planes minutus is a species of pelagic crab that lives in the north atlantic ocean .

it is typically less than 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) long across the back , and is variable in colouration , to match its background .

it may have been the crab seen by christopher columbus on sargassum weed in the sargasso sea in 1492 .

planes minutus

a cleaning association between the oceanic crab planes minutus and the loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an in . . .
observations on the ecology , behaviour , swimming mechanism and energetics of the neustonic crab , planes minutus .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) .
first finding of the pelagic crab planes marinus ( decapoda : grapsidae ) in the southwestern atlantic .
“a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) . this crab is known to prey upon other sea turtles epibionts . ”
planes is
found in all tropical and temperate seas .
[ chace , 1951 , p . 77 ] .
planes minutus is omnivorous when symbiotic with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles . the diet of p . minutus presented here probably represents a combination of epibionts of host turtles , pelagic and neustonic organisms captured near turtles , and food particles seized by crabs while turtles are feeding . ours is the first in - depth analysis of the diet of p . minutus when symbiotic with c . caretta . studies are needed that quantify prey items of columbus crabs from other animate flotsam ( e . g . , pelagic snails , colonial cnidarians ) . the foraging ecology and other aspects of the life history of p . minutus may well vary with respect to substrate type .
several studies have investigated the association between p . minutus and young loggerhead turtles ( see frick et al . , 2000 ) . however , little is known of the foraging ecology and fecundity of columbus crabs , and there are no studies that quantify the diet and number of eggs of p . minutus . we identify and quantify the food items consumed by 71 p . minutus from loggerhead turtles captured near the azores . we also report dietary data from 14 p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam near the azores . the size and number of eggs of p . minutus were determined and compared between crabs collected from loggerhead turtles and those collected from flotsam .
citation :
sargassum crabs , planes minutus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 21 / 2014 6 : 10 : 45 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
small oceanic crabs lead a cozy life . planes minutus often snuggle into the space between loggerhead turtles ' shells and tails , a spot that ' s just big enough for a mating pair . but if their aquatic apartments were larger , would they broaden their sex lives to include more partners ?
planes minutus arrives here on driftwood and other flotsam from the tropics . the crab does not survive here because of the colder waters around our coast . if found they will happily live indoors at room temperature in a saltwater aquarium , and can be fed on live prey or pieces of white fish or shellfish .
grapsid crabs of the genus planes are colloquially known as columbus crabs , apparently due to the discovery of a crab , likely a planes , from “floating weed” during christopher columbus’ voyage to the new world . like other members of its genus , planes minutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a relatively small pelagic species that is dependent upon flotsam for survival ( chace , 1951 ) , occupying a variety of flotsam types as clinging substratum , including oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from the eastern north atlantic ( dellinger et al . , 1997 ; frick et al . , 2003 ) .
planes minutus is found in the north atlantic ocean , between the scopes of 11degree n and 32degree n , and furthermore from the west shoreline of africa , the mediterranean and the indian ocean . once in a while the crab has been recorded on the cornish drift , the primary distribute record was at falmouth in 1845 by william pennington cocks . others examples took after , for example , in 1848 ( falmouth ) and 1899 on the manacles . the most recent occurred in 2015 . related species , for example , planes major ( earlier p . cyaneus ) and planes marinus , happen in different parts of the world ' s seas .
diet composition of p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam ( buoy and wood ) . cirriped material ( * ) was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids
michael g . frick , kristina l . williams , alan b . bolten , karen a . bjorndal , helen r . martins ; diet and fecundity of columbus crabs , planes minutus , associated with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta , and inanimate flotsam , journal of crustacean biology , volume 24 , issue 2 , 1 april 2004 , pages 350–355 , urltoken
( of planes testudinum ( roux , 1828 ) ) froglia , carlo ( 2006 ) . decapoda , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adult crabs confined to the same turtle fed on similar prey types and quantities of each type ( table 2 ) . there are no studies that investigate the foraging behavior of p . minutus when sharing a substrate with conspecifics . the presence of competitors may alter the observed foraging behavior of p . minutus ( davenport 1992 ) . crabs may lose portions of captured prey in disputes with other crabs sharing the same substrate , which could contribute to the similarity in diets between adult crab pairs . laboratory studies would help to determine the foraging behavior of multiple p . minutus when sharing the same substrate .
agonistic behavior in p . minutus is suggested by the presence of conspecifics within stomach contents . the size of the conspecific fragments encountered suggests that large juvenile crabs , similar in size to those reported from this study , were consumed by p . minutus . conspecifics were only consumed by adult crabs collected from turtles also hosting juvenile specimens . moulted crab exuvia could be a possible source of conspecific fragments .
gastropods ( janthina sp . ) were represented in the diet of p . minutus as minute shell fragments and egg capsules . janthina sp . are pelagic snails that create bubble rafts of air trapped in mucus to remain afloat and on which they lay their eggs . columbus crabs would undoubtedly be capable of capturing janthina and associated eggs while hunting from c . caretta . however , janthina is a reported food item of young loggerheads from the azores ( van nierop and den hartog , 1984 ) , so p . minutus may consume fragments of prey items initially captured and crushed for consumption by host turtles . during the initial stages of food consumption , scraps of food often drift out of and away from the mouth the turtle . planes minutus may retrieve food particles released by their host turtles , possibly accounting for similarities between the diets of columbus crabs and oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles .
diet composition for p . minutus collected from loggerhead turtles . data are number of points totaled for each food type present with percent composition in parentheses . see text for generic or specific designation of selected ( * ) food types
research planes minutus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
were encountered in december , january february , march and april 2002 and 2003 . as previously mentioned , columbus crabs cling to most anything that floats . physically and physiologically , planes are surface - water specialists and these aspects are likely attributable to the colonization of other grapsid species into supra - littoral habitats and maritime forests ( williams 1984 ) .
( of cancer minutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of planes clypeatus bowdich , 1825 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
laboratory studies by davenport ( 1992 ) represent the only information on prey capture and food handling in adult p . minutus . the crabs observed by davenport ( 1992 ) obtained some food items via grazing flotsam that was placed into tanks , but crabs would also lunge or swim into the water column to obtain prey items ( salps , postlarval flying fish , juvenile puffer fish , pilot fish , euphausids , isopods , or small squid ) . some crabs would carry surplus prey using the dactyl spines of the walking legs for up to 24 hours before the item was consumed .
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( mf , kw ) caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia 31412 , u . s . a .
( ab , kb ) archie carr center for sea turtle research , department of zoology , university of florida , p . o . box 118525 , gainesville , florida 32611 , u . s . a .
, and inanimate flotsam near the azores . the numbers of eggs carried by ovigerous crabs
are also presented . numbers of eggs between turtle crabs and flotsam crabs were similar . dietary analysis yielded 11 food types from
. crabs from turtles contained a higher diversity of food items than crabs from inanimate flotsam . the diet of
was composed primarily of neustonic invertebrates and algae—similar to prey items found from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles in past studies . the types of food consumed by
suggest that crabs may obtain food by consuming other epibionts , by hunting neuston from their substrate , or by capturing food particles expelled by host turtles .
turtles were captured using dipnets near the azores from 1986 through 1994 during the months march–november . curved carapace length
of each turtle was measured from the anterior point at midline ( nuchal scute ) to the posterior notch at midline between the supracaudals with a flexible fiberglass tape measure . turtles were released soon after capture .
were also removed from inanimate flotsam during the same period . crabs were assigned to gender and maturity following
. maximum carapace length and width were recorded from crabs in millimeters ( mm ) using vernier calipers . species determination was made by comparing the combined lengths of the three distal segments of the second walking leg with the carapace length ( see
) . stomach contents and digesta strings were then identified to the lowest taxon possible . the composition of the diet for each crab was recorded using a points system developed by
in which 20 points are assigned to a full stomach , 10 to a half full stomach , etc . these points are then allocated among the diet items in the digestive tract according to their volume . the points allocated to each type of food are summed for all crabs and expressed as a percentage of the total number of points , giving the composition of the diet as percent of volume .
and counted to determine fecundity . pleopods bearing eggs were cut from the female’s abdomen with a scalpel , placed in a sodium solution and shaken until the eggs separated from the pleopods . egg counts were made under light microscopy ( magnification up to
square was counted and multiplied by the number of squares containing eggs . the diameters of 10 randomly chosen eggs per ovigerous crab were recorded in microns using a computer interfaced digital stereomicroscope / micrometer .
was collected from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles near the azores , usually in the space above the tail and beneath the carapace ( upper shell ) of the host turtle . however , two
sp . ) on the host’s carapace . fifty - six crabs were collected from 38 individual turtles . these turtles hosted crabs as singletons (
) . in addition , 15 crabs were collected from an unknown number of turtles with no supporting host data . of the crabs collected , 65 were adults ( 35 females and 30 males ) and 6 were juveniles ( 4 males and 2 females ) . juvenile crabs always occurred in association with adult crabs ; no turtle hosted only juvenile crabs .
$ $ ( 10 - 19 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 03 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; n = 30 ) $ $
$ $ 9 . 25 - 13 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 11 . 34 ) $ $
$ $ 6 - 8 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 6 . 63 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 11 - 22 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 17 . 32 ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 5 - 18 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 35 ; n = 15 ) $ $
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles . stage 2 eggs , eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk , and stage 3 eggs , eggs containing pigmented eyespots , represented
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles , respectively . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs . the diameters of the
piece of wood ) . of these crabs , 4 were adult males and 10 were adult females . a single heterosexual pair was collected from wood flotsam , and the remainder of the sample of crabs from flotsam was taken from the buoy . the mean carapace widths of adult male and female
eight female crabs from flotsam were ovigerous . the mean carapace width of ovigerous crabs from flotsam was greater
$ $ ( 16 . 7 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 15 . 75 - 17 . 75 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 9 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 13 . 75 - 14 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
and between ovigerous and nonovigerous crabs from inanimate flotsam . ovigerous females collected from flotsam carried an average of 8907 eggs ( range :
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from the buoy , respectively . stage 4 and 5 eggs were also absent from ovigerous females inhabiting flotsam . stage 1 eggs from crabs taken from flotsam were smaller in diameter (
) of food regardless of sex , reproductive condition ( ovigerous or nonovigerous ) , or mean carapace width ( which varied significantly between some crab groups ) . of the material that could be identified , diatoms composed the highest percentage
, which was consistent across the three groups of adults . juvenile crab diets were composed of more algae than those of adult crabs , and juvenile male crabs consumed more animal material than did juvenile females . the cirriped material from juvenile male crabs was represented solely by
the diets of crabs that occurred on the same host turtles as heterosexual pairs are compared in table 2 . overall , there appears to be no marked gender - based resource partitioning occurring between adults that , theoretically , have access to the same food resources on a shared host .
crabs from flotsam consumed fewer types of food than crabs from turtles ( table 3 ) . unidentified algae represented the bulk of the diets observed from those crabs . male crabs from flotsam contained only algae . conspecifics and cirriped material were only found in female crabs . the cirriped material from female crabs from flotsam was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids .
although few juvenile crabs were available for stomach contents analysis , it is apparent that algae are important in the diet of immature crabs . the presence of animal material in the diets of juvenile male crabs
could be an artifact of sample size . the lower diversity of prey items consumed by juvenile
compared with adults may be real or an artifact of the small sample size . perhaps juvenile
lack the ability to capture motile or floating prey , or adults may steal high quality prey captured by juveniles . additional studies on the diets of juvenile
are needed to evaluate differences in diet selection between juvenile males and females and between juveniles and adults .
the mean adult sizes of crabs from turtles and crabs from flotsam were not significantly different , and ovigerous crabs from flotsam carried similar amounts and sizes of eggs . therefore , type of substrate does not appear to be related to egg production . however , columbus crabs may benefit by association with loggerhead turtles because agonistic interactions with other
seem to be more uncommon on turtles than on inanimate flotsam . conspecifics were more common in the diets of crabs on flotsam than in crabs on turtles ,
reported that agonistic interactions were more common in crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam than those found on turtles . increased agonistic interactions between
would decrease survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries . larger sample sizes of crabs from a variety of substrate types are necessary for evaluation of effects of substrate on the demography of columbus crabs .
this project would not have been possible without the support of our colleagues at the department of oceanography and fisheries , university of the azores . for assistance in turtle capture and crab collection , we thank j . and g . franck ( shanghai ) , j . gordon ( song of the whale ) , international fund for animal welfare , l . steiner , s . viallelle , b . herbert , and w . thompson .
this work was funded by the marine entanglement research program of the u . s . national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) to kab and abb . all necessary permits were obtained . all animal care was in full compliance with the university of florida institutional animal care and use committee . the padi foundation provided funds for the microscopy equipment used in this study . mgf thanks arnold ross , scripps institution of oceanography , for his guidance and comments .
the templeton crocker expedition , iii : brachygnathous crabs from the gulf of california and the west coast of lower california .
comparisons of social structure of columbus crabs living on loggerhead sea turtles and inanimate flotsam .
additional evidence supporting a cleaning association between epibiotic crabs and sea turtles : how will the harvest of sargassum seaweed impact this relationship ? .
the food of the freshwater sticklebacks ( gasterosteus aculeatus and pygosteus pungitius ) with a review of methods used in the study of the food of fishes .
a study on the gut contents of five juvenile loggerhead turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia , cheloniidae ) , from the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean , with emphasis on coelenterate identification .
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linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans . . .
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris . [ details ]
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from . . .
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
pohle , g . w . ( 1990 ) . a guide to decapod crustacea from the canadian atlantic : anomura and brachyura . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science . 1771 . 29 p . [ details ]
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286 [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cancer pusillus fabricius , 1775 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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a collection of crabs from bermuda rarely seen in the uk have washed up on the shores of the south west .
they live on floating objects and have been carried by atlantic currents and storms , experts said .
the marine conservation society ( mcs ) said the first uk sighting of the crabs was reported in 2007 and it could be happening more due to changing weather patterns .
richard harrington , from the society , said :
columbus crabs live amongst goose barnacles so they live on floating material in the ocean . they wash up , particularly on westerly coasts , very occasionally . they ' re quite unusual .
measure around four centimetres and have quite large claws which they use to hold on to floating objects .
also known as the gulfweed crab , it gets its common name from the belief it was identified by christopher columbus on his first voyage to the new world .
usually spend their lives drifting on weed , driftwood , buoys or even attached to turtles in the open ocean .
mr harrington said marine life including crabs , mauve stingers and by - the - wind - sailors had been carried over
for a number of years
on currents that come from the caribbean and america , but it appears the number of sightings is increasing .
he said :
weather patterns certainly come into it . we are seeing quite a lot of westerly and south - westerly storms and gales along with the currents that drift over the atlantic towards us .
steve trewhella , who has been beachcombing in cornwall for 30 years , said he believed it was also down to an
astonishing amount of debris and litter going into the sea , creating artificial habitats for these species to come over .
mr harrington said there is no evidence of that but it was a
plausible theory
and more research was needed .
theresa may moves to shore up her position after a day of high profile resignations over her brexit strategy .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) description : carapace dorsally convex ; frontal region broad , margin sometimes faintly bibbed , orbits wide , eyes conspicuous ; outer epibranchial , meso - and metabranchial regions with faint , obliquely placed carinae . antero - lateral margins of carapace sometimes with a faint notch . chelipeds equal in size , distal inner margins of merus serrate ; merus of third to fifth pereiopods broad , lower margins of propodus and of dactylus of second to fifth with spines . size : carapace length up to 10 ( 17 . 5 ) mm . habitat : depth range ; reported as pelagic and inhabiting sargassum weed , also on bottoms of ships and among lepas on floating timber . breeding march - october , occasionally other months . distribution :
moyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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specimens above were found on a fishing buoy that was washed - up from the americas at marazion , cornwall . 26 . 12 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at perranporth , cornwall . 25 . 11 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at praa sands , , cornwall . 02 . 12 . 15 .
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taken at male on a floating cuttle - bone .
( borradaile , 1903 )
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spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp .
restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris .
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4c75 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4d67 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324badbf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324bb28c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3681f81f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
ng p . k . l . & davie p . ( 2018 ) . worms brachyura : world list of marine brachyura ( version 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 04d605c1 - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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it needs to confirm the presence of this species in the black sea . presumably it penetrates to
this water area from time to time . it is not possible to find the species in museum black sea’s
czerniavsky from odessa , black sea : “mus . zool . univ . odess . ( prof . marcusen ) . ”
prevalence of flotsam or of floating or swimming organisms to which the crabs may cling .
north atlantic than in any other part of the world . records of their occurrence in other areas
america , florida to bahamas ; west indies . ” [ abele & kim , 1986 , p . 63 ] .
size of carapace . up to 19 mm ( length ) . [ chace , 1951 , p . 68 ] .
a columbus crab , living on a loggerhead sea turtle . room for two ?
researchers joseph pfaller at the university of florida and michael gil at the university of california sought the answer in their study published in biology letters . they found that as long as a dwelling - - whether it was a turtle shell or a piece of flotsam - - was small enough to be manageably defended by two crabs , they kept it monogamous . but once the spaces got larger , the pair recruited new crabs to mate with and to help hold down the fort .
a crab might not have much choice on dwelling - size , as turtles and floating debris are typically spread out - - and these crabs aren ' t good at swimming to the next available home . the polyamory arises from a need to make the most of what they have at the moment : a crab pleasure palace , or a little love bungalow .
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from oceanic - stage loggerheads from uruguay . the remaining recognized species of columbus crab ,
and neritic - stage ( subadult and adult ) sea turtles . that is , such observations simply report the occurrence of
as an epibiont with no supporting biological or ecological information regarding the observed relationship . here , we report the occurrence of
as an epibiont of large , immature and adult loggerhead turtles from st . lucie county , florida , usa . we also report behavioral , ecological and physical data from
from this population of turtles can be used to elucidate some aspects of the behavior of loggerheads from florida during the winter and early spring .
collections for this study began in march of 2002 and ended in april 2003 . loggerheads that hosted
were encountered from march - april 2002 , and from december 2002  april 2003 , after turtles were incidentally entrained into intake canals at the st . lucie nuclear power plant ( slnpp ) . the slnpp is located on hutchinson island in st . lucie county , florida and draws cooling water from the atlantic ocean through three large diameter pipes ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 m ) . cooling water then flows into a 1500 m long intake canal . the structures housing the intake pipes are 365 m offshore in approximately 7 m of water . the pipe openings are vertically oriented and are situated 3 m above the ocean floor . a large velocity cap sits approximately 2 m above each pipe opening and extends more than 3 m beyond the pipe diameter . turtles encountering these structures are often transported into the intake canal where they are captured with tangle nets , dipnets and by scuba divers . morphometric data are collected from each turtle , tags are applied to both front flippers and turtles are returned to the ocean approximately 750 m north of the canal .
from march 2002 through april 2003 594 loggerheads were captured at the slnpp . of these turtles , 22 individual loggerheads ( mean straight carapace length ( scl ) = 74 . 6 ± 3 . 4sd cm , range = 65  105 . 6 cm ) hosted 28 crabs ( 3 . 7 % occurrence of
is likely much higher ; as crabs can be dislodged or flee host turtles during entrainment and hand - capture .
of the crabs collected , all were adults ( 15 males , 13 females ) . six turtles hosted heterosexual crab pairs ( 27 . 3 % ) and 16 turtles hosted crabs as singletons ( 72 . 7 % ) . only one female crab was not ovigerous . ovigerous crabs carried eggs pertaining to stages 1 ( 50 % ) , 2 ( 16 . 7 % ) and 3 ( 33 . 3 % ) as defined by hartnoll ( 1963 ) where stage 1 eggs are eggs of uniform color and even yolk distribution , stage 2 eggs are eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk and stage 3 eggs are eggs containing pigmented eyespots . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs .
male crabs and female crabs were similar in size . the average straight carapace widths ( scw ) of males and females , including range , were 11 . 9 mm ( 9 . 1  16 . 5 mm ) and 12 . 9 mm ( 9 . 8  18 . 9 mm ) , respectively . a single non - ovigerous crab , included within the above average for females , was 18 . 9 mm scw .
previous agonistic interactions were apparent in 7 specimens ( 3 males , 4 females ; 25 % of the crabs encountered ) . injuries resulting from these interactions included missing chelipeds and walking legs ; however , none of these injuries were severe as all crabs had developed leg buds and no crab was missing more than a single appendage . four injured crabs occurred as singletons upon their respective host turtle and three injured crabs were from heterosexual pairings . no heterosexual pair contained more than one injured crab .
a few points concerning aspects of the natural history of both host loggerheads and columbus crabs can be gleaned from our data . the morphometric data we present for ovigerous
contain some of the smallest specimens reported for females with eggs . data from other studies presenting similar information suggest that crabs approximately 11 mm scw and smaller are juveniles and most often found as
associates ( see chace 1951 ) . these crabs then emigrate to flotsam and turtles at the onset of sexual maturity . although sexually immature
are capable of attaining sexual maturity as small as 9 . 1 mm scw . moreover , it is possible that juvenile crabs collected from flotsam and turtles in other studies represent sub - adult specimens undergoing the initial stages of sexual maturity .
. ( 2004 ) for crabs from loggerhead turtles . the same studies also found that
from turtles suffered markedly fewer instances of missing appendages when compared to collections obtained from inanimate flotsam and jetsam . additionally , the large proportion of ovigerous crabs from our collection coincides with data from dellinger
. ( 1997 ) , one from turtles and the other from inanimate flotsam , demonstrate that female crabs from turtles were brooding eggs more often ( 71 % ) than female crabs from inanimate flotsam ( 21 % ) . dellinger
. ( 1997 ) suggest that , given their reported data , turtles appear to offer a substantially better platform for egg brooding and , likely , production than inanimate flotsam . these authors speculate that the higher instances of egg - brooding observed in
from turtles could be attributed to the fact that turtle crabs are likely exposed to better food or a larger variety of food items than those clinging to inanimate flotsam .
. ( 2004 ) determined that turtle crabs do feed upon a larger variety of food items than crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . however , the same study found that crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam contained similar amounts of food , albeit a lower diversity of prey types , as crabs from loggerhead turtles . moreover , crabs from inanimate flotsam produced similar sizes and numbers of eggs as those from turtles . yet , frick
. ( 1997 ) . therefore , the former study could not offer any supporting evidence that a higher proportion of turtle crabs were brooding eggs when compared to crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . instead , a higher proportion of ovigerous crabs and , consequently , an increased chance of encountering ovigerous crabs from turtles than from inanimate flotsam suggest that multiple annual broods produced by crabs from turtles might be occurring with greater frequency than from crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . because agonistic interactions between crabs on turtles are proportionately lower than agonistic interactions between crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam ( dellinger
. 2004 ) , crabs from inanimate flotsam would likely experience decreased survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries .
from neritic - stage loggerhead turtles suggests that these turtles were exhibiting a great deal of surface - oriented or pelagic behavior prior to their entrainment at the slnpp ; particularly during the winter and early spring . loggerhead turtles are captured at the slnpp year - round and turtles that hosted
although loggerhead turtles inhabiting the western north atlantic , particularly the southeastern us , are most often referred to as largely benthic - associated animals , dietary studies reveal that some prey items consumed by neritic - stage loggerheads are actually largely pelagic species ( i . e . aurelia aurita and physalia physalis ; bjorndal 1997 ; frick
)  a turtle species that is well - documented to spend a great deal of time in the pelagic environment ( bolten 2003 ) . such observations might indicate why the turtles encountered during the present study hosted a pelagic species such as
. 2000 ) might explain why large adult - sized turtles ( > 80 cm scl for atlantic u . s .
; dodd 1988 ) sampled during this study ( n = 5 ; 22 . 7 % ) hosted
during their first decade of life loggerheads are highly pelagic , particularly within oceanic habitats ( water masses away from the continental shelf ≥ 200 m deep ; hedgpeth 1957 ; bolten 2003 ) . such behavior decreases in frequency as turtles migrate from their nursery habitats to the neritic habitats that will support them for the remainder of their life ( musick & limpus 1997 ) . however , it appears from data collected during epibiont and dietary studies that , while benthic habitats are heavily utilized by neritic stage loggerheads , the pelagic environment still represents an important habitat for loggerheads as they mature , even into adulthood ( frick
we thank the padi foundation for providing the microscopy equipment used in this study and the florida power and light company for continuing to support sea turtle research at the st . lucie power plant . we also thank m . godfrey , l . campbell and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript .


heppnerographa ecuatorica is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador .

the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is yellowish brown , but paler beyond the end of the median cell near a whitish streak .

the hindwings are brownish cream , but more fuscous outwards .

heppnerographa ecuatorica

this is the place for ecuatorica definition . you find here ecuatorica meaning , synonyms of ecuatorica and images for ecuatorica copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ecuatorica . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ecuatorica and , of course , ecuatorica synonyms and on the right images related to the word ecuatorica .
heppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .
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the species described to this date from venezuela are listed . 34 new species and 9 new genera are described :
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . two species are new to venezuela :
se da un listado de las especies descritas de venezuela hasta la fecha . se describen 34 nuevas especies y 9
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . dos especies son nuevas para venezuela :
mentioned in the literature ( e . g . , boscán martínez & godoy 1990 ) , there has been no compre -
hensive or even summary treatment of the tortricid fauna of that country . even the most significant con -
tribution to our knowledge of the venezuelan fauna , amsel’s ( 1956 - 1957 ) listed only two tortricids .
the goal of the present paper is to provide the first general overview of the tortricidae of venezuela .
tities or taxonomic status . instead , the primary objective is to present a list of all species described from
work . where relevant , new data on some of the known species also are presented . although preliminary ,
this study represents a critical first step in understanding the tortricid fauna of venezuela .
of the 45 species described from venezuela , two are synonyms . in the descriptive part of this pa -
per we add 34 new species , bringing the total to 79 . in comparison to other south american countries ,
seen through a comparison of taxonomic studies on specific groups of neotropical tortricinae ( e . g . ,
adamski 2003 ; brown , 1999 ; razowski , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 ; razowski & becker , 2000 ) .
thus any comparison among countries or regions is premature at present . however , even with our lim -
ited knowledge it appears that the most diverse tribes in the neotropics ( i . e . , cochylini , euliini ) also are
extremely species - rich in venezuela , but these are the groups that have received the greatest attention .
cordillera de mérida , province mérida , venezuela . two of them , monte zerpa and la culata , are situ -
ated in the central part of the massive called the serranía de la culata . the third , páramo el batallón , is
chama ( 8º 36’ n , 71º 10’ w ) on the southern slopes of the serranía de la culata . the site is at 3025 m
elevation near a trail leading from mérida to páramo de los conejos , in forest - paramo ecotone . the
cloud forest vegetation at the site is relatively undisturbed , largely exhibiting its primary character .
as follows : 2000 m , 14 . 8º c ; 2500 m , 11 . 8º c ; 3000 m , 8 . 7º c . mean precipitation in mérida is 1743
mm at 1600 m and 2025 mm at 2000 m ( veillon , 1989 ) . during the dry season , which extends from
january to the end of march , the slopes of the mountains are free of clouds only early in the morning .
later in the day clouds build up quickly , and the sun usually is completely obscured between 11 . 00 and
páramo zumbador to the south and by páramo la negra to the north . the collection site , quebrada de
cotíes facing southwards toward bailadores , about 300 m below the upper limit of the cloud forest .
zone between the cloud forest and subparamo vegetation . the climate of this part of the mountains is
characterized by high precipitation , low temperatures , strong winds , and limited sunshine .
powered by batteries . collections were made consistently between 19 . 00 and 22 . 30 hrs .
. – collection site in páramo el batallón on the road from bailadores to pregonero .
holotype , male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 40 .
paratypes : male , venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos ,
2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak .
description : male . wing span 24 mm ( 23 mm in one paratype ) . head cream , labial palpus 1 . 5 ,
dirty white sprinkled with brownish ; thorax brownish . forewing weakly expanding terminally , termen
basally and near dorsum , mixed with rust in posterior half of wing . costa tinged grey basally , costal
and terminal dots blackish . pattern brown in form of two elongate marks extending from median area
of costa connected in median cell by a paler mark ; some brownish dots at mid - termen . cilia cream ; a
few divisions brown . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish at apex ; cilia pale cream .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii - 1996 , leg .
description : male . wing span 21 mm . head grey , labial palpus over 2 , greyish sprinkled with dark
grey ; vertex and thorax brownish . forewing broadest at 2 / 3 where costa bent . ground colour cream
sprinkled dark brown . cilia cream with brown divisions . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish to -
holotype male : “venezuela , tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el batallón , san josé de bolívar , 4 -
iii - 1996 , 2950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 80 . allotype , female : venezuela , cordillera de mérida , vuelta
de lola , 23 - ii - 1996 , 1950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak ; gs 79 .
description : male . wing span ca 35 mm . labial palpus 4 , whitish sprinkled with brownish ; vertex
and thorax slightly browner . forewing pale brownish cream , densely sprinkled and suffused with
brownish especially along dorsum ; three brown dots at costa subapically . cilia concolorous with
ground colour . hindwing cream , slightly tinged with brownish apically , with fine brownish strigulation .
distinctly suffused with brown ; brown suffusion on vein cua1 . hindwing slightly darker than in male ,
female genitalia ( fig . 105 ) : papillae anales slender , tapering terminad , well sclerotized ; apophy -
etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; greek : cholo - lame .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg .
description : male . wing span 26 mm . head whitish , labial palpus whiter above , tinged pale
ochreous to middle laterally ; thorax white cream , base of tegula tinged brownish . forewing slightly ex -
panding terminally , termen fairly oblique . ground colour white cream , sprinkled and partially suffused
and costal markings pale brownish ; some brown dots along termen . cilia concolorous with ground
etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; latin : claudia - lame .
description : female : wing span ca 26 mm . head and thorax whitish , labial palpus ca 2 . 5 .
brown spot and tornal spot ; broad subterminal brownish grey blotch extending from tornus to costa .
female genitalia ( fig . 106 ) : eighth tergite large , rounded proximally ; apophyses long ; sterigma ex -
posterior part rather small , armed with a pair of wing - shaped lateral plates ; corpus bursae small , spinose .
is much larger . the female genitalia differ from all known species of the tribe .
directed proximally ; vesica with three strong , capitate , spine - like cornuti .
etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the type - species . feminine .
holotype , male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j .
wojtusiak” ; gs 75 . allotype , female ( gs 74 ) and one paratype , male with same labels .
description : male . wing span ca 17 mm . head pale brownish cream , labial palpus ca 3 , browner
than head ; thorax slightly darker than head , tegula with postbasal brown strip . forewing expanding
posteriorly ; costa weakly convex ; apex fairly long ; termen oblique , sinuate . ground colour pale brown -
with brown proximal edges . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing , browner in apical third .
hindwing cream , tinged yellowish in distal third , with weak strigulation . cilia cream . male paratype
female : as described for male , except darker , with distinct brown median fascia .
male genitalia ( figs 51 , 52 ) : as described for the genus .
sal thorns present on all but median portion ; juxta small ; aedeagus slender , vesica without cornuti .
in the broad uncus , broad gnathos arms , and thorny transtilla . the dorso - basal process of the
powell & brown , 1991 it differs in lack of sclerite of corpus bursae . they also are similar to
m , 4 - iii ; monte zerpa 3070 m , , 20 - ii ; la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .
description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head brownish grey , labial palpus ca 3 , brownish lateral -
ly , greyish above ; thorax brownish , scaled with grey . forewing expanding terminally ; costa convex ;
apex rather short ; termen fairly oblique , slightly sinuate . ground colour reddish , densely sprinkled grey ,
strigulated rust - red ; costal half of underside tinged ferruginous . cilia brownish ochreous to mid - termen ,
concolorous with ground colour towards tornus . hindwing creamy white with grey strigulation in apex
area ; cilia whitish . forewing of paratype rubbed , much more grey than in holotype .
female : as described for male , except one paratype browner , with dense darker strigulation .
male genitalia ( fig . 53 ) : uncus broad ; socius slender ; gnathos arms broad , dentate latero - posteri -
female genitalia ( fig . 108 ) : papilla analis broad ; anteostial part of sterigma very large , rather
description : male . wing span 21 mm . head and thorax brownish grey , labial palpus ca 4 , brown -
suffused with purple rust , with darker strigulae and dots . trace of median marking and indistinct sub -
apical spots brown . cilia grey . underside brownish grey , orange rust in costal third . hindwing dirty
etymology : the species name refers to its type locality , mt . zerpa .
holotype female : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtu -
description : female . wing span 26 mm . head dirty cream , vertex slightly darker ; labial palpus ca
6 , browner ; thorax cream , tinged with brownish grey . forewing weakly expanding terminad ; costa con -
vex to before middle ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat sinuate . ground colour cream brown , suffused
with brown , sprinkled and dotted with dark brown . markings pale grey brown , dotted with blackish
terminal fascia parallel to termen , followed by terminal suffusion . underside tinged with brownish fer -
ruginous mainly in apex third and subcostally . hindwing cream ; strigulae and spots greyish ; cilia
female genitalia ( fig . 109 ) : papilla analis large , broadening proximally ; apophyses very slender .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3500 m , 4 - ii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusi -
description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax chestnut brown , labial palpus ca 3 , brown -
er , tinged grey above . forewing slightly expanding terminally ; costa curved outward mostly in distal
third ; apex very short ; termen rather not oblique to 2 / 3 . wing chestnut brown , sprinkled brownish ;
strigulation and veins browner . cilia paler than wing , tinged with pinkish . hindwing cream , slightly
tinged brownish on periphery , with weak strigulation . cilia cream brownish , paler towards anal portion
male genitalia ( figs . 56 , 57 ) : uncus slightly convex postmedially ; socius slender in basal half ; ter -
holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j .
description : male . wing span ca 30 mm . head and thorax whitish scaled brownish ; labial palpus
ca 3 , dark brown , whitish dorsally . forewing broad , somewhat expanding terminally ; costa convex ,
mostly at middle ; apex rounded ; termen weakly oblique . ground colour whitish , sprinkled greyish rust
especially in dorsal half of wing , with pinkish grey in terminal third and in part at costa . markings grey
ly . cilia concolorous with ground colour , brownish grey in costal third . hindwing greyish cream ,
whiter towards base , densely strigulated cream grey ; cilia ( worn ) concolorous with wing .
diagnosis : this species is easily distinguished by it large size and distinct colouration . it likely is
etymology : the specific epithet refers to large size of the moth ; greek : colossos - gigantic .
gnathos broad , minutely bristled terminally ; terminal plate strong , short . costa of valva distinct ; disc
large lateral sclerites connected by membrane ; juxta simple ; aedeagus slender , bifid .
is distinct in the shapes of the transtilla , uncus , and eighth abdominal segment of the female .
etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the name of type - species .
holotype male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 25 . allotype , female from páramo el rosal , 3000 m , 3 -
description : male . wing span 24 mm ( in paratypes 24 - 26 mm ) . head ochreous cream , labial pal -
pus over 2 . 5 , darker ; thorax rusty ochreous . forewing somewhat expanding posteriorly ; costa gently
convex ; apex short , slightly oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellow , tinged ochreous ; strigula -
tion , dots , and some veins brownish ochreous . markings brownish ochreous with some browner dots
fasciae ; apex tinged rust . cilia darker than ground colour , brown at apex , more ochreous cream at tor -
slender , dorsal arm one thirds as long , twice as broad ; coecum penis slender ; cornuti absent .
female genitalia ( fig . 110 ) : papilla analis rather well sclerotized ; apophyses posteriores long ;
apophyses anteriores very short ; ostium in a collar , open proximally ; antrum sclerite small . otherwise
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 27 .
paratypes : 4 males : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de
description : male . wing span 26 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 ,
slightly browner . forewing broadest at middle ; termen oblique , almost straight . ground colour cream
brownish , sprinkled with brownish . markings brown , consisting of costal remnants of postbasal fascia
and median fascia , subapical suffusion and a curved row of dots representing subterminal fascia . cilia
concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , somewhat mixed with brownish on periphery ; cilia
cream . variation . some specimens with brownish ground colour and more complete brown markings .
male genitalia ( figs . 62 , 63 ) : uncus rather short , with strong lateral lobes ; gnathos simple ; valva
minal process ; vesica with a single , long cornutus ; anellus above aedeagus provided with bristles .
female genitalia ( fig . 111 ) : sterigma large , rather weakly sclerotized , with median postostial plate
and postero - lateral spinulate lobes ; antrum short , broad [ corpus bursae damaged ] .
seven specimens collected by j . wojtusiak , of which 4 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte
vuelta de lola , 22 - ii ; 1 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii .
the species was known from a few specimens from different parts of venezuela . the male geni -
description : male . wing span 22 mm . head cream , thorax more yellow , with brown basal spot of
tegula ; labial palpus 1 . 5 , brownish along middle of outer side . forewing slightly expanding terminad ;
apex rather short ; termen somewhat oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellowish cream ; costal
ed with one another by small prominences of subtornal and submedian parts of their edges . cilia con -
colorous with ground colour . hindwing whitish cream , slightly darker at apex , with traces of greyish
pecially in the possession of a strong process of the postbasal part of sacculus .
etymology : the name refers to the presence of a long terminal plate of the gnathos ; ceros - a horn .
description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head and thorax snow white ; labial palpus ca 2 , tinged
tively straight , weakly oblique . ground colour white , with traces of grey dorsal dots , somewhat darker
darker marks . cilia whitish , browner at apex , with rust divisions medially . hindwing white , tinged
from ecuador , from which it can be distinguished by the broad distal part of the uncus . the colouration
is very distinct : ground colour of the forewing clear white , with the blotches brownish black .
holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 . leg . j .
description . male . wing span 16 mm . head dirty cream ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 tinged brown espe -
cially dorso - laterally ; thorax cream tinged with brownish . forewing not expanding posteriorly ; costa
weakly convex ; apex short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , rather straight . ground colour cream
tinged pale yellowish brown , darker in distal half , strigulated and partly suffused with brownish . mark -
minal fasciae indistinct , greyish brown . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , whiter
at base , more brownish yellow on periphery , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia concolorous
broadening terminally ; aedeagus broad to middle , with slender terminal part ; cornutus small .
etymology : the name refers to the type - locality , quebrada de los píos .
basal third ; in hindwing m3 - cua1 very close to one another at median cell .
membrane , each with a large apodeme of muscle ; aedeagus slender ; caulis small ; cornutus a single spine .
eral parts of the sterigma , the presence of distinct apodemes , and a broad aedeagus . in the shapes of un -
description : male . wing span 13 mm . head and thorax brown ; labial palpus ca 2 , creamy , brown
along middle of second joint and terminally . forewing weakly expanding terminally , broadest at 2 / 3 of
costa where distinctly bent . wing brown with indistinct darker transverse lines in posterior half ; cilia
brown . hindwing dirty whitish in basal part , brownish on periphery ; cilia pale brownish .
male genitalia ( figs . 70 , 71 ) : as described for the genus .
description : male . wing span 22 mm . head pale ochreous cream , thorax brownish grey , tegula
edged laterally with cream ; labial palpus 1 . 3 , pale brownish , cream terminally . forewing weakly ex -
panding terminally , termen rather not oblique , tolerably straight . ground colour cream , slightly tinged
ochreous , sprinkled and dotted with brown . markings brown , consisting of remnants of basal blotch ,
median fascia , and subterminal fascia . cilia cream ; divisions brown . hindwing brownish , cilia mostly
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 7 .
description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ,
straight ; apex triangular followed by distinct concavity of termen . ground colour cream brownish
veins ; distal part of wing more strongly suffused , with small cream spots . costa spotted brown ; sub -
apical blotch divided into three costal and one inner spots ; some brown dots present . median fascia
rudimentary , diffuse , brownish . cilia [ worn ] cream brown with brownish basal line . hindwing cream ,
tinged with brownish in apical third , with weak brownish strigulation . cilia cream , tinged with pale
etymology : the species name is derived from the name of type locality : batallón .
one specimen from venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii .
similar male genitalia from various countries from mexico to ecuador . an examination of the female
genitalia should resolve the conspecificity of the venezuelan specimens with those from costa rica .
m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” , gs 35 .
description : male . wing span 20 - 23 . 5 mm , 2 mm in holotype . head pale brownish , thorax darker
brown , labial palpus brown , 1 . 5 . forewing slightly expanding terminally , termen fairly oblique , rela -
brownish scales and browner strigulation . markings chestnut brown , dark brown in costal and median
blotch accompanied by a subtornal spot . cilia ochreous , blackish at apex , greyer at tornus . hindwing
whitish , mixed with pale brownish cream in distal half , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia
cream brownish , whitish in anal area . variation . ground colour of forewing more or less dark , in some
female genitalia ( fig . 112 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma large ; ductus bursae long with rather
fers in the rounded apical part of the uncus , the short cornuti , and the long ductus bursae .
etymology : the specific epithet is based on the spanish name “cordillera” or mountain range .
description : male . wing span 17 mm . head brownish , labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax brownish ,
weakly oblique , relatively straight . ground colour dirty pink , rather dark , with ill - defined strigulae .
markings dark brown , paler in basal and distal part of wing where tinged yellowish or grey . basal
to costal and subterminal parts ; terminal fascia ill - defined , best developed below apex . cilia pale rust .
tinguished by its much shorter uncus and smaller valva . the ventral aspect of the uncus is similar to
etymology : the name refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : ferrugineus - rusty .
leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 71 . paratype an identically labelled male .
pus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax concolorous with head , scaled with brown . forewing costa convex to middle then
ing mid - costa . ground colour pale brownish cream , sprinkled with brownish , with some brown suffu -
sions and costal dots . markings ill - defined , consisting of brown remnants of basal blotch , median fas -
cia , and subterminal fascia ; spot at apex . cilia brownish cream . hindwing cream , darker on periphery ;
similar externally and in the male genitalia . it is readily distinguished by the large , broad , terminally
description : male . wing span 19 mm . head cream , vertex tinged brownish , labial palpus over 2 ,
browner ; thorax brownish cream with browner suffusions . forewing distinctly expanding terminally , ter -
men oblique weakly concave towards middle . ground colour white cream , somewhat glossy in distal third
of wing ; suffusions pale ochreous . markings ochreous , browner at dorsum in form of transverse fasciae ,
dorsum where ochreous scaled with brownish black . cilia pale cream ; divisions light ochreous . hindwing
whitish cream tinged pale ochreous in distal area , with brownish ochreous strigulation . cilia white cream .
etymology : the name refers to the shape of end of socius ; circinnatus - rounded .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusi -
description : wing span ca 22 mm . head and thorax greenish , labial palpus ca 3 , white dorsally
and terminally , black laterally ; base of tegula black . forewing expanding posteriorly , costa weakly con -
ing mid - costa . ground colour greenish white along distal half of costa , edges of median blotch and sub -
large , black , greyer subcostally , atrophying at costa . cilia greenish white with some black scales at
apex and mid - termen . hindwing white tinged greyish brown in apex area ; cilia white .
etymology : the species epithet refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : chlorizans - verdant .
wing rs - m1 strongly approaching to one another in basal thorn ; m3 - cua1 on a very short stalk .
colliculum membranous ; cingulum weakly sclerotized extending distally ; cornuti two , funnel - shaped .
mini as the shape of cornuti , sterigma and signa show . its supposed autapomorphies are the shape of
3250 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte
zerpa , 3270 m , 24 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata ,
description : wing span 19 - 20 mm . head greyish with slight brownish cream admixture ; labial
palpus ca 3 , broad terminally , brownish ; thorax slightly darker than head . forewing slender ; costa gen -
tly gradually convex ; termen somewhat oblique , slightly concaving towards middle . ground colour
of costa ochreous rusty . markings grey sprinkled or spotted with brownish grey ; basal blotch incom -
plete , darkest along middle , protruding as a median rust spot , marked with black at dorsum . median
ish . cilia whitish suffused with greyish , grey at apex and near middle distally . hindwing whitish tinged
male genitalia ( figs 86 , 87 ) : as described with the genus .
description : in male costal fold slender reaching mid - costa . venation : in forewing remnant of
costa ; termen oblique , distinctly concave at middle . ground colour creamy in basal half and in specu -
of wing black . cilia blackish grey . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish creamy in distal third ; cilia
wojtusiak” ; gs 74 . paratypes : 1 male from stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de
bolívar , 2900 m , 4 - iii and 1 male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .
description : wing span 17 mm . head , thorax and end of labial ( 1 . 5 ) palpus white the latter with
two black fasciae , head tinged sea - green . forewing slender , expanding terminad with costa hardly con -
vex ; termen oblique to beyond middle , then convex ; costal fold to beyond middle . ground colour white
sea - green , whitish along costa and inside speculum . costal and median areas black to termen beneath
colorous dots ; basal area strigulated with whitish . cilia black - grey with whitish interruptions near mid -
etymology : the species name refers to the geographic name quebrada de los píos .
iii ; 1 specimen in cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .
this species was described and known to date only from colombia . the description of genitalia
female genitalia ( fig . 114 ) : ovipositor long ; cup - shaped part of sterigma long probably fusing
description : wing span ca 20 mm . head whitish , labial palpus over 2 concolorous dorsally ,
brownish laterally with two brown strips ; thorax creamy , base of tegula brown . forewing somewhat ex -
at middle ; costal fold slender reaching to beyond third of costa . ground colour whitish slightly sprin -
kled and strigulated with brown ; costal strigulae blackish , dorsal dots minute . markings brownish
accompanied by much lighter subdorsal part and terminal fascia . cilia whitish strongly mixed with
blackish , white at tornus . hindwing whitish tinged with grey in terminal third , with darker strigulation ;
termen more oblique , indistinctly concave . ground colour tinged pale ochreous especially toward apex ,
dotted brown - black throughout . markings brown - black , distinct ; median fascia beneath median cell
grey and pale ochreous ; terminal fascia rust ochreous brown edged between apex and mid - termen .
ly ; arms of henion slender , long ; aedeagus proportionally small , slender .
female genitalia ( fig . 115 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma short , postostial part broad , straight ter -
minally ; cingulum sclerite long ; signa two , one smaller than the other .
disc bristled and hairy ; anellus forming a broad sclerite around aedeagus ; this last slender , simple .
is distinct by large dentate socii , the long , rod like uncus and the well sclerotized anellus .
etymology : the genus name is referable to the locality name , la culata in the cordillera de mérida .
description : wing span 18 mm . head pale ochreous creamy , thorax slightly darker ; labial palpus
ca 2 , creamy brown with two brown transverse fasciae . forewing slightly expanding terminad , costa
ta and obliquely from there to before tornus ; paler green suffusion in middle subterminally . strigulation
lines . dorsum brownish black to middle and towards tornus , paler from mid - costa to apex . cilia grey -
male genitalia ( figs 96 , 97 ) : uncus very long , slender , pointed ; socius very broad , dentate . other -
etymology : the species name refers to the shape of socii ; latin : asymmetricus - asymmetric .
description : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax greenish white ; labial palpus broad , greenish
above , black in ventro - lateral part . forewing slender , expanding terminally ; costal fold to middle ; apex
short , rounded ; termen oblique , concave just beneath middle . ground colour greenish , with white spots
before and beneath apex . markings and spots along costa and dorsum black ; median fascia tinged pale
by means of pale ochreous and greyish suffusions . cilia greenish , black at apex . hindwing whitish
description : wing span 16 mm . head whitish , brownish laterally , labial palpus ca 2 , analogically
coloured with whitish terminal joint ; thorax whitish , tegula brown . forewing slightly expanding termi -
middle of costa , brownish grey . ground colour whitish sprinkled and dotted with brownish ; costal
lum ; the latter without inner spots or refractive markings ; terminal area greyish brown , apex darker .
cilia whitish densely scaled with brown , brownish terminally . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish
description : wing span ca 21 mm . head creamy brown , head paler , labial palpus ca 3 , rather con -
colorous , paler basally . forewing not expanding terminally , apex rounded , termen oblique , concave be -
neath middle . ground colour creamy brownish sprinkled with brown ; a few brown dots along dorsum .
cilia brownish grey , whitish at tornus . hindwing slender , creamy , tinged with brownish distally ; cilia
incision ; cucullus rather small , ovate , without pollex ; aedeagus slender , fairly long .
zeller , 1877 from colombia . it differs from it in much shorter uncus and more elongate extending ven -
description : labial palpus long , costal fold of forewing absent or rudimentary . venation : in forewing
site base of chorda ; in hindwing rs - m1 closely approaching basally , m3 - cua1 stalked to middle .
slender , ventral incision short ; cucullus slender , long ; aedeagus short ; henion short .
in olethreutini but the female genitalia are of the eucosmine type . two species included .
3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 15 .
description : wing span 21 mm in holotype , 20 mm in female paratype . head and thorax creamy
sparcely scaled with brownish grey ; labial palpus 3 , white with brownish marks . forewing weakly ex -
minal markings indistinct ; speculum with a few brown dots . cilia ( worn ) , whitish . cilia creamy ,
female genitalia ( fig . 116 ) : sclerite of cingulum weak ; signa equal in size .
leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 117 . allotype an identically labelled female , gs 118 .
description : wing span 26 mm in holotype , 23 mm in paratype . forewing broad , costa convex ,
apex very short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat concave beneath apex . ground colour
with similar suffusions between veins of posterior fourth of wing . costal strigulae blackish brown , con -
dots ; other markings ill - defined . cilia creamy with blackish median line and a few dividings . hindwing
female genitalia ( fig . 117 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma fairly broad with rather differentiated
proximal portion ; sclerite of cingulum fairly well developed ; one signum large , one minute .
etymology : the species name refers to the number of species included in the genus .
one specimen from páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .
the authors express special thanks to dr . john w . brown , washington , usa , who not only dis -
cussed some important systematic questions but also edited the text of this paper . we also thank dr .
joaquin baixeras , valencia , spain and mr . kevin r . tuck , london , england , for comparing specimens
with their material in their care and providing taxonomic suggestions . we also thank mr . artur czekaj
for digital arrangement of plates , dr . jolanta górska - andrzejak for preparation of the genitalia and mr .
for digital arrangement of the plates . we want to express our special thanks to dr .
tomasz pyrcz for his help and assistance in the field work . the field works were supported by the grant
ds - zoological museum of jagiellonian university , 1996 . we want also thank dr . angel l . viloria and
mr . jesús camacho , caracas , venezuela , for their assistance in the field , and mr . magaly quiroz , cara -
brown , j . w . , 1999 . – a new euliine genus from costa rica and venezuela ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –
: 138 - 152 . checklist , part 2 , hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea .
razowski , j . & becker , v . o . , 2000 . – a review of the new world chlidanotini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . , paratype ( gs 5 ) ;
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