trithemis annulata , known commonly as the violet dropwing , violet-marked darter , purple-blushed darter or plum-coloured dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is found in most of africa , in the middle east , in the arabian peninsula and southern europe .

these insects are called dropwings because of their habit of immediately lowering their wings after landing on a perch .

males of this species are violet-red with red veins in the wings while females are yellow and brown .

both sexes have red eyes .

trithemis annulata

katja schulz marked
violet dropwing trithemis annulata quinta do lago
as trusted on the
trithemis annulata
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valter jacinto marked
libelinha / / violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) , female
as trusted on the
trithemis annulata
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justification : trithemis annulata is assessed as least concern in northern africa due to its widespread presence across the region .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
rotviolette segellibelle
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
violetter sonnendeuter
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
violetter sonnenzeiger
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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trithemis annulata is not under threat at the global scale , although local declines and extinctions may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .
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information on trithemis nigra is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
trithemis nigra is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
trithemis annulata is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative t . aurora .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards . its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as least concern .
two recently recorded dragonfly species , orthetrum trinacria and trithemis annulata , were observed over several bodies of water in gozo . the distribution of these species is documented . moreover , it is suggested that the introduction of these species could have been favoured by changes in the climate , in the light of similar observations made throughout southern europe .
trithemis annulata is an opportunist and ubiquitous species which is found in any type of freshwater whether standing or running . in tunisia , imagoes have been found at brackish running waters with a salinity reaching almost 0 . 9 % but it is not known whether they reproduce there . the larval period is short so that this species is able to reproduce successfully in temporary water bodies .
pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .
pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .
author : pristurus license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : english : unidentified dragonfly ( odonata ) ( violet dropwing ? ( trithemis annulata ? ) ) at a pool in a wadi , emirate of ra’s al - chaima , united arab emirates deutsch : unidentifizierte libelle ( trithemis annulata ? ) in einem wadi an restwassertümpel , emirat ra’s al - chaima , vereinigte arabische emirate . link : urltoken title : libelle4 - 2016 - 01 - 26 . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
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the violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( ‘pruinescence’ ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .
trithemis annulata is one of the most abundant dragonflies of tropical africa . it extends into europe along the mediterranean , where it is expanding its range . the first records of the species in spain date from late 1970s , corsica in the late 1980s , and the french and italian mainland in the early 1990s ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) . in northern africa , the species is fairly widespread , but is lacking some parts of egypt and libyan arab jamahiriya .
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]
trithemis annulata is a wide ranging afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern europe rapidly in recent decades . it expanded over the whole of the iberian peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern france for the first time in 1994 ( ferreras romero 1981 , grand 1994 ) . it is now regularly recorded from the garonne estuary to the rhône delta ( grand and boudot 2006 ) . the same expansion has been noted in italy and to a lesser extent in the balkan peninsula . recently the species was found at fuerteventura , canary islands ( boudot et al . 2009 ) . climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion .
damm , s . , and hadrys , h . ( 2009 ) . trithemis morrisoni sp . nov . and t . palustris sp . nov . from the okavango and upper zambezi floodplains previously hidden under t . stictica ( odonata : libellulidae ) international journal of odonatology , 12 , 131–145 . [ pdf file ]
of the 16 total odonate species noted for the maltese islands , only nine taxa were recorded within the surveyed water - bodies . two species , o . trinacria and trithemis annulata ( palisot de beauvois 1807 ) , that have only been recently recorded ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) probably have established populations ( balzan 2008b ) . these two species were found associated with different types of aquatic habitats . conversely , the lack of records of species , such as orthetrum cancellatum ( l . 1758 ) and sympetrum striolatum ( charpentier 1840 ) , previously considered as common within the maltese islands , and other less abundant species such as orthetrum brunneum ( fonscolombe 1837 ) , may suggest that populations of odonata on the islands are on the decline . similar observations have been reported for several european ( sahlén et al . 2004 ) and mediterranean ( riservato et al . 2009 ) species .
in contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .
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libellula haematina rambur , 1842 , described from senegal and madagascar , and claimed to be occurring in la réunion , mauritius and sicily , represents the infraspecific variability and cannot be accepted as a valid taxon despite the treatment published by ris ( 1912 ) .
justification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats and it is therefore unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
albania ; algeria ; angola ( angola ) ; bahrain ; benin ; botswana ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; cape verde ; chad ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; guinea - bissau ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; kenya ; kuwait ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; madagascar ; malawi ; mali ; malta ; mauritania ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ( caprivi strip , namibia ( main part ) ) ; niger ; nigeria ; oman ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; qatar ; réunion ; rwanda ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; sierra leone ; somalia ; south africa ( free state , gauteng , kwazulu - natal , limpopo province , mpumalanga , northern cape province , north - west province , western cape ) ; south sudan ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sudan ; swaziland ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; uganda ; united arab emirates ; yemen ; zambia ; zimbabwe
this species is widespread and very abundant throughout its range . it is expanding its range to the north due to the present global warming .
this species does not need conservation actions but new information on its genetic variability and its relation to closely related taxa would be welcome .
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the violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .
like other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .
the violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .
the violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .
the male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .
like other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as ‘claspers’ , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating ‘wheel’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
many male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a ‘basket’ to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .
originally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .
male violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .
there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .
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moore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
kalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jović , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahlén , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken
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abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .
dijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .
picker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
samways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
silsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
o ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .
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is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative
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an african species that has crossed into spain and has made its way up into southern france . the male is a spectacularly coloured dragonfly , similar in shape to a crocothemis erythaea ( broad scarlet ) but vividly pink - bodied and smaller , noticeable particularly when seen together as they often are . the male’s pink coloration is unmistakable in the european theater but there are similarly coloured confusion species elsewhere .
carol spotted our first at a distance beside our favourite lake near fanjeaux in spring , 2011 , but i missed it . we did , however , see them at close quarters at lac de lenclas later that same year . we now frequently find them in spain , too . i never tire of seeing these beauties .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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no diagnosis of this species endemic to príncipe and close to t . aconita is presently available . please refer to that species and the references provided .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
longfield , c . ( 1936 ) . studies on african odonata , with synonymy and descriptions of new species and subspecies . transactions royal entomological society london , 85 , 467 - 498 . [ pdf file ]
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
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de palisot de beauvois , a . - m . - f . - j . ( 1805 ) insectes receuillis en afrique et en amérique dans les royaumes d ' oware et de benin , à saint - domingue et dans les états - unis , pendant les années 1786 - 1797 . [ 1805 - 1821 ] : fain et compagnies , paris : 1 - 276 , excl . pl . c 100 .
animal demography unit ( 2018 ) . odonatamap virtual museum . accessed at urltoken on 2018 - 07 - 09
[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 11 : 14 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 09 : 34 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
schneider , w . , ferreira , s . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
any sunny water in africa , favouring warm spots in the periphery of its range , such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) .
de knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .
cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )
the species is common within its range and is often abundant . its populations are increasing all over its european range .
the species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters . it favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches , gravel pits and small lakes .
bulletin of the entomological society of malta . 2008 , vol . 1 , p . 91 - 96
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dijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .
justification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
eastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , indian ocean islands .
various habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current .
kipping , j . , simaika , j . p . , samways , m . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list office )
justification : within the southern africa region , this species has a wide distribution and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or near threatened category . assessed as least concern in the region . its global status is also least concern .
this species is widespread in the southern africa region . globally , it is widespread in africa , southern europe , the middle east , southern asia , and the indian ocean islands .
this is a widespread species and is among the most common species found at larger perennial rivers .
occupies a variety of habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current . this is among the most common species at larger perennial rivers .
no specific conservation measures are known to be in place at present or are recommended at present .
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the aim of this study was to investigate how odonate assemblage structure and diversity are influenced by changes in habitat variables associated with the aquatic environment and the surrounding agricultural landscapes . all study sites were located in predominantly agricultural landscapes of the two main islands of the maltese archipelago , malta and gozo . this paper presents a multi - scale approach , which considers habitat variables ranging from the type of water body , to vegetation characteristics and landscape composition , in order to investigate the odonate - habitat relations within the maltese islands . dragonfly communities are increasingly threatened with habitat loss and degradation within the mediterranean region from factors such as water pollution from agricultural practices ( riservato et al . 2009 ) . within the semi - arid climate of the mediterranean , water resources may also be a key issue .
in the long cultural history of the maltese archipelago , natural woodlands were transformed into mosaic - landscapes of agricultural and semi - natural habitats , making agriculture today the predominant land use , occupying around 46 . 8 % of the 316km
the types of water bodies and their distribution at the sites investigated during this study .
the pervasive role played by vegetation in the odonate life cycle makes it , a priori , likely that macrophytes are prominent among cues used for habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) . literature suggests that odonata assemblages are influenced by the presence of aquatic plants ( clark & samways 1996 ; stewart & samways 1998 ; schindler et al . 2003 ; samways & taylor 2004 ; hofmann & mason 2005 ) , with the structure and the ‘architecture’ of the plants , or the communities they form , likely to be important for adult habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) .
vegetation assessment of the sites consisted of two 10 m belt transects of 1 m width over riparian vegetation at the land - water interface of the survey sites for odonate diversity , lotic water bodies , or the long side of lentic water bodies . meanwhile , four 5 m by 1 m transects were laid perpendicular to these , with the aim to provide an indication of how vegetation changed with increasing distance from the water bodies . within these transects , plant abundance , distribution data , and physiognomic characteristics , in terms of vertical stratification and characteristic life form , were obtained from a series of contiguous quadrats laid down along a transect . a square ( 1 m × 1 m ) quadrat was used for this study . the quadrat was subdivided into a number of sectors of equal area in order to increase accuracy of recording when measuring abundance ( kent & coker 1995 ) . the abundance of each species within each quadrat was assessed by counting the number of sectors within which the species was represented , either in whole or in part . this figure was expressed as a proportion of the total number of sectors in the quadrat .
for each quadrat , vertical stratification ( the arrangement of phytomass into vertical layers ) was measured by counting the number of interceptions per species at each height class at the centre of the quadrat . a 20vmm diameter , 4 m height wooden pole was divided into 7 height classes ( 0–0 . 20 , 0 . 21– 0 . 50 , 0 . 51–10 , 1 . 01–1 . 50 , 1 . 51–2 . 00 , 2 . 01–2 . 50 , 2 . 51–3 . 25 , 3 . 25–4 . 00 , > 4m ) . the height of vegetation was measured from the ground to the height of the highest vegetation shoot , with vegetation > 4m considered as canopy cover . in addition to vertical stratification , the physiognomy of the vegetation may also be profoundly affected by the life form of dominant vegetation ( kuchler 1988 ) , that is the presence of common morphological features that are usually assumed to be an adjustment to important environmetnal factors ( mueller - dombois and ellenberg 1974 ; zonneveld 1988 ) . the percentage cover of the various life forms present within the site ( graminoids , forbs , subshrubs , shrubs and trees ) , as well as details relating to species composition , were collected for each quadrat .
) . the landscape surrounding semi - natural and freshwater bodies ( n = 6 ) was surveyed through the use of orthophotos , taken in 2004 , and having a resolution of 1 pixel : 15 cm . fiddien and qlejgħa form part of the same valley system and given their physical proximity only the former site was considered . different land use and land cover categories (
) were identified and mapped as polygons . digitized data had the same level of resolution as the ortophotos . landscape metrics were derived from patch analyst 4 , an arcgis extension which enables spatial analysis of landscape patches (
) at the landscape level , the shannon diversity index ( sdi ) was used to quantify the diversity of the agricultural landscapes . in addition , the mean perimeterarea ratio ( mpar ) , and the number of patches for the various landscapes under study , were also obtained . at the class level , the number of patches ( np ) , the proportion of the landscape ( p
) , the mean patch size ( mps ) , and the mpar were calculated .
general patterns for odonata . because the number of sampling occasions for the sites varied , as a result of the differential availability of water at the different study sites , the data was standardized by averaging the total number of recorded individuals for each species on ten visits for each water body . renyi diversity profiles ( tóthmérész 1995 ) , which provide information on richness and evenness of study sites , were used to compare the diversity of odonates between semi - natural sites and habitat types ( kindt and coe 2005 ; oksanen et al . 2010 ) . the major advantage of rényi diversity profiles is that sites can easily be ordered from high to low diversity . subsequently , the shannon diversity index ( h ) was used to provide a measure of relative diversity for odonata and larvae , as well as vegetation diversity . the diversity values for odonate larvae were not normally distributed ( shapiro - wilk test , w = 0 . 7551 , p = 0 . 006 ) , and subsequent analysis with these values was non - parametric .
multiscale habitat variation and odonata . in order to analyze the association of different species to the environmental variables at the scales studied , a principal component analysis was carried out using the vegan package in r ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . pca is a multivariate technique based on linear assumptions , which is preferable to use when the species has low beta diversity ( lepš and smilauer 2003 ) , as was the case with the data in this study . to aid interpretation , the environmental variables were fitted onto the pca ordination plot using the vegan ‘envfit’ function ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . on an ordination plot , this function fits a centroid of levels of a class variable , and calculates an r 2 value as a measure of separation among the different levels of that variable . additionally , a significance value for the r 2 was calculated using 1000 random permutations of the category levels . explanatory variables identified to have a p - value < were subsequently correlated with pc1 and pc2 site scores through a pearson ' s correlation ( r foundation for statistical computing 2010 ) .
temporal availability of water within the selected aquatic habitats varied . in one of the water bodies ( wied hesri ) , water presence was limited to the wetter months , and thus the habitat was unable to host any adult odonates . consequently , it was omitted from adult odonata monitoring . in total , 643 adult odonate individuals belonging to nine species were recorded . since water persistence varied with site , species abundance data was standardized for each water - body (
) . these standardized data were used in subsequent data analyses , unless otherwise stated . the two sites characterised by higher salinity levels , ballut ( marsaxlokk ) marshland and ramla 1 - hamra ( gozo ) , showed the lowest level of species diversity . a comparison of the renyi profiles (
) produced for all four types of habitats revealed that lentic and lotic semi - natural waterbodies were normally more diverse than agricultural reservoirs and semi - natural habitats with higher salinity levels . for agricultural reservoirs , two species ,
( brullé 1832 ) , were the most abundant , with the other species only recorded on single occasions . a comparison of renyi profiles for lotic water - bodies with a perennial and ephemeral water availability did not show any difference in odonata diversity (
) . a paired t - test , to compare the abundances of recorded odonates in both types of watercourses , suggested that they were not significantly different ( t = - 0 . 560 , p = 0 . 591 ) .
renyi profiles comparing adult odonata diversity of ( a ) different types of habitats , and ( b ) for the semi - natural sites of the study area . high quality figures are available online .
a comparison of the number of species and their abundance in the four different types of habitats .
larval sampling methodology only yielded odonates from four sites : għajn rihana , ilfiddien , il - qattara , and ta ' sarraflu . no larval odonata were recorded along the baħrija , qlejgha , hesri , and lunzjata watercourses . similarly , larval odonata sampling in brackish waters of ballut marshland ( marsaxlokk ) and ramla 1 - ħamra watercourse yielded no results . higher larval diversity was not significantly associated either with higher diversity , as measured with the shannon ' s diversity index ( h ) , of the same species ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) , or with higher odonata assemblage species diversity for study sites ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 58 , p = 0 . 10 ) .
a total of 49 species were recorded during the vegetation survey performed within the nine semi - natural waterbodies investigated . the most abundant species was the giant reed (
l . ) , an archaeophyte that has become highly invasive , with its dense monospecific stands having colonized various waterbodies within the archipelago . the graminoid life form and canopy cover classes of 3 . 25–4 m and > 4 m categories were globally the most abundant groups within study sites . odonata and vegetation diversity (
) , measured through the shannon diversity index , were found to be significantly correlated ( r = 0 . 795 , p = 0 . 01 ) .
the pca results identified clear patterns in species composition , with the first two components explaining 78 . 9 % and 13 . 2 % of the variation respectively . pc1 was negatively weighed on the population data of
) . lentic sites were on one end of the pc1 , while brackish and lotic sites were at the other . most of the species were more strongly correlated with the lentic sites , indicating the importance of the latter for the conservation of dragonfly species of the maltese islands . variation was in turn correlated with several environmental variables . nonetheless , some of the variables show some collinearity , as may be clearly observed from
accounted for 55 . 8 % , and individuals in height class i ( > 4m ) show some correlation with lotic sites . similarly , tree life form abundance and the height class h ( 3 . 25–4m ) were associated with the ta ' sarraflu freshwater pond .
ordination graph illustrating the outcome of an indirect gradient analysis ( pca ) , followed by environmental fitting of explanatory variables ( only vectors with p - value ≤ 0 . 1 are included ) for ( a ) vegetation and ( b ) landscape variables . high quality figures are available online .
) . a high r value for a given explanatory variable may be because the variable exerts an important control on odonata assemblages , or the variable may be correlated with another variable that influences odonates . at the water - body scale ,
, as well as canopy cover > 4m . in contrast , they showed a positive correlation with shrub and tree life - form abundances . at the landscape level , these species were positively correlated with mps ( 200 m ) and class area ( r = 500m ) , and negatively correlated to the mpar ( r500m ) , of ecologically disturbed class cover . they were also related positively to mpar of coastal areas , and the class area of marine habitat , both of which are probably the result of the main habitats for these species within the studied sites being located in the vicinity of the coast .
, was found to be correlated to low landscape diversity , and a lack of semi - natural freshwater habitats class area , a category which mainly consists of valleys and watercourses within the surrounding landscapes at both scales ( r = 200 , 500 m ) .
correlation of pc1 and pc2 from a principal component analysis of odonata abundance data with explanatory variables .
the permanova results suggest that odonate assemblage similarity is significantly influenced by habitat type ( p = 0 . 0004 ) and sampling period ( p = 0 . 02 ) , thus rejecting the null hypothesis . the interaction between habitat type and sampling occasion was found to be not significant (
) . a comparison of odonata counts with sampling period suggests that different species adopt different life - history strategies .
the influence of time ( date of sampling occasion ) and type of habitat ( lotic and lentic ) on odonata assemblage similarity .
was sporadically recorded in low abundance , abundance data for this species were not considered for this part of the data analysis . given the relative importance of habitat type on dragonfly distributions , the total odonata counts from il - qattara and ta’ sarraflu were used in order to investigate assemblage structure through time (
) . a paired t - test suggested that dragonfly counts , taken on the same days , from both sites were not significantly different ( t = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 92 ) . this result indicates the importance of including repeated measures in similar studies , including ones aimed at assessing conservation value of habitats , and the use of odonata as biological indicators .
odonata — time relationships according to type of functional response . high quality figures are available online .
the outcome of a generalised linear model ( quasi - poisson , log - link function ) of species abundance data with sampling period .
nevertheless , the reservoirs surveyed here differ from man - made habitats described in the latter studies , and typically have a small surface - area , lack macrophytes , and are likely to host predatory fish populations ( balzan 2008a ) .
) , most of the species recorded during adult counts within the study area were found in both lotic and lentic water - bodies . only two species ,
, were entirely confined to lentic habitats . this may suggest that the odonata fauna of malta is mainly composed of euryoecious species that are able to utilize different aquatic habitats along a flowing - standing water continuum of habitat types . this contrasts with other studies investigating the influence of habitat characteristics on odonata assemblages that have identified particular dragonfly associations to specific habitat types (
) . habitat associations of the recorded species obtained by pca suggest that even though most of the odonate species recorded were recorded in lotic water - bodies , nearly all species were more strongly associated with the lentic habitats . records of larval odonata were mainly confined to lentic water - bodies , confirming observations made in other studies that adult sightings may not always predict larval distribution (
) , and indicating that standing water - bodies within the study area may be particularly important for dragonfly conservation . similar observations have been made elsewhere , where it has be suggested that in rapidly changing lotic environments , which tend to dry up during the dry season and are often fast - flowing and scouring during the wet season , larval survival following oviposition is relatively lower (
in light of the rapid changes characterizing agricultural landscapes , an important issue is the scale at which the habitat is measured . the habitat has been defined as the collection of resources and conditions required by , and accessible to , individuals of a species at a location ( dennis et al . 2003 , 2007 ) . because the habitat is necessarily the location where an organism lives out its life - cycle , a suitable habitat must meet the ecological needs of all life - stages . the terrestrial landscape is probably as important as the aquatic habitat ( corbet 1999 ) , as it provides several conditions and resources that are required by the adult phase . previous studies have indicated that responses in abundance and / or occurrence to local waterbody and landscape characteristics differ among species ( conrad et al . 1999 ) and life - history groups ( samways 1996 ; krawchuk and taylor 2003 ; kadoya et al . 2008 ) . pca results suggest that the presence of c . erythraea and i . genei were related to disturbed areas , coastal land cover , and marine habitats , all of which characterize the landscapes of il - qattara and ta ' sarraflu water - bodies in which these two species were the most abundant . o . trinacria , which has been recently recorded in the maltese islands ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) , was recorded in all lentic water - bodies , but with a relatively higher abundance at one site that is characterized by a low landscape diversity and a lack of valley systems within the landscape . conversely , o . coerulescens anceps appeared to be related to relatively heterogeneous landscapes , and the presence of associated lotic water bodies .
these contrasting associations for the two orthetrum spp . may be a result of the different habitat preferences of these species , with o . coerulescens anceps normally associated with small ponds and streams with a gentle current , while o . trinacria is associated with large bodies of standing water ( askew 2004 ) . the availability of suitable habitat that is likely to maintain source populations ( sensu pulliam 1988 ) , such as gently flowing streams , is likely to determine the distribution of o . coerulescens anceps within these lanscapes . the multiscale approach adopted within this study permits the identification of unique habitat characteristics for different sites , and the influence these could potentially have on odonate community structure .
) , a factor which is clearly related to the reproductive ecology of the surveyed species .
( selys 1840 ) was recorded only in the spring period , with their population subsequently declining to nil . populations of


laurasiformes ( meaning " laurasian forms " ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america .

defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo-torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus .

genera purported to form part of this clade include aragosaurus , galvesaurus , phuwiangosaurus , venenosaurus , cedarosaurus , tehuelchesaurus , sonorasaurus and tastavinsaurus .

its exact position and validity is uncertain and varies between authors .

a cladistics analysis found a similar grouping outside titanosauriformes , while others have placed them inside somphospondyli or brachiosauridae , consequently , it has been suggested that tehuelchesaurus along with others of the previously mentioned genera , form two different clades outside titanosaurimorfes ( carbadillo et al. , 2011 ) while a more recent cladistics analysis found no support for the existence of the clade , with a revision of its supporting features finding them problematic due to being poorly defined , not present on most of the " laurasiforms " or being features present in many sauropods of other clades .

laurasiformes

here is a list of species found with the tag
laurasiformes
. click here for a full listing of all species in the paleodex .
► description of a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi . ► the newly elements confirm the inclusion of this taxon in the clade titanosauriformes . ► laurasiformes is a clade inside of titanosauriformes which containing tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus .
r . royo - torres and l . alcalá . 2012 . a new specimen of the cretaceous sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi from el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , and a phylogenetic analysis of the laurasiformes . cretaceous research 34 ( 1 ) : 61 - 83
. . . alamosaurus was recovered as a member of the saltasaurinae rather than the sister taxon of opisthocoelicaudia as in wilson ( 2002 ) and gonzález riga et al . ( 2009 ) , or the outgroup to saltasauridae as in upchurch et al . ( 2004 ) and carballido et al . ( 2011a ) . ' laurasiformes ' several authors have found support for a clade of mostly early cretaceous laurasian sauropods , termed ' laurasiformes ' ( canudo et al . , 2008 ; barco , 2009 ; royo - torres , 2009 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ) . ' laurasiformes ' was defined by royo - torres ( 2009 ) as a stem - based clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than saltasaurus , and has been found to include laurasian taxa such as galvesaurus , aragosaurus , tastavinsaurus , phuwiangosaurus , cedarosaurus , sonorasaurus , venenosaurus , and a single gondwanan genus , tehuelchesaurus ( carballido et al . , 2011b ) . . . .
laurasiformes ( meaning ` laurasian forms ` ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america . defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo - torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus . genera purported to form part of this c . . . . .
this work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .
this work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .
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parent taxon : titanosauriformes according to r . royo - torres et al . 2012
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. . . there are many recent phylogenetic analyses of sauropoda , which vary greatly in number of terminal taxa and examined characters and have produced conflicting results ( curry rogers and forster , 2001 ; wilson , 2002 ; upchurch et al . , 2004 ; curry rogers , 2005 ; bonaparte et al . , 2006 ; rose , 2007 ; canudo et al . , 2008 ; gonzá lez riga et al . , 2009chure et al . , 2010 ; ksepka and norell , 2010 ; carballido et al . , 2011acarballido et al . , , 2011bsantucci and de arruda - campos , 2011 ; whitlock , 2011 ; zaher et al . , 2011 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ; mannion et al . , 2013mannion et al . , , 2017carballido and sander , 2014 ; gorscak et al . , 2014 ; lacovara et al . , table 1 measurements ( in mm ) of vertebrae of sibirotitan astrosacralis nov . gen . , nov . . . .
. . . the discovery of more material and an accurate systematic revision will be important to obtain a more precise phylogenetic approach for this taxon . more recently , the presence of more turiasaurian occurrences in spain , portugal , france , the uk , tanzania and morocco has been suggested ( mateus 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2009 ; royo - torres and cobos 2009 ; santos et al . 2009 ; ortega et al . 2010 ; cobos et al . 2011 ; mocho et al . 2012 ; royo - torres and upchurch 2012 ; mateus et al . 2014 ; royo - torres , cobos , et al . 2014 ; suñer et al . 2014 ; xing et al . 2015 ) . from spain , an unnamed specimen from . . .
. . . comparisons of aragosaurus with other sauropods result in the recognition of several new autapomorphies for the las zabacheras taxon . we analyse the phylogenetic relationships of aragosaurus using revised versions of the ' traditional ' data sets presented by wilson ( 2002 ) and ) that include improved sampling of iberian sauropods ( torres & upchurch , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcalá & cobos , 2012 ) . we also discuss its position based on a recent analysis of titanosauriform interrelationships ( ) . . . .
. . . neural spines project posterodorsally in the anteriormost caudal vertebrae , and are strongly directed posteriorly in middle caudal vertebrae . these caudal neural spine orientations represent the plesiomorphic condition , and thus differ from the derived anterodorsal orientation of the neural spines in some basal titanosauriforms such as tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus , and venenosaurus ( d ' emic , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcalá & cobos , 2012 ) . the ratio of the height of the neural spine to centrum height is 1 . 25 in anterior caudal vertebrae . . . .
. . . the geographical and biochronological extension of this initial project arose in the project dinosaragón ( 2010–2012 ) , from which we can highlight advances in the research on european stegosaurs in general and their new ichnospecies deltapodus ibericus in particular ( cobos et al . 2010 ) . dinosaur remains have been documented by the dinópolis team in the tithonian–berriasian ( jurassic–cretaceous boundary ; cobos et al . 2010 ; cobos 2011 ; gascó et al . 2012 ) , upper hauterivian–barremian ( luque et al . 2006luque et al . –2007 aberasturi et al . 2009 ; royotorres et al . 2011 ; cobos and gascó 2012 ; cobos et al . 2012 ) and aptian ( royo - torres 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2012 ) , and research interest has now moved forward to the poorly known albian age . this decision took into account the fact that valanginian and lower hauterivian sediments have never been recorded in this region because of a stratigraphical hiatus due to palaeogeographical factors . . . .
paleogeography and evolution of coastal systems of se and nw of the iberian basin ( spain ) during the latest jurassic - lower cretaceous and its relation with the record of dinosaur remains .
our research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema…
[ more ]
impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder ca . . .
purpose : we postulate that the number of lymph nodes examined in cystectomy specimens can have an impact on the outcome of patients with bladder cancer . materials and methods : we analyzed data on 322 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy . we evaluated the associations of the number of lymph nodes identified by the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the cranial anatomy of the sauropod turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic re . . .
the skull of turiasaurus is known from a nearly complete posterior section ( e . g . braincase , skull roof , quadrates and left mandible ) and fragments of the snout ( e . g . portions of premaxilla , maxilla , nasal and lacrimal ) . skull material of the holotypic individual was discovered in close association . comparisons with other sauropods suggest that the turiasaurus skull most closely resembled those . . . [ show full abstract ]
fossils of a giant sauropod dinosaur , turiasaurus riodevensis , have been recovered from terrestrial deposits of the villar del arzobispo formation ( jurassic - cretaceous boundary ) of riodeva ( teruel province , spain ) . its humerus length ( 1790 millimeters ) and estimated mass ( 40 to 48 metric tons ) indicate that it may have been the most massive terrestrial animal in europe and one of the largest . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain
the new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in peñarroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and best - preserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain
the new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in peñarroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and bestpreserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]
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tastavinsaurus was a herbivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited europe . its fossils have been found in places such as valencian community ( spain ) .
g . cuenca - bescós and o . amo . 1999 . dinosaurios de aragón [ dinosaurs of aragon ] . zubía 17 : 235 - 257
macronaria is a clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the middle jurassic ( bathonian ) to late cretaceous periods of what are now north america , south america , europe , asia , africa and australia . the name means ' large nostrils ' ( from scientists ' reinterpretation of greek makros , ' long , ' as ' big , ' and latin nares , ' nostrils ' ) , in reference to the large nasal openings high on the head that probably supported fleshy resonating chambers . macronaria consists of a single main group , titanosauriformes , along with several more basal taxa . titanosauriformes in turn contains the brachiosaurids and the titanosaurians and is one of the largest sauropod groups , which also contains some of the longest , tallest and most massive dinosaurs of all time .
the cladogram below follows josé l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .
p . d . mannion , p . upchurch , r . n . barnes and o . mateus . 2013 . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society 168 : 98 - 206
p . upchurch , p . m . barrett , and p . dodson . 2004 . sauropoda . in d . b . weishampel , h . osmolska , and p . dodson ( eds . ) , the dinosauria ( 2nd edition ) . university of california press , berkeley 259 - 322
mocho , p . , royo‐torres , r . , & ortega , f . ( 2014 ) . phylogenetic reassessment of lourinhasaurus alenquerensis , a basal macronaria ( sauropoda ) from the upper jurassic of portugal . zoological journal of the linnean society , 170 ( 4 ) , 875 - 916 .
paul m . barrett , roger b . j . benson and paul upchurch ( 2010 ) .
dinosaurs of dorset : part ii , the sauropod dinosaurs ( saurischia , sauropoda ) with additional comments on the theropods
.
p . d . mannion . 2010 . a revision of the sauropod dinosaur genus ' bothriospondylus ' with a redescription of the type material of the middle jurassic form ' b . madagascariensis . palaeontology 53 ( 2 ) : 277 - 296
josé l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .
mateus , o . , jacobs , l . l . , schulp , a . s . , polcyn , m . j . , tavares , t . s . , buta neto , a . , . . . & antunes , m . t . ( 2011 ) . angolatitan adamastor , a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from angola . anais da academia brasileira de ciências , 83 ( 1 ) , 221 - 233 .
mannion , p . d . , upchurch , p . , barnes , r . n . , & mateus , o . ( 2013 ) . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society , 168 ( 1 ) , 98 - 206 .
upchurch , p . ( 1998 ) .
the phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 12 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


dendrochirus biocellatus , known commonly as the twospot turkeyfish or ocellated lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .

the twospot turkeyfish is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific region , and it grows up to 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) in length .

in the wild , the species eats small fish as well as shrimp .

in captivity , the fish is somewhat shy .

furthermore , it may hide in crevices during daylight .

the species has successfully bred in an aquarium .

dendrochirus biocellatus

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a twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus , at bunaken island , manado , north sulawesi , indonesia , november 2011 . source : rob , bbm explorer / flickr / urltoken license : cc by attribution - noderivatives
lionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .
i have been fortunate enough to keep all the species of lionfish available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still the twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus . this member of the subfamily is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin .
this species is not uncommon throughout its range , but is rarely observed ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) . little is known regarding its population status . there are 109 museum records of dendrochirus biocellatus ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , urltoken , 2015 - 04 ) .
author : frank vincentz license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : twospot turkeyfish ( dendrochirus biocellatus ) in the zoo of wuppertal , germany . link : urltoken title : wuppertal - zoo - dendrochirus biocellatus 01 ( 0 ) ies . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
about
page . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
there are no species specific conservation efforts in place . the distribution of d . biocellatus may overlap with some marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
dendrochirus biocellatus is a reef associated species commonly found at depths of 1 to 40 m ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . it reaches a maximum standard length of 12 cm ( poss 1999 ) . this species is very secretive , and has been found in clear waters with a high concentration of corals . it spends its days hiding in caves and sponges , and only comes out at night to feed ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .
lionfishes are members of the family scorpaenidae ( scorpionfishes ) and the subfamily pteroinae . there are six genera in this subfamily and approximately 22 species . the two genera that you most often see in the aquarium trade belong to the genera dendrochirus and pterois . members of these two genera are easily separated by the form of their pectoral fins . in dendrochirus spp . the pectoral fin rays do not reach the base of the caudal fin , they are branched and are connected by a membrane over much of their length .
( of nemapterois biocellatus fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
justification : dendrochirus biocellatus is widespread in the indo - west pacific and not uncommon . little is known regarding its population status , and it is rarely observed in nature . although it is associated with coral reefs , which have been declining in geographic area and quality in parts of its range , it is unknown how this might be impacting the population globally . given this species ' wide distribution , it is listed as least concern ; however , additional research on its population trend is necessary .
dendrochirus biocellatus has a broad distribution in the indo - west pacific ( poss 1999 ) . this species ranges from the western mascaranes , maldives and sri lanka , east to the mariana and tuamotu islands , north to southern japan , south to the timor sea reefs off northwestern australia , new caledonia , and tonga ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . it is found in shallow waters less than 40 m deep ( allen and erdmann 2012 , h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .
despite being quite diminutive as lionfish go , d . biocellatus still possesses venomous dorsal spines that can deliver a severe sting to unwary aquarists . so , don’t assume you can let down your guard when transferring these little lions or working in a tank containing one .
nemapterois biocellatus fowler 1938 , proc . u . s . natl mus . 85 ( 3032 ) : 81 , fig . 36 . type locality : albatross station d . 15136 , off jolo light , philippines , 22 fathoms [ 6°04´20
n , 120°59´20
e ] .
the twinspot lionfish is considered to be the most difficult member of the subfamily to maintain . this is due to the fact that they can be reluctant to eat anything but live food . the best diet you can provide for d . biocellatus are ghost shrimp . you should gut pack these ( feed them a nutritious flake or frozen food ) before you feed them to you twinspot lionfish . i have yet to have an individual that would not eat these crustaceans . however , i have not had much success getting d . biocellatus to accept nonliving foods , including bits of food on the end of a feeding stick . so before you purchase a d . biocellatus , make sure you have access to ghost shrimp . juvenile twinspot lionfish will also eat live brine shrimp . you should feed your twinspot lionfish several of these shrimp every other day .
d . biocellatus can be considered reef safe , as it will not nip at or consume sessile invertebrates . however , keep in mind that ornamental crustaceans will not be safe , and specimens may come to rest upon corals , potentially irritating them and causing them to remain in a contracted state .
in terms of its ease of care , i would characterize d . biocellatus species as moderately difficult . so , it’s not a great choice for beginners , but if you have a few years of successful fishkeeping experience under your belt and are willing to give it the specialized care it requires , you won’t be disappointed !
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . eye - like spots in the soft dorsal fin and feeler - like tentacles in front of the mouth ( ref . 48635 ) . mid - dorsal spines shorter than body depth . the only species of dendrochirus with a pair of distinct ocelli on the soft - rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 37816 ) .
dendrochirus biocellatus is thought to feed mostly on crustaceans , although food habit data is lacking for this species . it exhibits an unusual behavior when it feeds . it will snap its dorsal spines and shake its head from side - to - side as it approaches its prey . this behavior may serve to distract , or possibly attract , the prey item . thaler ( 2004 ) has suggested that the fleshy barbels that extend from the upper jaw may act to attract fish into striking distance . it often stalks its quarry by slinking along the bottom or around reef structure like a cat , and moves forward , either by
hopping
on its pelvic fins or by undulating its caudal fin . when it is about one - half a body length away from its prey , it lunges forward with amazing speed to ingest it .
feeding a twinspot lionfish in an aquarium that contains other aggressive feeders can be a problem . therefore , potential competitors , like groupers , soapfishes , snappers and triggerfishes do not make good d . biocellatus tankmates . this lionfish may have difficulty getting anything to eat with these more aggressive gluttons . you may have to present ghost shrimp to the twinspot lionfish in a fine meshed fish net . place the shrimp in the net and move it slowly toward the area where the lionfish is hiding . with time , this lionfish can usually be trained to swim to the net opening and snap up the shrimp inside . this method is also effective for feeding this fish in a reef aquarium . large angelfishes , triggerfishes , pufferfishes and porcupinefishes can also cause problems when kept with d . biocellatus . they have been known to nip the fins of this fish .
d . biocellatus reaches only about 5 inches in total length and is mottled with various shades of orange , brown , black , and white . its pectoral fins are large and fan - like , and it sports two prominent ocelli , or eyespots , on the posterior of the dorsal fin . this species’ other notable feature are the two elongated appendages extending from the corners of the mouth , somewhat resembling a long , droopy moustache—thus the “fu manchu” appellation .
this is where the “potentially picky” part comes in . one of the chief frustrations among hobbyists who keep this species is that it can be very difficult to get it to accept standard aquarium fare . in nature , d . biocellatus feeds primarily on small fish and crustaceans , and in many instances , captive specimens resist making the switch to non - living fare for prolonged periods . in these situations , items such as live ghost shrimp may be necessary to initiate a feeding response . some specimens simply refuse to eat altogether , so it’s important to see a potential purchase fed before you acquire it .
like all the lionfishes , d . biocellatus is suitable for a reef tank if you are not interested in keeping shrimp and smaller fishes , especially benthic species like gobies and blennies . this lionfish is less of threat to more active fish species than its relatives due to its slightly smaller mouth and unique hunting behavior . do not expect to see your twinspot lionfish much if your aquarium is replete with live rock . smaller specimens tend to be more secretive than adults are and some larger individuals will come out into the open as they become more accustomed to aquarium life . the best way to view these fish in a reef aquarium is to place a red fluorescent or incandescent bulb over the tank at night .
you have to strike a delicate balance in choosing tankmates for d . biocellatus . on the one hand , you have to be careful to avoid aggressive predators and species prone to nipping fins / appendages , as either type of tankmate will stress the lion , outcompete it at feeding time , and likely keep it in hiding . on the other hand , you have to avoid introducing any fish small enough to be perceived as potential prey by this stealthy hunter . also , conspecifics will often squabble , so it’s best to keep this species one to a tank . apart from those considerations , any peaceful , keep - to - themselves species that are at least as large as the lion should be acceptable as tankmates .
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greek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 40 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 18°s
indo - pacific : mauritius , reunion , maldives and sri lanka ( ref . 33390 ) to the society islands , north to southern japan , south to scott reef .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )
an uncommon inhabitant of clear waters rich in corals to depths of 40 m or more . feeds on small fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . secretive and usually observed at night . during the day in caves and sponges , and usually well out of sight ( ref . 48635 ) . venomous spines .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 26 . 6 - 28 . 9 , mean 28 ( based on 432 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .
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have long been a fan of lionfishes . in fact , these fishes were partially responsible for baptism into the marine aquarium hobby over 30 years ago . i have been fortunate enough to keep all the species available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still
. this member of the subfamily , which is referred to commonly as the twinspot , ocellated or fu manchu lionfish , is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin . the two barbels on the upper jaw and pair of ocelli on the soft dorsal fin set
apart from all of its relatives . in this article , i would like to share some of my musings , and the observations of others , on this unusual scorpaenid .
a twinspot lionfish ( a . k . a . fu manchu lionfish ) showing the characteristic moustache .
the two ocelli on each side of the dorsal fin can change color depending on the lionfish ' s mood or social status .
a twinspot lionfish off batangas , philippines hanging upside down under a patch reef overhang . this is the darker color form .
a beautiful twinspot lionfish in the field . this is a reclusive species that is rarely seen in the open during the day .
the twinspot lionfish is known from mauritius to the society islands , north to japan and south to australia . it has been reported at depths of 1 to 40 m ( 3 . 3 to 132 ft . ) in lagoons , on coastal fringing reefs and on patch reefs . it is also found on outer reef faces and slopes . it tends to prefer microhabitats with rich stony and / or soft coral growth . it is a secretive species that spends the daytime hours hanging upside down in deeper crevices and caves . a diver might occasionally catch a glimpse of one of these fish moving from one crevice to another during the day . however , it is most readily observed during night dives , at which time it comes out to hunt .
the ocelli on the soft portion of the dorsal fin may serve a communicative function . they can change from black to a faded gray . this color change often occurs during aggressive interactions and courtship . in agonistic interactions the ocelli will typically fade in the dominant individual , while during courtship the spots fade in males . thaler ( 2004 ) reports that the ocelli can take on a turquoise color and that the eyespot adopts this color when the fish is excited ( whether by food , a mate or a competitor ) .
this lionfish will do better in a smaller tank where they are kept on their own than in a larger community tank where feeding them can be difficult . adult twinspot lionfish can be kept in tanks as small as 20 gallons . it is imperative to provide this secretive fish with caves , crevices and overhangs in order for it to properly acclimate . i have had even had specimens hang upside down under the heads of large leather corals .
adult twinspot lionfish will eat smaller members of their own species and larger specimens ( presumably males ) will behave aggressively toward conspecifics . when displaying the fan - like pectoral fins are extended forward , the dorsal spines are erected and the body quivers . smaller individuals will usually flee when a larger individual display , but threats may escalate into fighting if both fish are similar in size and one specimen does not back down . in this case biting and dorsal fin jabbing may occur , which can result in torn fins , scale loss , damaged eyes and even death if the fish are not separated . if you keep more than one twinspot lionfish in a larger aquarium ( e . g . , 70 gallons or more ) they will usually avoid each other , but in smaller aquaria dominant specimens often stalk and injure subordinate conspecifics .
all the lionfishes are venomous . an injection of venom from the fin spines can cause intense pain and swelling . for this reason , it is important to be very careful when ever you place your hands in your aquarium . make sure you know where your lionfish is before moving aquarium decor or equipment . if you are stung by your twinspot lionfish , immediately immerse the wound in hot , nonscalding water ( from 43 . 3 to 45 ºc , or 110 to 113 ºf , for 30 or 40 minutes or until pain has diminished ) or heat it with a hair dryer . the heat will denature the protein that constitutes the venom and prevent it from spreading through your body .
although the twinspot lionfish is more demanding than some of its relatives , this fish can make a fascinating addition to the species tank or reef aquarium . happy fish - watching !
michael , s . w . 1998 . reef fishes . volume 1 . microcosm , shelburne , vt . 624 pp .
thaler , e . 2004 . lionfishes - personal observations on their behaviors and suggestions for aquarium care . coral 1 ( 4 ) : 36 - 40 .
copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
american samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; cook islands ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ( gilbert is . , kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , us line is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna
. 2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the iucn red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter
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that are small and retiring enough to be kept successfully in fairly modest - sized quarters . among these is the subject of today’s post :
, the fu manchu lionfish , also known as the twinspot lionfish , ocellated lionfish , or twospot turkeyfish .
with patience and persistence , though , it’s often possible to train these little lions to accept non - living meaty items , such as shrimp , silversides , clam meat , and the like . the best way to achieve this is to present the item on a feeding stick or section of rigid airline tubing and give it a little jiggle so it appears lifelike .
because this species is small , very shy , secretive , and typically found resting on or hopping / scooting / fluttering around the rockwork , it doesn’t demand much in the way of open swimming space . it does , however , need lots of caves and hidey holes in which to refuge , so the aquarium should be large enough to allow appropriate aquascaping . i would consider 30 gallons a good minimum tank size .
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jeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as “the salt creep . ” he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .
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an uncommon inhabitant of clear waters rich in corals to depths of 40 m or more . feeds on small fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . secretive and usually observed at night . during the day in caves and sponges , and usually well out of sight ( ref . 48635 ) . venomous spines .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the fu manchu lionfish gets it’s name from the long mustache appendages on the front of it’s mouth . this dwarf species is one of the more difficult of the lionfish to maintain as it is often difficult to adapt to a captive diet . keep with lesser aggressive tankmates . males , often noted as larger specimens , can often be aggressive toward other fu manchu lionfish and may eat them . lionfish will eat smaller fishes , ornamental shrimps and crabs . this species is venomous . the pelvic , pectoral and dorsal fins of this animal can cause extreme pain . if allergic , severe reactions can occur . if stung soak injured area in hot water and seek medical attention immediately . smaller specimens will adapt to captivity and accept captive diets more easily . lionfish will likely remain hidden in brightly lit aquariums as it prefers dimmer lighting .
fu manchu lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5
, indo pacific
fu manchu lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5
, indo pacific
fu manchu lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5
, indo pacific
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nemapterois biocellata fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a reddish - brown lionfish with a pair ( sometimes three ) of large black ocelli on the soft dorsal fin , three pink to yellowish bars on sides , pale and brown bands on pectoral fins , and a very long tentacle in front of the eye .
scott reef , western australia , ashmore and hibernia reefs , timor sea , and christmas island , indian ocean . inhabits areas of rich coral growth on clear reefs , usually sheltering in caves and on ledges during the day .
dorsal fin xiii , 9 ; anal fin iii , 5 ; pectoral fin 20 - 21 ; longitudinal scale series 48 - 51 . membranes of spinous dorsal fin deeply incised ; pectoral fins large , wing - like , upper rays fully connected by membranes , lower rays unbranched and free of membranes distally . lachrimal tentacle elongate , more than twice eye diameter .
. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
fowler , h . w . 1938 . descriptions of new fishes obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross , chiefly in philippine seas and adjacent waters .
fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) .
micronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia .
poss , s . g . 1999 . families scorpaenidae , caracanthidae , aploactinidae . pp . 2291 - 2358 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes


epipristis oxyodonta is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in australia ( western australia , the northern territory and queensland ) .

adults are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing .

the underside of the wings is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a central dark spot .

epipristis oxyodonta

epipristis nelearia ( guenée , 1857 ) = hypochroma nelearia guenée , 1857 = epipristis nelearia accessa prout , 1937 .
epipristis truncataria ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 124 - 125 , pl . 5
epipristis nelearia ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 122 , 126 , pl . 5
the adult moths of this species are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing . underneath , each wing is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a dark spot in the middle .
stuttgart : alfred kernen verlag , part 12 ( 1934 ) , p . 138 .
acidalia truncataria walker , 1861 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 23 : 774
pingarmia transiens sterneck , 1927 ; dt . ent . z . iris 41 : 148
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . volume 9 . uranides et phalénites
( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,
( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .
walker , 1861 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 20 : 1 - 276 ( 1860 ) , 21 : 277 - 498 ( 1860 ) , 22 : 499 - 755 ( 1861 ) , 23 : 757 - 1020 ( 1861 ) , 24 : 1021 - 1280 ( 1862 ) , 25 : 1281 - 1477 ( 1862 ) , 26 : 1479 - 1796 ( [ 1863 ] )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
send mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site . copyright © 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified : 01 - 03 - 15
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .