the rainbow ameiva , barred whiptail , or metallic ameiva ( ameiva undulata ) is a species of whiptail lizard found in costa rica , nicaragua , honduras , el salvador , guatemala , belize , and southern mexico .

ameiva undulata

jennifer hammock split the classifications by herpetology resource from ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834 to their own page .
this species was recently moved into the genus holcosus ; it was formerly known as ameiva undulata .
maggie whitson set
image of holcosus undulatus
as an exemplar on
ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834
.
mccrystal , h . , j . behler . 2007 . husbandry and reproduction of captive giant ameiva i lizards ameiva ameiva at the new york zoological park .
biazquez , m . 1996 . activity and habitat use in a population of ameiva ameiva in southeastern columbia .
maggie whitson marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834
.
colli , g . 1991 . reproductive ecology of ameiva ameiva ( sauria , teiidae ) in the cerrado of central brazil .
vitt , l . 1982 . reproductive tactics of ameiva ameiva ( lacertilia : teiidae ) in a seasonally fluctuating tropical habitat .
garcía , ulises padilla ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . ameiva undulata . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 210 - get paper here
lainson , r . , i . paperna . 1999 . some coccida from the gall - bladder and intestine of the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva ameiva and the gecko hemidactylus mabouia in north brazil .
stuart , l . c . 1942 . comments on the undulata group of ameiva ( sauria ) . proc . biol . soc . washington 55 : 143 - 150 - get paper here
boyden , t . 1976 . butterfly palatability and mimicry : experiment with ameiva lizards .
sartorius , s . , l . vitt , g . colli . 1999 . use of naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats in amazonian rainforest by the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva .
to cite this page : siders , r . 2014 .
ameiva ameiva
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
censky , e . 1995 . mating strategy and reproduction success in the teiid lizard , ameiva .
this ameiva was at the roadside near the palenque garabito restaurant where we stopped briefly for a final pit stop before leaving the pan - american highway for the long and bumpy dirt road up to the monteverde cloud forest . i believe this is a young female ameiva undulata ; the males are much more colorful ( as in the next picture ) .
giugliano , l . , r . teixeira , g . colli , s . bao . 2002 . ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the lizard ameiva ameiva , with considerations on polymorphism within the family teiidae ( squamata ) .
imparato , b . , m . antoniazzi , m . rodrigues , c . jared . 2007 . morphology of the femoral glands in the lizard ameiva ameiva ( teiidae ) and their possible role in semiochemical dispersion .
maffei , f . , g . rodrigues do nascimento , d . neto . 2009 . predation on the lizard ameiva ameiva ( sauria : teiidae ) by a coral snake micrurus frontalis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in brazil .
undulata : pacific slopes of the isthmus of tehuantepec as far west as puerto ángel , and eastward to niltepec . oaxaca . type locality : mexico ( by inference ) . restricted to tehuantepec by smith 1940 .
lewis , a . , j . saliva . 1987 . effects of sex and size on home range , dominance , and activity budgets in ameiva exsul ( lacertilia : teiida ) .
echternacht , arthur c . 1970 . taxonomic and ecological notes on some middle and south american lizards of the genus ameiva ( teiidae ) . breviora ( 354 ) : 1 - 9 - get paper here
echternacht , a . c . 1971 . middle american lizards of the genus ameiva . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 55 : 1 - 86 - get paper here
barbour , t . and g . k . noble . 1915 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ameiva . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 59 : 417 - 479 . - get paper here
smith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1946 . a summary of mexican lizards of the genus ameiva . univ . kansas sci . bull . 31 ( 2 ) : 7 - 73 - get paper here
hower , lindsey m . , and s . blair hedges 2003 . molecular phylogeny and biogeography of west indian teiid lizards of the genus ameiva . carib . j . sci . 39 ( 3 ) : 298 - 306 . - get paper here
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harvey , m . b . , ugueto , g . n . and gutberlet jr . , r . l . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1 - 156 .
acosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ibáñez , r . , jaramillo , c . , köhler , g . & solórzano , a .
justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , numerous , and not declining fast enough for listing in a more threatened category .
species . it occurs at low and moderate elevations from tamaulipas ( mexico ) on the atlantic versant , and nayarit ( mexico ) on the pacific slope , southward to northwestern costa rica . it is found throughout the yucatan peninsula . elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 500 meters ( köhler 2008 ) .
belize ; costa rica ; el salvador ; guatemala ; honduras ; mexico ; nicaragua ( nicaragua ( mainland ) , nicaraguan caribbean is . )
this terrestrial and diurnal lizard inhabits tropical and subtropical wet , moist , and dry forest . it prefers open situations such as plantations , pasture lands , house gardens , and forest edges ; avoiding the deep shade of tall humid forests . it is frequently seen darting across roads or encountered as it forages noisily through the leaf litter .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in several protected areas .
acosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ibáñez , r . , jaramillo , c . , köhler , g . & solórzano , a . 2013 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
amphigramma : mexico ( n veracruz southward at low elevations to the isthmus of tehuantepec , westward into valleys extending into extreme e oaxaca , ne puebla ; tabasco , tamaulipas , nuevo león ) . type locality : san andrés tuxtla , veracruz .
dextra : southern slope of the sierra madre del sur . oaxaca , guerrero . type locality : near rincón , guerrero .
gaigeae : northern half of the yucatán peninsula and southward to the island carmen along the extreme eastern coast ; yucatán , campeche , quintana roo . type locality : progreso , yucatán .
hartwegi : atlantic slopes of mexico ( chiapas ) and guatemala from the vicinity of the southeastern end of laguna de términos south and eastward across the base of the yucatán peninsula to nw honduras . campeche , quintana roo , yucatan . type locality : “across the río usumacinta from piedras negras , guatemala , in chiapas , mexico” .
miadis : isla del maíz grande . type locality : “great corn island” [ = isla del maiz grande” ] , depto . zelaya , nicaragua .
parva : guatemala , pacific slopes from the isthmus of tehuantepec in oaxaca to costa rica . chiapas . type locality : guatemala . restricted to mazatenango by smith & laufe 1946 .
podarga : s tamaulipas , e san luis potosí , probably veracruz and hidalgo . type locality : 7 miles west of ciudad victoria , tamaulipas .
pulchra : caribbean slope of honduras south to costa rica ; type locality : nicaragua .
sinistra : mexico ( colima , jalisco , michoacán , puebla , morelos , nayarit ; pacific slopes from jalisco to the arid balsas basin in michoacán , thence inland along the northern drainage of the río balsas to puebla ) . type locality : manzanillo , colima .
stuarti : atlantic slopes of mexico from the middle of the isthmus of tehuantepec eastward in the lowlands to the southern border of laguna de términos and to tenosique , tabasco . southward up the valley of the río rrijalva at least as far as tuxtla gutiérrez , chiapas . campeche , oaxaca . type locality : palenque , chiapas .
thomasi : upper tributaries of río grijalva in the interior of chiapas and adjacent guatemala . type locality : la libertad , chiapas , near río cuilco where it crosses the gutemalan border .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
the specific name undulatus is a latin word meaning wavy or undulating , in reference to the dorsolateral pattern .
barbour , t . & loveridge , a . 1929 . amphibians and reptiles [ of the corn islands , nicaragua ] . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 69 : 138 - 146 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
brattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
cope , e . d . 1894 . third addition to a knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1894 : 194 - 206 - get paper here
dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .
dunn , e . r . 1940 . new and noteworthy herpetological material from panamá . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia . 92 : 105 - 122 . - get paper here
gaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .
garcía , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam
gehlbach , frederick r . ; collette , bruce b . 1957 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 13 : 227 - 232 - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here
günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here
gutiérrez mayén , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitlán de méndez y huitzilan de serdán , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223
gutsche , alexander 2015 . die insel der verschollenen salamander : zur herpetofauna der honduranischen isla del tigre . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 3 ) : 38 - 43 - get paper here
hallowell , e . 1861 . report upon the reptilia of the north pacific exploring expedition , under command of capt . john rogers , u . s . n . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 12 [ 1860 ] : 480 - 510 - get paper here
harvey , michael b . ; gabriel n . ugueto & ronald l . gutberlet , jr . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1–156 - get paper here
johnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garcía - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544–620
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
koller , rene 2005 . herpetologoische waarnemingen in belize , deel 2 : reptielen . lacerta 63 ( 1 ) : 4 - 19 - get paper here
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .
leenders , t . 2004 . der nationalpark “el imposible” in el salvador . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 45 - 49 - get paper here
lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here
lemos - espinal , julio ; daniel wylie , geoffrey smith 2017 . new distributional records for reptiles from nuevo león , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 639 - 614 - get paper here
liner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .
luja vh , lópez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ramírez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la biósfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here
martin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . , leonardo valdés orellana and alexander gutsche . 2013 . new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 288 - 289
meza - lázaro , r . n . and nieto - montes de oca , a . 2015 . long forsaken species diversity in the middle american lizard holcosus undulatus ( teiidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 175 ( 1 ) : 189 - 210 ; doi : 10 . 1111 / zoj . 12264 - get paper here
neill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76
palacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
schlüter , u . 2006 . die ernährung von ameiven und warantejus in der natur und bei terrarienhaltung . reptilia ( münster ) 11 ( 62 ) : 56 - 62 - get paper here
schmidt , karl p . ; shannon , frederick a . 1947 . notes on amphibians and reptiles of michoacan , mexico . zoological series of field museum of natural history 31 ( 9 ) : 63 - 85
smith , h . m . 1935 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . univ . kansas sci . bull . 22 : 119 - 156 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1945 . mexican amphibians and reptiles in the texas cooperative wildlife collections . trans . kansas acad . sci . 48 : 325 - 354 - get paper here
smith , h . m . 1940 . descriptions of new lizards and snakes from méxico and guatemala . proc . biol . soc . washington 53 : 55 - 64 . - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here
urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75
vences m . , franzen m . , flaschendräger a . , schmitt r . & regös j . 1998 . beobachtungen zur herpetofauna von nicaragua : kommentierte artenliste der reptilien . salamandra 34 ( 1 ) : 17 - 42 - get paper here
wiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , lüderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here
woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884
zweifel , richard g . 1959 . additions to the herpetofauna of nayarit , mexico . american museum novitates ( 1953 ) : 1 - 13 - get paper here
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
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i first noticed this large and colorful male rustling through the leaf litter on the shaded forest floor . i thought it was some sort of medium - sized rodent until it popped up its head and moved on to the next promising - looking leaf pile . after some more poking and prodding through the leaves , it finally decided to bask briefly in a sun patch , where i got this overly high - contrast photo .
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flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .
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uetz p . & hošek j . ( 2018 ) . the reptile database ( version dec 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
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giant ameivas are found in central and south america . they are found from the eastern coast of brazil through the interior portions of central south america , to the west coasts of columbia , ecuador , and peru . they are found as far south as the northern portions of argentina , through bolivia and paraguay and as far north as french guiana , suriname , guyana , trinidad , tobago , and panama . recently they have been introduced to areas of florida .
(
scientific and standard english names
, 2001 ; biazquez , 1996 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )
giant ameivas are found in varied habitats , such as cerrado and northeastern caatinga in brazil and amazonian savannah and forests . they seem to prefer disturbed rain forests that have recently been harvested .
( biazquez , 1996 ; colli , 1991 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 ; vitt , 1991 )
females carry their eggs for a short period of time and tend to stay in their burrows during this time . once eggs are laid , incubation time is about 5 months , with offspring usually hatching at the beginning of the rainy season . juvenile males tend to grow faster than their female counterparts . maturity is acheived when snout - vent length reaches 100 mm , occurring at about 8 months after hatching for both males and females .
in size and the environments in which they live , so their reproductive biology may be similar .
males tend to guard females during sexual encounters . however , males that did not guard females did not mate . males in this species that were larger tended to mate more as they won over the most females .
giant ameivas reproduce by laying eggs in clutches , which vary in size regionally . although little data exist from most regions , data have been collected from caatinga and cerrado habitats of brazil . clutch size can range from 3 to 11 . clutch sizes tend to be larger in cerrado , averaging 6 . 4 + / - 0 . 2 ( colli , 1991 ) . clutch sizes in caatinga average 5 . 7 + / - 0 . 164 ( vitt , 1982 ) . clutch size is directly related to snout - vent length of the female - larger females produce more eggs per clutch . in cerrado , females can lay up to 3 clutches per reproductive season . however , in caatinga giant ameivas may reproduce throughout the year . the reproductive habits of
are based on rainfall . in areas where rainfall is constant or unpredictable throughout the year , reproduction is year - round . in areas where there is a distinct dry season , reproduction only occurs during the rainy seasons . this is thought to be the result of lack of food for both adults and juveniles during dry seasons .
breeding interval breeding interval is based on location however females may lay up to 3 clutches per cycle in the cerrado of brazil .
there is little information on parental investment in this species . however , females invest heavily in supplying their eggs with nutrients before they are laid and males invest energy in mate guarding during mating .
in the wild . however , based on small sample sizes , individuals are known survive up to 4 . 6 years . the index of scientific binomials indicate their observed specimen lived up to 2 . 8 years in captivity .
giant ameivas are solitary and diurnal . not much is known about their behavior .
giant ameivas are not territorial . however , they do have a home range which overlaps with other individuals . data are not available for home range size of
is based on size and sex of the lizard . average male home range size was 376 . 8 square meters , and female home range was on average 173 . 7 square meters based on a data set from 13 males and females . home range size may be similar in
( lewis and saliva , 1987 ; simmons , et al . , 2005 )
play a role in establishing territory size . femoral glands also play a role in various sexual behaviors . these femoral glands produce semiochemicals which influence inter - and intra - specific communication . although these semiochemicals are not well understood in
, they affect defense of territory and self , predation , territorial markings , and parental care .
( imparato , et al . , 2007 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 )
giant ameivas are active foragers . their diet varies regionally and seasonally and consists mainly of insects . the most common animals found in their diet are grasshoppers , butterflies , beetles , roaches , larvae , spiders , and termites . they have also been known to eat other species of lizards . what they eat is proportional to their snout - vent length ; as they grow their prey becomes larger .
predators of giant ameivas consist of a wide variety of birds and snakes . unlike other species of lizards found throughout south america , they do not sit and wait for their prey . their main method of avoiding predation is escape and their body shape is designed for rapid speed , allowing them to avoid predators in the open areas where they forage . common predators of
( colli , 1991 ; maffei , et al . , 2009 ; shepard , 2007 )
. often these invasive parasites will damage organs such as the gall bladder , liver , kidneys , lungs , and spleen . parasites also have been found in saliva and feces of this lizard . many of the parasites found in the feces originate in the gut . additionally , parasites invade epithelial cells .
( kaplan , 1995 ; lainson and paperna , 1999 ; lainson , et al . , 2003 )
although these species can carry disease and can be aggressive , people keep them as pets . furthermore , giant ameivas tend to prefer cleared environments such as crop fields . because their diet consists mainly of
( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kaplan , 1995 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )
, including strains that can infect humans . in grenada , according to everard et al . ( 1979 ) , half of all specimens collected carried
( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kourany and telford , 1981 )
currently giant ameivas are not considered threatened . there are no efforts at this time to actively conserve this species .
ryan siders ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
2002 .
index of scientific binominals
( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .
occurrence overview
( on - line ) . global biodiversity information facility . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .
committee on standard english and scientific names . scientific and standard english names . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 2001 . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .
bowler , j . 1975 . longevity of reptiles and amphibians in n . american collections as of 1 november , 1975 . .
everard , c . , b . tota , d . bassett , c . ali . 1979 . salmonella in wildlife from trinidad and grenada , w . i . .
kaplan , m . 1995 .
ameivas
( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .
kourany , m . , s . telford . 1981 . lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in panama .
magnusson , w . 1987 . reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in amazonian savanna .
magnusson , w . , l . junqueira de paiva , r . moreira da rocha , c . franke , l . kasper , a . lima . 1985 . the correlates of foraging mode in a community of brazilian lizards .
magnusson , w . , l . junqueira de paiva , r . moreira da rocha , c . franke , l . kasper , a . lima . 1985 . the correlates of foraging mode in a community of brazilian lizards .
sevenster , j . , j . ellers , g . driessen . 1998 . an evolutionary argument for limitation .
shepard , d . 2007 . habitat but not body shape affects predator attack frequency on lizard models in the brazilian cerrado .
simmons , p . , b . greene , k . williamson , r . powell , j . parmerlee . 2005 . ecological interactions within a lizard community on grenada .
tinkle , d . 1969 . the concept of reproduction effort and its relation to the evolution of life histories of lizards .
vitt , l . 1991 . an introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards .


amphorella iridescens is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .

this species is endemic to madeira , portugal .

amphorella iridescens

information on amphorella iridescens is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
amphorella ( amphorella ) r . t . lowe , 1852 represented as amphorella r . t . lowe , 1852
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amphorella is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family ferussaciidae .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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natural history museum , london & national museum of wales biodiversity & systematic biology national museum & galleries of wales cathays park cardiff cf10 3np united kingdom tel : 029 20573244 fax : 029 20239829 harriet . wood @ urltoken
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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states where it is only known to occur in the state of arkansas in the little red river .

it inhabits medium-sized and smaller rivers in rocky riffles with strong current .

this species can reach a length of 7.2 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl though most only reach about 4.9 centimetres ( 1.9 in ) .

in july 2010 , the united states fish and wildlife service proposed the yellowcheek darter for endangered status .

the fish is a federally listed endangered species of the united states , effective september 8 , 2011 .

yellowcheek darter

endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and announcement of public hearing .
the yellowcheek darter is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 9 august 2011 . endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 153 ) : 48722 - 48741 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 12 october 2011 . proposed designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 197 ) : 63360 - 63418 .
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the yellowcheek darter is endemic to four tributaries of the upper little red river drainage in arkansas state in the southern united states ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
wine , m . , s . blumenshine , and g . harp . 2000 . status survey of the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) in the little red river basin . department of biological sciences , arkansas state university .
the yellowcheek darter is a rare species of freshwater fish found only in the state of arkansas in the united states . for most of the year the yellowcheek darter is predominately grey with contrasting dark brown , saddle - shaped patches on the sides . however , during the breeding season the male develops a brilliant blue breast and throat and a light green underside , while the smaller , and somewhat duller , female develops a scattering of orange - red spots ( 3 ) . the body is deep and slender with a sharp , straight snout and two separate dorsal fins and , in common with other darters , the yellowcheek darter lacks a swim bladder , a gas - filled sac typically used to regulate buoyancy ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . adapted to a bottom - dwelling lifestyle , the yellowcheek darter dashes between the sanctuary of large stones , a behaviour that has earned the species its common name ( 5 ) .
mitchell , r . m . , r . l . johnson , and g . l . harp . 2002 . population structure of an endemic species of yellowcheek darter , etheostoma moorei ( raney and suttkus ) , of the upper little red river , arkansas . american midland naturalist 148 : 129 - 137 .
a small darter with a moderately sharp snout , a compressed , deep body , and a deep caudal peduncle ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
wood , r . m . 1996 . phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus nothonotus ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1996 : 300 - 318 .
a rare and little - studied species , much of the yellowcheek darter’s biology is , as yet , undescribed ( 3 ) . however , this bottom - dwelling fish is known to feed on a variety of invertebrates , including immature mayflies and stoneflies ( 6 ) . a fairly sedentary species , the yellowcheek darter rarely strays from its home grounds , but during the breeding season mature fish move towards small , fast flowing streams to breed . it is at this time that the female fish bury into the substrate with only the head and tail fin exposed . the male then positions above the female to fertilise the eggs as they are released ( 3 ) .
weston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .
the yellowcheek darter is found in small to medium - sized , fast flowing rivers and streams . it prefers areas with clear water , rocky or gravel bottoms and a steep gradient , and is often found in areas with dense growths of aquatic plants ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . adults are typically found in waters with a depth of 25 to 50 centimetres , but juveniles prefer more shallow waters ( 6 ) .
although once abundant , the yellowcheek darter population has undergone a rapid decline , decreasing by 75 to 90 percent since the 1960s ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the principle agent behind this decline was the creation of greers ferry lake in 1962 , which resulted in the inundation of downstream tributaries , creating deep pools with increased sedimentation and lower oxygen levels in the water . as an inhabitant of shallow , fast - moving streams the yellowcheek darter was displaced from much of its former range , moving upstream to less suitable areas of habitat . the species’ migratory behaviour was also disrupted , while the loss of downstream refugia made the species more vulnerable to droughts , resulting in the loss of many populations ( 7 ) . other threats , such as the channelization of streams for agriculture and human consumption , have isolated some populations , and a loss of genetic diversity has been observed due to inbreeding ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .
wine , m . s . , weston , m . r . and johnson , r . l . ( 2008 ) density dynamics of a threatened species of darter at spatial and temporal scales . southeastern naturalist , 7 : 665 - 678 .
raney , e . c . and suttkus , r . d . ( 1964 ) etheostoma moorei , a new darter of the subgenus nothonotus from the white river system , arkansas . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 1964 : 130 - 139 .
having suffered such a severe decline , the yellowcheek darter is in drastic need of major conservation measures . indeed , the species has been proposed for threatened status under the u . s endangered species act ( 9 ) . an agreement has also been made between several conservation organisations and landowners to mitigate threats to the species , protect bordering terrestrial habitats ; and explore potential reintroduction programmes ( 3 ) . in conjunction with this , several mature adults were taken from the wild in 2002 to start a captive breeding programme , with the first individuals bred in 2003 and further successes in 2006 ( 10 ) .
johnson , r . l . , mitchell , r . m . and harp , g . l . ( 2006 ) genetic variation and genetic structuring of a numerically declining species of darter , etheostoma moorei raney & suttkus , endemic to the upper little red river , arkansas . the american midland naturalist , 156 : 37 - 44 .
a thorough survey in 2000 yielded an estimated population size of approximately 10 , 300 individuals ( uncertain whether this refers to adults or all individuals ) , with 6 , 000 in middle fork , 2 , 300 in south fork , and 2 , 000 in archey fork ( none were found in the devils fork system ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) . weston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .
data on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .
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justification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , the species occurs in not more than five locations , and habitat is subject to continuing declines in quality .
this species ' range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell
extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
each of the 3–4 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .
most of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978–1981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine
. 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .
area of occupancy and area and quality of habitat probably are still declining , but better data are needed .
this fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults are commonly found at depths of 10–20 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
often grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine
according to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify .
. 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat .
historical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .
patterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) . remaining occurrences need to be protected .
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itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .
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greek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said
various mouths
, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as
heterostoma ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . fertilisation the fusion of gametes ( male and female reproductive cells ) to produce an embryo , which grows into a new individual . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . inbreeding the breeding of closely related individuals . an inbred population usually has less genetic variability and this is generally disadvantageous for its long - term survival and success . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 2008 ) species assessment and listing priority assignment form . u . s . fish and wildlife service . available at : urltoken
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
small range in the upper little red river drainage in arkansas ; much of the already small habitat was destroyed by impoundment ( greers ferry lake ) ; the few remaining isolated populations are in serious peril from habitat loss and degradation .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
proposed critical habitat for this species in the little red river drainage included 70 . 2 stream - kilometers in the middle fork , 31 . 9 km in the south fork , 27 . 4 km in the archy fork , and 27 . 5 km in the devil ' s fork ( usfws 2011 ) . these areas ( 157 stream - kilometers ) include all occupied and remaining suitable habitat .
each of the 3 - 4 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .
according to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify . suitable habitat has declined due to impoundment ( see mitchell et al . 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat . historical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .
most of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978 - 1981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine et al . 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .
( 250 - 5000 square km ( about 100 - 2000 square miles ) ) range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
differs from etheostoma juliae by its separate to narrowly joined gill membranes , naked nape ( vs . fully scaled ) , and lack of a wide , dark saddle beginning at the first dorsal fin and extending down to both pectoral fin bases ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
spawns from late may through june ; sexually mature in one year ; lives up to 4 years ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .
this fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults commonly are found at depths of 10 - 20 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) . podostemon often grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) .
primary foods are aquatic dipteran larvae ( chironomids and simuliids ) ; also eats immature stoneflies , mayflies , and caddisflies ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .
patterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
robison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
starnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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harpa gracilis , common name the polynesian harp , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family harpidae , the harp snails .

harpa gracilis

harpa striata lamarck , 1816 : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860
harpa ventricosa lamarck 1816 - ventral harp : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860
harpidae » harpa gracilis , id : 228421 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
worms - world register of marine species - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829
polynesian harp - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 - literature - encyclopedia of life
berkhout ( 1992 ) writes : “h . gracilis is the only harpa shell that has a white protoconch . ”
belongs to harpa according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010
described in malacologia . the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis , but the shape is completely different . rare .
rehder ( 1973 ) writes on harpa gracilis broderip & sowerby , 1829 : “nuclear whorls 3 1 / 2 to 4 , smooth , white . . . ”
however , on the conchology inc . auction i read thus : “the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis . . . ”
so , can anyone verify for me that there are indeed harpa gracilis ( from the tuamotos or elsewhere ) with a purple protoconch ? perhaps a subspecies ? this would certainly shed some light on this complex of smaller harpa . an image would be most appreciated .
bouchet , p . ( 2015 ) . harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 . in : molluscabase ( 2015 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken ; = 403835
harpa gracilis is the only harp with a white protoconch , clearly distinguishing it from all other harps , whose protoconchs are pink to brown . other differentiating characteristics are the shallow umbilicus , slender form and no shoulder on the body whorl . the harps in the links you sent are , therefore , clearly not gracilis . they are amouretta , as stated by others .
poppe , brulet & dance ( 1999 ) also write : “h . gracilis . . . protoconch is white instead of purple . ”
dealers sometimes use the name gracilis for ( or in relation to ) non - gracilis shells for obvious reasons . regarding h . kolaceki , even poppe , on his auction site selling it , mentioned that it is a
doubtful
species . may very well be a form of amouretta .
about h . gracilis i also wrote in 1990 ( let ' s tune our harps ! xenophora no . 50 pp . 10 - 21 ) :
protococh white .
on the conchology inc . auction what is read : “the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis . . . ” is an error as it does not match the description of h . kolaceki where the colour of its protoconch is not even mentioned and on the colour photos included in the description it is obvious that the protoconch of h . kolaceki is purple .
i agree with rick . while the shells he illustrated may not be h . gracilis , they are certainly unlike any of the h . amouretta i have ( another 30 specimens to that 50 ) .
broderip w . j . & sowerby i g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal . 4 : 359 - 379 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 373 [ details ]
dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]
rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )
shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 118 seconds . )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
bouchet p . , gofas s . & rosenberg g . ( 2015 ) . worms mollusca : world marine mollusca database ( version feb 2013 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
broderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9
dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , . 1999 . amily harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .
petit r . e . 2009 . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa 2189 : 1–218 .
rehder h . a . 1973 . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .
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broderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . < i > zoological journal < / i > , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9
broderip , w . j . & sowerby , g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the . < em > museum of the zoological society . zoological journal < / i . < / em > 4 : 359 - 379 .
dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1–218 .
rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .
rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .
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interesting , i have over 50 specimens of amouretta from around the world and none of them are like these two shells . can someone post images of similar shells ?
by the way , in the description of h . kolaceki the colour of the protoconch is not even mentioned .
for rick ' s shells . i ' ve documented this conversation on lts with rick ' s photos ( and permission ) and added photos of a
from the solomons in my collection . while there are are some overall shape differences , with my shell more closely resembling forma
krauss , 1848 , i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species .
i fully agree with your comment “ i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species .
( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only
rehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus
) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .
( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for
( “body whorl … more broadly ovate and rounded , ” “ribs tend to be narrower and more distant” ) . my own opinion is that
species addressed by rehder and the
accepted
species addressed 31 and 42 years later .
. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .
are quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (
) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on “blotching” to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (
) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .
the following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other “greens , ” are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of
. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .
, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (
) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of
. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , “shoulder” refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all
, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature
has three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,
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do not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .
in compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .
the dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .
the dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .
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warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
full reference : f . e . eames . 1952 . a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india : c . the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236 : 1 - 168
type specimen : bmnh g . 68305 , a shell . its type locality is fossil bed f . 2556 , zinda pir , which is in a lutetian marine shale in the domanda formation of pakistan .
holotype nhmw 2009z0076 / 0001 . upper miocene . lopez section , rio yaque del norte , upstream of the mouth of angostura gorge , dominican republic .
buccinum testa costis aequilibus longitudinalibus , distinctis mucronatis , columella laevigata .
. recent . benghala . refers to buonanni , 1681 : plate 185 ( a ) ; lister , 1688 : pl . 992 [ fig . 55 ] ( b ) ; petiver , 1702 : pl . 48 fig . 13 ( c ) ; rumphius , 1705 : pl . 32 figs . k , l , m ( d ) ; gualtieri , 1742 : pl . 29 figs . c . d , e , g ( e ) ; argenville , 1742 : pl . 20 fig . d ( f ) ; regenfuss , 1758 : pl . 2 fig . 14 ( g ) .
rv 5167 . philippines , cebu province , olango island ; by diver , depth 20 m ; june 2012 .
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new records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .
first record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .
first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .
ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .
check list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species’ geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .
doaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .
the shell has an ovate - oblong shape . it is more or less inflated , generally pretty thin , enamelled , and provided with parallel , longitudinal , inclined and acute ribs . ; the body whorl is much larger than all the others together . the spire is slightly elevated . the aperture is large , oval , dilated , strongly emarginated inferiorly , and without siphonal canal . the outer lip is bordered by the last rib . the columella is smooth , simple , nearly straight and pointed at the base .
the animal has a flattened head , which supports a pair of pretty long , thick , and conical tentacles , with a small protuberance at their base , internally , where the eyes are situated . the mouth is simple , surrounded by a muscular margin , and furnished with a small , slender and pointed trunk . the organ of excitement is elongated , cylindrical , situated on the right side . the locomotive organ is very large , very broad at the anterior part , which is ear - shaped , and distinguished by a deep emargination upon each side . the posterior extremity is caducous , and destitute of an operculum .
the fleshy part of this mollusk is very strong , and very large . its foot is enormous , thick , and extended considerably out of the shell . it cannot be wholly contained within the aperture , before which , by contracting itself , it forms a margin .
the foot is as if divided into two portions . the anterior broader , arcuated , ear - shaped , with a marginal furrow , and joined to the posterior part by a kind of neck . this latter , more extended , is somewhat oval , pointed , and slightly inflated above , without any appearance of operculum . when the animal is violently disturbed , it breaks off the posterior extremity of its foot , in order to withdraw itself more completely within its shell . in consequence of this an operculum would be useless to it , for it would be liable to be carried away by the rupture of the foot . therefore , it is not possessed .
all the external parts of the animal are strongly colored with spots and plates of a brownish red , intermingled with other yellowish spots . the middle portion is frequently crossed by a brown band .
this marine species is circumtropical , except the western atlantic ocean . it also occurs off australia ( northern territory , queensland , western australia ) .