the large-headed whiting , sillago megacephalus , is a dubious species of coastal marine fish in the smelt-whiting family that has only been recorded from one specimen captured off the coast of china in 1933 .

although very similar to sillago sihama , the species is characterised by an unusually large head which accounts for 33 % of the total body length .

large - headed whiting

crotch -
zimmermann ' s large - headed lady
- e . us
horn -
horn ' s large - headed lady
- southmost texas , az to s . ca
a large - headed elongated fish with long jaws and strong teeth . it is a valuable commercial food fish .
the large - headed seasnake occurs in the northern great barrier reef marine park ( fry et al . 2001 ) .
the warge - headed whiting is one of 29 species in de genus siwwago , which is one of dree divisions of de smewt whiting famiwy siwwaginidae . the smewt - whitings are perciformes in de suborder percoidei . [ 1 ]
‘the main catches have been monk , megs , hake whiting and haddock . ’
whiting whiting , ( species gadus , or merlangius , merlangus ) , common marine food fish of the cod family , gadidae . the whiting is found in european waters and is especially abundant in the north sea . it is carnivorous and feeds on invertebrates and small fishes . ……
more specifically , the large - headed seasnake is active at night . as such , it is more likely to be caught during trawling at night than during the day ( milton 2001 ) .
annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date .
‘cod , hake , whiting , mackerel and skate as well as shellfish were pulled from the sea . ’
grenadier grenadier , any of about 300 species of abundant deep - sea fishes of the family macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions . the typical grenadier is a large - headed fish with a tapered body ending in a long , ratlike tail bordered……
the onwy known specimen of warge - headed whiting was taken from taiwanese waters , wif no oder records known of , and no information of de habitat or depf de species wives at avaiwabwe . aspects of de species biowogy and importance to fisheries are compwetewy unknown at de present .
milton ( 2001 ) estimated that this species takes longer to reach sexual maturity than most other sea snakes in australia ( more than two years ) . this estimation was made using data on the size of large - headed seasnakes caught during trawling and the probability of breeding prior to capture .
the large - headed seasnake is one of the three least frequently caught species ( ward 2000 ) and its rarity makes it very difficult to assess changes in its population . however , its rate of capture appears to have decreased between the late 1980s and 2000 ( milton 2001 ; stobutzki et al . 2000 ) .
the large - headed seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region . see schedule 2 of the north marine bioregional plan ( dsewpac 2012x ) for regional advice . the
species group report card - marine reptiles
for the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region provides additional information .
‘experts want a total ban on cod , whiting and hake fishing in the irish sea , a measure that would affect about a fifth of the irish fishing industry . ’
the large - headed seasnake is restricted to northern australia ( cogger 1996 ) , including areas of the gulf of carpentaria , the coast of the northern territory , and the hey , embley and mission rivers near weipa on cape york ( milton 2001 ; porter et al . 1997 ; t . m . ward 2002 pers . comm . ) .
‘the bulk of the diet of large congers is made up of small fish , from cod and hake in deep water to mackerel and herring in shallow water . ’
the large - headed seasnake has been caught during trawling in open water up to 50 m deep on the northern australian continental shelf , and in rivers on cape york ( porter et al . 1997 ; ward 2000 ) . this species primarily occurs where the sea bed consists of soft sediments , such as that used for prawn trawling ( milton 2001 ) .
‘the name , originally a german word , was a general one for any dried white fish , most often cod , but also pollack , whiting , hake , and others . ’
according to milton ( 2001 ) , the large - headed seasnake is the most susceptible to declines from over - fishing of any australian species of sea snake . this is because it is rare , restricted to the gulf of carpentaria and nearby regions , highly vulnerable to trawling , and has a particularly low reproductive rate ( due to its late age at maturity ) .
‘not only will the cuts apply to cod but will apply also to associated species such as whiting , haddock , sole , saithe , monk , plaice , prawns , hake and megrim . ’
( linnaeus ) -
cactus lady
- dorsal spots may be large or small , it ' s the vental pattern that ' s diagnostic . widely dist . across s . us
sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay .
sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date /  by roland j . mckay .
as part of a bycatch risk assessment and mitigation document ( milton et al . 2008 ) , the research and trawl data available on sea snakes in northern australia since 1976 was gathered and analyzed to identify species specific distribution and catch rates . the large - headed seasnake was found to be one of the two species with a restricted distribution around the south and south - west gulf of carpentaria ( milton et al . 2008 ) .
sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay . - version details - trove
guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .
historically , the large - headed seasnake comprised 0 . 4 % of the bycatch of sea snakes captured during trawling for banana prawns and tiger / endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf ( ward 1996b ) . in addition , the species counted for 3 % of the sea snakes caught during the early northern prawn fishery observer program between 1996 and 1998 , and 1 % caught during research trawling operations on the great barrier reef between 1992 and 1995 ( fry et al . 2001 ) .
paracanthopterygian paracanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian……
frogfish frogfish , any of about 60 species of small marine fishes of the family antennariidae ( order lophiiformes ) , usually found in shallow , tropical waters . frogfishes are robust , rather lumpy fishes with large mouths and , often , prickly skins . the largest species……
hake hake , ( genus merluccius ) , any of several large marine fishes of the cod family , gadidae . they are sometimes classed as a separate family , merlucciidae , because of skeletal differences in the skull and ribs . hakes are elongated , largeheaded fishes with……
adriano , g . , n . vandenberg , j . mchugh , j . forrester , s . slipinski , k . miller , l . shapiro , m . whiting . 2009 . the evolution of food preferences in coccinellidae . biological control 51 ( 2 ) : 215 - 231 .
cod cod , ( genus gadus ) , large and economically important marine fish of the family gadidae . the species gadus morhua is found on both sides of the north atlantic . a cold - water fish , it generally remains near the bottom , ranging from inshore regions to deep……
the large - headed seasnake , like most sea snakes , is viviparous , that is giving birth to live young ( cogger 2000 ) . in addition , male sea snakes have two penises called hemipenes , and each is an autonomous independently functioning penis , though only one is used during mating . mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time . the female controls her breathing and , as she swims to the surface , the male is pulled along via the hemipenis . males are unable to disengage until mating is finished ( cogger 2000 ; heatwole 1999 ) .
paracanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian fishes have been described . they range in . . .
cusk cusk , ( brosme brosme ) , long - bodied food fish of the cod family , gadidae , found along the ocean bottom in deep offshore waters on either side of the north atlantic . the cusk is a small - scaled fish with a large mouth and a barbel on its chin . it has one……
as awready noted , de warge - headed whiting is very simiwar to siwwago sihama , but has a head wengf which is 33 % of de body wengf , compared to de 27 - 30 % observed in s . sihama . the first dorsaw fin has 11 spines , whiwe de second dorsaw fin has a singwe spine and 22 soft rays . the anaw fin is simiwar wif two spines and 23 soft rays . there are about 70 wateraw wine scawes . the cowour is uniform aww over de body , wif onwy de tip of de spinous dorsaw fins bwack . [ 3 ] littwe ewse is known , incwuding swimbwadder morphowogy and vertebrae numbers . the specimen described was 158 mm in wengf . [ 4 ]
the onwy specimen of de species ever recorded was taken from paoping harbour in hainan , china in 1933 . lin recorded de new species , designating de onwy sampwe to be de howotype of de species . in preparation of a 1985 review of de siwwaginids , rowand mckay was unabwe to wocate de howotype and has presumed it to be wost . [ 2 ] mckay noted dat based on its description , aww features except an unusuawwy warge head where characteristic of de common species siwwago sihama , suggesting de s . megacephawus is actuawwy a junior synonym of s . sihama . the common name of ' warge - headed whiting ' is a straight transwation from its binomiaw name , signifying de diagnostic head wengf . [ 2 ]
mckay , r . j . , 1992 . fao species catalogue . vol . 14 . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 14 ) : 87p . ( ref . 6205 )
with 29 species , the genus sillago has the widest distribution of any smelt - whiting genus , spanning much of the indo - pacific . the genus ranges from the east coast of africa to japan in the east and southern australia in the south , with most species concentrated around south east asia , the indonesian archipelago and australia . many species have overlapping distribution , often making positive identification hard .
sea snakes that inhabit coral reefs and lagoons can be surveyed by travelling slowly ( at about four knots ) along transects in a small boat and visually identifying snakes observed within 3 m of the path of the boat . species can be distinguished by this method if the water is up to 3 m deep . at low tide , surveys can be done on foot , for example by searching the reef flat along transects that are 1000 m long and 20 m wide ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
robertson , j . a . , a . ślipiński , m . moulton , f . shockley , a . giorgi , n . p . lord , d . d . mckenna , w . tomaszewska , j . forrester , k . b . miller , m . f . whiting and j . v . mchugh . 2015 . phylogeny and classification of cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily coccinelloidea ( coleoptera : cucujiformia ) . systematic entomology . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12138
it has been suggested that , for a brd to be effective , it must enable the sea snakes to detect the reduced flow posterior to the device ( milton et al . 2009 ) . when tested , the fishbox brd was found to have a relatively large region of reduced flow posterior to the device ( heales et al . 2008 ) . the position of the brd , forward of the codend , has a large effect on the escape of bycatch ( mainly fish ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . this position , together with the total catch weight , has previously been found to have the largest effect on the survival of sea snakes ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . in addition , the length of hauls has been found to impact bycatch rates , with shorter hauls reducing the volume of bycatch ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . therefore , the placement and the design of the brd and the length of hauls are clearly areas of future research and management solutions to reduce impacts on sea snake populations .
sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae containing the smelt - whitings , and contains 29 species , making sillago the only non - monotypic genus in the family . distinguishing among sillago species can be difficult , with many similar in appearance and colour , forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature . all whiting species are benthic in nature and generally coastal fish , living in shallow , protected waters , although there are exceptions . minor fisheries exist around various species of sillago , making them of minor importance in most of their range .
milton and fry ( 2002 ) found that the bycatch reduction device ( brd ) was more effective at reducing the number of sea snakes captured during prawn trawling than either the turtle excluder device ( ted ) , or a combination of both a brd ( for example the fisheye brd ) and a ted . brds are escape grids or openings designed to enable smaller animals to swim out of the net , and teds are hard grids placed in trawl nets to exclude turtles and other large animals . these devices have two functionalities . firstly , the devices reduce the number of fish caught which decreases the weight of the catch , therefore , reducing the physical damage to sea snakes caught in the nets . secondly , the devices enable any sea snake caught , to escape ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) .
another cmo program ( called the crew member program or cmp ) was brought into effect in the queensland east coast trawl fishery ( qectf ) during july 2005october 2007 ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . as part of this program , bycatch data were collected from fisheries such as the shallow and deepwater eastern king prawn , scallop , banana prawn , redspot king prawn , north queensland tiger / endeavour prawn , black tiger prawn broodstock collection , beam trawl and stout whiting trawl fisheries . during the study from 8289 trawls , information on bycatch rates , composition and mortality was collected . a total of 3910 sea snakes were captured from the 8289 trawls . identification of the bycatch was made using digital photos taken by trained crew members . the study found that the highest catch of sea snakes was in redspot king prawn fishery , due to an overlap with sea snake habitat ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .
prawn trawling is having a large negative impact on protected sea snake populations ( milton et al . 2008 ) . in order to monitor the sea snakes in the bycatch , and their numbers , a crew member observer ( cmo ) program was established in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in 2003 . this program aims to ( inexpensively ) collect data on bycatch such as composition , catch rates and distribution during both npf tiger and banana prawn fishing seasons . the initiative requires csiro and australian fisheries management authority ( afma ) to jointly run annual industry workshops to train the crew in the identification , photographing and recording of sea snakes from bycatch . during the 20032005 seasons , 21 crew member observers on 17 vessels collected data from 7602 tiger and prawn trawls . the observers recorded 4131 sea snakes from 12 species , with over half being photographed for identification and length estimation ( milton et al . 2008 ) .
this tool lets you describe a concept and get back a list of words and phrases related to that concept . your description can be anything at all : a single word , a few words , or even a whole sentence . type in your description and hit enter ( or select a word that shows up in the autocomplete preview ) to see the related words .
. if you ' re really fond of the old system , or if you have javascript disabled in your browser , you can still access version 1 . 0
or click on the link that says
try your query on the old system
that appears at the very bottom of the results page .
, which in turn uses several linguistic resources described in the
data sources
section on that page .
for some types of searches only the first result or the first few results are likely to be useful . we urge you to click on a word to check its definition before using it in your oscars acceptance speech or honors thesis .
if you get back nothing but junk , try restating your query so that it ' s just two or three simple words . some queries are very difficult for our system . that ' s because not every dictionary indexed by onelook is used by the reverse dictionary , and our search algorithm still needs a lot of work . we ' re continually adding more references and improving the precision of the system .
) into any onelook search box , followed by your concept . if you put a
before the colon , your results will be filtered by that pattern . ( this is particularly useful for crossword puzzle help , as shown in the examples above . )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
view at ftp : /  / ftp . fao . org / fi / document / sidp / t0538e % 5f14sillaginid / t0538e00 . pdf
in order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to , you must first login or sign up . then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen .
we were unable to find this edition in any bookshop we are able to search .
you also may like to try some of these bookshops , which may or may not sell this item .
separate different tags with a comma . to include a comma in your tag , surround the tag with double quotes .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .
barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 58 specimens . . .
barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .
northwest pacific : japan , korea , china , and taiwan . possibly to the philippines . . . .
indian ocean : east and west coast of india . very similar in . . .
eastern indian ocean : india and thailand . sillago intermedius is similar to . . .
northwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym . . .
northwest pacific : gulf of tonkin and china . this species is rare . . .
indo - west pacific : india and sri lanka ; northern australia from exmouth gulf , . . .
sillago sihama ( forsskål , 1775 ) mediterranean sea : 12900 - 772 ( 1 . . .
northwest pacific : taiwan . this new species is known only from the . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the genus sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae , itself part of the percoidea , a suborder of the perciformes . the name sillago was first coined by famed taxonomist georges cuvier as a genus for his newly described species , sillago acuta , which was later found to be a junior synonym of s . sihama . john richardson placed the genus , along with sillaginodes and sillaginopsis in a family , which he named the sillaginidae in 1846 . many species , both valid and invalid were added to the genus , and it was not until 1985 when roland mckay of the queensland museum published a revision of the family sillaginidae that the complex relationships between these names was cleared up . mckay further divided sillago into three subgenera based primarily on the morphology of the swim bladder .
these subgenera are not universally accepted ; for example , fishbase does not currently use them .
the name sillago is derived from a locality or region within australia , possibly after sillago reef near whitsunday island in queensland .
this is an exhaustive list of all species currently considered valid by fishbase , itself based on roland mckay ' s 1992 fao synopsis of the sillaginidae .
all species in the genus sillago are similar to other members of the sillaginidae family in profile , with the distinctive compressed , long , tapering body common to all species . the definitive characteristic for sillago is the presence of a swim bladder , in all but one case ( sillago chondropus ) having a duct - like process from the ventral surface to near the anus . their swim bladders are often complex , further distinguishing them from the genera sillaginodes and sillaginopsis ( which often lacks a swim bladder entirely ) .
members of the genus usually have a silver to gold - brown colour depending on their habitat , with shallow sand flat fish having a more silver appearance , while estuary and silt bottom dwellers having a darker brown colour .
sillagos are generally coastal fish , inhabiting a variety of shallow water habitats including open sand flats , muddy substrates and beaches with moderately strong wave action . some species enter estuaries and even penetrate fresh water for considerable periods , especially during vulnerable stages of their life cycle . shallow water of a few centimetres is also occupied by juvenile sillagos , especially in the vicinity of cover such as seagrass beds or mangroves . a few species are known to inhabit deeper offshore waters , with fish known from trawls up to 180 m ( 600 ft ) deep .
various species of sillago represent minor local fisheries in their ranges , with many having commercial importance . fish are taken by a variety of methods including seine , gill and cast nets as well as by line . recreational fishing for sillago is common , especially in australia where they are valued as food fish or for live bait for larger species . estuarine aquaculture in india , japan and taiwan has utilized sillagos as an important species , and similar trials have been conducted in australia . they can be very delicious when deep fried .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
‘some of the fish should be firm - fleshed and gelatinous like halibut , eel , and winter flounder , and some tender and flaky like hake , baby cod , small pollock , and lemon sole . ’
‘but if you can ' t find the best cod , then use chunky hake , haddock or sea bass fillets instead . ’
‘fish such as hake , cod , tuna , swordfish , sole and sea bass could be on - grown by a ship restocking spanish waters according to those behind the project . ’
‘the bulletin said the contraction during the fourth quarter was reflected in the species such as demersal hake , horse mackerel and rock lobster . ’
‘it is only found in the muscles of amphibians and many fish species such as hake , yellowtail and pilchard . ’
‘except for the poor appearance of the very valuable demersal species , hake , monk , kingklip and sole , the vessels also experience a lot of trouble with the ever - growing number of seals in namibian waters . ’
‘the only other fish with three distinct dorsal fins are hakes and cods . ’
‘the latest hamper included fresh turbot , hake and cod from aberdeen fish market as well as arbroath smokies , smoked salmon and kippers . ’
‘the main species harvested are hake , horse mackerel and pilchard , whilst other species such as monk , anchovy , tuna and sole also contribute to this sector . ’
‘ask your fishmonger what is best for grilling at this time of year - some suggestions are salmon , haddock , tuna , trout , hake , cod . ’
‘other species to be avoided include hake , monkfish , halibut , skate , blue ling , sea bass and shark because they are all threatened species , the guide says . ’
‘the hake industry is , commercially , the most valuable fishing industry in namibia . ’
‘experts warn that continued intensive fishing would mean stocks of cod as well as other popular fish like hake and haddock might never recover . ’
‘asked for his comment , he said it was true that many of south africa ' s quality products ranging from hake to chokka to fruit were exported for high prices . ’
‘like all export related industries , the hake industry has been negatively affected by the strong local currency reducing the amount of money earned . ’
‘they resemble the true hakes in having two dorsal fins and one anal fin and no barbel . ’
‘contraventions of the act related to catching crayfish , hake and toothfish without a permit and offloading catches without inspectors present . ’
stay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .
in this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .
archaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .
anglerfish anglerfish , any of about 210 species of marine fishes of the order lophiiformes . anglers are named for their method of “fishing” for their prey . the foremost spine of the dorsal fin is located on the head and is modified into a “fishing rod” tipped with……
batfish batfish , any of about 60 species of fishes of the family ogcocephalidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas . batfishes have broad , flat heads and slim bodies and are covered with hard lumps and spines . some species have an elongated , ……
beardfish beardfish , any of the five species of fishes in the genus polymixia constituting the family polymixiidae ( order polymixiiformes ) . beardfishes are restricted primarily to deep - sea marine habitats in tropical and temperate regions of the atlantic and pacific……
bib bib , common fish of the cod family , gadidae , found in the sea along european coastlines . the bib is a rather deep - bodied fish with a chin barbel , three close - set dorsal fins , and two close - set anal fins . it usually grows no longer than about 30 cm ( 12……
brotula brotula , any of about 200 to 220 species of marine fishes placed by some authorities with the cusk eels in the family ophidiidae , and separated by others as the family brotulidae . brotulas are primarily deep - sea fishes , although some inhabit shallow waters……
burbot burbot , ( lota lota ) , elongated fish of the cod family , gadidae , and the only member of the family found in fresh water . the burbot lives in cold rivers and lakes of europe , asia , and north america . a bottom dweller , it descends as deep as 210 metres ( 700……
cave fish cave fish , any of the pale , blind , cave - dwelling fishes of the genera amblyopsis and typhlichthys , family amblyopsidae . cave fishes are small , growing to about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long , and are found in fresh water in dark limestone caves of the united states . ……
clingfish clingfish , any of more than 150 species of small fishes of the family gobiesocidae ( order perciformes ) . clingfishes are characterized by a strong suction disk located on the undersurface and formed by the pelvic fins and adjacent folds of flesh . they……
cusk eel cusk eel , , any of about 30 species of slim , eel - like marine fishes of the family ophidiidae , found worldwide in warm and temperate waters . cusk eels are characterized by the union of their dorsal , anal , and tail fins into a single long fin , and by the……
eelpout eelpout , any of more than 250 species of elongated marine fishes of the family zoarcidae , found in cold waters and abundant in arctic and antarctic regions . eelpouts are thick - lipped , eel - shaped fishes with the dorsal and anal fins connected around the……
goosefish goosefish , , any of about 25 species of anglerfishes of the family lophiidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas around the world . goosefishes are soft and flabby with wide , flattened heads and slender , tapering bodies . they may grow……
haddock haddock , ( melanogrammus aeglefinus ) , valuable north atlantic food fish of the cod family , gadidae , that is often smoked and sold as “finnan haddie . ” the haddock is a bottom dweller and a carnivore , feeding on invertebrates and some fishes . it resembles……
ling ling , ( molva molva ) , in zoology , commercially valuable marine fish of the cod family ( gadidae ) , found in deep northern waters near iceland , the british isles , and scandinavia . the ling is a slim , long - bodied fish with small scales , a long anal fin , and……
pearlfish pearlfish , any of about 32 species of slim , eel - shaped marine fishes of the family carapidae noted for living in the bodies of sea cucumbers , pearl oysters , starfishes , and other invertebrates . pearlfishes are primarily tropical and are found around the……
pirate perch pirate perch , ( aphredoderus sayanus ) , freshwater fish that is the sole member of the family aphredoderidae . the pirate perch is found in weedy or muddy creeks , rivers , and lakes of eastern north america . noteworthy is the peculiar position of its anus , ……
pollock pollock , , ( pollachius , or gadus , virens ) , north atlantic fish of the cod family , gadidae . it is known as saithe , or coalfish , in europe . the pollock is an elongated fish , deep green with a pale lateral line and a pale belly . it has a small chin barbel……
toadfish toadfish , any of about 80 species of bottom - living fishes constituting the family batrachoididae and the order batrachoidiformes . they are found chiefly in the new world and mostly in warm seas—occasionally in freshwater . toadfishes are heavy - bodied fishes……
trout - perch trout - perch , , either of two species of small , dark - spotted fishes of the genus percopsis ( family percopsidae ) , found in freshwaters of north america . the larger species , p . omiscomaycus , grows about 15 cm ( 6 inches ) long and is found in central north……
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
your igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .
the international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .
© 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012 ) .
( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
listed as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
national : listed as a marine species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
the species is considered to be rare . it is known only from scattered localities , and is rarely caught ( cogger 1996 ; milton 2001 ; porter et al 1997 ) .
sea snakes are air breathing reptiles and must come to the surface to breathe , however they can spend from 30 minutes to two hours diving between breaths . they have one elongate cylindrical lung that extends for almost the entire length of their body which is very efficient for gas exchange . they also carry out cutaneous respiration whereby oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake ' s skin into the blood . the waste product , carbon dioxide , is then diffused out of the snake ' s body , via the skin ( heatwole 1999 ) .
sea snakes have nostril valves that prevent air entering the lung while underwater . nostril valves open inwards and are held shut from behind by erectile tissue engorged with blood ( heatwole 1999 ) .
sea snakes are able to avoid excess salt accumulation from sea water using a salt excreting gland , known as the posterior sublingual gland , which sits under the tongue . sea snakes shed their skin every two to six weeks , which is more frequently than land snakes and more often than needed for growth alone . the process involves rubbing the lips against coral or other hard substrate to loosen the skin . the snake ' s skin is then anchored to the substrate as it crawls forward , leaving the skin turned inside out behind it . skin shedding allows sea snakes to rid themselves of fouling marine organisms such as algae , barnacles and bryozoans ( heatwole 1999 ) .
sixteen devices were tested during a 1998 study ( brewer et al . 1998 ) . brewer and colleagues ( 1998 ) found that the most effective brds , for most sea snakes , were the austed and nordmore grids with square mesh windows . these devices reduced the rate of sea snake capture from one every second tow to one every four or five tows , thus , reducing sea snake bycatch by up to 50 % ( milton et al . 2009 ) . all other devices resulted in capture rates that were equal to , or slightly higher than , standard trawler net figures . the austed and nordmore grids were found to be most effective when they were located within 50 meshes of the drawstrings and well within the maximum distance required by australian law ( 120 meshes ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . a mesh pertains to a square of line in the net , one mesh being equal to one square of netting .
during the cmo project ( 20032005 ) , the species had a significantly lower survival rate than most other species in the npf ( milton et al . 2009 ) .
this cmo program has been used in conjunction with logbooks , requested industry collections , scientific observers and fishery - independent surveys for long term bycatch monitoring solutions , and reflects the npf ' s commitment to the sustainability of all species impacted by their fishing activities ( milton et al . 2008 ) .
brewer and colleagues ( 2006 ) found that there was no decrease in sea snake bycatch in the npf when the brd was placed at a distance of 120 meshes from the drawstring . this distance is the maximum allowable distance under australian law ( milton et al . 2009 ) . fishers installing their brds closer to the codend , ( that is , at approximately 70 meshes from the drawstring ) found that bycatch of sea snakes and fish was substantially reduced with negligible prawn loss ( heales et al . 2008 ) .
during the cmo program , cmos and scientific observers found that the ' popeye ' fishbox brd showed the greatest reduction ( 87 % ) in sea snake catch rates and overall bycatch by weight ( 48 % ) when compared to other brd types ( milton et al . 2009 ; raudzens 2006 ) . in addition , the commonly used fisheye brd was also found to have good exclusion ( 43 % reduction in bycatch by weight ) when placed at a distance of 66 meshes from the drawstring ( milton et al . 2009 ) . where sea snake mortality is high , more recent studies have suggested that the device should be placed closer to the drawstring , that is , 50 meshes ( courtney et al . 2010 )
marine bioregional plans have been developed for four of australia ' s marine regions - south - west , north - west , north and temperate east . marine bioregional plans will help improve the way decisions are made under the epbc act , particularly in relation to the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of our oceans and their resources by our marine - based industries . marine bioregional plans improve our understanding of australia ' s oceans by presenting a consolidated picture of the biophysical characteristics and diversity of marine life . they describe the marine environment and conservation values of each marine region , set out broad biodiversity objectives , identify regional priorities and outline strategies and actions to address these priorities . click here for more information about marine bioregional plans .
brewer , d . , d . heales , d . milton , q . dell , g . fry , b . venables & p . jones ( 2006 ) . the impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communites in australia ' s northern prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 81 : 176 - 188 .
brewer , d . , n . rawlinson , s . eayres & c . burridge ( 1998 ) . an assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical australian prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 36 : 195 - 215 .
cogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .
cogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .
courtney , a . , b . schemel , r . wallace , m . campbell , d . mayer & b . young ( 2010 ) . reducing the impact of queensland ' s trawl fisheries on protected sea snakes . department of employment , economic development and innovation , queensland government .
fry , g . c . , a . milton & t . j . wassenberg ( 2001 ) . the reproductive biology and diet of sea snake bycatch of prawn trawling in northern australia : characteristics important for assessing the impacts on populations . pacific conservation biology . 7 : 55 - 73 .
guinea , m . l ( in press ) . a technique for catching and restraining sea snakes . herpetological review .
heales , d . , r . gregor , j . wakeford , y . yarrow et al ( 2008 ) . effective reduction of diverse fish and sea snake bycatch in a tropical prawn trawl fishery using the yarrow fisheye bycatch reduction device . fisheries research . 89 : 76 - 83 .
heatwole , h . ( 1975 ) . sea snakes of the gulf of carpentaria . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 143 - 149 . baltimore , university park press .
heatwole , h . ( 1999 ) . sea snakes . in : australian natural history series . page ( s ) 148 . sydney , nsw : unsw press .
limpus , c . j . ( 1975 ) . coastal sea snakes of subtropical queensland waters ( 23° to 28° south latitude ) . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 173 - 182 . baltimore : university park press .
marsh , h . , p . j . corkeron , c . j . limpus , p . d . shaughnessy & t . m . ward ( 1993 ) . conserving marine mammals and reptiles in australia and oceania . in : c . moritz & j . kikkawa , eds . conservation biology in australia and oceania . page ( s ) 225 - 44 . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty & sons .
milton , d . , g . fry & q . dell ( 2009 ) . reducing impacts of trawling on protected sea snakes : by - catch reduction devices improve escapement and survival . marine and freshwater research . 60 : 824 - 832 .
milton , d . , s . zhou , g . fry & q . dell ( 2008 ) . risk assessment and mitigation for sea snakes caught in the northern prawn fishery . fisheries research and development conservation corporation and csiro marine and atmospheric research , cleveland .
milton , d . a . ( 2001 ) . assessing the susceptibility to fishing of populations of rare trawl bycatch : sea snakes caught by australia ' s northern prawn fishery . biological conservation . 101 : 281 - 290 .
milton , d . a . & g . fry ( 2002 ) . assessment and improvement of brds and teds in the npf : a co - operative approach by fishers , scientists , fisheries technologists , economists and conservationists . fisheries research and development corporation and csiro marine research . cleveland , queensland : csiro marine research .
porter , r . , s . irwin , t . irwin & k . rodrigues ( 1997 ) . records of the marine snake species from the hey - embley and mission rivers , far n qld . herpetofauna . 27 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .
raudzens , e ( 2006 ) . at sea testing of ' popeye ' s fishbox ' bycatch reduction device onboard the fv adelaide pearl for approval in australia ' s northern prawn fishery . available from : urltoken .
stobutzki , i . , s . blaber , d . brewer , g . fry , d . heales , p . jones , m . miller , d . milton , j . salini , t . van der velde , y - g . wang , t . wassenberg , m . dredge , a . courtney , k . chilcott & s . eayrs ( 2000 ) . ecological sustainability of bycatch and biodiversity in prawn trawl fisheries . page ( s ) 512pp . fisheries research and development corporation .
ward , t . m . ( 1996b ) . sea snake bycatch of prawn trawlers on the northern australian continental shelf . marine and freshwater research . 47 : 631 - 635 .
ward , t . m . ( 2000 ) . factors affecting the catch rates and relative abundance of sea snakes in the by - catch of trawlers targeting tiger and endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf . marine freshwater research . 51 : 155 - 164 .
wassenberg , t . j . , d . a . milton & c . y . burridge ( 2001 ) . survival rates of sea snakes caught by demersal trawlers in northern and eastern australia . biological conservation . 100 : 271 - 280 .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
uetz , p . , ed . ( 2010 ) . the reptile database . zoological museum hamburg . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . leioselasma pacifica in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 17 + 1000 .
. rome : food and agricuwturaw organisation , uh - hah - hah - hah . pp . 19–20 .
mckay , r . j . ( 1985 ) .
a revision of de fishes of de famiwy siwwaginidae
.
froese , rainer and pauwy , daniew , eds . ( 2007 ) .
siwwago maegacephawus
in fishbase . oct 2007 version , uh - hah - hah - hah .
text is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah .
marine ; demersal ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23°n - 16°n , 105°e - 113°e ( ref . 6205 )
northwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym of sillago sihama .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 23 . very similar to s . sihama but with the head length 33 % of standard length .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00220 - 0 . 00994 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
download ' aebr 142 monitoring new zealand’s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989–1990 to 2010–2011 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .
your document ' aebr 142 monitoring new zealand’s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989–1990 to 2010–2011 ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .
download ' aebr 110 monitoring new zealand ' s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989 - 90 to 2009 - 10 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .
your document ' aebr 110 monitoring new zealand ' s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989 - 90 to 2009 - 10 ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
an annotated list of lady beetles (
ladybugs
) of south - central u . s .
-
bell lady
- common on juniper in may in central texas .
( leconte ) -
micro lady
- e . tx , n . amer . to pacific nw
gordon -
devil lady
- devils river to laredo , tx ( one spmn from latimer co . , ok , det . khs , 1987 . needs confirmation )
genus is very common in c . tx , numerous records from bexar , burnet , hays , kerr , travis , and burnet counties .
gordon & chapin -
casey ' s lady
- central to south texas , west to az and s . ut .
ound at two sites in the texas panhandle , amarillo and near hart . this is an old world sp . that ' s also present in chile and mexico .
species common in the tx panhandle and western ok and ks . native to australia .
carrizo lady
- only known from type locality , carrizo springs , dimmit co . , texas
( leconte ) -
spider mite destroyer
- northern great plains to ok and east to the atlantic coast as well as along the west coast .
( horn ) -
useful lady
- coastal plains from brownsville to fl and nc .
( blatchley ) -
eyed lady
- mostly southmost tx to fl and scattered e . us records . native to c . amer .
( melsheimer ) -
twice - stained lady
- widely dist . across n . amer .
-
golden lady
- trans - pecos , c . az . known from less than 10 spmns .
mulsant -
dusky lady
- common from sc us to s . ca with scattered se us record , south to s . amer .
horn -
circumspect lady
- one record near palestine , tx , e . to al , n . to mo . only e . n . amer .
-
pacific lady
- trans - pecos , sw us , most records from throughout calif .
horn -
vested lady
- bastrop and lamar counties , e . us
wingo -
arkansas lady
- ok , ar , mo , and sc records , but not known from tx . - very rare sp .


the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) is a slim , reddish-brown , semiaquatic amphibian native to europe and asia .

it is a member of the family ranidae , or true frogs .

moor frog

scientific name of moor frog is
rana arvalis
. it means
frog of the field
and it refers to the favorite habitat of this species . moor frog is also known as
altai brown frog
since certain populations of moor frogs inhabit altai mountain in asia .
moor frogs / rana arvalis / blue frog . david attenborough ' s opinion - youtube
moor frog , rana arvalis nilsson , 1842 history and origin the moor frog was first described by nilsson in 1842 , the scientific name of this species is rana arvalis . rana is latin and means frog . more
local adaptation and genetics of acid - stress tolerance in the moor frog , rana arvalis .
genetic population differentiation and connectivity among fragmented moor frog ( rana arvalis ) populations in the netherlands .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog
moor frog has slim body , forked tongue , horizontal pupils , short hind legs and partially webbed feet .
räsänen kr , laurila a , merilä j . geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog ,
geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects .
the moor frog’s scientific name is rana arvalis meaning “frog of the fields” . it is also called the altai brown frog because frogs from the altai mountains in asia have been included in the rana arvalis species . more
sherman cdh , sagvik j , olsson m . female choice for males with greater fertilization success in the swedish moor frog ,
milan vogrin | all galleries > > amphibians > moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg previous | next moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg 14 - mar - 2008 moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg canon eos 5d 1 / 400s f / 8 . 0 at 100 . more
moor frog is equally well adapted to the life in the water and on the solid ground ( semi - aquatic species ) .
moor frog is a carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on insects ( aquatic beetles ) and slugs .
[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] .
geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects . - pubmed - ncbi
stugren b ( 1966 ) geographic variation and distribution of the moor frog , rana arvalis nilss . ann zool fenn 3 : 29–39
moor frog rana arvalis barska aba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg moor frog rana arvalis barska aba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg toads _ bufo toads _ bufo edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena aba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . jpg edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena aba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . more
the moor frog resembles the brown frog . he however has a more pointed snout and usually a wide light colored stripe on his back . the main difference between the two frogs is a lump on one toe of the hind leg . this protuberance is much thicker on the moor frog than on the brown frog . such a cusp is useful when digging a hole for his winter home . moor frogs hibernate namely on land and not in the water .
colour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in europe kåre fog colour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in denmark kåre fog determination of newly metamorphosed froglets of the brown frogs rana arvalis , r . temporaria and r . more
when moor frog detects danger , it will try to jump away from potential predator and hide in the grass or in the soil .
a breeding aggregation of male moor frogs ( r . arvalis ) ( a ) and a pair of moor frogs in amplexus ( b )
common frog ( that is mainly adult specimens ) exhibits nocturnal and crepuscular activity . moor frogs hibernate in scattering on land , in piles of
[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] . - pubmed - ncbi
. four species of these frogs were noted in the area of the wigry national park ( there is no marsh frog and no agile frog ) .
improvement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry and diatoms .
the moor frog is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
young moor frogs reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 5 years .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . more
spawning by the moor frog peaks later than that of the common frog . the clutch contains 500 - 3000 eggs deposited usually in one , rarely in two clumps . metamorphosis occurs from the beginning of june to october in different regions . more
construction of underground tunnels across the road ( action c . 1 ) , in areas where there has been the largest amphibian mortality on roads , can help to protect these animals and maintain the proper size of their populations ; this risk occurs in all areas of the project and applies to all species of amphibians , especially the common toad , common frog , moor frog , pool frog and the european common frog .
) . commercial paints absorb in the uv light , resulting in a maximum reflection of the blue model frog at longer wavelengths than in the actual moor frogs ( fig .
in the netherlands , habitat fragmentation for small ground - dwelling animal species with limited dispersal capacity is relatively recent . an example of such a species is the moor frog (
improvement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry . . . - pubmed - ncbi
ries c , spaethe j , sztatecsny m , strondl c , hödl w . turning blue and ultraviolet : sex - specific colour change during mating season in the balkan moor frog .
common frog adopt bluish or blue - lilac pigmentation of their skin in the dewlap area .
kaplan rh ( 1992 ) greater maternal investment can decrease o . spring survival in the frog
genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .
is a little smaller than common frog , reaching the length of 8 centimetres , while the common frog reaches the length of even 10 centimetres . the end of the muzzle of the moor frog is narrowing and visibly sharpened while at common frog it is bluntly rounded . pigmentation of brown frogs is very changeable . generally saying , the dorsal part of the body is prevailingly pigmented with a brown colour , spots have a darker colour , which often is black . the ventral part of the body is often pigmented with a yellow or whitish colour and the spots - which are also present there - are less visible at a moor frog and more visible
an edible frog exhibits typically diurnal activity and - contrary to its name - is a more land - like form in comparison to a pond frog . an edible frog is a large , stocky amphibian which reaches the length of 10 - 12 centimetres while a pond frog is smaller and much more delicate and reaches the length of only 7 , 5 - 8 centimetres .
here ' s a short video in case you were wondering what sound a moor frog ( rana arvalis ) makes during the mating season . this footage was shot in the netherlands in 2013 .
low phylogeographic structure in a wide spread endangered australian frog litoria aurea ( anura : hylidae ) .
fine - scale genetic structure in the threatened foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . indeed the moor frog is in the european region probably a more thermophilous species than the sympatric common frog . it frequently occurs in warmer and drier microhabitats . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps .
are amphibians with long , vivacious legs and well developed natatorial membranes , possess relatively smooth , moist skin and well developed tympanic membranes . there are six species of frogs in poland , whereas the edible frog is often regarded to be a fertile crossbreed created in the course of crossbreeding of a pond frog and a marsh frog . they are conventionally divided into the
green frogs
- that is pond frog
lind mi , persbo f , johansson f . pool desiccation and developmental thresholds in the common frog ,
lind mi , johansson f . costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity in island populations of the common frog
) . genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .
keywords : amfibian , reptile , moor frog , rana arvalis make : nikon corporation model : nikon d80 orientation : 1 x resolution : 300 y resolution : 300 software : capture nx 1 . 2 . more
natural enemies of adult moor frogs are beavers , while insects such as dragonflies and hawkers hunt and eat tadpoles .
hettyey a , herczeg g , hoi h . testing the phenotype - linked fertility hypothesis in male moor frogs (
although the northern slopes of the hills still are covered with snow and ice in interdune depressions has not melted yet , spring has begun . eagles and ravens , for which there was no shortage of animal carcasses this winter , returns to their territories . sky is full of winged travelers going home . forests and grasslands are full of bird voices . it seems that the bird songs suppress all the other sounds of nature , and yet , if well - listened , from sun shined waters it can be heard something like a cat purring , whereas distant dog barking , there spawn brown frogs and toads . brown frogs are the very first that start to spawn . their body is in brown tones . in latvia there are two brown frog species - the common frog and the moor frog . both species are difficult to tell apart , but in the spring - mating time , it is a lot easier to do . frog mating songs are different . common frogs at spawning site purr as a cat , but moor frog sounds as if something was bubbling in a huge pot . often these two species are heard in one place . males of both species during mating time turn bluish . common frog male at this time obtains bluish dewlap , while moor frog males also have bluish flanks . in addition , the moor frog has more pointed nose and shorter limbs .
greene ae , funk wc . sexual selection on morphology in an explosive breeding amphibian , the columbia spotted frog (
the moor frog is heavily built with a wedge - shaped body . the colour varies from grey to yellow or brown . the belly is light in colour . the snout is pointed . the species thrives in moiste forests . more
at northern coast of courland in suitable habitats frogs are found in large numbers . in snp the common frog is occurred more often , but in some places , such as pēterezera viga moor frog spawn in large numbers . it is included in the latvian red list . as a specially protected brown frogs are included in the appendix of eu habitats directive and the berne convention . frog presence gives the evidence of environmental quality . frogs have priceless role in food chains .
publications - moor frog ( rana arvalis , nilsson 1842 ) in press , 2009 , 2008 , 2007 , 2006 , 2004 , 2003 , 2002 , 2001 in press back to the top 2009 hettyey a . , g . herczeg , a . more
frog and pond frog are present in the central and eastern europe . they are common in the whole area of poland , especially in lowlands . they inhabit all sorts of environments , however , edible frog is mainly observed in larger ponds and lakes rich in water vegetation and much more seldom at riverbanks while a pond frog inhabits small and medium sized water reservoirs just like forest and field ponds , melioration ditches , flood waters in boggy meadows . edible frog is often present in the area of the wigry national park in larger lakes such us : the wigry lake , the pierty lake , the królówek lake while pond frog is often seen in smallish dystrophic lakes - that is so called
suchar
. the dorsal part of the body of
the moor frog can be found along the whole coastline of the netherlands , however it is a rare species . there are none living on the frisian wadden islands . it is bonded to a low , damp terrain and needs open water for reproduction . more
johansson f , veldhoen n , lind mi , helbing cc . phenotypic plasticity in the hepatic transcriptome of the european common frog (
) that formerly contained large , continuous areas of moor frog suitable habitat . currently , moor frog habitat has been strongly reduced in area and increased in fragmentation . noord - brabant and drenthe differ in their extent of habitat fragmentation . the average distance among ponds in noord - brabant ( 8629 m ) is almost twice the distance among ponds in drenthe ( 4612 m ) . in addition , matrix permeability is lower in noord - brabant because of higher farming intensity , urbanisation , road density and traffic intensity ( van der sluis and vos
ries c , sztatecsny m , hödl w ( 2008b ) geschlechtsspezifischer farbwechsel beim moorfrosch ( rana arvalis ) während der paarungszeit . in : glandt d , jehle r ( eds ) der moorfrosch / the moor frog . z feldherpetologie suppl . 13 , laurenti , bielefeld , pp 127–134
> 0 . 07 in all cases ) . in the behavioural experiments , male moor frogs spent almost four times as much time in contact and in amplexus with the brown as with the blue frog model with the differences being highly significant ( wilcoxon signed - rank test ; contact ,
during the mating season , males produce mating calluses ( these are black pachynses on the toes of the front limbs ) and resonators in even number inside the oral cavity . moreover , the back of males of a moor frog adopts intensively blue colour during the mating season . males of
jefferson , d . m . and russell , r . w . , ontogenetic and fertilizer effects on stable isotopes in the green frog (
driscoll da ( 1998 ) genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species . biol conserv 83 : 43–54
monsen kj , blouin ms ( 2003 ) genetic structure in a montane ranid frog : restricted geneflow and nuclear–mitochondrial disconcordance . mol ecol 12 : 3275–3286
) . fragmentation started around 1910 in noord - brabant but only after 1932 in drenthe . because moor frogs become adult in the third year of life ( hartung
moor frogs hibernate during the winter . in the warmer areas , hibernation lasts from november to february , while in the colder areas it lasts from september to june .
vos cc ( 1999 ) a frog’s - eye view of the landscape . quantifying connectivity for fragmented amphibian populations . ph . d . thesis wageningen university , wageningen
hettyey a , herczeg g , laurila a , crochet p - a , merila j . body temperature , size , nuptial colouration and mating success in male moor frogs (
pakkasmaa s , merilä j , o ' hara r ( 2003 ) genetic and maternal effect influences on viability of common frog tadpoles under di . erent environmental conditions .
a fully grown adult male moor frog is up to seven centimeters long and reddish - brown in color . but every year , between march and june , the frog exhibits chameleon - like tendencies . during this period , the frogs emerge from their winter hibernation and are naturally in the mood to procreate . they populate the ponds in the lowlands of central and southern europe , completely filling the air with their mating calls . the sounds they create are similar to the noise of air released from a bottle under water .
moor frog has smooth , reddish - brown , or sometimes olive , grey or yellowish skin with dark spots on the back and lateral sides of the body . it has single pale stripe that runs centrally on the back . belly is white or yellow - colored , without any marks . black , bandit - like mask stretches from nose to ears .
the moor frog certainly cannot turn into a prince with true love’s kiss . but this seemingly uninteresting amphibian is capable of something quite spectacular – it changes color from a boring brown to an azure blue , just to be able to distinguish between genders during mating season . the ‘before’ and ‘after’ pictures are really quite unbelievable – it looks they’re two different frogs .
hedengren i ( 1987 ) selection of body size , arm length and colour in male and female moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) . msc thesis . university of stockholm , stockholm , sweden
mating season of moor frogs takes place during the spring ( from march to june ) . males become bluish - colored to facilitate identification of potential mating partners ( brown - colored females ) .
common frog . there is a very distinct marking of the so - called
mask
- that is a black temple spot , linked with nasal spots in front of the muzzle .
grafe tu , preininger d , sztatecsny m , kasah r , dehling jm , proksch s , hödl w . multimodal communication in a noisy environment : a case study of the bornean rock frog
) . the dorsal body colouration in both sexes of the moor frog outside the breeding period is generally beige brown , grey and rufous with darker and lighter stripes running along the back . during their migration to the breeding pond , male colouration changes from beige to an almost uniformly dark greyish brown ( some males appearing almost pinkish before turning grey ) . males turn blue when they enter the pond ( fig .
until 1850 , the two studied landscapes formed large areas of unfragmented habitat with many ponds as potential breeding sites for the moor frog . since then , habitat loss and fragmentation has been more pronounced in noord - brabant . for instance , a study on water retention in noord - brabant showed that the surface area of ponds has decreased by almost 97 % due to direct loss of ponds and lowered water tables (
) , may contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity in moor frog populations . alternatively , the numbers of alleles found in the populations may indicate that current population sizes are higher than estimated based on egg clump counts . population differentiation and assignment tests indicated that several populations belong to the same population complex . if populations encompass more than a single breeding pond , drift and local loss of genetic diversity would be diminished .
the moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) have finally woken up . normally they leave their hibernating homes around the half of march . this year , they are much later because of the prolonged cold weather in march .
to make our model frogs , we created a silicone cast from a preserved male moor frog specimen and filled it with polyurethane resin ( neukadur multicast 1 , altropol , stocklsdorf , germany ) . the resulting cast frogs were fitted with artificial glass eyes and airbrush painted with acrylics in either brown or blue resembling the base colouration of non - breeding males or females and that of breeding males as assessed by the human eye ( fig .
gomez d , richardson c , lengagne t , plenet s , joly p , léna j - p , théry m . the role of nocturnal vision in mate choice : females prefer conspicuous males in the european tree frog (
but the male moor frogs aren’t trying to attract females ; in fact the brown females do not actively pursue potential mates . it is the male frogs that are always on the look out for a partner , and choosing the wrong partner means wasting valuable time . moor frogs can be found in great numbers at the milicz group of ponds in south - western poland’s barycz river valley . the frogspawn in the region get so thick that the waters of the ponds actually look muddy .
the spatial configuration of the moor frog habitat , the habitat types in the matrix between suitable habitat patches and linear elements such as roads , railroads and ditches were recorded from a topographical map 1 : 25 , 000 using a geographic information system . distances between all ponds were calculated from pond border to pond border . to correct for the relative permeability of the landscape mosaic , area and length of habitat types and linear landscape elements were calculated in a 200 m wide strip between ponds ( vos et al .
) . from each pond all egg clumps found were sampled . from each single egg clump , a small number of eggs were sampled and risen in the laboratory . species - specific characteristics were checked at the tadpole stage . from each moor frog egg clump one tadpole was used for dna extraction . remaining tadpoles were returned to their pond of origin . due to small population sizes , mortality during raising and misidentification of egg clumps , the sample size of some populations dropped to less than 20 tadpoles ( table
) . currently , breeding ponds are on average 8 . 6 km apart , compared to 4 . 6 km in drenthe . dispersal distances of individual moor frogs have been estimated to be 1–3 km , with a strong reduction in pond occupancy by roads ( hartung
and strongly protected moor frogs and was luckly enough to get as near to them as possible . there are just few days in the year the male frogs changing their colour blue , and usually the time those behaviour takes place is from the mid of april to may . more
) , and in our study population , both reached the highest intensity during sunny afternoons ( ms personal observation ) . we frequently observed male moor frogs actively searching for approaching females , attempting to take over mated females scrambling among each other . mating balls of several individuals clinging to a female ( verrell and mccabe
we collected data for a population of moor frogs at a pond in eastern austria ( 47°10′ n , 16°5′ e ) . as estimated by a spawn clump census , the number of breeding adults exceeded 5 , 000 individuals in 2011 , and spawning took place in dense assemblages where male densities reached 20 individuals m
is a species easily adaptable to life in anthropogenic conditions . some urban populations of this species are fairly large and safe , if suitable habitats are available . some forms of human activity lead to an increase in the frog ' s number and their dispersal . for example , the construction of forest rides with numerous artificial holes filled with water .
the aim of our study was to assess the genetic differentiation between samples from the lowlands north of the carpathians and those from the pannonian basin , including the isolated romanian sample . we surveyed allozymic variation to measure the extent of genetic divergence among these three allopatric groups of populations . additionally we looked for patterns of genetic variation within and between populations to gain insight into the past history of the moor frog populations . since the subspecific status of european populations of rana arvalis was based on differences in body proportions , we also studied the morphometric differentiation of the same samples which were used for electrophoretic analysis to see if morphological variation is paralleled by genetic divergence . a more detailed report on the morphological differentiation will be given elsewhere .
there is an obvious lack of dimorphism in this species – both male and female frogs look pretty much the same . so , as thousands of moor frogs gather at the ponds , it becomes quite difficult for them to differentiate between the sexes . and nature has a perfect answer to this dilemma – the males magically transform their bodies to an attractive shade of blue .
did you know ? in the dense schools of tadpoles ( several hundred individuals per liter ) , density - dependent regulation of development takes place : the density does not influence larval survival rate directly but influences the probability of successful metamorphosis because fastly developing tadpoles often complete their transformation , while slowly developing specimens die in drying wetlands . the name rana arvalis means “frog of the fields” .
we found small to moderate ( f st = 0 . 022 in drenthe ; f st = 0 . 060 in noord - brabant ) population differentiation in the two study areas in the netherlands . the relatively longer time - span and higher level of habitat fragmentation ( including increased interpond distances ) for noord - brabant could be the cause of the higher f st - values among its moor frog populations . the higher degree of population isolation in noord - brabant , compared to drenthe , can also be discerned from the lower numbers of alleles , the fixation of locus rrd590a in eight out of twelve populations , and the significantly lower degree of heterozygosity . a different recolonisation history of the two areas causing different basic population differentiation seems unlikely because both areas are only 150 km apart . furthermore , the range of allele sizes was comparable in both areas .
including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps . the frog penetrates tundra and steppe in association with arboreal vegetation , primarily along intrazonal landscapes of river valleys . at the southern and northern limits of its range , in tundra , forest , and true steppes , the species lives near water bodies : rivers , lakes etc . there the populations of
we have not been able to show any effects of other landscape elements . it may be that the positive and / or negative effects are too weak to have become significant after a limited number of generations . however , it may also be that the way in which we have calculated a type of structural connectivity measure , along 200 - m strips through the landscape , does not accurately reflect the landscape as experienced by moor frogs . for a more functional connectivity measure for
small bulky frog , 5 , 5 - 6 cm long ( up to 7 cm ) . dorsal coloration grey , light - olive , brown , yellowish or rufous , during the breeding season bluish . dark spots of 1 - 3 mm on dorsal and lateral surfaces varying considerably in number , arrangement and size . light middorsal band with regular edges frequently present . “bandid like” black marking running from the nose to the ears . belly white or yellowish without pattern or with pallid - brownish or greyish spots on the throat and chest .
) . finally , a clear coat was sprayed over the models to protect the paint from water and add a realistic sheen . to present the live moor frogs with the models , we attached a blue and a brown model 70 cm apart from each other on fishing rods ( 1 . 2 m long ) that were connected to the two ends of the cross section of a t - shaped handle . the handle allowed keeping a constant distance between the model frogs and moving both models synchronously with the handler keeping a distance of approximately 1 . 5 m from models and live frogs .
common frogs spend the winter under the water , where they dig into the mud . most of the moor frogs spend winter on land . at spawning areas first arrive males . when they have found suitable place , they start singing and waiting for females , which arrive later and at the spawning site spends three times shorter time than the males . rut lasts only 2 - 3 weeks . males stick like a limpet to female . sometimes , unable to find a female , they tend to cling to one another , and even inanimate objects . females are larger than males and therefore are able to jump around with the lover on her back , as if it was a backpack and nothing more . female releases spawn at the bottom of water body , at the same time ' backpack ' - the male releases sperm and it is done - the spawn is fertilized . after a day pericarp swells up and rises to the surface . depending on water temperature , sooner or later from the spawn will hatch tadpoles .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the intraspecific systematics of this species need further study . animals from the altai mountains have for a long time been considered as a separate subspecies of rana arvalis or as the species rana altaica . this has largely been on the basis of their shorter shins and large inner metatarsal tubercle . similar frogs have since been found in other parts of the range of rana arvalis ( e . g . . in the north of european russia and in the urals ) and in siberia some animals display transient characters between rana arvalis and the altaic taxon . until this taxonomic issue is fully resolved we include rana altaica within rana arvalis .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500 m asl ( altai mountains ) .
it is generally common , and is abundant in central - eastern europe . it is extinct in switzerland in the extreme southwestern part of its wide range . it is considered to be rare and declining in china .
it occurs in a wide variety of habitats including tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , peatlands , moorlands , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it has a breeding season , and spawning and larval development takes place in various stagnant water bodies of low acidity , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches . there is some evidence that the species can occur in agricultural landscapes , and in some areas it appears to be adapting to urban conditions ( e . g . vershinin 1997 ) .
it is threatened by the destruction and pollution of breeding ponds ( including acidification ) and adjacent wetland and terrestrial habitats , especially through urbanization , recreation , tourism , industry and overstocking of cattle . additional threats are prolonged drought and predation of spawn by waterfowl . chytrid fungus was detected in this species in berlin , germany - however the extent to which this is a threat is unknown .
it is listed on appendix ii of the berne convention and on annex iv of the eu natural habitats directive . it is protected by national legislation in many countries and has been recorded in a number of national and sub - national red data books and lists . it is presumed to be present in a many protected areas . in parts of the species ' range , mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established .
reformatted names of assessor ( s ) , reviewer ( s ) , contributor ( s ) , facilitator ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t58548a86232114 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
distribution : eastern and northern parts of europe , normally at low altitudes . westernmost region is the alsace ; southernmost regions in croatia - romania . absent from great britain and ireland . size : about 4 - 6 . 5 cm ; about 4 - 6 . 5 cm pupil : , horizontally elliptic ;
bern convention ( annex 3 ) ; red data books of rostov province and buryatia republic , both in russia .
seem to be isolated . spawning and early development occurs in stagnant waters , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches , which are from several meters to some hectares in area and from few centimeters to two meters in depth .
is one of the most abundant amphibians in the central and eastern europe , as well as west siberia . there , its population density reaches several hundred individuals per hectare . local density may be higher , such as in breeding ponds where 15 - 20 individuals per 1 m
the proportion of the two species varies also by year , and in some areas the dominance of one or another species alternates . density - dependent regulation is important in overcrowded tadpole groups , where several hundred individuals per liter sometimes occur , as well as in the dense groups of recently metamorphosed froglets . however , habitat peculiarities and fluctuations in weather and climate appear to be more important in terms of the overall population dynamics .
the species is generally neither declining , nor threatened . however , isolated peripheral populations may be vulnerable from human influences and deserve special attention or protection . only in some areas highly transformed by people ( destruction of breeding ponds and adjacent terrestrial habitats , especially during urbanization , recreation and the overpasturage of cattle ) have the populations declined .
in addition to the above mentioned anthropogenic factors of the species local declines , industrial pollution also negatively affects populations , including those living in cities . it leads to an increase of frequency of morphological abnormalities and disturbances in embryonic and larval development . nevertheless ,
bannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . and rustamov , a . k . ( 1971 ) .
bannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . , ishchenko , v . g . , rustamov , a . k . , and szczerbak , n . n . ( 1977 ) .
opredelitel zemnovodnykh i presmykayushchikhsya fauny sssr [ guide to amphibians and reptiles of the ussr fauna ] .
dinamicheskii polimophizm burykh lyagushek fauny sssr [ dynamic polymorphism of the brown frogs of ussr fauna ] .
ishchenko , v . g . and ledentsov , a . v . ( 1985 ) . ' ' [ ecological aspects of the postmetamorphic growth in
fauna of russia and adjacent countries : amphibians ( english translation of nikolsky , 1918 , faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes . amphibiens . académie russe des sciences , petrograd , ussr ) .
mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de st . - pétersbourg , série 8 , phys . - math , vol . 17 , sofia , moscow .
szczerbak , n . n . and szczerban , m . i . ( 1980 ) .
terent ' ev , p . v . and chernov , s . a ( 1965 ) .
sergius l . kuzmin ( ipe51 at yahoo . com ) , institute of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , moscow
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
adults consume mainly terrestrial prey , aquatic invertebrates ( slugs , diving beetles etc . ) are irregularly consumed in smaller proportions .
for air transport , container note 45 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .
this species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic , 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500m asl . ( altai mountains ) .
hans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from
rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
.
hans - martin braun added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
.
c . michael hogan marked
range description
as visible on the
rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
page .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
males attract females via loud
waugh , waugh
calls , which resemble the sound that empty bottle produces when placed in the water .
spawning lasts 3 to 28 days . females lay one or two sets of 1 . 000 to 3 . 000 eggs in the shallow , warm water .
tadpoles feed on algae and small aquatic invertebrates . they complete their transformation into froglets ( young frogs ) from june to october ( depending on the location and temperature ) . slowly transforming tadpoles often die before they complete metamorphosis due to drying of the pools .
this is a clip from
rhythms of nature in the barycz valley
movie . this film tells the story about nature in the barycz river valley and enormous milicz ponds . this area is located in the south - western part of poland ( in the middle of europe ) . i and my wife made it for 2 years . sir david attenborough , a world - famous bbc nature documentary film maker , after watching the film
rhythms of nature in the barycz valley
wrote :
i have viewed rhythms of nature with great pleasure . a lovely place , beautifully filmed
more on urltoken
the males arrive at the shallowest ends of the ponds before the females . they turn blue for just a week and let out their mating calls , waiting for their partners to arrive . when the females finally decide to make an appearance , the males move around a lot , eager to find their potential mates . when a suitable female is spotted , they rush towards her all at once . in all the confusion , it’s actually quite easy to make a mistake . but despite all the color change , the males do end up choosing the wrong partner at times !
real - life dr . doolittle claims she can communicate with animals , even dead ones
woman swept away by wave 1 . 5 years ago recently found unconscious on nearby beach , wearing the same clothes as when she disappeared
urltoken 2008 - 2018 - oddity central is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 unported license
if you liked this story , like & follow us on facebook for more .
we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it . more info in our cookies policy page .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
department of aquatic ecology and biogeology , catholic university of nijmegen , toernooiveld , 6525 ed nijmegen , the netherlands .
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
in the wild , females may live up to 11 years [ 0525 ] .
comments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .
received 2012 jun 16 ; revised 2012 sep 3 ; accepted 2012 sep 5 .
the online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1412 - 6 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
) is a typical explosive breeder but differs from many similar species by the spectacular blue and dynamically changing nuptial colouration of males , which is maintained during the breeding period ( ries et al .
) , but the question of its communicative significance has remained largely unresolved . male blueness has been reported to be more intense in mated compared to non - mated males ( hedengren
) . upon arriving at the breeding pond , males establish large assemblages of several hundred individuals around suitable communal spawning sites ( fig .
) . we then measured body mass of each male to the nearest 0 . 1 g using an electronic miniscale and snout - urostyle length ( sul ) to the nearest 0 . 1 mm using vernier callipers and released all individuals immediately after data collection 100 m away from the spot of capture . from the obtained body measurements , we computed the scaled mass index
where m i and l i are the body mass and the sul of individual i , respectively ; b sma is the scaling exponent estimated by the standardised major axis ( sma ) regression of m on l ; l 0 is the mean sul for our population . the sma regression was performed with the freeware program smatr ( falster et al . 2006 ) . male sul and ibc have been shown to influence male mating success in explosive breeders and could be indicative of male quality ( davies and halliday 1977 ; höglund and säterberg 1989 ; vásquez and pfennig 2007 ; hettyey et al . 2009d ) .
) nor in sul , body mass or ibc from their non - mated rivals . average sul ± standard error ( se ) of the 19 non - mated and the 20 mated males was 56 . 96 ± 1 . 13 and 56 . 57 ± 0 . 8 mm ; mean body mass ± se was 27 . 28 ± 1 . 77 and 25 . 26 ± 1 . 49 g , and mean
> 0 . 1 for all comparisons ) . we also found no significant correlation between colour variables and male frogs’ body mass , sul and
we thank r . illek for his help with making the model frogs , s . számadó and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript , f . kottulinsky for the access to his property , and j . cornils , h . krebs , m . pluch , t . schernhammer , i . starnberger and k . veitschegger for their assistance in behavioural experiments . field work was conducted under permit number fa13c - 53s - 7 / 2011 - 89 , and the study was supported by the austrian science fund fwf - p22069 .
all experiments reported in this article comply with the current laws of austria , the country in which they were performed .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author ( s ) and the source are credited .
amphibiaweb : information on amphibian biology and conservation . ( 2012 ) available at : urltoken . accessed : april 2012
arak a . male - male competition and mate choice in anuran amphibians . in : bateson p , editor .
bagnara jt , fernandez pj , fujii r . on the blue coloration of vertebrates .
brehm ae ( 1893 ) brehms thierleben : allgemeine kunde des thierreichs , kriechthiere , lurche und fische : 1 . die kriechthiere und lurche . bibliographisches institut leipzig und wien
bretman a , gage mjg , chapman t . quick - change artists : male plastic behavioural responses to rivals .
chan r , stuart - fox d , jessop ts . why are females ornamented ? a test of the courtship stimulation and courtship rejection hypotheses .
charles gk , ord tj . factors leading to the evolution and maintenance of a male ornament in territorial species .
doucet sm , mennill dj . dynamic sexual dichromatism in an explosively breeding neotropical toad .
falster ds , warton di , wright j ( 2006 ) smatr : standardised major axis tests & routines version 2 . 0 . computer program available at urltoken
gomez d ( 2006 ) avicol , a program to analyse spectrometric data . free program available at urltoken
hebets ea , uetz gw . leg ornamentation and the efficacy of courtship display in four species of wolf spider ( araneae : lycosidae )
hettyey a , baksay s , vagi b , hoi h . counterstrategies by female frogs to sexual coercion by heterospecifics .
hettyey a , vagi b , hevizi g , toeroek j . changes in sperm stores , ejaculate size , fertilization success , and sexual motivation over repeated matings in the common toad ,
hödl w , amezquita a . visual signaling in anuran amphibians . in : ryan mj , editor .
hoffman ea , blouin ms . a review of colour and pattern polymorphisms in anurans .
: the effects of sex ratios and the time available for male male competition .
höglund j , robertson jgm . random mating by size in a population of common toads
höglund j , robertson jgm . chorusing behavior , a density - dependent alternative mating strategy in male common toads (
höglund j , säterberg l . sexual selection in common toads : correlates with age and body size .
johnstone ra , reynolds jd , deutsch jc . mutual mate choice and sex differences in choosiness .
kelly cd , bussiere lf , gwynne dt . sexual selection for male mobility in a giant insect with female - biased size dimorphism .
lachmann m , bergstrom ct . signalling among relatives ii . beyond the tower of babel .
marco a , lizana m . the absence of species and sex recognition during mate search by male common toads
milinski m , bakker tcm . female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males .
moya - larano j , el - sayyid met , fox cw . smaller beetles are better scramble competitors at cooler temperatures .
peig j , green aj . new perspectives for estimating body condition from mass / length data : the scaled mass index as an alternative method .
péter a ( 2011 ) solomon coder ( version beta 11 . 01 . 22 ) : a simple solution for behavior coding . computer programm available at urltoken
pomfret jc , knell rj . crowding , sex ratio and horn evolution in a south african beetle community .
sheldon bc , arponen h , laurila a , crochet pa , merilä j . sire coloration influences offspring survival under predation risk in the moorfrog .
szamado s . the cost of honesty and the fallacy of the handicap principle .
sztatecsny m , jehle r , burke t , hödl w . female polyandry under male harassment : the case of the common toad (
sztatecsny m , strondl c , baierl a , ries c , hödl w . chin up : are the bright throats of male common frogs a condition - independent visual cue ?