ibn bey ( 22 march 1984 – 10 december 2012 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who won major races in the united kingdom , france , ireland , italy and germany as well as competing in the united states and japan .

after winning once as a two-year-old in 1986 he won the predominate stakes in 1987 before recording his first group one success in the gran premio d'italia .

he continued to improve with age and developed into a formidable international campaigner over long distances winning the grand prix de deauville , prix maurice de nieuil , geoffrey freer stakes , preis von europa , grosser preis von berlin and irish st leger .

on his penultimate start he produced arguably his best performance when finishing second in the breeders ' cup classic .

he was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion in japan where he had limited impact as a sire of winners .

he died in japan in december 2012 .

ibn bey

funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .
his is a republic with an oddity . bin ali is a ‘bey’ , perhaps the country’s last bey .
hd stock video footage - funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .
out of the high top mare rosia bay , ibn bey was a half - brother to yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern .
multiple group 1 winner ibn bey , who finished second in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic , died in japan on monday at age 28 .
ibn bey – gran premio d ' italia ( 1987 ) , preis von europa ( 1989 ) , deutschland - preis ( 1990 ) , irish st . leger ( 1990 )
ibn bey was a group ii winner in england and france and group i - placed in both countries . he finished sixth in the 1989 japan cup ( jpn - i ) .
in later years , bay el bey spent much of his time with varian arabians breeding manager angela alvarez , who at the time was a newcomer . bay el bey became her mentor .
at 38 - 1 for owner yustane sohma . ibn bey exited racing with a record of 10 - 3 - 4 from 28 starts and earnings of $ 1 , 626 , 059 .
multiple group 1 - winner ibn bey , who finished second to unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic ( gr . i ) , has died in japan . he was 28 . the son of mill reef , who stood his entire career at big red farm in japan , had been pensioned since 2007 . ibn bey was trained by paul cole for prince [ … ]
ibn bey , also a group 2 winner in england and france , finished second to kentucky derby winner unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic at belmont , his only start in north america .
as a yearwing , ibn bey was sowd for 210 , 000 guineas to de saudi fahd sawman . [ 6 ] the cowt was sent into training wif pauw cowe at his stabwe at whatcombe in oxfordshire .
' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , 36 .
in 1990 ibn bey began by finishing dird to creator and in the wings in de prix ganay and den ran dird to in the wings in de coronation cup . in june he was ridden by mick kinane in de gran premio di miwano , but finished fourf , more dan twewve wengds behind de winner tisserand . in juwy ibn bey was reunited wif quin and returned to germany for de grosser preis von berwin in which he faced a fiewd which incwuded mondrian as weww as de german derby winner karwoff . he recorded his fourf group one victory , beating mondrian by four wengds . [ 11 ] ibn bey and mondrian met for de dird time in de grosser preis von baden in september and on dis occasion de german horse won , uh - hah - hah - hah . ibn bey wed for most of de race but was caught inside de finaw furwong and beaten by a wengf .
ibn bey sired 79 winners for earnings of $ 15 , 937 , 010 , including taiki herakles , winner of the group 1 derby grand prix in 1999 in japan . he produced three other group stakes - placed winners .
bay abi has 23 national winners from his 275 foals . bay el bey is his most outstanding son ; not only has he been canadian national champion stallion , but was twice us reserve national champion stallion and , has 5 more top tens . having sired the outstanding sires barbary , bey shah and huckleberry bey , bay el bey has been given the title of
king maker
and has established a dynasty in the show ring and in the breeding shed .
ahmad followed in his father’s footsteps and pursued a military career , fighting the byzantines in the service of caliph al - muttawakkil . in 855 ibn tulun’s father died and his mother married bayik bey , another high ranking turkish official in the abbasid court . ibn tulun busied himself in the war with the byzantines until 868 , when caliph al - mutazz made bayik bey the prefect of egypt , who chose to send his stepson to govern the country in his stead .
in 1986 , de independent timeform organisation gave ibn bey a rating of 88p , de
p
indicating dat de cowt was wikewy to make more dan normaw improvement . [ 6 ] in de fowwowing year he was given a rating if 117 by timeform , whiwst de officiaw internationaw cwassifiaction rated him on 118 , seventeen pounds behind de top - rated reference point . [ 2 ] ibn bey was water rated de best dree - year - owd cowt to race in itawy in 1988 .
3 . ibn johara is described in index entry 3998 as an 1894 grey stallion out of johara ( q . v . ) and by “ibn mahroussa i . ” entry 4005 explains that “ibn mahroussa i” is the grey stallion more often known as mahruss . the variant name and numerical designation appear to be raswan’s own . lady anne’s journal entry for january 22 , 1902 mentions “the grey horse ( now 7 years old ) by mahruss out of johara” then owned by ahmed fathi and his son mohammed fathi . this is apparently ibn johara .
talisman bey was champion stallion at the virginia state horse show and reserve junior champion colt at the 1983 buckeye . from that time on , talisman bey was promoted through his progeny rather than continuing his show career . by the end of the 1986 show season , 20 talisman bey offspring had won nearly 60 championships . talisman bey combines the strength and conformation of his male lineage with the beauty and refinement of his dam . his ability to reproduce these traits with regularity has earned him a reputation as one of the important young sires in the arabian breed .
“with judith 7 . 50 train , and mutlak to sale of remnant of a . p . s . stud at the serai . did not begin till long after 9 , the hour on bills , aziz brought out first only lb bid taken back . then 2 year filly b . b . azz grey fetched lbe 29 . ibn johara 32 , ibn zarifa saghir 27 , do kebir 26 , ibn bint nura saghir 56 , do kebir 43 , ibn b . jellabieh feysul 55 , ibn bint nura es shakra 44 , ibn makbula 63 , ibn aziz saghir 60 ) . johara b . helwa ( seglawieh ) 80 , b . horra and foal 125 , b . nura es shakra 106 . b . makbula 255 . of these i bid for the grey 3 yr . ibn johara 31 – splendid colt but has been ill , severe cold ( regret i did not go to 35 ) . i bought b . horra and foal and b . nura es shakra ( regret i did not buy for 55 the ch . ibn b . jell . feysul 4 years very beautiful—feared to add to number of stallions as we have enough ) . sent mutlak home with the 2 mares and foal , am delighted with them…”
funeral of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . french tricolor flag at half staff atop a building . tunisian and french flags at half staff atop another building . photograph of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . honor guard of tunisian mounted lancers leads funeral procession . french admiral jean - pierre esteva steps from car and walks in front of formation of french sailors . he greets french naval officers and tunisian officials , including successor bey of tunis , muhammad vii al - munsif . tunisian tribesmen carry coffin as french and tunisian officers stand at attention . closeup of coffin and pallbearers as they pass the camera . this historic stock footage available in hd and sd video . view pricing below video player .
ibn tulun died in 883 of dysentery . he was succeeded by his son , kuhmarraweh , but the tulunid dynasty would come to an end in 905 when the abbasids regained control of egypt . the abbasids razed ibn tulun’s capital of al - qatta’i , leaving nothing standing but the mosque .
one of sultan lajin’s major restorations was the mosque’s minaret which , with its spiraling external staircase , is another feature that sets the mosque of ibn tulun apart from other egyptian mosques . although common to ibn tulun’s homeland , particularly samarra , the minaret’s composition is like no other in egypt .
in september , ibn bey was sent to germany for de group one preis von europa over 2400 metres at cowogne in which his opponents incwuded sheriff ' s star ( coronation cup , grand prix de saint - cwoud ) and mondrian ( german derby , grosser preis von berwin , araw - pokaw , grosser preis von baden ) . ibn bey took de wead soon after de start and drew away from his opponents in de straight to record his fourf consecutive victory , winning by six wengds from mondrian , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 10 ] on his appearance of de season , ibn bey was sent to contest de japan cup at tokyo racecourse on 26 november . he wed de fiewd for most of de way , but was overtaken in de straight and finished sixf behind de new zeawand mare horwicks who won in a worwd record time of 2 : 22 . 2 .
when bay el bey returned to varian arabians , it was to live out his days in the front paddock , the one which had been bay abi ' s and was reserved for the patriarch . public attention was gradually shifting to his son , the charismatic huckleberry bey , and to his grandsons . bay el bey ' s last foal was registered in 1985 , and living in genteel retirement , he was allowed to pass his days pretty much as he wished .
ibn bey was retired to japan where he stood as a breeding stawwion at de big red farm . he sired 79 winners , incwuding de group i derby grand prix winner taiki herakwes . he was pensioned from stud duty in 2007 and died on 10 december 2012 at de age of 28 . [ 13 ]
by the early 1990s , the success of bay el bey ' s descendants was staggering . through huckleberry bey and barbary , his influence in the performance arena was profound ; through bey shah , he nearly dominated the halter ranks . he had sired 441 registered foals , including nearly 100 champions and more than 30 national titlists . when he died on november 25 , 1996 , the arabian world knew that the most important sire of sires in the 20th century had passed .
ibn bey was a big , powerfuw chestnut horse [ 2 ] wif a white star and white socks on his hind wegs [ 3 ] bred by lord porchester . he was sired by miww reef de 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and irewand in 1978 and 1987 . [ 4 ] ibn bey ' s dam , rosia bay , was a daughter of de broodmare ouija , who was awso de dam of teweprompter , de grandam of ouija board and de great - grandam of austrawia . rosia bay hersewf went on to produce de yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern . [ 5 ]
ibn saud’s quest for recognition of his arabian kingdom , and how british government officials turned their backs on the largest reserves of crude oil in the world .
ibn bey was sent to de united states to contest de sevenf running of de breeders ' cup cwassic at bewmont park on 27 october when he raced on dirt for de first time , and ran over a distance shorter dan one and a hawf miwes for de first time since 1986 . his opponents incwuded unbridwed , go and go , izvestia , opening verse and rhydm . ibn bey was positioned just behind de weaders before turning into de straight in second pwace . he caught de weader thirty six red inside de finaw furwong but was immediatewy overtaken on de inside by unbridwed and finished second , beaten a wengf by de winner . on his finaw appearance , on 25 november , ibn bey made a second attempt to win de japan cup . ridden by a wocaw jockey , he was hewd up in de earwy stages and despite making some progress in de straight he never reached de weaders and finished eighf behind de austrawian gewding better loosen up .
ibn bey ( gb ) ch . h , 1984 { 12 - b } dp = 9 - 7 - 22 - 10 - 2 ( 50 ) di = 1 . 17 cd = 0 . 22 - 28 starts , 10 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 724 , 131
11 . ibn azz saghir is not in the index , but there is an entry for ibn bint azz as - saghir ( 3954 ) , with the telltale variant spelling “ebn bent ezz el - saghir . ” the index lists him as an 1893 grey stallion by ibn helwa ( or “ebn heloua” ) out of bint azz ( “bent ezz” ) . it seems unlikely that azz herself was producing as late as the 1890’s , but a bint azz daughter also went through the sale , so this might be another case of a dropped “bint . ” index entry 3992 implies that ibn helwa was full brother to bint helwa gsb and johara gsb .
ibn bey made his racecourse debut in de danepak bacon stakes over one miwe at newmarket racecourse in august . he stayed on weww in de cwosing stages to finish fourf of de six runners behind lack a stywe . in october he recorded his first success by beating dirteen opponents in a maiden race at haydock park racecourse . [ 6 ]
in the spring of 1932 , on the eve of the consolidation of his arabian territories into the kingdom of saudi arabia , king abd al - aziz al saud , better known as ibn saud , dispatched his son prince faisal , along with one of his most trusted officials , fuad bey hamza , on a diplomatic tour of europe and the middle east .
9 . ibn nura es shakra is in the index ( 3963 ) as an 1890 grey stallion by ibn sherara ( also spelled “charara” ) and out of bint nura es shakra ( bint nura gsb ; see below ) . sheykh obeyd records state that ibn bint nura es shakra was bred to johara in 1897 . at that time lady anne blunt described him as “ibn bint nura es shakra ( white about 7 years ) by ibn sherara…” ( pearson / mol p . 139 ) . in later years a grey stallion named kaukab from the ali pasha collection was active in egypt . he was the sire of sahab , the grandsire of the babson import * bint serra . * bint serra’s original pedigree , issued in egypt , describes “kawkab” as a white son of ibn sherara and “bint nura . ” lady anne blunt owned sahab and knew his sire . in december of 1907 she referred to kaukab as “a beautiful white horse about 15 years old” belonging to ali pasha’s son yusef bey ( j & c p . 325 ) . on february 19 , 1914 she had a visit from ibrahim bey sherif , another of ali pasha’s sons : “he says he has ‘taken’ kaukab ( sire of sahab ) from his brother ( yusef ) and will bring that beautiful old horse to show me tomorrow . ” the next day “ibrahim bey sherif conducted by ali the syce appeared on kaukab , true to promise . that horse is indeed beautiful , light of bone as they say and pasterns rather too long , but what style , the quarter splendid ( i wish sahab had inherited that ) …” kaukab was apparently out of lady anne’s own bint nura gsb ( shot in 1912 ) . one might suspect that kaukab and ibn bint nura es shakra were the same horse . however , notes of lady anne’s quoted in a , p & c ( p . 113 ) in connection with sahab state that yusef bey sherif had kaukab “given to him by his father before the ‘interdict . ’ ” this makes it unlikely kaukab would have been one of the horses in the auction . if ibn bint nura es shakra and kaukab are not the same horse , then it seems they were full brothers of roughly the same age .
mohamed béji ben mami
turbe al - bey
in discover islamic art , museum with no frontiers , 2018 . 2018 . urltoken ; isl ; tn ; mon01 ; 12 ; en
vodafone derby record : 1985 reach ( 6th ) ; 1986 nomrood ( 11th ) ; 1987 ibn bey ( 13th ) ; 1990 zoman ( 7th ) ; 1992 alflora ( 6th ) ; 1993 redenham ( 7th ) ; 1994 waiting ( 17th ) ; 1995 riyadian ( 7th ) ; 1996 st mawes ( 17th ) ; 1998 courteous ( 12th ) ; 1999 lucido ( 15th ) .
as a five - year - owd , ibn bey again began his season in de aston park stakes and finished second to awbadr , to whom he was conceding six pounds . he was den moved up in distance for de henry ii stakes over two miwes at sandown park racecourse and finished fiff , more dan dirteen wengds behind de winner sadeem . in juwy he was dropped in cwass and distance for a listed race over fourteen furwongs at lingfiewd park racecourse and defeated de odds - on favourite mountain kingdom ( winner of de ormonde stakes and yorkshire cup ) by two wengds . in dis race he was ridden for de first time by richard quinn , who became his reguwar jockey . later dat monf ibn bey was sent to france again and won de group two prix maurice de nieuiw and won by a short neck from de andre fabre - trained dree - year - owd mardonius . [ 8 ] two weeks water , ibn bey made his dird attempt to win de geoffrey freer stakes . starting at odds of 9 / 2 , he raced in second before overhauwing de favourite apache in de finaw strides to win by a head . [ 9 ]
the following year , she showed bay el bey to the first of a series of victories and high placings in the show ring , as well as bred him to one mare . his first foal , a filly named reina del bey , arrived in 1972 , precipitating eight more breedings - - and it was in that second crop that bay el bey produced barbary , the first of the impressive lineup of stallions who would become outstanding competitors as well as breeding horses , earning their sire ( and now , as the generations go forward , grandsire or great - grandsire ) the epithet
the kingmaker .
those first youngsters were enough to let sheila know that bay el bey was the next step in her program ; it remained only for him to make a name in the show ring .
while prince faisal flew over the skies of london and visited military camps in moscow , fuad bey hamza was charged with discussing the finer diplomatic points in a succession of meetings held with government officials in each country on the tour . hamza’s main task was to gain formal recognition of ibn saud’s kingdom of hejaz - nejd ( the precursor to the kingdom of saudi arabia ) on the international stage .
oqba ibn nafi ' i establishes a base of operations at kairouan and begins the erection of the great mosque , generally thought to be the oldest sanctuary in the western section of the islamic empire .
' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , transl . d . s . richards , ed . carole hillenbrand , ( routledge , 2002 ) , 302 .
zoheir ibn kais leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .
the almohad dynasty of morocco remains in command of tunisia . caliph muhammad al - nasir ibn yaqub appoints his own governor in tunis in 1207 to manage the day - to - day administration of the state .
after finishing fiff behind legaw bid in de lingfiewd derby triaw on his dree - year - owd debut , ibn bey contested de predominate stakes at goodwood racecourse , a triaw race for the derby and won by two wengds from awwasmi and cwassic tawe . in de derby he started at odds of 40 / 1 and finished dirteenf of de nineteen runners behind reference point . he finished fourf at goodwood in juwy and den ran dird behind moon madness and legaw bid in de geoffrey freer stakes . in september , ibn bey was sent to itawy for de group one gran premio d ' itawia over 2400 metres at miwan and won de race by ten wengds form jung . on his finaw appearance of de season , de cowt ran poorwy in de irish st leger at de curragh , finishing sixf of de eight runners behind eurobird . [ 2 ]
ahmad ibn tulun was born in baghdad in ad 835 , the son of a turkish slave owned by the abbasid caliph al - mamun . turkish slaves often served as soldiers and court officials under the abbasids , and the elder tulun ( “ibn tulun” means “son of tulun” ) was an accomplished officer , rising to the position of chief of the caliph’s personal guard . tulun provided his son ahmad with an excellent education , which included studying theology at tarsus and military training at samarra . this military and religious background , combined with a youth spent observing the machinations of court politics , would prove to be a valuable skill set for ibn tulun .
by the late 1970s , bay el bey ' s growing reputation as a sire outweighed any desire sheila varian had to show him . he remained full time at arroyo grande , where he and bay abi formed one of the only national champion father and son teams to share a barn . in 1984 , however , bay el bey was on the move , this time to florida , where he was leased by rohara arabians for two years of stud duty . in the days before the use of transported semen , the move east provided increased exposure for the stallion and allowed his son , huckleberry bey , more opportunity to develop his own following on the west coast .
built more than 1 , 100 years ago , the mosque of ibn tulun still looks largely the way it did when first constructed , although the entire city that was built around it was destroyed just 26 years later .
kasida ( 1891 ) and manokta ( 1894 ) were foundation mares for lady anne blunt , full sisters by nasr and out of makbula gsb . it seems that ibn makbula was their brother and the third nasr foal .
the death of murad ii leaves the muradids in some confusion as they vie with one another for superiority . this sparks the revolution of tunis , or the muradid war of succession , which does not end until the first of the husainids has seized control in 1705 . murad ' s sons , ali bey and muhamed bey fight each other , plus their uncle , muhammad al - hafsi , several lesser commanding figures , the turkish militia and even the dey of algiers . ali bey is assassinated , and muhammad al - hafsi is recalled to constantinople ( permanently ) , but the dey of algiers manages to use his own tunisian supporters to briefly capture tunis between 1694 - 1695 .
the penultimate line of defense for the state is family ties and clan kinship . so writes in the fourteenth - century bin ali’s compatriot , the masterful philosopher king , ibn khaldoun , in his celebrated muqaddimah ( introduction to history ) . asabiyyah ( tribal kinship or solidarity ) , makes and breaks states , ibn khaldoun rightly argues . his thesis epitomizes current statecraft in most arab republics . so long as the state’s coercive ‘reserve’ is not in shortage .
chaghri beg [ 1 ] ( turkish : çağrı bey , full name : abu suleiman dawud chaghri - beg ibn mikail ) ( 989 - 1060 ) , da ' ud b . mika ' il b . saljuq , [ 2 ] also spelled chaghri , was the co - ruler of the early seljuq empire . the name chaghri is turkic ( çağrı in modern turkish ) and literally means
small falcon
,
merlin
. [ 3 ]
the bey of tunis recognises the newly - created republic of corsica , which has been created after a twenty - six year fight for independence . genoese rule is thrown out , if not genoese troops , who remain in various strongholds .
ubeidallah ibn al - habhab al - maousili launches an invasion of sicily which results in him seizing syracuse . he readies his forces to take the rest of the island but a berber revolt in ifriqiyya forces him to abandon the idea .
at this time the capital of egypt was the city of fustat , which lies in the area of what is now called old cairo . ibn tulun , however , envisioned something more along the lines of baghdad or samarra , and so he began construction of his own capital city , al - qatta’i . this new capital would be laid out in the persian style , with a palace and a connected mosque large enough to service all his soldiers . for the location of his city ibn tulun chose a strategic high ground called jabal yashkur , which means “hill of thanksgiving . ” ibn tulun’s decision to create his own capital city exhibited an independent streak which would continue to grow as he consolidated his political power .
the islamic wali of ifriqiyya , zoheir ibn kais , leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .
he had an extremely gentle inner side ,
sheila concurs ,
but he was very willing and enthusiastic in his own way .
she searches for adjectives .
bay el bey was stately , wise , thoughtful , kind . . .
it was that gentle honesty that was nearly their undoing at the canadian nationals of 1977 , when after a long , hard class , when everyone was tiring , sheila knew that bay el bey had been giving his best , and let up a little .
chaghri beg ' s later life and death are mentioned on pages 129 - 130 in the annals of the saljuq turks : selections from al - kamil fi ' l - ta ' rikh of ibn al - athir , translated by d . s . richards .
in britain – already an important ally of the saudi kingdom – the primary focus of the diplomatic talks was ibn saud’s formal request for financial aid from the british government for use in the economic development of his kingdom , including funding the exploration for oil deposits .
first , he took advantage of his connections with the abbasid court to have the locally unpopular minister of finance removed , and by 872 he had assumed control of the council of financial affairs . once in a position to do so , he boosted his own image in egypt by lowering taxes and spending more on infrastructure . meanwhile , after the murder of bayik bey in 870 , control of egypt passed to ibn tulun’s father - in - law , who not only kept him in place as governor but also granted him control over alexandria .
the eu and the us have sympathy for and comprehension of the tunisian civil society’s problem . the tunisian people through innate good sense made him their ‘bey’ . now they deserve something in return : respect and freedom from the spectre of hereditary rule that haunts most arab republics .
10 . ibn makbula is in the index ( 4009 ) as an 1892 grey stallion . variant spelling “ebn makboula . ” beyond this , his index entry is particularly garbled . he is listed as being by a sire also named “ibn makbula” and out of a mare named “nasrat . ” there is no other “ibn makbula” in the index , and the only “nasrat” in the index was a bay ali pasha stallion by aziz and out of bint azz . ali pasha sherif owned at least two mares named makbula , and ibn makbula’s name implies he was the son of one of them . index correction 888 changes the sire to nasrat and the dam to makbula . like raswan , lady anne blunt says that ali pasha sherif bred a bay stallion named nasr or nasrat , by aziz and out of bint azz . she further records that “nasr died of ‘the eye’ i . e . fell dead one day when being ridden out – this happened on a bridge . his only descendants were kasida , manokta and a colt ex mukbula” ( quoted in upton , p . 116 )
initially the ottomans were openly opposed by muley hamida a son of the hafsid muhammad v and a man with a very low reputation . once he had been seen off , the second bey was murad bey ( murad i ) . he was of corsican janissary stock and had been sponsored by ramdan bey from an early age . upon randan ' s death he was able to succeed him in office and secure the succession of his own son . as the first of this line the dynasty is known by his name - muradid or mouradite . however , his successors were so interested in securing their position , and making that position independent of ottoman control , that they alienated much of the nobility and ended up fighting amongst themselves so that it was almost a relief when the last of them was murdered by his own general .
british - bred ibn bey won 10 of 28 career starts , earning $ 1 , 626 , 059 while racing for five seasons in seven countries . he was named champion 3 - year - old colt in italy in 1987 , on the strength of a victory in the group 1 gran premio d’italia . however , he found greater success in later seasons of his career , winning the group 1 europa - preis in 1989 , and taking both the group 1 grosser preis and group 1 irish st . leger the following year at age 6 .
after the return of the abbasids in 905 , and with the rise of cairo proper as the capital of egypt , the mosque of ibn tulun lost its former prestige and centuries of neglect took their toll . the mosque suffered major damage in the 12th century when it was used at various times to house pilgrims . in 1296 , the mamluk sultan lajin , who had hidden in the mosque in the aftermath of the assassination of sultan al - ashraf khalil ibn qalawun , made good on his promise to restore the property to its original grandeur .
ibn saud’s main concern was to gain international recognition for his kingdom , which he had spent over twenty years expanding and consolidating . his second intention was to seek financial aid from britain in order to , amongst other things , fund the search for oil deposits in his dominions .
racing for fahd salman , ibn bey was a four - time group i winner . in germany , he won the 1989 r + v - europa preis ( ger - i ) and the 1990 grosser preis der berliner bank ( ger - i ) and was a champion both years . in italy , he captured the 1987 gran premio d ' italia ( ity - i ) and was that year ' s champion 3 - year - old male . he was an irish champion the year he won the 1990 jefferson smurfit memorial irish st . leger ( ire - i ) .
three weeks after his defeat in germany , ibn bey contested de irish st leger over fourteen furwongs at de curragh and started de 5 / 1 second favourite behind de 1989 st leger stakes winner michewozzo . he raced in second pwace behind de dree - year - owd thetford forest ( water to win de sun awwiance novices ' hurdwe ) before taking de wead two furwong from de finish . he was headed by de outsider mr pintips but rawwied to regain de advantage 100 yards from de finish and won by a wengf . [ 12 ] after dis race he entered de ownership of yustane sohma .
since the 2009 elections , tunisians have started wondering whether bin ali intends to leave power in 2014 and under what scenarios . they have recently been rudely prevented from wondering too much and wandering into a different republic : one where they are visible and where the ‘bey’ and his heirs have departed for good .
bin ali and his government must realize that people live not by bread alone . they also live as social contractors with aspirations for free speech , organized political activity , civic and social capital , and political dynamism . ruling as a ‘bey’ in modern - day tunisia betrays the very republican pretensions of the regime .
during his two - year residence in florida , bay el bey established an indelible link with rohara .
he ' s a part of our program through all three sons and one grandson , jk amadeus ,
says hart .
even this year , so many years later , i would say that half of our show horses are either grandsons or great - grandsons ( or daughters ) of bay el bey - - 50 percent of the show string that we showed , and we had 21 entries at region xii .
his contribution ?
mostly the motion , the stretch , the overall athletic ability .
in 1938 , standard oil of california struck oil at al - hasa , tapping into what would become the world’s largest deposit of crude oil . irrespective of ibn saud’s thoughts on the success of his son’s 1932 diplomatic tour , for the british government it was one visit that officials probably wanted to forget .
6 . and 7 . ibn bint nura saghir and ibn bint nura kebir raswan describes as chestnut stallions foaled 1892 and 1889 , by aziz and out of bint nura ( index 3964 , 3962 ) . entry 3964 gives variant spelling “ebn bent noura el - saghir . ” raswan’s attempt to determine which bint nura produced these stallions is similar to his treatment of the two zarifa sons . these two sons of “bint nura” were probably out of the same mare . ali pasha owned numerous mares known as “bint nura” ( see below for another ) . these two easily could have been full brothers to bint nura gsb .
8 . ibn bint jellabieh feysul is in the index ( 3957 ) as an 1893 chestnut son of ibn nura out of bint jellabieh feysul . date , name , and color agree with the journal entry describing the auction . raswan seems to have been unaware that this horse was feysul gsb . lady anne blunt acquired him “from seyyid mohammed fathi december 7 1898 . mohammed fathi had bought him from saleh bey sherif , his purchaser at the 2nd auction held in march 1897 ( lady anne blunt quoted in a , p & c , p . 97 ) . the facsimile page of the sheykh obeyd stud book reproduced in upton shows that lady anne blunt originally entered feysul as the son of “bint jellabiet feysul , ” noting that feysul’s dam was also known as “the lame” ( el argaa ) from having broken a front leg . she later changed el argaa’s other name to read “bint bint jellabiet feysul , ” implying that one of the “bints” had been left out originally .
as important as his physical presence was the sheer force of his personality .
bay el bey had the temperament that we see in all the descendants - - ready to work , full of fire , but completely sweet ,
says mike nichols .
that ' s what characterized everything that ' s come down from him .
12 . johara bint helwa has variant spelling “goharra bent heloua” in index entries 3081 and 4550 . she is in gsb as johara , and crabbet records state she was also known as “bint helwa es shakra” ( the chestnut daughter of the sweet mare ) . crabbet records further state that lady anne blunt “ [ p ] urchased [ her ] from ibrahim bey sherif on april 19 , 1897 for lb 120 . ibrahim bey had bought her at the auction on march 26 , for lbe 80 ( quoted in upton , p . 100 ) . johara was the daughter of aziz and helwa , and was foaled about 1880 , making her one of the first aziz foals .
ahmad bey abolishes slavery in tunisia , one of several reforms in what is largely a mismanaged attempt to modernise the state . some of his efforts are handled with the support of the french but little of his changes benefit or even affect the ordinary populace . nevertheless , his cousin and successor , muhammad ii continues to follow his reformist tendencies .
ibn bey was beaten in his first four races of 1988 . he finished dird under top weight of 128 pounds in de aston park stakes at newbury , fourf behind awmaarad in de hardwicke stakes at royaw ascot , fourf , beaten 26 wengds , by unfuwain in de princess of wawes ' s stakes at newmarket , and fourf again in de geoffrey freer stakes in august . on his finaw appearance of de season , he was sent to france to contest de grand prix de deauviwwe over 2700 metres on 28 august . ridden by michaew roberts , he took de wead 400 metres from de finish and won by two wengds from de barry hiwws - trained sudden victory . [ 7 ]
4 . and 5 . ibn zarifa saghir and ibn zarifa kebir appear to be the sons of a mare named zarifa ( “the graceful” ) , as their names imply ( “the younger son of the graceful mare” and “the elder son of the graceful mare” respectively ) . index entries 4040 and 4041 , as well as 11242 and 11243 , interpret the names to mean “the son of the younger zarifa” and “the son of the elder zarifa , ” which is an unlikely interpretation since the words kebir and saghir take the masculine form and therefore seem to apply to the sons . raswan says the sons were foaled in 1887 and 1888 , were both grey , and both by aziz .
the mosque tells the story of a court servant , the son of a turkish slave , who came to rule all of egypt and part of syria . he would rise to declare independence for his kingdom–as well as himself–from those who once owned him . this article will explore the history of ahmad ibn tulun and the mosque that bears his name .
peace was established this year between king ibrahim and da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the lord of khurasan , on condition that each of them should keep what he held and abandon opposition to the other’s rule . the reason for this was that the wise men on both sides considered [ the situation ] and realised that neither of the two rulers was able to take what the other held , and that the only result would be expenditure of money , exhaustion of the troops , plundering of the land and loss of life . so they worked for peace , and an accord was reached and oaths sworn . copies were drawn up , and the people were delighted and rejoiced at the prospect of prosperity .
no tunisians are arguing for democratic ‘compulsion’ from without . given the sad state of opposition and overall civic capital , mounting a challenge against the last ‘bey’ or his heirs may prove premature for another decade . but if bin ali wishes to insist on clinging to power till ‘death do us part’ , then he must stop to insult the intelligence of his people .
a successional dispute for the umayyad caliphate sees an army march on damascus , where a new caliph is proclaimed . rebellions and revolts break out across the empire , one of which results in a change in command in tunisia ( ifriqiyya ) , as a dynasty of governors is established . handhala ibn safwan al - kalbi consents to return to islamic damascus .
that bay el bey was athletically inclined was apparent . in preparing for his halter competition , he often enjoyed an unconventional training regimen . one year , getting ready for nationals , sheila conditioned him with extensive rides in the country around arroyo grande , accompanied by her whippet amber , and unofficially , a jackrabbit .
every day , the jackrabbit would always be in the same spot , and every day we ' d chase it , my dog and my horse and me . we ' d be going wide open through rough country .
every day , she adds , the rabbit escaped .
that was bay el bey ' s exercise that year . i always exercised him under saddle , never longed him .
the mosque is the largest in cairo , and is the third largest in the world . it is the oldest mosque in egypt that still retains much of its original design . the mosque of ibn tulun differs from other mosques in several regards , not the least of which is that it is built of brick covered with carved stucco rather than stone and marble . one reason given for this is the fact that the architect was a christian , who decided to use brick in order to spare churches from being plundered for building materials . another explanation is that ibn tulun wanted the mosque to mirror the great mosque of samarra , which is constructed in the same way , and because brick is more fire resistant .
the four qadits of sicily have largely been rebuilt into a single emirate by ayyub ibn tamim , the son of the zirid emir of ifriqiyya ( regional governors of the fatamids ) . he departs in 1068 , leaving behind an island that remains divided between arabs and byzantines , and is not strong enough to continue to hold out against fresh attacks from apulia .
his only british classic win so far came in the 1990 st leger on snurge - a horse whom , along with ibn bey , ruby tiger and bint pasha , quinn rates as the best he has ridden . controversially lost the ride on generous in the 1991 derby to alan munro when owner prince fahd salman decided to retain the latter jockey despite quinn ' s status as stable jockey to trainer cole . the partnership of salman , cole and quinn was later resumed although the jockey rode as a freelance last season , when he had a best - ever tally of 151 victories , and only kieren fallon partnered more winners . following fallon ' s departure from warren place , quinn began as first jockey to henry cecil this season .
in addition to his canadian national championship in stallion halter , bay el bey was named 1974 and ' 76 u . s . national reserve champion stallion , and earned seven top tens as well as eight championships and reserves at regional and class a shows . sheila also presented him briefly in english pleasure , totaling up three championships , three reserves and the region ii championship .
sheila varian particularly remembers the sight of bay el bey and angela , heading out to the back pasture to tease the mares , a duty the stallion took over from his sire , bay abi .
you ' d see an empty 20 - acre pasture when angela led bay el bey in . . . and then , over the hill , the mares and foals would come running to greet him . because they were used to him and knew him , the mares didn ' t object when the foals came up to him , and he would stand with the babies all around him , talking to the mares . there was no striking , no biting , no rearing - - he knew what to do and how to do it .
bay el bey and i trusted each other . he had a strength and seriousness about him that i admired and a playfulness that i loved . if i wasn ' t moving fast enough to those pastures , he ' d get behind me and nudge me in the back . i miss those nudges . . . especially every morning around 8 o ' clock .
14 . fortunately , lady anne had also bought bint horra’s foal , a bay filly by ibn nura just 22 days old at the time of the auction . she was known as bint bint horra , and lady anne blunt named her ghazieh . she is no . 15 in the sheykh obeyd herd book , and was the dam of ten foals for lady anne .
what i remember most about him was his amazing neck , the same type that bay abi had , but with even more stretch and elegance ,
comments breeder mike nichols , who first saw bay el bey on a 1974 visit to varian arabians , which resulted in his purchase of the yearling barbary .
the trick is to get certain things simultaneously ; none is more important than the other - - type is crucial , correctness , performance , athletic ability , disposition - - you ' ve really got to get all of those or you don ' t have what we ' re looking for and you don ' t have anything you can go on with . bay el bey was living evidence of that and how brilliantly it bred on .
hasan ibn al - nu ' man captures carthage in 695 and advances into the atlas mountains . taking advantage of his absence , a byzantine fleet arrives to retake carthage in 697 , but within a year hasan returns and defeats emperor tiberius iii at the battle of carthage . africa is abandoned to the islamic empire . carthage is again destroyed and is replaced by tunis as the regional capital .
ibn makbula appears in the journals again , entry of november 20 , 1909 : “to the house of mahmud moharrem rustem purchaser of … the colt by nasrat out of makbula … a handsome wreck , eyes sunk in and looks older than his age ( 16 to 17 years ) , is very like kasida is grey , great bone , strange to say not yet white at that age . ”
husayn bey signs a treaty with france which grants it a strip of land near carthage on which king louis ix had died in 1270 , during the seventh crusade . the idea ( or pretence ) is that a monument is to be built to commemorate the french king . ten years later the first stone is laid in the construction of the cathedral of carthage , and the french now have a foothold in the country .
in rajab of this year [ 13 august - 11 septemener 1059 ] there died chagri beg da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the brother of sultan tughril beg . it is said that his death was in safar [ 4 ] 52 [ 7 march - 4 april 1060 ] . he was about seventy years old . he was the lord of khurasan and the rival andopponent of the house of sabuktegin , and the defender of khurasan againstthe , . when he died , his son alp arslan became ruler of khurasan after him . da’ud left a number of male children , including the sultan alp arslan , yaquti , sulayman , and qavurt beg . after [ the death of ] his brother da’ud , the sultan tughril beg married the mother of sulayman , and named him as his successor . what happened to him we shall relate later .
the last independent dynasty of tunisia , the hafsids , had become increasingly caught up in the power struggle between spain and the corsairs , the latter of which were supported by the ottoman empire . the ottomans conquered tunis in 1574 and toppled the hafsids . once removed , they were replaced by ottoman governors ( labelled deys - a superior title - or beys - the inferior of the two ) , with ramdan bey being the first .


the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) is a species of seahorse found in the subtidal aquatic beds of the bahamas and parts of the united states .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

according to guinness world records , it is the slowest moving fish , with a top speed of about 152 centimetres per hour .

it is most often white in color but can range from tan , brown , yellow and green .

in the wild , it often has small skin growths called cirri that resemble algae .

dwarf seahorse

noaa fisheries . dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) . accessed september 30 , 2014 .
genetic evidence for monogamy in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae . - pubmed - ncbi
information on the dwarf seahorse is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
as “data - deficient , ” meaning that no one has really looked into the dwarf seahorse’s population dynamics .
the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) is a small seahorse found in the western atlantic ocean . they are also known as little seahorses or pygmy seahorses .
masonjones , h . , s . lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae .
zebra snout seahorse hippocampus barbouri , a beautiful seahorse but one that frequently does poor in captivity .
masonjones hd and sm lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae . copeia 1996 : 634 - 640 .
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arkive photo - adult male dwarf seahorse with young
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project seahorse is the world’s premier seahorse conservation and research organization . a wealth of information is available at their web site : urltoken
jordan , , gilbert . 1882 .
hippocamous zosterae ( dwarf seahorse )
( on - line ) . fishbase . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
video :
dwarf seahorse snatches a copepod
check out this up - close - and - personal video showing how these tiny seahorses can be deadlier than sharks .
we set out to catch a modern day unicorn , the dwarf seahorse , as dainty and secretive a creature as you can find anywhere on land or under the sea .
in fact , the center for biological diversity filed a petition in 2011 to list the dwarf seahorse under the endangered species act . federal officials are still considering that petition .
soon after the deepwater horizon oil spill , the center leapt into action to fight dangerous offshore oil drilling that threatens the survival of the dwarf seahorse and countless other animal and plant species . a year later , with pollution still persisting in the gulf and the seahorse in dangerous decline , we filed a scientific petition to federally protect the species . in 2012 , the national marine fisheries service announced that the dwarf seahorse may warrant protection .
dwarf seahorses have 9 - 10 bony rings around their trunk and 31 - 32 rings around their tail .
the small size and specific body ring and dorsal ray counts should be sufficient to allow the dwarf seahorse to be distinguished from the larger congener hippocampus erectus , with which it may co - occur .
full , round belly . a healthy seahorse is a will feed seahorse . while they tend to be fairly thin by nature , any caved in sides is a bad sign .
hi there , i have 9 dwarf seahorses in a 35 gallon bow front . the tank is . . .
vincent , a . 1995 . a role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds .
are humans . dwarf seahorses are extremely popular in the aquarium trade because of their small size . some fisheries off the coast of florida have built their business around the capture of live dwarf seahorses in shallow grass beds for the aquarium trade . tens of thousands of
the marine curio industry also affects wild seahorse populations . for more about this threat , go to
the seed to go on a seahorse hunt was planted during a recent conversation with brian jones of the sea lab , who mentioned that the lab had acquired some dwarf seahorses from another facility and would be putting them on display .
high reproductive rates and a stable population size suggest dwarf seahorses are an important trophic link in halodule seagrass communities ( strawn 1958 ) .
the breeding season for dwarf seahorses runs from february to november . in captivity , these animals have been reported to mate for life .
hermit crabs are not very effective predators in general , but a very large individual might be able to overcome a dwarf seahorse . it’s more likely that the crab was scavenging an already dead seahorse , but stick to very small individuals in your tank . these should be quite easy to collect in the waters inhabited by the pipefish .
, commonly known as the dwarf seahorse , inhabits coastal waters of the western atlantic ocean , including the caribbean sea , the gulf of mexico , and the continental shelf of the southeastern united states ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) .
dwarf seahorses are also collected in florida for the marine ornamental aquarium industry . annual seahorse landings vary widely , but adams et al . ( 2001 ) indicates more than 80 , 000 h . zosterae were collected in florida in 1992 .
masonjones , h . 2001 . the effect of social context and reproductive status on the metabolic rates of dwarf seahorses ( hippocampus zosterae ) .
dwarf seahorses , hippocampus zosterae remains an ever popular , easy to care for aquarium pet . the basics of keeping them are . . .
bright , active eyes . a healthy seahorse will swivel its eyes around in constant search of food .
citation : fedrizzi n , stiassny mlj , boehm jt , dougherty er , amato g , mendez m ( 2015 ) population genetic structure of the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) in florida . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0132308 . urltoken
a pair of dwarf seahorses are entombed in this acrylic paperweight bought in a seashell curio shop . thousands of seahorses meet a similar fate every year .
large species of seahorse , very similar to h . reidi in form and coloration . a subtropical seahorse from the pacific , found on the west coast , possibly as far north as california . outgoing , active seahorse . but very difficult to keep successfully . prone to bacterial illnesses that tend to then infect any other syngnathid inhabitants .
your fears are correct . seahorse should not be kept with reef lobsters . please look at the tankmates article .
breeding interval dwarf seahorses remate within 4 to 20 hours after the young have been released from the brood pouch . this may occur throughout the breeding season .
for those who have never seen a pipefish , it is the closest swimming relative of the seahorse . in fact , pipefish look just as a seahorse would look if you straightened its body out and bent the seahorse head to be in line with the rest of the body . but they share a much more fascinating trait than just appearance .
the trade in dwarf seahorses for both the aquarium and curio trades has historically been concentrated in florida [ 51 , 52 ] . collection of h . zosterae in florida is regulated in the same manner as other near - shore marine fishes and is subject to the restrictions of recreational and commercial fishing licenses issued by the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission [ 51 ] . the results of our analyses , considered alongside observations of the methods of dwarf seahorse collectors , suggest that the impact of the aquarium trade on h . zosterae is likely small and can be sustained by dwarf seahorse populations . implementation of seasonal restrictions on large - scale catches of dwarf seahorses , such as those for the curio trade , could be a useful management tool for curtailing collection during the peak of annual population contraction , which occurs from december to february [ 1 , 52 ] .
staring at a picture of a dwarf , i thought , what a thing , to catch one of these tiny and magical creatures and hold it in your hand . in a lifetime spent prowling ocean waters , i had previously encountered only one live seahorse , which my cousin mike and i caught in a seine in panama city in the 1970s . it was the more common and much larger lined seahorse .
a 10 gallon aquarium is far too small for most seahorse species , and clownfish are not good tank mates for seahorses .
the key to feeding dwarf seahorses dwarf seahorses are one of the only seahorse species that will thrive on a diet consisting solely of enriched brine shrimp . they will , however , appreciate an occasional meal of tiny , wild caught invertebrates – thin meshed “plankton nets , ” ( available from biological supply houses ) drawn through shallow marine waters will yield a wealth of valuable food items . “enriched” brine shrimp are those that have been allowed to feed for a few days before themselves being given to the seahorses . this process increases the shrimps’ nutritional value , and is indispensable if one is to succeed in keeping dwarf seahorses . therefore , brine shrimp intended as seahorse food should be given brightwell aquatic’s phyto - green , or a similar product , for several days .
2003 .
biology of seahorses
( on - line ) . project seahorse . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
tiger tail seahorse , hippocampus comes , showing the distinctive tail coloration that earned this species it’s name . photo courtesy of debby ng
one issue that new seahorse keepers struggle with is what exactly they need for an aquarium setup to keep seahorses . . . .
the two species highlighted in this article ( please see part i , the atlantic seahorse , published last week ) were chosen because , of all , they are the most likely to do well on diets that are within the means of most aquarists . please do not be tempted to try other species until you are well - experienced with the following animals . i will focus here on points unique to seahorse husbandry – water quality and filtration should be managed as for other marine fishes ( please see related articles posted on this blog ) . dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae
the male seahorse carries fertilized eggs in his
brood pouch
for 9 to 45 days until the young seahorses emerge fully formed .
great info…i’ve always been interested in keeping a seahorse tank , but haven’t had much time . my reef tanks keep me busy enough !
we had a few local hermit crabs as you suggested in the book , but found one eating a seahorse , and so released them just to be on the safe side . could the hermit crab have killed the seahorse ? sorry for so many questions , thank you .
as it stands , dwarf seahorses are the second most popular fish exported from the state for the aquarium trade , with reports of tens of thousands sold live each year . still , collection for the chinese market takes the lion ' s share of all seahorse species internationally . a guide to the identification of seahorses , a 2004 scientific paper about the status of global seahorse populations , states that the asian trade exceeds 50 tons of dried seahorses a year , a stunning amount considering how small even the largest seahorse species are . the international union for conservation of nature , which publishes the iucn red list of threatened species , considers all 30 - plus known seahorse species to be in danger of extinction due to exploitation and habitat loss .
throughout their range , using a variety of gear types and inconsistent sampling frequencies and duration ' s . throughout this section , reported seahorse densities are low , but this has been observed broadly across seahorse species ( foster and vincent 2004 ) and is strongly related to gear specificity in
seahorses ' unique life - history characteristics and habitat specificity make them particularly vulnerable when faced with exploitation and habitat degradation . seahorses have elaborate social and reproductive behaviors , with males giving live birth and partners forming monogamous bonds that are reinforced each morning with a greeting ritual . the imperiled dwarf seahorse is too special to abandon to extinction .
a mated pair ! dwarf seahorses are known to be monogamous , and to mate for life . their elaborate courtship rituals are well documented . and here was a mated pair basically holding hands .
and other seahorse species produce a rapid clicking sound as a form of communication . these clicking sounds have been observed during courtship and copulation , inter - male competition , feeding , and stress produced , for example , by moving a seahorse from one tank into another . dwarf seahorses produce these clicking sounds by stridulation , which is the production of sound through the grinding together of hard , usually bony structures . in this case the skull grinds against the vertebrae . more specifically ,
most of the harvest occurs in the grass beds of south florida , which appear to be the dwarf seahorse ' s last remaining stronghold . the state of florida recently rejected recommendations from a state panel that sought to beef up the rules governing the harvest . the rule change would have cut the number that could be harvested in a day from 400 to 200 per boat , set a limit of 25 , 000 per year for the annual harvest , and prohibited collecting dwarf seahorses anywhere but within this stronghold area . some scientists believe the seahorse populations in other parts of the state have been affected by years of heavy collection and shrimp trawling , nearly wiping them out from some areas .
well that depends on the seahorse you’re interested in . typically the larger and more brightly colored individuals cost more than the smaller and duller colored ones
bloating . while a fat seahorse is a healthy seahorse , they also succumb to infections that cause fluid to accumulate under the skin . it can be difficult to tell the difference in the early stages , but one thing you can do is watch for if it is still eating or not .
while this just a basic overview of what is needed for keeping seahorses , following these three keys will lead to a happy , healthy seahorse tank .
many middle - aged and older aquarists may be familiar with dwarf seahorses , even if they don’t realize it . those of us who grew up in the precomputer age reading comic books are likely familiar with the ads in the back of those comic books offering seahorses for sale . these were dwarf seahorses , and those of us who bought them had live fish arriving in the mail years before the internet began .
the maximum length of a dwarf seahorse is just under 2 inches . like many other seahorse species , it has a variety of color forms , which range from tan to green to almost black . their skin may be mottled , have dark spots , and covered in tiny warts . these seahorses have a short snout , and a coronet on top of their head that is very high and column - like or knob - like in shape . they may also have filaments extending from their head and body .
as early as the mid - 1950s , dwarf seahorses were preserved , dried , and sold to shell dealers for $ 15 . 00 to $ 25 . 00 per 1 , 000 ( strawn 1954 ) .
baum jk , vincent acj ( 2005 ) magnitude and inferred impacts of the seahorse trade in latin america . environ conserv 32 ( 4 ) : 305–319 .
after reading this , are you thinking of setting up your own seahorse aquarium ? stop by our forums to ask any questions you have about keeping seahorses .
dwarf seahorses are precocious and will breed freely in captivity . some seahorse species are reported to be monogamous , but dwarfs definitely like to play the field . i have one large female that mates on a regular basis with at least four different males . their mating dance usually happens early in the morning , and i’ve never seen a pair mate in the afternoon or evening .
dwarf seahorses eat small crustaceans and tiny fish . like other seahorses , they are
ambush predators ,
and use their long snout with a pipette - like motion to suck in their food as it passes by .
vincent , a . 1997 .
nova - kingdom of the seahorse
( on - line ) . pbs . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
project seahorse 2003 . hippocampus zosterae . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < urltoken > . accessed september 30 , 2014 .
seahorse keepers are obsessed with food . live food , dead food , big food , small food . why ? because our seahorses are so dependent on it .
the dwarf seahorse ' s mating ritual is fascinating ,
said mccawley , with the florida fwc . it is
marked by distinct behavior changes and intensity and occurs over 3 - 4 days . the phases include side - by - side vibrating or quivering , showing bright and / or rapid color changes , head pointing , and repeatedly rising together in the water column .
with adults only about an inch tall , the dwarf seahorse is the smallest of the four seahorse species found in u . s . waters . this dainty , curly - tailed fish occurs only in shallow seagrass areas in the gulf of mexico , along the atlantic coast of florida and in the caribbean . unfortunately , this seahorse now faces numerous threats to its existence , and the best available science shows that it ' s in decline . widespread loss of the species ' seagrass habitat due to pollution , damage from boats and trawls and global warming is hurting the minuscule creature — which is further endangered by collection for use in the aquarium trade , as curios , and for prepackaged traditional medicines . after the catastrophic 2010 gulf of mexico oil spill degraded much of its range , this seahorse is more threatened than ever and could disappear forever without the protection of the endangered species act .
strawn k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zosterae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1958 : 16 - 22 .
lourie s ( 2003 ) fin - clipping procedure for seahorses . in : project seahorse technical bulletin 3 . fisheries centre , university of british columbia , pp 1–4 .
reidi are available in australia by the only remaining commercial breeders here seahorse australia . urltoken just expensive and only seems to be females at the time of this comment .
is one of the smallest of the many different seahorse species , ranging in size between 2 to 2 . 5 cm . the maximum reported size was a male of 5 . 0 cm ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) . this species of seahorse can be distinguished from other western atlantic seahorse species by the presence of 10 to 13 dorsal and pectoral fin rays ( daswon and vari , 1982 ) . also , dwarf seahorses possess 9 to 10 trunk rings , a high knob - like coronet that lacks spines or projections , knob - like spines on the body , a short snout that is one - third the length of the head , and skin covered in tiny warts ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) .
lourie s , foster s , cooper e , vincent ac ( 2004 ) a guide to the identification of seahorses . traffic north america and project seahorse , washington dc .
the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae , is a small seahorse common to florida seagrass flats . it is variable in color , often tan and unpatterned , but individuals can also range in color from green to nearly black . the snout is long relative to body size and the coronet ( head projection ) is high and knob - like . the dorsal fin has 11 - 13 fin rays and a dark submarginal stripe that may aid in identification . body ring counts reveal 10 - 14 trunk rings and 31 - 33 tail rings ( hoese and moore 1977 , robins et al . 1986 ) .
chang ch , lin hy , jang - liaw nh , shao kt , lin ys , ho hc . ( 2013 ) the complete mitochondrial genome of the tiger tail seahorse ,
goswami m , thangaraj k , kumar b , chaudhary l , bhaskar sk , gopalakrishnan a , et al . ( 2009 ) genetic heterogeneity of the indian stocks of seahorse (
an ideal “first seahorse” in sharp contrast to larger fishes , dwarf seahorses offer us the opportunity to observe nearly all of their natural behaviors in captivity . due to their small size , they adjust readily to the confines of aquarium life . three pairs in a 15 gallon tank will reward you with a display of activities not often observed among captive seahorses of other species . as a consequence , their captive husbandry is well understood , and many specimens in the trade are commercially produced . this is an important consideration at a time when many seahorse species are in sharp decline ( please see below ) .
the size and shape of the aquarium is also important to seahorse health . 20 gallons per seahorse is the absolute minimum for a pair of seahorses . 40 gallons per pair of the really large species such as h . ingens or h . abdominalis . however , water volume is only one factor when determining the best size seahorse aquarium . seahorses need tall aquariums , as they are vertical swimmers . this is especially true if you plan to breed them . minimum tank size is three times the total adult height of the seahorse . be sure this is after you subtract the depth of your sand bed . a 20 - inch tank with a 6 inch sand bed only gives seahorses 14 inches of usable height .
our results support an isolation by distance model as a contributing driver of population structuring in floridian h . zosterae , in which geographically proximate populations are more genetically similar than those that are farther apart [ 36 ] . these findings implicate a stepping - stone or nearest - neighbor model in the structuring of dwarf seahorse populations , though other organismal and environmental factors are likely influential , including rafting and current patterns [ 39 ] .
overwintering cedar key dwarf seahorses disappear from the grass flats by early august and do not become member ' s of the next year ' s overwintering population . strawn ( 1958 ) suggested that individuals from this population rarely exceeded one year in age .
description and habitat “seapony” might be a more appropriate name for this diminutive creature , which , at an adult length of 0 . 9 inches , is only slightly larger than the smallest known species , denise’s pygmy seahorse ( please see below ) . ranging from florida to the bahamas , the dwarf seahorse may be white , yellow , green or black in color . it dwells in sea grass beds , so much so that the species name , “zosterae” , is drawn from that of the plant with which it is most often associated . northern populations were formerly considered to be a separate species , h . regulus .
driving home , this thought occurred to me regarding the fact that they mate for life : if i were only able to move five feet an hour and i managed to find another of my species in a huge forest of grass , and that one i found was the opposite sex , i ' d probably never let her out of my sight either . especially so if she looked as lovely and delicate as a dwarf seahorse .
was listed in 2000 as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species . one major threat to dwarf seahorses is habitat degradation due to extraction from subsistence , artisanal uses , and large - scale fisheries as well as infrastructure development such as industry , human settlement , and tourism . harvesting for local , national , and international trade and accidental mortality as bycatch in fishing nets are also threats to this population . due to the small size of dwarf seahorses , they are popular in the aquarium trade .
boehm jt , woodall l , teske pr , lourie s , baldwin c , waldman j , et al . ( 2013 ) marine dispersal and barriers drive atlantic seahorse diversification . j biogeogr
i’m often asked which species of seahorse aquarists should get for their first aquarium . this question may sound simple enough , but different species behave differently and have varying levels of care required .
also has a dorsal fin with a submarginal band ( dawson and vari , 1982 ) . dwarf seahorses are found in colors of beige , yellow , green , and black , and may have white speckles or dark spots ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) .
( 1989 ) , observing 0 . 37 animals / m² in 1994 / 1995 combined , again showing that across habitat types , seahorse densities were stable . using otter trawls in deeper areas , thayer
as a testament to their hardiness , most of those early shipments arrived alive and well . because the dwarf seahorse is relatively easy to care for , provided a few basic needs are met , those of us who followed the simple directions that came with them were rewarded with fish that often reproduced and survived for several generations in our care . unfortunately , i’m sure many others did not follow those directions , and those poor fish in their care did not last long .
dwarf seahorses live in shallow waters populated with seagrasses . in fact , their distribution coincides with the availability of seagrasses . they may also be found in floating vegetation . they live in the western atlantic ocean in southern florida , bermuda , bahamas and the gulf of mexico .
dwarf seahorses are the one exception . newly hatched and enriched baby brine shrimp is generally used as a staple . this is because they are more nutritious , still having the egg yoke or being enriched . larger seahorses will not eat baby brine shrimp , its too small .
wilson mj , and acj vincent . 1998 . preliminary success in closing the life cycle of exploited seahorse species , hippocampus spp . , in captivity . aquarium sciences and conservation 2 : 179 - 196 .
, being a smaller species , is expected to live on average one year in the wild and in captivity ( if given proper care ) ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) . the maximum reported lifespan is 1 year for dwarf seahorses ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) .
tankmates need to be slow . seahorses are not very fast at catching food ; some will stare at a piece for a good ten minutes before deciding it is edible . highly aggressive , fast tankmates will usually end up stealing all the food . in addition , gregarious , fast moving fish tend to make seahorses nervous and can cause undue stress , which can lead to illness . keep the tankmates slow and small , and your seahorse will be happiest . or don’t keep them at all , as many seahorse keepers discovered they do best only with their own kind . for specific recommendations , see the article on seahorse tankmates .
i was in surfside this weekend and caught a very small seahorse . about an inch long . it is now in a 30 gallon ice chest filled with ocean water from where i caught him… now what… .
dwarf seahorses typically produce at least three generations per year , with four or more generations possible in the southern parts of their range [ 1 ] . most breeding activity occurs between february and october , with breeding timing and juvenile growth both closely associated with day length and regional water temperatures [ 1 , 12 ] . during the summer months , when water temperatures exceed 30°c , male dwarf seahorses may produce up to two broods per month , each containing up to 55 offspring . juvenile development is rapid , with individuals reaching reproductive maturity between two and three months of age .
plays a vital role in the ecosystems in which they live , first as predators that help regulate populations of their marine prey . as prey for other animals , dwarf seahorses help to maintain other species by providing them with a source of food . for example , consumption of small crustaceans by
the dwarf seahorse is found in eelgrass beds around coastal florida , out in the atlantic to bermuda and throughout the caribbean . in fact , their specific name zosterae refers to the genus of eelgrass with which they are most often associated : zostera . while individual specimens are reputed to be tied to one area , and they don’t move around much , their wide dispersal is apparently due to them hanging on when pieces of seagrass break loose and float off with the current to settle down sometimes hundreds of miles away .
the last issue concerning the seahorse environment is water quality . seahorses are messy eaters ; consuming large volumes of high protein , high fat foods . they have an inefficient digestive system , which leaves the aquarist with high protein , high fat poops that break down in the aquarium . for this reason , it is important for the seahorse aquarist to watch their water quality closely , and set up their aquarium to deal with these waste - producing machines .
hello i was wondering what can be done to help the bio cube not get so hot ? i have been looking into a seahorse tank and found the biocube 32 to be suitable and many people seem to use them .
i have not much idea about seahorses but i’d loved to keep them as pets . can anyone suggest me of which kind of seahorse i should get ? i prefer the one that has a long life span . thanks !
dwarf seahorses are small . specimens collected from cedar key seagrass beds by strawn ( 1958 ) ranged from 7 to 38 mm from the knob at the top of the head ( the coronet ) to the tip of the tail . robbins et al . ( 1986 ) indicates large specimens may reach 5 cm .
hello , i’m having difficulty adjusting the flow rate on the 2 different types of filters that i use in my seahorse aquarium . the current if blowing the seahorse around , no matterhow i try to slow it . in the spring i am planning to add pipefish , which also need slower water i believe . i have an undergravel plate already in place , and am thinking to give it a try , do you have any opinion on undergravel filters ?
hi dena – are you prepared for the amount of work and expense keeping seahorses requires ? what did you think of the above questions ? if you think you’re ready to keep a seahorse , i suggest starting with captive bred individuals . i would strongly recommend releasing this one back into the wild as close to where you found it as possible . and then take a look at so you want to set up a seahorse tank as a good starting point .
measuring an inch long when full grown , they are the smallest of the four seahorse species native to the gulf of mexico , and one of the smallest vertebrates on the planet . they are also thought to be slowly disappearing .
tipton and bell ( 1988 ) describe the predation strategy of dwarf sea horses as a
sit - and - wait
ambush strategy . like other syngnathids , h . zosterae is a pipette feeder ( colson et al . 1998 ) , using suctorial force to capture prey with the fused tube - like jaws .
the network visualization and genetic distance map suggest that , with the possible exception of pensacola , some gene flow occurs between sampled locations . as the distances between these locations far exceed the capacity of h . zosterae for active migration , these findings implicate passive dispersal as a common mechanism underpinning genetic connectivity in the species . passive dispersal is likely accomplished through rafting , which has been previously documented in other seahorse species [ 38 , 40 ] , and woodall et al . ’s [ 14 ] reported occurrence of a north american seahorse in european waters was likely the product of a long - range dispersal by rafting . as dwarf seahorses produce benthic offspring and have limited capacity for active dispersal , rafting provides a likely explanation for our findings of genetic intermixing between distant populations [ 1 , 13 ] .
population data for most of the worldâ€™s more than 30 seahorse species is sparse . however , worldwide coastal habitat depletion , pollution , and rampant harvesting , mainly for use in asian traditional medicine , have made several species vulnerable to extinction .
i plan to gift a seahorse to a friend . it would be nice if you could give me me detailed information about the cost involved and also any other things i should keep in mind / may overlook . thanks…loved the article !
additional observations on dwarf seahorse reproduction are provided by strawn ( 1958 ) . microscopic examination of ripe ovaries by the author revealed two clutches of eggs , one of which is comprised of large eggs ready to be transferred to the male pouch , the other of the small , yolked eggs of the successive clutch . the largest clutch size ( mature eggs only ) was 69 eggs , and the largest brood from a male was 55 young . one female usually provided all of the eggs brooded in the male marsupium , and courting males pump their pouches full of water .
our findings indicate significant population structuring among hippocampus zosterae populations in florida . we present strong evidence for the presence of a genetically distinct dwarf seahorse population ( pensacola ) , delineate two recognizable populations ( eastern keys and west coast ) , and suggest the presence of a fourth ( big pine key ) . the consistently high and strongly significant values for the various estimates of genetic differentiation employed in this study support the demarcation of the pensacola sample as markedly genetically differentiated from the rest of the seahorses collected in this study and the consideration of the population as a discrete management unit [ 37 ] . our analyses also lend credence to the suggestion made in previous studies that rafting may serve as a common means of passive dispersal facilitating genetic connectivity between geographically distant seahorse populations [ 2 , 4 , 21 , 38 ] .
range from 5 to 20 milliseconds in length and are between 2 . 65 and 3 . 43 khz . also , as size of the seahorse increases the peak frequencies of the clicking sounds decrease ( colson et al . , 1998 ) .
dwarf seahorses have a complex , four phase courtship ritual that involves color changes , performing vibrations while attached to a holdfast . they may also swim around their holdfast . then the female points her head upward , and the male responds by also pointing his head upward . then they rise up into the water column and intertwine tails .
like other seahorses , dwarf seahorses are ovoviviparous , and the female produces eggs that are reared in the male ' s brood pouch . the female produces about 55 eggs which are about 1 . 3 mm in size . it takes about 11 days for the eggs to hatch into miniature seahorses which are about 8 mm in size .
the tank size you have sounds too small . it sounds like approximately 15 gallons ( 57 ltr ) , and you’re going to want a minimum of a 29 gallon ( 110 ltr ) for most species . unless you’re thinking of keeping dwarf seahorses , which have very different requirements and then the tank would be almost too big .
after a few minutes in one spot , they would both release their grip on their seaweed perch and slowly glide to a new spot . seahorses swim upright , standing in the water with their head straight above their tails . the only means of locomotion comes from a small fin on their back . while jacque cousteau writes in his book the ocean world that this fin can move seventy times a second , it is so ineffective that the dwarf seahorse is considered to be the slowest of all fish , capable of traveling about five feet an hour . indeed , it took the pair several minutes to transit the length of the small aquarium i placed them in . despite that shortcoming , they have been around for along time . the earliest known example of a seahorse from the fossil record is 13 million years old .
dwarf seahorses are amazing animals . i see something new and different each time i look into their tank . i set up the tank right in my office next to my computer , so i can watch them all the time . of course , sometimes that distracts me when i’m writing ! the only drawback is that they need to have small , nutritious live foods all the time . if you can meet this one non - negotiable requirement , give them a try . a colony of dwarf seahorses makes an excellent display in a 2 - to 5 - gallon nano tank and might even get you interested in trying your hand at keeping and breeding other marine fish .
lourie , s . , s . foster , e . cooper , a . vincent . 2004 .
a guide to the identification of seahorses
( on - line pdf ) . project seahorse . accessed october 14 , 2004 at urltoken .
a dwarf’s gestation period is about 10 days at 70 degrees fahrenheit . the male carries up to a dozen or so eggs in his pouch , and each day it swells a bit as the embryos grow inside him . recent studies have shown that a pseudo - placental structure develops , and the lining of the pouch changes during embryonic development .
dwarf seahorses are benthic at birth , settling onto the surrounding substrate and vegetation shortly after they emerge from their father’s pouch [ 1 , 13 ] . adult h . zosterae are poor swimmers and may experience even more limited mobility and a greater risk of predation as a result of their small size . long - range dispersal of h . zosterae is likely restricted to instances of passive dispersal through rafting , which can occur as vegetative holdfasts break loose from the substrate and are carried by ocean currents [ 4 ] . genetic exchanges between non - contiguous seahorse populations are presumed to be rare and restricted to rafting events and limited pelagic dispersal [ 2 , 11 ] . long distance dispersal through rafting has been documented in larger seahorse species , though the success of rafting as a dispersal strategy depends chiefly upon chance and favorable current patterns [ 14 ] .
medium seahorse , tends to be rather shy . may need some coaxing to eat . tends to be neutral colored , yellows but more commonly greys , cream , brown . frequently reported to avoid interaction with humans and “hide” when they are being observed .
teske pr , hamilton h , palsboll p , choo ck , gabr h , lourie sa , et al . ( 2005 ) molecular evidence for long - distance colonization in an indo - pacific seahorse lineage . mar ecol - prog ser 286 : 249–260 .
produces these sounds by the grinding of a bony articulation between the supraoccipital ridge of the neurocranium and the grooved anterior margin of the coronet . when dwarf seahorses lift their head , the ridge of the neurocranium slides under the medial groove of the coronet resulting in the clicking noise that is most likely used as a form of communication . the feeding clicks of
hoese and moore ( 1977 ) indicate individuals are restricted to high - salinity grass flats , but other authors report dwarf seahorses occupy and appear capable of breeding across a broad range of salinities . strawn ( 1958 ) , for example , reported heavy summer breeding following periods of high ( 33 ppt ) and low ( 9 . 7 ppt ) salinity .
so what is a seahorse keeper to do ? variety is the spice of life . while it may take time to convince your seahorse that mysis isn’t the only thing they want to eat , most that eat frozen will learn to eat other shrimp like frozen food , such as krill . with live food , spend the money to get live saltwater shrimp and supplement . you can also enrich food with various supplements such as vibrance or selcon . feeding live shrimp high quality foods to “gut load” for seahorses is another option .
heavy breathing / panting / coughing – seahorses tend to breath heavier than most fish , though rocking back and forth from breathing so hard , or looking though they’re coughing every few breaths is generally a sign of gill parasites or a seahorse being at death’s door .
tissue samples were collected from h . zosterae individuals from eight locations around the florida peninsula during august 2012 and january 2013 ( table 1 ) . field collections were performed through a combination of snorkeling and dip netting . fin clips were taken from the lower corner of the dorsal fin and stored in 95 % ethanol as specified by lourie [ 19 ] and lourie et al . [ 20 ] . fin clips of thirteen dwarf seahorses from indian river , florida , were provided by a collaborating researcher who obtained them from the florida department of fish and wildlife as part of a phylogenetic study of atlantic seahorse diversification [ 2 ] .
the ability of seahorses to change color in many social situations is most likely a form of communication about the state or mood of the seahorse to its mate or other members of its species ( indiviglio , 2002 ) . mates also communicate with nose pointing and body vibrations .
lourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . ( ref . 30915 )
lourie , s . a . , foster , s . j . , cooper , e . w . t . and a . c . j . vincent . 2004 . a guide to the identification of seahorses . project seahorse and traffic north america . 114 pp .
caution : often sold as a tropical seahorse , but much of the water they inhabit is actually subtropical . they seem to do best for most aquarists around 68 - 70f . this species is also one that almost always needs to be kept with it’s own kind only .
hello , i read this article and your name seemed familiar . i realized that i have your seahorse book also . it has been very useful to us . i have experience with many marine fishes and other animals of all kinds but seahorses have always given me more trouble than most , so any information you could send would be appreciated . i found like you that dwarf seahorses do better than some of the larger and more expensive kinds . i am using the product you mentioned in this article , phytogreen , as brine shrimp food . my husband had selco recommended to him – would it be good to used this , or both , also ?
in nature , seahorses spend most of their time eating . this is because their digestive system is very short and not very efficient . they have evolved to be eating machines . unfortunately , they have evolved to be picky eating machines , only recognizing the movement of live food as actual food . thus comes the problem many seahorse keepers face . seahorses not only require frequent feedings of highly nutritious food , they often will only eat living food . which means for many seahorse aquarists at least one extra tank for food and a fairly large food budget .
remember , always buy captive bred ; and if possible , get directly from a breeder to limit the risks both in accurate identification and eliminating the risk from sometimes inadequate care . i strongly recommend looking at a modern guide to buying seahorses for more information on picking your seahorse .
hello randal , frank is no longer affiliated with our blog but feel free to let us know if you have any questions while setting up your new seahorse tank . h . zosterae have become much more difficult to find over the past couple of years and i would definitely recommend only getting captive - bred seahorses . most aquarium - suitable species are available through breeders at this point and are much better both for natural populations and aquarium suitability . if you are looking for more information , i would also recommend the libraries on urltoken and urltoken for seahorse information .
this is a large seahorse , very similar in shape to h . reidi . they behave much like h . reidi and are gregarious , active seahorses . common coloration : yellow with orange dots . commonly be solid yellow , yellow with black or white / light or all black .
lourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . via fishbase , september 30 , 2014 .
we sometimes collect at a bay in nj and often find pipefish which i believe is the northern pipefish . your book and article mentions these as doing well with seahorses . do you think they might live with dwarf seahorses , or do they need colder water . also , we use mainly brine shrimp as live foos . . can pipefish adjust to frozen food ; is brine shrimp enough for them ?
great article . i recently saw a video of a male seahorse giving birth which brought back memories when i was a kid in the 60’s and ordered them from a magazine . i’m thinking about getting some now . what is the name of your book ? thanks for the great info . randal
i have a wild caught seahorse from the carribean , west coast of puerto rico . i will like to know the sex , age ( young or older ) if look healthy and the kind ( species ) to get a mate for her / his . can you help me , please ?
after assembling the tripod and getting set up , i focused on this tiny seahorse , no more than an inch long , and to my surprise , discovered that there were two . not only were there two , but they were holding each other ' s tails and a piece of seaweed .
seahorses are picky eaters , and the need to eat a lot . they mainly eat shrimp , but readily available brine shrimp is not an adequate diet . most captive bred seahorses eat frozen mysis and those unfortunate enough to own wild caught seahorses have to feed live foods . see our seahorse feeding guide .
tiny , newly discovered specialists the pygmy seahorse , hippocampus bargibanti , first described in 1970 , seems to live on only 2 species of gorgonians ( soft corals ) of the genus muricella . so closely does it resemble the coral’s polyps that the individual which led to the first description of the species was not discovered until it was seen on a coral that had been placed in an aquarium several days earlier ! at 0 . 8 inches in length , it was the smallest known species until the discovery , in 2003 , of indonesia’s denise’s pygmy seahorse . adults of this minute creature are a mere 0 . 6 inches long .
let’s imagine the optimum environment for a home seahorse aquarium . what would be included in the way of equipment ( what would be the standard dimension tank without the added expense of a custom built tank ? ) , live rock and and other items in the tank . which species of seahorses are considered the hardest ?