oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by the austrian zoologist fitzinger in 1826 .

this genus is widespread throughout central and tropical asia .

oligodon

oligodon everetti boulenger 1893 : 524 oligodon everetti — manthey 1983 oligodon everetti — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 369 oligodon everetti — malkmus et al . 2002 oligodon everetti — wallach et al . 2014 : 487 oligodon everetti — wallach et al . 2014 : 497
keywords : reptilia , quang nam province , hemipenis , maxillary teeth , oligodon chinensis , oligodon culaochamensis sp . nov .
coronella taeniolata jerdon 1853 : 528 ( nomen protectum ) coluber taeniolatus daudin 1803 ( nomen oblitum ) oligodon taeniolatus — wall 1921 xenodon dubium jerdon 1853 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseum duméril & bibron 1854 : 59 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseus — günther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon spilonotus günther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon fasciatus — günther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon elliotti — günther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseus alternans bethancourt - ferreira 1897 ( fide smith ) oligodon subgriseus — wall 1905 : 298 oligodon elliottii — wall 1909 : 533 oligodon taeniolatus var . ceylonicus wall 1921 : 240 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon taeniolatus — smith 1943 : 223 contia transcaspica nikolsky 1903 ( fide khalikov , pers . comm . ) oligodon taeniolatus — das 1996 : 58 oligodon taeniolatus ceylonicus — janzen et al . 2007 oligodon taeniolatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 503 oligodon taeniolatus fasciatus ( günther 1864 ) oligodon taeniolatus fasciatus — murthy 2010
simotes taeniatus günther 1861 : 267 simotes quadrilineatus jan & sordelli 1865 simotes quadrilineatus jan 1866 : 7 ( fide saint - girons 1972 , david et al . 2008 ) simotes taeniatus — boulenger 1894 : 227 simotes taeniatus var . mouhoti boulenger 1914 : 70 ( fide smith 1943 ) holarchus taeniatus taeniatus — cochran 1930 oligodon taeniatus — smith 1943 : 208 oligodon quadrilineatus — smith 1943 : 210 oligodon quadrilineatus — taylor 1965 oligodon taeniatus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 372 oligodon taeniatus — cox et al . 1998 : 61 oligodon quadrilineatus — zug et al . 1998 oligodon quadrilineatus — chan - ard et al . 1999 : 176 oligodon taeniatus — chan - ard et al . 1999 : 34 oligodon taeniatus — green et al . 2010 oligodon quadrilineatus — das 2012 oligodon taeniatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 503
wagner , f . w . ( 1975 ) a revision of the asian colubrid snakes oligodon cinereus ( günther ) , oligodon joynsoni ( smith ) , and oligodon cyclurus ( cantor ) . unpublished ms thesis , baton rouge , louisiana state university , 97 pp .
reptilia , hon ba , hemipenis , indochina , maxillary teeth , oligodon condaoensis sp . nov .
coronella cyclura cantor 1839 : 50 coronella violacea cantor 1839 simotes bicatenatus günther 1864 simotes cochinchinensis günther 1864 simotes brevicauda steindachner 1867 simotes bicatenatus — anderson 1871 : 170 simotes bicatenatus — stoliczka 1873 simotes cyclurus — boulenger 1890 simotes cyclurus — wall 1908 : 780 simotes albocinctus dorsolateralis wall 1909 ( fide wagner , pers . comm . ) simotes albocinctus var . dorsolateralis — wall 1910 holarchus cyclurus — smith 1920 oligodon purpurascens wall 1923 ( non schlegel ) simotes smithi werner 1925 ( fide smith 1928 ) holarchus purpurascens — cochran 1930 oligodon cyclurus — smith 1943 : 202 oligodon dorsolateralis — taylor 1965 rhynchocalamus violaceus olygodon [ sic ] cyclurus — schulz 1988 oligodon dorsolateralis — das 1996 : 58 oligodon dorsolateralis — chan - ard et al . 1999 : 34 oligodon dorsolateralis — pauwels et al . 2002 oligodon cyclurus — green et al . 2010 oligodon cyclurus — david et al . 2011 oligodon cyclurus — wallach et al . 2014 : 496
reptilia , thailand , oligodon saiyok sp . nov . , new species , taxonomy , limestone cave , buddhist temple
elaps octo - lineatus schneider 1801 : 299 coluber octolineatus — shaw 1802 coronella octolineata — boie 1827 simotes octolineatus — duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 : 634 simotes octolineatus — boulenger 1885 : 389 simotes octolineatus var . a — lampe 1902 simotes octolineatus — lidth de jeude 1922 : 245 holarchus octolineatus — barbour 1912 oligodon octolineatus — wall 1923 oligodon octolineatus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 369 oligodon octolineatus — tillack & günther 2010 oligodon octolineatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 501
campides - main , simon m . 1969 . the status of oligodon taeniatus ( günther ) , 1861 , and oligodon mouhoti ( boulenger ) , 1914 ( serpentes , colubridae ) . herpetologica 25 ( 4 ) : 295 - 299 - get paper here
bauer , a . m . 2003 . on the status of the name oligodon taeniolatus ( jerdon , 1853 ) and its long - ignored senior synonym and secondary homonym , oligodon taeniolatus ( daudin , 1803 ) . hamadryad 27 : 205 - 213 .
tillack , frank 2008 . oligodon rhombifer werner , 1924 , a junior synonym of oligodon ancorus ( girard , 1857 ) ( reptilia : squamata : colubridae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 15 ( 2 ) : 122 - 128 - get paper here
tillack , frank and rainer günther 2010 . revision of the species of oligodon from sumatra and adjacent islands , with comments on the taxonomic status of oligodon subcarinatus ( günther , 1872 ) and oligodon annulifer ( boulenger , 1893 ) from borneo ( reptilia , squamata , colubridae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 4 ) : 265 - 294 [ 2009 ] - get paper here
a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam .
campden - main , s . m . 1970 . the identity of oligodon cyclurus ( cantor , 1839 ) and revalidation of oligodon brevicauda ( steindachner , 1867 ) ( serpentes : colubridae ) . proc . biol . soc . washington 82 ( 58 ) : 763 - 765 - get paper here
pauwels o s g ( 2007 ) . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia .
a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . - pubmed - ncbi
when disturbed and threatened , oligodon ornatus may put on quite a show of theatrics , including open display of its hemipenes , as well as tail coiling and thrashing .
dotsenko i b 1984 . morphological characters and ecological peculiarities of oligodon taeniolatus ( serpentes , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , kiev 1984 ( 4 ) : 23 - 26
david , patrick & gernot vogel 2012 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from pulau nias , indonesia . zootaxa 3201 : 58–68
schulz , klaus - dieter 1987 . erfahrungen mit kukri - nattern der gattung oligodon ( boie 1827 ) . herpetofauna 9 ( 52 ) : 32 - 34 - get paper here
leviton , a . e . ( 1953 ) a new snake of the genus oligodon from annam . journal of the washington academy of sciences , 43 ( 12 ) , 422–424 .
wall , f . ( 1905 ) description of a new snake from burma . oligodon mcdougalli . the journal of the bombay natural history society , 16 ( 2 ) , 251–252 .
wall , f . 1909 . discovery of a second specimen of the rare snake oligodon elliottii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 : 533 - get paper here
kreutz , r . 1993 . zur ernährung der kukri - natter oligodon cyclurus smithi ( werner , 1925 ) . sauria 15 ( 3 ) : 25 - 26 - get paper here
grossmann , w . 1992 . beitrag zur biologie der kukri - natter oligodon cyclurus smithi ( werner , 1925 ) . sauria 14 ( 2 ) : 3 - 10 - get paper here
pellegrin , j . ( 1910 ) description d’une variété nouvelle de l’ oligodon herberti boulenger , provenant du tonkin . bulletin de la société zoologique de france , 35 ( 2 ) , 30–32 .
boulenger , g . a . ( 1918 ) description of a new snake of the genus oligodon from upper burma . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 89 ( 1 ) , 9–10 .
vassilieva , a . b . ( 2015 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from coastal southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4058 ( 2 ) , 211–226 .
deepak , v . and s . harikrishnan . 2013 . on the identity of two oligodon species in the collection at zoological survey of india , kolkata . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 182 - 184
vassilieva , a . b . ( 2015 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from coastal southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4058 ( 2 ) , 211–226 . urltoken
neang , t . & hun , s . ( 2013 ) first record of oligodon annamensis leviton , 1953 ( squamata : colubridae ) from the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia . herpetology notes , 6 , 271–273 .
david , patrick ; gernot vogel , johan van rooijen 2011 . the name - bearing type of oligodon quadrilineatus ( jan & sordelli , 1865 ) ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa 3111 : 67–68 - get paper here
david , patrick ; indraneil das & gernot vogel 2011 . on some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in indian species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa 2799 : 1–14 - get paper here
green , m . d . , orlov , n . l . & murphy , r . w . ( 2010 ) toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research , 1 , 1–21 .
leong , t . m . & grismer , l . l . ( 2004 ) a new species of kukri snake , oligodon ( colubridae ) from pulau tioman , west malaysia . asiatic herpetological research , 10 , 12–16 .
green , marc d . ; nikolai l . orlov and robert w . murphy 2010 . toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 - get paper here
green , m . d . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of the snake genus oligodon ( serpentes : colubridae ) , with an annotated checklist and key . master of science thesis , university of toronto , viii + 161 pp .
pauwels , o . s . g . , kunya , k . & vogel , g . ( 2008 ) über ein albinoexemplar von oligodon fasciolatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) aus thailand . elaphe , 16 ( 2 ) , 54–56 .
seetharamaraju , midathala ; chelmala srinivasulu and bhargavi srinivasulu . 2011 . new records of oligodon taeniolatus ( jerdon , 1853 ) ( reptilia : colubridae ) in andhra pradesh , india . herpetology notes 4 : 421 - 423 - get paper here
david , p . , das , i . & vogel , g . ( 2011 ) on some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in indian species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa , 2799 , 1–14 .
green , m . d . , orlov , n . l . & murphy , r . w . ( 2010 ) toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research , 1 ( 1 ) , 1–21 .
deshmukh , r . v . , sager a . deshmukh & swapnil a . badhekar 2016 . first records of oligodon taeniolatus and bungarus sindanus walli from nagpur district , maharashtra , india reptile rap ( 18 ) : 40–42 - get paper here
pauwels , o . s . g . ; kunya , k . & vogel , g . 2008 . über ein albinoexemplar von oligodon fasciolatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) aus thailand . elaphe 16 ( 2 ) : 54 - 56 - get paper here
david , p . , vogel , g . & pauwels , o . s . g . ( 2008a ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa , 1939 , 19–37 .
jablonski , d . , bursey , c . r . , christophoryová , j . , luu , v . q . & goldberg , s . r . 2017 . oligodon taeniatus ( striped kukri snake ) endoparasite . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 864
david , p . ; vogel , g . & pauwels , o . s . g . 2008 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa 1939 : 19–37 - get paper here
neang , thy ; l . lee grismer & jennifer c . daltry 2012 . a new species of kukri snake ( colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa 3388 : 41–55 - get paper here
synonymy tentatively ( mostly ) after smith 1943 : 202 . oligodon kheriensis acharji & ray 1936 has been removed from the synonymy of oligodon cyclurus by david et al . 2011 . oligodon cyclurus smithi and o . c . superfluens ( taylor 1965 ) become synonyms of o . fasciolatus fide pauwels et al . ( 2003 ) . types : note that two neotypes have been designated : one by ( campden - main 1970 ) and one by wagner ( 1975 ) in an unpublished thesis . similar species : has been confused with o . fasciolatus , a population with 21 or 23 scale rows at midbody from se myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos and vietnam . o . cylurus has 19 scale rows and is restricted to india , bangladesh and myanmar fide pauwels et al . 2002 . distribution : possibly in bhutan ( lenz 2012 ) .
nguyen , sang ngoc ; vu dang hoang nguyen , son hong le , robert w . murphy 2016 . a new species of kukri snake ( squamata : colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from con dao islands , southern vietnam zootaxa 4139 ( 2 ) : 261–273 - get paper here
david , p . , vogel , g . & van rooijen , j . ( 2008b ) a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa , 1965 , 1–49 .
hasan , m . k . , feeroz , m . m . , ahmed , s . , ahmed , a . & saha , s . ( 2013 ) the confirmed record of oligodon albocinctus ( cantor , 1839 ) from bangladesh . taprobanica , 5 ( 1 ) , 77–80 .
neang , t . , grismer , l . l . & daltry , j . c . ( 2012 ) a new species of kukri snake ( colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa , 3388 , 41–55 .
david , p . ; vogel , g . & van rooijen , j . 2008 . a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa 1965 : 1–49 - get paper here
huang , w . - s . , greene , h . w . , chang , t . - j . & shine , r . ( 2011 ) territorial behavior in taiwanese kukrisnakes ( oligodon formosanus ) . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 108 ( 18 ) , 7455–7459 .
david , p . , vogel , g . & rooijen , j . v . ( 2008b ) a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa , 1965 , 1–49 .
zhang , j . , jang , k . , li , p . - p . , hou , m . & rao , d . - q . ( 2011 ) taxonomic revisions on genus oligodon of china ( serpentes , colubridae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 36 ( 2 ) , 423–430 .
david , patrick ; truong quang nguyen , tao thien nguyen , ke jiang , tianbo chen , alexandre teynié & thomas ziegler 2012 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa 3498 : 45–62 - get paper here
jiang , ke ; tianbo chen , patrick david , gernot vogel , mian hou , zhiyong yuan , yuanjun meng and jing che 2012 . on the occurrence of oligodon joynsoni ( smith , 1917 ) in china ( squamata : colubridae ) . asian herpetological research 3 ( 4 ) : 316–321 - get paper here
pauwels , o . s . g . , wallach , v . , david , p . & chanhome , l . ( 2002 ) a new species of oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( serpentes , colubridae ) from southern peninsular thailand . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , 2 ( 2 ) , 7–18 .
pauwels , o . s . g . , wallach , v . , david , p . & chanhome , l . 2002 . a new species of oligodon ( serpentes , colubridae ) from southern peninsular thailand . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , 2 ( 2 ) : 7 - 18 - get paper here
nguyen , s . n . , nguyen , v . d . h . , le , s . h . & murphy , r . w . ( 2016 ) a new species of kukri snake ( squamata : colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from con dao islands , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4139 ( 2 ) , 261–273 .
vassilieva , anna b . ; peter geissler , eduard a . galoyan , nikolay jr a . poyarkov , robert wayne van devender , wolfgang böhme 2013 . a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa 3702 ( 3 ) : 233–246 - get paper here
van rooijen , j . , wood , p . l . , grismer , j . l . , grismer , l . l . & grossmann , w . ( 2011 ) color pattern dimorphism in the colubrid snake oligodon purpurascens ( schlegel , 1837 ) ( reptilia : squamata ) . russian journal of herpetology , 18 ( 3 ) , 215–220 .
hawkeswood , t . j . & b . sommung 2018 . a further record of the striped kukri snake , oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) ( reptilia : colubridae ) from ubon ratchathani province , thailand , with a review of literature on the biology and distribution of the species in thailand . calodema , 605 : 1 - 6 - get paper here
teynié , alexandre and patrick david . 2007 . additions to the snake fauna of southern laos , with the second laotian specimen of naja siamensis ( laurenti , 1768 ) and the forst country record of oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) ( squamata , serpentes ) . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 - 44 - get paper here
this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article david , patrick , vogel , gernot , pauwels , olivier s . g . ( 2008 ) : a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa 1939 : 19 - 37 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 274609
david , p . , nguyen , t . q . , nguyen , t . t . , jiang , k . , chen , t . , teynié , a . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa , 3498 , 45–62 .
jiang , k . , chen , t . , david , p . , vogel , g . , hou , m . , yuan , z . , meng , y . & che , j . ( 2012 ) on the occurrence of oligodon joynsoni ( smith , 1917 ) in china ( squamata : colubridae ) . asian herpetological research , 3 ( 4 ) , 316–321 .
david , p . , nguyen , t . q . , nguyen , t . t . , jiang , k . , chen , t . , teynie , a . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa , 3498 , 45–62 .
similar species : gaulke ( 1996 ) allocates oligodon specimens form sibutu to o . meyerinkii but notes the similarity in coloration with o . octolineatus . distribution : the latest record of this species from sulawesi is from de rooij , 1917 . de lang & vogel ( 2005 ) and koch 2012 : 318 thus consider this species as doubtful for this island . synonymy mostly after tillack & günther 2010 .
vassilieva , a . b . , geissler , p . , galoyan , e . a . , poyarkov , n . a . , wayne van devender , r . & böhme , w . ( 2013 ) a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 3702 ( 3 ) , 233–246 .
vassilieva , a . b . , geissler , p . , galoyan , e . a . , poyarkov , n . a . , van devender , r . w . & bohme , w . ( 2013 ) a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 3702 ( 3 ) , 233–246 . urltoken
orlov , n . l . , ryabov , s . a . , nguyen , t . t . & nguyen , t . q . ( 2010 ) rediscovery and redescription of two rare snake species : oligodon lacroixi angel et bourret , 1933 and maculophis bellus chapaensis ( bourret , 1934 ) [ squamata : ophidia : colubridae ] from fansipan mountains , northern vietnam . russian journal of herpetology , 17 ( 4 ) , 310–322 .
justification : oligodon lacroixi has provisionally been assessed as vulnerable as it has an known extent of occurrence of approximately 9 , 150 km 2 ( based on its distribution in vietnam , as no meaningful estimate of its extent of occurrence around either chinese locality is possible ) , it is known from only three locations , defined by a threat from agricultural expansion , and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its forest habitat .
similar species : note that specimens of this species may have been confused with o . mouhoti , o . deuvei , o . pseudotaeniatus , or o . theobaldi . distribution : records from yunnan may be erroneous ( jiang et al 2012 , zhang et al . 2011 ) and actually represent o . cinereus . not listed by zhao 2006 for china . illustration : in chan - ard et al . 2015 , although the drawings of oligodon joynsoni and o . taeniatus have been mixed up ( fide pauwels & grismer 2015 ) .
casuarina oligodon is an evergreen tree growing to 25 m ( 82ft ) by 25 m ( 82ft ) at a medium rate . it is hardy to zone ( uk ) 10 . and are pollinated by wind . it can fix nitrogen . suitable for : light ( sandy ) , medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils and prefers well - drained soil . suitable ph : acid , neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils . it cannot grow in the shade . it prefers moist soil .
casuarina oligodon is an evergreen tree with foliage consisting of slender , well - branched green to grey - green twigs bearing minute scale - leaves in whorls of 5 - 20 . it grows up to 30 m tall and is a tropical highland species . it is considered to be one of the best firewood producing trees in the world . its wood is hard and heavy and used as material for fences , houses , poles , and general construction . also , it has an extensive root system making it an ideal species to control soil erosion on steep slopes . found in : indonesia , papua new guinea , israel
snakes that specialize on the eggs of birds usually swallow eggs whole then crush them . oligodon instead uses enlarged , blade - like rear maxillary teeth to make repeated slashes in the leathery egg shell , inserts its head , and swallows the yolk . the mechanics of cutting involve cycles of extreme displacement of the maxillary bone , whose blade - like teeth are swung in arcs to make ever deeper slashes in the shell until a slit is formed . the cycles during cutting involve protraction , engagement , and retraction of the palatomaxillary arch of one side while the contralateral jaws maintain a continuous hold on the egg surface
. ( source )
we describe oligodon saiyok sp . nov . from benjarat nakhon cave temple , sai yok district , kanchanaburi province , western thailand . it is characterized by a maximal known svl of 626 . 1 mm ; 13 maxillary teeth , the posterior two enlarged ; 8 supralabials ; 17 - 17 - 15 dorsal scale rows ; 181–187 ventrals and 38–43 subcaudals ; a single anal ; hemipenes extending in situ to the 18 th subcaudal ; dorsum with 21–22 dark blotches or white rings without vertebral or lateral stripes ; and venter with a dense network of subrectangular dark blotches . it is the 7 th squamate species believed to be endemic to sai yok district .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the island of nias . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 388 - 389 - get paper here
das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here
david , p . & vogel , g . 1996 . the snakes of sumatra . an annotated checklist and key with natural history notes . bücher kreth , frankfurt / m .
filippi , f . de 1840 . catalogo raggionato e descrittivo . . . serpenti del museo dell’ i . r . universitá de pavia . bibliot . ital . 99 : 163 - 187 , 306 - 343
gaulke , maren 1996 . die herpetofauna von sibutu island ( philippinen ) , unter berücksichtigung zoogeographischer und ökologischer aspekte . senckenbergiana biologica 75 ( 1 / 2 ) : 45 - 56
jan , g . 1865 . iconographie générale des ophidiens . 12 . livraison . j . b . bailière et fils , paris - get paper here
lang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beiträge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .
lidth de jeude , t . w . van 1922 . snakes from sumatra . zoologische mededelingen 6 : 239 - 253 . - get paper here
malkmus , r . ; manthey , u . ; vogel , g . hoffmann , p . & kosuch , j . 2002 . amphibians and reptiles of mount kinabalu ( north borneo ) . a . r . g . ganther verlag , rugell , 404 pp .
manthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien südostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here
rooijen , j . van & myriam van rooijen . 2007 . the land snakes of the santubong peninsula , sarawak , borneo : a preliminary list of species with natural history notes . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 27 - 38 - get paper here
schneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here
teo , r . c . h . & rajathurai , s . 1997 . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity , abundance and distribution . proc . nature reserves survey seminar . gardens’ bulletin singapore 49 : 353 - 425
teynié , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1–43 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
holotype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 3 . 27 ( male ) . collected by henri mouhot . holotype : mnhn ; note that the neotypes were designated erroneously by david et al . 2008 , see david et al . 2011 [ quadrilineatus ]
barbour , thomas 1909 . notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia . proc . new england zool . club 4 : 53 - 78 , 2 plates - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1914 . descriptions of new reptiles from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 1 : 67 - 76
chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here
chan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , würselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here
cox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .
deuve , j . 1961 . liste annotee des serpents du laos . bull . soc . sci . nat . laos 1 : 5 - 32 .
günther , a . 1861 . second list of siamese reptiles . proc . zool . soc . london 1861 : 187 - 189 - get paper here
günther , a . 1861 . second list of siamese reptiles . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 8 : 266 - 268 - get paper here
hartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang böhme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36–55 - get paper here
jan , g . 1866 . in : in f . bocourt , notes sur les reptiles , les batraciens et les poisons recueilis pendant un voyage dans le royaume de siam . nouv . arch . mus . paris 2 ( 4 ) : 4–20 - get paper here
karns , d . r . ; murphy , j . c . ; voris , h . k . & suddeth , j . s . 2005 . comparison of semi - aquatic snake communities associated with the khorat basin , thailand . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 5 ( 2 ) : 73 - 90
pauwels , olivier s . g . and l . lee grismer . 2015 . book review : a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 456 - 459
saint - girons , h . 1972 . les serpents du cambodge . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , série a , zoologie 74 : 1 - 170
sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .
smith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1965 . the serpents of thailand and adjacent waters . univ . kansas sci . bull . 45 ( 9 ) : 609 - 1096 - get paper here
voris , h . k . 2006 . assessment of biodiversity among southeast asian amphibians and reptiles . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 - get paper here
ziegler , thomas ; ralf hendrix , vu ngoc thanh , martina vogt , bernhard forster & dang ngoc kien 2007 . the diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central truong son , vietnam , with an identification key . zootaxa 1493 : 1 - 40 - get paper here
zug , george r . ; win , htun ; thin , thin ; min , than zaw ; lhon , win zaw ; kyaw , kyaw 1998 . herpetofauna of the chatthin wildlife sanctuary , north - central myanmar with preliminary observations of their natural history . hamadryad 23 ( 2 ) : 111 - 120
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this is a species complex , containing at least two recognized forms ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) . it has also been confused with
should be confined to eastern india , bangladesh , myanmar and west thailand . research is ongoing to clarify the taxonomy of this group . this concept is applied here .
thy , n . , chan - ard , t . & nguyen , t . q .
justification : listed as least concern on the basis that this species is widespread and somewhat adaptable , it occurs in several protected areas and is not subject to major threats , and is therefore presumed to occur as a stable population .
2009 , t . chan - ard pers . comm . august 2011 ) . in viet nam it has been reported from the provinces of lai cau , cao bang , vinh phuc , hai duong , son la , ha tay , nghe an , ha tinh , quang tri , da nang , gia lai , dak lac , lam dong , dong nai , ba ria - vung tau , an giang , kien giang and ca mau , and from ho chi minh district ( ngueyn
this snake is common in thailand , but known from few specimens in indochina . the population is thought to be stable in the absence of major threats .
this oviparous , terrestrial snake has been found in both open , disturbed habitats and lowland evergreen forest , including both primary and secondary forest ( t . chan - ard and q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) ; in the latter it is sometimes found along streams ( t . chan - ard pers . comm . august 2011 ) . it is active both by day and at night .
there are no major threats to this species , which adapts well to open and degraded habitats .
no species - specific conservation measures are in place , although it has been recorded from protected areas . research is underway to clarify the taxonomy of this species complex .
thy , n . , chan - ard , t . & nguyen , t . q . 2012 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the species was described in 2004 , although specimens are known since 1962 ( leong & grismer 2004 ) .
justification : this species is only known from a single location on the island of tioman , a patch of less than 100 km 2 which is all that remains of the original forest . this forest is not legally protected and deforestation is already becoming a problem . as the island itself has an area of little over 130 km 2 , ongoing commercial development activities are likely to further accelerate habitat loss . in addition , due to the very small size of the population , there is also the potential for stochastic events to lead to extinction ( r . inger pers . comm . 2011 ) . the species is listed as critically endangered as it is confined to an area of less than 100 km 2 , it is found in a single location at risk from development , and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of remaining forest habitat . in addition , as it is projected that the present rate of habitat loss due to deforestation could lead to the destruction of the entire forested area , and hence a reduction in the population of this snake by as much as 100 % , in the next 10 years .
this species is endemic to the seribuat archipelago in west malaysia , where it is only known to occur on tioman island ( grismer et al . 2006 ) . the maximum area in which this species is known to be distributed is the area of forest on the island , which is less than 100 km² .
two specimens were recorded at 98 m . asl . in one pitfall trap ( i . das pers . comm . 2011 ) . only three specimens are known and were used to describe the species . there are no population data available for this species . due to the rate of deforestation on tioman , which may result in the complete loss of forest from the island within the next 10 years , the species is likely to be already declining or to decline in the near future , and is likely to become extinct within the same time period without preventative action to preserve its forest habitat .
the forests of tioman are not protected and are currently subject to private management . the island is a well - known tourist destination and development for both residential and tourist areas is both ongoing and expanding , which is degrading and removing this species ' forest habitat at a rate which may result in the complete loss of forest from the island within ten years .
while there are no direct conservation measures for this species in place at present , most of tioman was declared a ' state wildlife reserve ' in 1972 ( ng et al . 1999 ) . according to i . das ( pers . comm . 2011 ) , this is not part of the protected area system and is currently under of the management of private hands .
twenty additional lizards and snakes are endemic to the same forest patch , making this a priority area for conservation in malaysia ( i . das and g . vogel pers . comm . 2011 ) . conservation measures should be undertaken , along with further research into the trends in abundance , and the impact of altered habitat status on this species . due to the number of endemic species known to be present in the island , the distribution should be included within the national protected area system .
further research into the abundance , habitat requirements and ecology of this species is suggested , and population monitoring is recommended .
de silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is found in yunnan and southern sichuan provinces , china , and in northern vietnam . specimens from vietnam have been reported from sa pa ( lao cai province ) , in the fan si pan mountains ( nguyen
2010 ) . the snake has been reported from 1 , 400 to 1 , 900 m asl . its extent of occurrence in vietnam is approximately 9 , 150 km
; based on the paucity of records in china its global extent of occurrence cannot meaningfully be estimated .
this is a very rare species , and only eight specimens have been recorded despite intensive surveys in sa pa over the past 50 years . it is known from only two specimens in china , one from sichuan and one from yunnan ( orlov
2010 ) . as the three known localities are widely separated , it is expected to occur as a severely fragmented population .
2010 ) . no other ecological information is available . it is likely to be nocturnal and oviparous , in common with other species of
it is likely that this species is experiencing habitat loss and degradation in portions of its inferred range , as some deforestation is occurring in this region due to the expansion of agriculture for cardamom production , and logging for timber .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place , although it has been reported from protected areas . research into its population status , distribution and natural history is needed , as well as on its exposure and sensitivity to threats .
greek , poly = a lot of + greek , daktylos = finger ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; demersal . tropical ; 29°n - 25°s , 81°w - 34°w ( ref . 57343 )
western atlantic : southern florida to santos , brazil . not occurring in the gulf of mexico and western caribbean sea .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 46 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3796 ) ; max . published weight : 620 . 00 g ( ref . 40637 )
occurs along sandy or muddy shores ( ref . 7251 ) . not of great commercial importance ( ref . 26938 ) .
motomura , h . , 2004 . threadfins of the world ( family polynemidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date . fao spec . cat . fish . purp . rome : fao . 3 : 117 p . ( ref . 57343 )
) : 26 . 1 - 28 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 118 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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northern and central taiwan , at altitudes of 500 - 1000 m . endangered . ( distribution map )
south china ( sichuan , hunan , fujian , anhui , guangxi , jiangxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan .
this cathemeral ( diurnal or nocturnal ) snake inhabits mountainous regions or plantations . it preys mainly on reptile eggs ; the large , laterally flattened posterior teeth in the upper jaw and the large rostral shield are adapted to cut open and thrust into the eggs . oviparous .
s gurkha soldiers . in defense , these teeth are used in a slashing manner which can cause gaping wounds that may bleed profusely - probably an effect of the snake ' s saliva which is rumored to possess anticoagulant qualities .
means
tooth
; referring to the low number of teeth in the upper jaw .
( 1 )
opisthoglyphous snakes are similar to aglyphous ( fangless ) snakes , but possess weak venom , which is injected by means of a pair of enlarged teeth at the back of the maxillae ( upper jaw ) . these
fangs
typically point backwards rather than straight down , possess a groove which channels venom into the prey , and are located roughly halfway back in the mouth , which has led to the vernacular name of
rear - fanged snakes
. ( source )
new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
natural history . all specimens were collected . . on the ground in dry primary forests or plantations , usually near the bank of small streams . the stomach of the holotype contained two soft shell eggs ( size 15 mm x 7 mm ) . these eggs probably belong to a snake or lizard .
distribution . the new species is currently known only from cu lao cham islands , quang nam province , vietnam .
etymology . the specific epithet culaochamensis is derived from cu lao cham islands , where the new species was discovered .
sang ngoc nguyen , luan thanh nguyen , vu dang hoang nguyen , hoa thi phan , ke jiang and robert w murphy . 2017 . a new species of the genus
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] zingiber alba • a new species and . . .
[ herpetology • 2017 ] bufo ( anaxyrus ) williamsi • a . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
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we need help ! in recent months our income dropped considerably and we need more donations from our users to avoid getting into financial difficulty .
forms extensive pure stands along river beds and on ridge tops at elevations up to 2 , 500 metres [ 303 ] .
you can translate the content of this page by selecting a language in the select box .
plants for a future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants . always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally . none known
seed - sow in seed beds [ 303 ] . germination usually starts after 10 days , though viability is naturally low [ 303 ] . pricking out is carried out when the seedlings are about 50 - 60 mm high and are ready for transplanting into polythene tubes [ 303 ] . seed production by the species is very good . storage is mainly in household refrigerators where they are kept until needed for sowing [ 303 ] . no research has been carried so far into their longevity under these conditions , but appears to be orthodox for this family [ 303 ] .
right plant wrong place . we are currently updating this section . please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking .
iucn red list of threatened plants status : this taxon has not yet been assessed .
for a list of references used on this page please go here a special thanks to ken fern for some of the information used on this page .
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was first described by günther in 1862 basing on specimens collected from anaimalai hills , coimbatore district , tamil nadu ( smith 1943 ) .
captain , a . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , and because threats appear to be localized .
is endemic to the western ghats of india , south of the goa gap ( wynaad to travancore ) ( wall 1907 ) . presently it is known from wyanad , wyanad district ; ashambu hills , ponmudi hills ( chandramouli and ganesh 2011 ) and arippa ( near thiruvananthapuram ) , thiruvananthapuram district ; kulathapuzha , kollam district ( j . joyce in litt . ) in kerala , anaimalai hills , top slip ( v . deepak pers . comm . 2011 ) and valparai , coimbatore district in tamil nadu ( whitaker and captain 2004 ) and talakaveri , kodagu district , karnataka ( s . p . vijaykumar pers . comm . 2011 ) . found at elevations of 150 to 1 , 100 m asl .
this species inhabits tropical lowland moist forests . it has also been recorded from teak plantations .
habitat loss and degradation due to expanding agriculture , urbanization and mining is a problem in the western ghats and this is likely to be causing localized declines in this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . this species occurs in indira gandhi national park and brahmagiri wildlife sanctuary . further research into the population and habitat status of this species should be carried out .
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malaysia ( borneo : sabah ) indonesia ( kalimantan ) type locality : mt . kina balu [ borneo ]
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1893 . description of new reptiles and batrachians obtained in borneo by mr . c . hose and mr . a . everett . proc . zool . soc . london 1893 : 522 - 528 - get paper here


trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is a species of fish in the cod family .

it is found in the barents sea , north sea , baltic sea , off the coasts of norway , iceland , the british isles and elsewhere in the northeast atlantic ocean .

it prefers depths between 100 and 200 m ( 330 – 660 ft ) , but occurs from 50 to 300 m ( 160 – 980 ft ) .

norway pout can reach 35 cm ( 14 in ) , but are more common at around 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) .

it is extensively fished , mostly for conversion into fishmeal , with 877,910 t taken in 1974 , and only 39,223 t taken in 2008 .

trisopterus esmarkii

jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
trisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 )
.
raitt , d . f . s . 1968a . synopsis of biological data on the norway pout trisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 ) . f . a . o . fish . biol . synopses , ( 33 ) 1968 : 32 p . , 7 fig .
trisopterus esmarkii is the direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . this species population is also impacted by other commercial species , as it is an important prey species of other commercially important fishes , such as cod , saithe , haddock , mackerel and whiting .
trisopterus esmarkii is restricted to the northeastern atlantic ocean , where it is distributed from svalbard and the southwest barents sea , south to the english channel , including bear island , around iceland and at the faroe islands ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 50 to 300 metres .
scientific synonyms and common names trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) synonyms : gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 , scand . fauna , 4 : 565 ( after esmark , 1844 ; christianiafjord ) . gadus esmarkii : smitt , 1893 , 1 : 508 , fig . 122 , pl . xxviiia ( col . fig . i ) sund , in andersson et al . , 1942 , 1 : 184 , pl . 52 ( col . ) . trisopterus esmarkii : svetovidov , 1948 : 143 , fig . 22 , pl . vll ( fig . 2 ) , pl . xlv , pl . lxx ( fig . 3 ) raitt , 1968a ( 33 ) : 1 , fig . 1 - 2 wheeler , 1969 : 270 , fig . trisopterus esmarki : andriashev , 1954 : 156 , fig . 77 . common names : norway pout [ en ] ögerpål [ no ] spaerling [ da ] stintdorsch [ de ] tacaud norvégien [ fr ] kever [ ne ]
justification : trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is distributed from the southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland and at the faeroe islands . it is caught in the industrial fishery and estimates of ssb from the only available stock assessment in the north sea fluctuates over the past 30 years due to variable recruitment and short - life span caused by high natural mortality , with no observable trend . within the last 10 years ( three generation lengths ) there is also no observable trend . fishing mortality has been reduced due to implementation of bi - annual recommendations for total allowable catch . trisopterus esmarkii is therefore listed as least concern .
sweet , n . a . 2008 . trisopterus esmarkii norway pout . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
( of gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the norway pout is dark greeny brown dorsally , with distinct silver sides and a small but conspicuous dark spot above the base of the pectoral fin . the maximum recorded size for this species is 35 cm . trisopterus esmarkii has an elongate body whose depth is less than the head is long . the snout is pointed with a prominent lower jaw and large mouth extending to the level of the middle of the pupil . its eyes are large , greater than the snout length . it has a conspicuous moderately long , thin chin barbel . there are 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins , with the origin of the anal fin positioned below or slightly behind the first dorsal interspace .
trisopterus esmarkii is a relatively abundant gadoid in the north sea and barents sea . a stock assessment in the north sea ( including skagerrak and kattegat ) shows ssb for this species in the north sea as widely fluctuated over the past 30 years ( 1983–2014 ) with an apparent increase in biomass from the mid - 2000s to 2013 . this is a short - lived species . the abundance of this species is closely linked to recruitment , which has varied considerably over the last decade ( ices 2014 ) . due to the relatively short lifespan of this species , stock dynamics are highly variable . this species is also fished in the industrial fishery ( e . g . harvested for fishmeal and oil ) throughout the region , but no other stock assessments are available .
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en - norway pout , fr - tacaud norvégien , sp - faneca noruega .
lower jaw slightly longer than upper . greatest body depth less than head length . colour : grey - brown dorsally , sides silvery belly white ; a dark blotch at upper edge of pectoral base .
southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland , and at the faeroe islands .
benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottomsat depths of 50 - 300 m , but mostly found between 100 and 200 m . first maturity is reached at 2 years ( l4 to 15 cm ) and sex ratio of adults in the north sea is 93 males : 57 females . a 15 to 19 cm fish lays 27 000 to 51 200 eggs ; the spawning period extends from january to july ( mostly from march to may ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak , the mayor spawning grounds being located between nw scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland . growth is rapid : at 1 year , 13 cm ; 2 years , 19 cm ; 3 years , 21 cm ; maximun age is 4 to 5 years . it is a pelagic feeder , mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae .
an exceptional specimen reached 35 cm ; however , less than 20 cm is the more ordinary size .
the catch reported for 1987 in the fao yearbook of fishery statistics was 208 864 t , down from 428 374 t in 1979 . major exploiting countries are denmark ( ca . 119 000 t ) , norway ( ca . 81 000 t ) and the faeroe islands ( ca . 10 000 t ) , using bottom trawls and danish seines . the major fishing grounds are the northern north sea and skagerrak and to a lesser extent , the norwegian more coast , between 100 and 250 m depth . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 112 556 t . the countries with the largest catches were denmark ( 57 441 t ) and norway ( 51 067 t ) . used mainly for fish meal and oil .
fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . daniel m . cohen tadashi inada tomio iwamoto nadia scialabba 1990 . fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 10 . rome , fao . 1990 . 442p .
greek , tris = thrice + greek , pteron = wing , fin ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; benthopelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 50 - 300 m ( ref . 54932 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 54932 ) . temperate ; 79°n - 48°n , 27°w - 30°e ( ref . 54932 )
northeast atlantic : southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , - and the bay of biscaye ( ref . 90172 ) - , around iceland and faeroe islands .
maturity : l m ? , range 11 - 15 cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 ) ; common length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4645 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 273 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . gray - brown dorsally , silvery on sides , white on belly . a dark blotch is at the upper edge of the pectoral - fin base .
benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . feeds mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausiids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae ( ref . 1371 ) . caught mainly for reduction to fishmeal ( ref . 3383 ) , trout pellets , fodder ( ref . 35388 ) .
oviparous , sexes are separate ( ref . 205 ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak . major spawning grounds are northwestern scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 5 . 9 - 10 . 1 , mean 7 . 8 ( based on 185 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00535 - 0 . 00710 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 36 ; tm = 2 . 3 ; tmax = 5 ; fec = 27 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 88 , 2 sd range = 0 . 48 - 1 . 60 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 13 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 3 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 7 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
nilsson , s . ( 1855 ) . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna . första häftet . lund . i - xxxiv + 1 - 768 . page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]
wheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of boreogadus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . [ details ]
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norway pout is a benthopelagic to pelagic species which is typically found over muddy bottoms at depths of 50 to 300 meters , but more commonly between 100 and 200 meters . it feeds primarily on copepods ( bromley et al . 1997 ) , but also consumes decapod larvae , mysids and euphasiids ( gordon 1977 ) . norway pout is an important prey species in the north sea ecosystem ( ices 2011 ) . this species spawns in the north sea at depths of > 100 m , with a peak in spawning occurring between march and april , with more northern populations ( off the coast of norway ) spawning in late march and continuing through to june . the principal spawning area of norway pout in the north sea is in the northwestern region ( nash et al . 2012 ) . this species most likely spawns only once , and natural mortality is significantly correlated with sexual maturity , sex , growth and intra - specific stock density , indicating that this species may die as a direct or indirect result of spawning ( nielsen et al . 2012 ) . females are generally more abundant than males , with female dominance increasing by age ( albert 1994 ) . males mature younger than females ( age at 50 % maturity : males = 1 . 2 years , females = 1 . 5 years ) ( lambert et al . 2009 ) and longevity is four to five years . generation length is therefore estimated to be about two to three years .
this species is a direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . it is primarily caught using bottom trawls and danish seines ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .
harvest control rules based on total allowable catches are in place for norway pout and are frequently re - evaluated due to this species ' short lifespan ( ices 2014 ) .
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norway pout belongs to the cod family and lives in schools . it is commonly found in the northern north sea . it is rare to find it along the dutch coast . this species likes to swim close to the bottom . other fish species such as mackerel , coal fish , whiting , haddock and cod love to eat norway pout . all together , these species consume an estimated 1 . 3 million tons of norway pout in the north sea per year . the norwegian and danish industrial fleet used to fish norway pout on a large scale , however interest in this fish species decreased in the mid 1980s . norway pout is still used as food for fish farms and cattle .
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finrays 23 - 29 ; first anal finrays 26 - 31 , second anal finrays 25 - 31 .
grey - brown on back , dull silvery on sides , belly more pale .
andersson , k . a . , ed . 1942 . fiskar och fiske i norden . 1 , fiskar och fiske i havet . stockholm , xvi + 540 pp . , 83 col . pl . , 230 fig . 2 , fiskar och fiske i sjör och floder : pp . xvii - xxiv + 541 - 1016 , fig . 231 - 426 , col . pl . 84 - 128 . ( new edition in 1954 , 2 : pp . 425 - 769 , 190 fig . , 42 col . pl . )
andriashev , a . p . 1954 . ryby severnykh morei sssr . izv . akad . nauk sssr . moskwa - leningrad . ( english trans . 1964 , jerusalem , ipst , 617 pp . , 300 fig . )
ehrenbaum , e . 1905 - 1909 . eier und larven von fischen der nordischen planktons , teil i , 1905 , 4 : iv + i 1 - i 216 + iii , fig . 1 - 82 ; teil ii , 1909 , 10 : i 217 - i 413 , fig . 83 - 147 .
fries , b . f . ; ekström , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . 1893 - 1895 . a history of scandinavian fishes , rev . and compl . by f . a . smitt , stockholm & paris , i , 1893 : pp . 1 - 566 + viii , fig . 1 - 134 ; ii , 1895 : pp . 567 - 1240 , fig . 135 - 380 ; atlas , pt . i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii ; pt . ii , 1895 , pl . xxvii a - liii .
nilsson , s . 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna , lund : xxxiv + 768 p .
schmidt , e . j . 1905 - 1906 . the pelagic post - larval stages of the atlantic species of gadus , part i . meddr . kommn havunders . , ser . : fisk . , 1905 , 1 ( 4 ) : 77 pp . , 16 fig . , 3 pl . ; part ii , ibid . , 1906 , 2 ( 2 ) : 20 pp . , pl . i .
schmidt , w . 1968 . vergleichend morphologische studie über die otolithen mariner knochenfische . arch . fischwiss . , 19 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 96 , 184 fig . , 25 pl .
scott , t . 1906 . observations on the otoliths of some teleostean fishes . 24 . rep . fishery bd scotl . , 1905 [ 1906 ] , 3 : 48 - 82 , 5 pl .
smitt , f . a . 1893 - 1895 . ( ed . ) a history of scandinavian fishes , stockholm and paris , atlas , i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii .
smitt , f . a . ed . , 1893 - 1895 . see fries , b . f . ; ekström , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . , 1893 - 1895 .
svetovidov , a . n . 1948 . [ gadiformes . fauna u . s . s . r . , fishes ] , 9 ( 2 ) : 222 pp . , 39 fig . , pl . i - lxxii ( in russian , transl . jerusalem , 1962 , 232 pp . ) .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
the norway pout fishery is relatively small and confined principally to norway and denmark . the by - products are probably blended into other fishery by - products and not available as a separate product . blue whiting is a large fishery primarily confined to the eu and northern european countries with a smaller catch controlled by 25 other countries .
reports the landings and potential yield of fish oil from these fisheries . blue whiting fish oil is a potential source of omega - 3 fatty acids and
presents some fatty acid profile data on blue whiting , southern blue whiting and norway pout .
) , which can dive into the krill sl at depth during daytime or when it is closer to the surface during its upward dvm during night - time or in response to some physical forcing under certain circumstances .
among these predators , baleen whales are unique , since they do not feed on individuals but on bulk amounts of krill , targeting aggregations that they engulf in mouthfuls . the whales take advantage of krill swarming behaviour which is otherwise a beneficial anti - predation strategy (
) . nevertheless , aggregation may not be completely ineffective against whale predation , since it at least minimises the spatial extent of the krill distribution and makes it harder for roaming predators to detect them . however , once a predator has detected the edge of an aggregation , the probability of it being of considerable biomass is high , since aggregations often extend over kilometre scales (
how do changes in the ocean environment affect the productivity of marine fish ? apart from the obvious effects of temperature on metabolic rates , it is most likely that changes in the ocean environment manifest themselves through the food web . according to the hypothesis of bottom - up control , productivity at higher trophic levels is limited by primary production . just as a rising tide floats all boats , one would expect an increase in primary production to benefit all the species that rely on this production . we might expect to find the best evidence for bottom - up control in ecosystems with seasonal production and relatively simple food chains , such as boreal and upwelling ecosystems . in the north sea there have been parallel changes in abundance of phytoplankton , zooplankton , herring , and seabirds , which can be interpreted as bottom - up control of the pelagic food chain . during the gadoid outburst in the north sea , recruitment of five demersal species – cod , haddock , whiting , saithe , and norway pout – increased by a factor of 4 or 5 between the early and late 1960s . the gadoid outburst has been interpreted as bottom - up control of recruitment by zooplankton abundance and availability . though the gadoid outburst ended in the 1980s , debate continues on the cause of this phenomenon .
given that primary production limits production at higher trophic levels , species replacements may be caused by competition for limiting resources . according to accepted ecological methods , for species to compete , they must use the same resource , which must be in limiting supply . removal of one species should result in increased use of the resource by the other species . because of the difficulty of manipulating marine fish populations it has been very difficult to demonstrate competition , except for some sedentary species such as reef fishes . for many fish species that are mobile and differ in their feeding preferences , opportunities for interference competition are few . however , the species may still compete if one species eats food that the other species would have eaten . the limited energy in a food web may be channeled to one species or another , and this partitioning process can be considered exploitative competition .
for example , sardines and anchovies have a broad diet overlap and may potentially compete . the japanese sardine fluctuations (
) have been explained with a cyclic advantage hypothesis . a mathematical model of this hypothesis , which incorporates competition between the sardines and the other species groups , is able to reproduce the sequential replacement of the species groups . the replacement of the gadoids on georges bank by elasmobranches can also be interpreted as competition between the species groups . the abundance of the two species groups is inversely related in phase space (
) , and reciprocal negative interaction terms were estimated between these groups in a multispecies model . as there is little predation between the gadoids and elasmobranches , the negative interaction terms support the competition hypothesis . an alternative hypothesis is that the different species groups simply respond differently to varying oceanographic conditions . however , this simplistic explanation begs the question of what changes in the environment caused the dramatic fluctuations and whether these changes occurred in the food web .
the bottom - up hypothesis implies that prey density limits the feeding rate , growth and production of predators . the best evidence of this limitation is shifts in the mean size at age of predator species in response to changing prey abundance . for example , the growth rate of icelandic cod was significantly related to the biomass of capelin , one of its primary prey species (
) . faster - growing cod mature at a younger age and larger females produce more eggs ; hence faster growth rates should translate to higher per capita fecundity . however , care must be taken when interpreting size - at - age data because growth rates are influenced by factors in addition to food availability , such as temperature .
one of the most widely expressed concerns about the intensive and selective fishing activities of humans is that they will lead to imbalances in ecosystem function which have ramifications for non - target species . thus fishers who capture small “forage fishes” such as sardines or pilchards
( nilsson ) will compete with other predators in the marine ecosystem . industrial fisheries in the north sea , for example , accounted for over half the total catch by the late 1980s (
) . there is increasing pressure to manage marine ecosystems with a view to ensuring the well - being of birds and marine mammals rather than maximizing fish production for humans . moreover , some fishery biologists have also expressed concern about the
intensive fishing of forage fishes since these may provide food for more valuable fished species .
) , but these reductions may lead to responses in non - target species through changes in competitive interactions and predator–prey relationships . the indirect effects of fishing on trophic interactions in marine ecosystems have become a major concern of the conservation movement (
) and a good scientific basis for management decisions is essential . in addition , it is in this field that improved links between fish population biology and ecology would have particular benefits . the current debates amongst fisheries ecologists invoke comparison with debates about the relative roles of “top down” ( predator ) or “bottom up” ( environmental and prey ) control in ecosystems and the relative significance of “donor controlled” dynamics ( in which victim populations influence enemy dynamics but enemies have no significant effect on victim populations ) in food webs .
) but empirical evidence suggests it is wrong to assume that most predator–prey relationships are tightly coupled and that the removal or proliferation of one species which eats another will result in detectable changes in ecological processes . in particular , simplistic models of predator–prey interactions often take no account of prey switching , ontogenetic shifts in diet , cannibalism or the diversity of species in marine ecosystems and thus they often fail to provide valid predictions of changes in abundance . in
we review the empirical evidence for and against the proliferation of prey species following the removal of their predators . this is of particular significance because it has been suggested that the deliberate removal of predatory fishes ( or other top predators ) may allow fishers to harvest more of their prey (
jones , 1982 ; grigg et al . , 1984 ; munro and williams , 1985
birds and mammals may prey on marine fishes and humans compete with them as top predators . in
we consider whether the removal or proliferation of prey has significant impacts on predator populations , discussing the relative roles of fisheries and environmental change in determining the availability of prey and how these processes affect the abundance and life histories of predators .
) and yet there have been marked changes in the species that dominate the biomass and yield from many of the most productive marine fisheries . there has been much debate as to whether these changes are natural fluctuations in marine
we consider the significance of species replacements and whether these have been stimulated by fisheries which remove biomass and therefore reduce interactions between species which formerly competed with , or ate , one - another . in
compositional analyses have been used both for characterisation and for authentication purposes . the lipid content and to a greater extent the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids of animals are closely related to diet , making these suitable markers for identifying wild or cultured production methods . chromatographic techniques are the methods of choice for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures , the old bligh and dyer method (
) being the most frequently used to isolate and purify lipids from biological materials . it is based on a liquid - liquid extraction , a mild treatment so as to minimise oxidative decomposition of fish lipids due to their highly unsaturated structure .
most of the gc techniques developed to study fish lipids require a derivatisation step prior to analysis . transesterification with methanol is the most commonly used ; the fatty acids are then studied as fatty acid methyl esters or fames . most studies have focused on the liver oil or the fish flesh ; however ,
other parts of the fish have also been investigated . for example , for atlantic salmon , total lipid content and composition have been characterised for different anatomical fractions : skin , red and white muscle , belly flap , dorsal fat depot , backbone , head , visceral tissue , liver (
the long chain n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) are the most characteristic components of fish lipids , the main polyenoic acids being eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa or 20 : 5n - 3 ) and docosahexenoic acid ( dha or 22 : 6n - 3 ) . levels of linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) and linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) acids , more commonly found in vegetable oils , are generally low in marine lipids . feed formulations used in aquaculture are made up of fishmeal and fish oil , often derived from species such as capelin , menhaden ( brevoortia spp . ) , sand eel , sprat , norway pout , blue whiting , horse mackerel , atlantic herring ( clupea spp . ) , anchovy ( engraulis spp . ) , and pilchard . since fatty acid profiles can vary from species to species , these differences can be found in the farmed fish fed on specific fishmeal . with declining fish stocks and the corresponding growth in the use of fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture , there is a move towards incorporating plant - derived products such as soybean meal or vegetable oils in the fish feed . the variations in fatty acid profiles due to these changes also offer a useful means of differentiating between wild and farmed fish .
various studies have confirmed these differences in fatty acid composition in wild and cultured fish .
reported dissimilarities in fatty acid profiles of the flesh lipids of cultured and wild sea bass , with oleic acid ( 18 : 1n - 9 ) and linoleic acid ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) being significantly higher in the farmed fish . both these fatty acids can be linked to the use of plant - derived oils in the feed . on the other hand , cultured sea bass contained lower amounts of epa and dha , with a higher ratio of n - 3 to n - 6 in the wild fish .
on the characterisation of the fatty acid compositions of cultured and wild sturgeon , it was found that wild sturgeon have lower levels of dha or epa . the higher amounts of long chain n - 3 fatty acids in the cultured fish were attributed to the use of herring or menhaden in the fishmeal .
potential fraudulent practices do not always entail substituting cheaper farmed fish for its more valuable wild counterpart . in areas where fishing rights are restricted , to protect certain fish populations for instance , there is the potential for endemic fish species to be illegally sold as cultured fish .
used fatty acid composition and chemometric data treatment to discriminate between wild and farmed largemouth bass , black and white crappies , all freshwater fish that are popular with anglers . this study focused on four main fatty acids : linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) , linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) , arachidonic ( 20 : 4n - 6 ) and docosahexaenoic ( 22 : 6n - 3 ) . the statistical models built up using different data treatments all gave good classification rates were obtained for the wild and cultured species . this work was unusual in that it examined juvenile , age - 0 , rather than adult fish .
although it has been clearly demonstrated that fatty acid composition is closely linked to the fish feed , there are other factors that may affect the overall profile , such as age , fatty acid metabolism and so on . add to this the possible changes in the feed composition to farmed fish to reflect available supplies , and the fact that the diet of wild fish can vary with season , migration patterns and other external factors , it is clear that most discriminant models based on fatty acid profiles may be subject to a number of uncontrolled variables . to provide a more robust solution it is probably best to envisage other complementary methods .
m in length landed 248 , 036 tonnes of seafood worth £159 . 1 million in 2010 (
) . bottom trawlers , however , dominate the uk fleet in terms of vessel numbers and days spent at sea , and the target roundfish and flatfish species are caught as part of a mixed fishery . the food web of the north sea is complex , and there is a trade - off in the yields of different species . for example , low fishing mortality on cod is predicted to lead to an increase in its spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) but a decrease in the ssb and yield for whiting and haddock through their increased direct predation by cod . effects may cascade , with the potential to also increase the ssb and yield for herring , sandeel , norway pout and sprat due to their reduced predation by whiting and haddock (
present the ices data for the top 25 finfish species caught in the north sea and the top 19 recorded invertebrate species . the data are a fascinating window on the social , ecological and economic history of the north sea . some major trends evident , such as the disappearance of herring and the gadoid outburst are examples of nature determining landings (
) . others , such as the catches of blue whiting , mackerel and wolf fish show how technological advance or culinary fashions can encourage fishers to target new species . latterly declines in landings of some species are clearly , at least in part , a result of over - exploitation ( e . g . cod and whiting ) . other declines may be the result of climate change , managing down exploitation or mis - management (
) . decreases in landings of bivalves such as mussels and oysters reflect a shift from fisheries to mariculture for these species ( david jarrad , shellfish association of great britain , pers . com . ) .
jennings and lee , 2012 ; jennings et al . , 1999 ; rijnsdorp et al . , 1998 ; stefc , 2012
) . these fishing footprints are also affected by the local seabed substrate type . mixed sediments are the predominant bottom type in the north sea . coarser sands are dominant in the shallower more tidally active south . mud is generally more prevalent in the deeper northern parts , with substantial areas of exposed bedrock found mainly around the coasts of scotland and norway .
at the finer scale , there remain significant gaps in our empirical understanding about both the spatial and temporal effects of fishing gear–habitat interactions . this uncertainty is manifest when attempts are made to value the economic benefits and costs of restricting fishing over large spatial scales (
) , with assumptions made on the impact of different fishing gears reflecting pre - conceived biases . indeed , this knowledge deficit has become increasingly relevant to the debates over management measures for mpas , particularly the ongoing revision of fishing activities to be restricted in european marine sites ( emss ) ,
and current debates on the management restrictions to be placed in mczs . importantly , regional scale modelling exercises reveal that there are trade - offs in designing mpa networks to achieve different sets of conservation objectives (
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cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a benthopelagic to pelagic species found over muddy bottoms , at depths between 100 to 200 m .
norway pout is an important food item in the diet of several prime species including hake , cod , whiting and pollack . this is a highly commercial species caught mainly for fishmeal .
spawns from january to july off of north and north west scotland , faroes , iceland and norweigan coast .
fishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
obis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09
wheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .
worms 2007 . the world register of marine species ( worms ) . http : / / www . marinespecies . org , 2008 - 10 - 31
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken