of life ( tserpes
mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas , where biodiversity is greatest . the majority ( 80 % ) of the mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels < 12 m , and as such mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small - scale artisanal fisheries . additionally , fisheries tend to be multi - species . as such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes . there are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity , the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of mediterranean catches , and high discard rates ( 40 to 56 % of the catch taken in waters < 150 m ) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species ( vassilopoulou 2010 ) .
according to a 2013 synthesis of the status of mediterranean and black sea resources in european waters , while the state of knowledge on the mediterranean and black sea stocks is improving rapidly , between 94 % and 95 % of stocks analysed are overexploited . recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality . overall reductions between 45 % and 51 % are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields ( cardinale and osio 2013 ) .
coastal demersal resources are very sought after in all four of the northern cecaf zone countries ( mauritania , morocco , senegal and the gambia ) . many of the commercially important demersal resources of northwest africa are heavily exploited ( fao 2011 ) . they are exploited by both national artisanal fleets and foreign industrial fleets . demersal fisheries are typically multi - purpose , and many demersal fisheries resources are by - catch of more specialized fisheries , such as the cephalopod , hake or shrimp fisheries . high fishing pressure is exerted all on demersal fish species in this region
morocco : demersal resources are exploited by moroccan cephalopod freezer trawlers , coastal fishing vessels , coastal trawlers and longliners , artisanal boats , leased boats and russian vessels operating under the morocco - russia fishing agreement . demersal resources are explicitly targeted by longlines and some artisanal fishing boats , other vessels catch them as bycatch .
mauritania : demersal resources are exploited by foreign and national trawlers targeting , hake , shrimp , pelagics and demersal fishes .
senegal : demersal resources are mainly targeted by artisanal boats ( fleet composed of ~ 12691 canoes ) using fishing lines , but also by national and foreign trawlers operating under fishing agreements .
to deeper waters ( golani 1994 ) , but direct impacts have not been documented . in the eastern levant ,
is caught in large numbers but due to its small size , is not commercially important ( golani in press ) .
is a well - researched and managed species in the mediterranean . stock assessments are performed regularly by sub - region in the mediterranean basin . it is well researched in the northeast atlantic as well , although relative to the mediterranean it has received less research attention . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range . there is a need for more research and monitoring of population trends in this species .
carpenter , k . e . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , de bruyne , g . & de morais , l . 2015 .
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fewer fish are prized more in the mediterranean than the rouget , for it has a flavor that is so well complimented by the region’s distinctive and aromatic ingredients . whether utilized in a bouillabaisse or baked or pan - fried and featured at the center of the dish , it is a highly coveted european delicacy ( dating back to demand by the romans ! ) and often hard to source in the u . s .
the delicate white flesh is low in fat and high in protein . the scales are relatively large and easily removed . a favorite in european cuisine , the livers of these fish are considered a delicacy – many french recipes call for the whole , ungutted fish to be grilled , or to sauté the livers in butter and then stuff the fish with it before preparation . broiling , pan and deep frying are typical preparations ( not recommended served raw ) as well as escabeche . browne trading imports ours directly from portugal as catch allows – usually our fish our 150 - 250 grams each .
browne trading company is the premier supplier of fresh fish , fine caviar , shellfish , and smoked seafood to both elite restaurants and home kitchens across the u . s .
while doing a little research on the traditional recipe , it appears that this dish is mostly served with the whole fish ( instead of fillets ) , topped with green olives ( not black ) and covered with purèed tomatoes ( not whole ) . feel free to try out the more traditional method , although i usually prefer eating fillets of fish since it’s much less work to eat and i liked the presentation : : presentazione with the tomato pieces as you can still see the fish underneath .
capers : : capperi are commonly used in mediterranean dishes as they are native to the area . in this recipe they add a nice tangy burst of flavor .
when making seafood dishes , i like to use few ingredients : : ingredienti to keep it healthier and quicker to prepare . just like my italian b aked sardine and easy blood orange sole recipes , this dish was on the table in under 30 minutes .
heat the olive oil in a pan over medium heat then add the onions and garlic . sautè them until they’ve softened and have turned slightly brown .
add the capers and black olives , reduce the heat to low and continue cooking for 5 minutes . serve warm .
hi thomas ! it’s nice to hear from another person who has the same love for simple cooking . the fish is plated on a vegetable called “agretti” . you can find the recipe searching by the name or following this link : urltoken
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
on broken and rough ground but also taken in fair quantities over sand and soft bottoms at depths less than 100 m . less
bougis , p . 1952 . recherches biométriques sur les rougets ( mullus barbatus , mullus surmuletus ) . archs zool . exp . gen . , 89 ( 2 ) : 57 - 174 , 55 fig .
chaine , j . 1938a . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . . . ( suite ) . act . soc . linn . bordeaux , suppl . 89 : pp . 1 - 361 , 5 pl .
day , f . 1880 - 1884 . the fishes of great britain and ireland . london - edinburgh , 2 vol . , cxii + 336 pp . , 5 + 7 fig . , 92 pl . and 388 pp . , 87 pl . 1880 : 1 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 64 , pl . i - xxvii ; 1881 : 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) : pp . 65 - 240 , pl . xxviii - lxviii ; 1882 : 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 241 - 336 , pl . lxix - xcii ; 2 ( 5 ) : pp . 1 - 96 , pl . xciii - cxvi ; 1883 : 2 ( 6 ) : pp . 97 - 176 , pl . cxvii - cxxxii ; 2 ( 7 ) : pp . 177 - 272 , pl . cxxxiii - cxlviii ; 1884 : 2 ( 8 ) : pp . 273 - 368 , pl . cxlix - clxxix .
dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
koken , e . 1884 . über fisch - otolithen , insbesondere über die jenigen der norddeutschen oligocän - ablagerungen . z . dt . geol ges . , 36 ( 3 ) : 500 - 565 , pl . ix - xii .
linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturae , ed . x , vol . 1 , 824 pp . nantes & pisces : pp . 230 - 338 . ( reprint , 1956 , london . )
lozano y rey , l . 1952 . peces fisoclistos , subserie toracicos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cien . nat . , primate parte , 14 : pp . xv + 1 - 378 , fig . 1 - 20 , pl . i - xxx ; segunda parte , 14 : pp . 379 - 705 , fig . 21 - 31 , pl . xxi - li .
montalenti , g . 1937 . maenidae , mullidae , sciaenidae , cepolidae in uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 : 383 - 412 , fig . 263 - 277 , pl . xxxi - xxxiii .
moreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .
poll , m . 1947 . poissons marins in faune de belgique . bruxelles , 452 pp . , 267 fig . , 2 pl . , 2 maps n . num . ( inset ) .
sanz echeverria , j . 1926 . datos sobre el otolito , sagitta de los peces de españa . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . , 26 ( 1 ) : pp . 145 - 160 , 71 fig .
sanz echeverria , j . 1936 . otolitos del genere mullus . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . , 36 : 345 - 361 , 2 fig . , 2 pl .
soljan , t . 1948 . fauna i flora jadrana . 1 . ribe inst . oceanogr . ribarst . jugoslavia . zagreb , hrvatske , 437 pp . , 1350 fig .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .


the caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

it is found in the cayman islands , colombia ( san andrés island ) , honduras ( bay islands ) , jamaica , and mexico ( yucatán peninsula ) .

it has been introduced to new providence in the bahamas .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and heavily degraded former forest .

caribbean dove

jamaican dove , violet dove , white - bellied dove , white - fronted dove .
dove information . . . index of dove species . . . photos of the different dove species for identification
the caribbean dove is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the population of the caribbean dove is considered to be stable . there are no known conservation measures in place for this species ( 4 ) .
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hybrid pigeon . father : collared doves x laughing dove cock . mother : racing pigeon hen
populations also occur on the caribbean islands of caymans , jamaica , and turks and caicos .
breeding occurs from march to may when the female caribbean dove lays a clutch of two white eggs . the nest is typically a fragile platform of twigs , which is lined with rootlets and placed in a dense low tree or shrub , usually no more than three metres above the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the caribbean dove is also known to occasionally nest on the ground ( 2 ) .
the caribbean doves ( leptotila jamaicensis ) - also commonly referred to as violet doves , jamaican doves , white - fronted doves or white - bellied doves - are found in mexico and several caribbean islands .
generally found in semi - arid habitat , the caribbean dove inhabits primary and secondary forest up to elevations of 2 , 000 metres . it typically favours lowland areas with shrub or tree cover , such as scrub or woodland . the caribbean dove is also found in the dry limestone forests and the montane forest of the blue mountains in jamaica , and is commonly observed in gardens and orchards throughout its range ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the caribbean dove feeds on seeds , small fruits , insects , larvae and small snails ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . generally , the caribbean dove is found alone or in pairs on the forest floor . it forages for prey among the leaf litter , or along the edges of woodland , and , less commonly , in more open habitats . this species shows an unusual preference for walking on the ground rather than flying , and it will typically only fly to a low perch when it is disturbed ( 3 ) .
they are easily identified in the caribbean region by their conspicuous iridescent purple , rosy to bronze - green feathers on the neck sides and the nape .
conspicuous iridescent purple to bronze - green feathers on the hindneck of the caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) make it a fairly distinctive island inhabitant in the caribbean region . the forehead , face and throat of this species are white , becoming blue - grey on the crown and back of the neck . the sides of the neck and breast are rosy pink to pinkish - white . the upperparts are typically greyish olive - brown , contrasting with white underparts and reddish - brown underwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . there is often a bold white band on the front of the folded wing ( 2 ) . the tail of the caribbean dove has black feathers outer feathers and a white band across the bottom , which is broken in the middle by the central pair of grey - brown tail feathers . the bill is black , slightly greyer at the base , and the legs and feet are red . the caribbean dove has dull reddish - purple skin around the eyes , and the iris is white or whitish - yellow , often with a red ring ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the female caribbean dove has much duller iridescence on the back of the neck compared to the male . the juvenile is also duller and lacks the iridescence . the wing - coverts and the feathers on the shoulder of the juvenile are typically edged with red , and the neck and breast have pale reddish - brown bars ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the caribbean doves are about 11 . 5 - 13 inches ( 29 - 33 cm ) long - including the tail ; and weigh 4 . 1 - 6 . 7 oz ( 117 - 190 g ) .
four subspecies of the caribbean dove are recognised . leptotila jamaicensis gaumeri is slightly smaller than the other subspecies and more olive - brown , with reduced iridescence on the hindneck and darker pink on the breast . leptotila jamaicensis collaris is slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies leptotila jamaicensis jamaicensis , but is otherwise similar in appearance , while leptotila jamaicensis neoxena also has reduced iridescence on the neck and the underparts are more deeply washed with pink ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
white - tipped dove ( leptotila verreauxi ) from southernmost texas in the usa through mexico and central america south to western peru and central argentina ; head is vinaceous grey with paler forehead ; the chest and flanks are pale vinaceous grey turning white on the belly .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the locally common and resident ( non - migratory ) caribbean doves inhabit the bahamas , yucatán peninsula and several adjacent mexican offshore islands ( including cozumel ) and the countries of belize and honduras ( bay islands ) , and the colombian island of san andrés off the nicaraguan coast .
caribbean doves feed on seeds , small fruits , insects , larvae and small snails . they readily take advantage of bird feeders in gardens or forage alone , in pairs or small family groups on the forest floor , but will also remove fruits and nuts from trees or shrubs .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1997 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 4 : sandgrouse to cuckoos . lynx edicions , barcelona .
gibbs , d . , barnes , e . and cox , j . ( 2000 ) pigeons and doves : a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . pica press , a & c black publishers ltd , london .
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id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 71 side a track 57 seq . a )
the recording was filtered to a frequency 8000hz so the background noise ( insects , leafs and wind ) wouldn ' t get in the way , since the song of the bird was barely audible .
the habitat was outside a mangrove , inside a patch of trees and bushes .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
( lawrence , 1885 ) – se mexico ( n yucatán peninsula and islands of holbox , mujeres and cozumel ) , ne belize ( ambergris cay ) , and honduran islands of barbareta , roatán and little hog .
( cory , 1887 ) – san andrés i ( off ce nicaragua ) .
29–33 cm ; 117–190 g . forehead , face and throat white becoming grey on hindcrown and iridescent purple on nape ; mantle and sides of neck rosy vinaceous , . . .
song is a rather rhythmic series of four mournful monotonous notes , with emphasis on the last one “ . . .
typically in semi - arid habitat , preferring areas with some shrub or tree cover , usually in lowlands . . .
in jamaica , seeds identified include those of orange , naseberry and red birch ; small snails also sometimes taken . forages on the ground .
season mar–may . nest placed in tree or shrub , seldom high above ground ; in jamaica , found in logwood trees or in low bushes ; ground . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to fairly common in mexican part of range ; locally common in jamaica and on w side of san andrés i ; uncommon on grand . . .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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rolando chavez , mikko pyhälä , hal and kirsten snyder , josep del hoyo , ken simonite , rich bayldon , ken havard , dave irving .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : leptotila jamaicensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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leptotila jamaicensis gaumeri : n yucatán , mujeres , holbox , cozumel and is . off honduras
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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they are usually found on the ground in semi - arid , lowland forests up to elevations of 6 , 560 feet ( 2 , 000 meters ) . they are also common in gardens , especially with bird feeders , and orchards , where they feed on fruits .
found in the dry limestone and montane forest regions of jamaica . introduced to new providence in the bahamas .
range : southeastern mexico in the northern yucatán peninsula , on the islands of holbox , mujeres and cozumel , northeastern belize ( ambergris cay - part of the turks and caicos islands ) , and honduran islands of barbareta , roatán and little hog .
id : slightly smaller ; plumage more olive - brown with reduced iridescence on the hindneck and darker pink on the chest .
range : western side of the san andrés island off the central eastern coast of nicaragua .
id : reduced iridescence on the neck ; the upper plumage is deeply washed with pink .
the back and wings are largely olive - brown with a grey crown and the chest is pale greyish / rosy , turning white on the abdomen and undertail feathers . the forehead , face and throat are whitish turning blue - grey on the crown and back of the neck ,
the irises are yellowish , often with a red ring around them . the eyes are surrounded with dull dark reddish - purple skin .
the bill is blackish , slightly greyer at the base . the legs and feet are red .
some have a white band on the front of the folded wing . the black outer tail feathers have a white band across the bottom , which is broken in the middle by the central pair of grey - brown tail feathers .
females look similar to the males ; but have a duller iridescence on the back of the neck .
immature birds have a duller plumage and lack the iridescence of the adults . their wing - coverts ( feathers ) and the feathers on the shoulder are typically edged with red , and there are pale reddish - brown bars on the neck and chest .
foraging is usually done on the ground among the leaf litter or along the edges of woodland .
most breeding occurs between march and may . pairs are monogamous . males seeking to attract females perform courtship displays during which they tilt the head and expand the feathers of the neck and chest while they softly call out to the females .
the nests are fairly large and generally consist of fragile platforms of fine twigs , lined with rootlets placed in a dense low tree or shrub - usually no more than 10 feet ( 3 meters ) above the ground . although , on occasion , they have nested on the ground .
the average clutch consists of 2 white eggs that are incubated for about 14 days .
their calls are described as deep hollow ooo - wooooo - ou coo or whuhu oo ooo or hoo coo hoo - ooo vocalizations .
chinese : ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : holub karibský . . . danish : cariberjorddue . . . dutch : witbuikduif . . . estonian : kariibi manteltuvi . . . finnish : karibianjuoksukyyhky . . . french : colombe de jamaïque , colombe de la jamaïque . . . german : jamaicataube , jamaikataube . . . italian : tortora caraibica , tortora ventrebianco della giamaica . . . japanese : shiroharashakobato . . . norwegian : karibdue . . . polish : golebik duzy , go ? ? bik du ? y . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : holubec karibský . . . spanish : paloma caribeña , paloma montaraz jamaicana , paloma montaraz jamaiquina , tórtola caribeña . . . swedish : vitbukad duva
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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draco guentheri , commonly known as günther 's flying lizard or guenther 's flying lizard , is a species of agamid " flying dragon " endemic to the philippines .

draco guentheri

draco guentheri boulenger 1885 : 257 draco rizali wandolleck 1900 : 15 draco rizali — taylor 1922 : 115 draco volans reticulatus — hennig 1936 ( part . ) draco volans — inger 1983 : 2 ( part . ) draco reticulatus — gaulke 1993 draco guentheri — mcguire & alcala 2000 : 100 draco guentheri — mcguire & kiew 2001
draco lizards , draco lizard pictures , draco lizard facts - - national . . .
this species was originally described in 1885 by the belgian - british zoologist george albert boulenger , who named it draco guentheri .
mcguire ja , alcala ac . 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138 . ( draco guentheri , p . 100 ) .
little is known about the natural history of draco guentheri . mcguire and alcala ( 2000 ) found this species in secondary - growth forest and on coconut trees adjacent to forest near the malagos eagle station , mindanao island .
in 1936 hennig considered this lizard to be part of what he called a subspecies , draco volans reticulatus . in 1993 gaulke raised it to full species status . and most recently , in 2000 , mcguire and alcala once again recognized boulenger ' s original draco guentheri as a valid species .
draco rizali and other lesser known facts about rizal | nation , news . . .
draco guentheri is known from the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao , sanga sanga , siasi , and siminul ( taylor , 1918 , 1922 ; gaulke , 1993 , 1995 ) . the species is known primarily from the zamboanga region of mindanao and from the sulu archipelago .
draco guentheri has been observed in sympatry with d . bimaculatus , d . cyanopterus , and d . mindanensis , but is often considered uncommon relative to d . bimaculatus and d . cyanopterus ( mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) . at san roque and cabala , widely spaced localities in the eastern half of mindanao characterized by open coconut groves , d . guentheri was not found ( mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) . taylor ( 1918 , 1922 ) indicated that d . guentheri is the common species of the sulu archipelago and because it has been collected within the confines of the city of zamboanga , it seems likely that the species does occur in open habitats such as coconut groves in the western portion of its range ( text take from mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) .
herre , albert w . ( 1958 ) .
on the gliding of flying lizards , genus draco
.
hennig , w . 1936 . revision der gattung draco ( agamidae ) . temminckia , leiden 1 : 153 - 220
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than draco .
hennig , w . ( 1936 ) revision der gattung draco ( agamidae ) . : temminckia , leiden 1 : 153 - 220
boulenger g . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . second edition . volume i . geckonidæ , eublepharidæ , uroplatidæ , pygopodidæ , agamidæ . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xii + 436 pp . + plates i - xxxii . ( draco guentheri , pp . 257 - 258 + plate xx , figure 2 ) .
herre , albert w . ( 1958 ) .
on the gliding of flying lizards , genus draco
. copeia 1958 ( 4 ) : 338–339 . jstor 1439979 .
wandolleck , b . ( 1900 ) zur kenntnis der gattung draco l . : abhandlungen und berichte des königlichen zoologischen und anthropologischn - ethnologischen museums zu dresden 9 : 1 - 16
wandolleck , b . 1900 . zur kenntnis der gattung draco l . abhandlungen und berichte des königlichen zoologischen und anthropologischn - ethnologischen museums zu dresden 9 : 1 - 16 - get paper here
inger , r . f . ( 1983 ) morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . : fieldiana : zoology , new ser . 18 : vi , 1 - 35
inger , r . f . 1983 . morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . fieldiana : zoology , new ser . 18 : vi , 1 - 35 - get paper here
inger , robert f . ( 1983 ) . morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . chicago : field museum of natural history . ( fieldiana zoology , new series , no . 18 ) .
mcguire , jimmy a . & heang , kiew bong ( 2001 ) phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . : biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203–229
mcguire , jimmy a . & heang , kiew bong 2001 . phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203–229 - get paper here
mcguire , j . a . and heang , k . b . 2001 . phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203–229 .
mcguire , jimmy a . and angel c . alcala ( 2000 ) a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . : herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138
mcguire , j . a . and alcala , a . c . 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs : 81 - 138 .
mcguire , jimmy a . and angel c . alcala 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138 - get paper here
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( draco beccarii , p . 21 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( draco beccarii , p . 21 ) .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , diferentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . stockholm : l . salvius . 824 pp . ( genus draco , p . 199 ) .
mcguire , j . a . ; dudley , r . ( 2011 ) .
the biology of gliding in flying lizards ( genus draco ) and their fossil and extant analogs
. integrative and comparative biology 51 ( 6 ) : 983–90 . doi : 10 . 1093 / icb / icr090 . pmid 21798987 .
goin cj , goin ob , zug gr . 1978 . introduction to herpetology , third edition . san francisco : w . h . freeman & company . xi + 378 pp . isbn 0 - 7167 - 0020 - 4 . ( genus draco , pp . 41 , 86 , 112 , 279 , 288 ) .
a phylogenetic framework of relationships among species was generated in 2001 . ongoing research includes biogeographical studies of the radiation , as well as flight mechanics and evolution , and prediction of gliding performance and capabilities of now extinct permian and triassic reptiles that share similar morphological adaptations for flight with the draco lizards ( mcguire and dudley 2011 ; mcguire and heang 2001 ; mcguire and dudley 2005 ) .
named after albert günther ( 1830 - 1914 ) , german - born zoologist at the british museum .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
beukema , w . 2011 . herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here
gaulke m . 1995 . der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . natur und museum 125 : 217 - 226
obst , f . j . 1977 . die herpetologische sammlung des staatlichen museums für tierkunde dresden und ihre typusexemplare . zool . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 34 : 171 - 186 .
taylor , e . h . 1922 . the lizards of the philippine islands . department of agriculture and natural resources , bureau of science , government of the philippine islands , manila , publication no . 17 : 269 pp . - get paper here
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justification : listed as least concern since , although its extent of occurrence is possibly less than 20 , 000 km² , it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population , and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is endemic to the philippines , where it has been recorded from the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao ( including atypical specimens from malagos and mount apo ) , sanga - sanga , siasi and simunul ; and is possibly present on the island of tawi - tawi . it ranges from sea level to about 1 , 500 m asl .
mcguire and alcala ( 2000 ) , report that this species has previously been found to be common in the sulu archipelago , and note that it is likely to remain common in view of its adaptability to modified habitats . it is a very common inhabitant of coconut groves and trees in cultivated areas of the zamboanga peninsula ( m . gaulke pers . obs . 2006 / 2007 ) , and was very common on several visited islands of the sulu - archipeligo at the beginning of 1990s ( m . gaulke pers . comm . 2008 ) . the population of this species may be increasing with the conversion of closed forest to more suitable open habitats .
populations of this species have been found in second growth forest and in coconut groves adjacent to secondary forest . it is an oviparous species .
there appear to be no major threats to this species . it is possible that some local declines have occurred through the use of pesticides , however , this requires verification .
this species has been recorded from the malagos watershed protected area , and may be present in additional protected areas . further taxonomic studies are needed into this species as a whole .
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listed as least concern since , although its extent of occurrence is possibly less than 20 , 000 km , it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population , and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
it is found on the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao , sanga - sanga , siasi , and simunul .
, thereby creating a synonym . rizal ' s specimens , subsequently , were destroyed during the
fadul , josé a . , ed . ( 2007 ) . encyclopedia rizaliana : student edition . lulu . p . 32 . isbn 1430311428 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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boulenger , g . a . , 1885 : null . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) , vol . 1 . 436 .
beukema , w . ( 2011 ) herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . : salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98
boulenger , g . a . ( 1885 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . : london : 450 pp .
gaulke m . ( 1993 ) beobachtungen an flugdrachen auf dem sulu - archipel . : salamandra 28 : 251 - 257
gaulke m . ( 1995 ) der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . : natur und museum 125 : 217 - 226
obst , f . j . ( 1977 ) die herpetologische sammlung des staatlichen museums für tierkunde dresden und ihre typusexemplare . : zool . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 34 : 171 - 186 .
taylor , e . h . ( 1922 ) the lizards of the philippine islands . : department of agriculture and natural resources , bureau of science , government of the philippine islands , manila , publication no . 17 : 269 pp .
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flying dragon
redirects here . for other uses , see flying dragon ( disambiguation ) .
. the ribs and their connecting membrane may be extended to create a wing , the hindlimbs are flattened and wing - like in cross - section , and a small set of flaps on the neck serve as a horizontal stabilizers .
. while not capable of powered flight they often obtain lift in the course of their gliding flights . glides as long as
. she descends the tree she is on and makes a nest hole by forcing her head into the soil . she then lays 2–5 eggs before filling the hole . she guards the eggs for approximately 24 hours , but then leaves and has nothing more to do with her offspring .
linnaeus derived the name of this genus from the latin term for mythological dragons .
piper , ross ( 2007 ) , extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals , greenwood press .
. san francisco : w . h . freeman & company . xi + 378 pp . isbn 0 - 7167 - 0020 - 4 . ( genus
systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , diferentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 23 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
. while not capable of powered flight they often obtain lift in the course of their gliding flights . glides as long as 60 m ( 200 ft ) have been recorded , over which the animal loses only 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height , which is quite some distance , considering that one of these lizards is only around 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in ) in total length ( tail included ) .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 3 . artificial / terrestrial - plantations suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 4 . artificial / terrestrial - rural gardens suitability : unknown
2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management
1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
gaulke , m . 1993 . beobachtungen an flugdrachen auf dem sulu - archipel . salamandra 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 251 - 257 .
gaulke , m . 1995 . der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . natur and museum 125 ( 7 ) : 217 - 226 .
iucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .
taylor , e . h . 1922 . the lizards of the philippine islands . philippines bureau of science publication 17 : 1 - 269 .