poritidae is a family of stony corals .

members of the family are colonial hermatypic ( reef-building ) corals .

they are variable in size and form but most are massive , laminar or ramose as well as branching and encrusting .

the corallites are compact with very little coenosteum covering the skeleton .

the walls of the corallites and the septa are porous .

j.e.n. veron considers the family is not a natural grouping but is a miscellaneous collection of genera that do not fit well elsewhere .

poritidae

family poritidae ( enter poritidae or species in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .
diagnostic morphological characters among genera in the family poritidae are summarized in table 2 .
molecular phylogenetic relationships of the family poritidae and related families based on mitochondrial coi sequences .
molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on its sequences .
species delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea .
comparison of the diagnostic morphological characters between the previous classifications and the classification used in this study in the family poritidae .
and related species ( scleractinia : poritidae ) in japan based on molecular and morphological data . zool stud 52 : 25
species delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea . - pubmed - ncbi
molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of < i > alveopora < / i > based on its sequences .
. thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .
family poritidae and alveropora species on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .
, a new genus and new species of scleractinian coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the gulf of oman . zootaxa 532 : 1–8 .
family poritidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .
bernard hn ( 1903 ) the family poritidae , i : the genus goniopora . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1–206 , pl 1–14 .
as the only representative here , is a taxonomic and ecological isolate that , superficially , has as much in common with the primarily mesozoic actinacididae as the extant poritidae . like
, a new species of hard coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the southern red sea , the gulf of tadjoura , and the gulf of aden . zootaxa 3447 : 56–68 .
bernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145–173 , pl 7–8 , 17 .
bernard hn ( 1905 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part i : porites of the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1–303 , pl 1–35 .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . poritidae gray , 1842 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196105 on 2018 - 07 - 09
we obtained a total of 84 sequences of its from all 5 genera in the poritidae ( table 1 ) . in this study , we excluded alveopora from its analysis because its regions were highly variable between alveopora and other genera and they were hardly aligned .
citation : kitano yf , benzoni f , arrigoni r , shirayama y , wallace cc , fukami h ( 2014 ) a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . urltoken
remarks : there are four extant genera in family poritidae , porites , goniopora , stylaraea and bernardpora gen . nov . all are zooxanthellate corals . porites is the only genus distributed throughout the tropics . others are indo - pacific . based on our results we confirm that the genus alveopora does not belong to the same lineage as the family poritidae . although a full evaluation of the position of alveopora is not completed yet , it is certain that alveopora is closely related to other genera in the family acroporidae ( [ 20 ] , this study ) .
bernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part ii : porites of the atlantic and west indies , with the european forms . the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1–167 , pl 1–17 .
description colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are usually compacted with little or no coenosteum . walls and septa are porous . poritidae is an isolated family . it is essentially a heterogeneous assembly of distantly related genera . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) . [ details ]
kitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bernard [ 26 ] proposed that the septal formula of porites derives from that of goniopora by reduction of the third septal cycle , referring to the typical septal pattern of goniopora as the gonioporoid pattern . veron and pichon [ 15 ] showed that g . stutchburyi typically has this septal pattern ( fig . 2g ) . in this study , we proved that g . stutchburyi is a basal species of porites , and our results strongly support bernard ' s hypothesis that porites is derived from goniopora - like morphologies . this conclusion is also supported by the fossil record : goniopora extends back to the cretaceous , but porites only to the eocene [ 16 ] . thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .
we obtained 69 coi sequences from all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora , 3 sequences from turbinaria peltata and astreopora spp . , and one from montipora venosa ( table 1 ) . a total of 473 positions were used ( 120 polymorphic sites with 109 informative sites ) and no indels were observed . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using these data , including sequences from genbank / ddbj ( see methods ) . siderastrea siderea was used as an outgroup , based on the phylogenetic position of the scleractinia shown by fukami et al . [ 19 ] .
in this study , we assess the relationship of all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora to revise the taxonomy , and infer the morphological changes in the evolutional lineage in this family , using both molecular and morphological analysis . also to assess phylogenetic variation in the regional and species differences , the present study examines a large number of specimens collected with broad geographic ranges from mainly japan water to the indian ocean , covering most of common species and some uncommon and rare species , together with the genetic data of porites spp . from forsman et al . [ 9 ] .
molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on combined coi + its sequences . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for ‘ poritipora ’ , and orange for ‘ machadoporites ’ . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .
description colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are . . .
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
copyright : © 2014 kitano et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : financial support was provided by a grant to h . f . from grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 223070033 ) and by sasagawa science research grant from the japan science society ( 23–515 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
a : indian and pacific ocean , b : southern red sea , gulf of tadjoura and gulf of aden ; c–e : main island of japan and ryukyu archipelago . ad : aden , yemen , ak : akajima island , japan , am : amakusa , japan , ao : amami - oshima , japan , ba : bir ali , yemen , bu : al mukallah , yemen , dj : djibouti , ik : iki island , japan , ir : iriomote island or hatoma island , japan , is : ishigaki island or taketomi island , japan , ka : kamaran islands , yemen , kk : kikai island , japan ks : kushimoto , japan , mi : miyako island , japan , my : mayotte island , france , ot : ootuki , japan , ou : oura bay , japan , pen : song song island , malaysia , so : suou - oshima , japan , sr : shirahama , japan , ss : sesoko island , japan , tn : tanegashima island , japan , tr : nakanoshima island , japan
list of samples examined in this study and the accession numbers of dna sequences .
a small sample ( less than 1 cm 3 ) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method [ 61 ] , and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r [ 9 ] . the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3′ end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5′ end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss [ 62 ] . the pcr condition for these two markers was 94°c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94°c for 30 seconds , 55°c or 60°c for 45 seconds , and 72°c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72°c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37°c for 40 minutes followed by 80°c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no . ab906942–ab907101 , listed in table 1 ) .
in addition , we combined coi and its data and analyzed them with same methods as each marker using the gtr + i + g model for the nucleotide substitution ( the average standard deviation of split frequencies after 1 . 0×10 6 generations was 0 . 009909 ) .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 6975d790 - 3a4f - 466a - abfa - d922e6675b4b . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .
twenty samples of alveopora and 58 samples of goniopora were analyzed in this study ( table 1 ) . although a few species have species - specific polyps , such as goniopora albiconus , polyp characters vary greatly in the field . for example , terete tentacles , a typical polyp character of g . tenuidens , are also seen in g . burgosi .
all 7 specimens of stylaraea punctata were found in very shallow water ( 1 m ) on a sandy beach in aakajima island , okinawa , japan ( fig . 1 ) . notably , all of them were attached to dead coral skeletons of the genus acropora . their size is very small ( less 1 cm ) and they have only 5 or 6 corallites . tentacle and septal numbers were both 12 in all of them ( fig . 2a–d ) .
a–b . stylaraea punctata ak93 , mufs yfk1244 , akajima island , japan . c–d . s . punctata ak92 , mufs yfk1243 , akajima island , japan . e–h . bernardpora stutchburyi ss21g mufs yfk220 , sesoko , japan . living specimen for whole colonies ( a , e ) and polyps ( b , f ) , corallite structures ( c , g ) , and star - shaped columella ( d , h ) . arrows show columella . bars show 1 mm for ( c ) and ( g ) , and 0 . 5 mm for ( d ) and ( h ) .
poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 has 24 septa with typically 2 septal cycles ( long and short ) , 6 pali and no columella reported in the literature [ 24 ] . two samples we collected in taketomi island , japan ( first record in the pacific ocean ) had no elongating polyps in the field and had a cellular appearance ( fig . 3a ) , which is a feature of p . paliformis , as shown in veron [ 1 ] , [ 24 ] . the skeletal morphologies are also consistent in the literature , although the second cycle is not well developed in some corallites ; however , many had 24 septa with 2 cycles ( fig . 3b ) . therefore , we identified these 2 samples as p . paliformis . this species was described in veron [ 1 ] without designating type material , and then it was redescribed [ 24 ] designating the holotype . however , the hototype of this species is not valid following iczn [ 74 ] , and the specimens listed in veron [ 1 ] are regarded as part of the syntype series . therefore , the holotype of this species listed in veron [ 24 ] is to be considered a lectotype .
living specimens and corallite structures for p . paliformis is48 , mufs yfk959 , taketomi , japan ( a , b ) and m . tantillus ad068 , unimbi ad068 , aden , yemen ( e , f ) , respectively . corallite structures of holotypes of p . paliformis mtq g55857 ( c ) and goniopora minor nhmuk 1934 . 5 . 14 . 436 no . 56 ( d ) . corallites structures of g . burgosi ot6 , mufs yfk286 , otsuki , japan ( g ) and g . pendulus tn11 , mufs yfk243 , tanegashima , japan ( h ) from japan water , as examples of corallites with less 24 septa . bars show 1 mm .
four specimens collected in the gulf of aden ( fig . 3ef ) , which is near the type locality of machadoporites tantillus ( claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ) , were identified as m . tantillus because they are consistent with the original description of this species [ 23 ] .
numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for ‘ poritipora ’ , and orange for ‘ machadoporites ’ . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .
all samples of alveopora are genetically distant from all other poritids ( p - distance 0 . 08–0 . 10 ) , but closely related to the family acroporidae ( 0 . 06 ) . the phylogenetic position of alveopora is unclear due to low bootstrap values , but it forms a sister group with astreopora spp . in addition , sequences from t . peltata ( family dendrophylliidae ) form a sister clade of all poritids except alveopora and are positioned between alveopora and the other poritids .
the phylogenetic relationships among porites , goniopora , stylaraea , poritipora , and machadoporites were inferred using its ( fig . 5 ) . the 68 porites sequences from forsman et al . [ 9 ] and 26 goniopora sequences from kitano et al . [ 13 ] were also added for this analysis ( see table s3 ) . a total of 347 positions were used ( 108 polymorphic sites with 89 informative sites ) . this its tree also showed similar topology to the coi tree as described above . in particular , stylaraea punctata and g . stutchburyi are sister taxa . poritipora paliformis formed a clade with g . minor and g . columna . one specimen of g . minor in the poritipora clade is from the western indian ocean and others are from japan . machadoporites tantillus formed a clade with g . somaliensis and another 3 species ( g . cf . somaliensis , g . sp . 1 , and g . sp . 2 ) , all of which were collected from the western indian ocean . other western indian ocean specimens ( g . albiconus , g . ciliatus ) and malacca strait specimens ( g . albiconus , g . pendulus ) were included in a major clade of goniopora spp . meanwhile , species relationships of goniopora were less resolved because porites and goniopora have many indels in their rdna sequences and phylogenetic information sites were largely excluded .
letter ( a , b , c , d ) after sample code indicates that different alleles were obtained from a single coral sample by cloning . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 ) . green in color for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for ‘ poritipora ’ , orange for ‘ machadoporites ’ , red for bernardpora , and black for goniopora .
the tree using combined data of coi and its showed a similar topology to the one for its ( fig . s1 ) .
poritipora and machadoporites are found within the goniopora lineage in all molecular phylogenetic trees . this is supported by morphology . machadoporites differs from goniopora by having fewer septa ( fewer than 24 ) and smaller calices ( < 1 . 7 mm ) . however , some goniopora species can have superficially similar characters . for example , g . burgosi has typically 12–15 septa , as shown in the original description ( [ 51 ] , fig . 3g ) . a similar pattern is also observed in g . pendulus ( fig . 3h ) . moreover , the g . minor calices were described as 1 . 5–2 mm in size in the original description [ 50 ] . thus , characters such as “fewer than 24 septa , ” and “small size calices” are not enough to separate machadoporites from goniopora . in addition , m . tantillus forms a clade with g . somaliensis and other goniopora species from the western indian ocean .
similar to goniopora , poritipora has 24 septa , but the 2 genera can be distinguished by the difference in the number of septal cycles : 2 in p . paliformis and 3 in goniopora . however , for several goniopora species , primary and secondary cycles of septa are equal or subequal , such as in the case of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) . therefore , the character “two cycles of septa” is not enough to separate poritipora from goniopora . in addition , p . paliformis forms a clade with g . minor and g . columna .
on the one hand , machadoporites and poritipora are considered junior synonyms of goniopora and their taxonomy is hence revised hereafter .
on the other hand , the type material of p . paliformis ( fig . 3c ) and our samples ( fig . 3b ) look similar to the type material of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) shown in crossland [ 50 ] . goniopora minor has a similar size of corallites , 12 equally sized septa for the primary and secondary cycles , small or absent septa in tertiaries , and 4–6 pali . the development of the columella was described as “large , ” but it is composed only of joined septa , which is the same pattern as that of poritipora . considering that most g . minor examined in this study ( one colony of g . minor was genetically separated ; figs . 4 and 5 ) formed a clade with p . paliformis with little genetic difference , p . paliformis may be a morphological variant of g . minor .
below we propose the description of the new genus bernardpora gen . nov . and the revised diagnosis of goniopora , based on the original descriptions and subsequent information resulting from this study . see table 1 for the museum abbreviations .
diagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 60 ] : massive , laminar or ramose colonies ; corallites vary in size but usually small and mostly compacted closely without coenosteum , with one or two synapticular rings . walls and septa are porous . septa usually 12 to 24 . septa formed by 3 to 8 nearly vertical trabeculae , and innermost trabeculae of certain septa differentiated as pali .
type species : porites polymorphus link , 1807 : 163 ( = madrepora porites pallas , 1766 : 324–326 , neotype : mhnnp lamarck collection no . 150 ( figured in jameson & cairns , 2012 , figs 4d , 5 ) . this specimen is also the holotype of porites clavaria lamarck , 1816 [ 78 ] , [ 80 ] )
- neoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 97 . type species is not fixed .
- cosmoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . type species : cosmoporites laevigata duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . holotype : unknown ( figured in duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 , pl . x , figs . 12 , 16 . bernard [ 79 ] described ‘the type specimen was not found by count peracca in the turin museum’ . )
- synaraea verrill , 1864 : 42 . type species : porites erosa dana 1846 : 565–566 , pl . 55 , fig . 8 . holotype : usnm 668
- napopora quelch , 1884 : 296 . type species : napopora irregularis quelch , 1884 : 296–297 . holotype : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 302 .
diagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 78 ] : colonies massive , ramose , laminar , or encrusting . corallites are small , immersed , circular or polygonal . calice diameter 0 . 5–2 . 2 mm . septa are 12 in number , composed of 1 to 4 trabeculae . the typical formula of septal arrangement in this genus , with some of its variations , is seen . pali are present , variable development in different species , usually 4–8 in number . mural trabeculae always present . columella trabeculae usually present with star - shaped granules . the wall is really simple , but the incipient synapticulae , seen starting from the sides of septal granules , may become complete and form an inner synapticular wall .
remarks : distribution : indo - pacific and atlantic [ 1 ] . species number : 73 [ 1 ] , [ 15 ]
type species : goniopora pedunculata quoy & gaimard , 1833 : 218–220 , pl . 16 , figs . 9–11 . the type specimen appears to be lost [ 15 ] .
- rhodaraea mile edwards & haime , 1849 : 259 . type species : astraea calicularis , lamarck 1816 : 266 . holotype : unknown .
- tichopora quelch , 1886 : 188 . type species : tichopora tenella quelch , 1886 : 189 , pl . 11 , figs . 1 , 1a . type specimens : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 342 .
- poritipora veron , 2000 : 347 . type species : poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 : 347 . lectotype : mtq g55857
- calathiscus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 . type species : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ( this species is also type species of the genus machadoporites ) . holotype : squ040001 .
- machadoporites nemésio , 2005 . type speices : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 .
revised diagnosis [ 1 , 16 , 26 , this study ] : massive , columnar or ramose , rarely encrusting colonies . corallites are circular or polygonal . calice diameter 1–10 mm . septa 24 in two or three cycles , or between 24 and 12 in two or three cycles , composed of 4 to 8 trabeculae . pali and columella may develop . columellae are composed of anastomosed septal dentations or arranged synapticula and fused inner ends of septa . wall structure is synapticulothecal . polyps usually elongate during the day ( note that g . paliformis does not elongate polyps during the day ) .
remarks : poritipora and machadoporites are considered as junior synonyms of goniopora . distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 33 [ 1 , 15 , this study ] .
type species : madrepora punctata linnaeus , 1758 : 795 . the specimen zmb # 956 may be syntype [ 78 ] ( examined ) .
diagnosis : stylaraea is a monospecific genus with only known species , s . punctata . therefore , the characters of this genus are those of s . punctata . colonies are tiny ( usually less 10 mm in size ) and from “cushion - shaped crusts” [ 46 ] . calices are concavate and around 1 mm diameters . septal number is 12 ( “2 cycles of 6 each” [ 15 ] ) without specific septal pattern . septa are composed of rows of star - shaped granules . primary septa may reach to collumellae . columella is composed of a star - shaped central rod such as porites or bernaldopora . wall structure is synapticulothecal .
remarks : distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 1
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9c2fe523 - a491 - 45ae - bc22 - b528ca68c040
type species : goniopora stutchburyi wells , 1955 : 11 , pl . 1 , figs 1–2 ; holotype : mtq g2931 ( examined )
etymology : the generic name is in honor of the coral scientist henry m . bernard .
summary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus goniopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .
summary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus alveopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .
list of poritid samples and accession numbers for coi and its , referred from previous study .
conceived and designed the experiments : yk hf . performed the experiments : yk . analyzed the data : yk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yk hf fb ra cw ys . wrote the paper : yk hf fb .
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sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
from danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 .
goniopora sp . with list of species recorded for singapore porites sp . ( pore corals ) with list of species recorded for singapore alveopora sp . ( daisy corals ) alveopora allingi ( vulnerable ) alveopora catalai ( near threatened ) alveopora excelsa ( endangered ) alveopora fenestrata ( vulnerable ) alveopora marionensis ( vulnerable ) alveopora spongiosa * * ( near threatened ) alveropora tizardi * *
danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 . an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 69 - 80 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
massive or branching species easily recognized by their small hexagonal calices with a snowflake pattern . many are difficult to identify in the field since id ' s are based upon minute skeletal structures hidden by the live polyp . lobe and finger coral are dominant reef - forming species in hawaii while the others are occasional in clear waters .
large fleshy polyp species of tropical seas include alveopora and goniopora with 12 and 24 tentacles . these do not occur in hawaii or the atlantic .
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terraneo ti 1 , benzoni f 2 , arrigoni r 3 , berumen ml 3 .
red sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia . electronic address : tulliaisotta . terraneo @ kaust . edu . sa .
department of biotechnology and biosciences , university of milano - bicocca , piazza della scienza 2 , milano 20126 , italy ; institut de recherche pour le développement , umr227 coreus2 , 101 promenade roger laroque , bp a5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia .
red sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia .
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we sequenced igr , its region , atpsβ , calm for the genus goniopora from the red sea .
we used haploweb , abgd , ptp and , gmyc to evaluate species delimitation in goniopora .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
, it is confined to shallow rocky - subtidal environments where other corals are seldomly found . this species resembles
except that septa are short , are in two cycles and do not fuse . colonies are circular or encrusting , less than 15mm across with uniformly spaced corallites . septa are in 2 cycles of 6 each . columella is an irregular pinnule . color is pale brown , with white septa and columella .
as the only member , forms dull brown , massive colonies , usually hemispherical , several meters across an occurs in shallow reef environments and lagoons . it resembles
, which has lightly smaller corallites , but this species is easily recognised under water . the undulating surface houses deeply excavated corallites that are 2 - 3mm in diameter ( cellular appearance ) . the surface is smooth to undulating . corallites are deeply excavated . septa are arranged in 2 alternating cycles of 6 each , with the primary cycle forming decent paliform styli . columella is absent . corallite walls are very thin ( coral skeleton is very light ) .
this genus has been a major reef - builder throughout much of the duration of the cenozoic tethys . the derivation of the poritid pattern of septal fusion from
is one of the few instances in scleractinian taxonomy where one taxon or taxonomic character can be said to be ' primitive ' compared with another .
frequently forms very extensive monospecific or multi - specific stands in inshore environments dominated by terrigenous sediments as well as offshore areas that are influenced by river runoff . thus
can be found in turbid water and in areas generally protected from wave action ; e . g .
can form extensive stands that are tens of meters long and wide . local dominance in certain habitats may be related to their sediments - rejecting ability , which may be facilitated by the fact t hat the large fleshy polyps of most
is also one of the most aggressive coral species , excluding other corals within its periphery . it has been observed that
uses specialized elongated
sweeper polyps
to attack neighboring coral colonies . the sweeper polyps of
species are easily recognized in situ by characters of soft tissues , but these may become unreliable over wide geographic ranges . colonies are massive or rounded , few even encrusting to fine - branched colonies and far less massive than
. the peristome , polyp , and the tentacles are of different color . calices are rounded or hexagonal that extend 1 - 5mm in diameter . septal margins are pitted or spiny and seem to come up from the floor of the corallite ( contrary to
) . septa are usually 24 septa in 3 cycles . the larger first 2 cycles are very distinct ( dorsal and ventral septa are isolated , while lateral septa merge ) , while the 3rd merges with the former at close proximity of the corallite wall .
, although these genera are probably not closely related . morphological differences between the two are demonstrated by all
species together in the same biotope , as habitats of individual species are very different , more so than for any other genus . these habitats include protected turbid biotopes ( the majority of species ) , exposed upper reef slopes ( e . g .
) and high - latitude , non - reef biotopes ( e . g .
. corallum and tentacles are brownish or bluish . calices are rounded or polygonal and about 1 - 2mm in diameter . they are crowded or closely united by their very brittle walls ( entire
) ; the shared wall is pierced by pores giving it a lace - like appearance .
yuko f . kitano , 1 , 2 francesca benzoni , 3 roberto arrigoni , 3 yoshihisa shirayama , 1 , 4 carden c . wallace , 5 and hironobu fukami 2 , *
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .
) was performed in the frame of research projects by japanese society for coral taxonomy or by associate prof . h . fukami at university of miyazaki with sampling permission from each local government in japan . malaysia ( pen ; see
) sampling has taken place by local staffs in non - marine protected area , songsong island , under the permission of the research project by prof . zulfigar yasin and prof . aileen tan at universiti sains malaysia . all western indian ocean sampling was also performed in the frame of research projects for which a sampling permission was delivered by local authorities and samples were shipped with cites permits . ad , ba , bu , dj , and mu are all sites in yemen (
) . there , sampling has taken place in several missions and regular sampling permits were issued by yemen environmental protection agency ( epa ) in sana ' a . moreover , epa staff supervised the activities in the field at all times . my is mayotte island (
) . sampling permits there were issued by the direction de l ' agriculture et de la foret de mayotte , service environnement et foret and by the maritime affairs office . dj are samples from djibouti (
) taken during the tara oceans expedition and the sampling permits were delivered by the aménagement du territoire et de l ' environnement de djibouti . photos of each specimen were taken in the field ( particularly for living polyps ) and the depth and habitat were recorded . after collection , a small piece of each specimen was removed for use in dna extraction ( see below ) , and the remaining sample was bleached to investigate the skeletal morphology for species identification .
asterisk shows accession number referred from kitano et al . [ 13 ] . note that more than one its sequences were obtained by sub - cloning from a single specimen in several samples while its from other samples were determined by direct sequencing of pcr products . museum abbreviations are as follows : msl / usm : universiti sains malaysia , mufs : university of miyazaki , department of fisheries science ( = department of marine biology and environmental science ) , japan , smbl : seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , japan , and unimib : university of milano - bicocca , department of biotechnology and biosciences , italy .
) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method
, and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r
. the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3′ end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5′ end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss
. the pcr condition for these two markers was 94°c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94°c for 30 seconds , 55°c or 60°c for 45 seconds , and 72°c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72°c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37°c for 40 minutes followed by 80°c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no .