leptograpsus variegatus , known as the purple rock crab , is a marine large-eyed crab of the family grapsidae , found in southern subtropical indo-pacific oceans .

it grows to around 50 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) shell width .

it is the only species in the genus leptograpsus .

leptograpsus

species leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
species leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
species leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
worms - world register of marine species - leptograpsus h . milne edwards , 1853
spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) .
the retina - lamina projection in the crab leptograpsus variegatus . - pubmed - ncbi
species leptograpsus gonagrus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus crassipes randall , 1840
the purple shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus | marine life society of south australia inc .
species leptograpsus bertheloti h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus marmoratus ( fabricius , 1787 )
species leptograpsus rugulosus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus transversus ( gibbes , 1850 )
spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) . - pubmed - ncbi
patrick leary set
a pinch ? it wasn ' t me !
as an exemplar on
leptograpsus
.
( it is ) “ leptograpsus variegatus and the photo is the yellow variant . common name , would you believe , is purple shore crab ( but the taxonomic species name is perfect ) ! ”
at some stage , i told david , “ leptograpsus variegatus is illustrated on p . 507 of “marine decapod crustacea of southern australia – a guide to identification” by gary cb poore ( but no photo ) .
to antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3519 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3531 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 4024 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 17 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym grapsus planifrons dana , 1851 )
how to cite this page : ' large shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )
griffin , d . j . g . 1973 ,
a revision of the two southern temperate shore crabs leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) and plagusia chabrus ( linnaeus ) ( crustacea , decapoda , grapsidae )
, journal of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 3 , no . 3 , pp . 415 - 440 15 figs
in the crab , leptograpsus variegatus , the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi - thin sections . forty - four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina . the eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge . therefore , because the crab has a fused rhabdom , angular information is conserved in vision , and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina , just as it is in the standard non - dipteran pattern of insects . the belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons , and on degeneration experiments . this evidence is reviewed , shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for leptograpsus .
he later posted , “hmm , not as uncommon a thing as i would have friends believe ! correctly spelled as leptograpsus . ( and i have overestimated the size of the ones i photographed northwest of coffin bay five years ago ! but the carapace is quite small compared with the overall width of the body and especially once you factor in the extra ‘meaty solidity’ afforded by the closely grouped legs on each side behind the big bright main nippers ? ”
1 . the retina of leptograpsus contains five types of movable screening pigment . the positions of these were found under various conditions of illumination in the day and at night . 2 . intracellular recordings were made of the spectral responses of retinula cells r1 - 7 under the same conditions , with the eye in situ . 3 . the spectral absorptions of the individual screening pigments were measured by ultramicrospectrophotometry . 4 . calculations based on a simple model of screening pigment action suggest that the observed variation in spectral sensitivity with light and dark adaptaton may be largely explicable in terms of the effects of these screening pigments on a rhodopsin of peak absorbance at 485 nm . 5 . light - adapted angular sensitivities are comparable to those of insects with high acuity apposition eyes .
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the family of grapsid crabs are those that look very much like ' normal ' crabs , usually flat in shape , with long legs radiating outward , moving sideways , and having strong nippers . this family is widely spread all over the world and in new zealand , and contains a high proportion of endemic species ( marked in red ) . this family of crabs is interesting because many of its members can readily be observed in the intertidal .
family grapsidae - ( l : graphium = sharp - pointed pen ; grapa = hook ; sidere = radiate ; grapsidere = radiating pointed legs ) - the ordinary , fast moving crabs .
sally lightfoot crab grapsus grapsus , not found in new zealand but known from south america and the galapagos islands , resembling our purple rock crab in appearance , habitat and behaviour .
plagusia depressa tuberculata , seldom found in new zealand . occurs in the tropics and subtropics .
note ! for best printed results , set your page up with a left margin of 1 . 5cm ( 0 . 6
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= varied in colour , marked with irregular patches ) the purple rock crab is large , strong , and moves fast . when wedged into a crevice , it is not easily dislodged . handling a ferocious crab like this requires skill , and risks painful nips . the purple rock crab is the largest native shore crab , exceeded in size only by paddle crabs
it is found between high tide and above it , often occupying moist crevices up to two metres above high tide . it can remain out of the water for days , but equally happily can stay submerged . the crab measures up to 5cm across its back , and its long , flat legs fold neatly together as in an oriental fan , giving it a very flat profile .
the purple rock crab is active particularly by night , when it leaves its crevice , scaling the vertical rocks and navigating its way over the rock flats and into the water , in search of flea mussels , which it cracks without effort . at night it has no fear and can be approached and photographed from close up , even in bright lamp light . however , the crabs are inactive during the full moon phase . towards the morning , the crab navigates flawlessly all the way back to its home crevice . yet , by day , this large crab is extremely wary , scuttling away noisily , its legs grating the rocks . when a group of these forays by day , large males can be seen taking guard in a defensive posture , warning the others at the slightest disturbance . to see several of these beautiful purple and white crabs feeding off green seaweeds , is spectacular . this crab is an omnivore , feeding on both animal ( flea mussels , barnacles ) and plant matter ( seaweeds , plankton slime ) .
large crabs migrate all the way down the shore to the sublittoral fringe where food is more abundant . small crabs foray more in restricted areas .
this crab runs fast and when cornered , can be very aggressive with its nippers , which makes it difficult to capture and handle .
the purple rock crab mates in october - november when the female is hard - shelled . before mating , the crabs make leg contact , during which the legs are rapidly vibrated . the male crab may then mount the underside of the female . the female moults before laying her eggs . females with eggs are found from november till january / february ( auckland / wellington ) . the incubation period is about 6 weeks and the crab spawns only once a year . newly laid eggs are about 0 . 36mm in diameter , and develop from a dark brown colour to light brown just before hatching . the female carries 55 , 000 - 144 , 000 eggs ( depending on her size ) , attached to her pleopods under her broad abdomen . this crab can become five years old .
north island , kermadec islands , australia and the islands of the south pacific . this crab is found in southern warm temperate ( subtropical ) indian and pacific oceans from western australia to western south america . in nz from the top of the north island to kaikoura or westport .
this crab can run over the rocks , half by swimming with its flattened long legs . when approached cautiously by divers , it shows no fear .
this crab does not seem to be territorial but may put up a fight when foraging or courting . it is aggressive to other species of crab , but not to crayfish with which it often shares a crevice . studies with tagged crabs suggest that they spend about 50 % of their time foraging , 25 % feeding , 20 % in agonistic ( combative , contestant ) encounters and 5 % in reproductive behaviour .
in australia this crab is favoured by fishermen for use as bait . groupers seem to relish it .
mating between hardshelled crabs lasts about 7 minutes , with the female on top . small females carry eggs from september to february but large females from late october . eggs are about 0 . 4mm in size and change colour from brick red to light green just before hatching . during the release of the hatched larvae , the female assists departure by flexing her body up and down , vibrating her abdomen and pulling the hatching eggs from her pleopods with her nippers . juveniles and small crabs moult throughout the year but but large crabs mainly in winter from may to september , before the breeding season .
the southern indo - pacific from south africa to chile . southern australia , tasmania , south africa , juan fernandez , chile , tonga . in new zealand from parengarenga hr to lyttleton hr .
f003215 : a female red rock crab ( small nippers ) is taking a break , not far from a wharf pile where she hides inside crevices between encrusting organisms . here she is standing tall , not showing any fear for the photographer . interestingly , she has perched herself on top of two cushion stars , one with five legs , which is the norm , the far one with six legs , which is unusual .
= a taxonomist ? ) a common intertidal crab , occurring in a variety of habitat : under boulders , on the rocky reef , on sand and mud flats . they are rarely found outside the intertidal zone . they can reach 4cm across their backs , and their colour is often a reddish purple , mottled with dirty white patches . they are usually found sheltering underneath rocks , extending from the high tide mark down to about mid tide . it is recognisable by the six teeth , from the eyes half way down on its carapace (
= toothed ) . it has a smooth skin . the males have enormous chelae ( nippers ) with great pads of muscle bulging at the angles of the nippers . the two nippers are equal in size and shape .
there are two colour types : light and dark . the lighter crabs have either a grey or cream - coloured background with markings of light or dark chestnut - red . darker crabs are marked with dark purple , sometimes almost purplish black , and their legs are banded . usually the front half of the carapace is more deeply pigmented than the rest . the eyestalks are white , speckled with dark red . basal antenna segments arebanded . antennules are pale green with dark red spots . belly surface is white .
is a very agile , rapidly moving crab , although easy to handle . males have very large nippers and are able to crush oyster borers (
. ) . the crabs emerge from under boulders and crevices to forage for mainly plant food at night . this crab is most active when the tide is in . it lives in the middle region of the intertidal rocky shore .
: this crab is a late winter breeder , with females in berry from march to august . females carry their 26 , 000 eggs ( size 0 . 3mm ) for about 6 weeks , during which time they change colour from light brown to transparent .
: found abundantly throughout the north and south islands , endemic in new zealand . not in chatham islands or southern islands . this crab is more abundant on southern shores than in the north , where its intertidal habitat is taken by the blackfinger crab
= wide ) the hairy - handed crab is often found where the tunnelling mud crab is found , on mud flats and sand flats , but it may also occur under boulders on the rocky shore intertidal . it has a dull colour and slightly hairy legs . its main distinguishing features are the two hairy pads on the inner / under side of its nippers , but a crab needs to be handled in order to be able to view this . these crabs are much less wary than the other mud crabs , often going about their business without taking much notice of observers .
it is thought that the hairy pads on its nippers allow it to wipe the bottom and objects such that food particles such as diatoms are caught in it . with its mouth parts , it can then feed from its hairy hands . these crabs are quite sturdy and in the aquarium they have been seen hunting and eating the smaller mud crabs . they are also very effective scavengers .
males have larger nippers than females , but left and right hand nippers are similar . the colour of its back is greeny - yellow with white patches , covered with tiny dark purple or reddish spots . the upper sides of their forearms ( cheliped carpus and prodopus ) are marked with deep purple - brown . the fingers of their nippers are white with small brown tips . legs are greeny yellow with dark purple spots .
this crab occurs in a wide variety of habitats , under stones , burrowing insand and mud , but always in sheltered places .
: males mature in about 1 year and live for 5 years . females mature earlier and die earlier . large males mate with smaller females . mating takes about 10 minutes . the females come in berry in spring , from october to december . they may spawn more than once each year ( june - february ) . their 8 , 000 - 30 , 000 eggs ( 0 . 27mm ) change colour from brownish - yellow to almost transparent , and hatch after 8 - 12 weeks . when releasing her offspring , the female raises hereself on her legs , opening her tail wide and beating it in rhytmical fashion . the nippers were alternatively dug into the brood to propel the newly hatched larvae in the surrounding water .
this crab is a great survivor , being able to live in brackish water . its main predators are fish like rig , red cod , sea perch and red gurnard . when small , more types of fish eat it .
: a new zealand species , occurring along the coasts of north and south islands and stewart island . it is possible that the chilean species is identical . it is interesting that two so widely separated species , look so much alike , but the chilean species is grey , grey - brown and black .
f026934 : a large hairy - handed crab seen blowing bubbles while posturing on its patch in the sandy eelgrass habitat . its hairy patches on the insides of its nippers are only just visible .
f215306 : hairy - handed crabs do not bother to burrow or run away in case of danger . they seem to be confident that they are inedible to birds and other predators . roaming around over the sand , and following the tide in and out , they move fast to arrive timely on the scene of death of other creatures .
f215302 : shying away from the photographer , this hairy - handed crab starts digging itself in , releasing bubbles of methane gas rising from the putrid sand below . notice that the orange coloured ' hairs ' on its exoskeleton are actually brown algae . the hairy pads after which it is named , lie on the insides of its nippers .
f215328 : two hairy - handed crabs have arrived on the scene of a casualty , but long after whelks beat them to it . with their strong nippers , these crabs are able to tear the flesh apart . the whelks however , can drill through skeletons and reach the smallest corners inside , by means of their flexible trunks ( probosces ) .
= dull ) the tunnelling mud crab is found in large numbers on healthy mud flats , where they burrow . these small crabs , measuring up to 4cm across their backs , are very wary , scuttling and scurrying in hordes at the slightest sign of movement , making the mud flats seem to move for a fraction of a second . they take time to dig elaborate tunnels in the mud , often with more than one entrance . active by day , the tunnelling mud crabs sleep by night , often closing their burrows with a plug of mud .
these mud crabs are actively preyed upon by birds and many other animals . their survival depends on how quickly they can withdraw into their burrows , and how capricious and unpredictable such tunnels are formed . it will occupy its tunnel for a long period of time and will defend it against intruders . competitors are warned off with a typical threatening posture .
the colour of these crabs is tawny brown in juveniles , becoming green to yellow in large adults . small patches of bright orange can be seen in the joints . its antennae are brown , antennules light purple , eyestalks pale green dorsally ( on top ) but white ventrally ( below ) . legs are dark green with pale yellow margins . males grow to 21mm measured over the width of their carapace ( cw ) , and females are slightly smaller . these crabs are larger in the south island .
the tunnelling mudcrab lives in sheltered places where it can burrow in the sand or mud , or well - drained sediment exposed to the air for more than six hours on each tidal cycle ( upper intertidal region ) . in places , up to 500 - 1800 crabs can be counted per square metre !
tunnelling mudcrabs become suddenly active as soon as the tide moves out around them . they start cleaning the area around their burrow , and also themselves . when feeding on mud , the crab walks slowly forward with the nippers held in front , while probing the surface . small pinches of surface sediment ( algae and detritus ) are transferred to the mouth parts . wastes ( sand , silt ) accumulate at the bottom of the mouth frame , and these are wiped off by the nippers . these wastes ( pseudo - faeces ) form small pellets . h . crassa seldom forages more than 200mm from its burrow , often defending its territory against other mudcrabs .
in mangrove swamps , where mangrove trees shade the mud underneath , resulting in lower algal productivity , crabs may climb up the trees to a height of 1m , feeding from the mud on branches and leaves .
their burrows have complicated shapes , often joining up with those of other mud crabs . the end of their burrow slopes down , holding 20 - 50mm of water at low tide . when the tide moves in again , the crabs plug up the entrances to their burrows .
has many enemies , from wading shore birds to fish ( parore , cod , flounder , yellow - eyed mullet ) , including eels .
mate in hard - shell condition . mating occurs august to may , with peak periods in october and may . copulation occurs on the surface of the ground , or still partly covered by water , with the male flat on his back and the female uppermost . males usually mate with smaller females . the female carries her eggs in early spring and summer ( august to march ) . females mature at cw of 10mm . a 16mm female will carry about 16 , 000 eggs of 0 . 3mm , which change colour from brownish - yellow to transparent green during 42 days of incubation . females may reproduce more than once per season , and do not require to mate for this .
appear to reach maturity after 1 year , and they can live a 5 - 6 year life .
: this is a new zealand species , widely distributed over the north and south islands and stewart island .
f992724 : above , a tunnelling mud crab in its burrow . this is a large and old one , beautifully coloured .
f992725 : on left the burrows of a community of old and large mud crabs , who survived to an old age , perhaps because the sand here is consolidated and hardened by iron leachates .
f215226 : a tunnelling mudcrab postures near its burrow . notice its wide but flat nippers , which are eminently suitable for moving soil , like a spade . this is a large specimen , perhaps over ten years old .
f215237 : as this mudcrab is cautiously leaving its burrow , it affords us a view of its back , characterised by its square shape and three spines along the edge .
f215229 : a mudcrab is disappearing sideways into the mud . this is how it starts a new tunnel .
f215227 : frontal view of a large specimen of helice crassa . when mudcrabs grow old , their skins also become more colourful .
f215227 : closeup of helice ' s face . its mouth parts are shaped for sieving mud and sand .
, which has a wider range in new zealand , but similar habitat and eating habits . in first instance , this crab is distinguished by its smoothly graded colour from brown / purple in front , to paler brown towards the back , whereas
( cw 22mm versus 28mm ) . its legs are not pointed and sharp but end in a kind of nipple . its nippers are smooth , and so are their cutting edges . the righthand claw shows a distinctive gape between fingers .
when the two are found together . it can be found in densities of over 30 / m2 . for further specifics , see those of the smooth shore crab .
: this crab breeds in winter from june to august , in a very short season of 9 weeks . they produce only one brood . eggs are relatively large , measuring 0 . 45mm across and they are dark purple . they hatch after 7 weeks .
: lord howe island , norfolk island , kermadec islands and in new zealand from north cape to east cape .
= name of an explorer ) the smooth shore crab is a new zealand species , common on rocky shores all around new zealand . it is also found in estuaries and mud flats . usually hiding at high intertidal levels , under boulders , it looks at first sight like a young ( 15mm ) common rock crab , but its carapace is smoother ( missing the six teeth ) and elegantly curved . the eye orbits ( sockets ) are curved . a rare species exists ,
, which looks the same , but does not have the carved eye sockets .
the colour of the smooth shore crab is distinctly speckled in dark reddish - brown on a background varying through slate blue , bluish grey , fawn to yellowish brown . its underside is pale . its nippers are white . this is a small crab , measuring only 28mm cw in adult males .
this crab is claimed the most terrestrial of the common crabs , living in the upper intertidal area around the high tide level . it spends a great deal of time out of the water . it usually outnumbers the hairy handed crab
which lives lower down the shore . it normally rests under stones , becoming active only once daily during the night high tide .
the smooth shore crab is usually found under stones , and may be heard making clicking sounds . it has the curious habit of grasping stones with its rear legs , presumably to stabilise itself in the presence of wave action . when prodded , this crab takes a defensive posture , which is often explained as aggressive .
this crab normally dines on tough seaweeds , but it will also scavenge and predate on worms .
: females start breeding at around 11mm cw . their egg - carying period runs from september to january . their eggs are 0 . 32mm across , coloured dark purple , becoming paler as development proceeds . incubation time is about 8 weeks . some females can produce two clutches of eggs in a season . most crabs die after 2 - 3 years but some may live up to 5 years .
: this crab is found mainly in two places , very far apart : new zealand and juan fernandez in chile . it may well be that the one in juan fernandez is a different species , not capable of interbreeding with its nz relative . for this reason we consider c lavauxi an endemic species ( found in nz only ) .
= blue ; blue wandering crab ) the pacific weed crab is a small crab ( 12mm across its back , 25mm length ) , living in the open ocean , often clinging to seaweed and flotsam . in this way it is a frequent visitor to new zealand waters , where it may get beached with its raft of flotsam , debris , fishing float , pumice , dead shell or rams horn shell . it is sometimes seen attached to sea turtles .
this crab has a variable and protective colouration ranging from blue , bluish brown to yellowish , clouded with brown . it is likely that this crab is able to change its colours when moulting , in a similar manner as its relative
. with its chromatophores , this crab can respond to white , black , blue , yellow and green backgrounds .
: not much is known about this crab . females start to breed at about 8mm cl , and like
, may breed all year round . crabs in berry have not been recorded from nz .
= of the sea ; sea wanderer ) the brown pacific weed crab is an oceanic species , found attached to seaweed and flotsam , often between goose barnacles . it is a small crab ( 20mm cw ) with a squarish back and dark reddish - brown colour . very little is known about it . ovigerous ( in berry ) females have been found in nz .
distribution : indo - pacific , japan , west coast of n america , australia , kermadec islands , in new zealand from the bay of plenty to chatham islands .
the sally lightfoot crab is found in south america and features on many shore photographs of the galapagos islands . it is not found in new zealand . it resembles the purple rock crab in behaviour , feeding and habitat preference .
the depressed red rock crab is similar to the red rock crab plagusia chabris and occupies a similar niche in the tropics . it is sometimes encountered in new zealand , clinging to floating objects like driftwood . this crab is recognisable by its flat shape and slightly hollow ( convex ) back , which is covered with flattened tubercles . its colour is reddish with darker blood - red spots and speckles .
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
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milne edwards , h . 1853 ,
mémoires sur la famille des ocypodiens , suite
, annales des sciences naturelles , paris , ser . zoology 3 , vol . 20 , pp . 163 - 228 pls 6 - 11
hutton , f . 1875 ,
descriptions of two new species of crustaceans from new zealand : sesarma pentagona and palinurus edwardsii
, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 7 , pp . 279 - 280
white , a . 1842 ,
description of an orthopterous insect and two new species of crustacea , from new zealand
, ed . gray , j . e . ( ed . ) , the collections of the british museum , pp . 78 - 79 , the zoological miscellany , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a9ce6b8 - 663a - 4679 - ac6d - c66352ebcd50
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 295990a7 - 4ee7 - 44b4 - 8b19 - 17985ae2da55
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb1c40f - 3970 - 4ed3 - a263 - 0e3f5c807d45
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3d3aebe8 - c88e - 4d8e - 8d4e - 6ecd0c324616
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425250
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nudus . frons fere horizontalis , sat latus . margo carapaces lateralis bene arcuatus , antero - lateralis bi - emarginatus . epistoma brevissimum . articulus maxillipedis externi 3tius vix longior quam latus . pedes antici sat crassi , manu supra pustulatâ , extus infraque lævi ; brachio apicem anticum 5 - 6 denticulato . pedes 8 postici valde compressi , articulo 3tio pedis postici ad apicem inferiorem integro , articulo penultimo supra scabro .
naked . front nearly horizontal , rather broad ; lateral margin of carapax arcuate , antero - lateral bi - emarginate . epistome very short . third joint of outer maxillipeds as long as broad . anterior feet rather stout ; hand above small postulate , externally and below smooth ; arm with five or six teeth at anterior apex . eight posterior feet much compressed , third joint of posterior pair entire at inferior apex ; penult joint scabrous above .
plate 21 , fig . 3 a , animal , natural size ; b , abdomen and sternum of male ; c , outer maxillipeds , natural size ; d , hand , natural size ; e , spine of tarsus .
length of carapax , seventeen and one - third lines ; breadth , nineteen lines ; length of front , six and three - fourths lines ; breadth of front to front of præmedial areolets ( which but slightly project ) , two and one - fourth lines . colour , finely lined and spotted irregularly with brown - ish black or black , with intervening spaces a little yellowish .
sides of carapax much arcuate . the species is near g . variegates ; but according to edwards’s description of that species , and the figure in guerin’s “iconographie . ” it has the third joint of the outer maxillipeds much oblong , while in this species , the joint is not longer than broad .
the figure in the voy . de l’uranie , under freycinet , pl . 76 , f . 2 , may be this species . ” ( dana , 1852 )
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he wrote , “these large and gaudy crabs are favourites of mine . they only inhabit the intertidal zone ( mainly northwest of about coffin bay in sa ) and are beautiful to behold as they watch inquisitively from the safety of large jagged granite boulders and crevices with their carapace washed over by the gentle wind ripples and slight swells that manage to ruffle the otherwise mirror smooth surface of the crystal clear rock pools found along many parts of this remote coastline . ”
he went on to say , “this crab is approximately the same size and weight as a blue swimmer crab ! ( i’m guessing about the weight comparison but i am certain about the size ! so much so , i am a bit perplexed as to why nobody has chosen them as a regional tourism promotional icon ! honestly they are spectacular crabs and easily seen in delightful rock pools and tide pools of that western section of coast . ”
he then added , “but i am rather surprised to see the stated maximum carapace width of this very widely distributed subtropical shore crab is 80mm . i will have to go back to point dutton and refresh my memory with regard to the size of the crabs there because i have already claimed that they are as big as , or nearly as big as , the ( roughly equally widespread through subtropical oceans ) blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus and i will be embarrassed to be proven wrong . ”
david later told me , “the crab also features on pages 214 - 5 in the revised edition of “australian marine life – the plants and animals of temperate waters” by graham j edgar ( and it is heavily harvested in nsw for fishing bait ! ) . ”
ns wherever they meet ( mainly rocky ) coastline . how about the common name purple shore crab ? ! no wonder i took ages to get an accurate provisional id for the yellow form which , as far as i’m aware , is the only colour variant of the species i’ve seen here in south australia . surely i must have seen the purplish or other coloured crabs of the same species ( ? ? species complex ? ? ) in my travels to other subtropical regions . but i would not have known their identity nor taken photos of them , so any body’s guess ! ”
steve reynolds is the current president of mlssa and is a long - standing member of the society . steve is a keen diver , underwater explorer , photographer and is chief author of the society ' s extensive back catalogue of newsletters and journals .
perhaps “passionfruit shore crab” would be a more useful common name ? fyi , i’ve seen and photographed these at various locations on kangaroo island , including : hanson bay , harvey’s return , antechamber bay and vivonne bay . i made several sighting reports ( and submitted photos ) to the atlas of living australia in recent years .
student : $ 20 . 00 aud - yearly individual : $ 25 . 00 aud - yearly family / business / corporate : $ 30 . 00 aud - yearly
this information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .
© all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . © crown copyright 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manatū taonga
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xerocrassa molinae is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

this species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the islands of columbrete grande ( illa grossa ) and mancolibre ( columbretes islands group ) .

xerocrassa molinae

information on xerocrassa molinae is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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xerocrassa molinae is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
hygromiidae » xerocrassa molinae , id : 815639 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amandana molinae ( j . g . hidalgo , 1883 ) - id : 5814000050
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is endemic to two columbretes islands and has a very restricted range ( extent of occurrence = 14 km 2 and area of occupancy = 14 km 2 ) . the islands are protected areas and the population is thought to be increasing . currently , there are no major threats to this species , however , fires or stochastic events could affect this species and lead it to extinction . the species is therefore listed as near threatened .
this species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the columbretes islands ( castellón province ) to two islands : columbrete grande ( l ' illa grossa ) and mancolibre .
there has been a slight increase in the population of this species since the islands they inhabit have been protected .
this species lives in exposed places on the stems of bushes and under stones .
potential threats to this species include fires , depredation by rats and birds and tourism .
this species is currently abundant on the columbrete islands but the habitat is fragile and a plan of conservation and the inclusion of this species in protected species catalogues is recommended . the specific status of this taxon should be investigate as it is possible that it was introduced to the columbrete islands from the pine islands ( balearic islands ) .
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hidalgo , j . g . 1883 . description de deux espèces nouvelles d ' helix . - journal de conchyliologie 31 : 56 - 58 , pl . ii [ = 2 ] . paris .
shell horny coloured with transparent dark and whitish bands and dashes ( or whitish with horny transparent spots , or brown with white spots ) , finely striated , last whorl not always rounded at the periphery , umbilicus narrow , aperture inside with a thin lip .
endemic species of columbretes islands . threatened by fires . since the islands have been protected , the number of populations has increased ( martínez - ortí & robles 2003 ) . red list spain 2001 : sensitive to habitat change ( gómez moliner et al . 2001 ) . red list spain 2006 : vulnerable ( verdú & galante 2006 ) .
references : westerlund 1889 : 259 , gómez moliner et al . 2001 : 148 , martínez - ortí & robles 2003 : 135 , puente et al . in verdú & galante 2006 : 387 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 524 ( range map ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
alberto martinez - ortí departamento de zoologia . facultad de ciencias biológicas . universitat de valència . av . dr . moliner , 50 . 46100 burjassot , valencia spain tel : 0034670342546 amorti @ urltoken
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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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goniatites bohemicus is a species of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae .

these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the silurian period , from 443.4 to 419.2 million years ago .

goniatites bohemicus

goniatites is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae . beyrichoceras and cravenoceras are among related genera .
this lithograph of goniatites bohemicus appeared in joachim barrande’s systême silurien du centre de la bohême . 1 the artist , m . humbert from lemercier in paris , prepared the solnhofen lithographic limestone plate to barrande’s exacting requirements using fossils from his extensive collection ( as shown ) . it is one of more than a thousand similarly executed plates in the monumental systême .
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joachim barrande , the son of the shopkeeper augustin barrande and his wife charlotte , was born on 11 aug 1799 in saugues , haute loire . 2 he studied civil engineering at the école polytechnique in paris , graduated at the top of his class and in 1826 he came into the service of king charles x as the science tutor of his grandson henry , the comte du chambord . after charles x was forced to abdicate in the july revolution of 1830 barrende followed the royal court to dorset , edinburgh and finally prague . 1
charles x and his family eventually moved on to trieste but barrande stayed in prague where he began work as a road and bridge engineer . barrande had a keen interest in the natural sciences and the story goes that his interest in paleontology was piqued while observing fossils found during his surveying work on the planned radnice - plzeň - budějovice railway . whatever the reasons he started collecting fossils , however , it was the publication of murchison’s silurian system in 1839 that focused his interest . 3 he realized that his finds were the same ones that murchison was describing and soon he began a much more systematic study .
phragmoceras sp . ( left ) , trochoceras and gyroceras sp . ( right )
between 1840–50 barrande travelled on foot through the mountains between prague and beroun and created a stratigraphic map of central bohemia . he identified paleozoic rock formations and hired workers – as many as 20 or 30 at a time – to dig for fossils . he was so successful in finding fossil beds that his laborers “attributed to him a mastery of the black art of divination and a possible intimacy with the devil himself . ” by the time he died he had amassed a collection of more than 100 , 000 specimens .
he began organizing his notes and in 1852 , under the fitting motto of “c’est ce que j’ai vu” ( this is what i have observed ) , published the first folio of his remarkable systême silurien du centre de la bohême .
over the next 31 years – until his death in 1883 – he published 22 quarto folios covering trilobites , cephalopods , pteropods , brachiopods and molluscs . in all the systême included 6887 pages of text , 1078 plates and described 3560 lower palaeozoic species . it was a monumental work that simply has no parallel in the history of palentology .
monomercella and orthonychia sp . ( left ) , herecynella bohemica and philhedra humillima ( right )
barrande found it necessary to act as his own publisher and set up his own press in prague . there was no part of the project that escaped his obsessive supervision – especially the plates . he personally designed and laid out the illustrations and left extensive instructions to his artists including j . fetters ( prague ) , a . swoboda ( vienna ) and m . humbert ( paris ) . he routinely demanded revisions and even discarded perfectly usable plates at the last minute when a better specimen became available . as science noted in their 1888 obituary “ [ they ] could not have been printed with greater technical elegance by any press in paris . ” 4
of course barrande’s obsessiveness was expensive . the project required continual financial support from the academy of science in vienna and the comte du chambord . even with a prohibitive price of 1575 francs the publication never broke even .
barrande’s publication would turn out to be critically important to charles darwin . he mentioned his work no less than five times in the origin of the species . 5 barrande , on the other hand , felt that his work was “to ascertain the reality , not to create ephemeral theories” and his idea of “colonies” would become one of the chief scientific alternatives to darwin’s theory of evolution .
barrande had amassed so much material that after his death in 1883 three volumes describing an additional 1000 species were published . today , more than a century later , his work is still routinely referenced by paleontologists .
1 . barrande , joachim . systême silurien du centre de la bohême ( the silurian system of central boehmia ) ( 8 volumes ) . prague : chez l’auteur , 1852–1911 . volumes 2–8 are online . the missing volume , unfortunately , is the trilobite volume – hence no trilobite scans in the post . sorry . if a version of volume 1 ever becomes available – trust me – i’ll be all over it .
2 . for a more complete biography of barrande see radvan horný , radvan and turek vojtěch . jaochim barrande : his life , work and heritage to world palaeontology . prague : praha národní muzeum , přírodovědecké muzeum , 1999 . ( worldcat , online ) , or kříž , jiří . joachim barrande . prague : český geologický ústav , 1999 ( online )
3 . murchisen , roderick . the silurian system . london : john murray , 1839 ( online ) .
4 . joachim barrande , his life . science . 30 nov 1883 ; 2 ( 43 ) : 699–701 ( online )
5 . darwin , charles . on the origin of the species . london : john murray , 1859 ( worldcat , online ) .
the shell is generally globose with an open but narrow umbilicus , the surface commonly reticulate resulting from longitudinal lirae crossing transverse striae . the ventral lobe of the suture is rather narrow with a median saddle about or little less than half the height of entire lobe . the first lateral saddle is subangular to angular .
fossils of species within this genus have been found widespread in north america , eurasia , and north africa . in particular they have been found in the
miller , furnish , and schindewolf , 1957 . paleozoic ammonoidea , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part l . geological society of america .
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on andrew wyeth’s 22nd birthday he ventured to cushing , maine to meet the artist merle james but instead met james’ 17 - year old daughter betsy . instantly smitten , he asked her to show him around town and she was more than happy to oblige . she thought “i’ll show him a real maine building” and as something of a test took him to the hathorne point home of her friends christina and alvaro olson . 1
throughout his life andrew had a rather contentious relationship with women ; indeed with anyone who didn’t in some way directly support his painting , but on that day in july 1939 he met what would become two of the most important women in his life . 1
like andrew , betsy had health problems as a child and grew up a loner . “i was the flawed child” she said . they married in may 1940 and she was initially dismissed by andrew’s domineering father , n . c . , as a lightweight dillitente . she would prove n . c . and the rest of wyeth’s family wrong , becoming not only andrew’s wife and model but his staunchest supporter and most severe critic , his business manager and eventually his archivist .
betsy knew that the olsen’s were difficult , reclusive people . andrew , however , was completely unfazed by their dilapidated house and as he later recalled “owing to christina‚äôs real fondness for betsy , she accepted me much more readily than i suppose she ordinarily would have . ”
by this time christina , who had an undiagnosed neuromuscular disease ( likely polio ) was reduced to crawling and urinating on stacks of discarded newspapers . andrew however felt that “she was so much bigger than all the little idiosyncrasies . ” and found her a symbol of fierce independance - an extraordinary conquest of life . the result of this friendship was christina’s world , one of the iconic paintings of the 20th century .
andrew and betsy spent their winters in chadds ford , pennsylvania and their summers in cushing where he routinely returned to the olsons and their saltwater farm as a subject . he eventually had free run of their house , even setting up his studio in an upstairs bedroom .
christina’s death in jan 1968 deeply affected andrew and marked the end of a seminal two decade long period in his painting . faced with a blank canvas – as it were – it was time for a reappraisal of his art . it was then that he met siri , the daughter of the cushing farmer george erickson . siri was exotic , untouched and had an electrifying effect on his work . “a burst of life , ” he later said , “like spring coming through the ground , a rebirth of something fresh out of death . ”
it was betsy ( much to her later chagrin ) who pushed him to do nudes . because his model was only 14 years old it became – as you could imagine – something of a scandal .
wyeth painted siri for ten years , until betsy – worried that their relationship had turned sexual – put a stop to it . she told andrew “if you do this again , don’t tell me . ” her request would have rather far - reaching consequences because andrew had just met helga .
helga was born in konigsberg , prussia in 1939 . after surviving the war her family was held as prisoners in denmark . at age 16 she entered the convent but left a few years later and met john testorf . they married , moved to philadelphia and finally settled in chadds ford . by the time she met andrew she was a lonely , unhappy , homesick housewife and posing for andrew was her answer . “i became alive , ” she said , “it shows in the pictures . i became young overnight . i’ve never done anything more worthwhile . ”
wyeth spent the next 15 years painting helga in near complete secrecy . to hide her from betsy he shuttled her from studio to studio ( “like a hamster in a cage” ) and began finding excuses to remain in chadds ford while betsy was in maine . what few pieces he showed betsy carefully concealed helga’s identity . he even changed her skin color in barracoon :
eventually he tired of the subterfuge and showed his work – some 240 pieces – to betsy . her first reaction was that “ whew , i was absolutely overcome , ” and her next was “who the fuck was this woman ? ” the wyeths sold the entire collection to the publisher leonard e . b . andrews and in a masterful piece of public relations the story spread beyond art circles , with the salacious details of wyeth’s secret model becoming the simultaneous cover story in both time and newsweek .
wyeth’s artwork remains to this day a polarizing subject – either you love it or you hate it . it would be difficult , however , to deny his love of his models . as one of them stated “its a romance to to the degree where you’re the most important thing in the world to him . ”
1 . for a complete biography see : meryman , richard . andrew wyeth : a secret life . new york : harpercollins , 1996 ( worldcat ) .
2 . all of the helga images are from wilmerding , john . andrew wyeth : the helga pictures . new york : harry abrams , 1987 ( worldcat ) .


shamshir ( foaled 21 february 1988 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

in racing career which lasted from august 1990 until october 1991 she won two of her eleven races .

as a two-year-old in 1990 she was one of the best fillies of her generation in britain , winning a maiden race and being narrowly beaten in the may hill stakes before recording her biggest win in the group one fillies ' mile .

she failed to win as a three-year-old but finished second in the epsom oaks and the nassau stakes and third in the yorkshire oaks .

she was retired at the end of the year to become a broodmare .

shamshir ( horse )

a shamshir shekargar ( shamshir - e shekârgar ; literally ,
hunters ' sword
or
hunting sword
) is the same as a shamshir , except the blade is engraved and decorated , usually with hunting scenes .
horse racing stats – runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks – . . .
2 ) mr . ali ghourchani from iran is an accomplished horse archer who has gained many places in international horse archery competitions . i will test many horseback wrestling and horseback lance and swordfighting in cooperation with ali . he is an accomplished horse archer .
black caviar : the horse of a lifetime . . . the story and the wins
mughal style carved jade shamshir grip , horse form gem set spinach jade with inset white jade disk , 20th c . 6 1 / 4
x 5
x 1
, estimate : $ 700 - $ 900… | pinteres…
a shamshir , shamsher , shamsheer or chimchir ( from shamshir ) is a type of sabre with a curve that is considered radical for a sword : 5 to 15 degrees from tip to tip . the name is derived from shamshīr , which means
sword
( in general ) . the radically curved sword family includes the shamshir , scimitar , talwar , kilij , pulwar and the sabre .
use the search below to find breeding information on an individual horse or select one of the other specific search options available .
in addition to oh so sharp , his other top runners included fitnah , common grounds , flash of steel , shamshir , sure blade , unite , and balisada .
i was with luca cumani when falbrav had his special season , and his owner also has horses with my father , so i had known him for many years ,
he says .
he promised to send me a horse when i set up , and luckily , the horse was sesmen .
shamshir and separ ( buckler ) vs mace and buckler . in razmafzar the small shield ( separ ) is used with a variety of weapons , including the sword , mace , axe and dagger .
shamshir ( gb ) ch . f , 1988 { 12 - d } dp = 8 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 4 ( 28 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 14 - 9 starts , 2 wins , 3 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 346 , 708
“our first big winner was shamshir , the first foal of free guest , who i suppose was our foundation mare , ” she says of the daughter of kris , who in 1990 became the second group 1 winner for cumani’s then - stable jockey frankie dettori in the fillies’ mile , 45 minutes after he won the queen elizabeth ii stakes on markofdistinction .
“we’ve always had some boarders . we keep it as limited as we possibly can but it helps with the cashflow , ” explains sara . “it’s just really for some of our owners because we don’t want to over - horse the place and we’re comfortable with the numbers we have . ”
t is 16 years since a young italian called lanfranco dettori established himself at the top of his profession with a group one double on festival day at ascot . shamshir , who won the fillies ' mile , and markofdistinction , in the queen elizabeth ii stakes , were both trained by another italian , luca cumani , and between them , the jockey and trainer have kept the tricolore prominent at the meeting ever since .
will almost always be rated from 45 - 54 with the exception of those that perform in a higher class or in say a black - type three year old race . they can expect a higher rating . after three “misses” a maiden horse will revert to a mark of 45 . these races will continue to be raced under set - weight conditions .
“breeding and training compliment each other – from the trainer’s perspective you get to know a bit about soundness and temperament and therefore you can use that when you get to the breeding side . on the training front , knowing the horse from the very beginning and having seen it from when it was born , all the way through , is a bonus . ”
despite having planned her mating and known her since birth , luca cumani maintains that lady of dubai receives no favourable treatment in training . he says : “the moment the homebreds are in the training yard they are the same as the others – all the horses here are my babies . winning is the same for any horse in the yard , though of course it’s satisfying if you’ve bred them and known them all their lives . ”
for eight centuries the arab sword makers succeeded in concealing their techniques from competitors - and from posterity . those in europe only revealed that they quenched in ' ' red medicine ' ' or ' ' green medicine . ' ' a less abrupt form of cooling , according to one account , was achieved when the blade , still red hot , was ' ' carried ina furious gal lop by a horseman on a fast horse . ' '
he is equally unequivocal about any twinges when horses he and sara have bred succeed for other stables , adding : “in each case it has been my decision to sell so i have no regrets . it’s not a question of that horse being one that got away – any success helps our families and helps the stud . and quite often there are those that you’ve kept because they wouldn’t have made a good sales yearling but they turn out to be very good racehorses . ”
background : garry and suzanne brandt had their first runner in 2014 . the couple run the north london - based import business harlequin direct ltd and were tempted to dip their toes into racehorse ownership when meeting owner derrick bloy on holiday . harlequeen was only the second horse owned by the brandts , with their first being the four - time winner harlequin striker , also with mick channon before being switched to dean ivory’s yard this year . garry gave suzanne harlequeen for her birthday and his mother telma went racing for the first time at goodwood last year when harlequeen won .
the oaks stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to three - year - old fillies . it is run at epsom downs over a distance of 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 10 yards ( 2 , 423 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in early june . ( it has also been known as the oaks . increasingly it is coming to be referred to as the epsom oaks in both the uk and overseas countries , although ' epsom ' is not part of the official title of the race . )
khorasani : thanks for asking ! my next project is finishing my book on historical firearms from iran . this book contains translated and annotated persian texts on cannon making , rockets , etc . i have also measured and pictured over 100 unique examples of persian firearms from iranian museums . a treasure . i have been classifying and researching all techniques of traditional wrestling arts of iran . these will be published in different books by me . i am also planning a book on armored combat and horse combat in persian tradition . and of course together with mr . dwyer we are writing a book on persian archery . thanks for the interview .
khorasani : they will learn sword and shield combinations and spear combinations on foot first . accompanied by wrestling techniques of course . war wrestling based on persian manuscripts play an important role in razmafzar . persian manuscripts stress that a good warrior is a good wrestler . then we move to dagger and knife fighting in combination with a shield . then axe and mace techniques are taught . more complex techniques of sword and shield and wrestling always accompany the curriculum . then short sword techniques qame and qaddare as civilian weapons follow as the former are battlefield weapons . the whole would take 4 - 5 years to master . then they learn archery on foot and then horse archery . the last step will be fighting with weapons and wrestling on horseback . the whole techniques comprise all techniques from ancient iran into islamic period . of course as far as they are evidenced . we do not make up techniques . but razmafzar deals with all periods of iran . participants should also learn about some aspects of historical arms and armor from iran as well .
kris , a champion racehorse and sire in england , died thursday at lord howard de walden ' s plantation stud . he was 28 .
a report on the plantation web site said the stallion , who was pensioned in february 2002 , was found dead in his paddock of heart failure .
by sharpen up - - doubly sure , by reliance , kris was the sire of 80 stakes winners from 810 named foals of racing age . among them are classic winner oh so sharp , who was a member of his first crop . with just two crops racing in 1985 , he was the leading sire in england / ireland .
kris , bred and raced by howard de walden , won 14 of 16 starts and ran second in the other two . he was a champion miler in england . kris was unbeaten at two when he won the horris hill stakes ( eng - iii ) . his victories at three included the sussex stakes ( eng - i ) , st james ' s palace stakes ( eng - ii ) , waterford crystal mile ( eng - ii ) , and queen elizabeth ii stakes ( eng - ii ) . he was retired after his 4 - year - old season , his career ending with a second to known fact in the queen elizabeth ii stakes . he was trained by henry cecil .
kris was syndicated for 4 million pounds and began his stud duties at de walden ' s thornton stud . that nursery was sold in 1994 and he was moved to plantation stud .
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
owner : sk . mohammed breeder : fittocks stud ltd . winnings : 9 starts : 2 - 3 - 2 , $ 346 , 708 1st fillies mile gr . 1 ( gb ) . 2nd may hill s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , the oaks gr . 1 ( gb ) , nassau s . gr . 2 ( gb ) . 3rd yorkshire oaks gr . 1 ( gb ) , musidora s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . ( close )
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now they may have some backup . marco botti is not a familiar name to british racegoers yet , but like dettori before him , he goes to ascot this weekend with a serious chance to make his reputation on one of the most important afternoons of the flat racing year . his unbeaten juvenile sesmen , who was added to the fillies ' mile at a cost of £20 , 000 earlier this week , will be his first runner in a group one contest , and if breeding counts for anything , she will go to the start with every chance .
sesmen ' s pedigree is the result of meticulous planning by peter ebdon , the former world snooker champion , who applies the same driven intensity to the business of breeding thoroughbreds that he does to building breaks . but it is botti ' s own family tree that bears the closest inspection , since his name would be as familiar to an italian racegoer as a hills or a dunlop in this country .
my father [ alduino ] and his brother [ giuseppe ] train together in italy ,
botti says ,
and they have been the champions of the country many , many times . they have won all of the classics in italy , and they will be champions again this year for sure , as they have more than 220 winners already .
such is the status of the botti family in italian racing that marco , who rode nearly 400 winners during a five - year career as a professional jockey , would have found it easy to start a training career in his native country . instead , he chose to launch himself as a virtual unknown in the sink - or - swim surroundings of newmarket .
he is becoming more familiar by the week , though , having saddled seven winners from 44 runners so far this season , a strike - rate of 16 % . with victories at prices including 33 - 1 , 20 - 1 , 12 - 1 and 9 - 1 , his level - stake profit is running at £48 . 25 .
of course it would have been easier for me to go back to italy ,
botti says .
i don ' t think that it would have been any problem finding owners there , when in england , all new trainers struggle to find owners and good horses at the beginning .
but i decided to give it a go here , to take a shot , and i can ' t complain so far . we have 22 horses here now , and we ' ve had a group three winner . winning a group three in england means much more to me than it would in italy , as it is so much more difficult to win races here .
the decision to run sesmen in saturday ' s race owes something to cumani , who employed botti as a pupil assistant for two years when he first arrived in britain .
he then moved on to spend a year with ed dunlop , and six months as head lad with sheikh mohammed ' s collection of blue bloods at godolphin .
after she won at goodwood , luca rang me and said , marco , you should have a look at the ascot race and think about supplementing her . it would come at just the right time for her . the owner said that if i was happy with her , it would be worth taking a chance . it is a lot of money , but that ' s part of the game sometimes .
we ' re running against the big yards and the best trainers so it ' s not going to be easy ,
botti says .
but she travels so well and quickens so well , and if everything goes right , we will definitely aim her for the 1 , 000 guineas .
i ' ve worked with group one horses like falbrav and ouija board in the past , so now i just hope that i ' ve learned enough about how to train them .
a regular at this track , blue maeve has three course wins from ten starts , as well as three seconds and a third . he ' s been in the form of his life this season , scoring on his last two visits and going close off his revised mark in two subsequent runs elsewhere . there seems to be plenty of pace drawn near the rail here and it is to be hoped that silvestre de sousa has the sense not to fight for an early lead .
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rohani ya abbas hadid stone islamic ring خاتم نقش مصور ياعباس . . حديد صيني
rohani viper snake stone حجر الحية الروحاني , حجر الافعى . . حجر الثعبان , عقيق
gift for man vintage ring size 12 اجمل هدية للرجل , اروع خاتم رجالي . . خاتم الهيبة
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martial artist , linguist , historian and tireless arms and armour researcher , dr . manouchehr moshtagh khorasani ( germany ) is an award - winning author who won the prestigious awards of the book prize of the islamic republic of iran ( 2012 ) for his book lexicon of arms and armor from iran : a study of symbols and terminology and arms and armor from iran : the bronze age to the end of the qajar period ( 2009 ) , which also won the world book prize in the field of iranian studies in 2009 . the latter book is based on over 800 primary and secondary sources and features a detailed analysis of over 520 artifacts from ten iranian museums for the first time . some selected items from private collections are also featured in this book .
dr . khorasani is also the author of the book antique oriental and arab weapons and armour : the streshinskiy collection ( published 2010 ) and has written well over 100 print articles , lexicon entries and book contributions related to arms and armor from iran in 30 print journals and magazines , an encyclopedia and one in a book in english , german , spanish , french and persian for american , argentinian , austrian , british , canadian , french , german , indian , iranian , south korean and spanish magazines .
we have known dr . khorasani for many years in his role as a moderator and consultant at swordforum international , and were particularly excited when we learned that he had been combining all of his passions and backgrounds in a new project : razmafzar – persian martial arts . his latest book , persian archery and swordsmanship : the martial arts of iran , is the first publication of his results , another massive , meticulously documented analysis of artifacts , artwork , and literature , this time cross - analyzed with surviving persian fencing , archery and riding manuscripts and the many living - traditions of iranian wrestling . we are pleased to offer this interview , where dr . khorasani gives us some insights into the ( re ) development of razmafzar , living martial traditions in iran , and what is forthcoming from his prolific pen .
khorasani : this is a combined persian term , a new persian lexeme which consists of razm ( battle / fight ) and afzar ( tools / weapons ) . it means “battle weapons” . actually , this word is related to zinabzar or zinafzar which means the weapons for a mounted warrior . the term zinafzar can already be found in the poems of onsori balkhi ( 1990 , p . 22 ) . this word is an old word which derives from the middle persian word zēn afzār ( war implements / weapons ) that can be found in karnameye ardeshir babakan ( see farahvashi , 2007 , p . 30 ) . the reason for choosing razmafzar and not zinafzar for this historical martial art is that it deals not only with cavalry techniques and tactics but also with infantry techniques and tactics . so it is a more general term encomassing both fields . although the fomer has received some cursory look , the latter has been completely ignored in the studies of martial hertitage of iran / persia . it entails all techniques which are documented in manuscripts , poems , battlefield accounts , miniatures , arts , stone reliefs from ancient iran and also islamic period of iran .
khorasani : i have been an active martial artist almost all my life and surely after years of research , measurement and recording hundreds of iranian arms and armor in 14 museums in iran and many private collections in europe , russia and usa , the intriguing question has always been how these weapons were used . that is why i turned my attention to a detailed study of these weapons .
fap : one of the unique things in persian archery and swordsmanship is your detail to language – in tracking a lexicon of martial terminology or technical vocabulary , that can be found in non technical literature and then comparing that to iconographic depictions of the same actions . this is an area that is still awaiting more serious attention in historical european martial arts ( hema ) . can you discuss the process you used in going about this ?
fap : hema practitioners are fortunate in having a a larger number of technical works , “fight books” , on which to base their reconstruction . is there a similar body of persian martial texts to draw from ?
khorasani : yes , there are . i have presented many complete manuals in my last book . five complete ones on persian archery . one on mounted lance fighting . one on spearfighting on foot . three on war wrestling . one on swords . as we are talking , i have received some new ones . this area has been neglected for years . i have received new manuscripts on archery , swordsmanship , mounted combat , etc .
fap : in the west , many traditional martial arts , particularly “aristocratic” or “chivalric” ones became extinct in the 18th and 19th centuries , and have had to be reconstructed . how does this compare to the situation in iran ? have you been able to find living sword or weapon arts , and if so , have they played a role in creating modern razmafzar ?
khorasani : chivalric code of iran is best expressed in the javanmardi code which is similar to european chivalric code or japanese bushido . we have a living tradition of zurkhane ( house of strength ) . wrestling in iran is considered as a sacred sport , where the mat is still considered a place to respect and to be respected and one needs to show humbleness and also help people in need . my project of razmafzar is based on academic reconstruction of techniques in manuscripts , miniatures and reliefs . but it does not stop there . as i have shown in my last book , the tenets and training methods of the house of strength will be integrated in it . additionally , we have over 24 styles of traditional wrestling in iran , we have sword dancing , we have different stick fighting methods in iran . they are in the process of being researched . we will make comparative analysis and then set up a big data bank and integrate them in razmafzar as well .
wrestling remains an important sport , fighting tradition and cultural treasure in iranian culture even today , and was considered the basis of persian warrior training .
fap : at the same time , there are many european folk traditions , particularly for wrestling and stick or knife fighting , that have survived . in persian archery and swordsmanship you touch on this with traditional iranian wrestling or varzesh pahlavani . can you tell us a little about pahlavani – both as it exists now and as it might have related to earlier persian fighting arts ?
khorasani : the house of strength symbolizes a sacred place where practitioners not only develop strength , but they need to learn javanmardi rules . they need to be role models for the young generation . wrestling is one of the most effective combat systems as proven again and again . this plays a major role in iran .
khorasani : yes i am fortunate enough to be in contact with leading pahlavans in iran and i trained and even documented their training in the house of strength . they are greatly interested in razmafzar .
khorasani : yes , without name dropping , my students and friends know that . i hold three black belts , a 4th dan in one of them , the others 2nd dan . i have trained and competed in many full - contact sports such as boxing , muay thai and of course wrestling . i experimented with bjj and trained in a team . besides i also trained in a japanese koryu sword art extensively . but i have always wrestled and love this sport . wrestling has helped me the most , as this is the tenet of persian armored and unarmored fight . but i have to say that all martial arts and fighting i have done have played a part , by helping me universal principles of combat , like distance and lines of attack and defence . i have to say i love realistic and full - contact sparring and think that is important in all martial arts , including swordfighting .
a persian warrior should be able to grab and throw in close range at anytime . and then of course to deliver fast and powerful blows with his weapons .
fap : persia has long been a cross - roads between the mid and far east . have you found commonalities between persian arts with those of the arabs to the west or indians , such as the sikh gatka or shastar vidiya to the east ?
khorasani : well possibly , but as i have not trained in indian or arab arts , i cannot pass judgments . what i can say is that there always commonalities with certain arts , especially when the arms and armour are similar , but i would say that what i know defines persian arts is an emphasis on developing strength , stamina , power and only then techniques . this is why wrestling plays a crucial role – it trains the body that is at the core of the entire art . a persian warrior should be able to grab and throw in close range at anytime . and then of course to deliver fast and powerful blows with his weapons .
fap : you have chosen to create an international research and development team to develop razmafzar . can you tell us a bit about who comprises the team and how your team works together ?
khorasani : i have a very dedicated team and i am in constant contact with them . my team comprises of three different groups . researchers who write and do research on historical arms and armor from iran , the other section comprises experienced martial artists and another who work and help in the realm of public relations and also editorial process . to enter my group and be marked as a member one needs to fulfill certain criteria . i am really proud of the members of razmafzar team and many thanks for asking me questions about them . these are :
1 ) mr . bede dwyer from australia is a leading researcher on asian composite bow . bede has published many articles in many leading academic journals . he plays a very important role in razmafzar team . he has been my editor from 2004 and has made useful comments on archery sections on my books . we have written many important articles on persian archery based on persian archery manuscripts which have been translated by me . at the moment , i am planning to write a book on persian archery together with mr . bede dwyer on persian archery . this book will not only comprise archery techniques and annotated archery texts but we will show techniques and how to execute them with a replica persian composite bow .
3 ) mr . heiko grosse from germany is an accomplished swordsman who has been training and learning razmafzar under my direct supervision . he is a black belt in kendo with ten years experience in kendo competitions and a cateran and an expert in scottish swordsmanship with five - year experience . he plays a pivotal role in learning and teaching razmafzar .
4 ) ms . mitra haji is a museum curator of bonyad museums from tehran , iran . i have been working with ms . haji over 7 years . i have analyzed over 500 historical arms and armor from iran which are kept in bonyad museum . she has translated and edited many of my articles in persian . we organized two historical arms and armor exhibitions “the power of iranian steel” and “weapons and combat in the shahname” in tehran .
5 ) mr . mark mcmorrow from the usa is the executive editor and director of swordforum international , the biggest online community dedicated to the study of historical arms and armor . mark plays a very important role in making razmafzar public and we have an excellent working relationship together ,
6 ) mr . richard nable is a police lieutenant for a metropolitan police department in the southeastern united states . he is a swat sniper and team leader , department rangemaster , and instructor primarily in police weapons , tactics and survival . richard is our advisor on the mechanisms of historical firearms and has edited a number of articles on historical firearms which i have written and also has been editing parts of my books . 7 ) mr . greg thomas obach has been on my team for over 12 years . greg is a leading and very experienced smith who makes wonderful crucible steel . he has edited the chapters on crucible steel in my books and also articles . his insights into making crucible steel and above all his down - to - earth approach and willingness to learn and experiment make him truly a unique smith .
8 ) ms . venous pirmomen from iran is an archaeologist with a master and a bachelor degree in archaeology from islamic azad university . her areas of interest and concentration are bio - archaeology , biological anthropology and forensic anthropology . she has played an important role in accessing data for research of razmafzar team and public relations in iranian universities . she has found many new manuscripts from iranian libraries and museums for primary research materials on persian arms and armor .
9 ) mr . hessamoddin shafeianis a phd candidate at university of california , riverside in the field of electrical engineering department . he obtained his msc degree from the prestigeous sharif university of technology . he has been a very important team member with unflagging determination to find and access data which are extremely important for the research of razmafzar team . together with venous , hessam has found and gained access to many important persian manuscripts .
10 ) dr . denis toichkin from ukraine is a leading arms and armor historian and researcher and the author of a book on the history of cossack cold steel . he is recognized as a specialist in the late medieval and modern history of eastern european arms and armor . he has published on persian arms with me in leading ukranian journals and we are going to publish further articles on persian arms and armor in future . he plays a pivotal role in arms and armor research in our team .
fap : razmafzar is a large , complex art . when a new student wishes to begin training , where do they start ? what are the root disciplines of the system ?
fap : you’ve created the largest single source on persian arms and armour , a companion lexicon , and now a giant overview of persian martial arts and martial culture . all in your spare time ! so what is next for manouchehr khorasani and razmafzar ?
freelance academy press is proud to be distributing dr . khorasani’s books here in the united states , and look forward to working with him in the future on other projects .
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we have profiles of all nine runners and riders for the english biggest filly’s classic the epsom oaks , start time 4 : 30pm . back minding at 8 / 1 to win .
* worked over the unique epsom downs course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .
* beaten a neck by seventh heaven on reappearance in listed betfred mobile oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .
* success came with a length and a half victory in a mile maiden on good to soft going at nottingham in october .
* debut came in a mile maiden at haydock park on september 26 last year when third on soft ground .
born : december 5 , 1980 based : kremlin cottage stables , newmarket background : he is the eldest son of lord adrian palmer and grew up in the scottish borders , learning to ride at a very young age . he went to eton . before becoming a trainer , he spent time working for cheveley park stud and john warren at highclere stud . he was assistant to trainer patrick chamings and then spent three seasons as hughie morrison’s assistant . after five years as an assistant in the uk , he enjoyed a successful 15 - month spell in australia with leading trainer gai waterhouse . he returned to the uk , took out a licence in 2011 and has made an increasing impact , sending out 35 british & irish winners who earnt more than £1 million in prize money last year .
* beaten nine lengths into fifth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .
* got off the mark at the third attempt in a mile polytrack maiden at lingfield park in february .
* made her debut in a mile maiden on kempton park’s polytrack on november 30 , finishing fifth of 10 .
* out of high - class racemare barshiba & a half - sister to last year’s 50 / 1 group one juddmonte international heroine arabian queen .
* stayed on take third , beaten a length , behind somehow in the listed cheshire oaks on may 4 .
* made a winning debut in a mile polytrack maiden at kempton park on november 30 .
other major wins include : breeders’ cup marathon ( 2008 muhannak ) . , middleton stakes ( 2015 secret gesture ) , german 1 , 000 guineas ( 2012 electrelane ) , fred darling stakes ( 2005 penkenna princess , 2010 puff , 2012 moonstone magic , 2015 redstart ) , qipco british champions fillies & mares stakes ( 2015 simple verse )
born : september 6 , 1995 background : nephew of former jump jockey jim culloty , who won three cheltenham gold cups on best mate and trained the 2014 winner lord windermere . murphy began riding at the age of four and competed in pony races and show jumping . joined culloty’s cork yard at the age of 13 before teaming up with tommy stack two years later . started riding out for ireland’s champion flat trainer aidan o’brien at 16 and then moved to england to work for andrew balding in october , 2012 . first win came aboard imperial glance at salisbury on june 16 , 2013 . capped 2013 with a memorable four - timer on ayr gold cup day , including in the feature on highland colori . had a three - month spell with leading australian trainer danny o’brien in 2013 / 2014 . was appointed second jockey behind andrea atzeni to qatar racing ltd ahead of 2015 flat season and become first jockey to the organisation when atzeni returned to roger varian .
* exercised at the course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .
* beaten four and half lengths into fourth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .
* runner - up to godolphin’s linguistic on reappearance in the valuable tattersalls millions 3 - y - o trophy at newmarket on april 14 .
* sole victory came easily in a mile maiden at goodwood on september 1 , 2015 .
first winner : gained his first two successes on the same day when golden scissors was successful on the flat at beverley and wessex warrior over hurdles at wincanton on march 30 , 1990 .
success in uk : after a relatively slow start in his first few years in britain , with the winters spent riding in india , de sousa nearly returned to brazil but the 2010 uk season saw a distinct upturn in his fortunes as he rode 100 winners , for trainers such as david o’meara , geoff harker and mark johnston . in 2011 , he rode primarily for johnston and enjoyed 161 uk victories , challenging for the british jockeys’ title . de sousa’s first british classic ride came on outsider danum dancer in the 2007 2000 guineas , while he won the indian derby on antonios in 2009 . he was appointed as a retained rider to godolphin in february , 2012 but parted ways with maktoum family’s operation in mid - 2014 despite enjoying considerable success . he has ridden as a freelance since then and became champion jockey in britain for the first time in 2015 .
big - race wins : dubai world cup ( 2014 african story ) , qipco champion stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , lockinge stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , dubai duty free stakes ( 2013 sajjhaa ) , premio roma ( 2012 hunter’s light ) , juddmonte international ( 2015 arabian queen ) . accolades : stobart champion flat jockey 2015
* bidding to become the first filly since kazzia in 2002 to complete the 1000 guineas - investec oaks double .
* crowned european champion two - year - old filly last season following victories in the g1 moyglare stud stakes at the curragh & g1 dubai fillies’ mile at newmarket .
* comes in on the back of defeat having gone down by a head to jet setting in the irish 1 , 000 guineas at the curragh on may 22 , the pair clear . minding banged her head leaving the stalls . a cut and bruising were minor and have healed .
* made her debut on june 11 , 2015 in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden and finished second . she got off the mark next time out a similar race over six furlongs at the same course on june 25 .
* dam was top - class over a mile and galileo won the investec derby in 2001 .
* unbeaten in two starts this season and last time out got the better of architecture by a neck in the listed oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .
* odds - on favourite when making a winning return in a mile polytrack maiden at dundalk on april 18 .
* had the first of two starts as a juvenile at leopardstown when seventh of 13 in a seven - furlong maiden on september 12 , 2015 . two weeks later , she finished fourth in another seven furlong at newmarket .
born : buttevant , co cork , ireland , november 13 , 1980 . background : joined aidan o’brien’s ballydoyle stable as a teenager and gained his first british classic success on 50 / 1 chance qualify in the 2015 investec oaks . has ridden across the world with major success in ireland , france , the uae , the usa , canada and india . first winner : my - lorraine , sligo , june 24 , 1997 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2015 qualify ) big - race wins include : irish derby ( 2011 treasure beach ) , irish oaks ( 2014 bracelet ) , secretariat stakes ( 2011 treasure beach ) , phoenix stakes ( 2002 spartacus ) , poule d’essai des poulains ( 2007 astronomer royal ) , criterium international ( 2009 jan vermeer ) , canadian international ( 2010 joshua tree ) , american st leger ( 2012 jakkalberry ) , uae derby ( 2012 daddy long legs ) , queen elizabeth ii challenge cup ( 2011 together ) . has also enjoyed significant success in india , winning the indian derby , calcutta derby and bangalore derby in 2007 , and also rode one winner in hong kong in the 2013 / 14 season .
* supplemented at a cost of £30 , 000 following her length victory in the listed height of fashion stakes at goodwood on may 19 . snow fairy took the same 10 - furlong contest at goodwood in 2010 on her way to investec oaks glory .
* third on debut in a 10 - furlong maiden at ascot on may 6 .
champion owner in britain ( 10 times ) : 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 and 2015 .
* overcame greenness to win the listed cheshire oaks by half a length on may 4 , with diamonds pour moi back in third .
* made a successful reappearance on heavy ground in a 10 - furlong maiden at leopardstown on april 6 .
* debut came in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden on october 25 , 2015 when third to stable companion pretty perfect .
* fifth foal of alexandrova who captured the investec , irish and yorkshire oaks in 2006 for same connections .
born : james anthony heffernan on july 17 , 1972 . background : based at aidan o’brien’s ballydoyle stable since 1996 . like o’brien , gained his grounding at jim bolger’s stable . twice second in the investec derby and won the investec oaks on was in 2012 . accolades : jointly ireland’s champion apprentice in 1994 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2012 was ) . other major wins include : irish derby ( 2007 soldier of fortune , 2008 frozen fire ) , irish 1 , 000 guineas ( 2001 imagine , 2008 halfway to heaven , 2011 misty for me ) , irish st leger ( 2008 septimus ) , irish champion stakes ( 2010 cape blanco , 2011 so you think ) , eclipse stakes ( 2011 so you think ) , sun chariot stakes ( 2008 halfway to heaven ) , moyglare stud stakes ( 2008 again , 2010 misty for me , 2015 minding ) , national stakes ( 2000 beckett , 2010 power ) , keeneland phoenix stakes ( 2012 pedro the great ) , pretty polly stakes ( 2011 misty for me , 2015 diamondsandrubies ) , critérium international ( 2006 mount nelson ) , middle park stakes ( 2011 crusade ) , secretariat stakes ( 2015 highland reel )
* high - class two - year - old over a mile , winning the group two may hill stakes at doncaster before taking second behind ballydoyle in the group one prix marcel boussac at longchamp .
* six and a half lengths to make up on minding after coming home sixth on return in the qipco 1000 guineas at newmarket on may 1 .
ownership of turret rocks was recently transferred from jackie , jim bolger’s wife , to june judd who owned the 2009 investec oaks seventh oh goodness me . judd first owned horses in 2001 . she has had success in ireland , including with free judgement in the 2010 g3 tetrarch stakes and 2009 g3 killavullan stakes plus abigail petit in the 2005 g3 tower stakes , though she has yet to have a winner in britain .
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sarah healy wins her second gold as she takes 1 , 500m title . . .
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sportsnewsireland is an irish website launched in 2009 to offer sports fans in ireland an alternative and independent source to keep them up to date with all the news from around the country . every week we bring you live score updates from all levels of gaa , rugby , soccer , racing and athletics .
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boxing : kildare’s eric donovan teams up with ‘old friend’ egan for . . .
gaa fixtures – hurling & gaelic football in munster , ulster , leinster . . .
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two metallurgists at stanford university , seeking to produce a ' ' superplastic ' ' metal , appear to have stumbled on the secret of damascus steel , the legendary material used by numerous warriors of the past , including the crusaders . its formula had been lost for generations .