the knifetooth dogfish , is a harmless sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found in the eastern atlantic , from scotland to spain , portugal , and senegal , and the southwest pacific from new zealand , between latitudes 58 ° n and 15 ° n , at depths of between 200 and 1,600 m. its length is up to 1.1 m.

knifetooth dogfish

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knifetooth dogfish
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northeast atlantic : atlantic slope from scotland to spain , portugal ( compagno in prep ) . eastern central atlantic : mauritania and senegal ( fernández et al . 2005 , compagno in prep ) .
compagno ( in prep ) reports this species as relatively common in the eastern atlantic . this temperate to tropical species is rarely caught in commercial or research trawling west of scotland ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) and this is likely the northern fringe of its distribution . the species is caught in very small numbers in commercial trawl catches and fisheries research services ( frs ) deep - water surveys west of scotland fishing at depths between 500 m and 1 , 900 m ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . it is not mentioned in the report of the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food ( maff ) surveys in the 1970s , fishing at depths between 366 m and 1 , 280 m , indicating that it was not common in this area at that time either ( bridger 1978 ) . there is therefore no information from which to infer trends in this area or other areas of the eastern atlantic .
a little - known deepwater , temperate to subtropical shark , found on or near the sea bottom at depths of 200–1 , 600 m ( compagno in prep ) . probably ovoviviparous ( compagno in prep . ) . maximum size is reported at about 110 cm tl ( compagno in prep . ) .
reportedly captured in bottom trawls , with line gear , and with fixed bottom nets in the eastern atlantic , but apparently of limited interest to fisheries ( compagno in prep . ) .
areas of the northeast atlantic , for example the rockall trough have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks ( gordon 2003 ) . the species is a known bycatch of the longline fishery targeting black scabbardfish (
. 2005 ) . it is also taken by the basque artisanal longline fleet targeting deepwater sharks in the bay of biscay ( heessen 2003 ) .
very infrequently caught by french and scottish deep - water trawlers working west of scotland ( ices sub - area via ) ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . very limited data exists on the catches of gill - netters in this area but one retrieved net did not contain any of this species ( in a total catch of 8 . 5 tonnes ) ( stecf 2006 ) .
. ( 2005 ) report that the catch of these squalids declined from 158 tons ( 87 % of elasmobranch landings ) in 1992 to 22 tons ( 59 % ) in 2001 , with a minimum of 3 . 5 tons in 1999 . the decline may be attributable to a set of factors , including a shift in the depths fished , economic reasons ( the value and quality of elasmobranch landings fell during the period of the study ) and probable over - exploitation of both the target and bycatch species .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . scymnodon ringens is not included in the list of species covered by the european union total allowable catch for deepwater sharks , thus it is not covered by fisheries measures . recommended actions : the affect of deepwater fishing pressure on this species is of concern , particularly off mauritania , where this species is taken of bycatch of expanding deepwater fisheries . it is strongly recommended that efforts be made to quantify and monitor bycatch in these fisheries and determine the impact of these on this species .
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greek , skymnos , - ou = little lion + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 200 - 1600 m ( ref . 247 ) , usually 550 - 1450 m ( ref . 10717 ) . deep - water ; 58°n - 15°n
eastern atlantic : along the slope from scotland to spain , portugal , senegal . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 110 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 )
anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . black in color ; small dorsal fin spines ; short snout ; small lanceolate teeth without cusplets in upper jaw and huge high , knife - cusped cutting teeth in lower jaw ; mouth very wide and broadly arched ; caudal fin with weak subterminal notch and no lower lobe ( ref . 247 ) .
a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
probably ovoviviparous ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 4 . 2 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 7 ( based on 164 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00203 - 0 . 01128 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 58 of 100 ) .
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continental slope , on or near the bottom at depths of 200 to 1600 m . probably
bigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .
maurin , c . and m . bonnet , 1970 . poissons des cotes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassia ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . peches marit . , nantes , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 70
krefft , g . and e . tortonese , 1973 . squalidae . in clofnam . check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean , edited by j . - c . hureau and t . monod . paris , unesco , vol . 1 : 37 - 48
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a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
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n . e . i . starry ray blonde ray sandy ray small - eyed ray undulate ray white skate round ray rabbit fish ratfishes n . e . i . knife - nosed chimaeras longnose chimaeras cartilaginous fishes n . e . i . groundfishes n . e . i . pelagic fishes n . e . i . marine fishes n . e . i . finfishes n . e . i .
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gentlemen ( foaled 1992 ) is an argentinian thoroughbred racehorse .

he was the champion three-year-old colt in argentina and then raced successfully in the united states .

gentlemen ( horse )

but , according to conventional wisdom , entering gentlemen in the classic wasn ' t good horse sense .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for gentlemen . gentlemen is a gelding born in 2012 october 7 by bernardini out of god love it
fort apache ( 1948 ) - - ( movie clip ) gentlemen , this . . .
i asked hubbard the other day what he was thinking when gentlemen finally crossed the finish line .
they ' re no gentlemen you want the read moral of war horse ? : never trust a pale , thin man . like the gentlemen from buffy they will steal your hearts ( or your horses ) and leave you for dead . how . . .
although gentlemen ' s trainer , richard mandella , believed the odds of his horse winning were much better than that , not even he dared push for the classic .
the current race record for gentlemen is 1 wins from 25 starts with prizemoney of $ 643 , 950 . 00 .
a horse is a horse ( of course , of course ) yep , war horse is told from the point of view of a horse . namely joey ,
a spindly - looking half - thoroughbred colt
( 1 . 2 ) . talk about an interesting narrative . . .
again , if they agreed to the suggestions it would be casting a slur on the ladies and gentlemen who subscribed for the fountain .
the training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .
that ' s easy to figure . i mean , who would you rather deal with - - al davis and the other nfl owners or gentlemen ?
sewell , anna .
part 3 , chapter 32 : a horse fair .
it was a victory for the sport of horse racing over the horse racing business . if there was an eclipse award for brass , hubbard would have won it hands down .
the horse stands 16 hands 2 inches and the figure of the soldier is life size .
the horse memorial was used as a backdrop for a motor car ad in the 1950s .
sewell , a . ( 1870 ) . part 3 , chapter 32 : a horse fair .
an early view of the horse memorial with the old howitzer and artillery memorial in the background .
when the horse memorial was originally built , it was intended that water be supplied for horses .
gentlemen’s bet , a major stakes winner of $ 744 , 155 while racing for his owner , harry t . rosenblum , has been retired to stud and will stand the 2018 breeding season at brent and crystal fernung’s journeyman stud in ocala , florida . gentlemen’s bet was a winner in 5 of his first 6 starts and 7 races overall . among [ … ]
so , with that as the book on hubbard , no one at churchill downs for last year ' s breeders ' cup should have gasped when he entered his best horse , gentlemen , in the day ' s most prestigious race , the classic . yet , almost everyone did .
brown ( br ) – a horse registered as brown will also have a brown mane and tail .
brent and crystal fernung’s journeyman stud , located in ocala , fla . , has set breeding fees for their 2018 stallion roster featuring new stallion gentlemen’s bet . a multiple grade 1 - placed earner of $ 744 , 155 , gentlemen’s bet won six of 11 starts during his racing career with victories in the hot springs stakes and frank j . de francis memorial [ … ]
that would have been all he won . gentlemen started bleeding early in the race , a malady he encountered during another race earlier in the year , and smartly shut down , finishing last .
horse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .
to use a figure of speech , he begged to say that mrs meyer had worked like a horse .
roan ( ro ) – a roan horse has an even mixture of white hairs mixed in with another colour .
george slender george slender is a roap - accredited steward with the california horse racing board and over the last 43 years has officiated at every track in california , working thoroughbred , quarter horse and all - breeds fair race meets . from 1959 to 1972 , george , a former horse trainer , held positions as placing judge , paddock judge , horse identifier and starter . he was recently inducted into the santa rosa junior college sports hall of fame .
after they had run one mile , with just a quarter - mile to go , gentlemen stretched his lead to two lengths . skip away was next , five lengths over running stag . but after switching from the inside to the outside , wagon limit was now running fourth . and as the two old warriors struggled to finish their fight in the stretch , wagon limit came flying past skip away and finally past gentlemen .
reflecting on the reasons for great horses like skip away and gentlemen to get upset at times , jerkens said : ' ' it ' s awfully hard for a horse to be at his best at all times . i ' ve always thought a horse should be at his best 75 to 80 percent of the time . and he ' ll always have an off - day . both horses came back to him after killing each other . ' '
he was still running last halfway through the race while gentlemen , the 6 - year - old argentine star , was setting a brisk pace with skip away right at his heels . skip away had a brief lead after the first quarter - mile . but gentlemen poked his head in front after half a mile . and he widened his lead to half a length after they had dueled for three - quarters of a mile .
as they crossed the line , it was wagon limit by 5 1 / 2 lengths over gentlemen , who had 4 3 / 4 lengths on skip away , with running stag , fire king and pacificbounty strung out behind .
france galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the société d’encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the société de sport de france , and the société sportive d’encouragement .
the wiser decision would have been to pay a $ 200 , 000 supplemental fee into the $ 1 - million breeders ' cup mile , in which gentlemen would have been a clear favorite . the classic had a bigger purse - - the biggest ever , in fact - - at $ 4 , 689 , 920 . but it also had a much steeper supplemental fee , $ 800 , 000 , and gentlemen figured to go off at no better than 6 - 1 .
in france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of
“i don ' t think the sport loses anything . if anything the sport gained fans who watched this horse , ” mitchell said .
topthorn is everything you would look for in a horse—or a sports car : a
shining black stallion
( 5 . 16 ) and
an eight - horsepower horse
( 5 . 19 ) . he and joey become bffs through circumstance ( topth . . .
“this is our second year of recognizing horse racing stewards for their dedication and contributions to our great sport , ” said roap chairman hugh gallagher . “this lady and these four gentlemen have excelled as career racing officials by bringing integrity , consistency and a commitment to a level playing field for all horsemen and women . their passion and professional performance are great examples for stewards throughout the country . ”
knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the
the scene at goff’s horse sale yesterday was described as ‘extraordinary’ as a thoroughbred montjeu colt sold for a whopping €2 , 850 , 000 .
…from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state’s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 “to…
then then was the horse called ' event of the year , ' which could have turned into the ' event of his career ' in 1998 . the best ride baze had ever been given in the kentucky derby , the horse went lame just a week before the prestigious race .
a discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .
there are seven different official colours for racehorses… you can see the abbreviations for each colour below in the racecard on raceday next to each horse .
“his legacy now is everyone ' s looking forward again when his foals are born , how successful they are going to be , can he sire a triple crown winner himself . in the horse business you ' re always looking forward for the next big horse , ” calder pointed out .
american pharoah is not only horse racing ' s ruler , but he ' s king of the court at the buckingham palace of thoroughbred horse farms , ashford stud near versailles , ky , just minutes from keeneland , where pharoah’s career ended in october 2015 with the breeder ' s cup victory .
no doubt a horse fair is a very amusing place to those who have nothing to lose ; at any rate , there is plenty to see .
from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the
horse whisperer joey tells us early on that
only one man was ever [ his ] master
( 1 . 3 ) and not in a kinky fifty shades kind of way , either . good thing , since he ' s a horse . joey and albert ' s relation . . .
there was a great deal of bargaining , of running up and beating down ; and if a horse may speak his mind so far as he understands , i should say there were more lies told and more trickery at that horse fair than a clever man could give an account of . i was put with two or three other strong , useful - looking horses , and a good many people came to look at us . the gentlemen always turned from me when they saw my broken knees ; though the man who had me swore it was only a slip in the stall .
he talked it over with his few partners , and the consensus was that gentlemen , a 6 - year - old argentine bred with victories in the hollywood gold cup and pacific classic , deserved one last chance before retiring to prove himself against the likes of skip away and silver charm .
' ' favorite trick was a part of history , ' ' byrne said with feeling , explaining again why he would surrender the horse of the year . ' ' i loved him . but i was faced with a decision that i had to make . that ' s what horse racing is all about . ' '
his work ethic is amazing and he ' s never changed that ,
says long - term agent ray harris when asked about the secrets of baze ' s success .
he ' s one of the greatest gentlemen and emissaries for the game in the history of the sport .
—involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article
they were arabian horses , imported into england between the late 17th and early 18th century by gentlemen who wanted to breed better racehorses . when they bred with britain’s native , heavier horses , they produced offspring who were much faster , but still had great stamina – they were the very first ‘thoroughbred’ racehorses .
colourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey’s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .
( 2011–12 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events—augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public—contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .
after a few years , the cross - country reproduction tour began to take its toll on the horse . eclipse became “very decrepit and foundered in his feet . ” he was ferried around in what may have been the first horse box , a four - wheeled carriage drawn by two other horses , with snacks and refreshments for the ride .
he’s gone from the racetrack and the record crowds , but at blood horse magazine in lexington , editor - in - chief eric mitchell says he ' s still important .
please keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .
the famous horse memorial used to stand on an island in rink street , at st georges park , before it was moved to it ' s present location in cape road .
candy ride ' s beyer speed figure of 123 for the 2003 pacific classic ( usa - i ) was the highest figure for any horse running in the united states that year .
secretariart still holds the race records for each leg of the triple crown , and was a slightly bigger horse than pharoah . calder says the legend of secretariat has swelled the crowds .
but while skip away was racing gentlemen and other world - class horses in new york this fall , awesome again was winning the hawthorne gold cup in his prep race for the breeders ' cup . the critics , reviewing his year at the races , tended to ask : whom did he beat ? he answered their doubts today .
the winner of the belmont , the first horse to win the triple crown in 37 years , is now rolling in the mud in the mornings and still the hottest ticket in kentucky .
skip away ' s nine - race winning streak and his march on racing ' s money record were both broken yesterday when he and gentlemen were run down in the muddy homestretch by the 34 - 1 long shot wagon limit , who streaked past them to win the $ 1 million jockey club gold cup by 5 1 / 2 lengths .
that ' s right , the hard charging three - year - old on the track , according to stallion manager richard barry , is , well , “he’s as quiet as a lamb , never done anything bad he ' s a pure gentlemen to be around . he ' s a very good boy . compared to the rest of them , he’s a saint ! ”
but silver charm did not help himself as they raced the final furlong spread across the track . gary stevens , his rider , thought the horse drifted to the outside because swain , the leading horse from europe , also had made a wide turn . ' ' and here comes awesome again inside , ' ' stevens said , ' ' and i don ' t think silver charm ever saw him . ' '
the 1760s and 1770s were some of the louchest years in britain’s history . one woman in five made a living selling sex . gambling was similarly rife through every level of society . at its tamest , this involved cock fighting and horse racing . when a man collapsed outside the posh gentlemen’s club brooks , members staked money on whether or not he was dead . even high - society women were involved . those with no other income , david g . schwartz writes in roll the bones : the history of gambling , “sometimes allowed their houses to be turned into gambling houses . ”
horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries . it developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners , sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment , and immense sums of money , but its essential feature has always been the same : the horse that finishes first is the winner . in the modern era , horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public - entertainment business . by the first decades of the 21st century , however , the sport’s popularity had shrunk considerably .
“he is pretty unique for a stallion . he ' s very laid back . yeah , he ' s unflappable really , he ' s an easy horse to have around the place , ” he said .
the price not only represents the highest for a yearling in the northern hemisphere this year , it is also the second highest price ever in ireland . the winning bidder for the expensive horse was mv magnier .
…out of town for the horse races—as they do by the thousands in june for the derby on epsom downs and the royal week at ascot near windsor and in july for the goodwood races in west sussex . …
barbara borden first licensed as a steward in 1993 , barb borden currently serves as a roap - accredited steward in kentucky . she has been a steward at keeneland , churchill downs , turfway park , ellis park , kentucky downs , bluegrass downs , and dueling grounds . borden has held numerous racing official positions including licensing administrator , detention barn assistant , horse identifier and kentucky thoroughbred development fund administrator . borden participates on the license review , rules and regulations and safety and integrity committees of the kentucky horse racing commission . an accomplished horsewoman , barb is a staunch advocate for thoroughbred aftercare and sits on the board of the horse rescue group , second stride .
other than joey and topthorn , most of the horses in war horse are pretty flat characters . but they serve to show that , just like people , different horses have different personalities . zoeykind old z . . .
his first win came a few months later , on a horse trained by his father , a former jockey himself , and the total prize money that baze has since accumulated stands at a staggering us $ 186 million .
done ,
said the salesman ;
and you may depend upon it there ' s a monstrous deal of quality in that horse , and if you want him for cab work he ' s a bargain .
as he did , the classic was ending in high drama . awesome again crossed the line less than one length in front of silver charm , the winner of last year ' s kentucky derby , who won second place by the length of his neck over the 6 - year - old irish horse swain . and swain finished third by a nose over victory gallop , who won this year ' s belmont stakes . at the far end of the scale , the 6 - year - old argentine champion gentlemen suffered pulmonary bleeding , was eased up by his rider , corey nakatani , and finished last in the final race of his career .
the unveiling of the famous horse memorial in february , 1905 . the statue used to stand on an island in rink street , near st georges park , before it was moved to it ' s present location in cape road .
relics of the legendary horse were coveted after his death . bits of his body began to materialize around the country , like pieces of the true cross . and , there were far more pieces of his anatomy circulating that could have belonged to a single horse ( not unlike bits of the true cross ) . there were , at one point , six eclipse skeletons knocking around , and nine “authentic” hooves , some of which were repurposed as trophies and inkstands .
in 1769 , o’kelly bought the horse in two installments of 450 and 1100 guineas ( a guinea was one pound , one shilling ) . by that point , o’kelly had already begun to clamber up the british social and economic ladder .
' ' i ' m ready to cry , but i won ' t , ' ' said sonny hine , the trainer of skip away , who won nine straight races before losing the last two . ' ' i feel really bad about the horse . i thought he broke a step too slowly and , by the time they reached the first turn , i knew they were in trouble . i am disappointed for the horse . he gave me plenty . ' '
a nicholl for your thoughtsmorpurgo ' s author ' s note introduces us to nicholls as though he ' s a historical figure who painted a picture of a forgotten war hero : joey the horse . note to shmoopers : th . . .
the third traditional sport , horse racing , is in many ways the most exciting . young boys and girls race cross - country over various distances up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) , depending on the ages of their mares and geldings . …
. horse racing , both of chariots and of mounted riders , was a well - organized public entertainment in the roman empire . the history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established . presumably , organized racing began in such countries as
in a brief but brilliant career , candy ride became a champion in his native argentina and proved himself a top - flight racehorse in the united states . in spite of this , he retired to stud with modest expectations , based partly on the disappointing stud careers of south american - bred standouts such as gentlemen , siphon , and sandpit . he has since gained a reputation as a sire of top - flight runners in the range from 7 to 10 furlongs .
shortly before eclipse’s first race , at the age of five , a group of bookmakers had sneaked down from london for a glimpse of this exceptional horse at a private trial . they missed it , but , according to an 1853 account , they ran into an old woman “toddling along” nearby . she knew almost nothing about horse racing , she said , but she could tell them that “white legs” was far in front , and that the others would never overtake him , “if he ran to the world’s end . ”
puerto madero has the potential to develop into the top horse in the country ,
hubbard said .
saturday is going to tell us an awful lot . but if he wins , there ' s no question he ' s no . 1 .
now hubbard is ready to give it another shot . the best horse in his barn this year is puerto madero , a 5 - year - old chilean bred who won the donn handicap at gulfstream park in florida six weeks ago with an upset of silver charm .
lexington , ky . ( december 8 , 2015 ) — the racing officials accreditation program ( roap ) announced today five winners of the 2015 pete pedersen award , which is presented annually to stewards who have made important contributions to the thoroughbred and quarter horse racing industries .
' ' he ' s very sound , but we found a little filling , ' ' hine said . ' ' a little filling now means a lot more later . at the moment , he ' s not lame , he ' s very sound . we ' ll just have to wait and see . he might have jammed himself a little in the race . he and gentlemen were going strong on the front end , then staggered late . the track took its toll on them .
joseph v . shields jr . , the financier and vice chairman of the new york racing association , who owns wagon limit , said with feeling : ' ' we just hoped the horse could keep moving and moving , and i rode him harder than robbie did . ' '
a bay horse , candy ride stands 16 hands and ½ inch . he is short - coupled , well - balanced and athletic but has small feet . he was forced into retirement by an injury to an ankle ligament . he was easy to train during his racing days .
in which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management . the pari - mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator , a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools . it displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools . the customary pools are win , place , and show , and there are such specialty wagers as the
all horses born in the same year share their official birthday as the 1st january . when racing as two - year - olds , a horse born in the early months of the year is likely to be more mature than one born later , despite officially being the same age .
winning racehorses has always been best expressed as “breed the best to the best and hope for the best . ” the performance of a breeding horse’s progeny is the real test , but , for horses untried at stud , the qualifications are pedigree , racing ability , and physical conformation . what breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses . if , for example , one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed , interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring .
the same historical progression was followed for wagers , with the bets in early ( two - horse ) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses ( win , place , and show ) . from private bets , wagering was extended in the 19th century to
…against children , were replaced by horse races in which fleeter steeds were handicapped , a notion of equality that led eventually to age and weight classes ( though not to height classes ) in many modern sports . although the traditional sport of boxing flourished throughout the 18th century , it was not until 1743…
that was the first race in the national thoroughbred racing assn . ' s new series to determine the champion older horse . the second race is saturday ' s santa anita handicap , and , despite his win in florida , puerto madero is only the second favorite in the early line behind silver charm .
awesome again not only won the laurels and the loot , but also his sixth straight start in a perfect year at the races . to do it , he needed to make a furious dash through the homestretch and knife his way through the 10 - horse field to hit the finish line in front .
prince alfred ' s birthday the park olympics rfc olympics rfc the horse memorial the horse memorial heh , heh , hare ! improvements to the park - 1905 st george’s park reservoir the art galleries the aviary the
master harold
tearoom women ' s auxillary air force camp mannville open air theatre hawkers happy with art in the park decision . pearson conservatory prince alfred ' s guard memorial pag memorial sea scouts port elizabeth bowling green club the pool pearson conservatory the cenotaph giant antique urns vanish from historical st george’s site umzintzani day parade historic conservatory being renovated r5 . 5m restoration of pearson conservatory nears completion pearson conservatory steelwork now complete
notable are the horse - racing venues at laurel , bowie , and pimlico , the latter the home of the annual preakness stakes ( may ) . baltimore has a professional baseball team , the orioles , and gridiron football team , the ravens . restaurants present a plethora of cuisines , but the traditional gastronomy of maryland tends to…
the pete pedersen award special selection committee is composed of five members from roap - affiliated organizations : rick baedeker ( arci / california horse racing board ) , tim capps ( university of louisville ) , dan metzger ( thoroughbred owners and breeders association ) , terry meyocks ( jockeys’ guild ) and scott wells ( thoroughbred racing associations ) .
the dramatic dash by wagon limit left gentlemen second and skip away third , and stunned the 18 , 360 spectators at belmont park , who had been watching a speed duel by the two superstars in the tight field of six . but as they turned for home , they were challenged by an intruder who had run last most of the way : wagon limit , a 4 - year - old son of conquistador cielo , who had won just one of his nine races this year and hadn ' t raced in two months . four times in wagon limit ' s career , he had finished behind the great skip away .
on a day when skip away ran out of the money and lost his chance to become the world ' s richest race horse , awesome again won the world ' s richest race when he rushed through the pack in a blanket finish and snatched the $ 5 . 2 million breeders ' cup classic by three - quarters of a length over silver charm .
but jerkens admitted to modest expectations for his horse , saying : ' ' i thought he ' d get a piece of the purse . he ' s been training extra good , so we took a chance and it worked out . this was like winning a lot of races all at once . his best races have been on this kind of track . ' '
graded stakes winner cool coal man was represented by his first winner when the 2 - year - old filly valery stripe captured a five - furlong maiden race at camarero race track in puerto rico may 24 . the blood - horse reports that the juvenile filly was the first starter for cool coal man , who stands at journeyman stud near ocala , fla . [ … ]
to avoid this nightmare scenario , it is far easier just to capitulate in the first place . when you discover a copy of horse & hound has passed over your threshold , just purchase a subscription and be done with it . it will be safer for all concerned , and you never know , you may even enjoy your new life . take it from one who knows .
' ' i wanted to have the money record , but i ' m not going to go for the record at the expense of the horse . if that means not going to the breeders ' cup , then it means not going to the breeders ' cup . right now , he ' s walking fine . we ' ll just have to wait and see . ' '
cool coal man , a grade 2 winner of $ 929 , 728 by horse of the year mineshaft , will stand the 2014 breeding season at brent & crystal fernung’s journeyman stud in ocala , fl . his fee will be $ 3 , 500 stands and nurses . a top miler from the a . p . indy sire line , cool coal man began his career winning [ … ]
18th century was allegedly born during the 1764 solar eclipse , which tracked from iberia to scandinavia , at noon on april fool’s day . he was named , appropriately , eclipse , and had a brief racing career of just 17 months . at that point he had to be retired , not for any physical reason , but because he won so consistently that no one bet on any other horse .
but the saddest of words on this otherwise upbeat day at the races came from hine , who trains skip away for his wife , carolyn , the horse ' s nominal owner . they both dote on skippy , and they both mourn when he loses . and he has never conquered churchill downs : he ran 12th in his only other appearance at the track , in the kentucky derby two years ago .
khozan , a half - brother to champion racehorse royal delta , has been retired to journeyman stud in florida , according to a blood - horse report . the distorted humor colt , who drew $ 1 million from al shaqab racing at the fasig - tipton florida select 2 - year - old sale , retires with two wins from two career starts . khozan was an early favorite on the kentucky [ … ]
skip away was led back to his barn by his trainer , sonny hine , who has been glowing for months over his horse ' s extraordinary record . he hadn ' t lost since he ran second to formal gold in last year ' s woodward stakes , and he stood on the threshold of history yesterday with earnings of $ 9 . 5 million , just $ 500 , 000 short of cigar ' s career record .
he is a 4 - year - old son of deputy minister , who was bred by stronach and trained by other people until byrne took charge of the stable this year . since then , the horse has run and won almost unnoticed , although he beat silver charm by one length in june in the stephen foster handicap at churchill downs and then won twice at saratoga in august : in the whitney and the saratoga breeders ' cup handicap .
as racing became big business , governments entered wagering with offtrack betting , which was very beneficial to racing in australia , new zealand , and france and less so in england and new york city . in the united states , illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime . legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing’s popularity .
but word began to get out about his speed . “at first , ” writes nicholas clee , author of eclipse : the story of the rogue , the madam , and the horse that changed racing , it was “the trainer , owner and stable staff . ” from there , the bookmakers and other gamblers . by the time eclipse’s hooves hit the turf , “the whole place [ was ] abuzz . ” o’kelly , a racing enthusiast , professional gambler , and occasional conman , had taken note .
in fact , no one knows quite how fast eclipse could have run if pushed , though some accounts have him galloping off at almost 60 miles an hour . “no horse could be found to call forth his extreme pace , ” according to the farrier and naturalist , published in 1828 . it’s likely that speed came from his unusual lineage : eclipse is said to be have been descended from two of three arabian stallions that had recently been imported to the united kingdom , and are thought of as the “foundation stallions” of what we now consider thoroughbreds .
should your partner demonstrate an unhealthy interest in all matters equine , you can be sure that somewhere within the walls of your castle you will find a copy of that subversive journal , horse & hound . it may be well hidden , but trust me , it will be there . it may be pristine and unblemished amid a stack of country life or marie claire , or more likely it will be a grubby well - thumbed edition passed hand - to - hand like a secret society’s badge of honour and carefully hidden underneath the cushion of your favourite armchair .
in america , interest in horse racing exploded after the civil war . by 1890 there were 314 racetracks , operating in nearly every state . incensed , antigambling coalitions pushed through legislation in most parts of the country , and by 1908 only 25 racetracks remained in operation . finally , even new york racetracks were shut down in 1911 when state legislation outlawed quoting of odds , soliciting bets , and recording bets in a fixed place . in response , many owners , trainers , and jockeys shifted their operations to europe . when new york racetracks reopened in 1913 , most of the earlier african american jockeys never returned .
dave hicks dave hicks , who retired in 2013 , served as a steward at the new york racing association tracks , gulfstream park , rockingham park and suffolk downs , among others . during his years at nyra , hicks was active in the rule review / development process , with “house rules” and with the new york racing and wagering board rules . he also organized and personally conducted a weekly program for apprentice jockeys . he had a similar program in florida before coming to new york and has initiated this program again in florida . before becoming a racing official , hicks was a thoroughbred horse trainer in new england .
if you are lucky inertia will rule and your equestrian charge will simply lower its head and stuff its enormous face with any available vegetation . if you are unlucky war will be declared , and you will lose ; physically you will lose and mentally you will lose . should you be as unwise to utter the ill - judged words , “ it’s me or the horse “ , you will find your pre - packed cases on the doorstep , vying for space with the tradesman who has just changed the locks . then before you know it , a smooth - talking dressage instructor will be sitting on your chesterfield sampling your sherry .
to be registered as a thoroughbred , a foal must be the product of a “live cover , ” meaning a witnessed natural mating of a stallion and a mare . though artificial insemination and embryo transfer are possible and common in other horse breeds , it is banned with thoroughbreds . the population of the breed is thereby controlled , assuring a high monetary value for the horses in the process . because each foal is assigned an official birth date of january 1 , to facilitate the age groups that define thoroughbred races , it is important that mares foal as early as possible in the calendar year . this assures maximum development time for the foal before training and racing .
the beginning of the modern era of racing is generally considered to have been the inauguration of the english classic races : the st . leger in 1776 , the oaks in 1779 , and the derby in 1780 . all were dashes for three - year - olds . to these races were later added the two thousand guineas in 1809 and the one thousand guineas in 1814 . ( the st . leger , derby , and two thousand guineas have come to constitute the british triple crown of horse racing . ) during the 19th century , races of the english classic pattern—dashes for three - year - olds carrying level weights—spread all over the world . the french classics are the prix du jockey club ( 1836 ) , the grand prix du paris ( 1863 ) , and the prix de l’arc de triomphe ( 1920 ) .
during the late 1920s and the ’30s racetracks became an important source of tax revenue , and by the second half of the 20th century horse racing had become big business . fields regularly numbered a dozen or more . once race meetings lasted a day or two , later a week or two , and today , particularly where climate allows , races may be scheduled for half the year or more . more racing dates require more horses , and horses are raced more intensively . purses grew , particularly after world war ii . in 1981 a new american race , the arlington million ( run at arlington park in arlington heights , illinois , outside of chicago ) , was the first million - dollar race . purses routinely topped this amount in the 21st century , growing to greater than $ 10 million for certain high - profile races .
the original king’s plates were standardized races—all were for six - year - old horses carrying 168 pounds at 4 - mile heats , a horse having to win two heats to be adjudged the winner . beginning in 1751 , five - year - olds carrying 140 pounds ( 63 . 5 kg ) and four - year - olds carrying 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) were admitted to the king’s plates , and heats were reduced to 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) . other racing for four - year - olds was well established by then , and a race for three - year - olds carrying 112 pounds ( 51 kg ) in one 3 - mile ( 4 . 8 - km ) heat was run in 1731 . heat racing for four - year - olds continued in the united states until the 1860s . by that time , heat racing had long since been overshadowed in europe by dash racing , a “dash” being any race decided by only one heat , regardless of its distance .
long strings of young horses out of the country , fresh from the marshes ; and droves of shaggy little welsh ponies , no higher than merrylegs ; and hundreds of cart horses of all sorts , some of them with their long tails braided up and tied with scarlet cord ; and a good many like myself , handsome and high - bred , but fallen into the middle class , through some accident or blemish , unsoundness of wind , or some other complaint . there were some splendid animals quite in their prime , and fit for anything ; they were throwing out their legs and showing off their paces in high style , as they were trotted out with a leading rein , the groom running by the side . but round in the background there were a number of poor things , sadly broken down with hard work , with their knees knuckling over and their hind legs swinging out at every step , and there were some very dejected - looking old horses , with the under lip hanging down and the ears lying back heavily , as if there were no more pleasure in life , and no more hope ; there were some so thin you might see all their ribs , and some with old sores on their backs and hips . these were sad sights for a horse to look upon , who knows not but he may come to the same state .
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his ' fearless tenacity ' surprises some , but it serves the sport well .
randall dee hubbard was born and raised in smith center , kan . , ( pop : 2 , 000 ) , helped in his family ' s ice house until he ventured out to work wheat fields from texas to north dakota , played a little junior college basketball , then took a steady job as a junior high coach and teacher in towanda , kan . , for $ 3 , 200 a year .
two years later , he became a salesman for a glass company in wichita because the pay was better .
within 20 years , r . d . hubbard , known as dee to friends , had parlayed that $ 90 - a - week job into the ownership a fortune 500 company , afg industries inc . , which had annual revenues of about $ 700 million .
billy m . jones , a wichita state professor who wrote a book about hubbard ,
magic with sand ,
once said ,
hubbard ' s most identifiable trait is his fearless tenacity . he is not afraid to work and learn , and , most important , he ' s not afraid of risks .
above all else , dee hubbard , 63 , is a good businessman . he has more than $ 50 million tied into the racing industry , including his investment in hollywood park , where he is the chairman and chief executive officer ; his ownership of ruidoso downs in new mexico and the crystal springs farm in lexington , ky . ; and the management of his own quarter horses and thoroughbreds , who have won close to $ 15 million over the years .
i couldn ' t get past the $ 800 , 000 ,
he said .
it wasn ' t his money ,
hubbard said this week , dryly , probably wishing it hadn ' t been his , either .
i was thinking , ' how dumb am i ?
' hubbard said .
but mandella said the only words hubbard said to him were ,
we gave it a shot .
hubbard acknowledged that the big ' cap will be more challenging than the donn because the field , which also includes free house and event of the year , is deeper ; puerto madero is carrying a couple more pounds and silver charm is carrying a couple less , and silver charm will not have to come from the far outside after drawing the no . 1 post position thursday .
to still be there at the end of the year , however , puerto madero probably will have to at least run in the breeders ' cup classic next winter at churchill downs . that means hubbard and his partners would have to pony up another $ 800 , 000 in supplemental fees .
if his declaration shortly after last year ' s breeders ' cup still holds , that decision has already been made .
we ' ll be back next year with puerto madero ,
he said .
he was left standing at the altar when al davis pulled out of a deal at the last minute for a new stadium at hollywood park in 1995 , taking the raiders to oakland instead .
if davis prevails in his latest legal battles with the nfl and regains the l . a . territory , his first choice for the stadium probably would be hollywood park .
if we could go back to the deal last time , we ' d definitely entertain that ,
hubbard said .
i don ' t have a problem with al . i believe we could have gotten something done if the league hadn ' t made it more complicated .
it was clear from talking to hubbard that the prospect of bringing the raiders to hollywood park intrigues him . it was equally clear that he has more fun talking about his horses .
randy harvey can be reached at his e - mail address : randy . harvey @ urltoken
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sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .
follow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .
sky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .
get a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .
dundalk stages their annual 12th of july fixture this afternoon , with the marshes handicap the feature .
open an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50 . free bet stakes not returned
aerial virtual replay is provided by an external vendor trakus , for personal infotainment only . due to the frequent usage of mobile phones at the racecourses , the signals receiving by trakus system may be affected and thus the accuracy of aerial virtual replay cannot be guaranteed . every effort is made to ensure the information is up to the closest approximation , but the club assumes no responsibility for it . for the actual race results , the customers should refer to real replay videos .
copyright © 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .
by jim murray august 16 , 1998 well , it was a slam . . .
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .


formicoxenus provancheri , common name shampoo ant , is a species of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .

it is found in canada and the united states .

formicoxenus provancheri

formicoxenus provancheri can be found in canada and the united states ( 1 ) .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see formicoxenus provancheri for further details
there are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for formicoxenus provancheri .
senior synonym of formicoxenus emersoni , formicoxenus hirtipilis : creighton , 1950a pdf : 279 ; of formicoxenus glacialis : cole , 1954d : 241 .
formicoxenus provancheri has also been shown to possess the ability to follow scent trails deposited by myrmica incompleta workers . this trail allows formicoxenus provancheri to follow hosts to new nest sites ( 5 ) .
formicoxenus provancheri is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
senior synonym of formicoxenus emersoni , formicoxenus hirtipilis : creighton , 1950a pdf : 279 ; of formicoxenus glacialis : cole , 1954d pdf : 241 .
formicoxenus provancheri belongs to a genus whose species are known as ‘guest - ants’ , social parasites that live in colonies of other ant species . formicoxenus provancheri inhabits the nest of myrmica incompleta , an ant species three to five times larger than itself ( 2 ) .
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combination in formicoxenus ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924f pdf : 262 ; in formicoxenus : francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 .
combination in formicoxenus ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924f pdf : 262 ; in formicoxenus : francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 pdf : 377 .
the nests of myrmica incompleta which are inhabited by formicoxenus provancheri are found in clumps of moss and under logs and stones in damp meadows and bogs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
lenoir , a . , detrain , c . and barbazanges , n . ( 1992 ) host trail following by the guest ant formicoxenus provancheri . experientia , 48 ( 1 ) : 94 - 97 .
aggressive reproductive conflicts and dominance interactions among queens are involved in establishing functional monogyny in the ant , formicoxenus provancheri . competition among potential reproductives may lead to the founding of new societies by budding or colony fragmentation .
all female formicoxenus provancheri have a spermatheca ( a receptacle in which sperm is stored after mating ) and are able to mate and produce fertilised eggs , although only one female in a nest is fertile and will breed ( 2 ) .
errard , c . , fresneau , d . , heinze , j . , francoeur , a . and lenoir , a . ( 1997 ) social organization in the guest - ant formicoxenus provancheri . ethology , 103 ( 1 ) : 149 - 159 .
glacialis . leptothorax emersoni subsp . glacialis wheeler , w . m . 1907b : 71 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a . subspecies of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 280 . junior synonym of provancheri : cole , 1954d : 241 .
lenoir , a . , errard , c . , francoeur , a . and loiselle , r . ( 1992 ) biological and ethological observations on the interactions between the parasite ant formicoxenus provancheri and its host myrmica incompleta . insectes sociaux , 39 ( 1 ) : 81 - 97 .
[ mackay , lowrie , et al . , 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler & wheeler , 1989a pdf : 323 , recombine formicoxenus provancheri in leptothorax , apparently unaware of the revision by francoeur , { ? et al } { ? , whose combination is reaffirmed by bolton , 1995b : 207 } ] .
[ mackay , lowrie , et al . , 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler & wheeler , 1989a pdf : 323 , recombine formicoxenus provancheri in leptothorax , apparently unaware of the revision by francoeur , { ? et al } { ? , whose combination is reaffirmed by bolton , 1995b : 207 } ] .
francoeur , a . ; loiselle , r . ; buschinger , a . 1985 . biosystématique de la tribu leptothoracini ( formicidae , hymenoptera ) . 1 . le genre formicoxenus dans la région holarctique . nat . can . ( qué . ) 112 : 343 - 403 pdf ( page 377 , queen , male described , combination in formicoxenus )
kannowski , p . b . 1958 (
1957
) . notes on the ant leptothorax provancheri emery . psyche ( cambridge ) 64 : 1 - 5 . pdf
kannowski , p . b . ( 1957 ) notes on the ant leptothorax provancheri emery . psyche : a journal of entomology , 64 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5
hirtipilis . leptothorax emersoni subsp . hirtipilis wheeler , w . m . 1917a : 515 ( w . ) canada . junior synonym of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 279 .
francoeur , a . ; loiselle , r . ; buschinger , a . 1984 . taxonomic revision of the ant genus formicoxenus ( formicidae , hymenoptera ) . [ abstract . ] p . 528 in : xvii international congress of entomology . hamburg , federal republic of germany , august 20 - 26 , 1984 . abst ( page 528 , new combination in formicoxenus )
buschinger , a . ; francoeur , a . ; fischer , k . 1981 [ 1980 ] . functional monogyny , sexual behavior , and karyotype of the guest ant , leptothorax provancheri emery ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 87 : 1 - 12 pdf ( page 8 , karyotype described )
emersoni . leptothorax emersoni wheeler , w . m . 1901a : 433 , figs . 2 , 3 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a . combination in l . ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924d : 261 . junior synonym of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 279 . see also : wheeler , w . m . 1903c : 230 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species nests under stones , and is a guest in the nests of myrmica incompleta and myrmica fracticornis . apparently it cannot live without its host in the laboratory , although it can be found nesting alone in the field . sexuals occur in the nests in july and august . ( mackay and mackay 2002 )
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
emery , 1895c : 320 ( w . ) canada . francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1973b : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 : 8 ( k . ) . combination in
: cole , 1954d : 241 . see also : wheeler , w . m . 1903c : 229 . [ mackay , lowrie ,
. 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1989a : 323 , recombine
buschinger , a . ( 2009 ) social parasitism among ants : a review . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecological news 12 : 219 - 235 .
cole , a . c . , jr . 1954d . studies of new mexico ants . x . the genus leptothorax ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . j . tenn . acad . sci . 29 : 240 - 241 ( page 241 , senior synonym of glacialis )
creighton , w . s . 1950a . the ants of north america . bull . mus . comp . zool . 104 : 1 - 585 ( page 279 , senior synonym of emersoni and hirtipilis )
emery , c . 1895d . beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna . ( schluss ) . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 257 - 360 ( page 320 , worker described )
emery , c . 1922c . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . myrmicinae . [ part ] . genera insectorum 174b : 95 - 206 ( page 262 , combination in l . ( mycothorax ) )
mackay , w . p . ; lowrie , d . ; fisher , a . ; mackay , e . e . ; barnes , f . ; lowrie , d . 1988 . the ants of los alamos county , new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pp . 79 - 131 in : trager , j . c . ( ed . ) advances in myrmecology . leiden : e . j . brill , xxvii + 551 pp . ( page 89 , see also )
mackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1973b . ant larvae of four tribes : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmicinae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 80 : 70 - 82 ( page 73 , larva described )
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1989a [ 1988 ] . notes on ant larvae : myrmicinae . trans . am . entomol . soc . 114 : 319 - 327 ( page 323 , see also )
wheeler , w . m . 1903d . a revision of the north american ants of the genus leptothorax mayr . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . 55 : 215 - 260 ( page 229 , see also )
this page was last modified on 9 november 2016 , at 18 : 17 .
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francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1973b pdf : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 pdf : 8 ( k . ) .
2 times found in marshy meadow , 0 times found in meadow , 1 times found in riparian area , mixed sagebrush , woodland .
3 times search , 0 times under rock , 0 times log stage 3 .
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francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 pdf : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1973b pdf : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 pdf : 8 ( k . ) .
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heinze , j . , in : queen number and sociality in insects . ed . l . keller . oxford university press , oxford ( in press ) .
gadagkar , g . , and joshi , n . v . , curr . sci .
hölldobler , b . , and carlin , n . f . , behav . ecol . sociobiol .
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