hypselobarbus thomassi ( the red canarese barb ) is a critically endangered species of ray-finned fish in the genus hypselobarbus .

it is endemic to the western ghats in karnataka and kerala , india .

this species is potentially a very large fish , growing to 100 cm ( 39 in ) tl , possibly even larger .

hypselobarbus thomassi

no one has contributed data records for hypselobarbus thomassi yet . learn how to contribute .
the red canarese barb , hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish of the rivers . . .
taxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
taxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
distribution , threats and conservation status of < i > hypselobarbus thomassi < / i > ( day , 1874 ) , a poorly k . . .
in recent times , though the genus hypselobarbus has been studied substantially , the identities of i . . .
hypselobarbus pulchellus , is a poorly known species , with very few verifiable records since its des . . .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
rediscovery of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > , an endemic and threatened barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . . .
cepf western ghats special series : re - description of < i > hypselobarbus lithopidos < / i > ( teleostei : cypri . . .
identity of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > ( day , 1870 ) - an addendum to knight et al . ( 2013 a and b )
a species of hypselobarbus with a moderately elongate body ; two pairs of barbels ; 31–34 scales lateral line scales ; last unbranched dorsal fin ray weak , articulated ; each scale with a red lunule and dark base ; no bands on body .
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was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
2004 ) . there seems to be a uncertainty regarding the exact distribution of this species . apart from nethravati river ( which is around the type locality ) ( menon 2004 ) ,
from this river are not correct and are cases of misidentifications ( robin abraham pers . comm ) . given the taxonomic ambiguities existing within the genus
, nor are they any recent records from anywhere in kerala or karnataka . it is also known that an extensive search in south canara turned up only one specimen ( menon 2004 ) .
it inhabits fast - flowing streams and rivers below the ghats , in forested areas ( menon 1999 ) .
no information on use or trade . however like all large barbs within the genus
. as there are no recent records of this species , it is to determined whether these are attributed to large scale population declines throughout its range or taxonomic issues . the nethravati and kabini rivers of karnataka and kerala , where the species might be existing , needs to be surveyed extensively .
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greek , hypselos = high + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4832 )
knight , j . d . m . , a . rai and r . k . p . d ' souza , 2013 . on the identities of barbus mussullah sykes and cyprinus curmuca hamilton with notes on the status of gobio canarensis jerdon ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa 3750 ( 3 ) : 201 - 215 . ( ref . 94728 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
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records by other methods ( net , hand line , spear , bow fishing etc . )
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
s . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1–235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
bibliography : abraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india’s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .
menon , a . g . k . 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . .
kurup , b . m . , radhakrishnan , k . v . and manojkumar , t . g . 2004 . biodiversity status of fishes inhabiting rivers of kerala ( south india ) with special reference to endemism , threats and conservation measures . in : r . l . welcomme and t . petr ( eds ) , proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries 2 : 316 . cambodia .
menon , a . g . k . 2004 . threatened fishes of india and their conservation .
dahanukar , n . , raut , r . and bhat , a . 2004 . distribution , endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the western ghats of india . journal of biogeography 31 : 123 - 136 .
abraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india’s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .
shaji , c . p . and easa , p . s . ( eds ) . 2003 . freshwater fishes of kerala . pp . 125 . kerala forest research research institute ( kfri ) , thrissur .
iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 16 june 2011 ) .
thomas , r . k . 2004 . habitat and distribution of hill stream fishes of southern kerala ( south of palghat gap ) . zoology , mahatma gandhi university .
day , f . 1874 . on some new or little - known fishes of india . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1873 ( 3 ) : 704 - 710 .
a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .
< i > pethia lutea < / i > , a new species of barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) and new records of p . punctata from . . .
a new species of barb pethia lutea is described from the kundalika river in the northern part of th . . .
distribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .
the wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .
reply to the response given by n . basavaraja to knight et al . 2013 a and b
reply to “need for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape : a resp . . .
appendix 1 paper on phylogenetic position and osteology of pethia setnai , an endemic barb of the weste . . .
kulathupuzha temple is widely known for its fish feeding ( meenuttu ) of fishes known as thirumak . . .
appendix 2 short notes in min newsletter of the iucn - sscwi freshwater fish specialist group south asia . . .
using freshwater kbas for informing conservation and development policy and action in kerala and tamil . . .
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fragum fragum is a species of cockle , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family cardiidae .

it is commonly known as the white strawberry cockle and is found in the western indo-pacific ocean .

it is the type species of the genus fragum .

fragum fragum

variety hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum var . carinata lynge , 1909 accepted as fragum scruposum ( deshayes , 1855 ) ( synonym )
favia fragum . brazil . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .
favia fragum . caribbean . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .
favia fragum . south - eastern usa . showing colony deformed by environmental conditions .
favia fragum ( esper 1797 ) coralpedia . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .
favia fragum . brazil . in intertidal habitats this species develops submeandriod corallites . charlie veron .
golfball coral ( favia fragum ) marine species identification portal . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .
( of hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
favia fragum . south - eastern usa . corallites are sometimes protuberant and can be almost phaceloid . julian sprung .
drupella fragum ( blainville , 1832 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 april 2010 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
golfballkoralle
to
favia fragum ( esper , 1795 )
.
sexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on reproductive ecology .
sexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on . . . - pubmed - ncbi
sequencing the genome of a coral
lab rat
( favia fragum ) meyer , eli , katherine dziedzic , and constance rogers lowery . . oregon state university , 8 aug 2016 . experiment
( of corculum ( fragum ) bannoi otuka , 1937 ) otuka , y . ( 1937b ) notes on some shells from southern taiwan ( iii ) . venus , 7 , 128–143 . [ details ]
citation : hoadley kd , szmant am , pyott sj ( 2011 ) circadian clock gene expression in the coral favia fragum over diel and lunar reproductive cycles . plos one 6 ( 5 ) : e19755 . urltoken
in this study , we investigated whether the brooding coral , favia fragum , had diel or lunar cycles of cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle transcript abundance that correlated with diel sunlight cycle and / or key events in the monthly reproductive cycle of f . fragum . f . fragum is a small caribbean reef coral that reproduces monthly throughout the year in a predictable lunar pattern [ 23 ] , in contrast to a . millepora and many other broadcast spawning corals that reproduce annually [ 13 ] , [ 24 ] . understanding the patterns of expression of these genes will help elucidate the circadian molecular clock mechanism in corals and the evolution of clock mechanisms within the metazoan lineage .
( of hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum var . carinata lynge , 1909 ) lynge h . 1909 . the danish expedition to siam 1899 - 1900 . iv . marine lamellibranchiata . det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter , naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk afdeling , ( 7 ) 5 ( 3 ) : 97 - 299 , pl . 1 - 5 , 1 map . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 261 , pl . 5 fig . 20 [ details ]
favia fragum . brazil . two colonies left with other brazilian corals having small corallites . stephanocoenia michelini ( top right ) and sideratstrea stellata ( bottom right ) . note the variation of corallite shape from circular to submeandroid . charlie veron .
( of fragum loochooanum kira , 1959 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
citation :
golfball corals , favia fragum ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
reverse transcription pcr with degenerate primers was used to identify and sequence partial cdnas encoding the genes cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle within the f . fragum transcriptome . gene identity was initially confirmed using blastn and tblastx searches in ncbi . phylogenetic analyses using the neighbor joining method through mega 4 were also used to confirm gene identity and also identify cnidarian orthologs ( figure 1 and figure 2 ; table s1 ) . these analyses identify inconsistency with regard to the attribution and naming of the cry1 and cry2 gene sequences in the two cnidarians that have been previously studied ( n . vectensis [ 25 ] and a . millepora [ 19 ] ) , and , in this work , we use the designation originally published for a . millepora [ 19 ] . the resulting analyses suggest f . fragum cry1 is most similar to a . millepora cry1 and n . vectensis cry2 ( genbank accession : hq687760 ) , f . fragum cry2 is most similar to a . millepora cry2 and n . vectensis cry1a and cry1b ( genbank accession : hq687761 ) , and f . fragum clock and cycle are most similar to n . vectensis clock ( genbank accession : hq687758 ) and cycle ( genbank accession : hq687759 ) respectively .
the future of coral biology . the image shows a single recruit of favia fragum at ~ 12 hours post - settlement . the recruit is shown under white light ( left ) , then under fluorescence microscopy to show the corals ' natural green fluorescent protein ( middle ) and autofluorescence from the photosynthetic pigments in symbiotic algae ( right ) .
( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a translated sequence for f . fragum cycle ( genbank accession : hq687759 ) was queried under blastp in ncbi for the top 500 sequence hits . similarly , the translated sequence for f . fragum cry1 ( genbank accession : hq687760 ) was also queried using blastp in ncbi for the top 250 sequence hits . both clock and cry1 results were then reduced to a total of 54 and 37 sequences respectively to reflect a diverse range of taxa and genes identified from the blastp query . for the clock alignment , translated sequences for a . millepora ( gi | 222781555 , gi | 222807278 ) , f . fragum clock ( genbank accession : hq687758 ) and n . vectensis ( gi | 156359347 , gi | 156373864 , gi | 156402728 , gi | 156397887 , gi | 156392022 ) were also included . for the cryptochrome alignment , translated sequences for f . fragum cry2 ( genbank accession : hq687761 ) , a . millepora ( gi | 145881071 , gi | 145881069 ) and n . vectensis ( gi | 156353900 , gi | 156383457 , gi | 156378195 , gi | 156383455 ) were added . both sets were aligned using clustalx 2 . 0 . 11 software . phylogenetic analyses were then performed using the neighbor - joining method with pair - wise deletions in mega 4 . sequences were analyzed with all four models , p - distance , poisson correction , dayhoff and jjt ( 1000 bootstrap replicates ) .
( of fragum loochooanum kira , 1959 ) kira , t . ( 1959 ) coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . enlarged and revised edition . hoikusha , osaka , japan , [ 6 ] + vii + [ 1 ] + 239 pp . [ second edition , first printing . ] page ( s ) : 137 , pl . 54 fig . 13 [ details ]
( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
our colonies of favia fragum have reproduced ! these pictures may not look exciting without context , but what you are looking at is nothing less than the future of coral biology : a laboratory genetic model for corals . interested in reading more or getting involved ? see our crowdfunding page where we are raising money to sequence the genome of this emerging model . even if you arent in a position to donate please consider passing this along to your social networks !
to investigate the possible involvement of cry1 , cry2 , clock and cycle genes in the monthly spawning cycle of f . fragum , relative transcript abundances were measured using qpcr in samples collected every eight hours ( three samples per diel cycle ) on each of five days , and two time points on a sixth day . sampling days were strategically chosen to include specific reproductive events , especially spawning and onset of embryogenesis ( days 15–20 ) , in the f . fragum life cycle [ 23 ] . as expected from the diel cycle data , levels of expression for cry1 and cry2 were elevated in corals collected at 1400 h compared to those collected at 0600 h and 2200 h ( figure 6a , b ) . expression levels of clock , but not cycle , were elevated in corals collected at 1400 and 2200 h over those at 0600 h ( figure 6c , d ) . thus , for detection of lunar cycles of gene expression , comparison among lunar days was done independently for the 1400 h and 2200 h sample times .
research favia fragum » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
there was no significant difference in expansion - contraction behavior between the two groups of corals at 1400 and 0200 h during the pre - treatment monitoring period ( p > 0 . 05 ) . corals in the normal light : dark treatment continued the expected nighttime polyp expansion and daytime contraction pattern throughout the experimental period ( figure 4a ) . in contrast , colonies transferred to the constant dark treatment initially showed a prolonged period of expanded and partially expanded polyps , followed by a less synchronized and longer cycle of polyp contraction and expansion ( figure 4c ) . polyp expansion - contraction behaviors at 0200 and 1400 h were significantly different between treatment groups ( p < 0 . 01 ) . these data suggest that normal polyp expansion - contraction behavior is light dependent in f . fragum ( figure 4a and c ) .
to confirm that the f . fragum colonies sampled during the lunar sampling schedule were undergoing the expected monthly pattern of reproduction , histology was used to detect the presence of mature oocytes and spermaries in a subset of the samples analyzed by qpcr . decalcified coral tissues were processed and stained using methods described previously [ 23 ] . briefly , samples were dehydrated in ethanol , cleared with xylene and embedded in paraplast - plus . 7 µm thick sections were stained with heidenhain ' s azocarmine - aniline blue . the presence of mature spermaries and oocytes within each colony was determined by examining 4 to 8 polyps per colony . the data are presented as the proportion of colonies on any given sampling day with mature gametes ( n = 5 to 12 colonies ) . mature oocytes were identified by their large size ( > 250 µm ) , distinctive indentation of the nuclei , and dark red coloration . mature spermaries were identified by the distinctive bouquets of tails .
f . fragum samples were collected between august 5 and 6 , 2009 ( gray circles ) and may 31 and june 2 , 2010 ( black circles ) . horizontal gray bars indicate nighttime . relative expression of cry1 ( a ) , cry2 ( b ) , clock ( c ) , and cycle ( d ) normalized to total rna and ef1 α expression ( as described in the materials and methods ) are shown as the mean ± s . e . m . & plusmns . e . m . ( ( ( ( n = 5 ) . natural light levels ( in lx ) were measured every 5 min at a depth of 0 . 5 m ( e ) . dunn ' s method post - hoc analysis of may 2010 diel rhythms indicate the following significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences among times : c ry1 expression at 1000 and 1400 h was significantly elevated compared to expression at 2200 , 0200 , and 0600 h , and expression at 1000 was also significantly elevated compared to expression at 1800 h ; c ry2 expression at 1400 and 1800 h were significantly elevated compared to expression at 0200 , 0600 , and 1000 h , and expression at 1800 h was also significantly elevated compared to expression at 2200 h ; c lock expression at 1800 h was significantly elevated compared to expression at 0200 , 0600 , 1000 , 1400 , and 2200 h ; c ycle expression showed no significant differences among sampling times ( p = 0 . 364 ) . statisical analyses of the diel data collected august 2009 is provided in table s3 ) .
to investigate the diel expression of cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle in field - collected f . fragum colonies , relative transcript abundances were measured using qpcr on samples collected over a 24 h period ( august 2009 ) and repeated over a 60 h period ( may 2010 ) . significant diel peaks in expression were observed for cry1 at 1000 h for both the august 2009 and may 2010 collection periods ( figure 3 ) . compared to expression levels measured at dawn ( 0600 h ) , dusk ( 1800 h ) , and nighttime ( 2200 h and 0200 h ) , cry1 relative expression at ( 1000 h ) was always elevated ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3a ) . cry2 showed a similar pattern of cyclic expression , but with expression peaking at dusk ( 1800 h ) and significantly elevated compared to transcript levels measured at night time ( 0200 h ) and dawn ( 0600 h ; p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3b ) . like cry2 , clock expression peaked at 1800 h ( dusk ) and was significantly elevated compared to levels measured at dawn ( 0600 h ) and morning ( 1000 h ) ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3c ) . although cycle showed significantly increased relative expression at night ( 2200 h ) compared to dawn ( 0600 h ) and midday ( 1000 h and 1400 h ) during the august 2009 period ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3d gray symbols ) , no significant diel variation was observed during the more extensive may 2010 sampling period ( p = 0 . 129 ; figure 3d black symbols ) .
( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) born i . von ( 1778 ) index rerum naturalium musei cæsarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichniß der natürlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobonæ . ( kraus ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 29 - 30 [ details ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
spry , j . f . ( 1964 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : part 2 : pelecypoda ( bivalves ) . tanganyika notes and records . 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium flavum röding , 1798 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
tai , k . k . ( 2005 ) ecological status and conservation value of soft shore habitats in hong kong . mphil thesis . city university of hong kong . [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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colonies are small ( usually less than 50 mm across ) and hemispherical to encrusting . corallites have very variable shapes ranging from immersed to conical ( plocoid ) to tubular ( subphaceloid ) and may be circular with one mouth , to elongate with many mouths . encrusting colonies in intertidal habitats may be submeandroid . spherical colonies with unrestricted growing space commonly develop tubular corallites . corallites or valleys are seldom more than 5 millimetres across . whatever the corallite shape , the walls are neatly rounded . septo - costae are exsert and evenly spaced .
colour : usually tan to light orange - brown with pale green tentacles . walls and calices may have contrasting colours .
taxonomic note : taxonomic note : this species is usually called favia gravida in brazil after laborel ( 1969 ) . brazilian colonies are usually more meandroid but all characters overlap . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda . this species is also known from the eastern atlantic .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is found in most fore reef and back reef environments , and in seagrass beds provided there is suitable substrate for them to settle on . recorded from 0 . 5 - 20 m depth , though most common from 0 . 5 - 5 m .
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( of cardium unedo linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) perry , g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens , and including the latest discoveries . 1 - 4 , plates 1 - 61 . london . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1900 ) . description d ' une espèce nouvelle appartenant au genre hemicardium . j . conchyliol . xlviii : 5 - 8 , plate i ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
deshayes , g . p . ( 1855 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . part 22 ( 1854 ) : 317 - 371 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]
note malacca [ malaysia , strait of malacca ] . coll . . . .
type locality malacca [ malaysia , strait of malacca ] . coll . cuming [ details ]
( of corculum bannoi otuka , 1937 ) otuka , y . ( 1937b ) notes on some shells from southern taiwan ( iii ) . venus , 7 , 128–143 . page ( s ) : 138 - 139 , figs 54a - b [ details ]
( of corculum bannoi otuka , 1937 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium sueziense issel , 1869 ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 , pl 3 , fig . 4 [ details ]
( of cardium omanense melvill in mellvill & standen , 1907 ) melvill , j . c . and standen , r . 1907 [ 11 april ] . the mollusca of the persian gulf , gulf of oman and arabian sea , as evidenced mainly through the collections of mr . f . w . townsend , 1893 - 1906 ; with descriptions of new species . 2 pelecypoda . proceedings of the zoological society of london 783 - 848 , pls 53 - 56 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium transclathratum viader , 1951 ) viader r . ( 1951 ) . new or unrecorded shells from mauritius and its dependencies . mauritius institute bulletin . 3 ( 2 ) : 127 - 153 . page ( s ) : 143 , pl . 3 fig . 7 [ details ]
( of cardium omanense melvill in mellvill & standen , 1907 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of laevicardium sueziense ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of parvicardium suezensis issel ) sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium transclathratum viader , 1951 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium sueziensis [ sic ] ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 [ details ]
( of parvicardium transclathratum ( viader , 1951 ) ) de boer , w . & prins , h . 2002 . human exploitation and benthic community structure on a tropical intertidal flat . journal of sea research 48 : 225 - 240 . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
colonies massive ; usually forming hemispherical domes , but occasionally forming small encrustations on the substrate .
with 1 to 3 polyps , oval with protruding rims of less than 2 mm high .
humann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
roos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .
roos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 130 .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
wrigley institute for environmental studies , university of southern california , p . o . box 5069 , avalon , california 90704 , usa . dbcarlon @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
species : cyclocardia ventricosa montereyensis ( a . g . smith & gordon , 1948 )
description : f + , hard to get ! southern form , collected by e . w . boerstler in 1950 !
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : colony surface . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : sem . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : thin section . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
depth range based on 306 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 282 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 25 . 995 - 27 . 944 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 115 - 2 . 147 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 179 - 36 . 533 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 330 - 4 . 746 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 0 . 239 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 866 - 3 . 566 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 25 . 995 - 27 . 944 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 115 - 2 . 147 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 179 - 36 . 533 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 330 - 4 . 746 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 0 . 239 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 866 - 3 . 566 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
favia fragrum is a species of colonial stony coral in the family faviidae . it is commonly known as the golfball coral and is found in tropical waters on either side of the atlantic ocean .
packed closely together , but it can occur in groups or may occasionally grow as an encrusting coral . the corallites contain one to three
and are normally round but can become elongated into an oval shape when the polyps are budding and a new corallite is being formed . the corallite walls usually consist of four complete whorls of septa and do not project appreciably from the surface of the coral . the costae of different corallites are distinct from one another . the colour is usually yellow or pale brown .
the golfball coral is found in the tropical atlantic ocean at depths down to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) with its range extending from the west coast of equatorial africa to south america , the caribbean sea and the southern united states . it is an inconspicuous species and occurs on
the iucn red list of threatened species lists it as being of
least concern
. this is because it is widespread and common and a loss of habitat from coral reef destruction is unlikely to impact it significantly .
favia fragrum iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .
description : whorls straight sided , sharply angled at the base . spiral sculpture of about 5 beaded ribs on each whorl and about 8 on the base , with finer ribs between on larger specimens ; ribs immediately above and below the suture frequently larger than the rest . outer lip and columella smooth , umbilicus closed . colour mottled brown and white , sometimes as axial white streaks on a brown background . interior white , nacreous . normally eroded .
distribution : endemic to australia ; southport , qld , to mallacoota , vic .
comparison : odontotrochus marginata ( tenison - woods , 1880 ) is a very similar species which occurs in southern queensland and northwards .
figs . 1 , 2 : kurnell , botany bay , nsw ( c . 326563 )
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the distribution , nature and extent of microbial deposits in hamelin pool , shark bay have been investigated and mapped with emphasis on the occurrence , external morphologies , internal fabrics , constructional mechanisms , microbial communities , growth rates and sediment associations in the intertidal and previously little researched subtidal zone .
detailed georeferenced substrate mapping revealed extensive subtidal microbial deposits occupying approximately 300 km 2 of the total holocene 1400 km 2 area of hamelin pool . the microbial pavement covers 227 km 2 of the subtidal substrate that together with columnar structures reveals a subtidal microbial habitat which occupies an area 10 times larger than the area of the intertidal deposits . microbial carbonate is composed of aragonite ( 80–98 % ) that reveals high positive values of δ 13 c ( + 4 . 46 to + 5 . 88 ) and δ 18 o ( + 3 . 06 to + 3 . 88 ) as a characteristic of the highly evaporative environment with extensive microbial activity . oldest dated heads are 1915 and 1680 14 c years bp , and the overall system was deposited in two stages ; the first between 2000 and 1200 and the last from 900 years bp to the present . slow growth rates vary from less than 0 . 1 mm / year to 0 . 5 mm / year .
different internal fabrics were constructed according to their position in relation to the littoral zone by distinct microbial communities , and lateral fabric relations have been established . evidence of shallowing - upward fabric sequences of microbial origin reflects relative falling sea levels during the late holocene and is likely useful in ancient environmental interpretation . a sequence of events and mechanisms are described emphasizing differences between the stromatolitic , thrombolitic and cryptomicrobial deposits in shark bay . the new substrate map and depositional history for this distinctive and peculiar microbial habitat establish the significance of subtidal structures and emphasize the geoscientific importance of hamelin pool , especially with respect to early life studies and ancient analogues for understanding microbial activity , deposit characteristics , fenestral fabrics and distribution .
► new georeferenced detailed map of microbial substrate in hamelin pool , australia . ► new information on dating and microbial structures sedimentation rates . ► deeper microbial structures with a cerebroid morphology and non laminated fabric . ► microbial pavement extends as deep as - 6m in area of 230 km 2 of the 1400 km 2 . ► new characterization of taxonomic groups of dominant cyanobacteria .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 18 - 18 temperature range ( °c ) : 24 . 522 - 24 . 522 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 160 - 0 . 160 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 555 - 35 . 555 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 853 - 4 . 853 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 169 - 0 . 169 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 466 - 1 . 466 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
this section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
editor : christian r . voolstra , king abdullah university of science and technology , saudi arabia
copyright : © 2011 hoadley et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : the authors acknowledge the following funding sources : unc wilmington center for marine science pilot project to sjp and ams ; unc wilmington academic affairs funding to ams for support of coral reef research ; friends of unc wilmington to sjp ; project aware foundation grant to kdh ; and funding from unc wilmington to sjp . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
predictable and cyclic diel patterns of sunlight and monthly cycles of moonlight occur in most geographic locations around the globe . accordingly , many species have evolved mechanisms to entrain behaviors to these environmental light patterns [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . scleractinian corals display behavioral and reproductive changes corresponding to both diel solar and monthly lunar light cycles . many reef corals retract their tentacles during the day and extend them at night to feed [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . diel light cycles may also be involved with determining the time of day of coral spawning [ 10 ] . over longer periods of time , the lunar cycle provides a light cue that is thought to play a role in synchronization of reproductive events such as gametogenesis , spawning or larval release in some scleractinian coral species [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . within a given geographic region , spawning time occurs simultaneously for all corals of a particular species . this precise and simultaneous release of gametes is thought to be an adaptation for increasing the probability of successful fertilization [ 13 ] .
although rhythmic coral behaviors such as diel tentacle expansion - contraction and synchronous spawning have been well characterized , little is known about the molecular signaling pathways responsible for these behaviors . in model systems such as fruit flies and mice , circadian behaviors are maintained by a well - studied core molecular “clock” composed of the transcriptional activators clock and cycle ( orthologus to bmal1 in vertebrates ) and other positive and negative regulatory components including period , timeless and cryptochrome [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . molecular clock components , including the cryptochrome genes , are also thought to play fundamental roles in the timing of reproductive processes in these taxa [ 17 ] .
tree depicts a radial consensus of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the neighbor - joining method with pairwise deletions and poisson control . analyses with 1000 bootstrap replicates under dayhoff or jtt models were also run and resulted in similar phylogenetic relationships ( data not shown ) . thin lines represent nodes where less than 70 % of the 1000 bootstrap replicates show support for the topology depicted above . gray lines represent cnidarian lineages .
tree depicts a consensus of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the neighbor - joining method with pairwise deletions and poisson control . analyses with 1000 bootstrap replicates under dayhoff or jtt models were also run and resulted in similar phylogenetic relationships ( data not shown ) . gray lines represent cnidarian lineages .
to examine the light - dependence of diel patterns of gene expression , clock gene expression measured in corals maintained in the laboratory under normal light : dark conditions ( control treatment ) were compared to expression measured in corals maintained in constant darkness ( dark treatment ) . polyp expansion - contraction behaviors were also monitored during the first three days of the experiment before sampling for gene expression .
during an initial 24 h normal light : dark period , all experimental corals exhibited normal polyp expansion at night and contraction during the day ( figures 4a–c ) . after collection of these baseline behavioral data , half of the corals remained in the normal light : dark treatment while the other half was transferred to a constant dark treatment . given the variable levels of gene expression over the normal diel light cycle demonstrated for the field samples ( figure 3 ) , we selected 1400 h and 0200 h of each day to perform statistical comparisons between treatments as representative of daylight and nighttime conditions .
the fraction of colonies with contracted ( white ) , partially expanded ( gray ) , or fully expanded ( black ) in light : dark ( a ; n = 29 ) and constant dark ( c , n = 31 ) treatments . light levels ( lx ) were measured every 5 min for light : dark ( b ) and constant dark treatments ( d ) . horizontal gray bars indicate dark periods .
relative expression of cry1 , cry2 , and clock in corals maintained in the light : dark treatment for three days prior to sampling showed peaks in transcript abundance that matched those times observed in the field ( compare figure 5a–c with figure 3a–c ) : cry1 expression was elevated at 1000 h and cry2 and clock expression was elevated at 1800 h over nighttime ( 0200 h ) and dawn ( 0600 h ) expression levels ( p < 0 . 05 ) . in contrast , the relative expression of cry1 , cry2 , and clock in corals in the constant dark treatment showed no pattern of expression over the dark sampling period ( p > 0 . 05 , figure 5a–c ) . peak levels in transcript abundance for cry1 ( 1000 h , for both diel cycles ) , cry2 ( at 1800 h for the first diel cycle ) , and clock ( at 1800 h for both diel cycles ) observed in corals maintained in normal light : dark were significantly elevated compared to expression at those time points in corals maintained in the dark ( p < 0 . 001 ) . although there was no rhythmic pattern of expression for cry1 throughout the dark treatment , levels of expression were elevated compared to normal nighttime ( 0200 h ) levels ( p < 0 . 001 ; figure 5a ) . only cycle showed no statistically significant difference in expression between corals maintained in normal light : dark compared to those in the dark ( p = 0 . 52 ; figure 5d ) . however , statistical analyses indicated that there was a small but significant increase in cycle expression for both light : dark and dark treatments at 1400 h compared to 0200 h ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 5d ) . this increase was not repeated at 1400 h on the second day and is likely due to the large , arrhythmic variation observed in cycle expression .
relative expression of cry1 ( a ) , cry2 ( b ) , clock ( c ) , and cycle ( d ) normalized to total rna and ef1 α expression ( as described in the materials and methods ) are shown as the mean ± s . e . m . ( n = 4 ) for light : dark ( white circles ) and constant dark ( black circles ) treatments . light levels ( lx ) were measured every 5 min for light : dark ( e , white circles ) and constant dark treatments ( e , black circles ) . * indicates statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences in gene expression between light : dark and constant dark treatments .
diel sampling : on 5 august 2009 , the day of the full moon , five colonies were collected every 4 h over a 24 h period at 1400 , 1800 , 2200 , 0200 , 0600 , 1000 , and 1400 h local time . a second series of samples were collected every 4 h over a 60 h period starting on 31 may 2010 at 1000 h local time , spanning days 19 through 21 of that lunar month .
lunar cycle : sample dates were 29 july and 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , and 15 august 2009 , which encompass days 7 through 25 of the lunar cycle . on each sampling date , five colonies were collected every 8 h at 0600 , 1400 , and 2200 local time for a total of 15 total collected colonies .
coral colonies were cleaved in half . one half was immediately flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for future rna extraction . the other half was prepared for histology by fixing in zenker ' s formaldehyde [ 23 ] for 5 h , decalcifying in 10 % hcl for approximately 24 to 48 h , and storing the tissue sample in 70 % ethanol for transportation back to unc wilmington .
frozen coral samples were ground into a powder using a mortar and pestle chilled on a bed of dry ice . total rna was extracted and purified from each sample using trizol reagent ( invitrogen ) and pure link ( invitrogen ) clean up kits and a modified version of the manufacturer ' s protocols that included an additional chloroform extraction and sodium acetate precipitation step . purified rna samples were then analyzed using a nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer ( thermoscientific ) and a 2100 bioanalyzer ( agilent technologies ) to assess rna quantity and quality . rna integrity numbers were on average 9 . 2 and always > 8 . 4 . only samples with concentrations greater than 50 ng µl −1 were used for subsequent analyses .
degenerate primer sets . degenerate primers were based on alignments using a . millepora and n . vectensis sequences using sequencher software . primers were selected using primerexpress software .
statistical analyses of august 2009 diel expression data . groups showing statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences in gene expression as determined using a kruskal - wallis one - way analysis on ranks with a dunn ' s method post - hoc .
we would like to thank dr . sean lema , dr . thomas shafer and dr . marcel van tuinen at unc wilmington and dr . christian voolstra at uc merced for discussion and technical assistance throughout the project . we also thank dr . mary alice coffroth for supplying us with cultures of symbiodinium for cdna and genomic dna analyses . finally , we thank the university of puerto rico and especially dr . ernesto weil for help in logistics and collection of field samples .
conceived and designed the experiments : kdh ams sjp . performed the experiments : kdh ams sjp . analyzed the data : kdh ams sjp . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : kdh ams sjp . wrote the paper : kdh ams sjp .
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ko ch , takahashi js ( 2006 ) molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock . human molecular genetics 15 : r271–r277 .


it was described by grote in 1882 .

the length of the forewings is 13 – 16 mm for males and 15 – 17 mm for females .

the forewings are very light yellow with a nebulous , blackish mesial band .

the hindwings are white with a pruplish iridescence .

adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .

larvae have been recorded feeding on rhamnus frangula .

the create a web mixed with dead leaves and excrement .

pupation takes place in a yellowish cocoon , mixed with debris and leaves .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

cliniodes ostreonalis

species cliniodes ostreonalis - oystershell metrea moth - hodges # 4789 - bugguide . net
cliniodes euphrosinalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 80 ; tl : jamaica
cliniodes ostreonalis , the oystershell metrea moth , is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by grote in 1882 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from connecticut , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland , michigan , new brunswick , new york , ohio , ontario , pennsylvania , quebec , vermont , west virginia and wisconsin .
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fyles , t . w . 1894 : botys urticaloides , n . s . . – the canadian entomologist , ottawa 26 : 184 .
grote , a . r . 1882 c : on certain pyralidae . – papilio , new york and philadelphia 2 : 73 .
the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
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one moth can look completely different depending on how it places its wings ! i noticed its colouring and the big yellowish eyes with black spots ( if they are eyes ? ) .
contributed by ilze v - g . on 19 august , 2011 - 1 : 40pm last updated 4 july , 2013 - 12 : 51pm
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sudbury , ontario , canada july 4 , 2014 size : ws approx 3 . 2cm
attracted to the lights at night it was resting on the glass in the pathway of the wgmc at laurentian university .
contributed by ilze v - g . on 4 july , 2014 - 10 : 55am last updated 8 july , 2014 - 12 : 41pm
exarcha ineptalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 340 , ( 12 ) pl . 7 , f . 8 ; tl : venezuela
pyrausta glaucescens hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 260 ; tl : ecuador
niphostola punctata swinhoe , 1904 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1904 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : santubong
basonga paradisalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 79 ; tl : jamaica
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histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
walker , 1859 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 16 : 1 - 253 ( [ 1859 ] ) , 17 : 255 - 508 ( 1859 ) , 18 : 509 - 798 ( 1859 ) , 19 : 799 - 1036 ( 1859 )
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