marthasterias is a genus of starfish in the family asteriidae .

it is monotypic and the only species in the genus is marthasterias glacialis , commonly known as the spiny starfish .

it is native to the eastern atlantic ocean .

marthasterias

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first report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis .
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first report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis . - pubmed - ncbi
bay - nouailhat a . , september 2005 , description of marthasterias glacialis , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .
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picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) jullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la société zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
pérez - portela , r . villamor , a . and almada , v . 2010 . phylogeography of the sea star marthasterias glacialis ( asteroidea , echinodermata ) : deep genetic divergence between mitochondrial lineages in the north - western mediterranean . marine biology , vol . 157 , issue . 9 , p . 2015 .
ager , o . e . d . 2008 . marthasterias glacialis spiny starfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the seastar marthasterias glacialis ( l . ) was seen to spawn in two sea inlets , lough hyne ( 9°18′w ; 51°30′n ) and mulroy bay ( 7°42′w ; 55°12′n ) , ireland . spawning occurred during the afternoon and early evening between 13 . 30 and 21 . 30 hrs british summer time ( bst ) on sunny days during july and august , 1978 . groups remained assembled for days prior to spawning . solitary and grouped seastars arched themselves and released their gametes freely . local moderate onshore winds on sunny days resulted in increases of sea temperature which often induced spawning . males observed spawning ranged from 2 . 5 to 26 cm and females from 9 to 22 cm in diameter over the period 1978–1985 .
asterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . müller , 1788 ( synonym according to sladen ( 1889 ) )
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
distribution from low intertidal to nearly 200 m depth , on rock and gravel , on west and southwest coasts of the british isles , devon to . . .
( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]
( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . révision de la collection de stellérides du museum d’histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) pennant , t . ( 1777 ) . british zoology . london 1777 . 4th edition ( 4 ) : 36 and pages 1 - 154 , tab 24 , fig 24 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]
( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) orbigny , a . d ' . ( 1839 ) . echinodermes et polypiers in p . b . webb & s . berthelot , . histoire naturelle des iles canaries . 2 ( 2 ) : 148 - 149 , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 148 [ details ]
( of asteracanthion webbianus ( d ' orbigny , 1839 ) ) dujardin , m . f . and hupe , m . h . ( 1862 ) . histoire naturelle des zoophytes échinodermes : comprenant la description des crinoïdes , des ophiurides , des astérides , des échinides et des holothurides . paris : libraire encyclopedique de roret . 627 pages , 10 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 340 [ details ]
( of stellonia angulosa l . agassiz , 1836 ) agassiz , l . ( 1836 ) . prodrome d ' une monographie des radiaires ou echinodermes . mémoires de la société des sciences naturelles de neuchâtel . 1 , 168 - 199 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]
southward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of stellonia glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) nardo , j . d . ( 1834 ) . de asteriis . isis von oken . 1834 : 716 - 717 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 716 [ details ]
( of coscinasterias ( stolasterias ) glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) perrier , e . ( 1894 ) . stellérides . expéditions scientifique travailleur et du talisman . 3 : 1 - 431 , 26 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 109 ; note : author is incorrectly attributed to linck [ details ]
( of uraster glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) forbes , e . ( 1841 ) . a history of british starfishes and other animals of the class echinodermata . london ; john van voorst . 267 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]
( of asteracanthion glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) müller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]
( of asterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . müller , 1788 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
jullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la société zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
: 5 - 9 ; up to 350 mm in diameter ( occasionally up to 700 mm ) ; coloured yellowish , orange , reddish , brownish or greenish .
found in a wide range of habitats from fully exposed rockfaces to muddy sites in calm bays . remarkable size differences are commonly found . spiny starfish from sheltered waters are larger than those of exposed coasts .
particularly in the northern parts of the north sea , scandinavia . elsewhere it is found on the western british coasts .
mortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . humphrey milford , oxford university press : 471 pp .
moyse , j . & p . a . tyler , 1990 . echinodermata . in : p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ( eds ) : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe , volume 2 , molluscs to chordates . clarendon press , oxford : 839 - 871 .
picton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . immel publishing : 96 pp .
is recorded from the southwest and west coast of england and the west coast of scotland . it has only been recorded at one site on the east coast ( st abbs , scotland ) and has not been recorded in the eastern english channel .
is found from extreme low water to about 200 m . it can be found in a variety of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to wave exposed rock faces .
arms with 3 longitudinal rows of white , spines ( usually purple tipped ) .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
hyman , l . v . , 1955 . the invertebrates : vol . iv . echinodermata . the coelomate bilateria . new york : mcgraw hill .
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
mortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . london : humphrey milford , oxford university press .
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
picton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . london : immel publishing ltd .
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this is our largest starfish , reaching a diameter of impressing 70 cm . the central disk is relatively small . on the tip of each arm approximately eight purple spines produce a flower like formation . the arms are covered by large , white spines . each spine is surrounded by a white cushion . and the longitudinal rows of spines and cushions form a very distinct profile . the coloration varies from pale brown to yellow or orange .
it thrives on all kind of substrates , from the subtidal zone and down to 200 meters .
the spine starfish is registered widespread over the atlantic ocean , on both hemispheres .
this starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter . small individuals might be mistaken for
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pedicellariae : minute jawed elements of sea urchins and starfish used to clean body surface and as defensive means .
, baie de concarneau , south - brittany , west of france . depth 5 meters .
ii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . ) | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences
ii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . )
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ophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ( 1 )
project description : eucalyptus globulus ( labill . ) is used for pulp and paper product ( more )
project description : tap - glun1 ( 840 kda and 1 . 5 mda ) , psd95 - tap ( 1 . 5 mda ) and wt ( con ( more )
label free nano - lc maldi - tof - ms / ms analysis of triton x - 100 solubilized proteins from bovine brain capillary endothelial cells ( bcecs ) .
species : ophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ophrys garganica ophrys sphegodes ( early spider orchid ) ( arachnites aranifera )
description : this starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter .
habitat : this species may be found in a very wide range of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to fully exposed rockfaces . specimens from sheltered sites are usually larger than those from exposed sites .
distribution : apparently confined to the southwest and west coasts of the british isles , also north to scandinavia .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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download comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .
distribution of habitat cr . lcr . bras . lgassp large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave - sheltered circalittoral rock , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .
this biotope is found under similar silty , wave - sheltered conditions as lgassp but with negligible tidal streams . found in sheltered sealochs , there is an impoverished faunal component with solitary ascidians dominating . it lacks the diverse sponge component which is characteristic of lgassp .
no characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .
version 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .
jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :
information from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the
connor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
parry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
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micael , j . rodrigues , p . costa , a . c . and alves , m . j . 2014 . phylogeography and genetic diversity of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) —evidence for a recent range expansion in the azores . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 94 , issue . 07 , p . 1475 .
micael , j . alves , m . j . and costa , a . c . 2013 . the population dynamics of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) in the azores , at the north - western periphery of its distribution . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1087 .
joly - turquin , guillemette dubois , philippe leyzour , sandra pernet , philippe de ridder , fjo pintelon , rik and guillou , monique 2013 . contrasting relationships between pyloric caecum and gonad growth in the starfish asterias rubens : combined field and experimental approaches . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1073 .
agüera , antonio trommelen , michel burrows , frances jansen , jeroen m . schellekens , tim and smaal , aad 2012 . winter feeding activity of the common starfish ( asterias rubens l . ) : the role of temperature and shading . journal of sea research , vol . 72 , issue . , p . 106 .
manzur , tatiana barahona , mario and navarrete , sergio a . 2010 . ontogenetic changes in habitat use and diet of the sea - star heliaster helianthus on the coast of central chile . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 90 , issue . 03 , p . 537 .
li , li li , qi and kong , lingfeng 2010 . the effect of different substrates on larvae settlement in sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicusselenka . journal of the world aquaculture society , vol . 41 , issue . , p . 123 .
mercier , annie and hamel , jean - françois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 237 .
mercier , annie and hamel , jean‐françois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 7 .
gallagher , t . richardson , c . a . seed , r . and jones , t . 2008 . the seasonal movement and abundance of the starfish , asterias rubens in relation to mussel farming practice : a case study from the menai strait , uk . journal of shellfish research , vol . 27 , issue . 5 , p . 1209 .
had a clearly defined reproductive cycle with spring - early summer spawning . pyloric caecum indices were inversely related to gonad indices . subtidal
had lower gonad indices and less seasonal variation in the pyloric caecum indices . gonad indices of
suggest few animals in the population studied were breeding , but it is likely that this species also spawns in summer .
. field observations and laboratory experiments show larvae settle on a wide range of substrata . recruitment to an intertidal population of
at hollicombe reef occurred in july 1980 and september 1981 . growth of juvenile starfish was followed for 17 months . juvenile starfish feed carnivorously at the completion of metamorphosis . early growth is rapid ; however , there is a reduction in the growth rate during winter months . feeding and growth of juvenile
descriptions of the larvae of stichaster australis ( verrill ) and coscinasterias calamaria ( gray ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) from new zealand , obtained from laboratory culture . biological bulletin
extreme population density of the starfish asterias rubens l . on a bed of iceland scallop , chlamys islandica ( o . f . muller )
distribution patterns of common seastars of the middle atlantic continental shelf of the northwest atlantic ( gulf of maine to cape hatteras ) . biological bulletin
notes on the development of the starfishes asterias glacialis ( o . f . m ) ; cribrella oculata ( linck ) forbes ; solaster endeca ( retzius ) forbes ; stichaster roseus ( o . f . m . ) sars
the annual pyloric caeca cycle of asterias rubens l . ( echinodermata : asteroidea )
the annual reproductive cycle of oreaster reticulatus ( l . ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) and interpopulation differences in reproductive capacity
. the dispersal of the larvae of shoal - water benthic invertebrate species over long distances by ocean currents . in
observations on an aggregation of the starfish asterias rubens l . in morecambe bay , lancashire , england
studies on the reproductive systems of seastars . i . the morphology and histology of the gonad of asterias vulgaris . biological bulletin
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silva m 1 , 2 , rodriguez i 3 , barreiro a 4 , 5 , kaufmann m 6 , 7 , 8 , isabel neto a 9 , 10 , hassouani m 11 , sabour b 12 , alfonso a 13 , botana lm 14 , vasconcelos v 15 , 16 .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . ines . rodriguez . filgueiras @ usc . es .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
centre of life sciences , university of madeira , marine biology station of funchal , funchal 9000 - 107 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
center of interdisciplinary marine and environmental research of madeira - ciimar - madeira , edif . madeira tecnopolo , caminho da penteada , funchal 9020 - 105 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .
department of marine biology , university of azores , ponta delgada 9501 - 801 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .
phycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . hassouani @ hotmail . com .
phycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . sabour . b @ ucd . ac . ma .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . amparo . alfonso @ usc . es .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . luis . botana @ usc . es .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .
structures caribbean ( c ) and pacific ( p ) ctx - group toxin . the epimers , p - ctx - 2 ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 3 ) , p - ctx - 4a ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 4b ) and c - ctx - 2 ( 56 - epi c - ctx - 1 ) are indicated in parenthesis .
location of the sampling points : ( a ) são miguel island coast , azores archipelago : 1 , cruzeiro ; 2 , mosteiros ; 3 , étar ; 4 , são roque ; 5 , lagoa ; and 6 , caloura . ( b ) madeira island coast : 1 , reis magos and 2 , caniçal . ( c ) northwestern moroccan coast : 1 , casablanca corniche ; 2 , el jadida haras ; 3 , el jadida sâada ; 4 , sidi bouzid ; 5 , mrizika ; and 6 , oualidia .
selected ion monitoring ( sim ) chromatogram ( a ) and mass spectrum ( b ) of standard ctx - 3c . sim obtained by uplc - ms / ms and spectrum obtained by uplc - ms - it - tof .
ms2 spectrum of ctx analogue at m / z 1111 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( a ) ; ctx analogue at m / z 1109 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( b ) ; and ctx analogue m / z 1123 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( c ) . spectra obtained by ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectometry - ion trap - time of flight uplc - ms - it - tof .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
bassindale , r . , e . davenport , f . j . ebling , j . a . kitching , m . a . sleigh and j . f . stone . the ecology of lough ine rapids with special reference to water currents vi ; the effects of the rapids on the hydrography of the south basin . j . ecol .
( l . ) in its natural habitat , 31 pp . thesis for b . a . moderations , department of zoology , trinity college dublin 1980
ebling , f . j . , a . d . hawking , j . a . kitching , l . muntz and v . m . pratt . the ecology of lough ine xvi . predation and diurnal migration in the
ebling , f . j . , m . a . sleigh , j . f . sloane and j . a . kitching : the ecology of lough ine vii . distribution of some common plants and animals of the littoral and shallow sublittoral regions . j . ecol .
( lamark ) in lough ine , ireland . phil . trans . r . soc . ( ser . b )
mortensen , t . : handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles , 471 pp . oxford : university press 1927
, from plymouth sound . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
ormond , r . f . g . , a . c . campbell , s . m . head , r . j . moore , p . s . rainbow and a . p . l . sanders : formation and breakdown of aggregations of


agathiopsis maculata is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in new guinea and australia ( queensland ) .

adults are green , the forewings with a ragged broad brown margin , and a similar stripe across the hindwings , which have a scalloped margin .

males have darker brown stripes than females .

agathiopsis maculata

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
the adult moths of this species are green , with a ragged broad brown margin to the forewings , and a similar stripe across each hindwing . the hindwings have a scalloped margin . the males have darker brown stripes than the females . the wingspan is about 4 cms . the males are about 10 % smaller than the females .
new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae from papuan region , collected by mr . albert s . meek
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pagenstecher , a . f . 1900 ,
die lepidopteren fauna des bismarck - archipels . mit berückstichtigung der thiergeographischen und biologischen verhältnisse systematisch dargestellt . erster theil : die tagfalter
, zoologica ( new york ) , vol . 29 , pp . 1 - 160 pp . 2 pls
turner , a . j . 1910 ,
revision of australian lepidoptera . v
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 555 - 653
prout , l . b . 1933 ,
geometridae
, seitz , die gross - schmetterling der erde , vol . 12 , pp . 77 - 116
warren , w . 1912 ,
new geometridae in the tring museum from new guinea
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 19 , pp . 68 - 85
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88959ed7 - db75 - 4d97 - af42 - 6bbdcd0251c5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ab525af1 - 0173 - 4203 - bc4f - 41dfc8fb198f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c86d9880 - c624 - 44ee - ad91 - 2b5c67621aca
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4fb4a47d - f76f - 4b58 - 8474 - b50d22f7975f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372800
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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panopea abrupta is an extinct species of large marine bivalve mollusc in the family hiatellidae .

between 1983 and 2010 , this species of clam was confused with the pacific geoduck , panopea generosa , in the scientific literature .

panopea abrupta

taxonomy the name panopea abrupta ( conrad , 1849 ) has long been used for the recent , commercially harvested geoduck of the north . . .
taxonomy the name panopea abrupta ( conrad , 1849 ) has long been used for the recent , commercially harvested geoduck of the north pacific . however , vadopalas et al . ( 2010 ) have shown that the name should be restricted to a miocene fossil . the name panopea generosa is applicable to the recent species . [ details ]
( of mya abrupta conrad , 1849 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panopea tyosiensis ozaki , 1952 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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( of panopaea tenuis wiedey , 1928 ) wiedey , l . w . ( 1928 ) . notes on the vaqueros and temblor formations of the california micoene with description of new species . transactions of the san diego society of natural history history 5 ( 10 ) : 95 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 50 [ details ]
( of glycymeris estrellana conrad , 1857 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panomya intermedia khomenko , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panopaea fragilis gould , 1861 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panopaea sagrinata gould , 1861 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panopaea tenuis wiedey , 1928 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of panopaea vaskuchevskensis il ' ina , 1963 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
is unquestionably the proper name for the pacific geoduck clam . this clam is the largest burrowing clam in its natural range throughout alaska , british columbia , and washington . although a few individuals weigh up to 4 . 5 kg ( 10 lbs . ) , the average whole body wet weight is about 1 kg . ( 2 . 2 lbs . ) with an average shell length of about 195 mm ( 7 ¾ inches ) ( harbo 1997 ) . to the first - time observer , this clam could be considered as rather grotesque because its shell is not capable of encompassing the huge body .
it is well established that the movement of shellfish stocks across natural geographic barriers incurs the risk of transmitting diseases that are endemic in any isolated population . in british columbia , information available on the few native shellfish species that have been examined indicate that parasites and diseases occur in stocks from some areas that are not seen in others . for example , 1 )
) . unfortunately almost nothing is known about the disease and parasites of geoduck clams . a cautious approach to the transplantation of animals into and around the province will reduce the risks involved and maximise the possibilities of success . repercussions of the indiscriminate transplantation of geoduck clams around the province could be devastating and irreparable .
to help reduce the risk of inadvertent transfer of diseases of aquatic animals into and within british columbia , a federal / provincial fish introductions and transfers committee was established . this committee operates under authority of section 56 of the fishery ( general ) regulations and under provincial regulations either through provisions under the provincial wildlife act or the fishery act . thus , all proposed shellfish transplants must be submitted to the committee for prior approval . further details including contact information for the committee are available via the internet at urltoken .
) , fan seafoods ltd . ( 4645 vale court crescent , courtenay , b . c . v9n 7w6 ) , island scallops ltd . ( 5552 west island hwy . , qualicum beach , b . c . canada , v9k 2c8 , web site
) and unique sea farms ltd . ( 3145 headland road , nanaimo , b . c . canada , v9x 1n8 ) ) and government ( diseases of shellfish program of the
, pacific biological station , nanaimo ) with previous funding assistance from the national research council of canada industrial research assistance program research and development ( nrc / irap ) and the british columbia information , science and technology agency ' s technology assistance program ( tap ) have begun to address issues relevant to geoduck clam health .
in 1993 , the geoduck industry in british columbia ( under water harvesters association , and fan seafoods ltd . ) in conjunction with a commercial hatchery ( island scallops ltd . ) initiated geoduck clam culture for both farming and enhancement purposes . because little is known about the biology of geoduck clams , studies were initiated in collaboration with the
conduct experimental investigations into the cause of geoduck ‘warts’ and the fungus associated with the dark discolouration of the siphon and exposed mantle surface .
the web pages on this site present the results of this study and are arranged with each topic on its own page . all pages are listed in the table of contents and grouped firstly by subject . within each subject grouping , pages detailing specific features are listed with appropriate access ( link ) to the detailed description with illustrations . appropriate references are located at the bottom of each page .
agriculture and agri - food canada - fish and seafood online . web site facts sheet on the geoduck clam : urltoken
) in british columbia . can . tech . rep . fish . aquat . sci . 1169 : 62 p .
coan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca .
conrad , ta . 1849 . mollusca . pp . 723 - 728 pls 17 - 21 . in : j . d . dana ( editor ) geology . united states exploring expedition . during the years 1838 . . . 1842 . under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , vol . 10 : appendix 1 ( descriptions of fossils ) , iii . fossils from northwestern america . philadelphia ( sherman ) . [ as sited by coan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca . pp 605 . ]
fisheries and oceans canada , fisheries management , geoduck fishery - pacific region . web site contains information on an overview of the geoduck clam fishery in british columbia , canada : urltoken .
fitch , j . e . 1953 . common marine bivalves of california . calif . dep . fish game fish bull . 90 : 102 p .
goodwin , c . l . 1973 . subtidal geoducks of puget sound , washington . wash . dep . fish . tech . rep . 13 : 64 p .
harbo , r . m . 1997 . shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest , a field guide . harbour publishing , madeira park , b . c . canada .
jamieson , g . s . , and k . francis . 1986 . geoducks , p . 18 - 22 . in g . s . jamieson and k . francis . invertebrate and marine plant fishery resources of british columbia . can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . 91 .
quayle , d . b . 1978 . the intertidal bivalves of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . handbook 17 : 84 - 85 .
ricketts , e . f . , j . calvin , and j . w . hedgpeth . 1985 . between pacific tides . 5th ed . stanford univ . press , stanford , calif . : 325 - 328 .
vadopalas , b . , t . w . pietsch and c . s . friedman . 2010 .
( conrad , 1849 ) ( bivalvia : myoida : hiatellidae ) . malacologia 52 : 169 - 173 .
) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : introduction .
the gonad is an integral part of the visceral mass positioned ventral and lateral to the digestive gland and loops of the intestine . in immature ( juvenile ) geoduck clams , the gonad makes up a small part of the total visceral mass ( see fig . 3a in the digestive system page ) . small oval or flattened gonadal acini ( follicles , tubules ) containing primordial reproductive cells ( fig . 1 ) are infrequently distributed throughout the vesicular connective tissue . until the development of gametes , the two sexes are indistinguishable histologically .
figure 1 . two of the gonadal acini within the connective tissue ( c ) of the viscera of a juvenile geoduck clam . at this stage of development , the internal surface of the acini is lined with strongly basophilic undifferentiated germ cells and the sex of the clam can not be determined histologically .
as the geoduck clam matures , the gonadal acini proliferate and expand in size . the lipids or glycogen stored in vesicular connective tissue cells surrounding the acini provide nutrition to the developing gametes . in mature ( adult ) geoduck clams , the gonad occupies a significant proportion of the visceral mass ( see fig . 3b ( adult female ) and fig . 3c ( adult male ) in digestive system page ) . gametogenesis is described by anderson ( 1971 ) and closely resembles that of other bivalves . hermaphrodites were not observed . as for many bivalves , geoduck clams are broadcast spawners .
sperm production was observed in geoduck clams as young as two years old ( fig . 2a ) . in male geoduck clams , gametogenesis involves the production of spermatogonia by mitotic division of the undifferentiated germ cells ( primary gonial cells ) located along the inner periphery of the tubular acini in the connective tissue of the viscera . the spermatogonia are the largest male germinal cells which divide by mitosis and become smaller as they move towards the center of the lumen and become spermatocytes . spermatocytes in turn divide by meiosis and become spermatids . spermiogenesis involves the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa without further cell division .
figure 2a . spermiogenesis resulting in the expansion and filling of the acini ( ac ) of a 2 year old male geoduck clam . the acini empty into a ciliated gonadal duct ( gd ) . a bundle of nerve fibers ( n ) occurs adjacent to the acini .
figure 2b . spermatogonia ( sg ) on the periphery of the acinus undergoing mitotic division ( md ) to form spermatocytes ( sy ) which further divide by meiosis and eventually develop into spermatozoa ( sz ) with flagella ( eosinophilic ) oriented towards the lumen of the acinus ( gl ) and eventually the gonadal duct .
figures 2a and 2b . gonadal development in male geoduck clams . haematoxylin and eosin stain .
in female geoduck clams , the undifferentiated ( primordial ) germ cells transform into primary oogonia that undergo meiosis to become the developing oocytes . the oocytes usually remain attached by a stalk to the internal surface of the acinus throughout development and have associated auxiliary cells that develop from the acinar wall and provide nutrition to the developing oocytes . as they mature , the oocytes project into the lumen of the acinus and are eventually released into the lumen and exit the clam via the ciliated gonadal ducts . mature oocytes have a germinal vesicle within the nucleus that contains two nucleoli , extensive cytoplasm containing granules and a thin outer vitelline layer .
figure 3a . oogenesis resulting in the expansion of the acini of an adult female . note that developing oocytes are attached to the internal surface of the acini ( arrows ) .
figure 3b . mature oocytes entering into the ciliated gonadal duct ( gd ) from acini ( arrows ) in a ripe female during the spawning process .
figure 3c . mature oocytes with a germinal vesicle ( gv ) within the nucleus which contains two nucleoli ( arrows ) , granular cytoplasm and surrounded by a basophilic vitelline layer ( vl ) .
figures 3a to 3c . gonadal development in female geoduck clams . haematoxylin and eosin stain .
anderson , a . v . jr . 1971 . spawning , growth , and spatial distribution of the geoduck clam , panope generosa gould , in hood canal , washington . ph . d . thesis submitted to university of washington .
barnes , robert d . , 1968 . invertebrate zoology , 2nd ed . w . b . saunders company , toronto , 743 pp .
morse , m . p . and zardus , j . d . 1997 . bivalva . microscopic anatomy of invertebrates vol . 6a mollusca ii . f . w . harrison and a . j . kohn . wiley - liss . pp . 7 - 118 .
) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : normal histology - reproductive system .
the general anatomy of geoduck clams was established from cultured juveniles and both normal and abnormal wild adults . the cultured geoduck clams ( 6 - 25 mm in shell length ) were collected from ocean nursery sites in georgia strait , b . c . adult clams were gathered from the east and west coast of vancouver island and the central coast of british columbia during the course of the 1997 / 1998 fishery ( supplied by underwater harvesters association and fan seafoods ) .
is generally rectangular with a rounded anterior edge . both valves are equally proportioned and are unable to enclose the muscular mantle and enormous , fused siphon .
figure 1 . adult geoduck clam with a valve length of 15 . 5 cm . the siphon ( si ) , at the posterior end , and the muscular mantle ( mm ) at the ventral surface could not be contained within the valves ( rv – right valve ) . thanks to rick harbo for donation of this image .
juveniles : thin shelled , porcelaneous ; periostracum thin , tan , dehiscent ; umbonal area frequently with undulations and feeble growth lines . adults : shell heavy and ponderous ; periostracum evanescent ; external structure of irregular growth ridges that occur in a direction corresponding to the shell margin ( coan et al . 2000 , see figs . 2a and b ) .
figure 2a valves of fresh adult geoduck clams . illustration of the irregular growth ridges that occur in a direction corresponding to the shell margin .
figure 2b valves of fresh adult geoduck clams . patches of tan periostracum ( ps ) located on the anterior end of the left valve .
the inner surface of the valves ( shell ) is usually rough with a deeply impressed , continuous pallial line ( where the mantle was sealed to the shell ) and triangular pallial sinus ( fig . 3 ) . at the dorsal surface , the hinge ligament joins the two valves and each valve has a cardinal tooth at the hinge .
figure 3 internal surface of the valves of the geoduck clam showing the pallial line ( pl ) and a tooth ( t ) . the anterior shell edges are at the top of the image .
figure 4 . sketch of the internal organisation of the major organs of the geoduck clam . the right valve and right side of the muscular mantle and siphon have been dissected away to reveal the fused siphons and the arrangement of the internal organs . the thin mantle ( tm ) that lines the inner surface of the right valve to the pallial line has been turned over the dorsal edge of the left valve ( lv ) . other labels on the sketch are : am - anterior adductor muscle , bg - brown gland , cmm - cut surface of muscular mantle , cs - cut surface of siphon , cse - cut surface of septum , emm - external surface of muscular mantle , ex - excurrent channel , f - foot , g - gills , h - heart , ib - infrabranchial chamber , in - incurrent channel , k - kidney , lp - labial palps , lv - left valve , pa - pedal aperture , pm - posterior adductor muscle , sb - suprabranchial chamber , tm - thin mantle , vm - visceral mass .
barnes , r . d . , 1968 . invertebrate zoology , 2nd ed . w . b . saunders company , toronto , 743 pp .
coan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca .
simkiss , k . 1988 . molluscan skin ( excluding cephalopods ) . the mollusca vol . 11 form and function . e . t . truman and m . r . clarke . academic press inc . pp . 11 - 35 .
) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : anatomy of the geoduck clams .
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this shell , 19 cm long , was collected in the 1800 ' s . it was held until recently in the washington state university museum .
can project up to a meter from the shell and cannot be retracted into the shell . the shell is dirty white to cream with a small amount of yellow
. each valve has one hinge tooth . the shell gapes widely on all sides except the hinge , and very widely on the posterior (
. shell is quadrate ( approximately rectangular in outline ) , more rounded on the anterior than the posterior end , up to 23 cm long , animal to 9 kg . the single hinge teeth of the two valves do not match well .
this is our largest local clam . other members of family hiatellidae are smaller and have gaping
do not get as large and gape mainly at the posterior end . the atlantic geoduck ,
coast of asia down to japan ; in north america from central alaska to newport bay , ca ; mexico ; panama . in the salish sea area they are especially common in hood canal and puget sound . more common here than farther south .
burrows very deeply ( to 1 . 3 m ) in soft bottoms in quiet waters .
this animal is said to be the largest burrowing clam . it does not mature until age 3 - 4 . spawning is in the spring . young clams have spiny shells and often settle on the tubes of polychaetes , where they attach for a time by byssal threads before dropping off and digging into the sediment . it is very long - lived ( up to at least 168 years ) . the copepod
( cyclopoida : lichomologidae ) has sometimes been found as a symbiont inside the shell . adults of this species are poor diggers and do not seem to be able to dig themselves back into the mud if removed . ricketts et al . state that the shell is lightweight but the shell of the specimen above is probably 1 / 2 cm thick .
i have never found this clam in the region right near rosario beach marine lab , except on commercial farms such as taylor shellfish farm . it is much more common in the southern reaches of the salish sea such as puget sound and hood canal . it is also found in british columbia .
the shell has a very well - developed pallial line and one hinge tooth in each valve . the shell of this specimen is about 1 / 2 cm thick . along the edges the shell splits into an inner and an outer shelf which diverge from each other slightly . i have not seen this divergence into shelves described for this species .
this view of a living individual from the right side illustrates the fact that the siphon is so large that it cannot be retracted into the shell and the shell therefore gapes widely . photo by dave cowles , august 2016 of a farmed clam at taylor shellfish farms near rosario .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
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the objective of this study was to determine if there was a significant effect of commercial geoduck fishing on dungeness crab fishing catch - per - unit - effort ( cpue ) . we sampled crabs using baited pots at one site before , during , and after commercial geoduck fishing . concurrently , we sampled crabs at a nearby unfished site . both sites were sampled 20 times over a period of 4 . 6 years . specifically , we wanted to determine if significant changes in crab cpue occurred following geoduck fishing in the treatment site , and if any such changes could be attributed to geoduck fishing .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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