albulidae is a family of fish , commonly known as the bonefishes , that are popular as game fish in florida , select locations in the south pacific and the bahamas ( where two bonefish are featured on the 10-cent coin ) and elsewhere .

the family is small , with 11 species in 3 genera .

presently , the bonefishes are in their own order : albuliformes / ˌælbjᵿlᵻˈfɔːrmiːz / .

the families halosauridae and notacanthidae were previously classified in this order , but are now , according to fishbase , given their own order notacanthiformes .

the largest bonefish caught in the western hemisphere is a 16-pound , 3 ounce example caught off islamorada , florida , on march 19 , 2007 .

bonefishes

bonefishes are popular sport fishes . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .
resolving evolutionary lineages and taxonomy of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) | brian bowen - urltoken
bonefishes and people : in many areas bonefishes are important business for people who make their living running fishing trips , especially in the florida keys . fishermen like to try for bonefishes because the fish are difficult to sneak up on and fight hard when they are hooked . people who fish for bonefishes in most areas need special boats that can enter shallow water with little or no noise . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefishes are released when caught . in some areas of the world , however , people do eat bonefish .
bonefishes are elongate , fusiform fishes with a conical snout and a subterminal mouth . like their relatives , the ladyfish and tarpon , bonefishes begin life as leptocephalus larvae and possess a gular plate . however , the gular plate of bonefishes is rudimentary and easily overlooked . bonefishes are sought by many sportsmen , but are of little value as foodfish due to the numerous small bones in the flesh . bonefishes are shallow - water , nearshore inhabitants that forage on sandy or muddy bottoms for worms , mollusks , and small fishes .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
fishes of the family albulidae , order albuliformes ( bonefishes ) . see fishbase for more information on this family . ( see also :
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . - pubmed - ncbi
habitat : bonefishes live in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 feet ( 35 meters ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) deep . bonefishes also can be found in shallow grass flats and sandy areas .
albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bonefishes live in small schools in sometimes extremely shallow water . they are ready to reproduce when they are about three and a half to four years old . the spawning areas of bonefishes , or the areas where they produce and release their eggs , are unknown . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years . spiny eel larvae ( lar - vee ) , or spiny eels in the early stage of development before becoming adults , can reach a length of 3 . 3 to 6 . 6 feet ( 1 to 2 meters ) .
diet : bonefishes feed on a variety of small bottom - dwelling invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where bonefishes can be seen with their fins sticking out of the water as they seek food . as they forage ( for - ihj ) , or search for food , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb the mud and sand .
b . w . bowen .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
evolution 55 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 807–820 .
bonefishes eat fishes and small invertebrates ( in - ver - teh - brehts ) , or animals without backbones . halosaurs and spiny eels eat bottom - dwelling animals , including worms ; mollusks ( mah - lusks ) , or soft - bodied , usually hard - shelled animals such as clams ; and crustaceans ( krus - tay - shuns ) , or water - dwelling animals without a backbone and that have jointed legs . larger bonefishes also eat fish .
the feature shared by bonefishes and their relatives , the halosaurs ( hah - leh - sawrs ) and the spiny eels , is an open canal , or a tube - shaped passage , in the lower jaw that is an extension of the series of pores and tiny tubes along each side of a fish ' s body used for sensing vibrations ( vie - bray - shuns ) . bonefishes have a long , thin body that tapers , or gets thinner , at each end . the relatives are eel shaped with a very long anal ( ay - nuhl ) fin , the fin that runs along the bottom of the body , and no tail fin . most bonefishes and their relatives are 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) long or shorter .
behavior and reproduction : bonefishes are remarkable because they commonly go into water that is extremely shallow for the size of the fishes . they can use their swim bladder , an internal sac usually used to control position in the water , for breathing . these fishes usually swim in small schools of five to twenty , although they sometimes swim in large schools of one hundred or more . people fishing for bonefishes often find them by spotting their tails sticking out of the water as the fishes dig in the bottom for food .
bonefishes live in shallow tropical waters , or waters with an average annual temperature more than 68°f ( 20°c ) . halosaurs and spiny eels live at the bottom of the ocean in water that is 3 , 281–9843 feet ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 meters ) deep .
citation :
bonefishes , albula vulpes ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hidaka , iwatsuki & randall ( 2008 ) .
a review of the indo - pacific bonefishes of the albula argentea complex , with a description of a new species
. ichthyological research 55 ( 1 ) : 53–64 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0010 - 5 .
colborn , j . , crabtree , r . e . , shakee , j . b . , pfeiler , e . and bowen , b . w . 2001 . the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : crytic species and ancient separations in a globally - distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807 - 820 .
male bonefishes are ready to reproduce when they are about 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) long and about three and a half years old . females are ready at a length of about 19 inches ( 48 centimeters ) and about four years of age . spawning , or the production and release of eggs , peaks from november to may . females contain about 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million eggs , and the number of eggs increases with the weight of the fish . spawning areas are not known . the long , clear larvae reach a length of about 3 inches ( 8 centimeters ) . the fishes shrink during metamorphosis ( meh - tuh - mor - pho - sus ) , or the changes in form that some animals make to become adults , and the fins appear during the shrinking . in about ten to twelve days , the fishes look like miniature adults . bonefishes grow rapidly until the age of about six years , and then growth slows . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years .
bonefishes , albula vulpes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , are one of the most important game fishes in the world . these beautiful fish can reach weights and lengths of up to 10 kg and 104 cm respectively , though a more representative size would be about a third of that . bonefishes have 15 - 19 dorsal soft rays , 7 - 9 anal soft rays , 12 - 14 branchiostegal rays , and 69 - 74 vertebrae . bonefishes appear blue - greenish above , with bright silver scales on the sides and below . dark streaks run in between their rows of scales , predominantly on their dorsal side . their bodies are long , thin , and fusiform , with bluntly conical snouts . pectoral and pelvic axillary scales are present , as is a single long scale on each side of the membrane between each ray of their dorsal and anal fins . bonefish have a unique adaptation for tolerating oxygen - poor water ; they inhale air into a lung - like airbladder to supplement oxygen from the water . they are sometimes mistaken for ladyfishes , which look similar . linnaeus first described the bonefish in 1758 . its scientific name can be translated as
white fox .
bonefishes , albula vulpes , prefer reefs , shallows , estuaries , bays , grass flats , and other brackish areas at depths from 0 to 84 m . they are found worldwide in subtropical warm seas . in the eastern pacific , their range includes waters off california to peru ; the western atlantic range stretches from north carolina to florida , the bahamas , the gulf of mexico , the antilles and the rest of the caribbean to brazil .
a pelagic fish , bonefishes nonetheless feed on benthic creatures such as worms , crustaceans , and mollusks , rooting them out from the sandy bottom . granular teeth , forming specialized dental plates , cover the bonefish ' s tongue and upper jaw , and similar grinders are also present in the throat , helping the fish to grind up its prey . small to medium - size individuals often feed in schools . sharks and barracuda often prey on bonefish .
this paper is a tribute to yosi sinoto , a pioneer in the study of indigenous polynesian fishing technologies and east polynesian prehistory . it builds on his research by considering the historical role of bonefishes ( albula spp . , family albulidae ) across polynesia . bonefishes are relatively large , schooling , nearshore species which , on several grounds , constitute high - return resources as defined by foraging models , especially in relation to polynesian fishing technologies . ecological , life history , and sportfishing data is compiled in support of this claim , while their role in indigenous fisheries is assessed with linguistic , ethnographic , and archaeological evidence . the latter shows that , despite being naturally distributed across the region , and recognized by a common polynesian referent ( kiokio or a close cognate ) , only two polynesian localities ( cook and hawaiian islands ) provide unambiguous historical evidence for well - developed albula fisheries ; their historical importance also is suggested on tubuai ( austral islands ) where they have declined . in tokelau and in the tuamotu islands they play a modest role in contemporary fisheries , while the evidence compiled here suggests more incidental use elsewhere in polynesia . three hypotheses are examined to explain the disjunction between the highreturn potentials of bonefishes and the available evidence for their traditional importance : 1 ) ethnographic and archaeological preservation and / or collection biases are factors ; 2 ) bonefishing was once more widely practiced but has declined as a result of harvesting pressures , climate change , or other processes ; and / or 3 ) geographic variability in conditions favoring bonefish abundance ( e . g . , habitat , food sources ) have led to a discontinuous and uneven pattern of cultural use across polynesia . the available evidence suggests that all three factors may be relevant .
physical characteristics : bonefishes have a blue - green back with narrow , dark , horizontal lines . the sides are silver . the tail is deeply forked . the average weight of a bonefish is 2 to 5 pounds ( 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 kilograms ) , and its average length is 12 to 30 inches ( 30 to 76 centimeters ) , but these fishes can weigh as much as 10 pounds ( 4 . 5 kilograms ) and be 41 inches ( 104 centimeters ) long . the upper jaw juts out beyond the lower jaw and does not have teeth .
in albulidae ( bonefishes ) the body is moderately slender . the snout is distinctively pointed and conical . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . all fins lack spines . the dorsal fin originates at about the midpoint of the body in albula . in istieus the dorsal fin origin is more forward , and the fin is elongate , extending nearly to the caudal fin . the anal fin is short and originates well behind the base of the dorsal fin . the pelvic fins are positioned below the last dorsal fin rays in albula and under the middle of the dorsal fin in istieus . scales are small . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the back of albula is blue - green in color , with narrow , dark horizontal lines that fade rapidly after death . the sides are silvery .
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forey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | carroll , r . , 1988
body eel - like ; posteriorly directed spine on dorsal edge of rear of maxilla ; premaxilla and maxilla bordering upper jaw ; gill membranes separate ; pectoral fins relatively high on body ; pelvic fins abdominal , with 7 - 11 rays ( the two fins are usually connected by a membrane ) ; anal fin base long and merged with what remains of the caudal fin ; caudal fin skeleton reduced or absent ; tail easily regenerated when lost ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 23 ; swim bladder present . some have photophores .
greek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .
greek , noton = back + greek , akantha = thorn + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .
the order albuliformes includes three extant families : albulidae , notacanthidae , and halosauridae . the bonefish family ( albulidae ) contains two genera : albula , with possibly eight species , and istieus , with two species . the halosaur family ( halosauridae ) contains three genera : aldrovandia , with six species ; halosaurus , with nine species ; and halosauropsis , with one species . the marine spiny eel family ( notacanthidae ) contains three genera : lipogenys , with one species ; notacanthus , with six species ; and polyacanthonotus , with four species . the fossil record for this order extends back almost 100 million years .
halosaurs have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point . there is no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . colors range from tan to black .
the notacanthidae , or marine spiny eels , have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . the anal fin consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has from 26 to 41 isolated spines , from which the family ' s common name
spiny eels
derives . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the coloring is typically tan .
this order is worldwide in distribution . the family albulidae occurs in shallow tropical waters worldwide . the notacanthidae and halosauridae are little - known families of deep - sea fishes that occur along the continental slope and rise of the world ' s oceans at depths from 3 , 281 to 9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) . bonefish ( albula ) frequent coastal and inshore waters of tropical seas worldwide . in the western atlantic , bonefish regularly occur in the florida keys and the bahamas and throughout the caribbean . halosaurs and spiny eels are deep - sea fishes of worldwide distribution .
bonefish are common in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 ft ( 35 m ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) deep . bonefish can be found over shallow grass flats and in sandy areas . juvenile bonefish and metamorphic larvae occur along sandy beaches with scattered patches of sea grass in water from 1
to 4 . 3 ft ( 0 . 3–1 . 3 m ) deep . in southern florida bonefish larvae recruit to sandy beaches during winter and early spring and are found in water temperatures ranging from 60 . 8 to 82 . 8°f ( 16 . 0–28 . 2°c ) and salinity levels ranging from 10 . 4 to 37 . 0 ppt .
halosaurs typically are found at depths of 1 , 640–13 , 123 ft ( 500–4 , 000 m ) on the continental slope and rise . spiny eels usually are found at depths of 656–11 , 483 ft ( 200–3 , 500 m ) on the continental slope and rise . they generally hover just above the bottom .
bonefish are remarkable because of their common presence in extremely shallow water ( less than 1 . 6 ft , or 0 . 5 m ) . the fisheries for bonefish in most areas require specialized boats capable of entering shallow water with little or no noise . fish typically swim in small schools of five to 20 individuals , although larger schools of more than 100 individuals are not uncommon . anglers searching for bonefish often detect their presence by spotting their tails protruding from the water as the fish dig in the bottom to feed .
bonefish feed on a variety of small benthic and epibenthic invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where foraging bonefish are seen with their fins protruding from the water . as they forage , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb considerable quantities of mud and sand . xanthid crabs , toadfish ( opsanus beta ) , portunid crabs , alpheid shrimp , and penaeid shrimp make up most of the diet of populations in southern florida . in some areas mollusks and small worms are important in the diet . juvenile bonefish feed on a variety of polychate worms and small crustaceans , principally copepods , amphipods , and caridean shrimp . bonefish are subject to occasional predation by sharks .
halosaurs feed primarily on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and such crustaceans as decapods and amphipods . larger species also consume various fish . spiny eels feed mainly on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids . species of the genus notacanthus have specialized teeth that form a continuous serrated cutting edge probably used to crop sessile invertebrates . little is known about which animals prey on halosaurs or spiny eels .
in florida male bonefish reach sexual maturity at a fork length ( measured from the tip of the snout to the fork in the tail ) of about 15 . 7 in ( 400 mm ) and an age of about 3 . 5 years . florida females reach sexual maturity at a somewhat larger size , about 19 . 7 in ( 500 mm ) , and an age of about four . gonadal activity is seasonal and peaks from november to may . yolked oocytes are present in the ovaries in every month except august and september and are most abundant november to may . in florida juvenile bonefish and post larvae recruit to sandy beach areas during winter and spring . total fecundity ranges from 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million oocytes and increases with fish weight . spawning areas of bonefish are unknown . larvae reach a maximum size of about 3 in ( 76 mm ) . bonefish live for at least 19 years . growth of the bonefish is rapid until the age of about six years and then slows considerably .
little is known about halosaur or spiny eel reproduction . in halosaurs spawning appears to be seasonal in some species , but others spawn year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . in spiny eels spawning occurs year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . spiny eels have remarkable leptocephalus larvae that can reach lengths of 3 . 3–6 . 6 ft ( 1–2 m ) . aside from their extremely large size , the larvae resemble those of eels in appearance .
in many areas of the species ' range , including the waters off the florida keys , bonefish are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries , among them a for - hire charter boat fishery in the florida keys . bonefish are renowned by anglers for their wariness and fighting abilities and often are caught in water as shallow as 1 ft ( 0 . 3 m ) . in the florida keys fishing for bonefish is a year - round activity and provides a significant source of income to professional fishing guides . the commercial sale of bonefish in florida is prohibited ; the limits placed upon the recreational fishery for bonefish are a bag limit of one fish per angler per day and a minimum fish size of 18 in ( 457 mm ) in total length . bonefish are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefish are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .
elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . among the largest of halosaurs , reaching a length of almost 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) . can be distinguished from other halosaurs by the deeply pigmented sheath of the conspicuous lateral line . black in color . occurs at depths of 3 , 281–9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) in the atlantic and indian oceans . also reported from waters off new zealand .
eastern atlantic from ireland to mauritania and south africa ; western atlantic , including canada to 25°n , and off southern brazil ; western pacific , including australia , new zealand , and japan ; and western indian ocean .
found over the continental slope and rise . little is known regarding specific habitat requirements . appears to be widespread .
feeds principally on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and crustaceans , such as decapods and amphipods . larger specimens also consume some fish .
little is known regarding spawning . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .
not listed by iucn . stocks probably have not been affected by human activities .
because of its occurrence at great depths , the species is of no economic importance .
elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . it consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has 28–36 isolated spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . attains a length of about 11 . 8 in ( 300 mm ) . typically tan in color . found on both sides of the north atlantic , predominantly tropical in range . occurs at depths from 1 , 969 to 6 , 562 ft ( 600–2 , 000 m ) ; most at 3 , 281–4 , 921 ft ( 1 , 000–1 , 500 m ) .
feeds principally on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids .
appears to spawn year - round . it is not known where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .
hildebrand , s . f .
family albulidae .
in fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . vol . 3 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , yale university , 1963 .
crabtree , roy e . , christopher w . harnden , derke snodgrass , and connie stevens .
age , growth , and mortality of bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .
fishery bulletin 94 ( 1996 ) : 442–451 .
crabtree , roy e . , derke snodgrass , and christopher w . harnden .
maturation and reproductive seasonality in bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .
fishery bulletin 95 ( 1997 ) : 456–465 .
crabtree , roy e . , k . j . sulak , and j . a . musick .
biology and distribution of species of polyacanthonotus ( pisces : notacanthiformes ) in the western north atlantic .
bulletin of marine science 36 , no . 2 ( 1985 ) : 235–248 .
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gilbert , carter rowell , and james d . williams . national audubon society field guide to fishes : north america . new york : knopf , 2002 .
nelson , joseph s . fishes of the world . new york : wiley , 1994 .
ricciuti , edward r . fish . woodbridge , ct : blackbirch , 1993 .
schultz , ken . ken schultz ' s field guide to saltwater fish . new york : wiley , 2004 .
morey , sean .
biological profiles : bonefish .
ichthyology at the florida museum of natural history . urltoken ( accessed on september 13 , 2004 ) .
fast - swimming silvery fish with a single dorsal fin , deeply forked tail , and under - slung mouth designed to extract buried invertebrates . popular with light - tackle anglers for an exciting fight , the soft light flesh is best used as fishcake . two species occur in hawaii , one endemic , but are difficult to positively identify without careful examination . several others occur in warm seas worldwide .
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bonefish spawning occurs year round in deep water where currents can easily disperse the developing eggs and larvae to other locations . these fish are generally less reproductively active during the hotter summer months . sexual maturity is reached at two years and near ripe females may be as small as 23 cm . the eggs hatch into ribbon - like larvae that transform into a more fish - like form once they reach about 5 cm , at which point they move closer to shore . their minimum population doubling time is estimated to be between 1 . 4 and 4 . 4 years .
in 1990 , scientists reported that bonefish have caused a few episodes of ciguatera poisoning .
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any of several silvery marine fishes of the family albulidae , especially albula vulpes , a game fish of warm shallow waters worldwide .
a silver game and food fish , albula vulpes , of warm coastal seas . also called ladyfish .
, would certainly cast doubt on whether a purely morphological comparison of geographically isolated bonefish populations is sufficient to adequately define relationships .
described herein was supported in part by nsf grant deb - 0346773 to t .
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common name for a fish belonging to several species in the two genera of the family albulidae .
the bonefish , is widespread in warm , shallow marine waters ; it is the only bonefish found worldwide . most other species are found in similar waters of the african atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans ;
the threadfin bonefish , is found only in the west indies . the bonefish is silvery in color , with a long , deeply forked tail and a single dorsal fin ; it has a pointed head covered by a thick , transparent cartilage and a receding mouth filled with numerous small rounded teeth .
is distinguished by two long trailing filaments , one extending from its dorsal fin and one from its anal fin . also known as ladyfish and banana fish , the bonefish may reach 3 . 5 ft ( 107 cm ) in length , and 18 lb ( 8 kg ) in weight . it is a bottom dweller of shallow , sandy areas where it feeds on crabs , shrimp , and worms . it is much prized as a game fish , despite the numerous tiny bones that limit its appeal as food . it is classified in the phylum
, phylum of animals having a notochord , or dorsal stiffening rod , as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development . most chordates are vertebrates ( animals with backbones ) , but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals .
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
permit belong to the trinity of south florida flats fish , along with tarpon and bonefish , that help pump an estimated $ 460 million a year into the state economy .
anglers have fought to protect this fish . so how did it wind up on a miami beach menu ? | miami herald ,
keoni chang , the corporate chef of foodland , a statewide supermarket chain founded by an irish immigrant in 1948 , remembers that his great - grandfather ate poke made of oio ( bonefish ) , caught on the flats , the flesh roughly scraped .
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colborn j 1 , crabtree re , shaklee jb , pfeiler e , bowen bw .
department of fisheries and aquatic sciences , university of florida , gainesville 32653 , usa .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
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stri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .
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) by its more pointed lower jaw and higher vertebral and lateral - line scale counts . it is most similar to the indian ocean
differs from its two related species by higher counts of pored lateral - line scales and vertebrae . it has 68–74 ( mode 70 ) lateral - line scales vs . 61–65 ( 63 ) for
in having the pelvic fin tip reaching beyond the anus ( vs . short of or just reaching anus ) and higher numbers of scale rows above the lateral line 9–10 ( 9 ) vs . 7½–8 ( 8 ) for
we greatly appreciate specimen loans from m . sabaj ( ansp ) , j . maclaine ( bmnh ) , a . suzumoto ( bpbm ) , d . catania and t . iwamoto ( cas ) , i . nakamura and t . nakabo ( faku ) , m . a . rogers and k . swagel ( fmnh ) , s . kimura ( frlm ) , g . duhamel and p . pruvost ( mnhn ) , k . matsuura and g . shinohara ( msnt ) , s . l . jewett and j . t . williams ( usnm ) , m . e . anderson , p . c . heemstra , and v . mthombeni ( saiab ) , m . bougaardt and l . j . v . compagno ( sam ) , j . g . nielsen and m . tammes ( zmuc ) , and k . k . p . lim ( zrc ) . we thank g . s . hardy , ngunguru , new zealand , who read the initial manuscript and offered helpful comments . furthermore , we thank w . n . eschmeyer ( cas ) , d . g . smith ( usnm ) , and j . l . earle ( bpbm ) for their valuable comments and suggestions regarding the nomenclatural problem of albula argentea and color information of a . virgata . special thanks to m . e . anderson ( saiab ) for gifting a color transparency of albula oligolepis sp . nov . this study was financially supported in part by the sasakawa scientific research grant from the japan science society awarded to the first author and by the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology , japan ( nos . 1364069 and 16570079 ) to the second author .
bauchot m - l ( 1969 ) les poissons de la collection de broussonet au muséum national d’histoire naturelle de paris . bull mus natl hist nat paris ( 2 ) 41 : 125–143
bauchot m - l ( 1994 ) les poissons décrits et figurés dans les manuscripts de quoy au cours du voyage de l’astrolabe ( 1826–1829 ) . cybium 18 : 3–101
bloch me , schneider jg ( 1801 ) systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo berolini . berolini , berlin
spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807–820
cuvier g , valenciennes a ( 1847 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 19 . levrault , paris
davie p ( 1998 ) wild guide to moreton bay . museum of queensland , south brisbane
forsskål p ( 1775 ) descriptiones animalium avium , amphibiorum , piscium , insectorum , vermium ; quae in itenere orientali observavit . post mortem auctoris edidit carsten niebuhr . mölleri , copenhagen
fowler hw ( 1911 ) a new albuloid fish from santo domingo . proc acad nat sci phila 62 : 651–654
gloerfelt - tarp t , kailola pj ( 1984 ) trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia . australian development assistance bureau ( adab ) , directorate general of fisheries , indonesia ( dgf ) , and german agency for technical cooperation ( gtz )
gmelin jf ( 1789 ) caroli a linné . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species ; cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decimo tertia , aucta , reformata , 3 vols in 9 parts . lipsiae , 1788–93 . systema naturae linné 1 : 1033–1516
grant em ( 1982 ) guide to fishes . the department of harbours and marine , brisbane
gray je ( 1854 ) catalogue of fish collected and described by laurence theodore gronow , now in the british museum . cat fish gronow . natural history museum , london
gronovius lt ( 1763 ) zoophylacium gronovianum , exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia , pisces , insecta , vermes , mollusca , testacea et zoophyta , quae in museo suo adservavit , examini subjecit , systematice disposuit atque descripsit . fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia atque pisces , quae in museo suo adservat , rite examinavit , systematice disposuit , descripsit , atque iconibus illustravit . lugduni batavorum
herre awct ( 1953 ) check list of philippine fishes . us fish wildl serv res rep 20 : 1–977
, from japan ( albuliformes : albulidae ) . jpn j ichthyol 51 : 61–66
hildebrand sf ( 1963 ) family albulidae . in : bigelow hb ( ed ) fishes of the western north atlantic . mem sears found mar res 1 : 132–147
hubbs cl , lagler kf ( 1958 ) fishes of the great lakes region . bull cranbrook inst sci 26 : 1–213
hutchins jb ( 2001 ) checklist of the fishes of western australia . rec west aust mus suppl ( 63 ) : 9–50
jordan ds , jordan ek ( 1922 ) a list of the fishes of hawaii , with notes and descriptions of new species . mem carnegie mus 10 : 1–92
klausewitz w , nielsen jg ( 1965 ) on forsskål’s collection of fishes in the zoological museum of copenhagen . spolia zool mus hauniensis 22 : 1–29
kottelat m , whitten aj , kartikasari sn , wirjoatmodjo s ( 1993 ) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus , jakarta
lacepède bge ( 1803 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 5 . chez plassan , paris
leviton ae , gibbs rh jr , heal e , dawson ce ( 1985 ) standards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology . copeia 1985 : 802–832
linnaeus c ( 1758 ) systema naturae , vol 1 , 10th edn . laurentii salvii , holmiae
nelson js , crossman cej , espinosa - pérez h , findley lt , gilbert cr , lea rn , williams jd ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . special publication 29 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md
mcdowall rm ( 1970 ) the galaxiid fishes of new zealand . bull mus comp zool 139 : 341–431
munro isr ( 1967 ) the fishes of new guinea . department agricultural stock and fisheries , port moresby
spp . ) from the eastern pacific ocean inferred from analyses of allozymes and mitochondrial dna . environ biol fishes 63 : 151–159
randall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227–268
randall je , allen gr , steene rc ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press , bathurst
scopoli ja ( 1777 ) introductio ad historiam naturalem , sistens genera lapidum , plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta , caracteribus essentialibus donata , in tribus divisa , subinde ad leges naturae . prague introd hist nat i–x , 1–506
shaklee jb ( 1984 ) albulidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 1 . fao , rome , pp “albu”–“albu albu 3”
smith dg , crabtree re ( 2002 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke ( ed ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central atlantic , vol 2 , bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao , rome , pp 683–684
smith dg , randall je ( 1999 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke , niem vh ( eds ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 3 . batoid fishes , chimeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome , pp 1623–1624
smith mm ( 1986 ) albulidae . in : smith mm , heemstra pc ( eds ) smith’s sea fishes . springer - verlag , new york , p 157
van der elst r ( 1981 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern african . struik , cape town
weber m , de beaufort lf ( 1913 ) the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago , vol 2 . malacopterygii , myctophoidea , ostariophysi : i siluroidea . brill , leiden
wheeler ( 1958 ) the gronovius fish collection : a catalog and historical account . bull br mus hist ser 1 : 185–249
whitehead pjp ( 1978 ) a guide to the dispersal of zoological material from captain cook’s voyages . pac stud 2 : 52–93
( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( teleostei , albulidae ) . cybium 10 : 211–230
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the nomenclature of the bonefish family albulidae is currently in a state of revision . until recently , bonefish were considered to be comprised of two species , the circumglobal
this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast of north and central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .
2008 ) . there is very little known about the life history , ecology , population status , or threats acting upon this species . therefore , it is listed as data deficient .
this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .
very little information is available on the population status of this species . there are numerous museum records , including specimens at the smithsonian
this species occurs in deeper waters than the typical habitat of albula species ( smith and crabtree 2002 ) . anecdotal evidence and the capture location of some museum specimens indicate an association with river outflows ( bowen et al . 2008 ) . it is mostly estuarine , especially found in estuaries of rivers along mountainous shores , on soft bottom habitats to depths of 50 m . diet studies indicate that 16 of 17 individuals collected over open sand bottom near the mouth of a river on the pacific coast of costa rica had fish in their stomachs ; one had crab remnants present ( adams unpublished data ) . the maximum size for this species is 51 cm ( tl ) ( robins and ray 1986 ) . additional information on the habitat and ecology of this species is absent .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range .
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depth range based on 108 specimens in 9 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 38 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the bonefish frequents shallow , inshore waters including bays and estuaries . bonefish sometimes feed in water so shallow that their dorsal and caudal fins break the surface . they feed on worms , mollusks , and crustaceans that are picked ( or
grubbed
) from mud and sand bottoms . bonefish spawn offshore with the leptocephalus larvae migrating inshore to nursery areas .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of albula in fishbase . december 2012 version .
pfeiler , e . , van der heiden , a . m . , ruboyianes , r . s . , & watts , t . ( 2011 ) . albula gilberti , a new species of bone fish ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from the eastern pacific , and a description of adults of the parapatric a . esuncula . zootaxa 3088 : 1 - 14 .
kwun , h . j . & kim , j . k . ( 2011 ) : a new species of bonefish , albula koreana ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from korea and taiwan . zootaxa , 2903 : 57–63 .
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hawaiian archaeology , 2014 , ( special publication 4 ) , pp . 51 - 72
name from latin words ' nemo ' meaning absence and ' ossis ' for bones ; referring to the absence of supraneural bones .
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 3545 ) , usually 100 - 400 m ( ref . 5576 ) . deep - water ; 18°n - 35°s , 18°w - 20°e ( ref . 109573 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 ) ; common length : 33 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 51 - 57 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 ; vertebrae : 88 - 92 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters ( counts & % in parentheses for lectotype ) : no supraneural bones ; dorsal - fin rays 51 - 57 ( mode 52 ) ; total vertebrae 88 - 92 ( 91 ) ; pored lateral - line scales 79 - 89 ( 84 ) ; pre - dorsal scale rows 3 - 8 ( 8 ) ; head length 24 - 32 % ( mean 30 % ) of sl ) ; pectoral - fin length 16 - 21 % ( 19 % ) of sl ; pre - dorsal - fin length 27 - 34 % ( 30 % ) of sl ; dorsal - fin base length 53 - 64 % ( 60 % ) of sl ; postorbital length 13 - 16 % ( 14 % ) of sl ; upper caudal - fin length 18 - 31 % ( 24 % ) of sl ( ref . 109573 ) .


the ruby-topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) , commonly referred to simply as the ruby topaz , is a small bird that breeds in the lesser antilles and tropical northern south america from colombia , venezuela and the guyanas , south to central brazil and northern bolivia ; also from colombia into southern panama .

it is the only member of the genus chrysolampis .

it is a seasonal migrant , although its movements are not well understood .

this hummingbird inhabits open country , gardens and cultivation .

it is 8.1 cm long and weighs 3.5 g. compared to most other hummingbirds , the almost straight , black bill is relatively short .

the male has green-glossed dark brown upperparts .

the crown and nape are glossy red , and the throat and breast are brilliant golden-orange .

the rest of the underparts are brown , and the chestnut tail is tipped black .

the male often looks very dark , until he turns and the brilliant colours flash in the sunlight .

the female ruby-topaz hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and pale grey underparts .

the tail is chestnut with a dark subterminal band and a white tip .

females from trinidad typically have a greenish throat-streak ( it may appear dark ) , but this is not common elsewhere in its range .

juvenile females are similar to adult females , but with a white-tipped dusky-brown tail .

juvenile males resemble the juvenile female , but with a variable amount of iridescent orange to the throat .

the female ruby-topaz hummingbird lays two eggs in a tiny cup nest in the fork of a low branch .

incubation takes 16 days , and fledging another 18 or 19 .

the food of this species is nectar , taken from a wide variety of flowers , and some small insects .

ruby-topaz hummingbird males perch conspicuously and defend their territories aggressively .

the call of this species is a high-pitched tsip .

ruby - topaz hummingbird

the ruby - topaz hummingbird is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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flight : as all the hummingbirds , the ruby - topaz hovers forwards and backwards when feeding on nectar .
the beautiful ruby - topaz hummingbird can be heard in this recording from el triunfo , colombia . the buzzing and twittering sounds are similar to those of other hummingbird species . audio by paula caycedo - elkin tenorio , xc289455 . accessible at urltoken
protection / threats / status : the ruby - topaz hummingbird is common in lowlands and coastal regions . it accepts man - made habitats and frequents gardens and cultivated areas . after serious decline due to illegal bird trade in brazil in the 1970s , the species has now stable populations , and the ruby - topaz hummingbird is not threatened at this moment .
the male ruby topaz makes a series of aggressive and rapid chattering calls when another bird enters his feeding territory .
a relatively large hummingbird , bigger than the blue - tailed emerald , the other common hummingbird on bonaire . both male and female ruby - topaz hummingbirds have reddish , rounded tails unlike the blue , forked tail of the blue - tailed emerald . male ruby - topaz hummingbirds have a beautiful orange throat and reddish head , though in poor light it can look dark .
ruby - topaz hummingbird ( depicted above ) has a mostly bronze - green upper plumage and is pale grey below . she has a dark chin stripe . her tail is chestnut - colored with white tips .
diet : the ruby - topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from flowers of trees , shrubs , cacti and cultivated plant species . it also catches insects by hawking in the air , and forages in foliage for arthropods .
the male ruby topaz performs a courtship display to attract females . he quickly circles the female , flashing his bright colors by fanning widely the chestnut tail and raising the ruby - red crown feathers .
the feeding territories including flowering trees , shrubs or cacti , are defended by the male which gives series of aggressive and rapid chattering . the ruby - topaz hummingbird is often seen alone at the feeding sources , and at variable heights .
range : the ruby - topaz hummingbird breeds in tropical northern south america , from s panama , colombia , venezuela and the guyanas , southwards to c brazil and n bolivia . it also occurs on islands , in the lesser antilles , trinidad and tobago .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the ruby - topaz hummingbird utters high - pitched chirps and whistles . the calls are very short and given from an exposed perch as advertising sounds “tliii , tliii , tliii…” aggressive calls are series of rapid chattering , uttered by both sexes .
habitat : the ruby - topaz hummingbird can be found in clearings , open country , cultivated areas and gardens where it forages from low down to treetops . it is usually seen from sea - level to shrubby arid hillsides , up to 1700 metres of elevation , but often below 500 metres .
the ruby - topaz hummingbird is migratory . it performs n - s migrations within brazil . it travels along the coastal regions of the guyanas , venezuela and colombia , probably doing an e - w migration , and moves southwards to colombia where it arrives in may , and leaves in september . some migratory movements are suspected on trinidad and tobago .
behaviour : the ruby - topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from flowers of several plant species . it forages by hovering in front of the flower , and reaches the nectar with the bill , and mainly the tongue . it also catches insects by hawking while feeding on nectar or in the air . it may sometimes forage among the foliage , searching for arthropods .
the breeding season of the ruby topaz hummingbirds differs according to the range they are found in . on the islands of trinidad and tobago it starts in december and goes on until june . in brazil , they breed from september through january .
description : as numerous hummingbirds , the ruby - topaz shows various appearances and colours according to the lighting . when perched in shade , this bird appears dull blackish - brown , but when the sun touches lightly its feathers , it becomes a jewel !
the ruby topaz hummingbirds measure between 3 . 1 - 3 . 5 inches ( ~ 8 - 9 cm ) in length ( including the tail ) and weigh between 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 oz ( 3 . 5 - 5 g ) .
schuchmann , k . l . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the ruby topazes call is described as very short , high - pitched tsii tsii tsii . they also utter chirps and whistles , and a series of rapid chattering .
this hummingbird shows great variances as far as the color of plumage is concerned . in poor light conditions , the plumage appears dull blackish - brown . in the right light conditions , the brilliant iridescence of its plumage can be seen .
8–9·5 cm ; 2·5–5 g . male has short straight black bill ; crown and nape shining ruby red ( occasionally orange ) , back dark brown glossed dull olive ; . . .
during the breeding season , the male performs some displays . it revolves quickly around the female and displays its rich colours by fanning widely the chestnut tail and raising the ruby - red crown feathers .
the ruby - topaz hummingbirds primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , shrubs , epiphytes and cacti . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) and seek out , and aggressively protect , those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar . they are particularly fond of the flowers of the samaan tree and the ixora plant .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
has an iridescent green dark / brown upper plumage with a brilliant ruby red to orangey crown ( top of the head ) and nape ( back of the neck ) and a shiny golden to emerald - green throat and chest ( depending on light conditions ) . in poor light conditions , the male often looks dark . his under plumage is brown . his chestnut - colored tail is tipped black . the wings are dark grey .
the adult male has dark brown body with dull olive gloss . the wings are dark grey . the tail is bright chestnut with black tip . on the underparts , throat and breast are iridescent golden , or occasionally emerald - green . the head shows shiny ruby - red forehead , crown and nape , sometimes more orange . the black bill is short and straight . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are blackish .
the average clutch consists of 1 to 3 white eggs , which she incubates alone for about 15 - 16 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the black chicks are born blind , covered in sparse brownish down on the back . the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 19 - 22 days old . she usually raises on brood in a season . the young are ready to breed in their second year .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) .
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the taxon “ c . chlorolaema ” , based on a specimen supposedly from bahia ( e brazil ) , is generally considered to represent a hybrid between present species and anthracothorax nigricollis # r . monotypic .
e panama and w , n & c colombia e through venezuela to the guianas , then s through ne & c brazil ( pará to pernambuco and s to mato grosso ) to e bolivia ; also islands off n venezuela coast from aruba , curaçao and bonaire e to trinidad and tobago .
song ( given from high perch ) is reportedly a high - pitched , doubled “tliii . . . tliii . . . tliii . . .
season dec–jun on trinidad and tobago , venezuela , guianas ; sept–mar in brazil . tiny cup - shaped nest of fine plant fibre and . . .
migratory . arrives in s cauca valley , colombia , in may and disappears in sept ; absent or rare in . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common resident in the lowlands and coastal ranges , with densities of at least 6–8 pairs / km² in shrub - like . . .
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genus previously thought to be very closely related to , or even congeneric with , orthorhyncus , but recent molecular analysis indicates that the two are genetically well separated # r .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chrysolampis mosquitus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 176 side a track 30 seq . a )
a cluster of hummingbirds around a purple - flowering bignoniaceae - type tree ( 6 - 10m tall ) . the three rich ' tew ' notes are of this species . a subadult male .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
chrysolampis mosquitus : trop . e panama to colombia , venezuela , e bolivia and brazil
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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- - occur naturally from southern panama ( the southernmost country of central america ) south through the south american countries of colombia , venezuela and the guyanas to north - eastern and central brazil and northern bolivia .
they are also found on the lesser antilles island group and south on the islands of trinidad and tobago in the caribbean sea .
they occur from sea - level to shrubby arid hillsides , up to an altitude of ~ 5 , 600 ft ( 1700 m ) , but are most common below 1 , 600 feet ( 500 m ) .
these aggressive birds are commonly seen in gardens , cultivated areas , open country and along the forest edge , where they forage from low down to treetops .
they appear to be sedentary within parts of their range and seasonally migratory in others .
in brazil , they perform north - south migrations ; travelling along the coastal regions of the guyanas , venezuela and colombia , where they are likely doing an east - west migration , moving southwards to colombia where they arrive in may and leave again in september .
some migratory movements are also suspected to occur on the islands of trinidad and tobago . however , their movements are still poorly understood .
the black bill is short and straight ; the eyes are dark brown , and the legs and feet are blackish .
while perched , the males often spread their tail and ruffle their crown feathers in a display .
look like the adult females . immature males have a white spot behind the eye and the outer tail feathers are violet with white tips .
: specimen from trinidad and tobago occasionally have a greenish - orangey stripe from the chin , down to the chest .
hummingbirds in general are solitary and neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species - the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female .
he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
the female is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub , bush or tree - usually in the fork of a small branch about 3 - 13 feet ( 1 - 4 m ) above the ground .
she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the outside is decorated with lichens and pieces of bark , which present a perfect camouflage for the nest .
they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
the female has copper - green upperparts . the tail shows olive - green central rectrices whereas the others are bright chestnut . we can see a dark purple subterminal band and white tips . the underparts are pale grey . the birds from trinidad and tobago have sometimes a greenish - golden stripe from the chin , down to the breast .
the immature resembles adult female . it has a white spot behind the eye . on the tail , the outer rectrices are dark violet with white tips .
reproduction : the breeding season varies according to the range , from december - june on trinidad and tobago , venezuela and guyanas , to september - january in brazil .
the tiny nest is saddled in fork of small branch , at about one to four metres above the ground . the cup - shaped nest is made with fine materials such as plant fibres and spider webs . the outside is decorated with lichens and pieces of bark .
the female lays two eggs , and incubates during 15 - 16 days . at hatching , the black chicks are covered in sparse brownish down on the back . they fledge about three weeks after hatching . they can breed in the second year .
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hemiscyllium halmahera or halmahera epaulette shark is a species of bamboo shark from indonesia .

this species is described from two specimens collected near ternate island in 2013 , off the coast of larger halmahera island .

this species is most similar to hemiscyllium galei , found in west papua , but looks strikingly different in its pattern of spots .

while h. galei has seven large , dark spots on each side of its body , h. halmahera has a brown color with clusters of brown or white spots in polygon configurations all over its body .

these small sharks are like other bamboo sharks , in that they use their pectoral fins to " walk " along the ocean floor .

hemiscyllium halmahera

according to the ichthyologists , hemiscyllium halmahera is most similar in general appearance to hemiscyllium galei from cenderawasih bay , west papua .
dr allen’s team caught two specimens of hemiscyllium halmahera near the island ternate , the maluku islands , indonesia .
it was found off the remote eastern island of halmahera , one of the maluku islands .
the brown spotted fish , called hemiscyllium halmahera , is a species of bamboo shark that can grow to 27 inches in length and lives on the seabed where is hunts marine invertebrates and small fish .
they are relatively small , with the largest species measuring about 48 inches ( 1 . 22 m ) . the newly discovered species , called hemiscyllium halmahera , reaches 28 inches ( 70 cm ) in length .
bibliographic information : allen gr et al . 2013 . hemiscyllium halmahera , a new species of bamboo shark ( hemiscylliidae ) from indonesia . aqua , international journal of ichthyology , 19 ( 3 ) : 123 - 136
allen , g . r . , m . v . erdmann and c . l . dudgeon , 2013 . hemiscyllium halmahera , a new species of bamboo shark ( hemiscylliidae ) from indonesia . aqua , international journal 19 ( 3 ) : 123 - 136 . ( ref . 94061 )
a species of shark that uses its fins to
walk
along the bottom of the ocean floor has been discovered off the coast of indonesia . the shark , hemiscyllium halmahera , uses its fins to wiggle along the seabed and forage for small fish and crustaceans , scientists from conservation international said on friday .
dr gerald allen , a research associate at the western australian museum , and his colleagues from australia have described a new species of shark from eastern indonesian waters .
‘walking’ sharks , also known as bamboo sharks or longtail carpet sharks , belong to the family hemiscylliidae in the shark order orectolobiformes .
rather than swim , these slender - bodied sharks ‘walk’ by wriggling their bodies and pushing with their pectoral and pelvic fins .
“its features include a general brown coloration with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots , widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters , relatively few ( less than 10 ) , large dark spots on the interorbital - snout region , a pair of large dark marks on the ventral surface of the head , and a fragmented post - cephalic mark consisting of a large u - shaped dark spot with a more or less continuous white margin on the lower half , followed by a vertical row of three , smaller clusters of 2 - 3 polygonal dark marks , ” dr allen and his colleagues wrote in a paper published in the aqua , international journal of ichthyology .
“it differs in having 7 - 8 large , horizontally elongate dark spots on the lower side between the abdomen and caudal - fin base , a cluster of solid dark post - cephalic spots , and usually about 25 dark spots on the upper surface of the head , ” they wrote .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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greek , hemi = half + greek , skylla = a kind of shark ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 5 - 10 m ( ref . 106604 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 68 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 94061 )
this species is distinguished by its colour pattern , generally brown with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots ; widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters ; less than 10 large dark spots on the interorbital / snout region ; a pair of large dark marks on the ventral surface of the head ; a fragmented post - cephalic mark consisting of a large u - shaped dark spot with a more or less continuous white margin on the lower half , followed by a vertical row of 3 , smaller clusters of 2 - 3 polygonal dark marks ( ref . 94061 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00355 ( 0 . 00143 - 0 . 00879 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
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the shark , which has wide horizontal stripes , grows to a maximum length of just 30in and is harmless to humans .
the conservation group said it hoped the discovery would once again demonstrate that most sharks pose no threat to humans .
the find also highlights the extraordinary marine diversity in indonesia whose chain of islands is home to at least 218 species of sharks and rays , and the country ' s recent efforts to protect species under threat of extinction , conservation international said .
once a leading source of dried shark fin and other shark products , indonesia over the last six months had dedicated new marine preserves to sharks and rays , ci said .
indonesian scientists working with the conservation group said they hoped the new shark find would help that effort , by deepening interest in marine tourism .
this is the third walking shark species to be described from eastern indonesia in the past six years , which highlights our tremendous shark and ray biodiversity ,
said fahmi , a shark expert at the indonesian institute of sciences .
we now know that six of the nine known walking shark species occur in indonesian waters , and these animals are divers ' favourites , with excellent potential to help grow our marine tourism industry .
© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .
a new species of shark has been discovered by scientists in the eastern indonesian waters that can ' walk ' along the ocean floor .
two specimens of the shy fish were discovered in the indonesian archipelago of muluku by biologist dr gerald allen , from conservation international , and his team .
writing in the international journal of ichthyology dr allen said : “the new species is clearly differentiated on the basis of colour pattern .
“its features include a general brown colouration with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots , widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters . ”
the shark ' s strange walking motion may help provide clues about how early ancestors of the first animals to walk on land began evolving .
fifa world cup andrej kramaric plots england payback with croatia in world cup 2018 semi - final after leicester city nightmare kramaric became leicester ' s record signing when he joined them for £9 . 7million in january 2015 , but struggled to make an impact
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the southern yellow grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) , also known as golden-bellied grosbeak or golden grosbeak , is a species of grosbeaks in the cardinalidae family .

it is very similar to , and has sometimes been considered conspecific with , the mexican yellow grosbeak .

the southern yellow grosbeak is found in colombia , ecuador , peru , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest .

southern yellow grosbeak

golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) female of southern yellow grosbeak . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
the southern yellow grosbeak , or golden bellied grosbeak is found in south america . it is a member of the cardinal species . this one was found in the dry forest of chaparri ecological reserve in peru .
the southern yellow grosbeak is stable in population . it is found in the tropical forests of brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , panama , and venezuela .
21·5 cm ; 54–59·7 g ( peru ) . male nominate race has head and nape deep yellow with orange tinge , back black , rump yellow , uppertail - coverts black with white tips ; upperwing . . .
brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
has been treated as conspecific with p . chrysopeplus and p . tibialis , but molecular studies suggest that present species is paraphyletic with respect to p . aureoventris # r . vocal differences are small , but on average laubmanni has a greater number of simple notes in every song phrase , while nominate typically lacks such notes # r ; the two also show consistent plumage differences . two subspecies recognized .
– n colombia ( santa marta mts ) , sierra de perijá , and n venezuela ( discontinuously in lara , aragua , distrito federal and miranda ; also s sucre and n monagas ) .
– andes from sw colombia ( nariño ) to s peru ( arequipa and puno ) ; also coastal n & c peru .
open woodland , forest edge , areas of scattered trees , brushland ; mostly fairly arid habitats , but . . .
few published data . stomach contents “purplish berries” and “insects and seeds” . arthropod prey taken from foliage .
breeds during rainy season , feb–may , in arid w ecuador , and birds in breeding condition in apr–jul in n colombia ( santa marta and perijá ) ; . . .
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previously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .
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1 . forest - > 1 . 5 . forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 7 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 5 . artificial / terrestrial - urban areas suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .
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