harpa major , common name large harp , or major harp , is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusks in the family harpidae , the harp snails and their allies .

harpa major

harpa davidis major ( var . ) röding , p . f . , 1798
( of harpa major major röding , 1798 ) cossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]
harpa major - 108mm , f + + + , vietnam . big beauty . $ 12 sold
harpidae » harpa major philippines , id : 693196 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
harpa harpa - 48mm , f + + + , philippines . beautiful color and pattern . $ 12
harpa harpa - 71 . 6mm , f + + + , philippines . unusual double joined ribs . $ 35
harpa major ( dwarf form ) - 50mm , gem , north queensland , rare , dredged 15 mts . beautiful little shell with unusual coloring from an isolated location . $ 85 sold
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) frydman f . ( 2000 ) harpa kawamurai and harpa kajiyamai : a critical re - evaluation ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . vita marina 47 ( 3 ) : 73 - 79 . [ details ]
harpa ventricosa† lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801
harpa articularis - 88mm , gem , philippines . dark color form . $ 9
harpa kajiyamai - 46mm , f + + + , philippines . uncommon . $ 35
harpa kawamurai - 50mm , f + + ( minor faults only ) , china . $ 8
harpa cabriti - 67 . 5mm , gem - , madagascar . nice dark specimen . $ 35
family : harpidae born : 1798 , roding genus and description : harpa major , 64 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem ,
superb pattern & color origin : collected by local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , august 2012 .
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( of harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1801 ) rehder h . a . ( 1992 ) . harpa cabriti fischer , 1860 , a replacement name for harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1816 ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 123 - 124 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( röding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 74mm - an exceptional shell . though most trap - collected hawaiian h . major are crabbed , this specimen is seemingly in live taken condition .
harpa röding , 1798 ; thiele , 1931 : 343 ( as harpa ( rumph . ) walch , 1771 ) [ harpidae ] ; keen , 1971 : 620 ( as harpa röding , 1798 ) [ harpidae ] ; vaught , 1989 : 52 ( as harpa röding , 1798 ) [ harpinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 ( as harpa pallas , 1774 ) [ harpidae ] ; cithara klein in jousseaume , 1881 ; harpalis link , 1806 ; harparia rafinesque , 1815 ; lyra griffith & pidgeon , 1934 ; subgenus : eocithara fischer , 1883 ; eocithara fischer , 1883 ; harpa ( eocithara ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ harpidae ] .
harpa articularis - 68mm , f + + + , new south wales . hard to obtain from this location now . $ 6
( röding , 1798 ) - coral sea , 36mm - an unusual dwarf , white form of harpa cf . major . the shells were found in 40 to 50 feet of water on white sand in the lagoon of east diamond island . shells courtesy of b . raines . there are similar specimens in the australian museum ( pers . com . - k . hutsell ) .
cossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]
harpa kawamurai - 55mm , gem - , china . the chinese species is smaller and is more delicate with a lighter shell . $ 15
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 50mm - the type species of the genus harpa . found from the south pacific through east africa , but most commonly found in the philippines and indonesia . see
uncommon in silty sand at scuba depths in hawaii but common in shallow water elsewhere . emerges at night to feed upon shrimp . attains 5 inches . hawaii and the indo - pacific . harpa conoidalis is a synonym .
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) habe t . & kosuge s . ( 1970 ) shells of the western pacific in color . vol . 2 , the tropical pacific . osaka : hoikusha . 233 pp . , 66 pls . [ details ]
( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]
swainson , 1822 - ecuador , 84mm - trawled by fishing boat . this is the only species of harpa found in the panamaic province . this is the southern - most range for the species , which is found as far north as the gulf of california .
( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of harpa ligata menke , 1828 ) menke , k . t . ( 1828 ) . synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum , quae in museo menkeano adservantur ; cum synonymia critica et novarum specierum diagnosibus . menke , pyrmont . xii + 91 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]
orr j . ( 1985 ) . hong kong seashells . the urban council , hong kong [ details ]
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( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only
rehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus
) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .
( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for
( “body whorl … more broadly ovate and rounded , ” “ribs tend to be narrower and more distant” ) . my own opinion is that
species addressed by rehder and the
accepted
species addressed 31 and 42 years later .
. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .
are quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (
) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on “blotching” to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (
) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .
the following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other “greens , ” are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of
. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .
, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (
) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of
. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , “shoulder” refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all
, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature
has three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,
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one of my favourite families . only a small but very beautiful family of approx . 25 species ( harps ) and 24 ( morum ) . the shell sculpture is amazing and the harp color patterns are intricate and visually stunning . their habitat ranges from intertidal to rare deep water species from southern australia and queensland .
austroharpa loisae - 28 . 3mm , gem , western australia . $ 850 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . rare deep water species . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 19 . 6mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 250 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 19 . 9mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
morum teramachii - 51mm , f + + + , philippines . $ 40 sold
morum cancellatum - 41mm , f + + + , china . $ 20 sold
morum mathewsi - 28mm , f + + ( minor faults ) , brazil . $ 60
morum watanabei - 29mm , gem , philippines . beaut little specimens . $ 20
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the shells of this family have a polished highly patterned appearance . all have strong axial ribs . a flaring lip on the final whorl dominates the flattened spire . the family has less than a dozen species .
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by w . k . emerson , spec . publ . , s . aust . dept . mines and energy , 5 : 51 - 56 , 1985 ( isbn 0 7243 7411 6 ) , both obscure , but must - have papers for morum specialists .
and finally , most shell books of general or regional scope include harpidae and offer supplemental help in identifying the region - specific harpidae species .
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austroharpa finlay , 1931 ( fossil ) ; subgenus : palamharpa iredale , 1931 ( recent ) .
( iredale , 1931 ) - queensland , australia , 19 . 5mm - a small , distinct species with cancellate sculpture . specimens are also found with a purple - colored spire .
hart & limpus , 1998 - south australia , 22 . 1mm - one of the truly rare austroharpa species , in the collection of travis payne . described in la conchiglia 30 ( 289 ) : 53 - 55 .
verco , 1896 - south western australia , 30mm - a western form typically found in south australia .
krauss , 1848 ] - madagascar , 60mm - a stocky , strongly shouldered , and heavily ribbed form . it is most commonly found in the western indian ocean , though specimens of this form have surfaced in micronesia and melanesia . this specimen is from tulear .
lamarck , 1822 - philippines , 82 . 6mm - indo - pacific distribution . one of the most common of the harp species .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 96mm - this specimen exhibits an unusual thickening of the ribs towards the outer portion of the body whorl .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 95mm - this image illustrates two extremes of this variable species , found with a seemingly infinite combination of rib , shape and coloration combinations .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 96mm - two extremes of the same - - light and dark ; thick and thin rib structure . the species exhibits a tremendous amount of variation .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 59mm - a classic rarity , endemic to mauritius .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 85mm - a superior specimen , perfect in every way .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 109 . 7mm ! - the famed world record size ( largest known , or recorded ) specimen of this legendary species , which has passed through the collections of e . malone , d . dan , and now resides in the collection of travis payne .
swainson , 1822 - ecuador , 83mm - a gerontic specimen with a thick , heavy columellar calus , and a coalescing and thickening of the ribs along the last portion of the body whorl .
rehder , 1993 - hawaii , 66mm - a crabbed , but close - to - live specimen taken off haleiwa , northwest oahu in a deep water lobster trap set in 350 feet of water . original description in
rehder , 1993 - hawaii - a fabulous specimen , of unspecified size , in the collection of travis payne .
broderip & sowerby , 1829 - marquesas islands , 21 . 7mm - a fabulous live collected specimen , taken scuba diving at nuku hiva island in 35 feet of water . one of the great rarities of this genus .
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 40 . 8mm - a dwarf red form from palawan province . the characteristic clusters of three to four fine black lines that cross the ribs is quite evident in this specimen .
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 78 . 1mm - from samar island , collected by a local diver in about 18 feet of water . this is an enormous specimen in the collection of travis payne .
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 43mm - has a thin , light - weight shell . very close and considered to be subspecific with
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 63 . 5mm - a large , dark specimen collected in zamboanga , southern mindanao island , now in the collection of travis payne .
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 61 . 8mm - color and shading of h . kajiyamai can vary somewhat . this unusual and beautiful specimen from balut island has orange coloration .
( röding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 66mm - a synonym is h . conoidalis lamarck , 1843 . specimen taken in trap set in 350 feet of water off oahu .
( röding , 1798 ) - midway island , 110 . 7mm - a rather large specimen for hawaiian waters . the largest recorded specimen is from mauritius and is 129 . 5mm ( re :
( röding , 1798 ) - philippines , 67 - 68mm - an unusual color form being collected from siasi island in the sulu sea .
morum röding , 1798 . type species : morum oniscus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ; lambidium link , 1807 ; oniscia sowerby , 1824 ; theliostoma sowerby , 1824 ( nom . nud . ) ; oniscidia swainson , 1840 ( err . ) ; ersina
1840
gray , 1847 ( unavail . ) ; plesioniscia fischer , 1884 . subgenus : oniscidia mörch , 1852 ; oniscidia mörch , 1852 ; emerson , 1995 : 95 ( apex 10 ( 2 - 3 ) ) ; onischidea olsson , 1931 ( err . ) ; onimusira kuroda , 1955 ( nom . nud . ) ; pulchroniscia garrard , 1961 ; cancellomorum emerson & old , 1963 ; onimusiro kira in kuroda , habe & oyama , 1971 .
shikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - this moderately rare species is also found in the south china sea .
shikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - a balut island specimen trapped in tangle nets set by fishermen in 60 - 80 fathoms of water . the species exhibits very little variation .
( sowerby , 1824 ) - taiwan , 47 . 7mm - trawled in 60 fathoms of water in northeast taiwan straits . somewhat similar to both
( sowerby , 1824 ) - japan , 39mm - compare with the specimen from taiwan . this specimen has a more scabrous sculpture . trawled in 60 - 100 meters of water .
( reeve , 1842 ) - colombia , 40 - 45mm - the pustulation and color development on the shield varies considerably .
specimens . the body whorl sculpture is rather different from typically smaller specimens , lacking the rows of short , prominent spines below the shoulder spines .
( a . adams , 1855 ) - australia , 66mm - trawled in 75 fathoms of water at north reef , off gladstone . grows to be the largest species of morum ; the largest recorded up to 2001 is 86 . 8mm in length . in the
( a . adams , 1855 ) - philippines , 59mm - philippine specimens of this species have elicited much discussion as to its true identity . it has been illustrated as
from that species ( see below ) , and is also considered to be a true form of m . grande
. there is considerable difference in the shell shape , and formation of the shoulder spines . this might represent a regional form of m . grande , or be a totally different species .
kosuge , 1981 is a junior subjective synonym . dr . kosuge ' s description was publish just a few months after dr . emerson ' s . there is no doubt that the two taxa are conspecific . this species is frequently taken in tangle nets of philippine fishermen .
petuch , 1979 - philippines , 23mm - one of the smallest species of the genus . it is mostly known from moderately deep water habitats in the central philippines . the pinkish - orange shield with white pustules is characteristic of the species .
petuch , 1979 - philippines , 23 . 5 & 27 . 5 mm - a pair in the collection of travis payne , which illustrate the variable color of the apertural shield . both represent exceptional specimens .
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 45mm - an interesting specimen with an unusual orange shield . the species has only been collected from the north coast of south america between colombia and venezuela . the
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 39mm - an exceptionally dark colored specimen . m . lindae is one of three known extant species of cancellomorum from the western atlantic .
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 41 . 8mm - a white shield , as this specimen exhibits , is quite unusual for this species , but it would be a misnomer to refer to it as an albino shell .
emerson , 1981 - marshall islands , 19 . 2mm - endemic to the kwajalein atoll . this is an enormous specimen for the species in the collection of franck frydman . it is 2 . 1mm larger than the 2001 listed size record .
emerson , 1967 - brazil , 28 . 4 mm - from rio do fogo , rio grande do norte , brazil . a superb specimen in the collection of travis payne .
( linné , 1767 ) - florida keys , 23 . 5mm - type species of the genus .
reeve , l . a . , 1842 - brazil , 23 - 24mm - southern - most range of the species .
melvill , 1919 - south africa , 31 . 4mm - this rather rare species was trawled off durban , natal province , in about 175 fathoms of water .
kuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 59mm - the species is also found in japan .
( reeve , 1842 ) - panama , 32 - 35mm - an intertidal species ranging from the outer baja south to peru . this image illustrates to exteme forms of the species .
kuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 61 . 3mm - a specimen from balut island , taken from 80 fathoms of water . the species is most closely related to morum grande .
dance & emerson , 1967 is considered a synonym ( pers . com . h . g . lee ) . a member of the
complex . this dead - collected , but representative specimen is from the collection of travis payne .
emerson , 1968 - galapagos islands , 29 . 9 mm - one of the great rarities of the genus . this is an exceptional specimen in the collection of travis payne .
kosuge , 1981 - philippines , 42mm - taken in a tangle net set in 20 - 40 fathoms of water in leyte gulf , samar island . this species has been long identified as
, but differs from that species by the more developed cancellate sculpture and other features . it is , though , a member of the m . cancellatum complex , which also includes m . grande . some specimens from japan identified as m . cancellatum may , in fact , be m . watanabei .
harpidae on this page click name to view image - click » to view caption below .
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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
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harfovka is a regular oval shell without significant spikes or studs . the only interesting feature on the surface is ribbed mussels , which make up about 12 wide or narrow ribs . the ribs are striking striped spots that are more noticeable than small strips on the rest of the surface . harfovka a small spiral snail , which results in a wide oval opening . because of the weak structure shows through color and the inner body .
the peculiarity of shungite is not only the unclear origin of its formation ; it is rather a mystery , but the composition as well .


cerberilla affinis is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine heterobranch mollusc in the family aeolidiidae .

it was described as a variety by bergh , 1888 but elevated to species status by burn , 1966 .

cerberilla affinis

what type of species is cerberilla affinis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the cerberilla affinis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of cerberilla affinis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species cerberilla affinis .
here as promised are pages on cerberilla affinis and cerberilla annulata , two of the fascinating sand - dwelling aeolids .
cerberilla annulata & c . affinis from : bill rudman , november 26 , 1999
how to identify cerberilla affinis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis are marked in green .
where is cerberilla affinis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species cerberilla affinis can be found .
citation :
black - ringed cerberilla nudibranchs , cerberilla affinis ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hi bill , looking at this 2003 photo of a slug which we had been unable to identify , it struck me now that it could be a species of cerberilla . what do you think ?
cerberilla affinis was originally described from indonesia . it is also known from lord howe island , the eastern australian mainland and new caledonia and is probably widespread in at least the west pacific . two species from the indian ocean , c . africana eliot , 1903b ( east africa ) and c . moebii ( bergh , 1888b - mauritius ) are very similar in colour and may prove to be synonymous . unfortunately most species have been described from single specimens , and so the colour variability of species is not well understood .
research cerberilla affinis » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
species of cerberilla live in sandy substrates where they burrow beneath the surface and so are seldom seen . they have a very broad foot and the cerata are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body .
thanks nils , i am pretty sure this is a juvenile of cerberilla annulata . if you look at the phoptos on the forum you will see the body proportions change quite considerably as the animal grows in size . best wishes bill rudman
dear binyamin , this is indeed a cerberilla , and most probably cerberilla annulata . i don ' t think its been recorded from your part of the world , but i have found it in zanzibar , east africa . i should have a photo of it which i will post when i get a chance . your animal is most probably a juvenile . when they are smaller , the head tentacles are proportionally much larger than when they are adults . best wishes , bill rudman
hi bill , i finally came across another cerberilla here in the marshall islands . i am assuming these are the same as the cerberilla sp . 3 i sent a while back , although there are a couple of differences . it does not exhibit the black tips of the cephalic tentacles seen in the earlier specimens from enewetak and guam . the new specimen also has much more distinct yellow bands above the black ones on the cerata , providing a bit more evidence that it may be c . annulata . this specimen was found in kwajalein ' s harbor , crawling on sand at a depth of about 1 meter . it measured about 20mm , a bit over half the length of the cerberilla sp . 3 sent earlier . scott
thanks scott , thanks for the beautiful photos . it certainly looks like c . annulata and suggests that your earlier animal , which i called cerberilla sp . 3 may have been a variant with very faded yellow markings . the black - tipped rhinophores and oral tentacles in cerberilla sp . 3 are apparently variable because in clay carlson ' s message the guam animal seems to lack black - tipped rhinophores . you are probably right in suggesting they are all colour forms of c . annulata but as i said earlier , it is easier to amalgamate them when we are sure , than separate them if we find they are indeed different .
dear bill , here is a small pale cerberilla which we think may be the same as the darker ones in our other message . it was found during november - december 2003 with the dark species on a sandy bottom in 2 - 5m depths at lizard island ( qld , australia ) . body length 7 - 10mm . regards nils
as promised in an earlier message [ # 13224 ] here is a record of cerberilla annulata from zanzibar , tanzania . i found it half dead in a pool in muddy sand at lowtide . in the lower photos the long grey oral tentacles are folded down the side of the foot on each side . the specimen is propped up on a pair of forceps so i could photograph it properly , so don ' t be ashamed if your photo has a blemish , our aim is to get a record of the shape and colour , a perfect photo is a bonus , but not essential .
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lord howe is , off new south wales , australia , december 1988 . 70mm long alive . photos : bill rudman .
bergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 ) . beiträge zur kenntniss der aeolidiaden . ix . verhandlungen der koniglich - kaiserlich zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien ( abhandlungen ) , 38 : 673 - 706 , pls . 16 - 20 .
carmona l . , pola m . , gosliner t . m . & cervera j . l . 2013 . a tale that morphology fails to tell : a molecular phylogeny of aeolidiidae ( aeolidida , nudibranchia , gastropoda ) . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e63000 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0063000 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )
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is a large aeolid that is found on sand where it is nocturnally active . it feeds on cerianthid anemones which build tubes in soft sediment . this species was described by bergh in 1888 .
it type localities include near manila in the philippines and edam , indonesia . specimens have also been recorded from australia , okinawa , and as far east as midway atoll .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 1999 . all rights reserved .
the oral tentacles and rhinophores are banded with yellow , grey - brown , white and navy - blue . the cerata with black and yellow rings are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body . it has a black
mask
around the rhinophores . the color of the body and foot is white with the foot marginated in yellow
the dorsum is low and flattened in profile and the foot is exeptionally broad . the anterior foot corners are prominent , being enlarged into long sharply pointed tentacles
the oral tentales are exeptionally large , tapering and the tip is pointed . the rhinophores which araised from a common base , are short slender and smooth .
the cerata are circular , slender and smooth , and they taper rapidly to a pointed tip ( fusiform ) . they are arranged in rows with the longest nearest to the midline . they are differently colored according to their position on the body ; basically they are whitish with black and yellow rings near the center .
it keeps all its cerata pointed backwards when it is crawling normally or burrowing , but when it disturbed the longest cerata are extended .
generally found on intertidal sand flats where it can rapidly burrow to escape potentiel predators and search for food . it is nocturnally active
10 specimens from 10 to 25 - 30 mm observed on this day . . .
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is a nocturnally active sand - dwelling sea - slug . it is characterized by a black
mask
around the rhinophores , and by whitish cerata with a thin black ring near the bases , followed by a white or yellow band , then a broad dark greyish subapical band and yellowish apices . the oral tentacles are very long with alternating broad brown and whitish bands , and have a blueish tinge . the rhinophores are short , also with alternating brown and whitish bands and a blueish tinge . the foot is wide and has angular extensions anteriorly .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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this is a cream species decorated with dark brown and peach bands . the tips of the rhinophores and cephalic tentacles are banded in violet and blue .
first recorded in hawaii from midway atoll by terry gosliner and pf in june , 1993 .
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links provided below .
global distribution : native indonesia - s . japan - gbreef - cooks - hawai‘i cook islands status : native ; marine , near - shore , reef - flat moat key features : a seaslug to 5cm . creamy white with conspicuous cerata ( = lobes ) each with a fine black ring and often terminally brown . the front tentacles ( = cephalic tentacles are long with purple bands and a brown base , while the hind tentacles ( = rhinophores ) are short and brown .
cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
vouchers : rarotonga : muri moat , near shore , 21 / 1 / 99 , tamsyn dearlove & d . drumm ;
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
in indo - pacific nudibranchs . at closer look it is actually a very light colored
. what makes the id for sure are the cerata with black and yellow sub - apical bands , the black mask and the blue oral tentacles .
this species is rather large , reaching 90 mm and has a very wide indo - pacific distribution . it is active nocturnally feeding on tube anemones .
ruben is a retired dentist and faculty . diving since 1980 with over 5000 dives . shoots nikon d200 in seacam housing with sea and sea strobes .
webmasters notes : ruben actually recorded the above image with new equipment , that is a nikon d800e camera ! folks this is the new kid on the block camera wise . now let ' s see if perhaps santa will drop one in my sock next christmas !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2014 . all rights reserved .
upper : adult , 62mm long . lower : juvenile , 32mm long . showing change in body proportions between juveniles and adults . koumac beach ( = baie de ouanap ) , near koumac , new caledonia , 20°34 ' s , 164°16 ' e , mixed soft and hard substrate , grassbeds , algae , october 1993 . photos : bill rudman .
this sand dwelling aeolid has a wide tropical indo - west pacific distribution with published records from new guinea ( quoy & gaimard ) and tahiti ( bergh ) . i have found it in zanzibar , tanzania and new caledonia . it is characterised by the relatively long cerata , white body and cerata , and yellow ( upper ) and black ( lower ) band near the ceratal tip .
reference : • quoy , j . r . & gaimard , j . p . ( 1832 ) . voyages de découvertes de l ` astrolabe pendant les annees 1826 - 1829 sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ` urville . zoologie , 2 : 1 - 686 .
locality : mazzizini , zanzibar , tanzania , 9 july 1971 . 45mm long alive . am c145653 . photos : bill rudman
locality : eilat , divers ' village , israel , red sea . depth : 6 m , length : ca . 2 cm . october 2003 . sandy flat with occasional corals . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz
i must say that the length of the oral tentacles shown in your photos are amazing . considering the reduced size of the rhinophores , it suggests that using the oral tentacles for touch , is more important in locating prey than using the chemosensory abilities of the rhinophores . best wishes , bill rudman
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( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 - 1889 ) . nudibranchien vom meere der insel mauritius . in : reisen im archipel der philippinen von dr . c . semper , vol . 2 : malakologische untersuchungen . part 3 , pp . 755 - 872 , pl . 77 - 84 . [ pp . 755 - 814 , pl . 77 - 81 , august 2 , 1888 ; pp . 815 - 872 , pl . 82 - 84 , march 27 , 1889 , according to winckworth , 1946 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 788 - 789 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bieler , r . & r . e . petit , 2012 . molluscan taxa in the publications of the museum godeffroy of hamburg , with a discussion of the godeffroy sales catalogs ( 1864–1884 ) , the journal des museum godeffroy ( 1873–1910 ) , and a history of the museum . zootaxa , 3511 : 1 - 80 [ 9 october ] . urltoken available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 59 , 66 [ details ]
( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) pruvot - fol a . 1935 . de quelques suppressions de genres jugés inutiles , parmi les mollusques opisthobranches ( note de systématique n° xiv ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , ( 1 ) 7 ( 4 ) : 254 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]
depth range based on 5 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 temperature range ( °c ) : 5 . 344 - 5 . 344 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 39 . 989 - 39 . 989 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 142 - 34 . 142 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 713 - 0 . 713 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 116 - 3 . 116 silicate ( umol / l ) : 78 . 844 - 78 . 844 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
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pocillopora grandis , is one of fifteen described species in the family pocilloporidae .

it is known commonly as antler coral , and is found in the indo-west pacific to the eastern tropical pacific .

pocillopora grandis

the following term was not found in genome : pocillopora grandis [ orgn ] .
nomenclature according to veron & pichon ( 1976 ) and schmidt - roach et al . ( 2014 ) , p . grandis dana , 1846 is a synonym of p . eydouxi milne . . .
frédéric ducarme marked
file : trapezia flavopunctata , caché dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg
as trusted on the
pocillopora eydouxi
page .
pocillopora eydouxi . fiji . a large colony in shallow water . neville coleman .
pocillopora eydouxi . great barrier reef , australia . detail of a branch . mary stafford - smith .
pocillopora eydouxi . dampier archipelago , western australia . a community dominated by p . eydouxi . ed lovell .
cyndy parr merged another page with < i > pocillopora eydouxi < / i > milne edwards & haime , 1860 .
pocillopora eydouxi . ryukyu islands , japan . p . eydouxi ( right ) next to p . verrucosa ( left ) . charlie veron .
frédéric ducarme marked
file : trapezia flavopunctata , caché dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg
as trusted on the
trapezia flavopunctata
page .
nomenclature according to veron & pichon ( 1976 ) and schmidt - roach et al . ( 2014 ) , p . grandis dana , 1846 is a synonym of p . eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 . since the latter is considered a junior synonym it is invalid , even though these authors state that it should be suppressed because the name p . eydouxi has been more commonly used . such a suppression should be done by a ruling of the iczn . [ details ]
cyndy parr marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards & haime , 1860
.
frédéric ducarme set
file : trapezia flavopunctata , caché dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg
as an exemplar on
trapezia flavopunctata eydoux and souleyet , 1842
.
pocillopora eydouxi . kiribati , equatorial western pacific . p . eydouxi ( right ) with p . zelli ( left ) showing differences in the appearance of verrucae . len zell .
( of pocillopora coronata gardiner , 1897 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora rugosa gardiner , 1897 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]
( of pocillopora symmetrica thiel , 1932 ) veron , j . e . n . & m . pichon ( 1976 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia . part i . families thamnasteriidae , astroceoniidae , pocilloporidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . volume i . [ details ]
( of pocillopora rugosa gardiner , 1897 ) gardiner js ( 1897 ) on some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w . pacific - ocean . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1897 : 941 - 953 , pls . 56 - 57 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora coronata gardiner , 1897 ) gardiner js ( 1897 ) on some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w . pacific - ocean . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1897 : 941 - 953 , pls . 56 - 57 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron , j . e . n . & m . pichon ( 1976 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia . part i . families thamnasteriidae , astroceoniidae , pocilloporidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . volume i . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 .
schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora symmetrica thiel , 1932 ) thiel , m . e . ( 1932 ) . madreporaria . zugleich ein versuch einer vergleichenden oekologie der gefundenen formen . resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises . memoires du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique . 2 ( 12 ) : 1 - 177 , pls . 1 - 21 . [ details ]
( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
common : revillagigedo islands ( reyes - bonilla 2003 ) , malpelo ( glynn and ault 2000 ) and gorgona islands ( zapata and vargas - ángel 2003 ) .
rare : gulf of california and nearby areas , nayarit , jalisco , colima , guerrero and oaxaca ( reyes - bonilla 2003 ) ; costa rica including cocos island , and ecuador including the galápagos islands ( glynn and ault 2000 ) .
is likely to be moderately common in panama ( reported at 24 sites in las perlas and 77 sites in gulf of chiriqui ) , colombia and costa rica . in addition , according to jiménez and cortés ( 2003 ) ,
can be found in moderate abundance at culebra bay , costa rica . likewise , in the galápagos islands , this coral is moderately common in the northern archipelago ( hickman 2005 ) but uncommon in the central region ( hickman and chiriboga pers . comm . ) . in addition , guzmán
. pers . comm . ) , following the severe coral mortality associated with recent enso events ( 1982 - 83 and 1997 - 98 ) and red tides .
in the galápagos islands , pocilloporid communities were well developed off northeastern san cristobal , espanola and floreana island until the 1980s ( glynn 1994 , 2003 ) , but disappeared following the 1982 - 83 enso event , with minimal coral recruitment since ( glynn 2003 ) .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
brüggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . 168 : 569 - 579 . [ details ]
sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and the gulf of aden , the southwest and northeastern indian ocean , the central indo - pacific , tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea , the oceanic west pacific , the central pacific , the hawaiian islands and johnston atoll , the far eastern pacific .
: salango island , los frailes , sucre island and la plata island , and throughout the galpagos archipelago ( except for fernandina and the west side of isabela ) ( glynn 2003 ) .
classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by cyndy parr - see more .
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dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . < em > lea and blanchard , philadelphia . < / em > 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) .
brüggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . < em > philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . < / em > 168 : 569 - 579 .
sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307
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colonies are composed of stout , upright , flattened branches . colonies are often over one metre across and may form large single species stands . branches may be widely separated or may be compact , especially where currents are strong . verrucae are uniform in shape and spacing .
habitat : most reef environments , but especially exposed reef fronts and where currents are strong .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1976 ) , dai ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : randall and myers ( 1983 ) , veron ( 1986 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
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vaughan , t . w . 1907 ,
recent madreporaria of the hawaiian islands and laysan
, bulletin of the united states national museum , vol . 59 , pp . 1 - 427
gardiner , j . s . 1897 ,
on some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w pacific ocean
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1898 , pp . 941 - 953
thiel , m . e . 1932 ,
madreporaria zugleich ein versuch einer vergleichenden oekologie der gefundenen formen
, mémoires du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique , vol . 2 , pp . 12 1 - 177
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1c5b4808 - 44d8 - 4f07 - 9394 - 3677efc1153c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 39587bca - c678 - 4f70 - 8cb0 - 7f5348ac1b2d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73335bbc - 8e3e - 4dd0 - a47b - 78c49a191278
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7be6561 - 057b - 4a3b - afc4 - e4b3dc15154e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 613953
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