astichopus is a monotypic genus of sea cucumbers , the only species in the genus being astichopus multifidus .

it is commonly known as the furry sea cucumber or the fissured sea cucumber and is native to the caribbean sea .

astichopus

glynn , pw . , 1965 . active movements and other aspects of the biology astichopus and leptosynapta ( holothuroidea ) . biological bulletin . 129 : 106 - 127 .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . fao geonetwork . fao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus ( geolayer ) . ( latest update : 04 jun 2015 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken
from the abstract : astichopus does this in response to sudden changes in changes in salinity concentration , oxygen deficiency and other
bodily disturbances .
the movement below may be a prelude to evisceration . . which i ' ve discussed here .
fao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus . the main sources of information for the species distribution are the habitat description and geographic range contained in the published fao catalogues of species ( more details at urltoken ) . terms used in th . . .
john starmer marked
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
as trusted on the
astichopus multifidus ( sluter , 1910 )
page .
update ! thanks to dave pawson for the citation ! go to this open access paper by peter glynn from 1965 on
active movements and other aspects of biology of astichopus and leptosynapta . biol . bull . 129 : 106 - 127 .
to read the full account !
( of stichopus multifidus sluiter , 1910 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1910 ) . westindische holothurien . zool . jahrb . jena suppl . 11 : ( 331 - 342 ) . [ details ]
pawson , d . l . , d . j . vance , c . g . messing , f . a . solis - marin & c . l . mah . ( 2009 ) . echinodermata of the gulf of mexico . pp . 1177–1204 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college s . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
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toral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a .
has a wide distribution and has been important in fisheries in panama , venezuela , and nicaragua . in panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned . however , illegal fishing may occur in panama . there is no fishing information from other parts of its range and no evidence that it is fished . it is therefore listed as least concern .
this caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf of mexico , south to colombia and venezuela , and east to jamaica , dominican republic , puerto rico , cuba , panama and bahamas . it is found at depths between 1 - 37m ( miller and pawson 1984 ) .
the average density reported for this species in bocas del toro , panama ( 4 . 9 individuals per ha ) may indicate current critical overfishing levels . the estimated size of the total population in that area was 231 , 000 individuals ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) . this species was absent in 95 % of protected areas around cayos zapatillas in panama ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) .
along the eastern and central yucatan coast ( mexico ) a density of 5 . 92 individuals per ha was found in the east and 32 . 18 individuals per ha in the central coast . the total biomass was estimated at approximately 16 , 000 tonnes for an area of approximately 1 . 2 million hectares ( moguel
seagrass beds ( miller and pawson 1984 , toral - granda 2008 ) . it is also found in areas of calcareous algae ( miller and pawson 1984 ) , and prefers deeper , calmer reef environments ( hendler
this species is one of the most important commercial species in the caribbean , with fishing activties in panama ( toral - granda 2008 ) , and jamaica . it is of potential commercial interest in florida , puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( bruckner 2006 ) .
although not one of the most valuable species for fishery purposes , it can be expected that this species may become more popular after the depletion or reduction of other species of higher commercial importance and value . it can be considered an emerging commercial species , because higher value indo - pacific species are becoming scarce .
guzman and guevara ( 2002 ) suggests that if the fishing pressure from 1997 is maintained , the population of this species in boca del toro , panama would collapse in nine days .
in panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned ( toral - granda 2008 ) . illegal fishing may occur in panama ( j . alvarado pers . comm . 2010 ) . the fishery for this species in nicaragua is unregulated . the distribution of this species overlaps with some protected areas .
toral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a . 2013 .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2013 : e . t180493a102417783 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
and
thalassia testudinum banks & sol . ex k . d . koenig
.
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clark , h . l . ( 1922 ) . the holothurians of the genus stichopus . bul . mus . comp . zool . cambridge mass . 65 ( no . 3 ) : pp . 39 - 74 . [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .
barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 1 specimens . . .
is a variable , grey to green / black sea cucumber from . . .
this caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf . . .
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food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy , fao .
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depth range based on 10 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 7 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( °c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( °c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
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gruzov , en . , & pushkin , af . , 1970 . bottom communities of the upper sublittoral of enderby land and the south shetland islands . pp . 235 - 238 . in : antarctic ecology volume 1 . ( holdgate , mw . , ed . ) . academic press . london
gudimova , en . , gudimov , a . , & collin , p . , 2004 . a study of the biology for fishery in two populations of cucumaria frondosa : in the barents sea ( russia ) and in the gulf of maine ( usa ) . pp . 269 - 275 . in : echinoderms : muenchen . proceedings of the 11th international echinoderm conference , munich , germany , 6 - 10 october 2003 . ( heinzeller , t . , & nebelsick , jh . , eds . ) . taylor & francis , london . 633 pps .
gudimova , en . , & opalev , ml . , 1989 . gravimetry of the holothuroid cucumaria frondosa gunnerus in the water environment . pp . 107 - 112 . in : trophic interrelationships of benthic organisms and benthic fish of the barents sea . ( chinarina , ad . , ed . ) .
guenther , k . , 1903 . über den nucleolus im reifenden echinodermen ei und seine bedeutung . zoologische jahrbücher . 19 : 28 pps .
guo , c . , ni , z . , & xu , z . , 1998 . advances in the extraction and active research of glycosaminoglycan from echinodermata . marine science bulletin . 17 ( 5 ) : 84 - 87 .
guo , sy . , guo , z , chen , by . , guo , q . , ni , sw . , & wang , xc . , 2003 . urea induced inactivation and unfolding of arginine kinase from the sea cucumber . biokhimiya . 68 ( 11 ) : 1575 - 1580 .
gurumani , on . , & krishnamurthy , s . , 1994 . some aspects of processing and quality control of bêche - de - mer for export . in : proceedings of the national workshop on bêche - de - mer . ( rengarajan , k . , & james , db . , eds . ) central marine fisheries research institute bulletin . no . 46 : 81 - 84 .
gustato , g . , & villari ; , a . , 1980 . on the ecology and species frequency of the genus holothuria in the gulf of naples . pp . 187 . in : echinoderms - present and past proceedings of the european colloquium on echinoderms , brussels september 1979 . ( jangoux , m . , ed . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 428 pps .
gustato , g . , villari , a . , del gaudio , s . , & pedata , p . 1982 . ulteriori dati sulla distribuzione di holothuria tubulosa , holothuria polii e holothuria stellati nel golfo di napoli . bollettino società naturalisti napoli . 91 : 14 pps .
gutt , j . , 1991 . investigations on brood protection in psolus dubiosus ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from antarctica in spring and autumn . marine biology . 111 ( 2 ) : 281 - 286 .
gutt , j . , 1991 . on the distribution and ecology of holothurians in the weddell sea , antarctica . polar biology . 11 ( 3 ) : 145 - 155 .
gutt , j . , 2000 . some “driving forces” structuring communities of the sublittoral antarctic macrobenthos . antarctic science : 12 , 297 - 313 .
gutt , j . , 2001 . on the direct impact of ice on marine benthic communities , a review . polar biology . 24 : 553 - 564 .
gutt , j . , gerdes , d . , & klages , m . , 1992 . seasonality and spatial variability in the reproduction of two antarctic holothurians ( echinodermata ) . polar biology . 11 ( 8 ) : 533 - 544 .
gutt , j . , & piepenburg , d . , 1991 . dense agggregations of three deep - sea holothurians in the southern weddell sea , antarctica . marine ecology progress series . 68 ( 3 ) : 277 - 285 .
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guzman , hm . , & guevara , ca . , 2002 . population structure , distribution and abundance of three commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata ) in panama . caribbean journal of science 38 ( 3 - 4 ) : 230 - 238 .
guzman , hm . , guevara , ca . , & hernandez , ic . , 2003 . reproductive cycle of two commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from caribbean panama . marine biology . 142 ( 2 ) : 271 - 279 .
echinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !
strange behavior i ' ve never heard of in this tropical sea cucumber . . .
seriously though , i ' ve never heard nor seen of a sea cucumber doing that rolling in the sand action . i this another thing that naturalists see that may not have been recorded before ? ?
on page 391 of their second edition of
reef creature identification
paul humann and ned deloach state
this creature can be quite active , and may be observed crawling or even rolling over and over .
unfortunately , no internet link availabble .
i pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . support has been courtesy of the national science foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? please contact me !
( photo by km6xo ) so , last week , i was contacted by an intrepid member of the public who was quite interested in finding out more about s . . .
if you ' ve ever enjoyed the fine diversity of japanese cuisine , and are a serious sushi connaisseur ( as i am ) you have probably experienc . . .
last week the foks over at newswatch national geographic proclaimed that they had the
5 weirdest antarctic species
. hyperbo . . .
( from clipart etc - florida educational claringhouse ) i was casually checking the numbers for the echinoblog over a july 4th weekend in . . .
( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .
the other day , i was thinking of big stuff . and then , a bit later , i was thinking of starfish stuff . and then i thought of cake . ( mmm . . . .
images here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .
today ' s topic : starfish defense ! ! its curious how often this question comes up . people see starfish and other echinoderms that are just . . .
from wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .
toxopneustes ! aka the
flower urchin
is one of four species of toxopneustes ( all of which occur throughout the tropical pacifi . . .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
the office of national marine sanctuaries serves as the trustee for a network of underwater parks encompassing more than 600 , 000 square miles of marine and great lakes waters from washington state to the florida keys , and from lake huron to american samoa . the network includes a system of 13 national marine sanctuaries and papahānaumokuākea and rose atoll marine national monuments .
mallows bay on the tidal potomac river in maryland is home to nearly 200 known shipwrecks spanning from the revolutionary war through the present , and including the remains of the largest “ghost fleet” of world war i wooden steamships built for the u . s . emergency fleet , which are listed on the national register of historic places . mallows bay is a largely undeveloped landscape and waterscape identified as one of the most ecologically valuable in maryland , as the ship remains provide important habitat for fish and wildlife , including rare , threatened and endangered species .
wisconsin – lake michigan is an 875 square mile area of lake michigan with waters extending from port washington to two rivers . the state of wisconsin nominated this area as a national marine sanctuary through the sanctuary nomination process with broad community support . the area encompasses historic shipwrecks of national significance that merit the additional management authority of the national marine sanctuaries act . the nominated area contains an extraordinary collection of 39 known shipwrecks , 15 of which are listed on the national register of historic places .
papahānaumokuākea marine national monument ( pmnm ) is the largest conservation area in the world , protecting over 580 , 000 square miles of pacific ocean . the extensive coral reefs found in papahānaumokuākea – truly the rainforests of the sea – are home to over 7 , 000 marine species , one - quarter of which is found only in the hawaiian archipelago . many of the islands and shallow - water environments are important habitats for rare species such as the threatened green turtle and the endangered hawaiian monk seal . on less than six square miles of land , over 14 million seabirds representing 22 species breed and nest . land areas also provide a home for four species of bird found nowhere else in the world , including the world ' s most endangered duck , the laysan duck .
the national marine sanctuary of american samoa supports one of the most diverse ecosystems in the national marine sanctuary system . some of the marine life that finds a home in the sanctuary includes invertebrates , fishes , turtles , marine mammals and marine plants . the sanctuary protects extensive coral reefs , including some of the oldest and largest porites coral heads in the world , along with deep water reefs , hydrothermal vent communities and rare marine archaeological resources . located in the remote islands of polynesia , it is also the only true tropical reef within the national marine sanctuary system . it encompasses 13 , 581 square miles around the culture - rich islands of american samoa . visitors to the sanctuary can enjoy recreational activities such as diving , snorkeling and fishing as well as experience the cultural heritage of the islands .
greater farallones national marine sanctuary ( gfnms ) is a globally significant and extraordinarily diverse marine ecosystem that supports abundant wildlife and valuable fisheries . in 2015 , gfnms expanded north and west of their original boundaries to encompass 3 , 295 square miles . the farallon islands , located in the south - central part of the sanctuary , are a national wildlife refuge , offering resting and breeding sites for marine mammals and seabirds . the sanctuary has thousands of seals and sea lions , and is home to the largest concentration of breeding seabirds in the continental united states . visitors to gfnms can enjoy activities such as camping , tidepooling and surfing .
stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary ( sbnms ) is located at the mouth of massachusetts bay . the sand and gravel plateau that gives the sanctuary its name was formed by the slow retreat of massive ice age glaciers , which sculpted the dynamic seafloor . the nutrient - rich waters above and around the bank support a diverse ecosystem that has been a famous fishing ground for more than 400 years and claims status as the birthplace of east coast whale watching . historic new england shipping routes cross the sanctuary , and over the course of centuries , the seafloor has become a repository for shipwrecks – time capsules of our maritime heritage . the entire sanctuary encompasses 842 square miles of open ocean 25 miles east of boston . visitors to sbnms can enjoy whale watching , bird watching , diving and fishing in this history - rich and biologically - diverse habitat .
. our planet is an ocean planet , and whether you live near the coast or a thousand miles from it , the ocean is part of your life . from providing the food we eat to determining our weather , the ocean matters to each of us - - and the national marine sanctuary system protects this vital resource .
with that in mind , the photos and videos of earth is blue bring these ocean treasures directly to smartphones and computers all over the world , where they can serve as a tangible reminder that no matter where you are , the ocean and great lakes are in your hands . we hope these images inspire you to help care for our ocean and to spread the word that earth isn ' t green - - it ' s
a bat ray near anacapa island in channel islands national marine sanctuary . these graceful creatures use their fins to expose buried prey like clams and other mollusks . ( photo : robert schwemmer / noaa )
these are not the droids you ' re looking for – they ' re hydroids ! learn about these odd invertebrates in our video .
stories from the blue celebrate the people at the center of national marine sanctuaries and marine national monuments .
for the first time in two decades , noaa invites communities across the nation to nominate their most treasured places in our marine and great lakes waters for consideration as national marine sanctuaries .
in response to ongoing widespread interest from the public , noaa has launched a new , locally driven sanctuary nomination process developed with input from more than 18 , 000 public comments . throughout the nomination process , noaa will be available to answer questions and provide guidance to nominating communities and other interested parties . noaa will also update nominators on the progress of the agency ' s review of their nomination .
actor and activist edward james olmos lends his voice to the new sanctuary nomination process and offers a challenge to the american people . watch in hd
across all national marine sanctuaries , about $ 8 billion annually is generated in local coastal and ocean dependent economies .
we are pleased to share with you the final version of our vision for america ' s treasured ocean places , our five - year plan for advancing the protection of the amazing ocean and great lakes places managed by noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries . this document incorporates feedback from staff , members of the public , and a number of partner institutions and entities received throughout the process , including during a comment period posted in march 2017 .
national marine sanctuaries are ideal destinations for travelers who enjoy a diversity of recreational activities .
volunteers help to ensure marine sanctuaries remain america ' s underwater treasures for future generations .


leucinodes is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .

leucinodes species have been documented as eggplant fruit borer , posing medium threats to incoming crops from african nations .

leucinodes

chaetotaxy map of investigated leucinodes larvae ; blue elements illustrate variation found in leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis ; red elements illustrate the differences found in leucinodes laisalis compared to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .
a polytomous cluster comprising leucinodes rimavallis , leucinodes kenyensis and two undescribed ‘barcode species’ ( leucinodes spp . ) are sister to ( leucinodes africensis + leucinodes pseudorbonalis ) .
larvae of leucinodes . 36–37 leucinodes orbonalis 36 mid instar 37 late instar 38–39 leucinodes africensis 38 mid instar 39 late instar 40–41 leucinodes laisalis 40 early instar 41 late instar .
adult specimens of leucinodes . 1 leucinodes orbonalis , syntype ♂ ( bangladesh ) 2 leucinodes africensis ♀ ( angola ) 3 leucinodes rimavallis ♀ ( dr congo : kivu ) 4 leucinodes pseudorbonalis ♂ ( uganda ) 5 leucinodes kenyensis , holotype ♂ ( kenya ) 6 leucinodes malawiensis , holotype ♂ ( malawi ) 7 leucinodes laisalis ♀ , greyish form ( tanzania ) 8 leucinodes laisalis ♀ , brownish form ( tanzania ) 9 leucinodes ethiopica , holotype ♂ ( ethiopia ) 10 leucinodes ugandensis , holotype ♂ ( uganda ) . scale bar represents 5 mm .
for austral - asia , there remain twelve nominal leucinodes species ( nuss et al . 2003–2014 ) . other than leucinodes orbonalis , at least some of these species are certainly misplaced in leucinodes , e . g . leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 from borneo and leucinodes perlucidalis caradja , 1933 from china . therefore , the asian leucinodes are in need of taxonomic revision . this also points to the question whether all leucinodes samples intercepted from asian exports refer to leucinodes orbonalis , or whether there are several leucinodes species of economic importance in asia as well ( hayden et al . 2013 , chang et al . 2014 , gilligan and passoa 2014 ) .
food plant records of african leucinodes species . cultivated plants are given in bold .
fact sheet leucinodes orbonalis guenée . lepintercept - an identification resource for intercepted lepidoptera larvae
male genitalia . 13 leucinodes orbonalis , vietnam ( prep . rm503 ) 14 leucinodes africensis , two - branched sacculus process , côte d’ivoire ( prep . rm330 , phallus omitted ) 15 leucinodes africensis , single - branched sacculus process , ghana ( import ) ( prep . rm501 ) 16 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm667 ) 17 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm705 ) 18 leucinodes kenyensis , zimbabwe ( prep . rm694 ) 19 leucinodes malawiensis , malawi ( prep . rm683 ) 20 leucinodes laisalis , south africa ( prep . rm504 ) 21 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23138 ) 22 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23140 ) ; phallus mirrored . abbreviations : fi fibula , ga granulated area , sa sacculus , sb side branch of sacculus process , sp sacculus process . scale bar represents 500 µm .
analysis of the coi gene of the leucinodes species demonstrated that interspecific differences allow the use of the marker as a dna barcode for species identification . however , for leucinodes kenyensis and “ leucinodes spp . ” , we found little morphological differences but two distinct barcode species within leucinodes spp . moreover , we observed high intraspecific divergence in leucinodes laisalis with one specimen from south africa exhibiting a coi distance of 2 . 8 % .
female genitalia . 23 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral view 24 leucinodes africensis , ghana ( prep . rm640 ) , ventral view 25 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm666 , smtd lep1592 ) , lateral view 26 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral view 27 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral view . scale bar represents 500 µm .
head profiles of adult leucinodes orbonalis . 11 male 12 female . figures at same scale .
leucinodes orbonalis is regularly intercepted in the eppo region : addition to the eppo alert list .
leucinodes , brinjal borer , fruit and shoot borer | zoology and entomology articles . ias zoology .
distinguished from the other leucinodes species by the dark , straight - framed forewing base and the absence of the subapical mark of the forewing termen . the male genitalia are similar to those of leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis , but are distinct in the long spinoid process of the posterior phallus apodeme .
this species’ forewing colour has more ochreous than the whitish species of leucinodes but less orange - brown to greyish than in leucinodes laisalis and leucinodes ugandensis . from leucinodes ugandensis and leucinodes laisalis it can be distinguished by the genitalia : in the male genitalia the transtilla arms each bear a dorsad spine ; in the female genitalia the ductus bursae lacks the fine granular sclerotization , the antrum is strongly sclerotized , tubular and widest at its anterior end , and the oval ostial sclerites in the lateral antrum pockets are larger .
female pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials .
the record of leucinodes laisalis from belgium by nyst ( 2004 ) is most probably a misidentification , since the illustrated imago resembles much more the whitish leucinodes species . apart from that , there is a european record of leucinodes laisalis from spain . additionally , it is frequently intercepted with the import of solanaceous fruits in great britain .
pupae of leucinodes . 42–43 leucinodes africensis 42 dorsal view 43 close - up of cremaster 44–46 leucinodes laisalis 44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close - up of cremaster . abbreviations : hs hood - like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3 . scale bar refers to 42 , 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm .
leucinodes kenyensis is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in kenya and possibly zimbabwe .
female genitalia . 28 leucinodes laisalis , kenya ( prep . rm308 ) , lateral view 29 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23139 ) , ventral view 30 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23137 ) , lateral view 31 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral close - up of antrum region 32 leucinodes africensis , côte d’ivoire ( prep . rm743 ) , dorsolateral close - up of antrum region ( phase contrast filter ) 33 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region 34 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region . abbreviations : as antrum sclerotizations ; scale bar in 28–30 represents 500 µm and in 31–34 represents 200 µm .
status of the pyraustid moths of the genus leucinodes in the new world , with descriptions of new genera and species .
leucinodes orbonalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 223
wings . forewing length ♂ 9 . 0 mm , ♀ 9 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .
leucinodes orbonalis guenée , 1854 ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a species not previously recorded in the wild in great britain .
distinguished from most other members of leucinodes by the orange - brown to greyish forewing colour . distinguished from leucinodes ethiopica by the generally darker forewing colour with less amount of white . differs from both leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis in : male genitalia with large , oval sacculus ; broad , strongly sclerotized ventrad fibula ; saccus well elongated ; phallus coecum keeled , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , well sclerotized process ; female genitalia with antrum broad , its anterior end coiled , with exocuticle diffusely sclerotized .
distinguished from the whitish species of leucinodes and leucinodes ethiopica by the predominantly brown forewing ground colour with minor white patches . distinguished from leucinodes laisalis in the male genitalia : less strongly sclerotized , valvae triangular , fibula small , tooth - like , a similarly shaped distal sacculus process present , saccus process shorter , phallus much shorter , dorsoposterior apodeme without slim , finger - like process .
similar revisionary work remains to be done for austral - asian leucinodes . a phylogenetic study including leucinodes and the new world euleucinodes , neoleucinodes and proleucinodes is needed in order to test the monophyly of these genera ( hayden and mally , in prep . ) .
field evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer , leucinodes orbonalis ( lepidoptera , pyralidae ) in ghana .
leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1904 ( 1 ) : 158 ; tl : kuching
female pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials . - gov . uk
this species is very similar to leucinodes rimavallis , but both coi barcoding data and constant morphological differences in genitalia separate the two species .
wings . forewing length ♂ 7 . 0–8 . 5 mm , ♀9 . 0–11 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .
analyta apicalis ( hampson , 1896 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) . type locality : india , dharamsala . sri lanka .
uncorrected p - distances for the dna - barcoded species of leucinodes . values in bold denote intraspecific distances , plain values represent interspecific distances .
phylogeographical structure in mitochondrial dna of eggplant fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis guenée ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in south and southeast asia .
recently , several interceptions of larvae in solanaceous fruits imported from uganda have been recorded in england ( own observation ) and the netherlands ( marja van der straten , pers . comm . ) . leucinodes pseudorbonalis is one of the three african leucinodes species intercepted at european ports of entry .
wings . forewing length ♂ 7 . 5–10 . 5 m , ♀ 7 . 0–11 . 5 m ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .
wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5–12 . 0 mm , ♀ 7 . 0–14 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .
leucinodes laisalis clusters in two barcode groups : one group containing all specimens imported with fruits from kenya , ghana and nigeria , and a second group comprising a single south african specimen . this single specimen shows high uncorr - p distances of 2 . 4–2 . 8 % to the other leucinodes laisalis specimens .
ty - jour ti - discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) t2 - zookeys ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2015 au - mally , richard au - korycinska , anastasia au - agassiz , david j . l . au - hall , jayne au - hodgetts , jennifer au - nuss , matthias kw - leucinodes leucinodes orb er -
here we taxonomically revise leucinodes and sceliodes and their species from continental sub - saharan africa , in order to delimit species and to allow their proper identification .
known from west africa ( côte d’ivoire , ghana , liberia , nigeria ) , angola , dr congo , gabon , and tanzania ; intercepted with plant imports from ghana and zimbabwe to great britain and the netherlands . at least in the southern dr congo ( lubumbashi ) leucinodes rimavallis occurs sympatrically with leucinodes africensis .
composition of greek pseud ( o ) ‘false’ and orbonalis , meaning ‘false orbonalis ’ , referring to the similarities in external and male genital characters with leucinodes orbonalis .
leucinodes cordalis is known to occur in new zealand , australia , and indonesia : sulawesi ( snellen 1880 , dugdale 1988 , shaffer et al . 1996 ) .
despite repeated search in the collection of the zmhb , original material of leucinodes translucidalis gaede , 1917 from tanzania , tendaguru , could not be traced . according to the original description , this taxon can be regarded as conspecific with leucinodes laisalis due to all details given in the original description . especially the white triangle at the anterior line , another white triangle , though often somewhat inconspicuous , at the middle of costa , and the dark brown area below apex support the conspecifity with leucinodes laisalis .
thea lautenschläger ( technische universität dresden , germany ) and gerard van der weerden ( radboud university nijmegen , the netherlands ) identified the angolan host plants of leucinodes africensis .
the african populations comprise at least three cryptic sibling species . their economical importance remains unclear at the moment . specimens originating from from africa should be determined as “leucinodes sp . ”
@ article { bhlpart216626 , title = { discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) } , journal = { zookeys } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2015 } , author = { mally , richard and korycinska , anastasia and agassiz , david j . l . and hall , jayne and hodgetts , jennifer and nuss , matthias } , year = { 2015 } , keywords = { leucinodes leucinodes orb | } , }
the nature of damage to egg plant ( solanum melongena l . ) in ghana by two important pests , leucinodes orbonalis gn . and euzophera villora ( fldr . ) ( lepidoptera pyralidae ) .
there are further male specimens with indistinctive wing pattern and very similar genitalia , but dna barcode data suggest that among them are at least two further species . for more information , see under leucinodes spp .
male genitalia . as in leucinodes africensis , but with the fibula short , more triangular and robust , straight or slightly curved ; distal sacculus process short and always bent apically ; valva apex rounded or stout .
note : leucinodes orbonalis has now been added to the eppo a1 list . a full datasheet is being prepared , in the meantime you can view here the data which was previously available from the eppo alert list .
leucinodes currently includes twelve old world species distributed in tropical to mediterranean regions . the species share a white or light wing color and a calico pattern ranging from simple brown or dark fields to complex line patterns of light - to dark - brown color . a typical feature is the half moon - shaped spot on the forewing outer margin . several of these species are misplaced in leucinodes due to the superficial resemblance of wing color and pattern .
bishop s , matthews l , macleod a ( 2006 ) csl pest risk analysis . york , uk . urltoken cabi ( 2007 ) crop protection compendium . datasheet on leucinodes orbonalis . urltoken van der gaag dj , stigter h ( 2005 ) pest risk analysis leucinodes orbonalis ( guénée ) . plant protection service , the netherlands . urltoken zhang b - c ( 1994 ) index of the economically important lepidoptera . cabi wallingford , uk , 468 pp .
- most leucinodes specimens found in solanaceous fruits imported from africa into europe during the last 50 years belong to l . africensis , and to a lesser extent to l . laisalis , l . pseudorbonalis and l . rimavallis .
leucinodes orbonalis clusters in two groups , separated by 1 . 1–1 . 8 % uncorr - p distance . within - subcluster distances are 0–0 . 5 % for the smaller and 0–0 . 9 % for the larger of the two subclusters .
lygropia is a polyphyletic genus containing 62 species ( nuss et al . 2003–2014 ) . we provisionally transfer lygropia aureomarginalis ( gaede , 1916 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) from cameroon to this genus , as this species , according to wing pattern elements , is congeneric , if not conspecific , to lygropia vinanyalis viette , 1958 from madagascar . lygropia aureomarginalis can be distinguished externally from species of leucinodes by the shiny golden wing maculation and the presence of two frenulum bristles in the female .
leucinodes malawiensis resembles species of the neotropical genus neoleucinodes capps , 1948 : it shares the prominent diagonal line in the forewing base with neoleucinodes dissolvens ( dyar , 1914 ) , but lacks the long , sabre - like cornutus in the phallus . the absence of the half moon - shaped pattern at the anterior half of the forewing’s outer margin is also found in proleucinodes capps , 1948 . in the coi barcode neighbor joining tree leucinodes malawiensis clusters with neoleucinodes , but is weakly supported with 50 % bootstrap support .
why : since 2004 , more than 120 interceptions of solanum fruits infested by leucinodes orbonalis and imported from asia and africa have been made by several eppo member countries . the panel on phytosanitary measures recommended that this pest should be included into the eppo alert list .
due to the synonymisation of sceliodes , this species is provisionally transferred to leucinodes , as no proper generic placement has been found . compared to leucinodes , several differences can be found in wing pattern of grisealis kenrick , 1912 : in the fore wing , the postmedian line is originating in the apex , and its median protrusion is closely approaching the termen ; the half moon - shaped patch below apex is protruding beyond m 3 ; in the hind wing , the postmedian line is originating closer to the apex and is running closer to the termen .
holotype ♂ [ small blue label ] “gr . kamerunberg | buea 1 . –10 . xi . 10 | 1000–1200 m | e . hintz s . g . ” , [ large blue handwritten label with black border ] “ leucinodes | aureomarginalis | 83 : 8a type gaede” ( zmhb ) .
mally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 , 117 - 162 .
our work shows that typological concepts of taxonomy based on superficial similarity were still the state of the art in the genus leucinodes . the discovery of a complex of highly similar species demonstrates that traditional morphological methods and dna barcoding are helpful tools to detect species diversity and to improve their classification based on sound arguments .
- african leucinodes correspond to several species , most of which are new to science : l . africensis , l . ethiopica , l . kenyensis , l . laisalis ( = sceliodes laisalis , l . translucidalis ) , l . malawiensis , l . pseudorbonalis , l . rimavallis , and l . ugandensis .
mally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 : 117–162 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 472 . 8781
recorded on several 250 hosts worldwide . some of the major pests of the indian region parasitised by this species are chilo partellus , c . infuscatellus , c . sacchariphagus indicus , c . suppressalis , c . auricilius , cnaphalocrocis medinalis , scirpophaga incertulas , s . excerptalis , raphimetopus ablutellus , leucinodes orbonalis , helicoverpa armigera , and plutella xylostella .
we apply the morphospecies concept to our study . the dna barcode is used as additional source of information and as an identification tool for all developmental stages of african leucinodes species . the solanaceae species names mentioned in this study refer to their former context and do not necessarily correspond to the revised solanum taxonomy by knapp et al . ( 2013 ) .
wings . forewing white translucent , light brown or orange - to grey - brown , basal area light to dark brown , delimited by white and dark brown double line or in species with brown forewing ground colour by dark brown antemedian line ; median area with pale to dark brown , sometimes very faint proximal discoidal stigma ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) ; distal discoidal stigma pale to dark brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown , broadly l - shaped or triangular spot connected or disconnected with distal discoidal stigma ; postmedian line sinuate , faint and grey to grey - brown , white edged , with prominent subcostal bulge ; apex brown to grey - brown coloured ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) , with slim strip of white at outer margin ; margin dotted at veins , with large dots at apex and m 3 ; fringe white to pale brown with dark interruption at apex and at m 3 ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) . hindwing in both sexes with one frenular bristle , ground colour whitish , middle of wing with one or two spots , often faint ; postmedian line inconspicuous , bent towards spot at middle of wing ; area below apex suffused by pale brown to grey ; margin dotted at end of veins , with large dot at end of m 3 .
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the wing pattern of iriocapna meyrick , 1938 exhibits none of the features found in leucinodes . instead , the fore wings are pale yellow , with a yellowish costa , a dark spot in both outer edges of the cell , and a reddish undulating margin along the termen . the hind wings are of the same pale yellow ground colour , and the anterior half of the termen exhibits a similar margin as found in the fore wings . this wing pattern is common to the genus deanolis snellen , 1899 , where this species is correctly placed ( pers . comm . james e . hayden ) .
types : holotype albicillalis [ circular white label with red border ] “type” , [ beige label with brown border and triangular edges ] “amboina | doll . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “felder | collection . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “rothschild | bequest | b . m . 1939 - 1 . ” , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “amboina | dol . ” , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “ analyta | albicillalis m” , [ rectangular brown label with central white area , roundly bordered by dark brown and yellow ] “ albicillalis led . ” ( bmnh ) ; holotype apicalis ♂ [ circular label with red border ] “type” , [ rectangular white label ] “4 - 94” , [ rectangular white label ] “ceylon | 95 - 119” , [ rectangular white handwritten label ] “ leucinodes | apicalis | type ♂ hmpsn . ” , transparent capsule with abdomen ( bmnh ) ; holotype pseudoapicalis ♂ [ red rectangular label ] “holotypus” , [ white rectangular label ] “anping | formosa | h . sauter vi . 1911 . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “ analyta | pseudoapi | calis m . | strand det . ♂” ( sdei ) .
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host : this is a pest of brinjal ( solanum melongena ) but also attacks other solanaceous plants .
damage : younger larvae bore into the midrib and petiole of the leaf , resulting in drooping of the leaves . larvae also feed on the tender leaves and flower buds causing dead heart . fruits are attacked by making a hole near the basal part and tunnelling inside . fruit pulp is eaten up . a single larva can destroy several fruits .
life cycle : adult moth is whitish in colour with irregular reddish - brown markings on both wings and having a wing span of 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 cm . longevity of the adults is about a week and fecundity varies between 150 to 250 eggs per female . eggs , which are whitish and flat , are laid singly on the tender shoots or on fruits and hatch in 3 - 5 days . young caterpillars are creamish in colour but full - grown larva is pinkish with brownish head and scattered hairs and warts on its 1 . 5 cm long body . there are 5 larval instars and the larval period varies between 15 and 25 days . pupation takes place in a tough grayish to dull brownish elongated cocoon , usually in hidden portions of the plant . pupal period is 6 - 8 days .
distribution : countrywide distribution in india , burma , sri lanka congo , malaysia , south africa .
control : damaged shoots and fruits should be removed and burnt . spray of 0 . 1 % of carbaryl , sevimol , endrin , diazinon , malathion or endosulfan or cypermethrin 0 . 025 % should be timed with egg laying and larval emergence .
conservation of the following larval parasitoids brings down population : cremastus , pristomerus , bracon , shirakia , iphiaulax sp .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
richard mally , 1 anastasia korycinska , 2 david j . l . agassiz , 3 jayne hall , 2 jennifer hodgetts , 2 and matthias nuss 4
4 senckenberg natural history collections dresden , königsbrücker landstr . 159 , 01109 dresden , germany
corresponding author : richard mally ( on . biu . mu @ yllam . drahcir )
copyright richard mally , anastasia korycinska , david j . l . agassiz , jayne hall , jennifer hodgetts , matthias nuss
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pcr of the 5’ half of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , the so - called dna barcode ( for metazoa ) , was performed using primers hyblco ( folmer et al . 1994 , wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) . for degraded material primer pairs hyblco / k699 and ron / hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) were used to amplify the coi barcode in two fragments . pcr was performed in 25 µl reactions comprising 0 . 4u bio - x - act short dna polymerase ( bioline ) , 2 . 5 µl 10×optibuffer , 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 200 nm each primer , 200 nm dntp mix and 1–2 µl dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5min at 95 °c , 40 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 95 °c , 2 ) 30 sec at 48 °c , 3 ) 90 sec ( hyblco / hybnancy ) or 60 sec ( primers for degraded material ) at 70 °c , final extension of 10 min at 70 °c . alternatively primers lepf and lepr ( hajibabaei et al . 2006 ) were used in 25 µl pcr reactions using bio - x - act short 2× mix ( bioline ) , 400 nm each primer and 1–2 µl dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5 min at 94 °c , 35 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 94 °c , 2 ) 45 sec at 50 °c , 3 ) 1min at 72 °c , final extension of 10 min at 72 °c .
pcr products were visualised by separation in 1–1 . 5 % agarose gels in 1 × tbe buffer ( 89 mm tris - borate 2 mm edta ) containing gelred or ethidium bromide and visualised under uv light . pcr amplicons were cleaned up using exosap - it ( affymetrix ) or qiaquick pcr purification kit ( qiagen ) . sequencing of both strands was performed by eurofins mwg operon ( germany ) or in - house as follows . sequencing pcrs were performed with bigdye terminator v3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) using 5pm of the sequencing primer tails t7 / t3 ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and 0 . 5–4 µl pcr product . final clean - up was done via sodium acetate - ethanol precipitation . sequencing was performed on a 3130 genetic analyzer ( applied biosystems ) . pcrs , pcr clean - up and sequencing pcrs were performed on a mastercycler ep gradient s ( eppendorf ) or geneamp9700 ( applied biosystems ) .
obtained dna sequences were proofread by eye and aligned using phyde 0 . 9971 ( müller et al . 2008 ) or mega version 4 . 1 ( tamura et al . 2007 ) . ambiguous barcode nucleotides were coded according to the iupac ambiguity code ( cornish - bowden 1985 ) . sequences were then checked for plausibility using blast with the blastn algorithm ( altschul et al . 1990 ; url : urltoken ) as well as the bold identification system ( ids , url : urltoken ) . a 615 basepair fragment was analyzed with mega version 6 ( tamura et al . 2013 ) , using the distance criterion and the neighbor joining ( nj ) algorithm ( saitou and nei 1987 ) with uncorrected p - distances ( srivathsan and meier 2011 ) . statistical support was evaluated through 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . udea ferrugalis ( hübner , 1796 ) was used to root the nj tree .
label data of studied specimens were compiled in order to generate a distribution map . geographical coordinates , if not given on the label , were obtained via google earth , version 5 . 2 . 1 . 1588 and subsequently plotted on a map using diva - gis , version 7 . 2 . 3 ( hijmans et al . 2004 ) .
the data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the dryad data repository at doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . kk0n9 .
daraba walker , 1859 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type species : daraba idmonealis walker , 1859
eretria snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ; shaffer et al . 1996 : junior homonym of eretria robineau - desvoidy , 1863 ) . type species : eretria obsistalis snellen , 1880
) , in females shorter than antennal radius ; vertex with whitish to brown scales at the collar and brown scales directed forward ; chaetosemata absent .
thorax . dorsal side whitish to brown with whitish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side whitish ; legs predominantly whitish , foreleg femur , tibia and epiphysis light to dark brown ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 ( fore - , mid - , hindleg ) with outer spur 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .
abdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - , orange - or dark brown to grey .
) ; phallus simple , with variously shaped sclerites at posterior apodeme , vesica with or without cornuti .
female genitalia . corpus bursae ovoid , membranous , without signa ; ductus bursae membranous with delicate granulation , partly reaching into posterior corpus bursae ; antrum short to long , slim to broader than ductus bursae , anterior part sometimes coiled , mesocuticula thickened ( strongly stained with chlorazol black ) and exocuticula ( inner layer ) partly sclerotized ; ostium bursae with lateral membranous pockets , with or without oval sclerites ; both apophyses pairs simple , apophyses anteriores normally stronger developed than posterior apophyses , with or without broadened central portion .
last instar larvae with pink dorsal integument , intersegmental areas cream or light pink , the ventral integument cream ; strength of the colouration very variable , pink colour on majority of abdominal segments often interrupted laterally by a transverse cream line ; head , prothoracic and anal shields mid brown with variable black markings ; early instar larvae white or cream with brown pinacula and black head , prothoracic and anal shields . in older larvae the dorsal integument turns beige , then increasingly deeper pink as the moults progress , head and prothoracic shield brown ; pinacula pale brown and prominent against the integument in all instars . the chaetotaxy of the thorax and first nine abdominal segments of the last instar is illustrated in fig .
) ; four pairs of long hooked setae ventral to cremaster ; cocoon stout leathery , made of silk , firmly attached to the substrate .
wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5–10 . 5 m , ♀ 9 . 5–12 . 0 m ; forewing ground colour white , basal area light - to dark brown , delimited by dark brown to grey antemedial line ; median area with pale brown , faint proximal discoidal stigma ; distal discoidal stigma pale brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown l - shaped or triangular spot leading to forewing centre and often meeting with distal discoidal stigma ; antemedial line sinuate , more or less distinct , but with prominent subcostal bulge ; subapical half of termen with half moon - shaped brown to grey - grown spot ; marginal line dotted ; fringe and marginal line darkened at the tips of the half moon - shaped spot ; hindwing ground colour white , internal area white , with discoidal spot , basicostally often with auxiliary spot ; medial line sinuate , distal half approaching the discoidal spot , then turning towards dorsum ; external area pale brown to gray ; marginal line dotted .
) , valva apex rounded , strongly granulated ; distal 2 / 3 of ventral valva margin loosely covered with long thin setae ; phallus simple , tapering posteriad , posterior apodeme dorsally elongate , ventrally with subapical , weakly serrated sclerite ; ventral and dorsal portion of posterior apodeme separated by a slim , less strongly sclerotized region .
) , with a sclerite process leading in each of the lateral pockets ; both apophysis pairs simple , slightly curved .
msd1 and msd2 of meso - and metathorax usually on a shared pinaculum , earlier instars frequently have the msd setae on separate pinacula on one or both segments ; dorsal abdominal pinacula show apparent differentiation between west - and east - asian populations : in live western specimens ( e . g . , from pakistan ) , the abdominal d1 pinacula usually have an unpigmented cream coloured area near to their anteriomedian margin . this unpigmented area may be contiguous with the unmelanized cuticle surrounding the pinaculum or be surrounded by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum ( illustrated on a3–6 in fig .
) ; this cream white , unpigmented area may darken in preserved specimens , and in pre - pupae may be ringed in black . eastern specimens ( e . g . , from thailand ) often have dark spots on at least some of the d1 pinacula ( illustrated on a2 in fig .
) ; geographically intermediate populations ( e . g . , sri lanka ) often show an intermediate form with black spots on occasional pinacula , and any unpigmented area is usually ringed with black pigmentation ( illustrated on a7 in fig .
) . east - asian populations usually have mesally triordinal crochets , whereas the crochets of west - asian populations are mesally biordinal .
cremaster forms a variable shelf - like , sub - rectangular structure , much wider than long , usually with distinct distal corners and median notch ; dorsal surface spinulose , with additional small but distinct spines which are variable in extent , form and number ; cocoon of dark brown silk , may be white or beige when newly spun .
india , indonesia : java ( guenée 1854 ) , sri lanka ( walker 1859 , moore 1885 ) , myanmar ( burma ) , andaman islands ( pagenstecher 1900 ) , bangladesh , brunei , cambodia , china , japan , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , philippines , singapore , taiwan , thailand , vietnam ( cabi 2012a ) , australia ( shaffer et al . 1996 ) ; imported to great britain , the netherlands ( pers . comm . m . van der straten ) , denmark ( pers . comm . o . karsholt ) and the u . s . a . ( boateng et al . 2005 , solis 2006 ) .
solanaceae : solanum melongena l . , solanum aculeatissimum jacq . , solanum aethiopicum l . , solanum erianthum d . don . , solanum anguivi lam . ( as solanum indicum l . ) , solanum integrifolium poir . , solanum lycopersicum l . , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum mammosum l . , solanum nigrum l . , solanum torvum sw . , solanum tuberosum l . , solanum viarum dunal , solanum xanthocarpum schrad . , physalis minima l . , physalis peruviana l . , capsicum annuum l . ( van der straten 2005 ; hayden et al . 2013 ) .
west africa , 11 june 1848 , h . s . le marquand leg .
head . as for the genus , with frons moderately bulged , base of each meron of labial palps with white scales .
) ; ventrad fibula thin , spine - like , curved , crossing distal sacculus anterior to the sacculus process ; valva apex pointed ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with prominent oval saw blade - like sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with posteriodorsad oriented tapering process .
as for the genus , apart from : colliculum - antrum complex in sagittal plane of sigmoid shape ; dorsal surface of antrum exocuticle with longitudinal sclerotized strip running from sternite 8 , bearing transverse ridges ( fig .
) ; sternite 8 with anteriomedian recess , anteriolateral edges slightly dentate ; apophyses anteriores with broadened central portion .
, the majority of the abdominal d1 pinacula have a dark pigmented spot on the anteriomedian margin ( illustrated on a2 in fig .
latinized africensis , derived from the continent of africa from where the type material originates and referring to the widespread distribution of this species on the african continent .
solanaceae : solanum aethiopicum l . ( angola , leg . nuss 2013 ) , solanum lycopersicon l . , solanum melongena l .
kenya , mt elgon , 01°07 ' 06
n , 34°41 ' 30
e , february 1952 , t . h . e . jackson leg .
thorax . as for the genus , with dorsal side brown , tegula scales whitish - brown .
female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with short sclerotized section , central posterior antrum with diffuse weak sclerotization ; sternite 8 on each side with anteriad triangular process extending into the lateral antrum pockets .
from latin rima for ‘rift’ and vallis for ‘valley’ , referring to the african rift valley , the main distributional area of this species ( as far as known ) .
burundi , eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo , kenya , rwanda , south africa , uganda ( import ) .
solanaceae : solanum melongena l . , withania somnifera ( l . ) dunal .
angola , huambo province , luimbale , mt moco , 1800 - 1900 m , 12°28 ' s , 15°10 ' s , 18 march 1934 , k . jordan leg .
type - specimen . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “mt . moco , | luimbale , | 1800 - 1900m . , | 18 march 1934 . ” , “angola | ( dr k . jordan ) ” , “rothschild | bequest | 1939 - 1 . ” , bm pyralidae slide 23135 ( bmnh ) . – additional material . senegal . 1♂ dakar , 01 . viii . 1952 , leg . a . villiers ( bmnh ) ; uganda . 1♂ masindi , 29 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23125 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ labonga , unyoro , 13 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmbh pyralidae slide no . 23126 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ nabagulo forest , 15 m from kampala , 25 . x . –06 . xi . 1921 , leg . w . feather , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23145 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ , ruwenzori range , ibanda , 4 , 700ft , 4 . –12 . ix . 1952 , leg . d . s . fletcher , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23146 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ masindi , 30 . x . 1897 , leg . ansorge , prep . rm707 ( bmnh ) ; 2♂ kampala , 1897 , leg . dr . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23149 , prep . rm705 ( bmnh ) ; 1♀ same data , prep . rm706 ( bmnh ) ; the netherlands ( import ) : 1♀ barendrecht , import uganda , 26 . ii . 2014 , leg . sluijs , on solanum melongena , prep . rm758 ( nppo ) ; great britain ( import ) . see suppl . material 2 .
male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : juxta oval to rectangular ; valvae roughly rhombic ; sacculus process claw - shaped , extending dorsad , parallel to or crossing with fibula ; fibula slightly curved , spine - like , extending dorsad ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with a small oval or semicircular sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with simple rodlike process .
as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum shortly coiled in coronal plane , with the exoculticle exhibiting a longitudinal sclerotized strip bearing transverse ridges ( fig .
) ; sternite 8 intruding into the posteriorly somewhat constricted antrum , giving it a globular appearence .
larva . only one specimen available , examined live . black spots present on dorsal pinacula ; in the final instar , msd1 and msd2 on a shared pinaculum on both meso - and metathorax ; crochets mesally triordinal .
we found this species among material from senegal , uganda and angola , leaving a considerable distribution gap in central africa .
kenya , eastern province , marsabit district , marsabit national park forest , 1158 m , 2°13 . 996 ' n , 37°55 . 676 ' e , 29 december 2003 , r . s . copeland leg .
type - specimens . holotype 1♂ “kenya : marsabit national | park forest . 1158 m . | 2°13 . 996 ' n 37°55 . 676 ' e . | 29 dec 2003 , a & m coll . # 2636 | r . s . copeland ; icipe / usda” , “reared from fruit : | withania somnifera” , dna barcode “usnm ent 007 / 19337” , “1133 | nuss prep . no . ” , coll . nmk . paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , same data , dna barcodes usnm ent 719338 , 719339 , nuss prep . no . 1135 ( 1♀ nmk , 1♂ smtd ) ; 1♀ kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n 36 . 899°e , 1650 m , 21 . –24 . vi . 2005 , leg . s . e . miller , dna barcode usnm ent 719976 , nuss prep . no . 1134 ( usnm ) . – additional material . zimbabwe . 1♂ mashonaland , leg . h . b . dobbie , prep . rm694 ( bmnh ) .
female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with tubular sclerotized exocuticle ; sclerotized wall at antero - ventral edge of the ostium bursae which at rest closes the ostium bursae against abdominal segment 8 . this wall is not melanized and can be stained with chlorazol black . it is delimited dorso - laterally by sclerotized and melanized lobes arising from the anterior edge of segment 8 just ventral of the apophyses anteriores . anterior to the sclerotized wall there is a small , melanized colliculum .
the species is named after kenya , the only country from where it is confidently recorded so far .
so far only known from kenya . the record from zimbabwe needs confirmation by investigation of female specimens and molecular analysis .
malawi , central region , lilongwe district , ntchisi forest reserve , 1560 m , 13°18 . 99972 ' s , 34°02 . 99934 ' e , 18 february 2004 , l . aarvik leg .
type - specimen . holotype ♂ “malawi central | region , lilongwe district : | ntchisi forest reserve | 1560 m 18 . ii . 2004 | leg . l . aarvik” , dna voucher smtd lep1617 , prep . rm683 ( nhmo ) .
wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5 mm ; forewing base dark brown , its outer margin a straight diagonal line from the costa to the maculation of the central hind margin , a triangular patch leading lateroposteriad from the costa with the costal half reddish - brown and the central tip white ; outer median area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; subterminal line indistinct except subapical thickening ; apex white ; hindwing antemedial line indistinct ; dark discal spot ; postmedial line clear at costal margin , fading out posteriad ; anterior distal area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; terminal wing veins dark - spotted .
male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : saccus elongated , u - shaped ; juxta short , oval , twice as broad as long ; valvae slender , tapering towards the dorsad bent apex ; fibula small , triangular , oriented ventrad ; sacculus process absent ; phallus with a spinoid posteriad sclerotization emerging from the ventroposterior apodeme .
megaphysa laisalis walker 1859 : 382–383 . ( hampson 1899 : 275 to sceliodes )
head . frons slightly bulged ; labial palps upturned , greyish to brown , first meron on ventral side with forward - directed tuft , third meron in males half as long as second meron , considerably longer in females ; maxillary palps minute ; haustellum well developed ; eyes large , hemispherical ; ocelli present ; antennae ciliate , cilia considerably longer in males ; vertex with creamy white scales ; chaetosemata absent .
thorax . dorsal side brown with greyish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side grey to whitish ; legs predominantly whitish or grey , epiphysis present ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 with outer spur 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .
wings . forewing length 7 . 0–11 . 5 mm , the females being somewhat larger ; both sexes with one frenular bristle ; forewing ground colour orange - to grey - brown , with the general sceliodes wing pattern .
abdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - brown ; older specimens often with darkened abdomen due to degeneration of abdominal fat body .
male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : vinculum saccus conspicuously elongated anteriad ; juxta usually with small notch at median base ; valvae emerging in narrow angle from vinculum ; phallus with keeled coecum , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , slightly curved and well sclerotized process , vesica with a short line of tiny cornuti .
female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : antrum long , tubular , anterior end coiled ; apophysis pairs straight , apophyses anteriores with somewhat broader muscle attachment area at posterior quarter .
solanaceae : solanum incanum l . ( kenya , leg . muli & okuku 2005 ) , solanum anguivi lam . ( “ solanum sodomaeum l . , ” ) , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum melongena l . , solanum linnaeanum hepper & p . - m . jaeger , solanum lycopersicon l . and capsicum annuum l . ( hayden et al . 2013 ) .
we found a significant dna barcode difference of 2 . 4–2 . 8 % uncorrected - p distance between the single south african specimen and the kenyan and ghanan / nigerian barcode clusters ( fig .
; see also section ‘dna barcoding’ below ) . these differences in the dna barcode are not reflected in a divergent morphology of the clusters .
neighbor joining tree of coi barcodes based on uncorr - p distances and rooted with udea ferrugalis . bootstrap support values derived from 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates ; scale bar represents 1 % uncorr - p barcode divergence .
ethiopia , dire dawa region , dire dawa district , dire dawa , december 1934 , h . ulenhuth leg .
type - specimens . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “dire daoua , | abyssinia , | december 1934 . | ( h . uhlenhuth ) . ” ; 19 paratypes : 11♂ 8♀ same data as holotype , including one with bm pyralidae | slide 23138♂ ( bmnh ) . – additional material . eritrea . asmara , 20 . x . 1905 . leg . n . beccari ( without abdomen ) , 1♀ same data except 28 . i . 1905 ( bmnh ) ; ethiopia . 34 ex . same data as holotype except ii . 1935 , 4 ex . ditto except iv . 1935 , 7 ex . ditto except v . 1935 including bm pyralidae | slide 23139♀ , 1 ditto except ix . 1935 , 2 ex . labelled durleti [ = daleti ] ( bmnh ) ; saudi arabia . 2♀ taif ( bmnh ) .
wings . forewing length 6 . 0–8 . 0 mm . forewing mixed ochreous and white , an oblique dark ochreous fascia from above dorsum reaching halfway across wing , a blackish crescent before ochreous subterminal line , black dots along termen . hindwing white , a small black discal spot , a faint irregular dark subterminal line , ochreous suffusion in outer part of wing in middle and towards apex .
male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : transtilla with short central notch , each transtilla arm with a dorsad spine ; vinculum saccus with rounded tip ; juxta oval to rectangular , apex with a short central notch ; apex of valvae dorsally curved ; small , spine - like dorsad fibula emerging from the central inner side of valva ; sacculus with a fibula - like spiny dorsad process emerging ventrodistally of the fibula ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with semicircular dentate sclerite .
female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : ductus bursae with fine longitudinal ripples ; antrum tubular , with broader anterior end ; apophyses anteriores at posterior half laterally broadened for muscle attachment .
uganda , eastern uganda region , serere district , okulongo , 8 december 1958 , w . r . ingram leg .
type - specimens . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “ [ transversally written ] 1608 | “serere | okulongo | 8 dec . 1958 | w . r . ingram | ex solanum sp . ” , “pres . by | com inst ent | bm1959 – 499” , “c . i . e . no . 16499” , with cocoon under specimen . 2 paratypes : 1♂ same data as holotype and “ pyralidae | brit mus | slide no . | 14696” . 1♀ same data as holotype except 9 dec . 1958 ( bmnh ) . – additional material . ethiopia . 2♂ diredaua , n . w . of harar , 1914 , leg . g . kristensen , 1♀ dire dawa , abyssinia , i . 1935 , leg . h . uhlenkuth ( bmnh ) ; south sudan . 1♀ tambura , southern bahr - al - ghasal ( bmnh ) ; somalia . 4♂ 1♀ mogadishu , 17 . –26 . xi . 1985 , 7 . vii . 1986 , 19–20 . viii . 1986 and 23 . vii . 1986 , leg . a . g . parker , bmnh pyralidae slides no . 23140 & 23137 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ hargeison , 4300ft , v . 1939 , leg . m . portal hyatt ( bmnh ) ; kenya . 1♀ somaliland , mandera , 47km sw of hubera , 3000ft , 13 . xi . 1908 , leg . w . feather ( bmnh ) .
wings . forewing length 6 . 5–11 . 5 mm . forewing pale fuscous , an oblique brown partial fascia at halfway with white markings on either side , an orange triangle on dorsum beyond halfway , apex deep brown , separated by a whitish line . hindwing whitish , fuscous suffused near margin in middle and towards apex , a faint subterminal line in costal part of wing .
male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : small , hooked dorsad fibula emerging from the ventrocentral inner side of valva ; distal sacculus with dorsad ridge forming a bulge , followed by a spiny , curved terminal process overlapping with the fibula ; phallus vesica with several small spiny cornuti .
female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : diffusely sclerotized exocuticula reaching into posterior ductus bursae ; lateral antrum pockets rather small .
) . for the remaining specimens listed below , we did not obtain dna barcodes . in spite of the absence of further specimens for comparison , especially females , and the lack of convincing morphological differences , we are not going to describe these possibly distinct species here . this complex needs further study .
kenya . 1♂ rift valley , naivasha , 1900m , 0°46 ' 56
s 36°25 ' 23
e , 5 . xii . 2011 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz , prep . djla 1318 ( coll . djla ) ; zambia . 1♂ chiwefwe , ii . 1950 , leg . n . mitton , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23133 ( bmnh ) ; namibia . 1♂ namibia , waterberg , 20°30 ' s 17°14 ' e , 13 . iii . 2010 , leg . f . koch , dna voucher mtd lep1872 , prep . rm708 ( zmhb ) ; south africa . 1♂ cape province , knysna , wilderness , iv . 1950 , leg . h . b . d . kettlewell , bm pyralidae slide 23128 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ johannesburg , 21 . iv . 1906 , leg . a . t . cooke , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23144 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ e . cape prov . , katberg , 4 , 000ft , 1 . –15 . i . 1933 , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23150 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ kwazulu - natal , estcourt , leg . j . m . hutchinson , prep . rm779 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ eastern cape [ pondoland ] , port st . john , ix . 1923 , leg . r . e . turner , prep . rm780 ( bmnh ) ; swaziland . 1♂ lebombo - mountains , ndzevane area near nsoko , acacia - rich bushland at the foot of the lebombo mountains , 23 . –24 . i . 2007 , leg . t . karisch , dna barcode bc mtd 01818 , prep . rm502 ( coll . mtd ) .
daraba extensalis walker , 1866 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : new zealand , auckland .
eretria obsistalis snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : indonesia , sulawesi [ celebes ] , boelekomba ; bonthain .
sceliodes mucidalis guenée , 1854 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : australia .