sabella is a genus of marine polychaete worm .

members of this genus are filter feeders and there are about ninety species .

they live in tubes made of mud that project from the sand surface .

they have a crown of feathery tentacles that protrude when the animal is submerged but are retracted when the animal is above water .

sabella ( genus )

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species sabella pavonia [ auct . lapsus ] accepted as sabella pavonina savigny , 1822 ( misspelling for pavonina )
species sabella penicillum [ auct . misspelling ] accepted as sabella penicillus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) accepted as sabella spallanzanii ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( lapsus for penicillus )
etymology according to brown ( 1954 : 679 ) sabella , as in sabella penicillus , comes from latin sabellum , neuter , a diminutive of . . .
etymology according to brown ( 1954 : 679 ) sabella , as in sabella penicillus , comes from latin sabellum , neuter , a diminutive of sabulum , neuter , meaning coarse sand . linnaeus appears to treat sabella as feminine [ details ]
sabella in the century dictionary , the century co . , new york , 1911
type species type species sabella penicillus linnaeus 1767 as in fauchald , 1977 : 140 is incorrect for genus and date , but is derivative of the original name , serpula penicillus 1758 ) . knight - jones & perkins ( 1998 ) : 391 discuss whether the errors in spelling and authority in the designation by chenu ( 1859 ) are fatal to regarding that designation ( of sabella penicillus ) as the first type designation . they point out that as serpula penicillus ( as sabella ) is the only remaining taxon of those included by linnaeus ( 1767 ) it must be the only possible type . [ details ]
species sabella euplacana [ auct . misspelling ] accepted as sabella euplaeana delle chiaje , 1822 [ 1828 ? ] accepted as hydroides euplaeana ( delle chiaje , 1822 [ 1828 ? ] ) ( lapsus for s . euplaeana in mcintosh , 1923 )
what made you want to look up sabella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
status named in a footnote on sabella in which cuvier includes both sabellids and serpulids ( 1829 / 1830 : 192 ) . he refers to
sabelle bispiralis ( amphitrite volutacornis , trans . linn . , vii
a reference to montagu ( 1804 ) . also quoted by morch ( 1863 : 354 ) in a discussion on the status of the genus protula risso . hartman ( 1959 : 558 ) referred this name to protula sp . in serpulidae . however , amphitrite volutacornis montagu , 1804 belongs in the sabellid genus bispira . unless cuvier ' s name was available prior to montagu ' s it is difficult to see a relevance for
sabelle bispiralis
as a binomial under iczn code . it appears to be a gratuitous new name . [ details ]
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arkive species - peacock worm ( sabella pavonina )
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arkive species - peacock worm ( sabella pavonina )
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status named in a footnote on sabella in which cuvier includes both sabellids and serpulids ( 1829 / 1830 : 192 ) . he refers to . . .
species sabella octocirrata sars , 1835 accepted as sabellides octocirrata ( m . sars , 1835 ) accepted as ampharete octocirrata ( sars , 1835 ) ( superseded original combination )
…such as the fan worm sabella , have ciliated tentacles near the mouth , which entrap passing food particles . the limbs of certain crustaceans , including the brine shrimp artemia , bear hairlike setae that filter tiny organisms as the animal swims . …
knight - jones , phyllis and perkins , thomas h . 1998 . a revision of sabella , bispira and stylomma ( polychaeta : sabellidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , london , 123 : 385 - 467 , 31 figures . [ details ]
avant , p . ( 2002 ) sabella pavonia . peacock worm . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2002 ) urltoken
…50 cm ; examples of genera : sabella , eudistylia , serpula , hydroides . order archiannelida minute , primitive , with ciliated epidermis ; prostomium small , with or without appendages ; parapodia absent ; septa reduced or absent ; size , minute . contains 4 groups of poorly known…
( of spirographis viviani , 1805 ) knight - jones , phyllis and perkins , thomas h . 1998 . a revision of sabella , bispira and stylomma ( polychaeta : sabellidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , london , 123 : 385 - 467 , 31 figures . [ details ]
linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 268 [ details ]
read , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .
( of penicillus [ rondelet , 1555 ] ) rondelet , guillaume [ rondeletius ] . ( 1554 - 1555 ) . [ vol . 1 ] libri de piscibus marinis : in quibus verae piscium effigies expressae sunt : quae in tota piscium historia continentur , indicat elenchus pagina nona et decima : postremo accesserunt indices necessarij . [ vol . 2 ( 1555 ) ] . . . universae aquatilium historiæ pars altera , cum veris ipsorum imaginibus . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 111 ; note : pre - linnaean name as
penicillo marino
[ details ]
fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bellan , gerard . ( 2001 ) . polychaeta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 214 - 231 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
day , j . h . ( 1967 ) . [ sedentaria ] a monograph on the polychaeta of southern africa . part 2 . sedentaria . british museum ( natural history ) , london . pp . 459–842 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirographis viviani , 1805 ) fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of penicillus [ rondelet , 1555 ] ) mcintosh , w . c . 1922 . a monograph of the british marine annelids . polychaeta : hermellidae to sabellidae . london , ray society vol . 4 ( 1 ) pp . 1 - 250 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 224 ; note : usage as
penicillus marinus
in a synonymy [ details ]
( of sabellata quatrefages , 1850 ) fauchald , k . ( 2007 ) . world register of polychaeta . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sabellata quatrefages , 1850 ) hartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . page ( s ) : 566 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mörch , o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . revisio critica serpulidarum . et bidrag til rørormenes naturhistorie . naturhistorisk tidsskrift . københavn , ser . 3 , 1 : 347 - 470 , pl . 11 [ also issued as a separate , 1–124 , pl . 11 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the peacock worm ( also known as the fan worm ) ( 1 ) lives in a tough , membranous tube , which is covered in particles of mud ( 3 ) . this flexible tube may reach up to 10cm above the sand ( 2 ) . the head of the worm emerges from the tube in order to feed ; a beautiful crown of feathery tentacles banded with purple , brown or red ( 3 ) is extended during feeding ( 2 ) . the body of the worm , hidden by the tube , is greyish - purple or yellowish orange in colour ( 3 ) .
peacock worms often occur in large numbers . they provide habitats for other marine species , and may be found with sponges , seaweeds and ascidians ( sea squirts ) attached to them ( 3 ) . tiny hair - like structures on the tentacles known as ' cilia ' filter suspended particles from the water . these particles are then sorted according to size ; small ones are eaten , large ones are discarded and medium - sized particles are added to the top of the tube with mucus in order to increase its length ( 3 ) .
in this species , the sexes are separate ( some worms are ' hermaphroditic ' ) , and breeding takes place in spring and summer ( 3 ) . unlike the sedentary , attached adults , the larval stage is planktonic , drifting in the sea for a time before settling on the substrate ( 3 ) .
has a wide distribution and is common in many areas around the coastline of britain ( 2 ) . it is also widely distributed around the coasts of north - west europe ( 3 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
occurs on stones in mud and sand ( 2 ) on the lower shore and below ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
hermaphroditic possessing both male and female sex organs . larval of the stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . planktonic aquatic organisms that drift with water movements ; may be either phytoplankton ( plants ) , or zooplankton ( animals ) .
fish , j . d . and fish , s . ( 1996 ) a student ' s guide to the seashore . second edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .
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lives in a tube about 30 to 40 centimetres ( 12 to 16 inches ) long that is open at one end and constructed of mud particles cemented together by mucus . all but the top few centimetres of the tube is buried in the substratum . the front end of the
has a fan of striped feathery tentacles , used for feeding and respiration , that protrudes from the tube into the overlying seawater . inorganic and organic particles suspended in the water are trapped in mucus secreted by the tentacles . they are then transported down the tentacles by beating cilia and used either for tube building or passed into the mouth as food . peacock worms rapidly withdraw their tentacles into the safety of the tube when predators approach . these worms are found both in the
feather - duster worm , any large , segmented marine worm of the family sabellidae ( class polychaeta , phylum annelida ) . the name is also occasionally applied to members of the closely related polychaete family serpulidae . sabellids live in long tubes constructed of mud or sand cemented by mucus , …
tube worm , any of a number of tube - dwelling marine worms belonging to the annelid class polychaeta ( see polychaete ; feather - duster worm ; tentacle worm ) . other tube - dwelling worms include the horseshoe worm ( phylum phoronida ) and the beardworm ( phylum…
polychaete , any worm of the class polychaeta ( phylum annelida ) . about 8 , 000 living species are known . polychaetes , which include rag worms , lugworms , bloodworms , sea mice , and others , are marine worms notable for well - defined segmentation of the body . unique among annelids , most polychaete body…
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the pipits are a cosmopolitan genus , anthus , of small passerine birds with medium to long tails .

along with the wagtails and longclaws , the pipits make up the family motacillidae .

the genus is widespread , occurring across most of the world , except the driest deserts , rainforests and the mainland of antarctica .

they are slender , often drab , ground-feeding insectivores of open country .

like their relatives in the family , the pipits are monogamous and territorial .

pipits are ground nesters , laying up to six speckled eggs .

pipit

pipit information . . . pipit index of species . . . pipit species photos
the back of the sprague ' s pipit is more strongly marked , almost scaly appearance in good light . underparts generally paler than american pipit . outer tail feathers have more extensive white . not as common as american pipit .
revising environment canada’s timelines of the action planning for the sprague ' s pipit .
eleven species of the motacillidae in two genera have been recorded in north america . included among these eleven species are the yellow wagtail , american pipit , and sprague’s pipit .
american pipit in basic plumage , subspecies pacificus , sunnyvale , ca , 30 october .
) . mortality and egg production of the meadow pipit with special references to altitude .
when first discovered it contained two pipit ' s eggs and the egg of a cuckoo .
the food of this pipit is composed of insects , and worms , and small seeds .
sprague ' s pipit is all in streaks of brown and gray , and lighter below .
the rock pipit is the most inconspicuous of the pipits . they are closely related to the
geographical variation : four subspecies , all extant : new zealand pipit a . n . novaeseelandiae ( at risk / declining ) ; chatham island pipit a . n . chathamensis ( at risk / naturally uncommon ) ; auckland island pipit a . n . aucklandicus ( at risk / recovering ) ; antipodes island pipit a . n . steindachneri ( at risk / naturally uncommon ) .
. the eurasian rock pipit is a much more approachable bird than the water pipit . if startled , it flies a fairly short distance , close to the ground , before it lands again .
gin they had a ' fouchten as he pipit , there wad hae been anither tale to tell .
the paddyfield pipit ( anthus rufulus ) is a small passerine bird in the pipits and wagtail family .
it was formerly included within its putative sister species , the water pipit ( a . spinoletta ) , as was their slightly more distinct pacific relative the buff - bellied pipit ( a . rubescens ) .
new zealand pipit . adult . whangaehu river estuary , december 2010 . image © ormond torr by ormond torr
“ pipit ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
some of the species have declined even more : meadow pipit populations , for example , fell by 68 percent .
breeding and wintering ranges of the american pipit . where the two ranges seemingly overlap they are separated by altitude .
identifying sprague ' s pipit critical habitat . research and analysis of information gathered regarding critical habitat for sprague’s pipit have advanced since the posting of the final recovery strategy for this species in 2008 , allowing partial identification of critical habitat .
90 - day finding on a petition to list sprague’s pipit as threatened or endangered ( dec . 3 , 2009 )
the american pipit was at least 4 years old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during a banding operation in new hampshire .
the eurasian rock pipit ( anthus petrosus ) is a small species of passerine bird which breeds on rocky coasts of western europe .
the part ‘swampy’ field , originally with a pair of paddyfield pipit , now has two pairs with the success of this breeding .
. paddyfield pipit is smaller and dumpier , has shorter looking tail and has a weaker fluttering flight . the usually uttered characteristic
chip - chip - chip
call is quite different from usual calls of richard ' s pipit ( explosive
shreep
) and
12 - month finding on a petition to list sprague’s pipit as endangered or threatened throughout its range ( sept . 15 , 2010 )
pipit is an elegant , clean , modern and responsive wordpress blog theme . amaze your visitors with pipit’s great out of the box features like full screen image , video and slider hero , slick featured posts slider , unique layouts , full width media feed and so on .
the sprague ' s pipit was named by audubon for isaac sprague , an artist who accompanied him on his trip up the missouri river .
the australasian pipit resembles the introduced skylark , alauda arvensis , and is adapted to a similar ecological niche , with both species being well - camoflaged birds that forage on the ground . the australasian pipit lacks the skylark ' s small crest and has more creamy white underparts and eyebrows .
what made you want to look up pipit ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
) or of allopatric speciation processes . indeed although tree and water pipits are closest extant relatives , they are not sister species and their respective lineages have originated in different palearctic zones , western for the species group including the water pipit , and eastern for that of the tree pipit ( voelker ,
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arkive photo - sokoke pipit feeding on forest floor
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pavel v , bureš s ( 2001 ) offspring age and nest defence : test of feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit . anim behav 61 : 297–303
liversidge , r . ( 1996 ) a new species of pipit in southern africa . bull . brit . ornithol . club 116 : 211 - 215 .
the australasian pipit is found across australia . it is also found in new guinea , new zealand , as well as being widespread across africa and asia .
yesterday i came across this news item on the site if the belgian society for the protection of birds , it is from last year . in a rehab centre a young meadow pipit and a young cuckoo were placed together in a cage , after a while the cuckoo began begging for food and to the astonishment of the people who work there the meadow pipit started feeding the cuckoo . in the third picture the pipit feeds the cuckoo while sitting on its back . urltoken
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arkive species - yellow - breasted pipit ( anthus chloris )
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arkive species - yellow - breasted pipit ( anthus chloris )
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the sprague’s pipit has been listed as a vulnerable species . like many grassland birds , this formerly common species has suffered from destruction of its short grass habitat .
beauchamp , a . j . 1995 . the status of the new zealand pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) in the wellington region . notornis 42 : 117 - 125 .
) . the auc of the best jsdm for pipits was 0 . 75 for the tree pipit and 0 . 83 for the water pipit , representing a good to very good predictive discrimination between occupied and unoccupied sites . the range of shared environmental correlations was negative for pipits , thus suggesting that species had different environmental requirements ( figure
in north america , members of this family breed in alaska , northern canada , and the northern great plains ( the sprague’s pipit ) . they are all non - forest species , many with an affinity for wetlands . the most numerous species is the american pipit . a bird of the far northern tundra and alpine meadows in the summer , it also occurs along the coast and other open habitats in much of canada and the united states during the winter . aside from the sprague’s pipit , the other pipit species occur as asian vagrants to the west coast . the wagtails also show up as vagrants from asia , or breed in alaska and winter in asia .
) . its congener water pipit also occupies the euro‐siberian region and some areas of the central system but systematically above 700 m a . s . l . ( vasquez ,
[ habitat selection and metapopulation structure : a multi - year study of distribution of the hodgson ' s pipit , anthus hodgsoni richm . ( aves , passeriformes ) ] .
other synonyms afrikaans : bergkoester arabic : الجشنة الكبيرة asturian : chis de richard bulgarian : дългоопашата бъбрица catalan : piula grossa czech : linduška velká welsh : corhedydd richard danish : new zealand - storpiber , storpiber german : australspornpieper , hochlandpieper , spornpieper greek : γαϊδουροκελάδα english : australasian pipit , common pipit , new zealand or australian pipit , new zealand pipit , paddyfield pipit , richard ' s pipit spanish : bisbita de richard , bisbita neozelandés spanish ( spain ) : bisbita neozelandés estonian : lõuna - niidukiur , niidukiur finnish : isokirvinen faroese : stórtítlingur french : pipit austral , pipit de nouvelle - zélande , pipit de nouvelle - zélande ou p . austral , pipit de richard irish : riabhóg richard galician : pica de richard hebrew : פפיון ארך רגליים hungarian : sarkantyús pityer indonesian : apung tanah icelandic : vingultittlingur italian : calandro maggiore , pispola australasiatica japanese : mamijirotahibari , mamijiro - tahibari , oasutorariamamijirotahibari japanese : オアストラリアマミジロタヒバリ , マミヂロタヒバリ kazakh : дала жадырағы korean : 큰밭종다리 latin : alauda novae seelandiae , anthus [ novaeseelandiae or australis ] , anthus novaeseelandiae , anthus novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae , anthus richardi lithuanian : stepinis kalviukas maori : pihoihoi , pi - hoihoi malayalam : വയല് വരമ്പന് maltese : bilblun prim dutch : grote pieper , nieuw - zeelandse pieper norwegian : australpiplerke , tartarpiplerke polish : swiergotek nowozelandzki , świergotek nowozelandzki , świergotek szponiasty portuguese : petinha de richard portuguese ( portugal ) : petinha - australiana romansh : pivet zelandais russian : степной конёк slovak : ľabtuška dlhoprstá albanian : drenja e riçardit serbian : velika trepteljka swedish : australisk piplärka / nyazeelandpiplärka , nya zeelandpiplärka , större piplärka swahili : kipimanjia - mbuga thai : นกเด้าดินทุ่งใหญ่ turkish : mahmuzlu incirkuşu , mahmuzlu i̇ncirkuşu , mahmuzlu şncirkuşu chinese : 澳洲鹨 , 田 鹨 , 田鹨 chinese ( traditional ) : 田鷚〔紐西蘭田鷚〕
beauchamp , a . j . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . new zealand pipit . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
amended recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada
( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 329 . 56 kb )
recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada [ proposed ]
( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) ( pdf format , 515 . 87 kb )
plots representing the highest posterior density mean of the coefficients ( intercepts and slopes ) , their lower ( 2 . 5 % ) and the upper ( 97 . 5 % ) credible intervals , for of jsdm with the highest auc in pipits and buntings ( tp = tree pipit ; wp = water pipit ; yh = yellowhammer ; ob = ortolan bunting )
recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada [ final version ]
( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) ( pdf format , 454 . 48 kb )
liversidge , r . and voelker , g . ( 2002 ) the kimberley pipit : a new african species . bull . brit . ornithol . club 122 : 93 - 108 .
the american pipit’s nest is a cup of grasses and weeds and is lined with finer materials . it is placed on the ground under the shelter of vegetation or a rock ledge .
pipits occur on all continents , except antarctica , with many species that are often difficult to distinguish from each other . the american pipit was long known as the water pipit ( anthus spinoletta ) , a wide - ranging species with seven subspecies occurring from the shores of great britain and scandinavia , and the high mountains of europe and central asia , to north america . recent taxonomic studies , however , have shown that the three north american subspecies and the most eastern asiatic subspecies are best regarded as a distinct species , now referred to as the american pipit ( a . rubescens ) . nevertheless , because of the close similarity between spinoletta and rubescens , the old world literature sheds much light on the biology of the american pipit .
[ habitat selection and metapopulation structure : a multi - year study of distribution of the hodgson ' s pipit , anthus hodgsoni richm . ( aves , passerifo . . . - pubmed - ncbi
beauchamp , a . j . 2013 . new zealand pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) presence and breeding status using car and walk surveys near whangarei , new zealand . notornis 60 : 125 - 133 .
the american pipit is a small , slender , drab bird of open country . although it appears similar to sparrows , it can be distinguished by its thin bill and its habit of bobbing its tail .
the american pipit was long known as the water pipit ( anthus spinoletta ) , a wide ranging species with seven subspecies occurring from the shores of great britain and scandinavia , and the high mountains of europe and central asia , to north america . recent taxonomic studies , however , have shown that the three north american subspecies , along with the most eastern asiatic one , are best regarded as a distinct species .
beauchamp , a . j . 2007 . notes on new zealand pipit ( anthus n . novaeseelandiae ) home ranges , parental care , and the behaviour of dependent young . notornis 54 : 112 - 114 .
the yellow - breasted pipit spends much of the year at elevations above 1 , 500 metres in the lush , expansive grasslands found upon the undulating slopes of the drakensberg mountains ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada ( environment canada 2008 ) was posted on the species at risk public registry in may 2008 . under section 45 of the species at risk act ( sara ) , the minister of the environment may amend a recovery strategy at any time . this amendment to the recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada is for the purpose of :
distribution of the tree pipit , water pipit , yellowhammer , and ortolan bunting in spain . the shaded areas depict the distributions of pipits and buntings species . modified from martí and del moral ( 2003 ) . atlas de las aves reproductoras de españa . dirección general de conservación de la naturaleza‐sociedad española de ornitología . madrid . the rectangles enclose the study area for species ' survey ; the experiment was performed in the contact zone only
) . these species show therefore a noticeable elevational partitioning . in the cantabrian mountains , the tree pipit reproduces in low‐ and medium‐elevation grasslands ( average elevation ± sd : 1230 . 39 ± 416 . 60 m a . s . l . ) . conversely , the water pipit reproduces in medium and high elevations ( average elevation ± sd : 1726 . 63 ± 341 . 35 m a . s . l . ; figure
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' pipit . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
in an alpine population in the beartooth mountains of wyoming , a snow storm buried 17 american pipit nests for 24 hours . all of the nestlings that were 11 days or older survived , but only a few of the younger ones did .
thompson , d . r . ; bearhop , s . ; ross , b . 2005 . spread of australasian pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) onto campbell island following the eradication of norway rats ( rattus novegicus ) . notornis 52 : 43 - 46 .
vocalizations : the song of the american pipit is low series of variable , jingling phrases ,
tseewl , tseewl , tseewl
or
pleetr , pleetr , pleetr .
during regular flight , their call is a high , squeaky
slip
or , when flushed , a higher
pipit .
downward spiralling aerial displays during the breeding season are accompanied by incessant
tseep , tseep , tseep
calls . on the nest , their call is a lower but rising
pwisp .
askenmo c . , and neergaard r . ( 1990 ) . polygyny and nest predation in the rock pipit : do females trade male assistance against safety ? in ‘population biology of passerine birds’ . ( ed . j . blondel . ) pp . 331–343 . nato asi series , vol . g 24 . ( springer - verlag : berlin . ) askenmo , c . , and unger , u . ( 1986 ) . how to be double - brooded : trends and timing of breeding performance in the rock pipit . ornis scandinavica 17 , 237–244 .
hendricks , paul and n . a . verbeek . 2012 . american pipit ( anthus rubescens ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
amendment to the final recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada re : partial identification of critical habitat in alberta and saskatchewan and action planning [ proposed ]
( 2011 - 03 - 09 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 119 . 94 kb )
the australasian pipit is a well - camoflaged brown ground - dwelling bird . it has darker brown streaks above , and has pale creamy white stripes on the eyebrows and below the cheeks . the underparts are creamy white , spotted and streaked dark on the breast . the wings and tail are dark brown , with the outermost tail feathers white . the eye is brown and the bill and feet are pale pink - grey . seen on the ground in open country , this species often wags its tail up and down while foraging . it was previously called richard ' s pipit .
a small , brown , streaky bird , the meadow pipit is the most common songbird in upland areas . its high , piping call is a familiar sound . in flight it shows white outer tail feathers and in the breeding season it has a fluttering ' parachute ' display flight . in winter , they are quite gregarious and gather in small flocks , often invisible among the vegetation , suddenly flying up with typical jerky flight . meadow pipit numbers in the uk have been declining since the mid - 1970s , resulting in this species being included on the amber list of conservation concern .
some of the subspecies in the group were formerly treated as a subspecies of the australasian pipit anthus novaeseelandiae and the grouping has been in state of flux . considerable colour and morphological variation with age and latitude make the species difficult to identify museum specimens . six subspecies are now included in this species .
the wagtails and pipits are small birds with fairly long , strong legs adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle . members of this family are also for the most part slim birds with long tails ( although tails of some pipit species are fairly short ) , fairly long , pointed wings , and longish , thin bills .
the american pipit has brownish - gray to gray upperparts with faint streaks , a bold , pale eyeline , variably streaked , whitish to buffy underparts , and a white eye ring . it has an upright posture , and frequently bobs its tail . a number of subspecies account for the plumage variation within the species .
we used presence / absence survey dataset but excluded survey plots characterized by high forest cover , as such surveyed areas were unsuitable and , consequently , they would contain no useful information for the modelling . for pipits , we considered only survey plots where the percent tree cover is less than 80 % of the area ( n = 1 , 874 plots ) , because the tree pipit is an ecotone species that utilizes a mixture of open grasslands and scattered trees ( laiolo , dondero , ciliento , & rolando , 2004 ) . for buntings , we selected survey plots where the tree percent cover is < 60 % of the area of the plot ( n = 1 , 790 plots ) , being both species less dependent on tree cover ( dale & manceau , 2003 ) . our sample size corresponds to 192 presences for the tree pipit , 655 presences for the water pipit , 161 presences for the yellowhammer , and 52 presences for the ortolan bunting .
the sprague’s pipit is a small bird which breeds in the great plains of north america . nesting grounds are found in the peace river district of alberta , turtleford , prince albert and shoal lake , saskatchewan , central manitoba , north dakota , montana , south dakota and minnesota . they may also be found in british columbia occasionally . this species winters in the southwestern united states and northern mexico , including california , arizona , new mexico , texas , kansas , oklahoma , missouri , tennessee , mississippi , arkansas and louisiana . typical diets consist of insects , spiders and seeds . the conservation status of the sprague’s pipit is least concern .
sprague ' s pipit : this species breeds from central alberta east to manitoba and south from montana to south dakota . it may breed as far west as british columbia . it spends winters along the southwestern and southern states from california to florida and throughout much of mexico . its preferred habitats include short - grass fields .
tree pipit , water pipit , yellowhammer , and ortolan bunting inhabit montane , alpine , and subalpine open habitats in our study area and present relatively overlapping trophic niches , being pipits more strictly insectivorous and buntings granivorous outside the breeding period ( brodmann , reyer , bollmann , schläpfer , & rauter , 1997 ; dale & manceau , 2003 ; loske , 1987 ) . tree pipit and ortolan bunting are trans‐saharan migrants ( dale & manceau , 2003 ; loske , 1987 ) . all species are territorial , mostly monogamous , and they nest on the ground . they actively defend territories in the breeding period , and males sing to mark territories and attract females . these species served as models in studies on homo‐ or heterospecific territoriality , as they reliably respond to playbacks simulating territorial intrusion ( bastianelli , seoane , álvarez‐blanco , & laiolo , 2015 ; osiejuk , ratyńska , & cygan , 2004 ; petrusková et al . , 2014 ; skierczynski , czarnecka , & osiejuk , 2007 ) .
the american pipit is an inconspicuous , slender , migratory songbird that occurs throughout north america and south to el salvador . it is one of a very few species of ground - inhabiting songbirds that breed at high altitudes in alpine meadows and on the arctic tundra . despite its generally inhospitable habitat , this species has been relatively well studied . its alpine and arctic environment is ecologically relatively simple , so interactions among species are easier to understand . in addition , short summers and climatic extremes impose restrictions on the timing of this pipit ' s breeding cycle . how this species , and other pipits , have adapted to such extremes is a question worth investigating .
found only in south africa and lesotho , the yellow - breasted pipit mainly occupies the drakensberg mountain range within the south african provinces of kwazulu - natal and mpumalanga , and the margins of lesotho . additional small populations are found in the north - east of the eastern cape and eastern parts of the free state ( 2 ) .
its call is an explosive fit . the song , as in many pipits , is a series of
blocks
of repeated more or less shrill cheeping single or double notes ; it ends on a trill and has usually fewer , but longer - lasting
blocks
( a dozen repetitions or more ) than in the water pipit .
historically , the yellow - breasted pipit was far more abundant and widespread than it is today . sadly , the effects of intense grazing , commercial forest planting , and agricultural practices that involve the burning of grasslands , have greatly reduced and fragmented this species’ habitat . such practices are only increasing in intensity ; for example , in the wakkerstroom district , a region which supports a large number of yellow - breasted pipits , over 100 , 000 hectares of grassland has been targeted for conversion to forest plantations . if this conversion goes ahead , it could prove to be catastrophic for the yellow - breasted pipit , as the land would no longer be suitable for it to breed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the yellow - breasted pipit is a rare and secretive bird found in the high - altitude grasslands of south africa and lesotho ( 3 ) . this species is most striking when in its breeding plumage , developing bright yellow underparts and wing linings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ; in contrast , outside the breeding period , the underparts are brown or dull white with dark streaks ( 2 ) . the upperparts , which remain greyish - brown throughout the year , are boldly dappled with dark spots and patches , giving a distinctive scaled appearance . the juvenile is generally pale brown and lacks the adult’s bright yellow colouring , having creamy brown underparts instead . the characteristic calls of the yellow - breasted pipit consist of a rapid , continuous chip chip chip and a quieter suwiep ( 4 ) .
american pipit numbers may be declining . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 20 million birds , with 52 % spending some part of the year in the u . s . , 87 % in canada , and 36 % wintering in mexico . they rate a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top
the yellow - breasted pipit occurs within a number of public nature reserves , but the populations that they support are generally small . currently , only natal drakensberg park holds a significant population ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , but plans are underway to create a one million hectare grassland biosphere reserve in the threatened region around wakkerstroom that will protect and conserve a much larger proportion of this species’ total population ( 6 ) . should the reserve be created it will need careful management , so that the livelihoods of the local people and the population of the yellow - breasted pipit can both be preserved . this is also true of the other areas supporting populations of this species , where the landowners must be given incentives to manage the grassland beneficially , rather than opt for the plantation of commercially valuable forests ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
the nsw national parks and wildlife service provided permission to study pipits in kosciuszko national park . pipits were banded under australian bird and bat banding scheme banding authority no . 2408 , environment australia . logistical support was provided by nsw national parks and wildlife service , and billy and marilyn james . financial support was provided by the state university college of new york at brockport . pipit clutch - size data from the birds australia nest records scheme were furnished by rory poulter , birds australia . robert palmer provided access to pipit specimens in the australian national wildlife collection , canberra . thanks to snowy hydro for spencers creek snowcourse data . david little supplied several nest records . nancy fitzsimmons and tony tucker helped in the field , while melissa norment assisted in many ways . paul hendricks and two anonymous reviewers commented on a draft of the manuscript .
) : effect size = m1–m2 / pooled standard deviation , where m1 is the mean of the response to the conspecific and m2 is the mean of the response to the control . the power for the comparison among heterospecifics , based on the sample size for this level and the correction of the effect size for homospecifics by the c‐score , was high . for the closest distance of approach , we obtained a power of 0 . 89 and 0 . 96 in tree pipit and water pipit , respectively . for the same variable , we obtained a power of 0 . 91 and 0 . 76 for yellowhammer and ortolan bunting . for the latency of approach , we obtained a power of 0 . 70 and 0 . 83 in pipits . for the same variable , we obtained a power of 0 . 88 and 0 . 83 in yellowhammer and ortolan bunting , respectively .
wells ( 2007 ) reports that the paddyfield pipit nests can be shallow cups to fully domed , with variations in between . in this field the nest was dome - shaped ( below right ) , built in a small unburnt area ( below left ) . at the time of observation the dome was already built : width 12cm , length 13 - 15cm ( longer than wide ) , height 9 - 10cm and oval opening 3 - 4cm diameter .
on 20th february 2010 dato’ dr amar - singh hss chanced upon a pair of paddyfield pipit ( anthus rufulus malayensis ) nest building ( above ) in a burnt grassy field around ipoh in the malaysian state of perak . for two hours in the hot sun he made discreet observations from a distance of about 10m , using his camera mounted with a 500 mm lens to document the activities . no tripod was used so as not to unnecessarily distract the birds .
pipits of the family motacillidae ( meaning
moving tail
) are plain , sparrow - sized , insectivorous birds with slender bills . although highly terrestrial , their flight is strong and undulating . pipits walk upright along the ground with dainty steps , rather than hops . as they feed , they habitually pump their tails and bob their heads , much like a pigeon . their common name ,
pipit
( latin for
chirp
) , imitates the sounds of their distinctive calls .
14 . 5 - 15 cm . small streaked pipit , earth - brown / greenish orange - brown with broad brownish - black streaks on top of head , mantle , scapulars and back . wings darker . tail dark brown . underparts white / grey / yellow - buff . throat side , breast and flanks streaked black - brown . juvenile more buff - brown with more obvious streaking . voice aerial song a series of segments of uniform notes . call a thin high - pitched squeak often repeated .
the new zealand pipit is a small brown - and - white songbird that resembles a lark , but has longer legs , and walks rather than hops . they are birds of open country , including the tideline of sandy beaches , rough pasture , river beds and above the tree - line . pipits are members of the wagtail family , and frequently flick their long tails as they walk . in flight their tails have narrow white sides – a character shared with skylarks , chaffinches , yellowhammers and cirl buntings .
pipits probably benefitted initially from forest clearance , but have declined in density as land - use has intensified . heavily grazed pasture and drained wetlands hold fewer pipits than rough pasture with patches of fern , and marshes or bogs . pipits have declined from drought - prone regions , and have disappeared from many islands where rats are present . while pipits use clear - felled pine forest blocks in the central north island , they are preferentially hunted by new zealand falcons there , compared to introduced passerines . pipit have greatly benefitted from rat eradication on some islands , most spectacularly on 11 , 000 ha campbell island in the new zealand subantarctic .
this is a large pipit at 15cm , but is otherwise an undistinguished looking bird , mainly streaked grey - brown above and pale below with breast streaking . it is long legged with a long tail and a long dark bill . males and females look alike . summer and winter plumages are similar . young birds are more richly colored below than adults and have the pale edges to the feather ' s of the upper parts more conspicuous with more prominent spotting on the breast . the population waitei from northwestern india and pakistan is pale while the population malayensis from the western ghats is larger , darker and more heavily streaked with nominate rufulus intermediate .
distribution : the american pipit winters in flocks from the southern united states to the fields and muddy shores of guatemala and el salvador . they breed throughout alaska , yukon , and british columbia , across the northern edge of canada to newfoundland , coastal greenland and their associated islands , and in spotty locations in the western united states . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , these birds were detected in several ecological units , as determined during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . they occur at their highest densities within the montane tundra of the upper charley mountain tundra ( mt ) , snowy domes ( sd ) and ogilive lime / dolostone mountains ( om ) ecological units .
we performed a preliminary analysis to test whether the month , the time of the day in which a test was performed , and their interaction could affect bird behavioral patterns . in no species we found such effects on the closest distance of approach or on the latency of the approach ( linear models : all p ≥ . 10 ) . therefore , we did not account for temporal covariates in further analyses . in order to assess the differences in the minimum distance of approach between the three playback levels ( conspecific , congeneric , and control song ) , we performed a one‐way analysis of variance ( anova ) after transforming the variable by means of a box‐cox transformation to meet the assumptions of normality ( tree pipit : λ = 0 . 30 , water pipit : λ = 0 . 26 , yellowhammer : λ = 0 . 30 ; ortolan bunting : λ = 0 . 51 ) . we performed multiple comparisons ( tukey contrasts ) to assess the significance of the differences between pairwise playback types . as the latency of approach did not meet the normality assumption , we carried a kruskal–wallis test to analyze playback effects . we performed multiple comparisons by means of dunn test . we performed power tests in the case of detecting no significant differences in the behavioral response between pairwise playback types , and we based our expectations of interference on the local spatial segregation patterns ( c‐score ) observed in each species pairs . a power ≥0 . 80 was considered as a good power ( cohen , 1992 ) . we performed the analysis with r v 3 . 2 . 2 ( r development core team , 2015 ) and g power v . 3 ( faul , erdfelder , lang , & buchner , 2007 ) .
nests : assembled by both parents , the cup - shaped nests of the american pipit are built in ground - hollows and partially concealed by overhanging rock or vegetation . constructed in 4 - 5 days of plant stems , grasses and mosses , the nests are softly lined with fine grasses , fibers and hair . a clutch consists of 4 - 7 , smooth and glossy 21mm eggs . the cryptic , ground - colored ( whitish gray ) eggs are heavily spotted in brown and pale gray and may be finely streaked , wreathed or capped in black at the larger ends . although the female alone incubates the clutch for 14 days , the male feeds her during this time . offspring fledge in another 14 - 16 days and are tended by both parents . young birds are completely independent by 29 days post - hatching and aggregate together in large , late - summer flocks .
we performed playback experiments simulating territorial intrusion in replacement areas , that is where congeners were located ≤2 km from each other ( appendix s1 ) . the study was performed during breeding , which is the sole phase of species phenology in which birds are strongly territorial and in which their ranges overlap ( one member of each pair is migratory and spends the winter elsewhere ) . during playbacks , we broadcast the songs of a conspecific male , or a congeneric male , or of a control species . overall , we tested 148 pipit males and 112 bunting males ; each individual was tested once and was randomly submitted to a playback of one of three categories mentioned above ( conspecific , congener , or control ; appendix s6 ) . we selected as controls species of a different family and that largely co‐occurred with the target species , which we assumed were no competitors . yellowhammer and whinchat ( saxicola rubetra ) were selected as the control species for pipits and buntings , respectively . similar to other playback studies , we considered that interspecific territoriality occurred if the behavioral response did not differ between conspecific and congeneric playbacks and / or if the response to the congeneric playback was stronger than to the control playback ( jankowski et al . , 2010 ; laiolo , 2013 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
stattersfield , a . , o ' brien , a . , taylor , j .
this species is classed as near threatened owing to its small population and small range on one island , which remains susceptible to the introduction of rats . should any immediate threat arise , this species should be uplisted as a matter of urgency .
. it is confined to c . 20 small , rat - free offshore islands and islets , and to a few mainland areas ( < 10 % of total habitat ) , enclosed by sea - level glaciers , in which brown rat
the population has been estimated at 3000 - 4000 pairs , equivalent to 6 , 000 - 8 , 000 mature individuals and c . 9 , 000 - 12 , 000 individuals in total . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
. it feeds on insects in tussock habitat , and insects and crustaceans along tidelines ( j . p . croxall
. in typical habitat it is common and productive , but winter survival of juveniles is low . it has almost no natural predators , remains of birds very occasionally turning up at middens of brown skua
the projected continuing recession of glaciers at south georgia threaten its remaining mainland habitats with invasion by rats ( j . p . croxall
although precautions are taken to prevent the introduction of rats to several important sites , their remote location renders regulation of all visitors to all sites impossible in practice ( j . p . croxall
carry out surveys to obtain an up - to - date population estimate . monitor population trends through regular surveys . maintain measures to prevent the introduction of rats .
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new zealand pipits are slender , small to medium - sized , long - tailed songbirds that are predominantly streaked grey - brown above and off - white below , with brown streaking on the breast . they have a prominent pale eyebrow stripe , and white outer tail feathers . their crown is streaked grey - brown , lacking any crest ( cf . skylark ) the bill is fine and dark , and the legs long , slender and pale brown . pipits are often confiding , allowing closer approach than most open country songbirds . they walk or run , characteristically flicking their tail up and down whenever they stop walking , or when perched .
voice : the main call given all year is a strident tzweep . song given in air with arched fluttering flight over home ranges . tswee call given from fence posts and on the ground when gathering large invertebrates to feed young on the nest .
similar species : skylarks are tawnier , more likely to fly when disturbed , are shorter legged , hop rather than walk , and have a small erectile crest on the back of the crown . female house sparrows and chaffinches have conical bills , and white wing - bars on the inner upperwing .
new zealand pipits are widespread in rough open habitats from the coastline to alpine shrublands at c . 1900 m . they are often seen along coastlines and rivers , in alpine areas in the south island , and coastal margins and alpine areas on stewart island . pipits are present within felled compartments of pine forests in the central north island , and around remaining wetlands in the central north island . they have declined in nearby subalpine habitats that have been taken over by heather . pipits are common in farmland and open shrublands on chatham and pitt islands , and in tussock grasslands and open habitats on the auckland island , campbell island and antipodes islands .
farmland population estimates for pipits were 0 . 37 pairs / per ha on chatham island , and 0 . 036 pairs / ha at waipu caves , whangarei .
new zealand pipits breed during august - march . the nest is a sizable cup of woven grass under tussocks and grass clumps within fern , and partly or fully covered with vegetation . clutch size is typically 2 - 4 ( average 3 ) eggs . both sexes feed young on the nest . incubation takes 14 - 16 days and chicks fledge at 14 days . adults land and take concealed routes to nests . chicks are noisy during and after feeding . chicks do not congregate after fledging , and parents and fledglings can end up hundreds of meters from nest sites . the number of clutches per annum is unknown .
pipits are approachable , often running a short distance in front of people , and walking , rather than flying away . some home ranges are occupied all year and others are deserted in the late summer . flocks of first - year pipits and adults are seen in areas where there was no breeding population . flock sizes are generally indicative of the population size . flocks of tens to hundreds of pipits fanned out either sides of moving locomotives before the volcanic plateau was converted from swamp and shrubland to farms and plantation forests .
pipits are omnivorous , consuming grains , seeds , and small invertebrates . flying invertebrates taken include flies , mayflies , small butterflies and cicadas . foraging methods adapt to the types of prey being targeted . they range from pecking at mat plants , to dashing along the ground and into short flights when after flies , to rising up into the wind over lakes to catch mayflies passing overhead .
beauchamp , a . j . 2009 . distribution and habitat use by new zealand pipits ( anthus n . novaeseelandiae ) on the volcanic plateau . notornis 56 : 183 - 189 .
higgins , p . j . ; peter , j . m . ; cowling , s . j . ( eds . ) 2006 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 7 , boatbill to starlings . oxford university press , melbourne .
a slender small - medium long - tailed songbird streaked grey - brown above and off - white below , with brown streaking on the breast , a pale eyebrow stripe , white outer tail feathers . the crown is streaked grey - brown , the bill fine and dark , and the legs long , slender and pale brown .
of the family motacillidae , resembling the larks in coloration , structure , and habits .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
any of various small passerine birds , mainly from the genus anthus , that are often drab , ground feeding insectivores of open country .
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a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
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meadow pipits are found across the uk but are most common in the west and north . in winter it moves south , to more lowland areas and becomes much commoner in the southern half of the uk . they are found in open country - upland moors to saltmarshes in summer , more agricultural land and marshes in winter . they will even come to suburban parks and playing fields .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
you can see meadow pipits all year round . in summer , they are most common in upland areas which become deserted in winter as birds move to more lowland habitats , with some migrating to continental europe .
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but since the rats were killed , the pipits have already responded , their numbers exploding now that their eggs and chicks are safe .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
nesting in the far north and on mountaintops , american pipits can be found throughout the continent during migration or winter . at those seasons they are usually in flocks , walking on shores or plowed fields , wagging their tails as they go . often they are detected first as they fly over high , giving sharp pi - pit calls .
some analyses of christmas bird counts have suggested declining numbers ; however , species is still widespread and common .
tundra , alpine slopes ; in migration and winter , plains , bare fields , shores . breeds on tundra , both in far north and in high mountains above treeline , in areas with very low growth such as sedges , grass , and dwarf willows . in migration and winter found on flat open ground such as plowed fields , short - grass prairie , mudflats , shores , river sandbars .
forages by walking on the ground , taking insects from the ground or from low plants . sometimes forages while walking in very shallow water . except in the breeding season , usually forages in flocks .
4 - 6 , sometimes 3 - 7 . whitish to pale buff , heavily spotted with brown and gray . incubation is by female only , 13 - 16 days . male feeds female during incubation period . young : both parents feed nestlings . female broods young much of the time during first few days ; male may bring food for her and for young . young usually leave nest at about 14 days , are fed by parents for about another 2 weeks .
both parents feed nestlings . female broods young much of the time during first few days ; male may bring food for her and for young . young usually leave nest at about 14 days , are fed by parents for about another 2 weeks .
mostly insects , also some seeds . insects make up great majority of summer diet ; included are many flies , true bugs , beetles , caterpillars , moths , and others . also eats some spiders , millipedes , ticks . migrants along coast may eat tiny crustaceans and marine worms . inland in fall and winter , seeds of grasses and weeds may make up close to half of diet .
male performs song - flight display to defend nesting territory and attract a mate . in display , male begins singing on ground , flies up ( often to 100 ' or more ) , then glides or parachutes down again with wings fully opened , singing all the way . nest site is on ground in sheltered spot , usually protected under overhanging grass , small rock ledge , or piece of sod . nest ( built by female only ) is a cup of grass , sedges , and weeds , lined with finer grass and sometimes with animal hair or feathers .
flight song a weak and tinkling trill ; call a paired , high - pitched pip - pip .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .