the ash meadows killifish ( empetrichthys merriami ) was first documented by c. h. gilbert in 1893 and historically occupied numerous springs near ash meadows , nye county , nevada , united states .

this species was last seen in 1948 and is believed to have gone extinct in the early 1950s , likely as a result of habitat alteration and competition with and predation by introduced crayfish procambarus clarkii , mosquitofish ( gambusia affinis ) , black mollies ( poecilia sphenops ) , and bullfrogs ( rana catesbeiana ) .

ash meadows killifish

the common name of the genus empetrichthys has since been changed from killifish to poolfish .
springs at ash meadows , nevada , u . s . a . [ extinct ] .
the holotype comes from kings spring , ash meadows , amargosa desert , on the boundary between california and nevada , nye county , nevada , usa .
in 1984 , much too late for empetrichthys merriami , the ash meadows national wildlife refuge was established to protect the endangered plant and animal species of this area . four species of plants and animals are endemic , including the endangered pupfishes cyprinodon diabolis , cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes , cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis and the ash meadows speckled dace , rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .
historically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .
reasons : historically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .
range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
its range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
this species was endemic to springs in ash meadows , nye county , nevada , usa . at this location , over a length of 12 miles many springs are spread out on the valley ground . empetrichthys merriami cannot be found there anymore and is likely extinct .
global range : ( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nevada , nevada , united states , north america
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
c . h . merriam and v . bailey collected this species - at least they thought to have collected only one species - in several specimens in the ash meadows spring and one specimen in the pahrump valley . this one fish from pahrump belonged to another species , the later described empetrichthys latos .
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46101 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration collector ( s ) : a . fisher year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
the species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .
comments : the species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .
ash meadows encompasses a number of springfed ponds and wetlands at the edge of the mojave desert . the springs ' s temperatures range from 21 to 33°c , though annual fluctuations of temperature are only 2 - 7°c within each spring . the submerge vegetation consists of stoneworts of the genus chara and filamentous algae . most of the pools are lined with emergent cattails ( typha spp . )
type for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spring = point of rocks spring . ) ash meadows , nye county , nye county , nevada , united states , north america
type for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spr . = point of rocks spr . ) ash meadows , nye co . , nye county , nevada , united states , north america
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justification : this species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .
this species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
this species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .
this species is extinct , so it does not require additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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gilbert , c . h . ( 1893 ) : report on the fishes of the death valley expedition collected in southern california and nevada in 1891 , with descriptions of new species . north american fauna nr . 7 , part ii , washington : pp 229 - 384
this species is named in honour of one of the collectors , c . h . merriam .
collection - number : united states national museum , cat . no . usnm - 131151 .
the holotype is an adult female of 67mm sl . numbers of paratypes are : su 766 ( 2 ) , usnm 46101 - 03 ( 3 , 2 , 1 ) . the types (
several specimens
) have been sampled by c . h . merriam and v . bailey in 05 . 1891 .
empetrichthys latos gilbert , 1893 ( one specimen of the types of merriami referred to e . latos , but has not been recognized by gilbert )
the karyotype describes the number and appearance of chromosomes during the phase of condensation , classified by the position of the centromere ( levan et al . , 1964 ) .
empetrichthys merriami preffered deeper pools ( ~ 2m ) and was rarely seen in shallower areas .
there is no description of the colouration of live animals known . gilbert wrote 1893 :
in spirits the color is dark brown above , sides and below lighter , often irregularly blotched with brown and white . the belly often appears checkered , having centers of scales brown and margins white , or the reverse . fins all dusky , the basal portions of dorsal and caudal with elongated brown spots on the interradial membranes .
regarding the habitat and the feeding habits of related inhabitants of thermal springs , empetrichthys merriami probably had been an opportunistic omnivore , feeding on algae and invertebrates . taking in consideration a relatively short intestine ( about 1 1 / 2 times of tl ) , the biserial conical teeth with the outer series enlarged , this species seems to had been rather carnivorous .
species of the subfamily empetrichthyinae are oviparous fishes . parenti ( 1981 ) proposed this subfamily as sister group to the goodeinae and used the family name goodeidae to encompass the two subfamilies . this narrow relationship has been supported by several studies since the 1980 ' s ( webb , dominguez ) .
5 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) )
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46103 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : e . nelson year collected : 1891 locality : papump val . , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
comments : this fish inhabited deeper holes in springs ( la rivers 1962 ) .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : apparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
little information reported ( lee et al . 1980 ) . occurred historically with cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .
this species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .
comments : this species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2012 ) .
empetrichthys merriami
in fishbase . august 2012 version .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
bulletin of the american museum of natural history , vol . 168 , pt . 4
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
apparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
each spring system that is undivided by a barrier constitutes a single distinct occurrence . otherwise , use a separation distance of 10 km for any type of aquatic habitat .
separation distance is arbitrary . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
grant , e . c . , and b . r . riddle . 1995 . are the endangered springfish ( crenichthys hubbs ) and poolfish ( empetrichthys gilbert ) fundulines or goodeids ? : a mitochondrial dna assessment . copeia 1995 : 209 - 212 .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
la rivers , i . 1962 . fishes and fisheries of nevada . nevada state fish and game commission , carson city , nevada . 782 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
miller , r . r . , j . d . williams , and j . e . williams . 1989 . extinctions of north american fishes during the past century . fisheries 14 ( 6 ) : 22 - 38 .
miller , r . r . , and m . l . smith . 1986 . origin and geography of fishes on central mexico . pages 487 - 517 in c . h . hocutt and e . o . wiley , editors . the zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes . john wiley and sons , new york , new york . xiii + 866 pp .
minckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991a . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pages 247 - 82 in w . l . minckley and j . e . deacon ( editors ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . university of arizona press , tucson , arizona .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
parenti , l . r . 1981 . a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes ( teleostei , atherinomorpha ) . bulletin of the american museum natural history 168 : 335 - 557 .
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the african dormice , genus graphiurus , are dormice that live throughout sub-saharan africa in a variety of habitats .

they are very agile climbers and have bushy tails .

they eat invertebrates and small vertebrates .

graphiurus

species graphiurus monardi ( st . leger , 1936 ) - monard ' s dormouse
whittington - jones , c . , c . brown . 1999 . thermoregulatory capabilities of the woodland dormouse , graphiurus murinus .
food preferences of glis glis ( l . ) , dryomys nitedula ( pallas ) , and graphiurus murinus ( smuts ) kept in captivity
ellison , g . , j . skinner . 1991 . thermoregulation and torpor in african woodland dormice , graphiurus murinus , following cold acclimation .
holden , m . , r . levine . 2009 . systematic revision of sub - saharan african dormice ( rodentia : gliridae : graphiurus ) part ll : description of a new speices of graphiurus from the central congo basin , including morphological and ecological niche comparisons with g . crassicaudatus and g . lorraineus .
haberl , w . 1999 .
the dormouse hollow : graphiurus
( on - line ) . the dormouse hollow . accessed july 30 , 2010 at urltoken .
to cite this page : lodel , j . 2011 .
graphiurus murinus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
as the first description of optimization of housing and production of graphiurus kelleni , this report illustrates many of the considerations that arise when seeking to adapt a novel research species to a defined laboratory environment .
madikiza , z . , s . bertolino , r . baxter , e . san . 2010 . nest box use by woodland dormice ( graphiurus murinus ) : the influence of life cycle and nest box placement .
nowakowski , w . , m . remisiewicz , j . kosowska . 2006 . food preferences of glis glis ( l . ) , dryomys nitedula ( pallas ) , and graphiurus murinus ( smuts ) kept in captivity .
african dormice ( graphiurus spp . ) are small nocturnal rodents . much of the current research involving dormice revolves around field studies and the ongoing taxonomic characterization of the family . 2 , 3 , 5 - 7 , 9 because visual speciation of graphiurus is difficult , speciation usually is accomplished by using karyotypic and anatomic variation . 5 african dormice are the only members of the gliridae family that are located solely in subsaharan africa . 5 the other members of the gliridae family , the glirinae and leithiinae , are widely distributed geographically and more commonly used in research . 7 , 9
none of the localities from which this species has been recorded are within protected areas . additional studies are needed to determine the taxonomic relationship between this species in and graphiurus rupicola . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , ecology , and threats to this poorly - known species .
this report is the first description of optimization of housing and production of graphiurus kelleni . the husbandry we provided for african dormice initially was based on what was feasible within the parameters of the animal facility . this plan was refined as we learned more about the requirements for captive gliridae from the scientific literature and websites describing the care of pet dormice .
this species has been recorded from liberia , côte d ' ivoire ( in mount nimba reserve ) , ghana , togo , nigeria and cameroon ; it was mentioned from bioko island by rosevear ( 1969 ) . it has yet to be recorded from sierra leone . there is an unidentified specimen of graphiurus in the british museum from southern democratic republic of the congo that is often thought to be this species , but likely represents a distinct species ( p . grubb pers . comm ) .
comments : subgenus graphiurus . the synonyms included here under g . murinus represent populations inhabiting forests ( predominantly on plateaus and mountains ) in c , e and southern africa . as with the g . microtis group , significant variation in pelage color and skull morphology exists among populations of the g . murinus group , and it is likely that more than one species comprises this group . the selindensis and collaris populations are distinctive , as are populations from rwanda and burundi , and severa . . .
the revision of graphiurus by genest - villard ( 1978 ) , based mostly on size grades , underestimated species diversity , particularly in the g . murinus group . subsequently , species limits were defined in reports covering different african regions ( e . g . , ansell and dowsett , 1988 ; holden , 1996 b ; robbins and schlitter , 1981 ) the species recognized below reflect information in the literature , as well as myexamination of museum specimens and preliminary , mostly unpublished multivariate analyses of cranial and dental measurements .
graphiurus spp . imported from ghana were associated with the human monkeypox outbreak in 2003 . eight of the 40 african dormice from this shipment had infectious virus in visceral tissues and other indications of a productive viremia . 4 apart from the spontaneous fatality of several infected animals , the dormice did not display clinical signs or lesions indicative of monkeypox . 4 to minimize the potential for human disease from infected african dormice , the centers for disease control and prevention has banned the importation of african dormice . 1 dormice are being used currently to study monkeypox virus . 11
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
g . angolensis is considered as a valid species and distinct from g . platyops and g . rupicola ( holden 2013 ) . the relationship between g . angolensi s and g . microtis is not clear ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status , extent of occurrence , natural history , threats and conservation status .
this little - known species has been recorded from seven localities in the escarpment zone of central and northern angola and from western zambia . it has been found from 1 , 000 to 2 , 000 m asl .
this species is generally associated with woodland savanna , with collecting sites in angola in or near wetter miombo woodland and sites in zambia in zambezian dry evergreen forest ( holden 2013 ) . it has also been captured in human dwellings ( holden 2013 ) . there is little additional information available on the species ' natural history .
the threats to this species are not known and it is possible that there are no major threats to this species within its known range . in angola there has been an increase in agriculture and deforestation of miombo ( schneibel et al . 2016 ; cabral et al . 2010 ) and savanization of the landscape ( cabral et al . 2010 ) . bodart et al . ( 2013 ) note forest loss in zambezian region has been high , with large areas of loss in angola and zambia due to agriculture expansion and fuel wood extraction . forests of kabompo district remain relatively intact , they are under increasing pressure ( chomba et al . 2012 ) .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is widely distributed in much of east africa and southern africa . it ranges from ethiopia , through much of east africa ( and marginally in western central africa ) to south africa ( reaching as far west as the western cape ) and lesotho .
densities have been estimated at about 10 animals per hectare , especially in riverine forest ( where they can be the dominant small mammal ) ( r . baxter pers . comm . ) .
this species is found in woodland , savanna , grassland and rocky areas ( skinner and chimimba 2005 ) . in parts of its range it is foun in either afromontane forest or riverine forest dominated by combretum . the can persist in secondary habitats , and are sometimes found in various types of buildings .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9487a115093727 .
woodland dormice occur throughout ethiopian region . they are widely distributed throughout africa , from the southern edge of the sahara desert to cape province , south africa .
woodland dormice are generalists and can be found in a broad range of habitats . although they commonly nest in acacia trees , their nests can also be found in tree hollows , rock crevices , on tree branches , in shrubs and even in abandoned bird nests and bee hives .
( fitzherbert , et al . , 2006 ; skinner and chimimba , 2005 ; webb and skinner , 1994 )
limited information is available on the mating system of woodland dormice . at the onset of breeding season , however , males are very territorial and aggressive towards one another , suggesting polygyny . once they emerge from their hibernacula , many species of dormice call out to alert potential mates of their presence . once mated , males are likely to leave prior mates to search for additional estrous females .
although most breeding occurs during the summer ( october through february ) , woodland dormice commonly breed throughout the year ( i . e . , seasonal polyestry ) . females have 1 to 2 litters per year . gestation is thought to last for approximately 24 days , resulting in 3 to 4 altricial pups per litter ; however , as many as 6 pups per litter may be possible . pups weigh approximately 3 . 5 g at birth , and they are not reproductively mature until the summer after their first hibernation .
little information is available on the parental investments of woodland dormice . however , newborns are altricial and independence from the mother most likely occurs between 4 and 6 weeks of age . mothers provide protection , grooming , and nourishment ( e . g . , nursing ) until pups reach independence . pups are cared for in nests lined with moss , which are often found in tree hollows , rock crevices , on tree branches , in shrubs and even in abandoned bird nests and bee hives . detailed information on paternal investment has not been reported .
woodland dormice live for approximately 5 . 5 years in the wild and may live 5 to 6 years in captivity .
woodland dormice are nocturnal and highly arboreal . they forage alone at night , mostly for insects and vegetation . in the fall , woodland dormice increase fat reserves by eating nuts and seeds prior to hibernating . during winter ( may to august ) , when temperatures drop considerably , woodland dormice hibernate . during hibernation , they experience significant decreases in body temperature and mass . their thermal neutral zone is between 29 and 35 °c , and they begin hibernating at an ambient temperature of about 15 °c . in the summer , woodland dormice may enter torpor during periods of decreased food abundance or when low or erratic temperatures occur . woodland dormice are unique within their genus (
) , as they are the only african dormouse species to hibernate during the winter .
during periods of inactivity , african dormice spend time in their nests , which are typically made of plant material and found in tree cavities , shrubs , and rock crevices . to prevent heat loss , they curl themselves into a ball and wrap their tails around their bodies . males , females , and juveniles may occupy an individual nest , and as many as 11 adults , consisting of both genders , have been found to occupy a single nest . african dormice use nests year round ; however , nest type changes in relation to season . during the winter , they use nests that are better insulated and closer to the ground , than those used during the summer .
( grizmek , 2004 ; haberl , 1999 ; madikiza , et al . , 2010 ; skinner and chimimba , 2005 ; webb and skinner , 1994 )
males are territorial during the breeding season and establish a social hierarchy once they emerge from hibernation . males scent mark and make warning vocalizations to demarcate and defend nesting territories , respectively . although females scent mark territorial boundaries , they do not make warning vocalizations to ward off members of opposing groups .
) , has an average home - range size of 13 . 9 ha for males and 8 . 5 ha for females . generally , there are about 10 woodland dormice per ha .
woodland dormice make a variety of vocalizations including mating calls , territorial calls , alarm squeaks , and twittering sounds , for which the meaning is unknown . in addition , woodland dormice are likely to use visual , haptic ( e . g . , sense of touch ) , and olfactory cues to communicate with one another . scent marking is likely used to establish territories and find mates , whereas vocalizations are probably used to find and defend mates , and defend territories .
woodland dormice are omnivores , with dietary composition changing in relation to season . during spring , they eat primarily buds and insects , but occasionally eat small rodents and the eggs and young of small birds . in summer and fall , they eat fruit , seeds , and nuts to increase fat reserves for hibernation , and when food abundance is low , they may also eat bark and twigs .
( grizmek , 2004 ; nowakowski , et al . , 2006 ; webb and skinner , 1994 ; wirminghaus and perrin , 1992 )
) in east africa . because they are both arboreal and nocturnal , woodland dormice have few predators .
woodland dormice may play a role in the population dynamics of arthropods , which constitutes a significant proportion of their diet . because they forage on various types of fruits and nuts , they may also be important seed dispersers . finally , they are an important prey species for owls .
african dormice have no documented economic effect on humans . however , due to their high fat content , they are a preferred source of protein in some cultures . human consumption of dormice is a well documented global phenomenon .
woodland dormice are sometimes thought of as nuisances , as they occasionally make their nests in old furniture , roofs , electrical switch boxes , water pumps , and transformers . they can cause agricultural damage by raiding poultry farms and foraging on crops .
woodland dormice are potential vectors for bubonic plague and monkeypox . a 2007 study in northern tanzania found woodland dormice that were positive for
woodland dormice exhibit stable population trends and currently , there are no major threats to this species . the iucn lists woodland dormice as a species of
least concern
.
jeanna lodel ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , stefanie stainton ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , christopher yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , john berini ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
2010 .
international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn )
( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species ( on - line ) . accessed july 27 , 2010 at urltoken .
fitzherbert , e . , t . gardner , t . caro , p . jenkins . 2006 . habitat preferences of small mammals in the katavi ecosystem of western tanzania .
makundi , r . 2008 . potential mammalian reservoirs in a bubonic plague outbreak focus in mbulu district , northern tanzania , in 2007 .
rodel , h . , w . scholze , d . kock . 2002 . diet of mackinder ' s eagle owl bubo capensis mackinderi in the alpine zone of mount kenya .
webb , p . , j . skinner . 1994 . the dormice ( myoxidae ) of southern africa .
wirminghaus , c . , m . perrin . 1993 . seasonal changes in density , demography , and body composition of small mammals in a southern temperate forest .
wirminghaus , j . , m . perrin . 1992 . diets of small mammals in a southern african temperate forest .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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national institutes of health , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , comparative medicine branch . bethesda , maryland
received 2009 aug 17 ; revised 2009 oct 2 ; accepted 2009 oct 12 .
) to be used for research on orthopoxviruses . here we describe the housing and breeding of
at our institution and discuss health and welfare concerns of this unique species . although our emphasis was on adapting our experience with
spp . to this novel species rather than preference testing for optimization , we have produced a viable colony that is capable of reproduction . in addition , we conducted a study identifying a selection of highly palatable , high - protein foods with which to supplement the dormice ' s standard diet .
dormice used for breeding were initially established as permanent pairs or trios of 2 female and 1 male animals . dormice were mated by using animals that were at least 4 mo old without a history of aggression or obesity . offspring were weaned at least 28 d after birth . weaned offspring were housed as littermates until they were sexed at 4 to 8 wk of age , at which point they were housed in unisex groups of 5 or fewer dormice per cage . litters of 1 or 2 dormice or small dormice were kept in the breeder cage until they were able to be sexed .
isoflurane anesthesia was administered at 3 % in an induction chamber . dormice were transferred to a nose cone for anesthesia maintenance ( 1 . 5 % to 2 . 5 % isoflurane ) once they had begun to close their eyes and lose the toe - pinch reflex .
all blood collections were performed in isoflurane - anesthetized dormice . mandibular blood collection was performed by using a 23 - gauge needle to pierce the skin approximately 0 . 5 to 1 cm ventral from the ear base . additional collection attempts were made when blood was not obtained or the site clotted .
) . food was aliquoted at 2 g protein per dormouse per cage , placed on culture dishes , distributed to experimental animals in the late afternoon , and weighed after the completion of a single light : dark cycle . food remained in the cage for less than 16 h . this process was repeated 4 times with a maximum of 3 trials per week . cages contained 2 to 5 dormice with an even gender distribution . rodent diet pellets and water were available ad libitum . standard enrichment was suspended during the trials .
to evaluate the suitability of each food option as means of protein enrichment , we adapted a published preference score system . 8 suitability was measured on a 5 - point scale ( 0 to 4 , least to most preferable ) determined by the percentage of an item that was consumed during the 16 - h feeding period . results were analyzed by using a 2 - tailed t test and a general linear model ( sas version 9 . 1 , sas institute , cary , nc ) . once a clear preference was evident , the top 5 items were retested in a series of comparison trials during which the dormice were presented with 2 food options per cage . the 10 pairings were offered to 6 cages each for a feeding period of one light - cycle .
the average daily census was 400 dormice . the weight of mature dormice ranged from 15 to 42 g , with an average weight of 24 . 4 g . cyclical vaginal swellings occurred in group - housed females ( at least 3 dormice per cage ) that were at least 5 mo old (
fighting occurred in all the breeder trios ( 2 female mice with 1 male ) , with the subsequent removal of 1 female mouse and establishment of a permanent pair . of the 70 mating pairs that were established , 44 pairs ( 63 % ) weaned at least one litter . the average litter size was 3 pups born and 2 pups weaned . sexing was performed by palpation of the os penis : if a penis was not palpable by 8 wk after birth , the dormouse was considered female . the female breeder was 16 to 19 mo old when her first litter was weaned and the male breeder was 8 to 11 mo of age . although dormice were included as part of the routine sentinel program , no murine pathogens have been detected .
the most palatable foods identified in the diet trial were wax worm larvae , cottage cheese , soy nuts , and chicken . of the 11 food options offered , wax worm larvae proved significantly (
) . all food options with a score of 3 or 4 were consumed in entirety within 48 h , unlike hard - boiled eggs , tofu , parmesan cheese , sunflower seeds , pistachio nuts , peanut butter , and black walnuts . direct comparison trials demonstrated that ‘unsuitable’ food items ( score , 0 to 2 ) were less palatable than items with a score of 3 or 4 (
< 0 . 005 ) more palatable than canned chicken , soy beans , and tofu . both fat and fiber were significant (
< 0 . 0001 ) predictors of consumption . lowfat foods ( less than 0 . 2 g fat / g ) were highly preferable . as fat content increased , there was a significant (
< 0 . 0001 ) decline in preference . however , high - fat foods ( 0 . 5 to 0 . 7 g fat / g ) gained preference when accompanied by an increase in fiber content .
comparison trials between food options . dark bar , consumption of first item listed ; light bar , consumption of second item listed .
of a total colony of 700 dormice , 122 ( fewer than 20 % of the colony ) dormice presented with clinical problems over a period of nearly 2 y , 77 ( 63 % ) of the cases were traumatic injuries in group - housed animals . the remaining 46 dormice displayed either lethargy or dehydration . dehydrated dormice tended to be younger than 3 mo ( 43 % ) , and no sex predilection was noted . treatment for dehydration consisted of twice - daily administration of subcutaneous warm lactated ringers solution ( 1 ml / 10 g ) and feed supplementation on the cage floor ; 37 of the 46 dormice responded to the treatment . the nonresponsive animals were euthanized for failure to respond to the initial treatment or for a relapse after successfully responding to treatments given for the first 24 to 48 h .
we would like to thank dr gerald shea for statistical analysis and the staff of the comparative medicine branch for their care of the animals . this research was supported by the intramural research program of the nih , national institute for allergy and infectious diseases .
african rodents and other animals that may carry the monkeypox virus . 2003 . 42 cfr §71 . 56 .
hutson cl , lee kn , abel j , carroll ds , montgomery jm , olson va , li y , davidson w , hughes c , dillon m , spurlock p , kazmierczak jj , austin c , miser l , sorhage fe , howell j , davis jp , reynolds mg , braden z , karem kl , damon ik , regnery rl . 2007 .
nunome m , yasuda sp , sato jj , vogel p , suzuki h . 2007 .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its extent of occurrence , natural history , threats and conservation status . whilst it appears to have a wide distribution , more research is required to confirm this .
it is generally associated with lowland tropical moist forest , but may also enter cultivated areas and buildings , as reported by rosevear ( 1969 ) who summarises the little information available on this species .
the threats to this species are not well known . it is possibly threatened by ongoing deforestation within its range , however , it has seemingly been recorded from modified habitats such as agricultural land . in benin ( where the species is not recorded from the wild ) , this species has reportedly been found on sale in markets for medicinal purposes , but this requires confirmation .
recorded at least from mount nimba forest reserve in côte d ' ivoire and okajakrom forest reserve in ghana . further field surveys are needed to better determine the distribution , natural history and possible threats to this little known species .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9481a115093196 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .