kentrochrysalis sieversi is a species of moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from the southern part of the russian far east , north-eastern china and south korea .

the wingspan is 88 – 90 mm .

adults are on wing from mid may to mid august in korea .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on fraxinus species in primorskiy kray .

kentrochrysalis sieversi

note . visually , apart from size , kentrochrysalis sieversi can be very difficult to separate from kentrochrysalis heberti haxaire & melichar , 2010 . records of one may be of the other species .
the records from fujian , hubei and sichuan may be miss - labelled specimens which have been at some time confused with kentrochrysalis sieversi .
kentrochrysalis sieversi , female , upperside . china , shaanxi , tai bai shan - mts . ( s ) , tsinling - mts . , houzbenzi
in the male genitalia , uncus suddenly narrowed to a short , pointed hook . gnathos divided into 2 triangular lobes . valve similar to that of kentrochrysalis sieversi , broadest near the base . harpe similar to that of kentrochrysalis sieversi , but the ventral process shorter ; in addition there are 5 or 6 further processes , which vary in form and position between specimens , but the most ventral is always large . aedeagus as in kentrochrysalis sieversi .
kentrochrysalis sieversi alphéraky , 1897 , in romanoff ( ed . ) , mém . lépid . 9 : 164 . type locality : corea [ korea ] .
as it is very difficult to visually separate kentrochrysalis sieversi from kentrochrysalis heberti haxaire & melichar , 2010 , the records from zhejiang , sichuan , yunnan , hunan and fujian may be of the latter . the record from hainan , however , is correct .
wingspan : 88 - - 90mm . hindwing with vein m2 arising before centre of cell ( cross - vein m1 - m2 shorter than m2 - m3 ) ; veins rs , m1 longer stalked than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . antenna without a large brown patch as in kentrochrysalis streckeri , the segments only weakly dilated laterally compared with kentrochrysalis streckeri ; fasciculated cilia of distal segments shorter than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . pilifer with scales and some bristles . palpus not hairy , unlike kentrochrysalis streckeri .
kentrochrysalis havelki holotype ( china , shaanxi , qinling mts . , s from baoji ) ( smcr ) male upperside
antennae of both sexes with a large brown patch on the upperside , and with fasciculated cilia on all segments , the cilia long on the terminal segments in the male ; segments rounded - dilated dorso - laterally in both sexes , especially the middle ones . pilifer with a brush of scales and a few bristles . palpus , especially the first segment , rough with hairs , unlike kentrochrysalis sieversi .
endemic to japan . records from mainland asia are erroneous and are of misidentified individuals of kentrochrysalis streckeri , as demonstrated by kim , kim , choi , cho & kim ( 2016 ) for south korea .
wingspan : 62 - - 72mm . most similar in appearance to kentrochrysalis streckeri , but differs in having the forewing upperside discal lines less dentate ; the two antemedian lines distinct , ending at the inner margin in a blackish patch that is prolonged basad .
in the male genitalia , uncus more abruptly narrowed and curved than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . gnathos very broad , truncate , the sides obtusely dentate . valve widest near base , the inner surface with long , thin scales . harpe very large , basally reaching close to the dorsal margin of the valve , and ventro distally to its apex ; the ventral finger - like process short , above it is a pointed triangular , upcurved process ; the baso - dorsal part of the harpe has large teeth . aedeagus similar to that of kentrochrysalis streckeri , but the hook longer .
synonym . hyloicus houlberti oberthür , 1920 , etudes de lépidoptèrologie comparée 17 : 1 - 24 . type locality : thibet , tâ - tsien - loû [ china , sichuan , kangding ] .
china : v - viii ( zhejiang ) ; vii ( liaoning ) . russia : 6 . vii ( primorskiy kray ) .
park et al . ( 1999 ) give mid may until mid august as the flight period in korea .
larval hostplants . recorded in primorskiy kray , russia , on fraxinus ( derzhavets , 1984 ) .
china : heilongjiang ; jilin ( changbai shan ) ; liaoning ( changhai , dachangshan island ) ; hebei ; beijing ( sanbao ; baihua shan ) ; zhejiang ( tianmu shan , 1500 - 1600m ) ; sichuan ( kangding ; pengshui ) ; yunnan ( yanmen ) ; ? hunan ; fujian ( longqi shan ) ; hainan ( wuzhi shan ) .
south korea : kyonggi prov . ( gwangleung ; chukryong - san ; cheongpyong ; myungji - san ) ; kangwon prov . ( samak - san ; seolak - san ; chiak - san ; chuncheon ; jeombong - san ; bangtae - san ; odae - san ; jungseon ; bongmyung - ri ; pyungchang ) ; north chungchong prov . ( mungyungsaejae ; songni - san ) ; north cholla prov . ( deokyu - san ) ; north kyongsang prov . ( cheongyang - san ) ; south kyongsang prov . ( gaji - san ) .
kentochrysalis [ sic ] consimilis rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 163 ( key ) , 164 . type locality : japan , [ honshu , tochigi , near nikko , ] chinzengi [ chuzenji - ko ] ; japan , [ honshu , ] tokei [ tokyo ] ; japan , [ honshu , tochigi , ] nikko .
japan : honshu ( chiuzenji ; schirane ; karuizawa ; nikko ; hoppo ; mt . daisen ; tokei - ji ; mt . mitake , tokyo ; kirizumi spa , 1080m ; yunotaira spa ; gozaishodake ; kisojihara ; mitsumine ; kiyosato , 1300m ) ; shikoku ; kyushu .
sphinx streckeri staudinger , [ nov . 15 ] 1880 , ent . nachr . 6 : 252 . type locality : [ russia , primorskiy kray , ] wladiwostok [ vladivostok ] .
in the male genitalia , uncus triangular , about twice as long as broad basally , pointed , flat dorsally , downcurved , prismatically compressed distally , carinate ventrally . gnathos broad , short truncate - sinuate , angles rounded . valve with dorso - distal margin very oblique . harpe with a broad , almost flat , dentate , sinuate upper lobe , and a slender , cylindrical , obtuse ventro - distal process . aedagus terminating in a long , slender , pointed hook curving proximad and sinstrad . in the female genitalia , ostial plate weakly sinuate . ostial cavity covered proximally by a broad , rounded lobe .
china : 16 . iv ( baihua shan , beijing ) ; 13 . v ( baihua shan , beijing ) ; urltoken ( nei mongol ) ; vii ( heilongjiang ) . north korea : vii ( jueul , 1500m ) . russia : 13 . v - 20 . vii ( khabarovskiy kray ) ; v - viii ( primorskiy kray ) ; 23 . viii ( khabarovskiy kray ) .
park et al . ( 1999 ) give late april until early august as the flight period in korea .
at khabarovsk , russia , there is a full generation in may / june / july , with a partial second generation in august in some years ( dubatolov , pers . comm . 2010 )
ovum : pale yellow when first laid , almost spherical ( 2 . 1 x 1 . 9mm ) , shiny and smooth . after 3 - 4 days turns brownish - purple if fertile . becomes transparent just before hatching , with the green and purple larva visible within . laid singly on the underside of a leaf of the hostplant .
larva : full - fed 60 - - 65mm . on hatching , the 7mm larva is peppermint green with a purple ' core ' , particularly for the anterior segments . this purple pigmentation appears to be derived from eating the eggshell as it quickly vanishes after feeding on foliage , the body then becoming a uniform translucent peppermint green . however , the thoracic segments acquire a yellowish tint with growth , and a faint , pale , dorso - lateral line appears . the head is spherical and peppermint green , the horn blackish - purple , paler laterally , with a bifurcated tip . ( very similar to that of sphinx ligustri , apart from the purple coloration . )
settles down very quickly under a leaf after hatching , resting along the midrib and eating the leaf from it ' s tip backwards .
the larva remains basically peppermint green in the second instar , but becomes more yellowish dorsally , more greyish ventrally . with growth , the pale dorso - lateral line fades away except for on the thoracic segments . pale yellow oblique streaks appear laterally , that from the anal horn more pronounced . the peppermint green head becomes more triangular and develops yellow cheek stripes . the horn remains blackish dorsally and ventrally , but becomes pale yellowish - red laterally . the true legs are translucent pale yellow , the spiracles pale . final size : 20mm .
in the third instar the basic body colour becomes more apple green , yellowish dorsally , greyish ventrally , and is sparsely covered with raised yellow tubercles , some of which are sharp . the lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso - lateral stripe become lemon yellow , the oblique stripe from the horn is bold . the head is broadly oval - triangular , apple green , with pale yellow cheek stripes which may be edged behind with black in some . the large , conical , mainly straight horn is now more or less pale orange , with some blue dorsally , but with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces . final size : 31mm .
in the fourth instar , which is the last for most , the basic body colour remains the same , i . e . apple green , yellowish dorsally , greyish ventrally . the now lemon yellow body tubercles , which may be raised or mere spots , are arranged in concentric rings , and are paler and smaller ventrally . the lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso - lateral stripe are still lemon yellow , but are now ' edged ' frontad with clear green . the oblique stripe from the horn is very bold and more creamy , and is often edged along the front with carmine red , as are some of the others . this carmine colour may also appear in many as a diffuse flush around the spiracles , this sometimes joining up below and around the base of the oblique lateral stripes to form an irregular band . the head is still broadly oval - triangular , but now with a blue - green face and creamy - white cheek stripes , which may be edged behind with black in some . both black and cream stripes are broken at the indented vertex . the long , conical , mainly straight horn is now more orange - to - carmine red , with some blue dorsally , but still with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces . the true legs are orange edged with yellow , and darker at the base . feet of claspers paler than body ; anal clasper edged with black above foot . spiracles orange with a yellow vertical bar centrally . prior to pupation the dorsal surface becomes plum brown . final size : 60 - - 65mm .
pupa : 42 - - 47mm . mid to dark mahogany brown , and rugose , i . e . not glossy ; elongate . head with a pair of forward - projecting ridges , and with tubercular knobs over the eyes and tongue base . antennae carinate , with a ridge of fine , sharp , backward - pointing spines along their entire length . wing - cases ribbed . abdomen weakly carinate dorsally and with spiny tubercles at the shoulders and wing bases . first and second mobile abdominal segments ( i . e . abdominal segments 5 and 6 ) with a twin pair of broad - based spines ventro - laterad . cremaster long ( 4mm ) , conical , sharply pointed , with three pairs of lateral spines and two sharp tubercles at the base ventrally . formed in an almost silk - free cell in the soil . the overwintering stage .
larval hostplants . recorded in primorskiy kray , russia , on fraxinus , ligustrum and syringa ( derzhavets , 1984 ) ; izerskiy ( 1999b ) gives fraxinus mandshurica ; streltzov , osipov & malikova ( 2003 ) give syringa reticulata subsp . amurensis . recorded in korea on ligustrum obtusifolium ( park et al . , 1999 ) .
china : nei mongol ( zalantun / butha qi ) ; heilongjiang ( zhaodong ; harbin ; yichun ) ; jilin ( changbai shan ) ; beijing ( baihua shan ) ; shanxi ( wutai shan ) ; ? fujian ( longqi shan ) ; ? hubei ( lichuan ) ; ? sichuan ( kangding ) .
north korea : north hamgyong prov . ( jueul , 1500m ) ; south hamgyong prov . ( seokwang temple ) .
south korea : kyonggi prov . ( gwangleung ; soyo - san ; myungji - san ) ; kangwon prov . ( gwangduk - san ; samak - san ; daeryong - san ; geonbongryong ; seolak - san ; bangtae - san ; chiak - san ; baekduk - san ; taebek - san ; chuncheon ; geonbong temple ; bongmyung - ri ; jeombong - san ; odae - san ; yangyang ; hongcheon ; yaksu - san ; jiam - ri ) ; north chungchong prov . ( songni - san ) ; north cholla prov . ( jiri - san ) ; south cholla prov . ( baekyang temple ) ; north kyongsang prov . ( sobaek - san ; tonggo - san ; youngcheon ) ; south kyongsang prov . ( hamyang ; geoje - do ; namhae ; milyang ; sancheong ; ulsan ; hapcheon ) ; cheju prov . ( cheju - do ; topyung ; youngsil ; hare - ri ) .
russia : amurskaya ( uril area ; blagoveshchensk ) ; yevreyskaya ( bastak ) ; khabarovskiy kray ( bolshekhekhtsyrskii nature reserve , khabarovsk suburbs ; komsomolsk - na - amure ; kiselevka ) ; primorskiy kray ( andreevka ; askold island ; vladivostok ; narva ; novoselskiy , lake chanka ; kedrovaya pad nature reserve ; barabash ; anuchino ; novovladimirovka ; ussuriysk ; kravtsovka ) .
mongolia , russian far east , northeastern china , north korea and south korea .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
syntypes 7♂ corea [ korea ] ( m . jankowski ) [ zisp ] .
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
staudinger , 1892 die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff , mém . lépid . 6 : 83 - 658 , pl . 4 - 14
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
copyright © 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .


the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) , also known locally as the hickatee or tortuga blanca ( white turtle ) , is the only living species in the family dermatemydidae .

its closest relatives are only known from fossils with some 19 genera described from a worldwide distribution from the jurassic and cretaceous .

the species is currently found in the atlantic drainages of central america , specifically southern mexico , belize and guatemala .

it is a relatively large-bodied species , with historical records of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and weights of 22 kg ( 49 lb ) ; however , more recent records have found few individuals over 14 kg ( 31 lb ) in mexico or 11 kg ( 24 lb ) in guatemala .

central american river turtle

the central american river turtle is found in mexico , belize , and guatemala .
a recent survey of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .
information on the central american river turtle is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
sadly , central american river turtles are critically endangered due to human over - consumption .
a herbivorous species , the central american river turtle feeds on a variety of aquatic vegetation and fallen fruits .
millburn , naomi .
central american wood turtle care
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
syed , gracia p . 2004 . population recovery program for the central american river turtle dermatemys mawi ( testudines : dermatemydidae ) .
the main threat to the central american river turtle is hunting by humans . the turtle is very easy to catch and both its meat and eggs are valued by
syed , gracia p . 2005 . a program of phylogeography , conservation and management for the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii .
found in rivers and lakes , central american river turtles are fast swimmers , and are able to swim up rapids .
restrictions on the hunting of the turtles exist , but they are poorly enforced . programs to raise and manage the central american river turtle as a
millburn , naomi .
central american wood turtle care .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / central - american - wood - turtle - care - 1989 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
central american river turtle .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
millburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . central american wood turtle care . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / central - american - wood - turtle - care - 1989 . html
konstant , william . 2000 .
featured reptile : central american river turtle .
conservation international foundation . urltoken . [ accessed 4 august 2000 ] .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )
title =
arkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
syed , gracia patricia . 2008 . genetic characterization and conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii . ( quintana roo and belize populations ) .
central american river turtles inhabit large , open rivers and permanent lakes . although they prefer clear freshwater , the turtles are sometimes found in brackish
central american river turtles ( dermatemydidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
oliva , milena , brad lock and daniel ariano . 2010 . evaluation of the distribution , population density and habitat quality of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) on the sarstun river , izabal .
central american river turtle .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the central american river turtle is found only in the coastal lowlands of the western caribbean . its range extends from the mexican state of veracruz southeast through guatemala and belize .
central america from southern mexico as far south as northern and eastern central guatemala , excluding the yucatan peninsula .
the central american river turtle is the largest freshwater turtle in its range . an average adult measures 24 inches ( 61 centimeters ) long and weighs almost 50 pounds ( 23 kilograms ) . the turtle has webbed feet , forcing it to move awkwardly on land .
central american river turtles ( dermatemydidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
rainwater , thomas r . , steve g . platt , and rick hudson . 2009 . status , distribution , and exploitation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .
heather barrett presented “country - wide efforts to promote the conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize , central america . ” she outlined the recent history of conservation outreach for the hicatee including the formation of the hicatee conservation network and the
the central american river turtle generally eats plants either submerged below the water or those that rise just above the water ' s surface . typically , these include russell river grass ( paspalum paniculatum ) , and fallen leaves and fruits from branches growing over the water .
is a high quality food source that can be obtained in high quantity from one turtle . central american river turtles eat aquatic plants that are of no use to humans and use them to produce turtle protein for human consumption . not only could central american river turtles supply a valuable protein source if farmed successfully , they could also supply a valuable source of income for humans living near their habitat ( ernst and barbour 1989 ) .
in april and december , after having mated , a female central american river turtle digs a hole in sand , clay , or mud within a few feet of the water’s edge . she then lays a clutch (
central american river turtles are intensively exploited for food by indigenous peoples throughout their range , even in areas where the species is legally protected . the flesh is considered a delicacy .
central american wood turtle ( rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni ) is a turtle species of which a number of species and subspecies come from central america , with a distribution range from mexico to northern ecuador and northern brazil . it lives on the savannahs , in forests and on riverbanks .
reed , renae and adam gilles . 2013 . quantifying an active population of central america’s rarest turtle , kinosternon angustipons .
noureen , uzma ; and khan , ahmad . 2007 . freshwater turtle conservation initiative along the central indus in pakistan .
terrapene - ( new latin ) from the native american word for turtle ; carolina - ( new latin ) for carolina .
forero - medina , german , and camila r . ferrara . 2013 . 1 st workshop for developing a regional monitoring program for the giant south american river turtle , podocnemis expansa .
garcía anleu , rony ; soto shoender , josé roberto ; and espejel g . , verónica e . 2005 . distribution and ecology of wild populations of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii : dermatemydidae ) in the corridor of the maya forest in guatemala .
haislip , nathan . 2014 . cuora complex construction at the turtle survival alliance turtle survival center .
, can be found in central america from southern mexico as far south as northern and eastern central guatemala , excluding the yucatan peninsula . there have also been sightings of
3 . 1 . 1 podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis ( south american river turtles ) 3 . 1 . 2 geochelone carbonaria and geochelone denticulata ( tortoises )
calderón - mandujano rr , hernández - arana ha , flores - villela oa 2017 . distribution and abundance of the central american river turtle , dermatemys mawii , in southern quintana roo , mexico : implications for a regional conservation strategy . j biodivers endanger species 5 : 198 . - get paper here
. american museum of natural history , new york , usa . assessed 07 july 2016 .
iverson j b ; mittermeier r a 1980 . dermatemydidae . river turtles . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 237 : 1 - 4 - get paper here
the turtle is not found on mexico’s yucatán peninsula . biologists ( people who study living organisms ) are unable to estimate the total number of central
light is a must for any healthy central american wood turtle living environment . give your turtle access to uvb rays via fluorescent lighting for approximately half of the day . if your turtle lives outdoors and has access to natural light , extra lighting is unnecessary . in times of inclement weather , however , it is very important to ensure that your outdoor turtle has a secondary living space inside , as well .
etymology : terrapene - ( new latin ) from the native american ( algonquin ) word for turtle ; ornata - ( latin ) meaning embellishment , fancy .
conservation international : : tortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group : : turtle survival alliance : : turtle conservancy : : chelonian research foundation : : european assoc . zoos & aquaria
free - roaming wild central american wood turtles are herbivorous creatures to the core , consuming mostly only plant matter . however , when necessary , these turtles also occasionally do eat worms and bugs , making them essentially omnivorous . if you have a central american wood turtle as a pet , commercial rehydrated turtle chow is a strong foundation to the diet , along with occasional fresh veggies and fruit . some suitable fruits and vegetables for these turtles include apples , peaches , carrots , dandelions , banana , green beans , raspberries , kale , blueberries and mangoes . to add much - needed protein into your turtle ' s diet , feed him earthworms , mealworms , red worms and crickets , as well . feed fully mature central american wood turtles 3 or 4 times a week . skip one day between feedings . in cases of juvenile wood turtles , however , daily feedings are vital . regular vitamin and calcium supplementation also is crucial for central american wood turtles .
buhlmann , k . , m . vaughan . 1991 . ecology of the turtle pseudemys concinna in the new river , west virginia .
rainwater , thomas r . ; thomas pop , octavio cal , anthony garel , steven g . platt , and rick hudson 2012 . a recent countrywide status survey of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize . chelonian conservation and biology 11 ( 1 ) : 97 - 107 . - get paper here
river cooter turtles are predominantly herbivorous , feeding primarily on aquatic vegetation . while both adult and juvenile river cooters occasionally consume crayfish ( e . g . ,
species occurring within south american chelonian hosts . however , this must be further confirmed from genetic analyses of the
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
production of a documentary film . heather’s session was followed by a special film screening of “hope for belize’s hicatee : central american river turtle . ” this was the first time the new documentary by richard and carol foster was shown publicly . “hope for belize’s hicatee , ” was well received by the audience who was eager to view rare underwater footage of the turtle and appreciated the breadth of information covered in the short film .
although central american wood turtle is an omnivore , this does not mean that all food is suitable . the animals will eat insects , worms , snails , nest mice and to a lesser extent meal . uncooked shrimp and small parts of freshwater fish are also valuable food additions .
these river turtles ( dermatemys mawii ) are most closely related to the mud and musk turtles ( family kinosternidae ) . the fossil record of this family is extensive , with the earliest material being from the lower cretaceous in asia , and abundant remains in north and central america , europe , and africa during the tertiary . the central american river turtle is also commonly known as hickety ( belize ) , jicotea , tortuga aplanada ( mexico ) , tortuga blanca ( mexico , guatemala ) , and tortuga plana ( mexico ) . no subfamilies are recognized .
scarcity makes the sarstún river population critical , but there is another reason to study the hickatee : two genetically separate hickatee populations in the sarstún river may be separate species .
if you ' ve ever wondered how to take care of a pet turtle , or you already have one but want to brush up on your turtle parenting skills , consider this your turtle tutorial .
the central american river turtle , known colloquially as hickatee or tortuga blanca , is one of the ten most endangered freshwater turtles on earth and as its closest relatives only exist as fossils , it is the sole living species in its previously widespread family dermatemydidae . very small numbers of d . mawii can be found in mexico and guatemala , with its largest population in belize’s coastal lowlands .
aresco , m . , j . dobie . 2000 . variation in shell arching and sexual size dimorphism of river cooters , pseudemys concinna , from two river systems in alabama .
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
gonzález - porter gp , maldonado je , flores - villela o , vogt rc , janke a , et al . 2013 . cryptic population structuring and the role of the isthmus of tehuantepec as a gene flow barrier in the critically endangered central american river turtle . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e71668 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0071668 - get paper here
caspian pond turtle : a semi - aquatic omnivore turtle that requires both land and water , it can grow up to be nine inches .
moll , d . 1986 . the distribution , status , and level of exploitation of freshwater turtle dermatemys mawii in belize , central america . biol . cons . 35 : 87 - 96
turtle meat and eggs were basic items in the diet of amazon and orinoco river dwellers . for indigenous peoples , the main products were the sun - dried eggs of
hamish campbell , andrew mcdougall , and adrian ros . 2015 . determine if a community driven nest protection initiative has resulted in increased recruitment for the mary river turtle (
border collies are well known for their ability to herd sheep , but milena mendez has another job in mind for fenix , her 10 - month - old companion . mendez , who graduated from university of valle in guatemala in march with a degree in biology , is studying the rare turtle dermatemys mawii , known as the central american river turtle and colloquially as the hickatee . but to study them she has to find them , and that ' s where she hopes fenix will help .
the results the phva generated increased information about wild turtle populations and led to recommended conservation actions that were incorporated into turtle conservation programs in mexico and informed similar efforts in guatemala . claudia zenteno , head researcher of the central american turtle conservation program in tabasco , was appointed as the state of tabasco’s secretary of natural resources and environmental protection in january 2013 . from that position , claudia is boosting actions that are part of the conservation strategy , the workshop’s main product .
were also found in american hosts that had never been recorded in the european freshwater environments of investigation . meyer et al . [
chen , pelf - nyok . 2012 . research and conservation of southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis
pelf - nyok chen , and eng - heng chan . 2010 . determining the performance of head - started southern river terrapins ( batagur affinis ) in the setiu river , terengganu , malaysia .
dharwadkar , sneha and shailendra singh . 2016 . sustaining the distribution mapping and threat assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) along the river kali , karnataka , india .
mccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas ; and nguyen xan thuan . 2008 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
the mellow central american wood turtle ( rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni ) is a relatively low - maintenance exotic pet option . the pet turtles , which are prevalent in regions of costa rica , nicaragua and southern mexico , are semi - aquatic animals that typically display rather meek and quiet dispositions . these turtles typically roam throughout scrublands and moist forest .
heather barrett and peter paul van dijk at the turtle survival center . peter paul was honored during the symposium with the john l . behler turtle conservation award
minh le , and tim mccormack . 2010 . population survey to safeguard the critically endangered cuora galbinifrons in northern and central vietnam .
dawson , j . 1998 .
the turtle pages - anatomy of a turtle
( on - line ) . accessed november 3 , 2000 at urltoken .
mccormack , tim ; ha , hoang van ; and nhan , nguyen chi . 2009 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
( bour 1973 ) ( testudines , chelidae ) , from central brazil . panam j aquat sci . 2010 ; 5 : 478–80 .
riyanto , awal . 2009 . habitat characteristic , distribution , natural history and current status of leucocephalon yuwonoi in central sulawesi , indonesia .
aiello , b . , r . blob , m . butcher . 2013 . correlation of muscle function and bone strain in the hindlimb of the river cooter turtle ( pseudemys concinna ) .
bock , brian c and vivian p . páez . 2016 . protection of nesting females and quantification of re - nesting frequency in the critically endangered magdalena river turtle ( podocnemis lewyana ) .
restrepo , adriana and lópez , catalina . 2008 . demographic structure of the population of the endangered turtle podocnemis lewyana ( podocnemididae ) in the chicagua branch of the magdalena river , colombia .
about the species the central american river turtle is an aquatic species found in lakes and deep rivers of the atlantic lowlands of southeastern mexico , belize , and northern guatemala . genetic and archaeological evidence indicates that river turtles were harvested and transported by the ancient mayans , suggesting that it has economic significance that dates back thousands of years . the principle threat to this species is intensive harvesting for human consumption . river turtles have been so overharvested that they now can only be found in remote areas that are difficult for people to access . the population is also affected by habitat loss due to human activities related to agriculture and urban growth . since the sex of young turtles is determined by egg incubation temperature , loss of riverbank vegetation in river turtle habitat and climate change are affecting the ratio of female and male turtles in the wild . this can lead to problems with mating and reproduction .
, are native to north america . they are most commonly found in eastern and central parts of the united states . they are found as far north as northern ohio and extend as far south as northern florida in the florida panhandle . the distribution of these turtles is from eastern virginia , westward to eastern texas . disjunct populations of river cooters can be found in the new river in virginia and west virginia , and the tennessee river in tennessee and eastern kentucky .
habitat : sand prairies of central and northern illinois , southern tillplain prairies ( clay soil outlier prairies ) and open fields in former prairie .
rangel - mendoza , judith a . , iris a . sánchez - gonzález , marco . a . lópez - luna , and manuel weber 2014 . health and aquatic environment assessment of captive central american river turtles , dermatemys mawii , at two farms in tabasco , mexico . chelonian conservation and biology jul 2014 , vol . 13 , no . 1 : 96 - 109 . - get paper here
maintaining your turtle’s environment is very important to stay on top of . if something is going to go wrong after you get a turtle or tortoise , it’ll be here .
) at two important turtle survival alliance sites in southern madagascar : ampotaka and antsakoamasy .
shepherd , loretta ann . 2011 . freshwater turtle and tortoise rescue centre , malaysia .
cuc phuong turtle conservation center ; douglas b . hendrie . 2004 . operational support .
singh , shailendra and ashutosh tripathi . 2013 . evaluating and refining conservation interventions for the endangered indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra indica ) along the chambal – yamuna river system , india .
horne , brian d . 2010 . a workshop on the conservation of large river turtles in the genus batagur .
centre for coastal environmental conservation ; rahman , mowdudur . 2005 . river terrapin conservation in the sundarban reserved forest .
conservation of the chaco tortoise ( chelonoidis chilensis ) in central argentina : evaluation of commercial use and population studies as baseline for implementing management actions .
the habitat area of central american wood turtle is situated between 10 - 13 degrees n . l . and could be described as dry tropical woods , it is a low - lying area ( 0 - 1000 m ) with annually 1500 mm rainfall , this is dry for central america . they range between sonora , mexico , and costa rica . they are semi - aquatic and live along forested rivers and streams , usually in cool , upland areas of deciduous woodland , marshy meadow , red maple swamp , and farmland habitats .
in captivity , river cooter turtles are known to live for an average of about 20 years , with the maximum age of captive river cooter turtles being 44 years . in the wild , these turtles often live approximately 40 years .
polisar , j . and horwich , r . 1994 .
conservation of the large , economically important river turtle dermatemys mawii in belize .
conservation biology 8 ( 2 ) : 338 - 342 .
turtle does not bask in the sunlight on logs or river banks like other freshwater turtles . it occasionally floats on the water’s surface and is able to remain underwater for long periods without surfacing for air .
singh , shailendra ; and horne , brian . 2007 . development of “green” headstarting facilities in the national chambal river sanctuary , india : the last stronghold for the red crowned roof turtle , batagur kachuga .
dreslik , m . 1997 . ecology of the river cooter ( pseudemys concinna ) in a southern illinois floodplain lake .
iverson , j . 2001 . reproduction of the river cooter , pseudemys concinna , in arkansas and across its range .
vargas - ramírez , mario ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2007 . actions towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana , in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
) , 13 freshwater species were from the usa , central america , asia and africa . a similar situation was found on the online reptimania society (
cadi a , joly p . competition for basking places between the endangered european pond turtle (
this highly endangered turtle has been part of the jacksonville zoo and gardens collection since 2003 .
vargas - ramírez , mario alfonso ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2006 . participatory research towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
because of a highly adaptive breathing mechanism , it is only necessary for a central american river turtle to surface periodically for air . it sucks water in through its mouth and draws out dissolved oxygen from the water by means of a highly perforated pharyngeal lining ( just behind the nasal cavity ) . the used water is then expelled back through its nostrils . in muddy or cloudy water , the motion of the water moving in the mouth and out the nose is visible . this species of turtle is very passive and has a mild disposition . when handled , it will thrash its tail and limbs around vigorously but rarely bites .
it’s also best if your turtle can get some sunlight , too , said susan tellem , of american tortoise rescue in malibu , california . the sunlight , she says , helps their shells develop property ; without it , they can get metabolic bone disease .
make sure always to monitor your central american wood turtle ' s habitat temperature closely . always maintain a temperature range of 76 to 86 degrees fahrenheit . keep these turtles ' pens away from windows that have drafts . high humidity levels , between 75 and 90 percent , are beneficial for these turtles , so it is important to use a mister every day . a hygrometer may be useful for monitoring these levels .
they do not bask on logs or river banks like other freshwater turtles , their webbed feet create awkward movement on land .
moll , e . , m . morris . 1991 . status of the river cooter , pseudemys concinna , in illinois .
likes to sun in groups on tree - trunks or stones in the middle of the river and occasionally along the shore .
polisar , j . , and r . h . horwich .
conservation of the large , economically important river turtle dermatemys mawii in belize .
conservation biology 8 , no . 2 ( 1994 ) : 338–340 .
central american wood turtle is best kept in a terrarium on a 10 - 15 cm thick layer of moisture keeping substrate , with a basking spot producing temperature of 35 - 40ºc . especially during colder rainy days , this is a must . transparent fences are not recognized by the animals , the turtle will constantly try to brake out , which can lead to stress and disease . furthermore , the place of the outside enclosure should be chosen in such a way that there will be sunshine for most of the day .
you’ll likely want a terrarium for your turtle , and it’s better not to skimp on size .
platt , kalyar , steven g . platt and me me soe ( wildlife conservation society and turtle survival alliance ) . 2011 . technical assistance for the turtle rescue facility in lashio , myanmar .
diesmos , arvin c . 2003 . unraveling the myth of the philippine pond turtle heosemys leytensis .
n . sp . is a novelty as it is the first statement of polystomes from the bladder and conjunctival sacs of south american turtles . although avila et al . [
breeding interval river cooter turtles 2 to 6 times a year , and time between clutches can be from 2 - 12 months .
win ko ko , khin myo myo and kyaw moe ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . study on the present status of batagur trivittata and other endemic chelonian species in the shweli river , a tributary of the ayeyarwady river in the shan state , myanmar .
© 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .
belkin , d . 1964 . variations in heart rate during voluntary diving in the turtle pseudemys concinna .
yoeung sun , doug tangkor , and sean kin . 2012 . cantor’s giant softhsell turtle conservation project .
kyaw moe , kalyar platt , khin myo myo , win ko ko , me me soe , and steven g . platt . 2013 . conservation of the burmese roofed turtle ( batagur trivittata ) along the upper chindwin river of myanmar .
horne , brian d . 2013 . a trial release of head - started southern river terrapin , batagur affinis , in southern cambodia .
velosoa , juliette . 2012 . post - release monitoring of erymnochelys madagascariensis in lake ankomakoma and the andranohobaka river , ankarafantsika national park .
mccormack , timothy , nguyen thi thu thuy , and pham thi thu hien . 2012 . initiatives to increase enforcement and awareness to protect the endemic turtles of central vietnam .
garcia , natalia gallego . 2010 . home range and habitat use of podocnemis lewyana as baseline for new management actions in the sinu river .
khin myo myo , win ko ko and kyaw moe . 2008 . preliminary survey on the status of kachuga trivittata and other endemic species occurring between the nampoke hka stream and upper chindwin river . awareness raising school programs at the upper chindwin river between htamanthi village and khamti town .
som , sitha ; chey , koulang ; sun , yoeung ; kim , chamnan ; kheng , sokhorn ; and sitha , prum . tremors psp 2009 . community - based nest protection for cantor’s giant softshell turtle in the mekong river , cambodia .
the turtle seems to be very laid back . he reminds me of someone i know . : - )
arnold , k . , c . neumeyer . 1987 . wavelength discrimination in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans .
meyer l , du preez l , bonneau e , héritier l , quintana mf , valdeón a , et al . parasite host - switching from the invasive american red - eared slider ,
rhodin , a . & van dijk , p . p . ( tortoise & freshwater turtle red list authority )
in its range . although large populations of the turtle remain in belize , it is hunted in great numbers .
south american wildlife includes 45 species of turtles ( order chelonia ) : four are land turtles ( tortoises ) , six marine turtles and the remainder freshwater turtles . various other species , particularly of the
gonzález - zárate , adriana ; montenegro - diaz , olga lucia ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2008 . habitat characterization , resources use and conservation state of the river turtle podocnemis lewyana , waters down of the hidroprado dam , tolima , colombia .
kuchling , gerald , rao dingqi , and lu shunqing . 2013 . trapping and rescuing rafetus swinhoei in the upper red river , yunnan , china .
the majority of the fleshy parts of the central american river turtle are olive gray , the undersides being white or pale gray . near its upper surface , the organism is reddish brown to yellow in color while its sides typically remain the olive - gray of the shell . adult male turtles have a triangular patch covering the whole upper section of the head that is golden yellow in color , as well as yellow markings on each side of the head . females and turtles that have not yet reached maturity , have dull patches and side markings that are barely visible . juveniles , however , display a yellow stripe extending backwards from the eye . the tail of
snapping turtles can be harvested in connecticut . regulations passed in 2013 and updated in 2016 established specific protections for snapping turtles by designating seasons , size / bag limits , gear restrictions , and other measures designed to ensure the long - term viability of connecticut turtle populations . turtle eggs cannot be taken and turtle nests cannot be disturbed without deep authorization .
] . currently , 16 polystomes are known from anurans , three from caecilians and six from chelonians . turtle polystomes include
minh le and tim mccormack . 2014 . a survey of the critically endangered vietnam pond turtle using environmental dna approach .
zhang fang . 2010 . action plan for the conservation of the golden - headed box turtle under the community participation .
garcia , rony ; balas , roan ; moreira , josé ; and ponce , gabriela . 2008 . where do they go ? determining the spatial and habitat requirements of the ca river turtle ( dermatemys mawii : dermatemidae ) in el perú lagoon , selva maya of guatemala .
the home range of river cooter turtles is very dependent on location . the approximate home range of river cooter turtles that live in ponds is 122 square meters . in riverine locations the turtles tend to have a larger home range of approximately 340 square meters . males tend to move greater distances than females daily .
dreslik , m . 1999 . dietary notes on the red - eared slider ( trachemys scripta ) and river cooter ( pseudemys concinna ) from southern illinois .
prefers sandy beaches close to the water for nesting but may also use clay soil beaches , steep river banks , and even areas covered with leaf litter .
kuchling , gerald , rao dingqi , and lu shunqing . 2014 . continuing the trapping of rafetus swinhoei in the upper red river , yunnan , china .
chan , eng heng ; soh , chong leng ; and wong , chee ho . 2004 . the setiu river terrapin research and conservation program in malaysia .
range snapping turtles range across the eastern united states to the rocky mountains , from southern canada to the gulf of mexico , and into central america . they have been introduced in some western states .
diagne , tomas . 2013 . exploring the ecology and population biology of two declining turtles , cyclanorbis elegans , cyclanorbis senegalensis in west - central nigeria and south sudan ( sub - saharan africa ) .
urltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .
avila rw , brito es , barrella th , strussmann c , silva rj . endoparasites new to the neotropical freshwater turtle ,
rivera , g . 2008 . ecomorphological variation in shell shape of the freshwater turtle pseudemys concinna inhabiting different aquatic flow regimes .
bawa , sulemana . 2015 . current status and distribution of the nubian flapshell turtle in mole national park , northern ghana .
singh , shailendra . 2015 . conserving black - softshell turtle species , nilssonia nigricans in assam , north - east india .
minh duc le ; and pritchard , peter . 2007 . genetic variability of the critically endangered softshell turtle , rafetus swinhoei .
international center for conservation of turtles , allwetterzoo münster ; martina raffel . 2003 . conservation of critically endangered asian turtle species .
eisemberg , carla , keith christian , and bertanizo guro . 2013 . assessment of chelodina mccordi current status and community awareness along the irasequiro river , timor leste .
red - eared sliders : a water turtle ( though it does require land ) that can grow to be as long as 11 inches , the red - eared slider is the most popular type of turtle to have as a pet throughout the world .
platt , steven , kalyar platt , win ko ko and khin myo myo ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . a proposal to assess the potential for reintroducing geochelone platynota at three sites in central myanmar .
pierce , d . , j . avise . 2001 . turtle mating systems : behavior , sperm storage , and genetic paternity .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2015 . ecoguardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
ibarrondo , bonggi r . 2005 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi ) : the action plan for its preservation .
the original range of both species embraces the amazon and orinoco river basins and includes brazil , colombia , peru , the bolivian amazon and the colombian and venezuelan orinoco basin .
the central american river turtle , dermatemys mawii , has a very short tail and a wide plastron which is connected to the upper part of the shell by a wide bridge . adult shells are about 12 - 24 in ( 30 - 60 cm ) long and are an olive green color above and a yellowish color below . the scutes are thin and are easily worn away ; if the bone is exposed it can also be damaged . this turtle ' s head is speckled on the sides . anatomical features make movement on land extremely difficult for this species . this species is almost entirely aquatic , generally only leaving the water to lay their eggs . nesting occurs during the wet season when flooding carries or allows the turtles to move into backwater areas or small tributaries . eggs are buried in the banks just above the water level . clutch sizes are an average of 20 eggs . d . mawii is also referred to by the common name
tortuga blanca
which means white turtle in spanish . the mexicans , when giving the turtle this name , were referring to the species ' white meat which is considered a delicacy by many locals .
gray , j . e . 1864 . additional observations on dermatemys , a genus of emydidae from central america . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 14 : 391 - 392 - get paper here
the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) , also known locally as
hicatee
or
tortuga blanca
, has declined throughout its native range of mexico , guatemala and belize . they are extremely rare in mexico and guatemala , but there are a few scattered stable populations left in belize . it is listed as critically endangered by iucn and it is an appendix 2 species under cites . although there are existing regulations in belize for the harvest and possession of this species , there is little enforcement of these laws throughout its range . overharvesting and illegal poaching are the main contributing factors for its current status . with a mean generation time estimated to be between 15 and 20 years , poachers can decimate an entire waterway in just a few nights .
if you don’t have a filter , change your baby turtle’s water daily . if you do , change it two to three days .
n box turtle ( terrapene carolina yucatana ) : a multidisciplinary collaboration at the community and landscape level , phase i proposal : 2014 .
parham , james f . ; wilson , byron s . ; parra - olea , gabriela ; and papenfuss , theodore j . 2006 . assessment of caribbean slider turtle populations : a neglected turtle fauna under threat of genetic pollution , human exploitation , and habitat destruction .
ibarrondo , bonggi . 2004 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin 1994 ) : the action plan for its preservation .
chen , pelf - nyok and eng - heng chan . 2011 . production and distribution of awareness posters and various educational materials for the critically endangered southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis
andrews , harry v . 2005 . hatching and headstarting programmes for endangered chelonians in the national chambal river sanctuary : implementing recommendations from the conservation action plan for india’s freshwater turtles .
win ko ko , khin myo myo , myint myint oo and kyaw moe ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . integration of the education activities of the turtle team with the mobile education team of the hukaung tiger reserve for a collaborative conservation education program on the upper chindwin river between htamanthi village and khamti town .
jungwirth n , bodewes r , osterhaus adme , baumgärtner w , wohlsein p . first report of a new alphaherpesvirus in a freshwater turtle (
in the southern mexican state of chiapas , newly built roads have opened up formerly remote areas , giving hunters greater access to turtle populations .
make sure your terrarium’s water and air temperature is about 86 degrees fahrenheit and that your baby turtle has access to both land and water .
“it is work , and you ' ve got to pay attention to your turtle , ” nesci said . “ [ buy a turtle ] because you absolutely love turtles . don’t buy one on a whim . you need to have the desire and a love for animals .
in the wild , they eat aquatic vegetation ; in the zoo they are fed a proprietary gel - based turtle food and fresh produce .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2014 . mro tortoise guardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
river cooter turtles are occasionally consumed as food and traded as pets . their meat , eggs , and skin can be sold as commodities and used to make products for human consumption .
heng sovannara . 2005 . batagur baska conservation project : a program to protect and conserve the last known wild population of the critically endangered river terrapin , batagur baska , in indochina .
mendez ' s work with the hickatee started when she was an undergraduate , after an internship at zoo atlanta led to an interest in turtles and an invitation the following year to attend a turtle survival alliance meeting . the alliance’s director learned that she was from guatemala and approached her about studying the sarstún river ' s dermatemys .
countless turtles are killed or injured on roads during their terrestrial treks . the presence of a large turtle on a busy road can be a safety hazard for motorists . by driving defensively and keeping alert to conditions on the road , motorists should be able to avoid hitting a turtle .
you’ll want thermometers for both the air and water in order to maintain an environment similar to whatever your turtle or tortoise would find in the wild . do your research to determine exactly what temperature your type of turtle will need , as just guessing at what seems like a good temperature can create health problems . if your turtle is constantly in air that’s the wrong temperature , they may stop eating or get a respiratory infection .
wilson , john - james , cheah men how , chen pelf nyok , and alexandra zieritz . 2015 . tracking the critically endangered southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis ) through environmental dna .
grupo herpetologico de antioquia ; vivian p . páez , brian c . bock . 2003 . assessment of the distribution and reproductive ecology of populations of podocnemis lewyana in the magdalena river drainage .
unlike other pets you might have , turtles don’t need to be fed every day . as a general rule of thumb , feeding your turtle four to five times a week will be fine , unless you have a young water turtle , in which case they should be fed every day .
mccormack , tim and pham van thong . 2011 . new surveys for swinhoe’s softshell turtle in laos and conservation action at sites in northern vietnam .
agassiz , l . 1857 . contributions to the natural history of the united states of america . first monograph . vol . 1 , part 2 . north american testudinidae . little , brown , & co . , boston . p . 233 - 452d .
is found throughout amazonia and in brazil , bolivia , ecuador , guianas , peru and venezuela . both species present some individual and geographic variation , but there are no recognized subspecies ( 484 , 632 ) . the other south american species of this genus are
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
lescher , timothy c . 2012 . the distribution , movement , and conservation of the critically endangered southeast asian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra chitra
platt , kalyar , me me soe and khin myo myo ( turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society ) . 2011 . population assessment of batagur baska
arbeláez , fernando and vargas - ramírez , mario . 2008 . program towards conservation of three species of endangered river turtles by colombian and peruvian indigenous communities of the amazon – nests translocation pilot program .
is rather small , its skull lacking several features present in most turtles . the turtle ' s slightly upturned nose is large , and shaped like a tube with wide nostrils . it is a rather prominent feature of the turtle ' s face because it projects rather strongly from the front of the head .
you’ll also want to add calcium to your turtle ' s diet . you can get a calcium supplement and “dust” their food with it twice a year .
kyaw moe , khin myo myo , win ko ko , and steven g . platt . 2012 . integrated conservation of the burmese roofed turtle , batagur trivittata
forero - medina , german ; and moreno , luis eladio renteria . 2007 . distribution and conservation status of the endemic mud turtle kinosternon dunni in colombia .
traffic southeast asia ; chris shepherd , noorainie awang anak , james compton . 2004 . protecting the roti island snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi from extinction .
is the biggest latin american river turtle , with strong sexual dimorphism by size . the carapace length of adult females measured along the natural curve of the shell varies from 50 - 79 cm , with reported averages of 64 - 71 cm and an apparent top size of 89 cm . carapace width ranges from 43 - 55 cm and the total weight 1 5 . 7 to 46 kg ( average 23 - 26 kg ) . the record weight is 73 kg ( 491 ) . adult males measure 40 - 50 cm in carapace length and 30 - 38 cm in width ( 13 , 437 , 439 , 459 , 591 , 593 ) .
sirsi , shashwat , gowri mallapur , and shailendra singh . 2012 . distribution mapping and status assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) in peninsular india .
and other threatened turtle species at yinggeling nature reserve , hainan island , china ; and to adopt effective protection measures and awareness raising outreach activities in surrounding communities .
fidenci , pierre . 2005 . inventory , distribution , status , and conservation action of the critically endangered philippine forest turtle , heosemys leytensis , palawan , philippines .
gonzález - porter is developing an international plan for conserving dermatemys in mexico , belize , and guatemala . mendez is working with the sarstún river population and applying for funding from the turtle survival alliance and fundaeco , a nonprofit foundation for ecological development and conservation that is heavily involved in the sarstún region . she hopes to put together a conservation plan to protect this dermatemys population .
finding the turtles isn ' t easy . her fieldwork takes place in the remote sarstún river on the border between guatemala and belize . just getting there from her home in guatemala city requires multiple buses and boats .
kyaw moe , win ko ko and khin myo myo . 2009 . in - situ conservation of batagur trivittata in upper chindwin river and survey and threat assessment for chelonian species in adjoining areas of htamanthi wildlife sanctuary .
, is generally larger , has a more domed carapace with a vertebral keel , and has a plain plastron without straight yellow lines . the blanding ' s turtle ,
praschag , peter ; and reza , ali . 2005 . genetic verification of the identity of the black soft - shell turtle aspideretes nigricans ( anderson , 1875 ) .
little is known about the natural history of this iconic turtle of central america . as a result , it is difficult to formulate effective laws to allow sustainable harvesting and protect important habitat . lack of knowledge of dietary , life history , reproduction and crucial habitat requirements may impede successful captive propagation attempts . through a long - term mark - recapture and radio - telemetry program , our collaborative group hopes to shed light on some of these knowledge gaps .
among river cooter turtles , neither parent provides parental care beyond nesting . in this relationship , the single contribution of males is the use of his sperm for fertilization and the indirect impact he has on the genetics of his offspring . in nesting , females use their hind claws to dig a hole about 12 cm deep with an opening of about 7 cm in diameter , in which to deposit their eggs . the eggs are laid , covered in mud or soil , and the female river cooters return to the water . after approximately 90 to 100 days , typically around august and september , the turtle eggs hatch .
polo - cavia n , lópez p , martin j . competitive interactions during basking between native and invasive freshwater turtle species . biol invasions . 2010 ; 12 : 2141–52 .
hoang van ha , pham van thong , and nguyen tai thang . 2016 . intensive survey at priority sites to confirm additional individuals of the world ' s rarest turtle .
kuchling , gerald , nantarika chansue , and lu shunqing . 2011 . reproductive evaluation of the last male and artificial insemination of the last female yangtze giant softshell turtle rafetus swinhoei
kuchling , gerald . 2003 . preliminary status survey of the critically endangered endemic roti snake - neck turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin , 1994 ) , roti island , indonesia .
stacy , b . , d . wolf , j . wellehan . 2014 . large - scale predation by river otters ( lontra canadensis ) on florida cooter ( pseudemys floridana ) and florida softshell turtles ( apalone ferox ) .
drummond , glaucia moreira , marcos eduardo coutinho and carla c . eisemberg . 2010 . investigation of the occurrence of mesoclemmys hogei ( testudines : chelidae ) in the paraíba do sul river basin ( rio de janeiro , brazil .
subspecies : two subspecies are currently recognized , eastern box turtle , t . c . carolina and three - toed box turtle , t . c . triunguis ( agassiz , 1857 ) . although the mississippi river has been the presumed barrier separating the two subspecies ( carolina on the east side ) , specimens that are unquestionably tringuis ( three toes and little patterning ) have been found along the illinois side of the mississippi river . smith ( 1961 ) considered the possibility that these may be waifs or represent intergradation between the two subspecies . tucker & hatcher ( 1994 . trans . ill . state acad . sci . 87 ( 3 & 4 ) : 201 - 206 ) reviewed the occurrence of triunguis specimens from western illinois and proposed that the subspecies be added to the list of herpetofauna of illinois .
is the sole living member of the primitive family dermatemyidae , which first showed up in asia during the cretaceous period . by the tertiary period , this family had spread into europe , africa , and north and central america but eventually died out to the point that only one species remains .
in 2001 , iucn red list classified river cooter turtles as g5 , or a species of “least concern . ” the conservation status of river cooters is not listed on the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna or flora ( cites ) or the united states endangered species act ( us esa ) . although they are not a species of high concern globally , these turtles are endangered in illinois , and a species of special concern in florida .