nesopupa quadrasi is a species of very small , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family vertiginidae , the whorl snails .

this species is endemic to guam .

nesopupa quadrasi

nesopupa is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family vertiginidae .
the distribution of the genus nesopupa includes hawaii , federated states of micronesia , palau , guam , the cook islands , mauritius , réunion and saint helena .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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species lyropupa rhabdota c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920
species lyropupa scabra h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920
species lyropupa spaldingi h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920
species lyropupa thaanumi c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920
subspecies spelaeoconcha paganettii polymorpha a . j . wagner , 1914 - diverse cave snail
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poropuntius is a genus of cyprinid fish found mainly in freshwater habitats of southeast asia and yunnan in china , but p. burtoni is from south asia .

several species have highly restricted ranges and are threatened , and a single p. speleops is a cavefish .

poropuntius

information on poropuntius speleops is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
poropuntius speleops is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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arkive species - barb ( poropuntius speleops )
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ty - jour ti - species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 2001 sp - 31 ep - 37 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - vishwanath , waikhom au - kosygin , laishram er -
citation : wu x , luo j , huang s , chen z , xiao h , zhang y ( 2013 ) molecular phylogeography and evolutionary history of poropuntius huangchuchieni ( cyprinidae ) in southwest china . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79975 . urltoken
the evolution of the yunnan plateau’s drainages network during the pleistocene was dominated by the intense uplifts of the qinghai - tibetan plateau . in the present study , we investigated the association between the evolutionary histories of three main drainage systems and the geographic patterns of genetic differentiation of poropuntius huangchuchieni .
@ article { bhlpart155125 , title = { species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) } , journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { bombay : bombay natural history society , 1886 - } , author = { vishwanath , waikhom and kosygin , laishram } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 31 - - 37 } , }
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kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
kottelat , m . , parenti , l . , vidthayanon , c . & juffe bignoli , d .
the species is assessed as endangered due to a significant decline ( that may reach 80 % ) in the abundance of this species in central vietnam that has been observed in the last ten years . this observed decline is probably the result of overfishing , as well as habitat loss and degradation . it is possible that the species may qualify for a higher threat category , and further survey and fishing regulations are required .
between 2000 and 2009 , a marked decline in the abundance of the species in central viet nam was observed by freyhof ( unpublished data ) . it is thought ( j . freyhof , pers . comm ) , that the decline might be as high as 80 % , mainly due to overfishing .
. 2006 ) . it does not persist in impoundments and it feeds mainly on fine debris , algae , diatoms , and aquatic insects ( rainboth 1996 ) .
major threats to this species are overfishing ( where it is captured using seines , cast - nets , and traps ) , and habitat degradation caused by human infrastructure including dam construction and water pollution .
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greek , poros = porous + greek , punctum = marked with points ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 12°c - 24°c ( ref . 13614 )
caudal fin very pale yellow ( live specimens ) , with dark upper and lower margins ; specimens at least 6 cm sl with well developed breeding tubercles on lower half of the posterior part of body ; last simple dorsal fin ray slender , with a very weak serration along its posterior margin ( ref . 36949 ) .
kottelat , m . , 2000 . diagnosis of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from laos ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , bagridae , syngnathidae , chaudhuriidae and tetraodontidae ) . j . south asian nat . hist . 5 ( 1 ) : 37 - 82 . ( ref . 36949 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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copyright : © 2013 wu et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by national basic research program of china , national natural science foundation of china , bureau of science and technology of yunnan province . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
past tectonic movements and climatic changes have greatly shaped the structure of hydrographic systems [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . likewise , since freshwater fish species are strictly confined to freshwater drainages , the historical connections , capture , reversal and separation of rivers are a driving force behind their diversification and speciation [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . consequently , the genetic structure and the dispersal of freshwater fish species is also strongly connected to historical and ecological changes to the aquatic environment [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , so by examining the historical biogeography of freshwater fishes could provide a natural link in understanding concurrent geographical and biotic evolution of a given region [ 8 ] .
in this study , we used the sequences of the mtdna control region to estimate the genetic differentiation and phylogeographical patterns of p . huangchuchieni . to examine the taxonomic status of p . opisthoptera , we also determined the phylogenetic relationships between p . huangchuchieni and p . opisthoptera . accordingly , the main objectives of this study are ( 1 ) to examine the population genetic structure and the demographic history of p . huangchuchieni ; ( 2 ) to propose a historical biogeography and climate hypothesis to accommodate the phylogeographic patterns of lineages within p . huangchuchieni ; and ( 3 ) to determine the taxonomic implications for p . opisthoptera .
after alignment , 965 bp dna sequences of the complete control region were obtained from all p . huangchuchieni specimens . the control region sequences yielded 126 variable sites of which 100 were parsimony informative , defining 126 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567019 - kc567146 ) . the overall nucleotide diversity ( π ) and haplotype diversity ( h ) of all in - group sequences was 0 . 0286±0 . 0139 and 0 . 9856±0 . 0020 , respectively . in total , 1140 bp dna sequences of the complete cyt b gene were determined from 20 in - group individuals , and these 20 cyt b sequences contained 117 variable sites of which 87 were parsimony informative , further defining 18 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567001–kc567018 ) .
ml and bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 126 haplotypes identified two major phylogroups , containing five highly independent lineages with strong statistical support ( fig . 1a ) . one group , named lineage sw , clustered all of the p . opisthoptera individuals from the salween river , which was at the most basal position of the tree . the other group contained all p . huangchuchieni individuals , which formed four major evolutionary lineages : mk - a , mk - b , rl and lx ( fig . 1a ) .
phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes ( a ) , the combined sequences of 20 haplotypes ( c ) , and the haplotypes network analysis of the 126 haplotypes ( b ) .
( a ) ml tree reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes under hky + i + g model . numbers on major nodes represents bootstrap values after 1 , 000 replications . if bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi . ( b ) haplotypes networks conducted based on the 126 haplotypes . circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency . the number of black dots on line connected haplotypes represents mutation steps between haplotypes ; when the mutation step is 1 , it was defaulted . ( c ) 50 % majority - role consensus tree inferred from ml and bayesian analysis of combined sequences of 20 haplotypes under gtr + i + g model . numbers at nodes represent the posterior probability for bayesian analysis and bootstrap value for maximum likelihood ( ml ) analysis . if the bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi .
lineages of mk - a and mk - b were represented by nearly all of the haplotypes ( except of hap 81 ) from the mekong river system , and co - occurred in most sample sites in the mekong river system ( table 1 ) . the haplotypes from luosuo river ( m3 ) , nanla river ( m5 ) and puwen river ( m7 ) in the mekong river system were only found in lineage mk - a , and the haplotypes from menghan ( m2 ) and dazhong river ( m8 ) were only found in mk - b ( table 1 ) . the rl lineage contained the haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) , tengtiao river ( r3 ) , lvzhi river ( r4 ) and hedi river ( r5 ) in the red river system . interestingly , two haplotypes–hap48 from the lvzhi river within the red river system and hap81 from nanlei river within the mekong river system–fell outside the main cluster of lineage rl and located at the basal position within lineage rl ( table 1 ) . lineage lx was comprised of all of the haplotypes from lixian river ( r2 ) and two haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) ( table 1 ) . within mk - a , there were two sublineages , which were named as mk - a1 and mk - a2 . mk - a1 was distributed in most of the sample sites ( 10 of 12 sample sites ) of mekong river system , whereas mk - a2 was distributed in only 4 sample sites ( figure 2 ) . lineage lx likewise contained two sublineages , which we named lx - 1 and lx - 2 . lx - 1 was only located in the lixian river , while lx - 2 , which contained three haplotypes , was found in both the lixian and amo river ( figure 2 ) .
geographic distribution of sample sites and the frequency of lineages and sublineages at each site . circle area is proportional to the sample size .
sampling information and size in each lineage , as well as haplotype , and nucleotide diversity of populations based on mtdna d - loop sequences .
in the phylogenetic trees based on the combined sequences of control region and the cyt b gene , the five major lineages could be clearly detected ( fig . 1c ) , corresponding to those defined in the control region trees . compared with the control region trees , the placement of lineages sw and lx were slightly different ; lx was placed at the most basal position and sw at the second basal position in the combined sequence trees . based on the combined sequences , the positions of other three lineages were recovered with strong supports .
in total , among the 5 lineages , 126 haplotypes formed 9 unconnected haplotype networks at the 95 % connection limit ( fig . 1b ) . mk - a was divided into two unconnected sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 . lx was also unconnected and formed two independent networks , lx - 1 and lx - 2 . rl was divided into three unconnected networks , where hap 48 and hap 81 formed two independent networks , while all the other haplotypes formed an integrate network .
the geographical structure at the river systems levels was determined using amova analysis . once all populations were grouped into the three river systems ( f st = 0 . 650 , f ct = 0 . 331 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , 33 . 09 % of the variation was between the different river systems and 31 . 91 % of the variation was between populations within the same river systems .
in conducting the relative rate test , the null hypothesis of rate constancy could not be rejected for all lineages pairs . accordingly , mtdna divergence could instead be used to calculate the divergence times of the inferred mtdna lineages . we calculated the net between–lineage mean distances using 20 cyt b sequences , with values ranging from 0 . 016 to 0 . 033 among the inferred lineages ( table 2 ) ; the net between–lineage mean distances estimated using all the control region sequences were between 0 . 017–0 . 030 ( table 2 ) . we also calculated the net between–lineage mean distances based on the same 20 specimens of control region sequences with values from 0 . 013 to 0 . 038 ( results not shown ) among the inferred lineages . accordingly , it could be concluded that the evolutionary rate of the control region sequences was similar to that of the cyt b gene among the five major lineages of p . huangchuchieni .
data set are above the diagonal , net genetic distances estimated based on the d - loop data set are below the diagonal .
the most recent common ancestor ( tmrca ) of all the ingroup sequences was dated back to around 1 . 57 mya ( 95 % ci = 1 . 03–2 . 21 ) . meanwhile , the estimated divergence time of the lineage lx from lineages mks and rl was estimated at 1 . 28 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 89–1 . 70 ) ; the diversification time of lineage rl from lineages mks was 1 . 11 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 79–1 . 46 ) . the tmrca of lineages mks and mk - a were dated 0 . 96 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 67–1 . 27 ) and 0 . 73 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 49–0 . 99 ) , respectively .
the mismatch distribution analysis of lineages mk - a , rl and lx were multimodal distribution of pairwise differences , and the fu’s fs values were also not significant , indicating a long term demographic stability in these lineages ( fig . 3 ) . lineage mk - b displayed a unimodal mismatch distribution and a significant fs value , suggesting a recent population expansion . lineage sw was excluded from this analysis because of its small sample size . two sublineages ( mk - a1 and lx - 1 ) fitted the expected distributions under the expansion model ( fig . 3 ) . mismatch distributions for sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were unimodal , with f s values of −16 . 48 ( p < 0 . 01 ) and −3 . 48 ( p < 0 . 05 ) , respectively ( table 3 ) . neither mismatch distribution nor neutrality tests , however , supported the expectation of population expansion for sublineage mk - a2 . given the small sample size of sublineage lx - 2 , the detection of population expansion was not performed . with the estimated tau value ( τ ) and a generation time of one year , the estimated times since population growth for lineage mk - b , and sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were respectively dated to around 140 ka , 100 ka , and 60 ka years ago ( table 3 ) .
statistics of genetic diversity , tests of neutrality , and demographic parameters estimated for the major lineages and sublineages . these data were defaulted when number of individuals in a population was less than 10 .
a total of 234 specimens were included in morphological analysis ( lineage mk - a : n = 124 ; lineage mk - b , n = 55 ; lineage rj , n = 25 ; lineage lx , n = 13 ; lineage sw , n = 18 ) . the canonical variates analysis ( cva ) produced a scatter of specimens along the two first canonical axes ( fig . 4 ) . plotting canonical variables 1 ( cv1 ) and canonical variables 2 ( cv2 ) showed a clear morphometric space among groups . together , these first two canonical variables collectively explain 83 . 64 % of the total variability between groups ( cv1 accounted for 65 . 09 % and cv2 accounted for 18 . 55 % ) . meanwhile , 95 % frequency ellipses showed an overlap in the scatter of data among the 5 groups , with the exception of lineages mk - a and lx not overlapping with lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) ( fig . 4 ) . the cv1 sets lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) as having diverged from the other 4 lineages , being then associated with the relative position of the dorsal fin ( table 4 ) . the cv2 sets lineage lx from lineages mk - a and mk - b , and corresponded to the relative heights of body and caudal peduncle ( table 4 ) .
factor loadings for the 10 highest measured variables and canonical correlations of the differentiation analysis for the 5 main lineages .
the mitochondrial control region phylogenetic tree revealed the basal position of p . opisthoptera , which suggested a close relationship with p . huangchuchieni . however , the phylogenetic trees based on both the cyt b gene and combined genes all showed the basal position of lineage lx , and the second basal position of p . opisthoptera , indicating that p . opisthoptera may instead be a paraphyletic group of p . huangchuchieni . while the phylogenetic trees based on different data sets provided somewhat ambiguous results for the taxonomic inference of p . opisthoptera , together they firmly supported the notion that p . opisthoptera and the four major lineages of p . huangchuchieni all originated from a common ancestral stock .
note : 1 : tip of the mouth , junction of premaxilary and ethmoid ; 2 : center of eyes ; 3 : former basal point of dorsal fin ; 4 : posterior basal point of dorsal fin ; 5 : upper basal point of tail fin ; 6 : centre basal point of tail fin ; 7 : abdominal basal point of tail fin ; 8 : posterior basal point of anal fin ; 9 : former basal point of anal fin ; 10 : former basal point of ventral fin ; 11 : former basal point of pectoral fin .
the population differentiated in mekong and red river systems after the kym vicariant event . for example , the lineage mk - b and mk - a which split into two sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 , in mekong river system ; the lineages rl and lx which split into two sublineages , lx - 1 and lx - 2 , in the red river system ( fig . 1 ) . independent geological or climatic evidence often serves to suggest that distinctive mtdna phylogroups may have diverged in allopatry [ 25 ] . in addition , most patterns in mtdna surveys also reveal the secondary admixture between allopatrically evolved phylogroups [ 25 ] .
p . huangchuchieni is a common economic fish . all specimens and muscle tissues were bought from local fish dealers . the specimens used in this study were dead . samples were obtained following the regulations for the implementation of china on the protection of wild animals ( presidential decree [ 2004 ] no . 9 ) .
total genomic dna was extracted from muscle tissues using the standard phenol - chloroform extraction method . the complete sequence of the mitochondrial control region was amplified with the primers used by gilles et al . [ 34 ] . afterward , the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cyt b ) was amplified for a subset of samples , selected based on the topology of the control region sequences , using the primers outlines by xiao et al . [ 35 ] . pcr amplifications were carried out in 50 ul reaction mixture containing 5 ul 10×pcr buffer ( takara , dalian ) , 0 . 2 mm dntps , 0 . 2 um each primer , with 1 . 5 u taq dna polymerase ( takara ) and approximately 50 ng genomic dna . reaction condition were 3 min at 95°c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°c , 1 min at 57°c ( for the control region ) or 52°c ( for cyt b ) , and 1 min at 72°c , and 7 min at 72°c . pcr products were purified using the gel extraction mini kit ( waston biotechnologies , shanghai ) .
pcr products were sequenced in an abi prism 3730 ( applied biosystems ) automatic sequencer . the complete sequences of control region were sequenced directly with pcr primers ; the 19 complete sequences of cytochrome b were sequenced using pcr primers and two internal primers ( l15286 and h15374 ) employed by xiao et al . [ 36 ] . the sequencing reaction conditions were 25 cycles of 96°c for 30 s , 50°c 15 s and 60°c 4 min .
all nucleotide sequences of the d - loop region , cyt b and combined sequences ( both cyt b and d - loop ) were aligned using megalign in dnastar 6 ( dnastar , madison , usa ) , and further alignment was confirmed visually in bioedit 7 . 0 . 9 [ 37 ] . protein - coding nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids to confirm alignment . the sequence polymorphic analysis was performed in mega 4 [ 38 ] .
a haplotype network was constructed using tcs 1 . 2 . 1 [ 45 ] to estimate gene genealogies for the control region . the connection limit was fixed at 95 % and gaps were treated as a 5th state . when ambiguities ( closed loops or ‘stranded’ clades ) occurred in the networks , they were resolved using published rules and predictions based on coalescence theory [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] .
genetic structure analysis was performed based on the control region using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] . the haplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( π ) [ 49 ] for each sampled population with a sample size ≥10 and each lineage / sublineage were estimated . a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was implemented to assess the significant population structure on different levels . the fixation index f st , fct and fsc [ 50 ] was used to estimate genetic differentiation at the three river systems levels . both amova and f st analysis were performed using pairwise difference with gamma correction ; the significance was assessed by 10 , 000 permutations with arlequin 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 [ 48 ] .
the six main rivers distribute in yunnan plateau , china . the six rivers are divided into two groups , jinsha - nanpan - red and mekong - salween - irrawaddy , by the red lines .
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justification : the species is endemic to the phatewada cave in phu khiew wildlife sanctuary , thailand . it is restricted to a single underground stream system . the population has been impacted by occasional collection for food and , to a lesser extent , for the aquarium trade , thought the population is considered stable at present . it is assessed as vulnerable ( d2 ) as it is present at a single location and impacted by harvest and potential pollution from agriculture , although the cave system is located with a wildlife sanctuary .
endemic to the subterranean stream of tham ( cave ) phatewada in the phu khiew wildlife sanctuary in chayaphum province , thailand ( mekong khorat plateau ecoregion ) .
localized and uncommon , declined in the past 20 years from its discovery in 1991 . the species has occasionally been harvested for food , and might have undergone occasional declines , but the population is thought likely to be stable at present .
, this species does not differ from riverine surface - dwelling species of the genus .
rarely seen in aquarium trade ( harvested by poaching ) . locally consumed by locals who pass by the cave . both harvests would present a threat if undertaken in larger numbers or with greater frequency .
the population has declined due to local consumption from this small population , rarely harvested for the aquarium trade , however the population is considered to be stable at present . other potential threats include impacts from tourist visitors , and degradation of water quality as a result of sedimentation and agricultural pollution .
protected by thai law and in the protected area ( wildlife sanctuary ) . research is needed on the species population , threats and conservation actions .
is still very confused ( kottelat 2011 ) , despite a recent revision , and the identity and distribution of species from the genus in the region requires further work .
locally common to uncommon in the mekong basin . although some threats have been identified , the species
is not widely threatened and it is therefore assessed as least concern . further work is required to confirm the species distribution , especially with respect to the taxonomic identity of some records .
the species is known from the lower mekong basin in thailand and lao pdr to viet nam , where it is recorded from numerous major tributaries , e . g . , throughout the xe bangfai ( kottelat 1998 ) and the xe kong ( kottelat 2011 ) in lao pdr . the species is likely to be quite widely distributed , but under - recorded or misidentified in surveys ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2012 ) .
the species is recorded from myanmar ( roberts 1998 ) , presumably in the mekong drainage . records from viet nam require confirmation ; e . g . , thua thien hue province in central viet nam ( vo
inhabits rivers and tributaries to montane streams . tends to be found in faster flowing waters ( kottelat 2011 ) .
consumed and sold in local markets . occasionally found in the domestic aquarium trade in thailand .
justification : the species has been assessed as data deficient , due to a lack of information regarding species ' taxonomic status , distribution range , population trends , or direct threats to this species .
the species is known from the nho quê river in northern viet nam ( bao lac county , cao bàng province ; nguyen and ngo 2001 ) .
without greater information on the species distribution and ecology , nothing can be said of the threats to the species .
research is required to confirm the taxonomic placement of the species , as well as its distribution and population trends .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbus chonglingchungi tchang , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbodes chonglingchungi ( tchang , 1938 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbodes lacustris wu , 1977 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of puntius pachygnathus wang , zhuang & gao , 1982 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the wingspan is about 6 – 7 mm .

the hindwings are grey .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to april and from july to september in three generations per year .

the larvae feed on polymnia uvedalia .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

larvae of the first generation mine only in the lowest pair of leaves .

larvae of the second generation can be found in august and the third generation feeds in october and overwinters in the pupal stage .

the mine is winding , with a fine central line of frass .

pupation takes place in a white cocoon .

bucculatrix polymniae

bucculatrix polymniae is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from kentucky and ohio . the wingspan is about 6–7 mm . the forewings are brown , darkest brown between the silvery streaks . the hindwings are grey . adults have been recorded on wing from march to april and from july to september . . .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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symmetrischema capsica , the pepper flowerbud moth , is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by bradley and povolný in 1965 .

it is found mexico , the west indies , the caribbean ( trinidad and tobago ) and the south-eastern united states , where it has been recorded florida and texas .

the length of the forewings is 3-3.5 mm .

the forewings are ash-gray , mottled with dark gray and yellowish-orange and with two or three grayish-black longitudinal dashes .

the hindwings are gray .

the larvae feed in the flower buds of capsicum annuum and physalis species .

symmetrischema capsica

ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . )
ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . )
ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) [ 1981 ]
ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) [ trinidad ]
biology and description of stages of symmetrischema capsica ( bradley and povolny ) [ a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) ] .
biology and description of stages of symmetrischema capsica ( bradley and povolny ) [ a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) ] .
biology and description of stages of symmetrischema capsica ( bradley and povolny ) [ a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) ] . [ 1979 ]
species symmetrischema capsicum - pepper flowerbud moth - hodges # 2032 - bugguide . net
gnorimoschema capsica bradley & povolný , 1965 ; bull . ent . res . 56 ( 1 ) : 58 ; tl : lesser antilles
symmetrischema inexpectatum povolný , 1967 ; acta ent . mus . natn . pragae 37 : 60
symmetrischema capsicivorum povolný , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 209 ; tl : peru , lambayeque
symmetrischema kendallorum blanchard & knudson , 1982 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 628 ; tl : texas , nueces co . , north padre island
symmetrischema striatellum ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
symmetrischema ( gnorimoschemini ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list )
symmetrischema escondidella landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , santa cruz , est . cient . charles darwin , el barranco , s 00°44 . 291 ' , w 90° 18 . 107 ' , 22m
symmetrischema capsicum can be separated from other species in this tool by the lack of a dark band on the posterior margin of the prothoracic shield , the trisetose l group on a9 , the rounded head , pale thoracic legs , the eastern united states distribution and the host being pepper or physalis . the legs of p . operculella are pigmented .
symmetrischema tangolias ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
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adults are about 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 mm in forewing length . they are ash gray , mottled with dark gray and yellowish - orange with two or three grayish - black longitudinal dashes from median to preapex . the labial palpus is upturned . the hindwing is gray without hair - pencils in males . the abdomen has hair - pencils arising laterally from near the base of the eighth sternum in males . the male genitalia have a hood - shaped uncus with small lateral stubs , sagittate gnathos , valva short and thin with spatulate apex , and phallus with a short lateral process without numerous fine spines at the tip . females have an ostium with strongly sclerotized sclerites , with the caudal margin very slightly undulate , a stout funnel - shaped antrum leading into a very short ductus bursae , the colliculum well developed , and signum absent .
the prothoracic shield is uniformly brown or black . the line joining setae l1 and s2 is tangent to or passing through stemma i . the lateral setae of abdominal segment 9 are in a nearly vertical line . the legs are pale .
this species is superficially similar to keiferia gudmanella ( walsingham ) , but it differs by the hindwing not having hair - pencils in males of s . capsicum , whereas males of k . gudmanella have hair - pencils arising from near base of costa of the hind wing . also it can be differentiated by the male genital characters : the uncus is hood - shaped with small lateral stubs in s . capsicum , whereas the uncus is sickle - shaped in k . gudmanella .
eggs are laid on the youngest shoots near flower buds . after eclosing , larvae enter the bud . pupation is in the ground or debris but outside the flower bud in pepper . pupation in physalis occurs inside the fruit .
native to the west indies . usa ( florida , texas , in states bordering the gulf of mexico ) , mexico , west indies , caribbean ( trinidad , tobago ) .
= ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730
phthorimaea altisona meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 46 ; tl : peru , huancayo , 10650ft
ardeola ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280
phthorimaea atrifascis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft
borsaniella ( köhler , 1939 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ; an . soc . cient . argent . 128 : 370
gnorimoschema cestrivora clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 : 288 , f . 4 - 4d ; tl : tucuman , argentina
chelaria conifera meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
gnorimoschema fercularia meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : texas , fort davis ( 5000ft ) , alpine ( 5000 - 8000ft )
insertum povolný , 1988 ; revta inst . cienc . nat ecol . 1 : 77
larva on physalis virginiana var . spathulaefolia blanchard & knudson , 1982 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 630
gnorimoschema lectulifera meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : texas , fort davis and alpine , 5000ft
phthorimaea loquax meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft
depressaria pallidochrella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 7 ) : 126 ; tl : kentucky
eucatoptus striatella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 163
larva on ( berries ) solanum nigrum murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 164
peru , new south wales , . . . , california . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
larva on ( for _ gnorimoschema tuberosella ) solanum tuberosum busck , 1931 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 33 ( 3 ) : 60 , solanum nigrum powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13
gelechia ( teleia ? ) ventralella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 116
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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larvae feed in the flower buds of capsicum annuum l . ( cayenne pepper ) , physalis spp . ( groundcherry ) .
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