bolinus cornutus , or horned murex , is a predatory species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex or rock snails .

this species is common along the west coast of africa , where it prefers moderately shallow waters .

the shell of the snail is distinctively large , spiny , and club-shaped , usually pale brown or tan in colour , with an elongated and straight siphonal canal .

bolinus cornutus

seashell murex bolinus cornutus outstanding ! very spiny ! 127 . 1 mm | ebay
horned murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]
hans - martin braun added the german common name
purpurschnecke
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the english common name
horned murex
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
gehörnte stachelschnecke
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
purpurschnecke
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
brandhorn
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
herkuleskeule
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the dutch common name
brandhorenslak
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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purple dye murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) brandaris ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
( of murex ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
3008 t bolinus brandaris spiridon brusina ( 11 december 1845 – 21 may 1909 ) was a croatian malacologist . together with oton kučera and gjuro pilar , he founded the croatian society of natural sciences in zagreb in the late 1885 .
( of aranea conspicua perry , 1811 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of murex cornutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 746 [ details ]
( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
bolinus brandaris ( originally called murex brandaris by linnaeus ) , and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye - murex , is a species of medium - sized predatory sea snail , an edible marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or the rock snails .
richter , a . , amor , m . j . & durfort , m . 2010 . the anatomy and ultrastructure of the gland of leiblein of bolinus brandis and coralliophila meyendorfii , two neogastropod species with different ecology and feeding strategies . poster for soc . for environmental biology , annual meeting , prague 2010 .
the colour purple was a colour and sign of dignity in the roman empire . it could only be worn by the emperor and other high ranked people . the production of the dye was extremely expensive . a gland in the shell bolinus brandaris was used to produce an originally yellow substance , but by oxydation ( cooking it in urine ) it turned purple . this liquid was used to dye fabric . the colour was fixated using alum , a type of salt .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
the gastropods ( snails & slugs ) are a group of molluscs that occupy marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . most gastropods have a calcareous external shell ( the snails ) . some lack a shell completely , or have reduced internal shells ( the slugs & sea slugs & pteropods ) . most members of the gastropoda are marine . most marine snails are herbivores ( algae grazers ) or predators / carnivores .
the horned murex snail shown above is part of the west african province :
the warms waters of the west african coast of the atlantic possess very unique species , especially in the volute , murex , and margin shell families . the region extends from morocco to angola with habitats varying from muddy sand flats to stretches of black basalt rock . people in this area use mollusks extensively for food .
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caught by fishing boats , 20 ~ 30m deep . a few nicks here and there .
malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca ( mollusks or molluscs ) , the second - largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods . mollusks include snails and slugs , clams , octopus and squid , and numerous other kinds , many ( but by no means all ) of which have shells .
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beached alive after storm . cervia ( north adriatic ) , italy . 2 / 2008
light mauve - pink shell with slight flattened spiral ribs . sharp uneroded spire retaining smooth apical protoconch and some imbrication on earl whorls . whorls moderately convex with shallow sutures , deeper near apex .
respiratory water drawn in on left side through inhalent siphon by beat of cilia on robust ctenidium in the mantle cavity . siphon and pallial channel allow water to be inhaled away from contamination of food , and , with osphradium at inner end of channel , to test water quality and the scents of prey and mates .
locomotion by ditaxic retrograde waves on centrally divided sole of foot . slow moving shambling gait . sedentary as sessile prey usually abundant and unable to flee . travels about 10cm in a tidal cycle , with days immobile while digests meals . no planktonic stage ; dispersal relies on slow crawling ; consequent low gene exchange contributes to local differences in appearance and behaviour ; chromosome number of races varies .
and less than full - grown perforatus perforatus ( barnacle ) urltoken ( flickr album ) .
adults usually ignore small barnacle species such as chthamalus urltoken & urltoken ( flickr albums ) [ some sources contradict crothers ; cause may be geographical variation in genetics or habit , or frequent misidentification by humans of barnacle spp . - examination of tergoscutal flaps required urltoken flickr album ] .
consumption of n . lapillus by humans discouraged by acrid smell and taste , but several known predators ; list in crothers ( 1985 ) p . 302 . main enemies are carcina maenas and necora puber ( crabs ) and larus spp . ( gulls ) , and it is one of the hosts parasitized in sequence with cerastoderma edule and larus spp . by parorchis acanthus ( trematode worm ) . thick shell can sustain considerable abrasion / erosion , but polydora worms , initially commensal , may eventually cause its decay with multiple borings 1nl urltoken .
variations in shell colour have been attributed to diet ( barnacles : white , mytilus : dark ) , but environmental selection and genetics seem more likely . colour of individual’s new growth can change in response to impact of move from shore to aquarium ; can confuse laboratory colour : diet experiment results . populations with large proportions of coloured and banded shells are most frequent in s . wales and s . w . england , including , but not only , the area where mytilus consumption predominates . in most populations , old specimens are predominately plain whitish or greyish as outer pattern - bearing layer is eroded away 4nl urltoken .
white sea to gibraltar , not baltic ( low salinity ) , absent or scarce in denmark , germany and netherlands ( soft substrate ) . gbif map urltoken . common on hard substrate all around ireland and britain , avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries . apparently absent or scarce in lincolnshire and suffolk ( soft substrate ) ; many records exist around ireland and e . scotland ( mckay & smith , 1979 ) that have not been entered on nbn . u . k . interactive distribution map nbn urltoken
some local gaps difficult to explain ; some perhaps due to imposex near international ports where tributyltin still present .
urltoken ( galicia , n . w . spain . various colours , incl . black )
for help and advice about anatomy i would like to thank dr gregorio bigatti , dr alfredo castro - vazquez , dr sami ibidli , dr ivan nekhaev and dr yu i kantor . many thanks to dr jan light for the loan of specimens , to dominic flint for access to data in his unpublished study and to neil ward for use of his images . special thanks for correspondence and patient help are due to dr alexandra richter . any remaining inaccuracies are attributable to me .
the most used sources for this account were crothers ( 1985 ) and fretter & graham ( 1962 ) . fretter & graham ( 1994 ) contains updated information , but lacks the systematic index of the 1962 edition that enables the finding of n . lapillus details scattered through 800 pages .
andrews , e . b . & thorogood , k . e . 2005 . an ultrastructural study of the gland of leiblein of muricid and nassariid neogastropods in relation to function , with a discussion on its homologies to other caenogastropods . j . mollus . stud . 71 : 269 - 300 . malacological society , london . free pdf at : urltoken
ballantine , w . j . 1961 . a biologically - defined exposure scale for comparative description of rocky shores . field studies 1 ( 3 ) : 1 - 19 . free pdf at : urltoken
[ ballantine , pp . 16 - 18 , recognised that his use of indicator species lists was area specific . see zettler , 2013 for further consideration of this topic . ]
biggam , c . p . 2006 . knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in anglo - saxon england . anglo - saxon england 35 : 23 - 55 . abstract at : urltoken
caldwell , m . marine pollution and sexual confusion in dog whelks . free pdf of university college of london poster about imposex , but note that illustrations of “dog whelks” ( n . lapillus ) are of buccinum undatum . urltoken
carefoot , t . 2016 ( date viewed by ifs ) a snail ' s odyssey ; learn about whelks and relatives . [ web - page with detailed information on shell boring by nucella ]
crisp , m . , fine structure of some prosobranch osphradia . marine biology 22 : 231 - 242 abstract at urltoken
crothers , j . h . 1985 . dog whelks : an introduction to the biology of nucella lapillus . field studies , 6 , 291 - 360 . free pdf at
flint , d . 2001 . unpublished study of nucella predation on patella spp . in guernsey .
forbes , e . & hanley s . 1849 - 53 . a history of the british mollusca and their shells . vol . 3 ( 1853 ) , van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken use slide at base of page to select pp . 379 - 387 . )
fretter , v . and graham , a . 1962 . british prosobranch molluscs . ray society , london .
fretter , v . and graham , a . 1994 . british prosobranch molluscs . revised and updated edition . ray society , london .
graham , a . 1988 . prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . linnean society of london .
hughes , r . n . and dunkin , s . de b . 1984 . behavioural components of prey selection by dogwhelks , nucella lapillus ( l . ) , feeding on mussels , mytilus edulis l . , in the laboratory . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 77 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 - 68 . abstract at urltoken
jeffreys , j . g . 1862 - 69 . british conchology . vol . 4 ( 1867 ) . van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken . use slide at base of page to select pp . 275 - 289 . )
mckay , d . w . & smith , s . m . 1979 marine mollusca of east scotland royal scottish museum , edinburgh .
lewis , j . r . 1964 . the ecology of rocky shores . london , hodder & stoughton .
mallon , p . & manga , n . 2007 . the use of imposex in nucella lapillus to assess tributyltin pollution in carlingford lough . j . e . h . r . vol . 6 issue 2
matveeva t . a . 1955 . biology of purpura lapillus ( l . ) on west murman . in : kamshilov m . m . , ed . trudy murmanskoy biologicheskoy stanysii , 2 : 48 - 61 [ in russian ] .
medeiros , r . , serpa l . , brito , c . , de wolf h . , jordaens , k . , winnepenninckx , b . & backeljau t . 1998 . radular myoglobin and protein variation within and among some littorinid species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . hydrobiologia 378 : 43 - 51 .
santillo , d . , johnston , p . & langston , w . j . 2001 . tributyltin ( tbt ) antifoulants : a tale of ships , snails and imposex . european environment agency , environmental issue report 22 , part 13 .
sarramégna , r . 1965 . poisonous gastropods of the conidae family found in new caledonia . technical paper 144 , s . pacific commission , new caledonia .
european environment agency . several articles on imposex and its effects on various species . urltoken
yonge , c . m . and thompson , t . e . 1976 . living marine molluscs . collins , london .
zettler , m . l . et al . 2013 . on the myths of indicator species : issues and further consideration in the use of static concepts for ecological applications plos one vol 8 , issue 10 [ ref . is not specific to n . lapillus , see note under ballantine , above . ] free pdf at
acinous salivary gland = compound gland of many small rounded sacs that secrete enzymes for external predigestion / liquefaction of prey .
afferent = carrying towards . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood , see efferent . )
bipectinate = feather - like , with narrow filaments either side of central stalk .
cilia = ( pl . ) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in feeding or locomotion . ( “cilium” singular ) .
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals ; hidden inside shell , except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal .
columellar = ( adj . ) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod .
columellar muscle = attaches body , including opercular disc , to columella of shell ; contraction of muscle withdraws body within shell , and pulls operculum to seal aperture .
commensal = ( adj . ) obtaining nutrients , shelter , support , or locomotion from a host species , without causing it significant detriment .
conchiolin = horny flexible protein that forms the matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc’s shell .
ctenidium = comb - like molluscan gill ; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side .
ditaxic = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) double series of waves , out of phase with each other , one series on each side of central furrow on sole .
direct = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from posterior to anterior .
efferent = carrying away from . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood from ctenidium ) .
height = ( of gastropod shells ) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture .
hypobranchial gland = thickened , sometimes puckered , tissue on roof of mantle cavity of many gastropods . emits mucous to trap particles from
inhalent water before it reaches ctenidium . often other biologically active compounds produced . gland occurs also in some bivalves and cephalopods ( ink sac ) .
mhwn = mean high water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight ) .
mhws = mean high water spring tide level ( mean level reached by highest tides for a few days every fortnight ; pelvetia zone on rocky coasts ) .
mlwn = mean low water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight . i . e . those that fall the least ) .
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs .
mesopodium = middle section of gastropod foot . ( see propodium & metapodium ) .
metapodium = rear section of gastropod foot . ( see mesopodium & propodium ) .
myoglobin – red oxygen - binding protein in muscle tissue ; often in buccal - mass muscles of gastropods . similar to red haemoglobin in vertebrate blood , but green haemocyanin is usual oxygen - carrier in mollusc blood . see urltoken
newton = ( abbreviation n ) force exerted by earth’s gravity on approx . 100g .
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin , rarely calcareous , used to close shell aperture .
osphradium = chemo - receptor organ in molluscs that tests inhalent water flow approaching ctenidium ( gill ) for “smell” of food , prey , predators , mates and / or water quality .
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone ( main body of water ) .
propodium = front section of gastropod foot . ( cf . mesopodium & metapodium ) .
prosobranchia = 20th century term for subclass of gastropoda that included most marine snails with ctenidia . now distributed between several subclasses . see note at urltoken
rectal gland = ( a . k . a . anal gland ) function uncertain , perhaps produces substances that supplement the excretory activity of the kidney .
retrograde = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from anterior to posterior .
sessile = ( of organism ) fixed in one place , e . g . barnacles .
siphon = extension of mantle to form a channel for inhalent respiratory water current .
siphonal canal = grooved or tubular extension of outer lip of the shell aperture on some snails to support the siphon .
siphonal fasciole = raised rib , ridge or band along abapertural side of siphonal canal , formed by successive edges of canal .
sperm ingesting gland = ( in female nucella lapillus ) group of dark brown blind - ended tubules at posterior of capsule gland where excess sperm unrequired by female are trapped , engulfed by cells and digested .
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum ( bilobed flap ) .
ebbene sì . sono andata al mare ! ! ! ! anche se ho rimediato una bruciatura ai polpacci ( - . - ) ed il mare era più che agitato . . . ma . . . e ' iniziata l ' estate ! ! ! ( forse ! )
this snail lives in the central and western parts of the mediterranean sea and has been found on isolated coral atoll beaches in the indian ocean and south china sea . it was known since ancient times as a source for purple dye and also as a popular food source under various names , among which sconciglio , from which comes the word scungilli .
the snail is 100 % eco - friendly and hand collected on beaches in the district of megara ( greece ) .
die meeresschnecke wurde 100 % umweltfreundlich per hand an stränden im verwaltungsbezirk megara ( griechenland ) gesammelt .
this photograph and all those within my photostream are protected by copyright . they may not be reproduced , copied , transmitted or manipulated without written permission .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010


the yellow-eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) or hoiho is a penguin native to new zealand .

previously thought closely related to the little penguin ( eudyptula minor ) , molecular research has shown it more closely related to penguins of the genus eudyptes .

like most other penguins , it is mainly piscivorous .

the species breeds along the eastern and south-eastern coastlines of the south island of new zealand , as well as stewart island , auckland islands , and campbell islands .

colonies on the otago peninsula are a popular tourist venue , where visitors may closely observe penguins from hides , trenches , or tunnels .

on the new zealand mainland , the species has experienced a significant decline over the past 20 years .

on the otago peninsula , numbers have dropped by 75 % since the mid-1990s and population trends indicate the possibility of local extinction in the next 20 to 40 years .

while rising ocean temperatures play an important role , it appears that human activities at sea ( fisheries , pollution ) may have an equal if not greater influence on the species ' downward trend .

yellow - eyed penguin

the yellow - eyed penguin is the third largest penguin behind the emperor penguin , the largest and the king penguin being the second largest .
penguin place is a private conservation reserve dedicated to helping the endangered yellow - eyed penguin survive .
the voice of the yellow - eyed penguin is semi - musical when compared to other penguin calls .
no sub - species of the yellow - eyed penguin have been found yet .
a yellow - eyed penguin on the otago peninsula stares out at the ocean .
yellow - eyed penguin ' s population has declined 76 percent from 1996 to 2015 .
yellow - eyed penguin trust volunteer juliette parsons said the penguin place health centre was a necessity for locally injured penguins .
penguin place , otago peninsula - a cute yellow - eyed penguin plays to the unseen crowd in the penguin hide above otago harbour . credit : tourism dunedin
yellow - eyed penguin trust ( yept ) and doc , with other key groups , have been involved with penguin monitoring .
) was also observed , another important yellow - eyed penguin prey species . brittle stars (
more in - depth information can be found on the yellow - eyed penguin trust website .
the yellow - eyed penguin is a medium - sized penguin with pale yellow eyes , growing to approximately 65 centimetres in height . the average weight for an adult is 5 to 6 kilograms . the yellow - eyed penguin has a pale yellow head with black feather shafts .
donate your time or money to help penguin protection groups , such as the yellow - eyed penguin trust and forest & bird .
mrs parsons is involved with several aspects of helping the yellow - eyed penguin trust , including transporting penguins to and from penguin place .
the yellow - eyed penguin is named for the band of yellow that runs from its eyes to the back of its head .
is easily identified by its yellow coloured eyes and bright yellow band that runs from its eyes round the back of the yellow - eyed penguin ' s head .
only 1500 to 1700 pairs of yellow - eyed penguin population were identified in a survey in 2010 .
colorful plants , trees , and humidity are part of the natural landscape of the yellow - eyed penguin .
the yellow - eyed penguin trust and doc completed the annual yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho monitoring along the otago and southland coastline and estimate that there are 260 breeding pairs .
unique to new zealand , the hoiho , or yellow - eyed penguin , is thought to be one of the world ' s rarest penguin species .
some of the images of the yellow - eyed penguin listed here will give you an idea of their appearance .
yellow - eyed penguin foraging study , south - eastern new zealand , 1991 - 1993 . science & research series
the rare yellow - eyed penguin , or hoiho , is one of new zealand’s most iconic and beloved animals .
avian diptheria has killed one in three yellow - eyed penguin chicks hatched at two north otago colonies this year .
the yellow - eyed penguin trust’s work involves the conservation of coastal ecosystems that include yellow - eyed penguin breeding habitats . it has protected yellow - eyed penguin habitats along the otago and southland coastlines by establishing penguin reserves , providing fencing to protect nests from wandering stock , replanting breeding areas with native trees and shrubs produced at its own nursery ( 5 , 000 . . . continue
a yellow - eyed penguin found sick and underweight in the catlins last month has been returned to the wild after recovering in penguin place on otago peninsula .
) protruded from the otherwise featureless seafloor . yellow - eyed penguin prey species such as juvenile forms of benthic blue cod (
the yellow - eyed penguin consultative group is an umbrella group made up of those individuals and groups , which have an interest in the conservation of yellow - eyed penguin through out its range . the group meets 4 times a year and organises an
as their name implies , yellow - eyed penguins have pale yellow eyes . their head is also pale yellow . a band of bright yellow extends from their eyes around the back of the head .
geographical characteristics , foraging and diving parameters for eight lines determined from yellow - eyed penguin foraging tracks recorded between 2004 and 2012 .
as well as being an extraordinary bird in its own right , the yellow - eyed penguin is also valuable to the local economy .
the department of conservation ( doc ) needed to put more resources towards managing the remaining yellow - eyed penguin population , she said .
. another conservation effort is the yellow - eyed penguin trust , which teaches people about the penguins and collects funds for their conservation . there are only a few thousand yellow - eyed penguins living in the world today .
along with the yellow - eyed penguin trust and others , we have completed the annual yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho monitoring along the otago and southland coastline . it ' s estimated that there are 260 breeding pairs .
yellow - eyed penguin . adult walking on beach . sandfly bay , otago peninsula , december 2012 . image © philip griffin by philip griffin
the yellow eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) , also known by the maori as the hoiho ( noise shouter ) lives and breeds on the otago peninsula in dunedin . the yellow eyed penguin is currently the rarest penguin in the world . it is a large penguin standing between 65 - - 79 cm and weighing 7 - 8 kgs fully grown . the best viewing for yellow - eyed penguins in dunedin is with a local tourism operator through specific hides , or viewing stations . urltoken
the yellow - eyed penguin ' s marine habitat is equally important because it provides food , and allows for dispersal and movement between land habitats .
penguin land : conservation minister steve chadwick ( right ) and former reserve landowner max affleck unveiling the site of the new reserve at long point , established for the protection of the yellow - eyed penguin .
the yellow - eyed penguin or hoiho is a penguin found in new zealand , on the south - east coast of south island , foveaux strait and stewart island / rakiura and auckland and campbell islands .
researchers for the yellow - eyed penguin trust ( yept ) along with otago and massey university scientists and the department of conservation cannot find a cause .
the yellow - eyed penguin forages predominantly over the continental shelf between 1 and 16 miles offshore , diving to depths of 131 ft to 394 feet .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the yellow - eyed penguin article in your website content , school work and other projects .
2012 .
penguins : basic facts
( on - line ) . yellow - eyed penguin trust . accessed october 17 , 2012 at urltoken .
van heezik , y . , p . seddon . 1989 . stomach sampling in the yellow - eyed penguin : erosion of otoliths and squid beaks .
coastal otago operations manager annie wallace said a small number of dead adult yellow - eyed penguins were found recently as part of regular penguin nest monitoring .
for interested members to report back on their year ' s activities . the symposium also has an annual theme relating to yellow - eyed penguin conservation .
inappropriate behaviour by visitors to yellow eye penguin habitats is an increasing threat to nesting and moulting birds .
the otago population of yellow - eyed penguins has been affected by avian diphtheria , she said .
yellow - eyed penguins are sedentary birds that usually stay in one area , except when hunting .
the yellow - eyed penguin usually nests in forest or scrub . it feeds mainly on blue cod , red cod , opal fish , sprat and squid .
the yellow - eyed penguin trust is a conservation organisation dedicated to the protection of yellow - eyed penguins . through generous sponsorship by organisations like mainland products ltd , they have been able to purchase several areas of penguin habitat and are working to revegetate them and restore habitat for penguins . they can be contacted at
the yellow - eyed penguin is often referred to as the rarest penguin in the world , although , unfortunately , there are others that could lay claim to that crown too : especially the galapagos and fiordland penguins .
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any further losses of yellow - eyed penguins will bring forward the date of their local extinction .
according to richdale ' s account of the types of behaviour , the yellow - eyed penguin has various call notes which apparently include a good proportion of yelling .
65 cm . medium - sized penguin with pale yellow eye . pale yellow head with black feather shafts . band of bright yellow from eyes around back of head . juvenile has greyer head with no band .
66–76 cm ; 3·6–8·9 kg . the only penguin with pale yellow band through eye . adult has light straw - yellow feathers with black shaft streaks . . .
moore , p . j . 2001 . historical records of yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) in southern new zealand . notornis 48 : 145 - 156 .
yellow - eyed penguin trust science advisor trudi webster said because of the 2013 event , the trust was being proactive in collecting samples from the dead penguins for testing .
yellow - eyed penguins swim great distances and dive to extraordinary depths for food . there are only a few hundred of this rare penguin living on the catlins coast .
breeds once a year , forming pairs that usually remain faithful to one another . the female yellow - eyed
yellow - eyed penguins get their name from the color of their eyes and the band around their head .
“we need to get organized , ” mattern said . the yellow - eyed penguins are depending on it .
penguin numbers are still below sustainable levels , but it could have been a lot worse had it not been for everyone who contributed , large or small , to the conservation of this unique bird - the yellow - eyed penguin .
standing 65 cm tall and weighing 5 to 6 kg , the yellow - eyed is the fourth largest of the worlds penguins . the distinguishing feature of the yellow - eyed penguin is its distinctive yellow eye and bright yellow stripe that runs through the eye and around the back of the head . both sexes are alike , although the male does have slightly larger head and feet .
yellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults and chick ( mp3 , 2 , 417k ) 02 : 34 – parents calling in the vicinity of the nest and feeding chicks .
in parts of the coastal south island habitat , yellow - eyed penguin breeding grounds have fallen silent and only
the odd lonely pair
of penguins cling to survival .
ellenberg u , mattern t ( 2012 ) yellow - eyed penguin : review of population information . marine conservation services programme . wellington : department of conservation . available : .
elm has taken further steps towards protecting the world’s rarest penguin ( the yellow eyed ) and its terrestrial environment by enhancing habitat , nest site creation and predator control programmes .
yellow - eyed penguins are dying in droves on stewart island and scientists are at a loss to explain why .
seddon , p . , l . davis . 1989 . nest - site selection by yellow - eyed penguins .
color : juvenile yellow - eyed penguins have a grayish head and gray iris , unlike the adults that have light yellow heads with yellow iris . adults have black feathers , with dark brown throat and chin . it has bright stripe of yellow from the nape to the eyes .
habitat protection and restoration ( including predator control ) is managed by the department of conservation ( doc ) , the yellow - eyed penguin trust , community groups , and private landowners .
seddon , p . j . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . yellow - eyed penguin . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
what we do know is that sadly , only about 1 , 700 breeding pairs of yellow - eyed penguin are left , making it one of the rarest penguins in the world .
the company has also established and financially funded a project to rejuvenate the yellow eyed penguin population . this is one of only two privately funded conservation projects in new zealand , and has had a significant effect on the growth of the rare penguin population .
yellow - eyed penguins lay two eggs and parents typically raise both chicks , which can be nearly equal in size .
houston dm ( 2005 ) diphtheritic stomatitis in yellow - eyed penguins . new zealand journal of zoology 32 : 267 .
the scientific name of the yellow - eyed penguin is megadyptes antipodes which means big diver from the southern lands ( mega = big , dyptes = diver , antipodes = southern lands ) .
our commitment to new zealand’s nature / environment is reflected in membership of the yellow - eyed penguin trust and the yellow - eyed penguin consultative group . the survival of the yellow - eyed penguin on otago peninsula close to dunedin provides a major challenge and needs to be managed through active contributions by all parties involved , including the concerned public . in co - operation with the department of conservation ( doc ) , nature guides otago is supporting a volunteer warden program for sandfly bay which was established in 2007 . this closely monitored program provides guidance and education for the public and independent travelers with the aim to reduce stress for the yellow - eyed penguins and to enhance the visitors’ nature experience .
where the yellow - eyed penguin has come into contact with european settlement it has suffered a considerable reduction in numbers . this is the case on the otago peninsular where a good deal of the forest has been cleared with the consequent destruction of the bird ' s breeding grounds . for the birds on the otago peninsular , richdale informs me that squid and small fish , yellow - eyed mullet and red cod , have been identified by him as part of the food of the yellow - eyed penguin .
the rata was planted with the help of the reserve land ' s previous owner max affleck _ who still owns 700 surrounding hectares _ and yellow - eyed penguin trust founding trustee lala frazer .
the population trend for the yellow - eyed penguin is decreasing and there are some conservation actions being taken such as policy - based actions , research actions , and habitat and site - based actions .
yellow eyed penguin trust manager sue murray said she was concerned at the developments in the moreraki colonies , and staff were checking on chicks in the trust ' s managed colonies on the otago peninsula .
although they nest in loose ‘colonies’ , mated yellow - eyed penguins seek solitude , often nesting out of sight of each other .
is a parasite that has been found on wild yellow - eyed penguins . there is not much information on the ecosystem role of
the yellow - eyed penguin is equally dependant on marine and land habitats , which include forest and coastal scrubland . habitats adjacent to the coastline that have been burnt or developed for farming restrict nesting options .
its māori name , hoiho ( meaning noise shouter ) , was given because of its shrill call . the yellow - eyed penguin is also known as takaraka , and an ancient māori name was tavora .
penguin place . 2012 .
conservation project
( on - line ) . penguin place conservation reserve . accessed november 13 , 2012 at urltoken .
the yellow - eyed penguin is struggling to survive on mainland nz . the yellow - eyed penguin trust is involved in monitoring and maintaining ( predator control , replanting , nest monitoring ) a large number of sites on the mainland and stewart island . as it does not run a revenue - generating touristic operation , the trust relies largely on donations and a number of dedicated volunteers . donations may be made online .
we financially fund this project of many years to assist the local population of yellow eyed penguins viewed by our customers . this has been extremely successful with the population slowly growing . the project is one of only two funded and managed by commercial operators . others are funded by government and other organisations such as the yellow eyed penguin trust .
the largest penguin that does not live in the antarctic . a defining trait of this particular penguin is their yellow eyes . the characteristic used to distinguish between adult and juvenile penguins is the presence of yellow plumage on the adult ' s heads . yellow feathers are not present on juvenile penguins until they molt , around the age of one .
australian economist professor clem tisdell ( university of queensland ) calculated that nature - based tourism ( relying primarily on the yellow - eyed penguin ) returned $ 100 million annually to the dunedin economy in 2007 . this figure is likely to be higher today . a single breeding pair of yellow - eyed penguins could be worth $ 60 , 000 .
about 50ha of catlins farmland had been set aside for the protection of the yellow - eyed penguin , the new conservation minister steve chadwick said yesterday at an unveiling ceremony at long point , just south of owaka .
rarest of all the penguins , the yellow - eyed penguin is unique in appearance and behaviour . these solitary birds have experienced population declines in the last 50 years due to habitat loss and predation by introduced species .
sharks , barracouta , fur seals and new zealand sea lions take yellow - eyed penguins at sea . yellow - eyed penguin adults and chicks periodically succumb to disease . there was a major die - off of adults in 1990 , and in more recent breeding seasons young chicks in mainland breeding sites have become infected with a disease described as diphtheritic stomatitis .
the largest of the penguins breeding on the new zealand mainland , the yellow - eyed penguin has become a flagship species for nature - based tourism in the southern south island . recent research has revealed the presence on the south island of a sister species , the waitaha penguin megadyptes waitaha . up until c . 1500 ad , yellow - eyed penguins were restricted to auckland and campbell islands , while the mainland was occupied by waitaha penguins . it is thought that waitaha penguins were harvested to extinction , their disappearance enabling straggler yellow - eyed penguins from the subantarctic to establish on the mainland , where human - induced extirpation of large marine mammals allowed them to expand into the population we see today . the endemic yellow - eyed penguin is now the only extant member of the genus megadyptes .
yellow - eyed penguins are forest or shrubland nesting birds , usually preferring to nest in a secluded site and backed up to a bank , tree or log . although they nest in loose
colonies
, yellow - eyed penguins do not nest within sight of each other .
yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho are one of the rarest penguins in the world and are only found in new zealand ( endemic ) .
yellow - eyed penguins have a long breeding season starting with courtship in august and finally ending with fledging of the chicks the following march .
dog owners are being warned they must take better control of their dogs following the deaths of two yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho in the catlins if they want to help the species survive . in the past month , two of the nationally endangered birds have been attacked and killed along the catlins coast at the yellow - eyed penguin trust’s . . . continue
get rid of the books and lecture theatres - this is what wildlife biology is really like - on your hands and knees bashing through 400 metres of bush every day in the hunt for yellow - eyed penguin nests .
elm wildlife tours is pleased to work along side conservation aware land owners towards the preservation of yellow eyed penguins , which are considered to be the world ' s rarest penguin species , with a little over 5000 remaining in the world . in the effort to save the yellow eyed penguin , we have carried out extensive habitat planting , construction of nest sites and predator control , all of which are crucial to the survival of the penguins .
the yellow - eyed penguin is in great peril on the peninsula ― and on the new zealand mainland as a whole , researchers found . climate change and other effects of human activity could drive the species extinct locally in
fortunately , mattern said , there is still hope for the yellow - eyed penguin and the habitat to which it belongs . “all is not yet lost , ” he said . “we haven’t reached the critical threshold . ”
14 . of the 17 penguin species , the most endangered is new zealand’s yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) : only around 4 , 000 birds survive in the wild today . but other species are in trouble , including the erect - crested penguin ( eudyptes sclateri ) of new zealand , which has lost approximately 70 percent of its population over the past 20 years , and the galapagos penguin , which has lost more than 50 percent since the 1970s .
to get a peek at the famed penguin , named for the band of bright yellow that runs from its eyes to the back of its head .
darby , j . t . ; seddon , p . j . 1990 . breeding biology of the yellow - eyed penguin . pp . 45 - 62 . in penguin biology ( eds davis , l . s . ; darby , j . t . ) . academic press , orlando , florida .
2 darby jt , and seddon pj , 1990 . breeding biology of yellow - eyed penguins ( megadyptes antipodes ) . in : penguin biology . edited by ls davis and jt darby . academic press , san diego usa .
this is not unusual for this time of year , however we are mindful of the 2013 event where 67 adult penguins died – an event that only affected yellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults ,
she said .
doc ' s coastal otago operations manager annie wallace says
a small number of dead adult yellow - eyed penguins have recently been found as part of regular penguin nest monitoring . this is not unusual for this time of year however we are mindful of the 2013 event where 67 adult penguins died , an event that only affected yellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults . we are working with wildbase of massey university to determine the likely cause of these deaths . in the interim we are increasing the frequency of monitoring penguin sites
.
in the paper , they wrote : “now we all know that yellow - eyed penguins are quietly slipping away we need to make a choice .
the department of conservation is concerned about the number of yellow - eyed penguins , with breeding pairs hitting a record low for two years running .
the yellow - eyed penguin is said to be one of the rarest penguins in the world . it can be found in new zealand and is called hoiho or
noise shouters
by the maori of new zealand . the yellow - eyed penguin is the fourth largest penguin and its most distinguishing feature is their yellow eyes and the bright yellow stripe that runs by the eye and around to the back of its neck . these penguins feed on a variety of fish , mostly opal fish , silverside , sprat , aruhu , and red cod . they also eat arrow squid . when the penguins feed , they tend to go near the bottom , and can go quite far off shore .
yellow - eyed penguins are easily identifiable among other species because of the yellow color of their eyes and also because the plumage of the back , flippers , and the tail is not dark black as in other species .
about 70 per cent of the penguin chicks have died over the past six years .
the penguin has set up its nest near a proposed walking track in curio bay .
the current status of the yellow - eyed penguin is endangered , with an estimated population of 4 , 000 . it is considered one of the worlds rarest penguin species . the main threats include habitat degradation , introduced predators as well as environmental changes . it is thought to be the most ancient of all living penguins .
a new disease , leucocytozoonosis , was identified during the 2005 season that caused mortality of chicks on stewart island . yellow - eyed penguin chicks on the auckland islands were also found to be infected with leucocytozoon during disease screening in 2008 .
first breeding occurs at 3 - 4 years of age and long term partnerships are formed . yellow - eyed penguins may live for up to 24 years
yellow - eyed penguins ' habitat ranges across the southeast south island , banks peninsula , stewart island , and auckland , campbell , and codfish islands .
urltoken thomas mattern ' s blog on research into the foraging ecology of yellow - eyed penguins on new zealand ' s otago peninsula and stewart island .
are the only terrestrial mammals that are capable of predation on adult yellow - eyed penguins . however , non - terrestrial predators include new zealand sea lions
each autumn penguins replace all their feathers in a process called the moult . during this time penguins must sit ashore for 25 days to grow new feathers , and are unable to go to sea . the moult is a very dangerous time for them because disturbance can lead to increased stress and potentially permanent damage to new feathers . where yellow eyed penguin moult in areas where they can be disturbed doc staff and the yellow - eyed penguin trust will move them to safer habitats .
adults are unmistakable with their yellow eyes and yellow eye - stripes that join on the back of the head . moulting birds and birds at sea can be confused with crested penguins . immature birds are similar to adults but have a pale yellow chin and a less vivid yellow eye - stripe .
the yellow - eyed penguin is one of the most endangered of all penguin species ( 3 ) . these birds are slate grey with a white breast . as their common name suggests they have yellow eyes , accentuated by the yellow band that runs from the eyes around the back of the head ( 4 ) . males and females are identical but juveniles lack the yellow eyes and bands of older birds ( 2 ) . the maori name for these birds is ‘hoiho’ , which means ‘the noise shouter’ in reference to their shrill call ( 5 ) .
whether linear foraging patterns in yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula are associated with a diet of reduced quality remains a matter of conjecture at this stage and more research is required to substantiate this hypothesis . however , the circumstantial evidence suggests that yellow - eyed penguins are likely exposed to cascading fisheries effects where disturbances of the benthic habitat influence the assemblages of benthic species and penguin prey , which is reflected in penguin behaviour , diet composition , and subsequent impacts on reproductive outcome .
generally searches for food up 10 miles offshore , and travels ( on average ) around 15 miles away from the colonies nesting site . the yellow - eyed
though penguins generally form colonies , these yellow - eyed ones are known to be making nests beyond the sight of others as they are not very social .
elm wildlife tours , based on the otago peninsula , quietly goes about its work , showcasing the natural beauty of the otago area , paying particular attention to the unique and rare yellow eyed penguin , as well as blue penguins and sea lions .
climate change and other effects of human activity are driving the endangered penguin to the brink .
yellow - eyed penguin trust science advisor trudi webster says
because of the 2013 event , we are being proactive in collecting samples from the dead penguins for testing . we plan to use analysis of these results to compare to the 2013 event
.
species by the international union for conservation of nature , the yellow - eyed penguin is one of the rarest penguins on the planet . endemic to new zealand , the bird is found in three distinct clusters . about 40 percent live on the new zealand
juvenile yellow - eyeds look very similar to the adults , but lack the yellow head band . they gain their adult plumage at one year of age .
in a new study , researchers developed a model to predict what will happen to the yellow - eyed penguins on the otago peninsula over the next few decades .
on a small island hundreds of kilometres south of bluff , kiwi scientists are carrying out a census of sorts . they ' re trying to work out the population of our endangered yellow - eyed penguin . but the birds don ' t make it easy .
there are a number of conservation organisations in new zealand working to conserve penguins . some like the department of conservation and forest and bird work at a national level with many species and habitats while others like the yellow - eyed penguin trust are species specific .
65 cm . , 5 . 5 kg . , crown and sides of face pale golden yellow , band of yellow from eye around the back of head .
yellow - eyed penguins breed in forest or scrubland , choosing to build nests against rocks or tree trunks , which provide some protection from the elements ( 2 ) .
more than 100 , 000 visitors make their way through the catlins each year to view the 180 million - year - old fossil forest as well as the area ' s wildlife , such as yellow eyed penguin , rare hector dolphins , seals and sea lions .
mattern said people may point to the two subantarctic clusters as a reason to not worry about the yellow - eyed penguin on the mainland . “if the penguins disappear here , they can just say , well , we still have them on the subantarctic islands . ”
is not a colonial penguin , meaning it does not live in large groups with other penguins .
the yellow - eyed penguin may be the rarest penguin in the world . the coastal forests of their habitat , particularly of mainland new zealand , have been destroyed to make way for development and agriculture . introduced sheep and cattle pose a threat as they can trample on penguin nests and overgraze the area , destroying further habitat ( 2 ) . in 1986 and 1990 there were two major population crashes , the causes of which remain a mystery ( 6 ) . the other major threat to the yellow - eyed penguin comes from introduced mammalian predators such as ferrets , cats , rats and dogs ; juvenile penguins or adults during their moult phase are extremely vulnerable to predation and numbers have been decimated over the years ( 2 ) .
the yellow - eyed penguin is endemic to new zealand and breeds on the sub - antarctic auckland and campbell islands , along the southeast coast of new zealand’s south island , and stewart island and its outliers . the species is classified endangered in the 2013 red list [
on 19 february 2013 , we undertook a one - day cruise on the university of otago research vessel polaris ii to the foraging grounds of yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula . two offshore stations were chosen that coincided with lines determined from penguin foraging tracks (
dr ursula ellenberg , of la trobe university , who has researched yellow - eyed penguins for the past 14 years , said : “it is sobering to see the previously busy penguin - breeding areas now overgrown and silent , with only the odd lonely pair hanging on . ”
this research was approved by the university of otago animal ethics committee ( aec 32 / 03 ) and complies with the current laws of new zealand . entry and research permits required for the work on the endangered yellow - eyed penguin were issued by the department of conservation .
they nest in dense vegetation in dunes and coastal forest , with nests typically being isolated from each other . at sea , yellow - eyed penguins forage in pairs or alone .
commercial wildlife tourism takes place on both private land and on doc - administered reserves . unregulated visitor access is facilitated with signage and viewing hides . there is regulated seasonal tourist presence at yellow - eyed penguin landing and nesting areas on enderby island , in the auckland island group .
they have been listed under the endangered section by iucn red list . various conservational programs have been initiated to protect the species by the yellow - eyed penguin trust apart from recovery plans . it has also stressed to keep dogs out of their breeding sites to ensure complete protection .
size : it is quiet a large penguin , having a length of between 27 and 30 inches .
an endangered african penguin brays with its mouth open , showing off the bristly inside of its mouth .
an emperor penguin loses its old feathers ( the fluffy ones ) as new ones grow in underneath .
new zealand’s iconic yellow - eyed penguins – displayed on billboards greeting people arriving at the country’s main airports – could become extinct from the mainland in 25 years , scientists have warned .
yellow - eyed penguins spend most of their day at sea , feeding in the warm new zealand waters . amazing underwater swimmers , they can dive to depths of 400 feet and are adapted to holding their breath for up to four minutes . yellow - eyed penguins may travel up to 20 miles from shore to feeding grounds at the edge of the continental shelf .
introduced predators such as cats , stoat and ferrets have impacted yellow - eyed penguin populations . habitat degradation , avian malaria , food shortages due to sea temperature changes , human disturbances , drowning in fishing nets , and accidental fires are all threats to yellow - eyed penguins . all 18 penguin species are legally protected from hunting and egg collecting . the antarctic treaty of 1959 makes it illegal to harm , or in any way interfere with , a penguin or its eggs . every penguin specimen collected with a permit must be approved by and reported to the scientific committee for antarctic research ( scar ) . penguins are vulnerable to habitat destruction , overfishing of primary food sources , ecological disasters such as oil spills , pollution such as trash in the ocean , and human encroachment into nesting areas .
on 19 february 2013 , we undertook a one - day cruise on the university of otago research vessel polaris ii to the foraging grounds of yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula . two offshore stations were chosen that coincided with lines determined from penguin foraging tracks ( figure 1d ) .
the yellow - eyed penguin is a tall , heavy penguin with a distinctive pale yellow uncrested band of feathers passing across the nape and around the eyes . the forecrown , chin and cheeks are black flecked with yellow , the sides of the head and the foreneck are a light fawn - brown , and the back and tail are slate blue . the chest , belly , front thighs , and the underside of the flippers , are white . the red - brown and pale cream bill is long and relatively slender . the eyes are yellow , and the feet pink dorsally and black - brown ventrally . juveniles lack the pale yellow band and have a paler eye and paler back of the head . sexes look alike ; males are larger than females .
the department of conservation was alerted to the penguin by members of the public at the end of may .
a few weeks ago we brought you the story of new zealand ' s first penguin underpass in oamaru .
is endangered according to the iucn red list and is threatened according to the united states federal list . the main cause contributing to the status of yellow - eyed penguins is deforestation on the coast of new zealand . there are various conservation efforts , including penguin reserves , such as penguin place in dunedin , new zealand . these reserves allow visitors to view the penguins for a fee , which helps conserve
the present - day distribution of yellow - eyed penguin breeding sites corresponds to the pre - european distribution of cool coastal hardwood forest . currently , breeding occurs in mature coastal forest , regenerating coastal scrub , but also in pasture , windbreaks of planted exotic trees , and on relatively exposed cliffs .
endemic to new zealand , yellow - eyed penguins breed on the east and south coast of the south island , on and around stewart island , the auckland islands , and campbell islands .
has a diet that consists mostly of small prey , either juveniles or species whose adults are small . yellow - eyed penguins are carnivores . their diet is mainly composed of fishes including opalfish
yellow - eyed penguins can be seen at nugget point and curio bay . there are several wildlife guides in the catlins who are doc concessionaires and who can take visitors to see them .
in the 1940s those waters , including the incredibly fun to pronounce kumo kumo whero bay , warmed enough that , based on current understanding of the penguin - ocean temperature relationship , the region’s yellow - eyed penguin populations should have declined . thanks to the fastidious record keeping of one lancelot eric richdale , a school teacher and amateur ornithologist , we know that wasn’t the case . instead , their populations boomed .
moore pj , wakelin md , douglas me , mckinlay b , nelson d et al . ( 1995 ) yellow - eyed penguin foraging study , south - eastern new zealand , 1991 - 1993 . science & research series . wellington , nz : department of conservation . 40 p . available : .
yellow - eyed penguins have a very long chick - rearing period ( 100 days ) . consequently , breeding takes from september to february . moult occurs at the end of the breeding period .
the fact that yellow - eyed penguins aren’t faring so well bodes poorly for other animals in the region , according to dr . michelle larue , a research ecologist at the university of minnesota .
animations of foraging trips of two yellow - eyed penguins exhibiting straight line foraging in december 2004 ( bird id 14688 , line “d” ) and 2012 ( bird id 17935 , line “c” ) .
moore pj ( 1994 ) . what is a bad season for yellow - eyed penguins ? conservation advisory science notes wellington , nz . : department of conservation . 7 p . available : .
“when including adult survival rates from 2015 into the models the mean projection predicts yellow - eyed penguins to be locally extinct in the next 25 years , ” dr . stefan meyer , a co - author on the study , said in a statement . though their populations on new zealand’s otago peninsula is already dwindling pretty rapidly , about 60 percent of the yellow eyed penguin population lives on the sub - antarctic auckland and campbell islands . however , not much scientific research has been dedicated to these birds .
it was taken from a beach near the nuggets in the catlins to the penguin place rehabilitation facility near dunedin .
the sick penguin after it was found near death in may , near kaka point . photos : samuel white .
lays two eggs in her nest in the forest which are incubated by both parents for up to a couple of months , when only one of the eggs will usually hatch . the yellow - eyed
indeed , our findings on the seafloor at the location of line “c” indicate that man - made cues prone to erosion over time provide yellow - eyed penguins the means for accurate way - finding .
mattern also notes that if climate change were the only threat to penguin populations , the birds would probably be able to adapt and survive . in 1943 , the waters of kumo kumo whero bay warmed so much that the yellow - eyed penguin population should have declined—but it did not . mattern suspects that the birds’ ability to thrive under these conditions can be attributed to the fact that many new zealanders were overseas fighting in wwii .
enderby island is the insurance policy for the yellow - eyed penguin . while there ' s small pockets on the new zealand mainland , it ' s thought roughly 1000 , or half of those currently known to be in existence , are on this tiny island , making the most of its pest - free status .
king s , harper g , wright j , mcinnes j , van der lubbe j et al . ( 2012 ) site - specific reproductive failure and decline of a population of the endangered yellow - eyed penguin : a case for foraging habitat quality . marine ecology progress series 467 : 233 - 244 . doi :
newshub have just published an interesting article about the yellow - eyed penguins on enderby island . this footage was filmed while newshub reporter thomas mead was recently aboard our ship the ' spirit of enderby . '
. yellow - eyed penguins do not have any anti - predator mechanisms against terrestrial mammals because they are a relatively new predator , although their conservation status does help serve as an anti - predator mechanism .
if things continue on their current trajectory , new zealand’s yellow - eyed penguin may go locally extinct by 2043 , according to a study released today in the journal peerj . breeding penguins declined by 76 percent between 1996 and 2015 . and while climate change is a factor , it’s unclear if it’s the most important one .
you see how tourism and penguin conservation work together in elm wildlife tours exclusive ( private ) wildlife reserve .
april 25 of each year is world penguin day , and to celebrate here are 14 facts about these charismatic seabirds .
seddon , p . j . ; ellenberg , u . ; van heezik , y . 2012 . yellow - eyed penguin . in biology and conservation of the world’s penguins ( eds garcía borboroglu , p . g . ; boersma , p . d . ) university of washington press , seattle u . s . a .
the loss of coastal forest has played a part in the decline of the yellow - eyed penguin on the nz mainland , but the biggest threat to the survival of the species is introduced mammalian predators . wild cats , ferrets and stoats often kill chicks and take eggs . adult penguins all too often fall victim to dogs .
in treatment with site fixed effects and with an instrumental variable based on site accessibility . of the three treatments analyzed , only intensive management is significantly correlated with increases in sitelevel penguin population growth rate . we estimate the marginal cost of providing yellow - eyed penguins through intensive management to be nz $ 68 , 600 per nest .
mattern t , ellenberg u , houston dm , davis ls ( 2007 ) consistent foraging routes and benthic foraging behaviour in yellow - eyed penguins . marine ecology progress series 343 : 295 - 306 . doi :
data on these other threats is currently limited , but researchers believe the fishing industry may play a significant role . gill nets used by fishermen are known to ensnare yellow - eyed penguins , which get entangled in the near - invisible nets and drown . a 2000 study that looked at autopsy data of 185 yellow - eyed penguins that died around south island found that more than 70 deaths were linked to gill net entanglement .
the penguins are estimated to contribute about $ 70 million ( or 100 million new zealand dollars ) to the local economy every year through tourism . “at every airport in the country , you’ll find the yellow - eyed penguin on huge billboards , ” said mattern , a researcher at the university of otago . “it’s a huge draw . ”
university of otago zoologist dr thomas mattern said the study used forecast climate change models to predict the impact on penguin populations .
a team of penguin researchers are stationed on enderby island in the new zealand sub - antarctic for four months over summer , arduously counting the yellow - eyeds one - by - one for the first complete population count since 1990 .
the studies further suggest that yellow - eyed penguins only settled on mainland new zealand about 500 years ago , taking over the ecological niche left behind by their extinct predecessor . the present breeding range does not expand into the range of the northern population of m . waitaha . it is noted that a few mainland prehistoric bones were attributed to m . antipodes , yet the author attributed these to vagrant non - breeding birds ( a small breeding population can however not be ruled out ) . hence , present day yellow - eyed penguin populations on south island probably represent an unusual example of human intervention leading to expansion of the range of a species ( albeit at the expense of another ) . the yellow - eyed penguin may not have suffered the same fate as its extinct relative for several reasons : ( i ) sustainability of resources became more entrained in maori culture , ( ii ) decimation of sea lion populations following human settlement may have facilitated the establishment of yellow - eyed penguins , and ( iii ) coastal settlements appear to have dwindled in the 16th century based on archaeological records , reducing human exploitation of coastal birds .
a tall , portly penguin with a pale yellow band of feathers that runs from each yellow eye around the nape , a long straight red - brown and pale cream bill , and pink and black feet . the rest of the head , neck and dorsal surface is slate blue ; the breast and belly white down to the feet .
yellow - eyed penguins inhabit island shorelines in new zealand . most of the shore is covered in coastal forest , where the penguins live and nest . these birds are primarily terrestrial and only enter the water to hunt .
a joint project between the yellow - eyed penguin trust and the department of conservation , the commemorative planting of a rata tree and two hebe plants on the coastal cliffs marked the designation of the new reserve , which will include about 12km of coastline . the small ceremony was one of ms chadwick ' s first public appearances as the conservation minister .
ms young said the penguin was close to death when found . it was severely underweight at 3kg , dehydrated and still moulting .
during sea week in march , the yellow - eyed penguin trust staff and volunteers got involved in our seas our future’s beach clean - up . we focused on the area around smaills beach and were shocked at the amount of rubbish dumped just off the road side into the bushes . after sea week we raised the issue with dunedin . . . continue
yellow - eyed penguins have the most variable incubation period of any penguins , with eggs taking anywhere from 39 to 51 days to hatch . with the exception of emperor penguins , whose incubation period is two months , penguin eggs hatch in just over one month and , within any given species , this seldom varies by more than a day or two .
yellow - eyed penguins breed on the southeast coast of the south island , on stewart island and adjacent islands , and in the subantarctic on the auckland and campbell islands . on the mainland , yellow - eyed penguins breed in four distinct breeding regions : the catlins , otago peninsula , north otago and banks peninsula . the few pairs on banks peninsula usually breed with little success , and recruitment appears to come from more successful breeding areas further south . on stewart island , yellow - eyed penguins breed along the northeastern and eastern shores , and on several offshore islands . vagrants have reached the north island as far north as the bay of plenty , chatham islands and snares islands .
once found , the team will tag the penguins and monitor their nests , keeping an eye on feeding and breeding . that means long walks . while most penguin species nest in massive colonies , yellow - eyeds spread out and nest alone .
of the three clusters , the yellow - eyed penguins on the mainland are under the greatest threat of extinction , mattern said . “if you look at the penguin species around the world , the ones really under threat are the ones that live and breed close to human settlements . the closer they are to humans , the greater they are in peril . ”
there is no evidence that commercial or recreational fisheries directly reduce prey availability to yellow - eyed penguins , however they do occur as by - catch in inshore set nets . there can be marked inter - annual variation in food supply for yellow - eyed penguins , with intermittent poor food years being marked by reduced numbers of breeding attempts , slow chick growth , higher pre - fledging chick mortality , low chick fledging weights and lower survival of juveniles and adults .


fraus fusca is a moth of the hepialidae family .

it is found in the australian capital territory , new south wales tasmania and victoria .

fraus fusca

fraus fusca ( lucas , 1891 ) = hectomanes fusca lucas , 1891 = hectomanes rufula turner , 1927 = fraus rufula .
fraus fusca ( t . p . lucas , 1891 ) mountain fraus hepialidae , hepialoidea
there is little knowledge about fraus fusca in adult form and in my area of victoria ( the wimmera ) collections are few and far between .
fraus fusca ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus sp . photo courtesy of david fischer fraus simulans . victoria . march 31 , 2017 photo courtesy of nick temby©
fraus quadrangula nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 130
fraus serrata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 137
fraus minima nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 123 ; tl : australia
fraus megacornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 125 ; tl : australia
fraus basicornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 127 ; tl : australia
fraus tedi nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 129 ; tl : australia
fraus marginispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 132 ; tl : australia
fraus latistria nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 138 ; tl : tasmania
fraus linogyna nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 139 ; tl : australia
fraus distispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 141 ; tl : australia
fraus mediaspina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 142 ; tl : australia
fraus biloba nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 143 ; tl : australia
fraus basidispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 145 ; tl : australia
fraus furcata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 148 ; tl : australia
fraus pilosa nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 150 ; tl : australia
fraus griseomaculata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 161 ; tl : australia
primitive ghost moths : morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )
fraus orientalis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 133 ; tl : new south wales
fraus bilineata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus serrata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus minima ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus megacornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus basicornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus tedi ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus quadrangula ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus marginispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus orientalis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pteromela ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus latistria ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus linogyna ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus distispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus mediaspina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus biloba ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus basidispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus nanus ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus furcata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pilosa ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus crocea ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus simulans ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus polyspila ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus griseomaculata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pelagia ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
adults fly mostly in the autumn and a few species occur in large numbers . larvae of fraus simulans construct vertical silk - lined tunnels in the soil and feed on surface grasses from within silk lined webbing ( grehan , 1989 )
nielsen , e . s . & kristensen , n . p . 1989 ,
primitive ghost moths . morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )
, monographs on australian lepidoptera , vol . 1 , pp . i - xiii , 1 - 206
the adult moths are plain brown with variable vague markings and dark dots on the forewings . the males are inclined to have darker forewings than the females , and grey hindwings . the moths have very hairy legs and thorax . the male moths have a wingspan of about 2 cms . the females are bigger , with a wingspan of about 3 cms .
melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 16 . 7 , p . 146 .
series 2 , volume 6 , part 2 ( 1891 ) , p . 283 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
lucas , t . p . 1891 ,
on queensland and other australian lepidoptera with descriptions of new species
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 2 , vol . 6 , no . 2 , pp . 277 - 306
turner , a . j . 1927 ,
new and little known tasmanian lepidoptera . part ii
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1926 , pp . 119 - 164
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e27f4a8 - 9818 - 49a7 - 9a35 - 3f502a7c7b98
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8d076f5e - 495a - 487b - 97af - 1347666be30c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6d4b7bf - f661 - 4881 - b5df - 57f3d0bfbb0b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ec763eea - 1daa - 4e86 - b498 - 62d3ff45d868
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be0342e9 - c9fe - 4980 - 9a11 - 1b6e9e7f3c8e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 266997
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is monophyletic with respect to ( 1 ) elongate elliptical scales with a short , finely serrated apical margin and ( 2 ) patch of hair - scales at the base of the female hindwing ( nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ) .
nielsen , , e . s . and kristensen , n . p . 1989 .
s . e . big desert at 15 . 5 km . w . s . w . of rainbow , victoria , australia , 22 april 2008
paratype . australia : coolgardie , june 5 , 1965 . image courtesy of thomas j . witt©
det . e . s . nielsen , 1983 . new zealand arthropod collection . image : jane hyland ( cmnh )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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butterflies , moths plus other invertebrates found in my garden at great western , victoria . australia
at the time , i decided this photograph was not good enough to post to this blog . however , after having the privilege of an expert opinion on some moth identifications , i ' ve changed my mind !
i will be keeping my eyes open for future sightings of this moth . data , obviously , is pretty important .
i spotted this one on my doorstep in april this year . it was quite a small moth .
identification updates of some hepialids plus a couple of other moth species will be made shortly , thanks to ' expert opinion ' .
an interesting genus jl , i ' ve had a couple come in here , one still unidentified . i ' ll be looking out for them next season .
how are you feeling , duncan ? yes , particularly as there ' s not a lot known .
if i am able to learn one new thing each day in the vast field of entomology , i shall be content .
much of my learning experience has been due to the following : - don herbison - evans for helping me with moth and caterpillar identification . urltoken michael f . braby - the complete field guide to butterflies of australia paul zborowski and ted edwards - a guide to australian moths museum victoria urltoken
i am a recently retired small - scale primary producer . i ' ve been a keen nature ( and animal behaviour ) observer for most of my life but now i have the time to direct my energy towards learning much more about the fauna and flora around me . i ' m a keen photographer and i credit the invention of digital photography steering me onto the path i am now so enjoying !
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
would you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .
it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .
i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .
of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .
nielsen , ebbe s . ; robinson , gaden s . ; wagner , david l . ( 2000 ) .
this page was last edited on 23 february 2018 , at 15 : 40 .
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= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
hectomanes pteromela lower , 1892 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 15 : 5 ; tl : s . australia
epiolus nanus herrich - schäffer , [ 1853 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 3 ) : pl . 10 , f . 46
hectomanes crocea lucas , 1891 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) : 283 ; tl : australia
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list ) ; [ aucl ]
hectomanes polyspila meyrick , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1127 ; tl : victoria
hectomanes pelagia turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 164 ; tl : tasmania
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
walker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .