the apeco oldfield mouse ( thomasomys apeco ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

it is known only from a single locality in north central peru , which includes rio abiseo national park , where it was found in cloud forest at an elevation of 3300 m .

the species name comes from the acronym for the asociacion peruana para la conservacion de la naturaleza .

it is among the largest members of the genus .

apeco oldfield mouse

thomasomys apeco leo & gardner , 1993 ( apeco oldfield mouse ) apeco is an acronym for asociacion peruana para la conservacion de la naturaleza . [ proc . biol . soc . washington 106 : 417 - 428 . ]
peromyscus polionotus , a north american cricetid species also called an
oldfield mouse
.
thomasomys apeco leo l . m . , gardner a . l . , 1993
thomasomys is a genus of rodent in the family cricetidae , named after british zoologist oldfield thomas . nuclear dna sequence analysis has indicated that it is a sister taxon to rhagomys . it contains the following species :
microcebus gerpi radespiel et al . , 2012 ( gerp ' s mouse lemur ) named after groupe d ' étude et de recherche sur les primates de madagascar ( gerp ) , the research and conservation team that described it .
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urltoken
- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -
adlafia g . moser , h . lange - bertalot & d . metzeltin 1998 ( diatom ) for the association des diatomistes de langue française ( a . d . la . f . )
afgekia craib . ( fabaceae from southeast asia ) named for the collector a rthur f rancis ge orge k err .
agra bci erwin , 2000 ( ground beetle ) from
barro colorado island
( panama ) , where the beetle was discovered .
agra catie erwin , 2002 ( carabid ) for centro agronomico tropical de investigacion y ensenanza , a forestry school at turrialba .
amargatitanis macni apesteguía , 2007 ( titanosaur ) the specific epithet honors the museo argentino de ciencias naturales ( macn ) . [ cretaceous res . 12 : 533 ]
aphandra ( palm ) a partial acronym from the palm genera a mmandra and ph ytelephas , plus - andra ( male , referring to the stamens ) because the stamens are intermediate between those of ammandra and phytelephas .
atelopus farci lynch ( toad ) named after farc , the colombian guerilla army , which used to be active in the toad ' s habitat . if the army had not taken shelter there , the region probably would have been devastated , and the toads would remain unknown to science .
bacillus isronensis shivaji , et . al . , 2009 this highly ultraviolet - resistant bacterium from the upper stratosphere was discovered by balloon experiments and named for isro , the indian space research organization .
bacillus safensis venkateswaran , 2004 this bacillus has evolved to survive on spacecraft surfaces in jpl ' s spacecraft assembly facility ( whence its name ) . it is highly resistant to gamma and uv radiation and presumably draws energy from ions of trace metals like aluminum and titanium . it is almost certainly living aboard the mars rovers and may survive as spores for millions of years .
bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( distaso 1912 ) castellani and chalmers 1919 ( gut bacterium )
a combination of the greek letters theta , iota , and omicron , relating to the morphology of vacuolated forms
; i would like to see more explanation .
bathynema nodinauti miljutin 2009 ( nematode ) honoring the nodinaut research cruise , from
manganese nodule area
and the submarine nautile .
canthicaster criobe williams et al . , 2012 ( pufferfish ) after the centre de recherche insulaire et observatoire de l ' environnement in moorea . [ zootaxa 3523 : 84 ]
chromidotilapia mrac lamboj , 2002 ( cichlid ) after muséé royal de l ' afrique centrale .
conophytum armianum hammer , 1988 ( african plant ) from the initials arm of anthony r . mitchell .
copiapoa ahremephianus taylor & charles , 2002 ( s . american cactus ) for the initials rmf of roger m . ferryman .
csiro medvedev & lawrence , 1984 ( tenebrionid ) after commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation in australia .
csiromedusa and family csirobedusidae ( jellyfish ) also after commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation in australia .
diastylis andeepae alberico & mühlenhardt - siegel 2010 ( hooded shrimp ) and storthyngurella andeepae malyutina & brandt 2004 ( isopoda : munnopsididae ) both named after the antarctic deep - sea biodiversity expeditions ( andeep ) .
drinker nisti bakker et al . , 1990 ( ornithopod dinosaur ) after the national institute of standards and technology ( of the u . s . dept . of commerce ) .
it ' s the only dinosaur named after an arm of the federal government . someday i ' m going to name one after the i . r . s .
- robert bakker .
egatochoerus ( oldest named peccary ) from egat , electricity generating authority of thailand ( and choer , young pig ) .
emausaurus haubold , 1990 ( jurassic thyreophoran dinosaur ) named for the ernst - moritz - arndt - universität of greifswald , germany .
eoabelisaurus mefi pol & rauhut , 2012 ( theropod dinosaur ) in recognition of the support of the museo paleontológico egidio feruglio ( mef ) in argentina .
esconites thompson & johnson , 1977 ( fossil polychaete worm ) , and esconichthys bardack , 1974 ( fossil lungfish ) both are from the mazon creek formation in illinois and are named after the earth science club of northern illinois ( esconi ) .
eurycea sosorum chippindale , price , hillis , 1993 ( barton springs salamander ) the salamander has a very small range .
the species is named in honor of the citizens of austin , texas , whose efforts to protect the quality of barton springs resulted in the passage of a citizen ' s aquifer - protection initiative in 1992 . this initiative is known locally as the sos ( save our springs ) ordinance , and its supporters as sosers . the specific name sosorum is the plural mixed - gender genitive form of the acronym sos .
[ herpetologica 49 : 248 - 259 ]
fubarichthys ( fossil fish ) usually found with its head disarticulated , or fubar ( f * cked up beyond all recognition ) .
habronestes boq baehr , 2008 ( spider ) for the bank of queensland . ( see named after things . )
haptoclinus dropi baldwin and robertson , 2013 ( blenny fish ) discovered as part of the smithsonian ' s deep reef observation project ( drop ) .
helacyton van valen & maiorana , 1991 ( hela cell culture ) . hela is a cell culture derived from a cervical cancer of henrietta lacks , hence the name . (
hela
was preoccupied by a crustacean . ) it is described as a new species because it is widespread and feral . by some systematics conventions , it is a unicellular species of human . [ evolutionary theory 10 : 71 ]
hypogena cat steiner , 2005 ( tenebrionid beetle ) honoring tenebrionid specialist charles a . triplehorn . not coincidentally , the beetle has three horns . [ annales zoologici 55 : 574 . ]
inpaichthys géry & junk , 1977 ( tetra ) named for inpa , the brazilian instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazonia . also : crenicichla inpa ploeg , 1991 ( cichlid ) and aguarunichthys inpai zuanon , rapp py - daniel & jegu , 1993 ( siluroid fish ) , bryconops inpai knoppel et al . , 1968 ( charaoid fish ) , and phytocerum inpa costa et al . , 2003
isisaurus wilson & upchurch , 2003 ( cretaceous titanosaur ) named after the indian statistical institute .
lasioglossum gattaca danforth & wcislo , 1999 ( halticid bee ) referring to the genetic code , whose bases abbreviated a , t , c , and g , and no doubt influenced by the 1997 sci - fi movie
gattaca .
[ annals of esa 92 : 624 ]
maelestes gobiensis wible et al . 2007 . ( late cretaceous placental mammal )
mae
is the acronym for mongolian academy of sciences - american museum of natural history expeditions .
melanotaenia angfa ( rainbowfish ) in honour of the australia new guinea fishes association .
natalichthys ori winterbottom , 1980 ( fish ) for the oceanographic research institute , durban , south africa .
natalichthys sam winterbottom , 1980 ( fish ) named for s . a . m . , the south african museum , where the specimen was found .
ocepechelon bardet et al . 2013 ( cretaceous sea turtle )
genus name from ocp , acronym for the groupe office chérifien des phosphates , the mining company exploiting phosphatic deposits in morocco
, plus the greek for
turtle
.
pachyplichas jagmi millener 1988 ( new zealand stout - legged wren , now extinct ) . after the initials of palaeontologist john a . grant - mackie .
pangolinisis cia alderslade , 1998 ( gorgonian ) found attached to an australian submarine phone cable , although perhaps not listening in as one might expect from the american c . i . a .
physalaemus enesefae heatwole , solano & heatwole , 1965 ( leptodactylid frog ) named after nsf ( national science foundation ) .
pygopleurus rufovillescens undofi keith , 2001 ( beetle ) named after the united nations disengagement observer force . found on part of the golan hights controlled by un soldiers .
rusichthys winterbottom , 1979 ( fish ) named for the collection at the jlb smith institute of ichthyology ( now the south african institute for aquatic biodiversity ) ;
r . u . s . i .
( rhodes university smith institute ) prefixes all specimen catalog numbers . mimoblennius rusi springer & spreitzer , 1978 ( rusi blenny ) gets its name from the same source .
stenocrates inpai ratcliffe , 1978 ( scarab beetle ) for i . n . p . a . ( institutional nacional de pesquisas da amazonia ) in brazil .
tanganicodus irsacae ( cichlid ) for irsac , the central african science research institute .
taymyroceras niiga bodylevski , 1958 ( jurassic cephalopod ) after nauchno issledovatelski institut geologii arctiki ( scientific institute of the arctic geology ) ; published in the transactions of the same institute .
tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferkima dong & holden , 1992 ( ankylosaurid dinosaur ) after jurassic park stars
sam ne ill , laura de rn , jeff go ldblum , sir richard a ttenborough , bob pe ck , martin fer rero , wayne k night , ariana r i chards , & joseph ma zzello
. ( the genus is named after lake tian chi . ) the name was proposed by steven speilberg , who donated money for chinese dinosaur research . the genus was originally named jurassosaurus before it was formally described .
trichogramma esalqueanum querino & zucchi , 2003 ( wasp ) for escola superior de agricultura
luiz de queiroz
.
trophomera ifremeri ( miljutin , 2004 ) ( nematode ) after institut français de recherche pour l ' exploitation de la mer , brest ( ifremer ) .
trombicula fujigmo philip & fuller , 1950 ( chigger ) after wwii slang - -
f * ck you , jack , i got my orders
.
typhochlaena amma bertani , 2012 ( tarantula ) for the aracnídeos e miriápodes da mata atlântica project .
vegavis iaai clarke et al . 2005 ( cretaceous bird ) named for the argentine antarctica institute ( iaa ) . [ nature 433 : 305 ]
uladendron codesuri marcano - berti ( tree , malvaceae ) ula = universidad de los andes , mérida , venezuela ; codesur = comisión para el desarrollo del sur ( de venezuela ) .
unescoceratops niedzwiedzki et al . , 2012 ( ceratopsid dinosaur ) named to honor the unesco world heritage site where it was found . [ cretaceous research 33 : 7 ]
urbacodon averianov & sues , 2007 ( theropod dinosaur ) the
urbac -
honors the uzbek , russian , british , american , and canadian scientists who participated in the discovery . the description was based only on teeth , hence the
- don
, tooth .
verma ansp böhlke , 1968 ( now apterichtus ansp ) ( eel ) indicated to be an arbitrary combination of letters , but actually the acronym for academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , where the author worked .
vnigriceras saveliev , 1973 ( cretaceous cephalopod ) named after vserossijskij neftjanoy nauchno - isdledovatelskij geologorazvedochnyi institut ( all - russian oil scientific and geological survey institute , in leningrad ) , abridged to vnigri in russian . saveliev also named myophorella vnigri 1960 ( jurassic bivalve ) and sonneratia ( eosonneratia ) vnigri , 1973 ( cretaceous cephalopod )
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
d ' elía , g . ; luna , l . ; gonzález , e . m . ; patterson , b . d . ( february 2006 ) .
on the sigmodontinae radiation ( rodentia , cricetidae ) : an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys
. molecular phylogenetics and evolution ( elsevier ) 38 ( 2 ) : 558–564 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 08 . 011 . pmid 16213166 .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .


mimagoniates microlepis , also known as the blue tetra ( a common name shared with tyttocharax madeirae , knodus borki , and possibly other characidae , as well ) , the croaking tetra ( a name also applied to mimagoniates inequalis and mimagoniates lateralis ) , the small-scaled tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates .

first identified by franz steindachner in 1876 and named coelurichthys microlepis , it has also been identified as coelurichthys iporangae ( miranda-ribeiro , 1908 ) , coelurichthys lateralis , and mimagoniates iporangae ( mcallister , 1990 ) besides its current taxonomic classification .

there is evidence of a variety called m. microlepis ' joinville ' which might be synonymous with paragoniates microlepis .

mimagoniates microlepis

mimagoniates microlepis schultz , 1959 : 11 ( in part , 1 specimen of m . barberi in usnm 86296 , misidentified as m . microlepis ) .
mimagoniates cf . microlepis géry , 1964 : 6 , ( discussion ; osteology of caudal and anal fins ) .
mimagoniates inequalis , known as the croaking tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates .
mimagoniates regan , 1907 : 402 [ type species : mimagoniates barberi regan ( 1907 : 402 ) by monotypy ] .
mimagoniates inequalis schultz , 1959 : 63 ( in part only , one specimen of m . microlepis , usnm 177704 , was misidentified as m . inequalis ) .
diagnosis . mimagoniates rheocharis may be separated from all other species of mimagoniates by the presence of sturdy hooks on some principal caudal - fin rays . among the species of mimagoniates presence of hooks on some caudal - fin rays also occurs in m . microlepis and m . pulcher , but in these species they are spiny . mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis , however , have fully developed caudal - fin ray pumps ( figs . 75 and 85 ) whereas in m . pulcher the pump is only partially developed ( fig . 47 ) . additionally m . rheocharis differs from m . microlepis by the number of scale rows around caudal peduncle ( 19 to 23 vs . 15 to 18 for m . microlepis ) and scales rows between dorsal - fin and anal - fin origins ( 17 to 21 vs . 13 to 16 for m . microlepis ) .
in character descriptions below clade a outgroups refer to the taxa included in characid clade a of malabarba & weitzman ( 2003 ) . character descriptions refer comparatively to figures of each species presented along the text in this sequence : lophiobrycon weitzmani , figs . 3 - 10 ; glandulocauda melanopleura , figs . 11 - 19 ; glandulocauda caerulea , figs . 20 - 28 ; mimagoniates inequalis , figs . 29 - 35 ; mimagoniates barberi , figs . 36 - 44 ; mimagoniates pulcher , figs . 45 - 51 ; mimagoniates lateralis , figs . 52 - 62 ; mimagoniates sylvicola , figs . 63 - 69 ; mimagoniates rheocharis , figs . 70 - 76 ; mimagoniates microlepis , figs . 77 - 95 .
key words : south america , lophiobrycon , glandulocauda , mimagoniates , taxonomy , biogeography .
presence of sturdy hooks on 11 th principal caudal - fin ray ( fig . 75 ) is an autapomorphy of mimagoniates rheocharis . the caudal - fin hooks in other species of mimagoniates are spine - like .
remarks . myers , in eigenmann & myers ( 1929 : 492 ) examined the type of mimagoniates lateralis amnh 4072 , and identified it as a female m . microlepis . schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) did not examine the type but nevertheless identified the species as m . inequalis and confused specimens of both these species and m . microlepis as m . microlepis . see also discussions under m . microlepis and m . inequalis . the fine photograph of m . lateralis published in axelrod ( 1959 : 12 ) was identified as m . microlepis therein , as m . barberi in harald schultz ( 1959 : 47 ) , as m . inequalis in l . p . schultz ( 1959 : 8 ) and as m . tenuis by géry ( 1977 : 357 ) . l . p . schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) , again without examining the type specimen , identified m . tenuis actually a male of m . lateralis , as a specimen of m . microlepis .
distribution . mimagoniates microlepis is widely distributed in the coastal area from southern bahia to northern rio grande do sul and also in the upper rio iguaçu and rio tibagi , upper rio paraná basin , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .
remarks . the discussion of meristic and morphometric differences as well as possible hybrid origins involving m . microlepis , m . rheocharis and m . inequalis in menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 416 - 421 ) are not repeated here . for further comments on relationships of m . microlepis see the
phylogeny
section .
mimagoniates sp . c , weitzman et al . , 1988 : 411 - 412 ( osteology of caudal fin ) .
coelurichthys tenuis myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ( type examined and erroneously referred it to m . microlepis ) . - rachow , in holly meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( followed myers , in eigenmann & myers 1929 : 491 , 492 in referring this nominal species to m . microlepis ) .
mimagoniates melanogenys schultz , 1959 : 10 ( in key ; new generic allocation ) . see below notes on type locality .
mimagoniates sp . n . menezes et al . , 2008 : 39 , 40 ( distribution ; discussion of biogeography ) .
in addition to the genera listed above under stevardiinae , weitzman ( 2003 ) listed glandulocauda and mimagoniates in his glandulocaudinae , but as discussed here , weitzman et al . ( 2005 ) restricted the use of this name to three genera , lophiobrycon , glandulocauda and mimagoniates .
the cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the genera and species of the group ( fig . 2 ) essentially confirms the results expressed in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) , the only difference being the lack of a sister group clade including mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis in the cladogram herein included . the conclusions concerning the evolutionary history and present distribution of lophiobrycon , glandulocauda and mimagoniates and their respective species in that publication are here accepted and not repeated .
etymology . the name pulcher is from the latin meaning beautiful and refers to the usual blue color of the species of mimagoniates when alive .
schultz , h . 1959 . the mimagoniates species . tropical fish hobbyist , 7 ( 10 ) : 46 - 53 . [ links ]
diagnosis . mimagoniates microlepis can be distinguished from all the other species of mimagoniates except m . rheocharis by the presence of a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump and hooks on some principal caudal - fin rays . in addition to having caudal - fin hooks spiny ( vs . sturdy in m . rheocharis ) , m . microlepis differs from m . rheocharis by the number of horizontal scale rows between dorsal - and anal - fin origins ( 15 - 18 vs . 17 - 22 for m . rheocharis ) , scales around caudal peduncle ( 15 - 18 vs . 19 - 23 for m . rheocharis ) , and coloration as discussed in the diagnosis of m . rheocharis .
distribution . mimagoniates sylvicola is known from small streams in southern bahia , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .
remarks . the glandulocaudins examined and reported by schultz ( 1959 ) need critical discussion to clear up some of the confusion of the species names used in the texts and for the photographs published by axelrod ( 1958 ) , harald schultz ( 1959 ) , and l . p . schultz ( 1959 ) . the collecting trip reported by axelrod ( 1958 ) where specimens of mimagoniates were collected , was in the region near santos , in the state of são paulo . axelrod ( 1958 : 13 - 15 ) noted that mimagoniates species identifications were questionable . collections available to us from this region indicate that two species of mimagoniates occur there , m . lateralis from blackwater streams and m . microlepis from clear water streams . axelrod ( 1958 : 15 and the color photograph on page 12 ) discussed and illustrated a species of mimagoniates found in black acid waters identified as m . microlepis by harald schultz that we identify as m . lateralis . axelrod ( 1958 : 17 ) reported but did not illustrate another species , called mimagoniates barberi ( ? ) from open waters . this is possibly m . microlepis . a color photograph on page 13 , illustrates two specimens identified as m . inequalis . the fish pictured at the left is probably an adult m . inequalis because the dark stripe on the anal fin does not closely approach the distal margin of the fin , especially anteriorly . the specimen at right is most probably an immature moderate - sized specimen of m . microlepis because the dark anal - fin stripe does closely approach the distal margin of the fin . mimagoniates inequalis is unknown from the region near santos and the photograph is likely one that harald schultz made of specimens collected in rio grande do sul state . axelrod ( 1959 : 39 ) mentions collecting a species of mimagoniates on another expedition , this time to rio de janeiro state , but no photographs or comments were made about the species . this species would be been m . microlepis , the only species to occur in this state according information at hand .
nelson ( 1964a : 63 - 65 ) in part reviewed the nomenclatural history of the nominal species of mimagoniates , glandulocauda , and coelurichthys . he also examined the types of m . barberi , specimens of m . inequalis , types of m . lateralis [ which both he and géry referred to as m . tenuis ( nichols ) ] and specimens of m . microlepis . note that weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 106 , 109 ) , just as nelson ( 1964a : 64 ) , after his study was in press , concluded that m . lateralis is a senior synonym of m . tenuis because the holotypes of these nominal species are a male and a female of the same species . mimagoniates lateralis has page precedence regarding m . tenuis . nelson ( 1964a ) further placed m . microlepis and m . lateralis in coelurichthys and based his judgment on the correct observation that m . inequalis was closer anatomically to the type species of mimagoniates , m . barberi . because m . lateralis and m . microlepis are different in their caudal structures from m . barberi and m . inequalis , he considered himself justified in placing m . lateralis and m . microlepis in coelurichthys . his observations of the differences in courtship behavior of m . inequalis , m . lateralis , and m . microlepis also influenced his decision . a decision to recognize coelurichthys using nelson ' s criteria remains subjective . below we explain our reasons for rejecting coelurichthys as a valid genus .
for example , schultz ( 1959 ) used the oldest available generic name , mimagoniates , for all the species of glandulocauda and mimagoniates . in this case the generic name would be equivalent in taxonomic level to the clade including the species of these two genera ( fig . 2 ) accepted here .
menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 416 - 421 ) discussed the possible hybrid origins of m . rheocharis from m . inequalis and m . microlepis through introgression , concluding that although such an origin might be possible , the data then available allowed sister species status between m . rheocharis and m . microlepis . in view of the phylogenetic analysis undertaken herein , however , that tentative conclusion will have to be reevaluated .
remarks . menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 414 - 416 ) discussed statistical comparisons of meristic and morphometric data between m . rheocharis and m . microlepis . these are not repeated here . although some overlap was found in many characters , significant differences were found in most of the features compared . similar comparisons and results were made with mimagoniates inequalis in the same publication .
mimagoniates inequalis schultz , 1959 : 11 , 63 ( in part , misidentified specimens of m . lateralis , usnm 94117 , as m . inequalis ) .
inequalis , known as the croaking tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates . it was previously classified as glandulocauda inequalis . . . more
scales cycloid , with more radii along posterior border , including terminal scale of modified caudal - fin series than in any other mimagoniates species ( fig . 48 ) .
coelurichthys lateralis myers in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ( type examined and erroneously referred it to m . microlepis ) . - rachow in holly , meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( referred species to m . microlepis following myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 . - schultz , 1959 : 11 ( followed myers , in eigenmann and myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ) . - nelson , 1964a : 65 ( in part ; found female type of c . lateralis difficult to identify and could not decide whether it was c . microlepis or c . tenuis but if latter , c . lateralis would have priority because of page precedence ) .
croaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - not often found for sale , they are an attractive fish that is worth shopping around for . like other coldwater tetras , they are easy to care for and are suitable for community tanks . more
torres , r . a . , t . s . motta , d . nardino , m . l . adam & j . ribeiro . 2007 . chromosomes , rapds and evolutonary trends of the neotropical fish mimagoniates microlepis ( teleostei : characidae : glandulocaudinae ) from coastal and continental regions of the atlantic forest , southern brazil . acta zoologica ( stockholm ) , 88 : 1 - 7 . [ links ]
lampert , v . r . , m . a . azevedo & c . b . fialho . 2003 . hábito alimentar de mimagoniates microlepis steindachner , 1876 ( characidae : glandulocaudinae ) do canal de ligação entre as lagoas emboaba e emboabinha , rio grande do sul , brasil . comunicações do museu de ciências e tecnologia da pucrs , série zoologia , 16 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 . [ links ]
mimagoniates sp . menezes , 2007 : 38 ( listed ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 33 , 38 , 41 , 43 ( discussion of relationships ) .
adult males of the species of mimagoniates have 0 to 1 hooks on those anal - fin rays that bear hooks ( figs . 33 , 39 , 50 , 56 , 65 , 73 and 81 ) , except that some might have an additional very small hook on anterior most branched anal - fin ray ( see fig . 33 of mimagoniates inequalis ) .
remarks . the structure of the caudal organ of mimagoniates pulcher is more similar to that of m . barberi than to any other species of mimagoniates ( compare fig . 47 to fig . 38 ) . since fig . 47 is based on a developing male it might be possible that in mature males the caudal organ is more developed and attains a modified structure .
coalurichthys iporangae miranda - ribeiro , 1908 ( unpaginated ) ; type locality :
ribeirão das pedras , iporanga
; spelling error for generic name ; see generic synonymy for mimagoniates .
houtan , a . 1990b . mimagoniates barberi , regan . characoids , newsletter international characin association , lancashire , england , 1990 ( 6 ) : 1 - 21 . [ links ]
distribution . mimagoniates rheocharis occurs in small coastal streams and rivers from santa catarina to northern rio grande do sul , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .
data from costa ( 1987 ) indicate that m . microlepis lives near the surface and feeds mostly on terrestrial arthropods . sabino & castro ( 1990 ) found that it is primarily insectivorous and that 73 . 6 % of its diet consists of items that fall into the water , especially insects ( 63 . 15 % ) and arachnids ( 10 . 5 % ) . essentially the same results were obtained by lampert et al . ( 2003 ) who concluded that m . microlepis is insectivorous regardless of size and sex .
croaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - easy to care for and are suitable for community tanks . guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) - many attractive variations hillstream loach es - not all of them like cool temperatures , but do well with temperatures in the upper sixties . more
croaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - easy to care for and are fit for community tanks . guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) - many attractive variations hillstream loach es - not all of them like self - controlled temperatures , but do well with temperatures in the upper sixties . more
harald schultz ( 1959 ) discussed the species of mimagoniates and glandulocauda but seemed aware of only three species , m . barberi , m . microlepis and g . inequalis . in this publication schultz recognized m . lateralis as m . barberi ( the name often used at that time for m . lateralis in the european and american ornamental fish trade ) . the photograph labeled as of m . barberi is of m . lateralis . schultz ( 1959 ) correctly gives the range of what he designates as m . barberi as found in blackwater streams from the city of santos south to the state of santa catarina . this time he appears to have correctly identified m . microlepis and states that it is found in the coastal plains from north of rio de janeiro south to paraná and santa catarina states , a range nearly equal to that recorded below for that species . schultz ( 1959 : 52 ) found g . inequalis ( = m . inequalis of the present report ) south of the range of m . microlepis in rio grande do sul state . he found m . inequalis and m . microlepis only in clear water . interestingly in regard to menezes & weitzmann ( 1990 : 416 - 422 ) discussion of the possible hybrid origin of m . rheocharis , schultz found both m . inequalis and m . microlepis living together . ( see discussion under m . rheocharis ) . a jar of 14 specimens of m . inequalis plus one of m . microlepis , usnm 177704 ( all identified as m . inequalis by l . p . schultz , 1959 : 63 ) , and said to be collected in porto alegre might tend to confirm this overlap in geographical range . there is no information that all these specimens are from one locality near porto alegre . the lot was entered into the usnm catalog on 4 february , 1959 , and the fishes were collected sometime previous to that date .
houtan , a . 1990a . ( color photograph of live mimagoniates barberi ) . characoids , newsletter international characin association , lancashire , england , 1990 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 . [ links ]
menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 384 - 385 ) and weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 22 ) demonstrated that not only are the two species g . melanopleura and g . caerulea ( their g . melanogenys and g . melanopleura respectively ) distinct from the species of mimagoniates , including m . inequalis , but that the species of mimagoniates accepted by them form a monophyletic group with the two species of glandulocauda belonging to an outgroup of uncertain monophyly other than they are members of what we formerly considered to be the tribe glandulocaudini . they noted that they had no synapomorphies with testable polarity hypotheses to unite these two species in the monophyletic genus glandulocauda and left these terminal taxa in an unresolved trichotomy with a third line leading to the species of mimagoniates . weitzman & menezes ( 1998 ) considered glandulocauda as sister group of mimagoniates both genera forming clade 2 of their glandulocaudinae . more recently castro et al . ( 2003 ) included their new genus lophiobrycon in the glandulocaudini ( our glandulocaudinae ) as a sister group for the clade including glandulocauda and mimagoniates .
distribution . mimagoniates lateralis is restricted to small blackwater streams , rivers and ponds in the coastal area between santos , são paulo and santa catarina , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 )
schultz , l . p . 1959 . generic status of mimagoniates and glandulocauda , south american characid fishes . tropical fish hobbyist , 8 ( 2 ) : 6 - 10 , 63 , 64 . [ links ]
another name for a croaking tetra is a mimagoniates inequalis source : digital fish funnel , july 27 , 2004 report as bad entry | send to a friend via email add your own definition of croaking tetra . more
anal - fin branched ray counts , number of scales ( horizontal scale rows on body , horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle , lateral - series scales and predorsal scales ) , and number of vertebrae of mimagoniates microlepis showed significant differences among population samples of the species ( figs . 89 and 90 ) . for the purpose of comparison , the samples were grouped within the biogeographical coastal subregions defined by menezes ( 1988 : 300 ) . comparing only samples included in the north coastal subregion with the samples included in the more southern upland areas of paraná the respective ranges and medians are significantly different , with very little overlap in some cases . however , the same values for the intermediate samples included in the south coastal and in the two central coastal subregions bridge the gap . thus there is a pattern of latitudinal variation of characters than sharp differences that would justify the recognition of more than one species . the recent discovery of specimens identified as m . microlepis from the rio tibagi basin ( sant ' anna et al . , 2006 ) flowing through the upper paraná basin demonstrates that it is more widespread than previously indicated . the distribution of some isolated populations of m . microlepis is discussed by menezes et al . ( 2008 ) . until a more detailed analysis of character variation within the range of m . microlepis can be performed , we prefer for the moment to consider it a widespread species represented by isolated populations .
another sample of mimagoniates , usnm 177703 , listed as collected in porto alegre , and identified by schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) as m . microlepis , is rather m . lateralis . the known southern most locality for m . lateralis is santa catarina state , rio vermelho , barra do sul in ilha de são francisco , about 35 km from joinville , sc , 26°14 ' s 48°35 ' w , a location far from porto alegre , rs . this raises question to the locality information for usnm 177703 and 177704 .
the premaxillary teeth of mimagoniates are relatively compressed , suggesting a multicuspid incisor rather than the often thick , rounded basal portion multicuspid tooth typical of many
tetragonopterines
. in some of the smaller species of mimagoniates ( e . g . m . inequalis , approximately 30 . 0 - 35 . 0 mm sl ) the teeth on the premaxilla , are in a row . the two posterior most teeth are clearly in a single row , the next tooth inclines medially somewhat , but it is in line with the two posterior teeth . the next anterior tooth lies in the same somewhat curved plane as the two posterior most teeth . the next three teeth have their basal attachments not exactly aligned with the others , but it is difficult to characterize two rows . much larger ( 60 . 0 mm sl ) specimens of m . microlepis , for example , may have as many as 12 teeth on a premaxilla . gradations of the two arrangements just described occur in young to adult m . microlepis and many of the other species in the genus show intermediate conditions . under these circumstances we do not describe the premaxillary teeth of mimagoniates as being in two rows . we therefore consider the premaxillary teeth as forming a single unit rather than artificially divide the teeth into two rows .
mimagoniates melanopleura schultz , 1959 : 8 , 9 ( in key , generic allocation ) . - duboc & menezes , 2008 : 63 ( conservation status ; general informations ; geographic distribution ; main threats ; conservation strategies ) .
a few life color characters differentiate in fully mature males : the pelvic - fin rays and membranes of adult males are distally white whereas in m . microlepis the yellow and / or black pigment of the pelvic fins are continuous to edge of the fin where fin is bordered by a narrow band of white ; the portion of the anal fin posterior to the anterior lobe is bordered by a broad band of deep yellow pigment , with very little to no black pigment on fin ; in m . microlepis the posterior portion of the anal fin is ventrally bordered by a narrow band of black pigment , and none or very little yellow pigment .
distribution . the only available sample of mimagoniates pulcher originated from an uncertain locality in the upper rio paraguai in mato grosso , brazil ( see notes on the type locality ) . see fig . 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .
weitzman , s . h . & n . a . menezes . 1994 . as especies de glandulocauda e mimagoniates , peixes glandulocaudíneos do brasil , paraguai e nordeste do uruguai . habitat , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 . [ links ]
graphs or tables presenting the mean , standard deviation or the 95 % confidence intervals , standardly presented in systematic research , often poorly represent the structure of nonparametric data sets and thus may be misleading . to better reflect the structure of non - normal data sets we use comparative box plots of meristic data . we suggest that graphs comparing such plots are useful for identifying clines of data from a series of isolated populations that are geographically arranged in a linear fashion , for example see our treatment of the series of geographically adjacent populations of mimagoniates microlepis . comparative graphs of nonparametric meristic data sets , represented by tukey box plots of ranked data , were prepared from combined population samples of each species , and for m . microlepis , for certain geographically isolated population samples . these graphs comparatively display ranked data sets as tukey box plots laid on their sides so that geographical and / or other information could be included . the methods are explained in weitzman & malabarba ( 1999 ) .
paragoniates microlepis steindachner , 1877 : 33 ( type locality :
bäche in der nähe von rio de janeiro , rio dos macacos
; although this volume is for the year 1876 and often so cited the date of publication was 1877 ) . - eigenmann & eigenmann , 1891 : 57 ( listed ) . - eigenmann , 1910 : 441 ( listed ) .
pecio , a . & j . rafiñski . 1994 . structure of the testes , spermatozoa and spermatozeugmata of mimagoniates barberi regan , 1907 ( teleostei : characidae ) , an internally fertilizing , oviparous fish . acta zoologia , 75 : 179 - 185 . [ links ]
weitzman , s . h . , n . a . menezes and j . r . burns , 1996 . species of the glandulocaudine tetra tribe glandulocaudini : the genus mimagoniates . trop . fish hobbyist 19 ( 6 ) : 184 - 194 . ( ref . 30267 )
weitzman , s . h . , l . palmer , j . r . burns & n . a . menezes . 1996 . breeding and rearing mimagoniates species , internally fertilized tetras . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 12 ) : 196 - 205 . [ links ]
glandulocaudinae eigenmann ( 1914 : 34 ) . eigenmann proposed this name for coelurichthys ( currently = mimagoniates ) , diapoma , gephyrocharax , glandulocauda , hysteronotus , microbrycon ( = pterobrycon ) , pseudocorynopoma , and stevardia ( = corynopoma ) , all of which ultimately proved to be inseminating .
principal caudal - fin rays 10 / 9 in all specimens , ( n = 77 ) . modification of some rays in association with caudal pheromone pump as in figs . 38a and b . fin rays modified more like those in m . inequalis than any other species of mimagoniates .
weitzman , s . h . , n . a . menezes & j . r . burns . 1996a . species of the glandulocaudine tetra tribe glandulocaudini : the genus mimagoniates ( part 3 ) . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 6 ) : 195 - 210 . [ links ]
weitzman , s . h . , l . palmer , j . r . burns & n . a . menezes . 1996b . breeding and rearing species of mimagoniates , internally fertilized tetras . ( part 2 ) . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 10 ) : 196 - 205 . [ links ]
description . table 12 presents morphometrics of the lectotype , paralectotype and topotypes . except where noted , the entire description refers to the population sample represented by specimens from rio macacu , the type locality or adjacent tributaries flowing into this river . these collections were treated statistically as one population sample in an attempt to represent the species . variations of meristic and morphometric data within the range of m . microlepis are discussed where appropriate .
diagnosis . synapomorphies 3 ( modified , hypertrophied terminal caudal peduncle squamation extending onto caudal fin from ventral region of dorsal caudal - fin lobe ) and 4 ( caudal gland cells consisting of modified club cells ) discussed above are unequivocal conditions that corroborate the hypothesis that lophiobrycon , glandulocauda , and mimagoniates form a monophyletic group .
ecology . in addition to the scarce information available in the ecological notes in menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 421 - 422 ) , recent data from malabarba et al . ( 2008 ) indicates that mimagoniates rheocharis lives in small streams with moderate flowing and shallow clear waters , with rocks and less abundant fallen leaves , sand or mud . specimens are usually found in small numbers in still waters near the banks where the water current is slower , under the shadow of marginal vegetation . few specimens can also be found in micro - habitats among rocks and macrophytes , especially when larger portions of still water are occupied by mimagoniates microlepis . the species seems to be very sensitive to change in water quality especially with respect to dissolved oxygen and ph . feeds mainly on a variety of terrestrial insects that fall from surrounding trees and are preyed upon on the water surface . small amounts of aquatic insects and micro - crustaceans are also eaten . like other members of the glandulocaudinae , m . rheocharis is forest - dependent and survives only in streams where the marginal vegetation is preserved .
menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 383 - 384 ) , weitzman et al . ( 1988 : 384 - 413 ) , weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 109 ) provided evidence that the species they placed in glandulocauda and mimagoniates form a monophyletic group based on male secondary sexual synapomorphies . castro et al . ( 2003 ) included their new genus lophiobrycon in the glandulocaudini ( our glandulocaudinae ) and , based on the absence of certain secondary sexual characters in the genus , suggested that the tribal diagnosis should be reformulated . géry ( 1977 : 362 ) briefly discussed mimagoniates and his concept of glandulocauda but made no comments on their possible monophyly .
presence of elongate scales at base of dorsal caudal - fin lobe extending posteriorly as a flap to loosely cover area of glandular tissue is an exclusive feature of mimagoniates . in species of this genus with more elongate caudal organ , scales are proportionally longer ( figs . 32 , 38 , 67 , 75 and 85 ) .
diagnosis . mimagoniates lateralis and m . sylvicola are the only species of the genus having a caudal fin - ray pump well developed and no hooks on caudal - fin rays ( figs . 58 and 67 ) . m . lateralis , however , has fewer lateral series scales ( 35 to 41 vs . 49 to 56 for m . sylvicola ) , fewer horizontal scale rows from dorsal - fin origin to anal - fin origin ( 13 to 15 vs . 16 to 18 for m . sylvicola ) , and fewer scale rows around caudal peduncle ( 16 to 18 vs . 19 to 20 for m . sylvicola ) . color differences between the two species are discussed in the diagnosis of m . sylvicola . mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis also with a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump in mature males , have hooks on principal caudal - fin rays ( figs . 75 and 85 ) , absent in m . lateralis and m . inequalis ; m . barberi and m . pulcher has a rudimentary caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 and 47 ) .
coelurichthys microlepis rachow , 1927 : 17 ( aquarium description ) . rachow in holly meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( in synonymy ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 63 , 68 ( anatomy ; systematics ; courtship behavior ) . - géry , 1966 : 228 , 230 ( discussion and in key ) . - géry , 1977 : 362 ( listed in discussion ) . - sterba , 1987 : 69 ( aquarium description ) .
mimagoniates pulcher is known from only one collection taken in 1934 from the northern region of the pantanal . its precise locality remains unknown and despite two attempts to recollect this species we failed to find it . the fish may now be extinct from habitat alteration due to soy bean culture and / or repeated clearing of vegetation over by fire .
the functions of the genes encoded for lactate dehydrogenase ( ldh ) in six genera of characins ( teleost ) were examined by electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the ldh isozymes . the characins possess the ldh a and b loci present in all vertebrates . the eyeless mexican cave fish ( anoptichthys jordani ) and other characins possessing normal eyes , e . g . , mexican tetra ( astyanax mexicanus , which is able to hybridize with the cave fish ) , blue tetra ( mimagoniates microlepis ) , sailfin tetra ( crenuchus spilurus ) , head and tail light tetra ( hemigrammus ocellifer ) , and the piranha ( serrasalmus spilopleura ) , all lack the function of a third ldh locus ( the e locus ) present in many teleosts which codes for a distinctive isozyme synthesized in the nervous system , particularly in the neural retina .
menezes , n . a . & s . h . weitzman . 1990 . two new species of mimagoniates ( teleostei : characidae : glandulocaudinae ) , their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of brazil and paraguay . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 103 ( 2 ) : 380 - 426 . [ links ]
the least complex condition is found in the species of glandulocauda ( figs . 15 and 25 ) where principal rays 11 and 12 are simply bowed ventrally and no apparent pump is present although in bending the caudal fin during courtship the bowed rays of the male may cause water currents to pass over the organized glandular tissue of males . in the most intermediate species of mimagoniates ( m . barberi , m . inequalis and m . pulcher ) these two fin rays are strongly decurved and enlarged with a groove between them . in the more derived species of the genus , m . microlepis , a complex pump chamber is present and supported by modified principal caudal rays 9 - 13 and especially 11 and 12 , which are also strongly decurved ( compare figs . 32 , 38 and 47 with figs . 58 , 67 , 77 and 85 ) .
ecology . weitzman et al . ( 1988 : 413 ) mentioned that m . microlepis occurs in clear running waters of small to large streams and is quite common and most abundant in forested areas near the shore . subsequently menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 423 ) pointed out that it is rarely found in black acid waters . more recent collections of this species obtained from eastern and southeastern brazilian coasts , however , indicated that it is more common in blackwaters than previously thought . it has been recently collected in small black water streams with substrate consisting of clay , rocks and sand as well as in clear water streams in santa catarina . in most other places both in eastern and southern brazil , m . microlepis was caught in slow moving clear water streams and small ponds , even in areas where the original mata atlântica vegetation was removed . in the small streams the water was cool and rocks , sand , mud and twigs fallen from isolated trees were usually found on the bottom .
no date of collection of the lectotype of m . microlepis , nmw 56534 , was provided , but nmw catalog cites the collector as steindachner and the date of receipt of specimens as 1874 . likely the specimens originated near town of macacu ( also called cachoeiras de macacu , approximately 22°26 ' s 42°49 ' w ) in 1874 by steindachner during hassler expedition , 1871 - 1872 . our observations indicate that species frequently occurs in small tributaries of rio macacu and along shores of main river in emergent vegetation .
must it be the first link ? sounds kind of restricted . . . . but fun ! ! ! mimagoniates microlepis mimagoniates genus biology natural science science knowledge fact _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( i really thought i was going to start drifting away here ) information sequence mathematics quantity property ( philosophy ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ woohoo ! ! ! modern philosophy philosophy win ! ! ! ! ! i take back my previous statement on the game . this was fun ! edit : on a second try , started on walwan dam , and reached science after 6 links . we have already seen that is a straight path to philosophy . edit : on a third try , started with ted zegwaard , and eventually reached aristotle . at this point i thought i was doomed , but it lead me to quantity . this leads to philosophy . edit : i refuse to believe there is a logical explanation to this behavior , and that either my sample size is too small , or that philosophy is simply a very cited article , or whatever reason . after 6 tries that took me straight to philosophy , i declare that the wikipedia gods are playing a mean joke on me , for disbelieving at first that this was gonna be so easy .
mimagoniates inequalis rachow , 1928 : 16 ( aquarium description ) . - schultz , 1959 : 11 ( key , in part ; only specimens from porto alegre ; listed m . lateralis as a synonym ; of specimens listed , m . inequalis usnm 94117 are m . lateralis and usnm 177704 includes 1 spm of m . microlepis ; only usnm 94310 are all m . inequalis ) . - weitzman & fink , 1985 : 106 , 109 ( listed in materials examined with evidence for placement of in mimagoniates ) . - weitzman et al . , 1988 : 404 - 419 ( discussion of relationships and biogeography ) . - malabarba , 1989 : 136 ( listed in discussion ) . - menezes & weitzman , 1990 : 384 ( in key to glandulocaudini ) . - weitzman & menezes , 1994 : 3 ( general discussion in non - systematic literature ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996 : 200 , 205 , 209 ( courtship behavior ; reproduction ; breeding ) . - weitzman , in reis et al . , 2003 : 226 ( maximum length ; distribution ; remarks ; and references ) . - menezes , in buckup et al . , 2007 : 39 ( listed in catalog ; distribution ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 38 - 41 ( distribution ; discussion of relationships and biogeography ) .
with respect to the condition branched versus unbranched of the anterior pelvic - fin ray we feel that in spite of the very small specimens of some species included in the clade encompassing glandulocauda and mimagoniates not having the branched condition of the adults does not alter the unique nature of this feature at the level of the phylogeny of the glandulocaudinae . for this reason character state was not coded as polymorphic .
diagnosis . males of mimagoniates barberi , m . pulcher n . sp . , and m . inequalis have a rudimentary caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 , and 47 ) and in this respect differ from males of their congeners which have a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 58 , 67 , 75 , and 85 ) . mimagoniates barberi can be distinguished from m . inequalis by having more branched anal - fin rays ( 30 - 36 vs . 23 - 30 ) , more scales in lateral series ( 41 - 48 vs . 34 - 41 ) , fewer scale rows between dorsal - fin origin and anal - fin origin ( 13 - 15 vs . 15 - 18 ) and the mid - lateral dark stripe of adult males nearly black ( vs . lateral body stripe of adult males diffuse , poorly developed , often not apparent ) . mimagoniates barberi differs from m . pulcher by the number of branched anal - fin rays ( 30 - 36 vs . 26 - 30 ) and by the absence of spines on principal caudal - fin rays ( fig . 38 ) , present in m . pulcher ( fig . 47 ) .
mimagoniates barberi ( not of regan , 1907 : 402 ) , rachow , 1927 : 17 ( misidentification of m . lateralis for m . barberi ) . myers , 1928 : 120 ( misidentification ) . rachow , 1928 : 15 ( misidentification ) . - holly et al . , 1950 : 779 , ( misidentification ; list of aquarium and ichthyological literature mostly referring to m . lateralis prior to 1941 ) .
diagnosis . mimagoniates pulcher is apparently most similar to m . barberi and m . inequalis with respect to the modification of caudal - fin rays in association with caudal pump , but differs at once from these two species in having hooks on caudal - fin rays at least in adult male specimens ( compare fig . 47 with figs . 32 and 38 ) . additionally , from m . barberi it is distinguished in having anal - fin rays 26 - 30 ( 31 - 36 for m . barberi ) and from m . inequalis in having 43 - 46 lateral series scales ( 34 - 41 for m . inequalis ) . mature males of the remaining species of mimagoniates have principal caudal - fin rays modified to form a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 58 , 67 , 72 , and 80 ) .
distribution . mimagoniates inequalis is known from small streams and rivers tributaries of rio jacuí and lago guaíba , from small streams flowing into laguna dos patos , and from small isolated coastal ponds and streams flowing into the atlantic ocean in southern rio grande do sul , brazil . it was also collected in tributaries of the upper rio negro , rivera , uruguay . see fig . 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .
glandulocauda inequalis eigenmann , 1911b : 169 , plate 5 , fig . 5 , ( type locality :
porto alegre , jan . 19 , 1909
) . - eigenmann , 1914a : 42 ( listed ) . - henn , 1928 : 68 ( listed in type catalog ) . - eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 489 ( redescription based on type specimens ) . - innes , 1935 : 122 ( aquarium description ) . - holly , meinken & rachow , 1950 : 816 ( aquarium description ; citation of much aquarium and ichthyological literature previous to 1942 ) . - fowler , 1951 : 413 ( listed ) . - böhlke , 1958 : 43 ( listed ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 68 , 120 , 127 ( systematics ; morphology ; courtship behavior ) . - nelson , 1964b : 129 ( courtship behavior ) . - nelson , 1964c : 527 - 533 ( courtship behavior ) . - géry , 1964 : 8 ( noted differences between m . inequalis and m . microlepis ) . - géry , 1966 : 229 ( in key to males of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ; unsure of proper generic allocation of g . inequalis ) . - géry , 1977 : 362 ( listed in a brief discussion of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ; unsure of generic allocation of g . inequalis ) . - sterba , 1987 : 68 ( aquarium description ) . - ibarra & stewart , 1987 : 39 ( listed in type catalog ) .
coelurichthys tenuis nichols , 1913 : 152 ( type locality : none , same remarks as above under m . lateralis ) . - schultz , 1959 : 63 , ( erroneously referred to m . inequalis ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 127 ( considered male holotype valid species distinct from m . microlepis ) . - géry , 1966 : 320 ( questioned whether m . tenuis is synonym of m . lateralis ) . - géry , 1977 : 362 ( listed and noted that m . barberi of aquarists is apparently c . tenuis ) . - sterba , 1987 : 69 ( aquarium description ) .
description . table 9 presents morphometrics of the holotype and the population sample from cananéia , são paulo . the entire description refers to this population sample which includes a large series from immature to fully mature male and female specimens and contains the ranges of meristic and morphometric variation in within the distributional area of mimagoniates lateralis . counts and ratios of measurements for other population samples taken from other areas are given only when they differ from those of cananéia .
coelurichthys lateralis nichols , 1913 : 151 ( type locality : none ,
these two small aquarium fishes were presented to the american museum of natural history by mr . william mack , of new york . there was no accompanying data , but they are probably south american , and are referred to the genus coelurichthys of ribeiro
) . - nelson , 1964a : 65 ( found female type of c . lateralis difficult to identify and could not decide whether it was c . microlepis or same as c . tenuis , but if it were latter , c . lateralis would have priority because of page precedence ) .
remarks . lophiobrycon shares with glandulocauda plesiomorphic states of characters 9 , 10 and 11 discussed in the phylogeny section with respect to the derived conditions of these characters in mimagoniates . it was regarded by castro et al . ( 2003 : 14 ) as the sister group to the clade represented by glandulocauda and mimagoniates ( see castro et al . , 2003 , fig . 8 ) . their conclusion was based on the absence of modified scales on the upper caudal - fin lobe of lophiobrycon ( castro et al . , 2003 , fig . 4 ) . the state described as
an apparent concentration of bead - like hypertrophied glandular tissue along the borders of the proximal portions of caudal - fin rays 11 and 12 , that are slightly decurved in their distal half
would represent the most plesiomorphic state of the caudal organ in any glandulocaudine . these characters are discussed in the phylogeny section above .
the subfamily glandulocaudinae ( = the glandulocaudini of menezes & weitzman , 1990 ) consists of three genera , lophiobrycon castro et al . ( 2003 : 13 ) with one species , glandulocauda eigenmann ( 1911b : 168 ) with two species , and mimagoniates regan ( 1907 : 402 ) with seven species . lophiobrycon weitzmani castro , ribeiro , benine & melo ( 2003 ) was assigned by its authors as a basal species related to all others within the glandulocaudini of the former glandulocaudinae .
malabarba , l . r . , m . a . azevedo & n . a . menezes . 2008 . mimagoniates rheocharis menezes & weitzman , 1990 . pp . 79 - 80 . in : machado , a . b . m . , g . m . drumond & a . p . paglia ( eds . ) . livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção . brasília , mma ; belo horizonte , fundação biodiversitas , 2 : 1 - 907 . [ links ]
diagnosis . all glandulocaudine species belonging to mimagoniates have either a rudimentary or a fully developed caudal fin - ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 , 47 , 58 , 67 , 75 , and 85 ) not present in the other two genera , in which principal caudal - fin rays 11 and 12 are not modified ( lophiobrycon , fig . 4 in castro et al . , 2003 ) or just decurved but not forming a pump ( glandulocauda , figs . 15 and 25 ) . additionally mimagoniates can be distinguished from these two genera by having the dorsal - fin origin posterior to vertical through anal - fin origin ( figs . 31 , 36 , 45 , 53 , 63 , 70 , and 78 ) . in lophiobrycon ( figs . 3 and 4 ) the dorsal - fin origin is anterior to vertical through anal - fin origin and closer to snout tip than to caudal - fin base and in glandulocauda ( figs . 11 - 12 and 20 - 21 ) the dorsal - fin origin is slightly ahead of vertical through anal - fin origin . also , in mimagoniates adult males have no more than 1 hook on anal - fin rays that bear hooks , although sometimes 2 hooks might be present on anterior most branched ray and 3 on longest unbranched anterior ray ( figs . 33 , 39 , 50 , 56 , 65 , 73 , and 81 ) whereas in glandulocauda species more than one hook are present on anal - fin rays that bear hooks ( figs . 16 and 26 ) .
ecology . field data indicate that mimagoniates lateralis is entirely confined to acid black waters ( fig . 60 ) . mzusp 53275 ( 75 specimens ) and usnm 326250 ( 66 specimens ) were collected from a black water stream near cananéia , são paulo , running in a disturbed stretch of mata atlântica . the stream was on the average 1 . 7 m wide and 0 . 4 deep and the fishes occurred in both sunlight or shaded areas over sandy - rocky bottoms covered with filamentous algae and dead leaves .
diagnosis . lophiobrycon can be distinguished from the other two genera of the subfamily by having the adipose fin long based in sexually mature males ( fig . 3 ) extending from posterior termination of base of dorsal fin to base of dorsal lobe of caudal fin , a urogenital papilla ( fig . 8 ) with a posterior opening and anus located at its base in the females , and the dorsal - fin origin closer to snout tip than to caudal - fin base . in glandulocauda and mimagoniates the males have a short based adipose fin ( figs . 11 and 20 ) , a urogenital papilla is lacking in females and the dorsal - fin origin is closer to caudal - fin base than to snout tip . also in lophiobrycon only 1 to 3 hooks ( fig . 6 ) are present on the anterior three branched anal - fin rays of adult males , contrasting with the presence of 5 to 15 hooks on the anterior three branched anal - fin rays of adult males ( figs . 16 and 26 ) in glandulocauda and mimagoniates .
in lophiobrycon , outgroup clade a and stevardiines the anterior ray of the pelvic fin is unbranched . it is distally branched in species of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ( figs . 27 , 34 , 40 , 49 , 57 , 66 , 74 and 83 ) . this ray must not be confused with the pelvic splint attached to anterior ray . the extent of the branching of anterior ray varies according to the species , the size of the specimens and / or perhaps sometimes the sex of specimens for at least one species .
mimagoniates barberi regan , 1907 : 402 ( type locality : arroyo yâcá , estación caballero , paraguay , fig . 6 ) . - myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 492 - 493 ( distinction between m . barberi and m . microlepis unclear ; uncertain of validity of m . barberi ) . pearson , 1937 : 108 ( m . barberi as endemic to paraguay basin ) . - travassos , 1952 : 93 ( listed ) . - schultz , 1959 : 63 ( designated lectotype ; recognized as a distinct species ) . - nelson , 1964a : 64 ( recognized m . barberi as valid species ) . - géry , 1964 : 6 ( recognized m . barberi as possible geographic form of m . microlepis ) . - géry , 1966 : 228 , 230 ( recognized as distinct species ) . - géry , 1977 : 362 ( recognized as distinct species ) . - weitzman & fink , 1985 : 105 ( in materials examined ) . - weitzman et al . , 1988 : 404 ( phylogeny , biogeography , figure ) . - menezes & weitzman , 1990 : 385 ( in key ) . - houtan , 1990 : 9 ( aquarium description ; color photograph ) . - vari & howe , 1991 : 30 ( listed in type catalog ) . - pecio & rafiñski , 1994 : 180 ( histological and ultrastructure of testes ) . - weitzman & menezes , 1994 : 3 ( general discussion for non - systematic readers ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996a : 209 ( courtship behavior ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996b : 203 , 204 ( breeding and rearing ) . - malabarba & weitzman , 2000 : 279 ( listed in discussion ) . - weitzman , 2003 : 226 ( maximum length ; distribution ; remarks and references ) . - britski et al . , 2007 : 68 ( diagnosis ; figure ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 38 - 42 ( distribution ; discussion of relationships and biogeography ) .


the cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

the species can be found in europe , east to siberia .

the wingspan is 21 – 23 mm .

the moths flies from june to july depending on the location .

the larvae feed on picea abies , picea sitchensis and abies procera .

cloaked pug

cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
freyers pug ( female ) upwell - 9 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler
satyr pug ( eupithecia satyrata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
satyr pug ( f ) - lynford arboretum - 19 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler
freyers pug ( male ) - upwell 16 . 06 . 13 - gen . det . j . wheeler
freyer ' s pug ( eupithecia intricata arceuthata ) ( = eupithecia intricata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
, a relatively plain in appearance , non - descript weakly marked pug , occurs in norfolk and generally in the southern half of england .
ssp . arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) is the only one found in norfolk of the three british subspecies of eupithecia intricata . adults fly from dusk onwards and come to light in may and june . the larvae of the common race , arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) , feed on common juniper and various species of cypresses and false cypresses , exotic junipers and other conifers introduced to gardens and parks .
ecology : a large distinctive pug mainly associated spruce plantations . all of the records to date have been of adults beaten from the foliage of various trees within a small area . the larvae feed inside on cones of norway spruce picea abies , noble fir abies procera and silver fir a . alba during august and september . it overwinters as a pupa .
notes : uncommon , in coniferous woodland and plantations , in northern england and mid - wales , with a thin scattering of records elsewhere . in hampshire and on the isle of wight the occasional records of this species in the area suggest migration , but it is possible that a resident population occurs , as it evidently did at one time in the new forest . there are a few recent records , at fareham in 1993 and romsey in 2008 . wingspan 21 - 25 mm . large size and prominent discal spot make this a fairly distinctive pug . larva feeds within young shoots of various coniferous trees , including norway spruce , sitka spruce , european silver - fir and noble fir , over - wintering as a pupa .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
a scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland .
the species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence .
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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 18 : 14 : 46 page render time : 0 . 2499s total w / procache : 0 . 3146s
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apparently established in the new forest , hampshire , central scotland and ireland in the late 19th century , it went unrecorded for many years until found to be breeding again in the 1980s . now known from coniferous woodland and plantations in scattered localities across the country . records of singletons suggest migration , but it is also possible that additional resident populations occur .
recorded in 2 ( 3 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1909 . last recorded in 2008 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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there are 47 county records of 59 individuals from 14 different sites . first recorded in 1932 .
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the larvae feed internally in the cones of norway spruce , sitka spruce and noble fir .
a scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland . the species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as local .
it appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .
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for the county , we have a total of 7 records from 7 sites . first recorded in 1883 .
: there has only been one recent record of this moth in yorkshire . previous records are very scant - it was suggested in the ynu 1970 list that the record near bradford ( vc63 ) was probably an accidental introduction and porritt ( 1883 - 86 ) only recorded it once , from richmond ( vc65 ) . until 1984 it was doubtful whether this species was still breeding in britain ( skinner , 1984 ) . however it was then discovered to be resident in two woods in northumberland ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) in 1984 and 1985 . both woods have a mixture of coniferous species and trees of different ages , which could be the key to this species ' survival . whether our recent record is from an as yet undiscovered colony or just a vagrant is uncertain but it would certainly be worthwhile to search for this species in suitable yorkshire woodlands .
: we have one recent record of this species from mixed woodland at west tanfield in 2004 ( confirmed a . m . riley ) . a large and fairly distinctive species .
: only the sixth county record . this scarce spruce - feeding species could be either native , introduced with conifers or a migrant .
vc62 . skelton , 16 . 6 . 2013 ( dm ) . new vice - county record .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kuusensiemenmittari
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
fichtenzapfen - blütenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
tannenzapfen - blütenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
zapfenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
fichtenzapfenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
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description : wingspan 21 - 25 mm . forewings pale to darkish grey with dark broad crosslines . there is a large black discal spot near the median area of the forewing close to the costa and a fine broken black line along the outer margin of the forewing . hindwings paler with a small discal spot .
flight period : end of may to late july . skinner gives june and july as the normal flight period in britain .
status : this species was widely recorded in the early part of the nineteenth century and described by donovan ( 1936 ) as widespread among spruce . it then seemed to undergo a dramatic decline both here and in britain , with no reports in n . ireland for many years . in 1999 a single specimen was taken at bohill near ballynahinch , down which was initially thought to be a grey birch aethalura punctulata . this misidentification was subsequently corrected by a leading british expert . since then several other specimens have been taken in the same locality during 2000 .
world distribution : throughout central and southern europe , east to the urals . it has also been found in north america .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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recorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1982 . last recorded in 2018 .
this moth is represented by three subspecies or forms in the british isles . the nominate form
shows chequered black and white veins in fresh specimens , may not be clear in worn examples .
recorded in 27 ( 39 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1971 . last recorded in 2018 .


the eastern striped skink ( ctenotus robustus ) is a species of skink found in a wide variety of habitats in australia .

a robust lizard with complex markings and patterns .

the snout to vent length is around 123 mm .

ctenotus robustus

note that skinks previously known as ctenotus borealis are now considered to be ctenotus robustus .
ctenotus : ' comb ear ' , refering to the comb - like projections at the ear opening . robustus : ' robust ' .
large , easily recognised ( see photos ) ctenotus robustus is the most common of two ctenotis species of its size on magnetic island and has very distinctive striped patterning .
bjursell , a . 2001 . ctenotus robustus , james cook university , urltoken . cogger , h . , 1988 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books .
dna testing has shown that specimens from nsw , victoria or southern qld as well as sa are actually ctenotus spaldingi which would make all the photos on this page ctenotus spaldingi . another name for ctenotus spaldingi is the straight - browed ctenotus however that common name may no longer remain in use !
the above specimen is from brisbane , qld . note that ctenotus arcanus found in south - east qld also looks very similar to the photos above !
some authors do not accept the recent name changes . it is possible that at some stage in the future the name ctenotus josephinae may be be used for some skinks in this complex
as with all ctenotus species robusta has 5 fingers / toes on each limb , an easily seen ear opening , shiny skin , is diurnal , sun loving and very very quick .
c . robustus is probably distributed all over magnetic island . it is definitely in all the bay areas and at west point and has also been noticed right up gustav creek and on hills bounding horseshoe bay and arcadia . this skink has a know association with granite areas .
the species most closely resembling the striped skink is the spotted - back skink ( ctenotus uber orientalis ) , however , the striped skink has a solid stripe running either side of its back , while the spotted - back skink has a row of dots .
horner , p . g . & king , m . 1986 ,
a new species of ctenotus ( scincidae , reptilia ) from the northern territory
, the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory , vol . 2 , no . 1 , pp . 143 - 148
rabosky , d . l . , hutchinson , m . n . , donnellan , c . c . , talaba , a . l . & lovette , i . j . 2014 ,
phylogenetic disassembly of species boundaries in a widespread group of australian skinks ( scincidae : ctenotus ) .
, molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 77 , pp . 71–82
notes and disclaimer this information may not be complete . while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page , primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information . animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules , so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility . the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein . don ' t get bitten by anything ! this page may be cited as : ctenotus robustus at the australian reptile online database . last updated 2017 - 02 - 21 09 : 21 : 22 . retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july , 2018 . before citing information contained in arod , please read our citing arod page . copyright notice this page , its content and layout are copyright © 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media , unless otherwise stated . all photographs in the australian reptile online database are © the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer . no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
wells , r . w . & wellington , c . r . 1984 ,
a synopsis of the class reptilia in australia
, australian journal of herpetology , vol . 1 , no . 3 - 4 , pp . 73 - 129
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f6c4529 - 1123 - 46e8 - b234 - b3745cfd2883
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ccc19f4 - ae4c - 4d17 - b1b1 - 7cb170259c46
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63c418d0 - 4fbe - 402f - 9c5d - f6b4049e5757
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70fbfd12 - 1823 - 4df5 - 9450 - af2e7d46b5af
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba87027c - a0c2 - 4440 - b8d5 - 4881ec9d836e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c2fc4b0b - 5469 - 4887 - 9f1a - f791ed556d40
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2f438fc - ce60 - 48be - a6d7 - ffe83e9595f2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 27a72cf9 - 2444 - 409d - 9668 - b34fb9e5cf84
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 324442
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this sleek lizard was basking at the edge of a steep incline just a foot or so off of the trail i was hiking . i was lucky to spot it in the mix of live and dry grasses . it had clearly also spotted me , and after two photos it rocketed off .
i next encountered one of these skinks under a downed log . when i lifted the log , i saw a flash of movement as the skink dove into a nearby burrow . i stayed in the area for a little while to photograph other nearby lizards , and soon this skink reappeared at the edge of the log . i approached slowly , but it retreated under the log anyway . however , this time i knew where it might try to hide next , so i lifted the log again and quickly covered the burrow with my hand . the skink first ran toward the burrow , then noticed my hand and ran off to a nearby pile of small rocks , where it shimmied under one . when i carefully moved that one , it raced off to another . this went on for ten or fifteen minutes . it never stayed exposed for more than a few seconds , and eventually i gave up . the only photos i managed to get were with my iphone when the skink paused to decide how to navigate my shoe . ( its eventual decision : up and over . )
this one was on the move when i noticed it . i followed it around from a distance for a short while , until it paused to soak up some sun . apparently the undersides of its front legs especially needed warming .
wilson , s . and swan , g . 2017 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , fifth edition
australian reptile photos , distribution maps and information this site covers snakes and lizards , crocodiles and turtles , including colubrid snakes , pythons , elapids ( called cobras or coral snakes in some countries ) , sea snakes , file snakes , blind ( or worm ) snakes , sea turtles , freshwater turtles ( or tortoises ) dragon lizards ( agamas ) , gecko ' s , legless lizards , monitor lizards ( often called goanna ' s in australia ) , skinks and crocodilia .
a very common and widespread species often found under rocks . extremely fast runner in warm weather .
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continent : australia distribution : australia ( new south wales , north territory , queensland , south australia , victoria , west australia ) type locality : barrow creek , in 21° 31’ s , 133° 53’e , n . t .
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threats to the species on a regional level include the modification of previous habitat areas for urban development .
within the suburban area , the main threat to the species is disturbance within relatively unmodified habitats such as nature reserves .
within the urban area , the main action canberrans can take for assisting the species is to minimise disturbance ( such as collection of wood or interference by pets ) to potential habitats .
the striped skink is mostly brown above , with a black stripe with white edges running down the centre of the back and tail . a black and a white line run side by side down the upper flanks , while the skink ' s sides are dark , speckled with paler brown . the sides become lighter towards the underside of the lizard . the striped skink is relatively large , growing to a maximum length of around 30cm , including the tail which may make up 2 / 3 of its length .
the striped skink occupies extensive areas of eastern and northern australia . its range extends from northern parts of western australia and the northern territory , through eastern queensland and into new south wales , victoria and eastern south australia . in the act , the striped skink occupies warmer areas to the north and east of the territory .
the striped skink is quite common in the region , although not often seen .
not common in urban areas , although relatively undisturbed parts of nature reserve may provide suitable habitat for the species .
the species prefers relatively undisturbed habitats or areas of low grazing pressure . human activities will tend to deter the lizards from otherwise appropriate habitat areas .
the female striped skink lays an average of six eggs , with larger skinks usually laying more eggs . eggs are laid in late winter or spring and these hatch about 2 months later .
the striped skink is surface active , using rocks , logs and ground litter for shelter . it creates burrows under rocks , which is uses for hibernation and nesting . it is diurnal .
the striped skink feeds mostly on arthropods , although young lizards are sometimes eaten .
the species has been recorded as being preyed upon by snakes and feral cats .
the striped skink is very shy , and it will disappear quickly into a hole or underneath shelter when humans approach . as such , it is uncommon to see the skinks .
bennett , r . 1997 . reptiles & frogs of the australian capital territory , national parks association of the act , woden . s , t
cogger , h . g . 1996 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books australia , melbourne . s , t
swan , g . , shea , g . and sadlier , r . 2004 . a field guide to reptiles of new south wal es , second edition , reed new holland , sydney . s , t
it has a wide distribution , nationally found in all mainland states , in mostly dry open woodland , arid and coastal vegetation areas .
the largest specimens have been found in w . a at 125mm snout to vent length , but here , the largest this author has observed are about 100mm ( doesnt include tail ) .
this lizard will be found in areas outside the vine thickets although it will colonise paths . it prefers open areas that are warm and light . it can be seen early to mid morning sunning itself on rocks etc . until its body temperature rises to optimum , then it will remain out of the sun in the midday heat in summer .
it is quick to run off unless it thinks you can ' t see it and then it will remain completely still , waiting for you to walk on . it will hide in leaf litter or under rocks and logs for example and will utilise burrows for safety if the soil is soft .
individuals can be repeatedly seen in the same spots , and this species is believed to have a territory or home area which it seldom leaves .
they have the ability to vocalise , often uttering a squeak when hand captured . if frightened it may dive into available water and if this happens its respiration has the ability to slow accordingly .
little is known except that it is an egg - laying or oviparous skink .
primarily an insectivore with a wide flexible dietary range , its food can include grasshoppers beetles etc . it has been known to also eat other lizards and occasionally seeds . like all skinks it will stalk its food .
known predators include cats and the common death adde r - acanthophis antarcticus both of which exist on magnetic island , other reptiles and kookaburras , butcher birds etc would also be possibil ities .
couper , p . , covacevich , j . , janetzki , h . , mcdonald , keith . 2000 , lizards in ' wildlife of tropical far north queensland ' , editors ryan , m . and burwell , c . , queensland museum publication : 203 - 233 .
greer , a . e . 2004 . encyclopedia of australian reptiles . australian museum online urltoken version date : 23 november 2004 .
saylor , 1973 ( as # ) ; done and heatwole , 1977 ( as # ) ; storr , 1978 ; way , 1979 ; morley and morley , 1984 ; sadlier , wombey and braithwaite , 1985 ; shea , 1985 ; daniels , heatwole and oakes , 1987 ; henle , 1987 ; shea , weigel , harwood , floriani and hemsley , 1988 ; archer , twigg and fox , 1990 ; brown , 1991 ; twigg and fox , 1991 ; neindorf , 1994 ; annable , 1995a ; hadden and westbrooke , 1996 ; letnic and fox , 1997 ; horner and fisher , 1998 ; watharow , 1998a - b ; fearn , 2001 ; taylor and fox , 2001a - b . urltoken
oviparous ( egg laying ) . lay up to 6 eggs in a clutch .
brown in colour with a wide dark mid - ventral line running from the nape to the tail . this stripe is bordered by a narrow off white line . a narrow pale shoulder stripe is bordered by a dark streak . sides are brown with pale spots . grows to 110 mm from snout to vent .
omnnivore . primarily ants but occasionally spiders , grasshoppers , termites , beetles and flies . in addition , small amounts of vertebrate and plant material .
the department of environment and primary industry ( depi ) advisory list consists of non - statutory advisory lists of rare or threatened flora and fauna within victoria .
the flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 ( ffg act ) lists threatened species in victoria . under the act , an action statement is produced for each listed species .
the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) is the australian government’s key piece of environmental legislation , listing nationally threatened native species and ecological communities .
a range of teacher professional learning programs will be developed to accompany the biodiversity of the western volcanic plains online outreach . . .