colias gigantea , the giant sulphur or giant northern sulfur , is a butterfly in the family pieridae found in north america .

its range includes alaska across canada to the east coast and wyoming , montana , and oregon .

flight period is from june until early august .

wingspan is from 37 to 55 mm .

larvae feed on salix spp .

colias gigantea

dana campbell set
image of colias gigantea
as an exemplar on
colias gigantea strecker 1900
.
giant sulphur ( colias gigantea gigantea ) . churchill , man . j . t . troubridge
colias gigantea mayi f . chermock and r . chermock , 1940 ( tsn 778499 )
for now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudderi are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .
for now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudder i are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .
b . c . conservation data centre . species summary : colias gigantea gigantea . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
there are three subspecies of colias gigantea recognized : c . g . gigantea , c . g . mayi and c . g . harroweri ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . layberry et al . ( 1998 ) state
some authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur
. c . g . gigantea and c . g . mayi are documented in british columbia . c . c . gigantea is documented only from the extreme northwestern region of bc .
remarks : some authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur ( c . scudderi reakirt , 1865 ) .
the northwestern bc populations are the nominate subspecies c . g . gigantea strecker , 1900 ( tl :
west coast of hudson bay above fort york , [ manitoba ]
) . females are usually white ( occasionally yellow ) and males are a cold yellow with a narrow black wing border . atlin populations have been called c . pelidne or c . interior by some authors . the northeastern bc populations are subspecies mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ( tl : riding mountains , mb ) , with females usually yellow ( occasionally white ) and males a warmer yellow than the nominate subspecies . adults of subspecies mayi are much larger than those of subspecies gigantea .
c . g . gigantea are an overall yellowish colour , brighter in males and paler yellow to white in females . the males have a black border to both the fore and hind wing dorsal surfaces . there is a pinkish fringe outlining both the extreme wing edges . within the centre of the hindwing there is an obvious white spot . the wingspan ranges from 37 - 55 mm .
subspecies : the nominate subspecies gigantea occurs in most of the canadian range . subspecies harroweri , which is smaller , occurs from wyoming into southwestern alberta north to crowsnest pass . some authors believe that the larger form from southern manitoba , mayi f . & r . chermock , should be recognized as a separate subspecies ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) , but the differences are slight .
resident in northern north america and intermountain west ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are willow bogs . host plants are usually shrubs with hosts restricted to a few species mostly in one genus ( salix ) of family salicaceae . eggs are laid on the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as 2nd , 3rd or 4th instar larvae . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time jun15 - jul15 ( scott 1986 ) . sometimes listed as a subspecies of colias scudderi ( scott 1986 ) .
diagnosis : this is one of the largest ( wingspan : 37 to 55 mm ) sulphurs found in canada . it is bright , lemon yellow above with a narrow black border on the upperside in the male . the dark border is largely absent in the female ; some females are white . there is a yellow spot in the centre of the hindwing and a bright pink fringe on the wings . the yellow underside has almost no dark shading and a silver , brown - rimmed spot in the middle of the hindwing .
range : a widespread western species , it is found from the arctic ocean in yukon , east along the northern limit of the boreal forest to the western shores of hudson bay and james bay , and southward into the western u . s . it is absent from open prairie habitats and from most of southern british columbia , except for a small area around jesmond and 100 mile house .
similar species : queen alexandra ' s sulphur ( c . alexandra ) lacks the pink fringe on the wings . the pink - edged sulphur ( c . interior ) is smaller , with more rounded wings , and has an orange spot in the middle of the hindwing above . the pelidne sulphur ( c . pelidne ) is smaller , and has dusky shading on the underside of the hindwing , often with pink shading over the white spot . [ compare images ]
early stages : the larvae feed on a variety of willows ( salix spp . ) .
abundance : the giant sulphur is localized to willow bogs , but is widespread in western canada . it is described as common in northern manitoba ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) .
habits : in the northern boreal forests and southern tundra , the giant sulphur is found in moist areas with willows . farther south it is restricted to willow bogs and their immediate surroundings . it is an active species that flies swiftly around its chosen territory , stopping to feed on a variety of flowers , including asters .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
upper surface of male yellow with narrow black borders ; lower surface without submarginal black spots . female with 2 forms , yellow or white ; both may have black border reduced or lacking .
g4 - apparently secure globally , though it might be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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naba checklist of north american butterflies occurring north of mexico - edition 2 . 3
[ cite : 1318989 this link is a list of just the names including typo corrections , additions and updates to the following checklist : cassie , b . , j . glassberg , a . swengel & g . tudor . 2001 . north american butterfly association ( naba ) checklist & english names of north american butterflies . second edition . north american butterfly association , morristown , nj .
the second edition of the checklist includes all 722 species of butterflies that have been recorded in north american , north of mexico and in hawaii , giving both english and scientific names .
a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada - - by jonathan p . pelham
taxonomic checklist used on bugguide for butterflies - - does not seem to have a link , so here it is . link updated 16 october 2016 as per comments .
a downloadable pdf file with extensive data on habitats , hostplants , flight dates , and range in the carolinas . you must give an e - mail address to reach the download - - the authors want to inform you of updates . ( this is produced by the north carolina wildlife resources commission , a state agency . ) ( i thought i had posted this before , but cannot find it . )
sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600
an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955
the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952
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species account authors : crispin guppy and jon shepard . extracted from butterflies of british columbia
giant sulphurs , the largest sulphur in bc , have yellow males and pale yellow to white females . the hindwing discal cell spot is very large on both the upper and lower hindwing , and usually has a satellite spot on the underside . there are no submarginal spots on the underside of the wings . unlike in most sulphurs , on the upperside of the wings there is very little dark scaling at the wing bases .
giant sulphurs are univoltine , and fly from late june through july . near nordegg , ab , oviposition occurred on several varieties of dwarf willows on hillocks in muskeg . the eggs hatched after 10 days and larval growth was slow , suggesting that the larvae hibernate ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . in the peace river region of alberta , they are universally restricted to wet willow fens and catchment marshes with willows ( kondla et al . 1994 ) . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . oviposition on salix reticulata at churchill , mb , was observed by klots ( 1975 ) , who reared the resulting larvae to the third instar .
giant sulphurs inhabit boreal willow fens in northern bc and in the cariboo region .
giant sulphurs occur from northern ak and yt , across southwestern nt and central and northern bc , to hudson bay and on .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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layberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press : toronto , canada . 280 pp . + color plates .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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guppy , c . s . and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press and royal british columbia museum : victoria , british columbia . 414 pp .
miller , l . d . and f . m . brown . 1981 . a catalogue / checklist of the butterflies of america north of mexico . the lepidopterists ' society memoir no . 2 , sarasota , florida . 280 pp .
considered an ' active ' species that flies swiftly ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .
documented in moist boreal forests and bogs with abundant willow . larvae are thought to feed upon various species of willows ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .
there are no specific subnational food habits for this subspecies . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ; guppy and shepard 2001 ) .
one generation per year . records for this species are from june through july ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . information on the life history of this subspecies is not available .
this is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .
guppy , c . s . , and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press in collaboration with royal b . c . mus . 414pp .
layberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press . 280pp . + color plates .


paralepetopsis ferrugivora is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family neolepetopsidae , one of the families of true limpets .

paralepetopsis ferrugivora

paralepetopsis mclean 1990 : 510 . type species ( od ) : paralepetopsis floridensis mclean 1990 . type locality : florida escarpment seeps ( 26 [ degrees ] 03 ' n , 84 [ degrees ] 54 ' w ) , 3270 m .
here i take the opportunity to describe three additional northeastern pacific species of the family neolepetopsidae , including two species of the genus paralepetopsis and one new species of neolepetopsis . one of the species , a new paralepetopsis , is from the hydrothermal vent habitat ; another new paralepetopsis and a new neolepetopsis are from whale bone , which is an hitherto unknown habitat for the family , although the whale bone habitat is known for the cocculiniform families pyropeltidae , cocculinidae ( see mclean 1992 ) , and osteopeltidae ( see marshall 1994 ) . only the family pyropeltidae has previously been known from both the vent / seep and whale bone habitat .
the undifferentiated shafts of the marginals are unique in the genus . however , this could mean that the tooth rows examined came from the developing end of the ribbon . the cusps have a rounded edge , unlike the square rachidian of paralepetopsis floridensis and the acutely pointed outline of the other cusps of p . floridensis .
shells of the new species were photographed with three views . the radula from the single specimen of paralepetopsis tunnicliffae was mounted for sem ; radulae of the two other new species were whole - mounted in stain - suffused , nonresinous mounting medium . for these two new species , the entire radular ribbon was digitally photographed through a light microscope , which enabled a count of the tooth rows and , at higher resolution enabled confirmation of the generic identification indicated by the shell morphology .
radula prepared for sem ( fig . 3f ) . the radular sem shows two pairs of lateral teeth and the broad overhanging cusps expected in paralepetopsis . the shafts of the rachidian and inner pair of lateral are narrow ; the cusp of the second pair is larger than that of the first pair ; the shaft of the second pair is hidden behind the larger pluricuspid . the shafts of the marginals are not differentiated from the base of the ribbon , but the cusps are in their expected positions and may be distinguished from debris on the outer edge of the ribbon that shows in figure 3d .
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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warén a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records . the veliger , 44 ( 2 ) : 116 - 231 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 120 - 125 ; 142 [ details ]
note mid atlantic ridge ( 37°17 . 50 ' n , 32°17 ' w , . . .
type locality mid atlantic ridge ( 37°17 . 50 ' n , 32°17 ' w , 1665 - 1728 m ) [ details ]
warén & bouchet , 2001 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 180859 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
warén a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records .
warén a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records . the veliger , 44 ( 2 ) : 116 - 231
warén & bouchet , 2001 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
photographer : r . von cosel , a . le goff , p . briand & a . warén . publisher : allen , chris .
r . von cosel , a . le goff , p . briand & a . warén
edited by norman h . sleep , stanford university , stanford , ca , and approved march 24 , 2011 ( received for review june 30 , 2010 )
eight carbonate blocks were dredged during the momardream cruise ( momar 08 leg 2 , august–september 2008 ) from the northwestern flank of the rainbow massif , which is situated on a nontransform offset at 36°14 . 15n , 33°53 . 50w (
) . this site , which we name ghost city , is 1 , 200 m northeast of the rainbow vent field at around 2 , 100 m water depth . the dredge from which the carbonates were collected sampled a transect around 800 m long on the seafloor and recovered , in addition to the carbonates , three shells of thyasirid bivalves , numerous pieces of serpentinized peridodite , and some troctolites and gabbros . the carbonates are white to ivory in color , ranging from 750 to 25 cm
c values of 4 . 88 ± 0 . 19‰ and - 0 . 66 ± 1 . 18‰ , respectively (
) . isotopic measurements of a series of subsamples from one authigenic carbonate crust gave u / th ages ranging from 46 ± 0 . 3 kyr to 193 ± 11 kyr (
) close to the modern seawater signature ( 146 . 6 ± 2 . 6‰ ) (
) , which suggests that its u / th ratio may be considered as the most representative of the formation age of ghost city carbonates . the corresponding u / th age ( 110 ± 0 . 9 kyr ) lies in the same range as the older chimneys from lost city ( 122 ± 12 kyr ) (
) and suggests that ghost city carbonate formation is significantly older than the first evidence of rainbow vent activity ( 23 ± 1 . 5 kyr ) (
sr ) of 0 . 70916 ± 0 . 00006 , close to seawater ratios .
location of the ghost city fossil hydrothermal field at different scales . ( a ) large scale map showing hydrothermal vents hosted by volcanic rocks ( red dots ) and gabbros and peridotites ( green dots ) ; ghost city is in the vicinity of the rainbow hydrothermal field . ( b ) standard multibeam bathymetrical map of three mar segments between 36°00 and 36°20n . these segments show a typical slow - spreading axial valley offset by two nontransform discontinuities . both rainbow and ghost city are located at the northern end of the segment centered on 36°10n . ( c ) high resolution multibeam bathymetric map acquired at low ship speed during the flores cruise of the r / v l’atalante showing the rainbow vent field on the western flank of the rainbow massif ; the ghost city fossil site is located on the northwestern flank of this gabbroic and peridotitic structure approximately 1 , 200 m northeast of the rainbow vent field , at a depth of 2 , 100 m .
oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of ghost city carbonates and bathymodiolus shells and living bathymodiolus shells from the rainbow hydrothermal vent field . domains limited by lines represent the scatterplot of canonical scores obtained by applying discriminant functions to the data .
the oxygen and carbon isotope values of the ghost city authigenic carbonates are consistent with those observed in serpentinization contexts . the
) and an isotopically lighter - dic source . owing to the very low concentration of inorganic carbon in serpentinization fluids , the most likely origin for this
c depleted dic is the oxidation of methane . methane in serpentinization fluids are characterized by light carbon isotopic signatures ( e . g . ,
in the zambales ophiolite , - 10 . 3‰ at logatchev , - 16 . 7‰ at rainbow , and - 11 . 9‰ at lost city ) (
) , which can be further fractionated by methanotrophic microbes converting methane into inorganic carbon . while abiotic methane oxidation is kinetically inhibited at low temperature (
) , microbial oxidation of methane can occur in subseafloor habitats with various electron acceptors ( e . g . , oxygen and sulfate ) during the mixing of seawater with end - member fluids (
) , the fractionation factor resulting of anaerobic or aerobic methane oxidation can be as high as 1 . 039 (
) and will result in further depletion of the initial carbon isotopic ratio by at least - 13‰ . only a small fraction ( approximately 5 % ) of this
c depleted methane is thus sufficient to explain the slightly negative carbon isotopic signature of some ghost city carbonates . an additional contribution from biogenic methane formed during the subseafloor mixing of seawater and the end - member fluid , as described in proskurowski et al . (
) , cannot be ruled out . this assumption is supported by the identification of both methanogenic and anaerobic methane - oxidizing archaea at lost city , particularly in the less active chimneys where seawater mixing is occurring (
, and mixing is required to compensate the poor supply of this ion from the fluid . as a consequence , the substantial isotopic fractionation resulting of biogenic methane formation that was observed at basalt - hosted diffuse vents (
) may not be achieved due to limiting inorganic carbon conditions . the relative importance of biogenic methane is therefore difficult to estimate from ghost city samples’ isotopic ratios .
the geological context , as well as petrographic and isotopic data , provides supporting evidence that the ghost city carbonates were formed 110 , 000 years ago from venting of metal - poor fluids . despite the proximity with the rainbow high - temperature vents field , the lack of polymetallic sulfide precipitates in the ghost city carbonate samples precludes a high - temperature metal - rich hydrothermal fluid contribution in their formation . more likely , these fluids were formed from low - temperature hydrothermal circulation related to serpentinization and were probably close in composition to those currently venting at lost city .
analyses of carbonate matrix , oxide crust , and mussel shells were made at the istep laboratory ( upmc univ paris 06 ) on a siemens d501 . bathymodiolus aff . azoricus mussel shells were scrubbed in distilled water with a toothbrush immediately upon collection to remove loosely attached biogenic and inorganic particles . sample powders of original calcitic outer layer and aragonitic inner layer of the shells were drilled from a depth of approximately 0 . 1 mm .
polished thin sections of carbonates were observed using a stereomicroscope zeiss stereo discovery v20 ( fig . 2 and fig . s1 ) porosity measurements were made using jmicrovision software ( urltoken ) .
analyses were made in the pôle spectrométrie océan ( brest ) on a neptune mc - icpms . for uranium and thorium isotope measurements , about 2 mg of carbonate sample was dissolved in 7 . 5m hno 3 and spiked with a mixed 236 u / 229 th spike ( 66 ) . u and th were separated chemically using conventional anion exchange techniques adapted from previous studies ( 67 ) . u and th concentrations and isotope ratios were then measured in the mc - icpms . the carbonate age was corrected for detrital contamination ( inherited 230 th ) using measured 232 th concentrations and assuming a typical 232 th / 230 th ratio ( 150 , 000 ) for the contaminant detrital phase , but this correction was insignificant on the calculated age ( about 1 % ) ( 68 ) . strontium was isolated using sr resin and the isotope ratios were measured using the mc - icpms . isotope ratios were normalized to 86 sr / 88 sr = 0 . 1194 and corrected from 87 rb and 86 kr interferences on the 87 sr and 86 sr signal , respectively .
author contributions : f . l . , m . d . r . , j . d . , b . i . , y . f . , f . g . , and n . l . b . designed research ; f . l . , c . t . l . , m . d . r . , g . b . , and v . g . performed research ; f . l . , c . t . l . , m . d . r . , g . b . , and n . l . b . analyzed data ; and f . l . , c . t . l . , and n . l . b . wrote the paper .
stable isotope evidence for a putative endosymbiont - based lithotrophic bathymodiolus sp . mussel community atop a serpentine seamount
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . - free online library
three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific .
mla style :
three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . .
the free library . 2008 national shellfisheries association , inc . 09 jul . 2018 urltoken
chicago style : the free library . s . v . three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . .
retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
apa style : three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
specimens are deposited in the type collection of the natural history museum of los angeles county ( lacm ) .
neolepetopsis mclean , 1990 : 492 . type species ( od ) : neolepetopsis gordensis mclean , 1990 . type locality : escanaba trough , gorda ridge , off northern california ( 41 [ degrees ] 29 ' n , 128 [ degrees ] 29 ' w ) , 3 , 271 m .
shell sculpture coarsely clathrate , shell interior with transparent zones . radula with well - formed rachidian , two pairs of laterals , paired pluricuspid teeth , and two pairs of marginals .
four species , all from abyssal depths at hydrothermal vents , were originally described by mclean ( 1990 ) . two of these species , n . verruca from the east pacific rise at 21 [ degrees ] n , and n . occulta from the green seamount at 21 [ degrees ] n have not been subsequently reported . the species n . densata from the east pacific rise at 12 [ degrees ] n was reported by gustafson & lutz ( 1994 ) from the galapagos rift ; waren & bouchet ( 2001 ) illustrated the shell and radula of n . densata , with figures that closely matched my original figures .
the new species of neolepetopsis described here was collected from whale bone , in contrast to the original records of other species from hydrothermal vents . neolepetopsis remains known only from abyssal depths in the eastern pacific , as yet unreported from other vent / seep sites elsewhere .
neolepetopsis nicolasensis mclean , new species ( figs . 1c , 3a , 3c )
holotype lacm 3089 , paratype lacm 3 , 090 , 960 m on whale skeleton , nw of san nicolas island , ca ( 33 [ degrees ] 20 . 35 ' n , 119 [ degrees ] 58 . 85 ' w ) , collected by craig smith ( atv 113 ) , april 30 , 1995 . two specimens . for further information on the habitat and collecting records , see smith & baco ( 2003 ) and baco & smith ( 2003 ) .
shell ( fig . 1c ) : sturdy , oval to oblong , slightly narrower anteriorly , profile low , highest elevation at apex ; shell margin in same plane ( ends not raised ) . apex on midline , nearly central but slightly closer to anterior end . apex eroded , lacking protoconch ; periostracum lacking . sculpture reticulate , concentric ridges well - defined , about equal in strength to radial ribs , producing nodes on crossing radial ribs ; radial and concentric sculpture diminishing in strength near margin ; radial ribs not projecting at margin . shell interior opaque white in area corresponding to apex ; outline of muscle scar not well marked , sides of interior translucent , revealing concentric sculpture of exterior ; shell margin translucent , with dark line at 0 . 4 mm from edge marking transition to thicker inner layer . length 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 7 mm , height 2 . 1 mm ( holotype ) , length 6 . 6 mm , width 4 . 6 mm , height 1 . 9 mm ( paratype ) .
the shell of n . nicolasensis is not like that of n . gordensis , because the radial sculpture does not have the sharp projections of the radial ribs at the margin , showing in both forms , the regular ( fig . 1b ) and the laterally compressed ( fig . 1a ) . the shell is not comparable to that of n . densata , which has a much lower profile and fully transparent interior . the shell interior is most like that of n . verruca in having a dark band along the margin in interior view , but the band is a line , rather than the broader band of n . verruca . the concentric sculpture of n . verruca is much more pronounced in lateral view . there was no original radular preparation for n . verruca . the shell interior is not like that of n . occulta , which is fully transparent except in the central area .
shell sculpture of radial ribs and concentric growth lines weak , shell interior fully opaque . radula with rachidian and two pairs of laterals with straight shafts , cusps usually broad .
the weak radial and concentric sculpture differs from the strongly clathrate sculpture of neolepetopsis ; the shell interior is opaque , rather than partially transparent .
holotype lacm 3 , 091 ; 2 , 145 m , clam bed , chowder hill , middle valley segment , juan de fuca ridge west of juan de fuca strait ( 48 [ degrees ] 27 . 5 ' n , 128 [ degrees ] 42 . 5 ' w ) ( station hs 192 ) , collected by verena tunnicliffe , june 26 , 1992 . single specimen . for collection details see juniper et al . ( 1992 ) .
shell ( fig . 2a ) : elliptical in outline , anterior end slightly narrower , profile moderately high , highest elevation of shell at apex ; shell margin in same plane . apex on midline , closer to anterior edge . apex eroded , protoconch missing . periostracum thin , light tan . all slopes moderately convex . sculpture of fine radial striae and concentric growth irregularities . shell interior with thickened opaque area at apex , slopes of interior translucent , revealing faint indications of radial and concentric irregularities of exterior ; inner margin of lip 0 . 5 mm broad , thinner and more translucent than thicker part of interior slope . muscle scar not well marked , but faintly indicated if the shell is tilted for viewing . length 10 . 6 mm , width 8 . 2 mm , and height 3 . 6 mm ( holotype ) .
the shell profile is lower than that of the type species p . floridensis . shell sculpture is similar , but the interior differs in having the muscle scar weakly indicated .
holotype , lacm 3092 , paratype lacm 3093 , 1 , 800 m , on whale skeleton , san clemente seep , sw of san diego , ca ( 32 [ degrees ] 12 ' n , 117 [ degrees ] 44 ' w ) , collected by craig r . smith , alvin dive 3534 , march 29 , 2000 . two specimens . for further information on the habitat and collecting records , see smith & baco ( 2003 ) and baco & smith ( 2003 ) .
it is clear that the radula differs from the more northern p . tunnicliffae because the pluricuspid has a narrower base and the marginal teeth are well marked , quite unlike the condition in p . tunnicliffae , in which only the tips are revealed .
the whale - fall habitat in the eastern pacific has been known for at least 15 years , and has been reported on by smith et al . ( 1989 ) , smith ( 1992 ) , smith & baco ( 1998 ) , baco & smith ( 2003 ) , smith & baco ( 2003 ) , bennett et al . ( 1994 ) . elsewhere , whale - bone associated molluscs have been reported from new zealand ( marshall 1987 , marshall 1994 ) , from japan by okutani et al . ( 2003 ) , and by fujiwara et al . ( 2007 ) . the mytilid mussel ides washingtonia is the most abundant northeastern pacific molluscan species known from whale bone , sunken wood , and seeps . the whale - fall habitat has also been reported from oligocene deposits ( squires , et al . 1991 , goedert et al . 1995 ) , and widely from cenozoic fossil deposits ( kiel & goedert 2006 ) . kiel & goedert considered the modern whale fall species community to have arisen in the early miocene .
cocculiniform limpets associated with the whale - fall habitat in southern california have previously been described ( mclean 1992 ) . it is noteworthy that only two of the vent - limpet families , the pyropeltidae and the neolepetopsidae are now known to occur in the hydrothermal vent habitat and the whale - fall habitat . the whale bone oil and the ubiquitous chemosynthetic bacterial mats are not the same , but two species of pyropelta have colonized both habitats , as reported by mclean ( 1992 ) .
baco , a . r . & c . r . smith . 2003 . high species richness in deep - sea chemoautotrophic whale skeleton communities . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 260 : 109 - 114 .
beck , l . 1996 . morphology and anatomy of new species of neolepetopsid , acmaeid , fissurellid and pyropeltid limpets from edison seamount off lihir islands ( west pacific ) . arehiv fur molluskenkunde 125 : 87 - 103 .
bennett , b . a . , c . r . smith , b . glaser & h . l . maybaum . 1994 . faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep northeast pacific ocean . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 108 : 205 - 223 .
bouchet , p . & j - p . rocroi . 2005 . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia , 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 [ part 1 . nomenclator of family - group names ( bouchet & rocroi ) . part 2 . working classification of the gastropoda ( modern
archaeogastropods
by waren & bouchet ) ] .
cruz , r . & m . farina . 2005 . mineralization of major lateral teeth in the radula of a deep - sea hydrothermal vent limpet ( gastropoda : neolepetopsidae ) . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 147 : 163 - 168 .
fretter , v . 1990 . the anatomy of some new archaeogastropod limpets ( order patellogastropoda , suborder lepetopsina ) from hydrothermal vents . j . zool . 222 : 529 - 526 .
fujiwara , y . , m . kawato , t . yamamoto , t . yamanaka , w . sato - okoshi , c . noda , s . tsuchida , t . komai , s . s . cubelio , t . sasaki , k . jacobsen , k . kubokawa , k . fujikura , t . maruyama , y . furushima , k . okoshi , h . miyake , m . miyazaki , y . noqi , a . yatabe & t . okutani . 2007 . three - year investigations into sperm whale - fall ecosystems in japan . mar . ecol . 28 : 219 - 232 .
goedert , j . l . , r . l . squires & l . b . barnes . 1995 . paleoecology of whale - fall habitats from deep - water oligocene rocks , olympic peninsula , washington state . palaeogeogr . palaeoclimatol . palaeoecol . 118 : 151 - 158 .
gustafson , r . g . & r . a . lutz . 1994 . molluscan life history traits and deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold methane / sulphide seeps . in : c . m . young & k . j . eckelbarger , editors . reproduction , larval biology , and recruitment of the deep - sea benthos . new york : columbia university press . pp . 76 - 97 .
hedegaard , c . 1990 . shell structure of the recent vetigastropoda . j . mollus . stud . 63 : 369 - 377 .
juniper , s . k . , v . tunnicliffe & e . c . southward . 1992 . hydrothermal vents in turbidite sediments on a northeast pacific spreading centre : organisms and substratum at an ocean drill site . can . j . zool . 70 : 1792 - 1809 .
kiel , s . 2004 . shell structures of selected gastropods from hydrothermal vents and seeps . malacologia 46 : 169 - 183 .
kiel , s . & j . l . goedert . 2006 . deep - sea food bonanzas : early cenozoic whale - fall communities resemble wood - fall rather than seep communities . proc . roy . soc . , biol . sci . , ser . b , 273 . pp . 2625 - 2631 .
lindberg , d . r . 1998 . comments on
lepetopsina .
in p . l . beesley , g . j . b . ross & a . wells , editors . mollusca : the southern synthesis . fauna of australia , vol . 5 . melbourne : csiro publishing , part b , i - vii , pp . 565 - 1234 .
marshall , b . a . 1987 . osteopeltidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) : a new family of limpets associated with whale bone in the deep - sea . j . mollus . stud . 53 : 121 - 127 .
marshall , b . a . 1994 . deep - sea gastropods from the new zealand region associated with recent whale bones and an eocene turtle . nautilus 108 : 1 - 8 .
mclean , j . h . 1990 . neolepetopsidae , a new docoglossate limpet family from hydrothermal vents and its relevance to patellogastropod evolution . j . zool . 222 : 485 - 528 .
mclean , j . h . 1992 . cocculiniform limpets ( cocculinidae and pyropeltidae ) living on whale bone in the deep sea off california . j . mollus . stud . 58 : 401 - 414 .
sasaki , t . & a . waren . 2007 . anatomy of eulepetopsis vitrea mclean , 1990 ( patellogastropoda : neolepetopsidae ) . in : k . jordaens , n . van houtte , j . van geothem & t . backeljau , editors . abstracts , world congress of malacology . antwerp , belgium , july 15 - 20 , 2007 . pp . 195 .
smith , c . r . 1992 . whale falls . chemosynthesis on the deep seafloor . oceanus 35 : 74 - 78 .
smith , c . r . & a . r . baco . 1998 . phylogenetic and functional affinities between whale - fall , seep , and vent chemoautotrophic communities . cah . biol . mar . 39 : 345 - 346 .
smith , c . r . & a . r . baco . 2003 . ecology of whale falls at the deep - sea floor . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 41 : 311 - 354 .
smith , c . r . , h . kulkert , r . a . wheatcroft , p . a . jumars & j . w . deming . 1989 . vent fauna on whale remains . nature 341 : 27 - 28 .
waren , a . & p . bouchet . 2001 . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps ; new taxa and records . veliger 44 : 116 - 231 .
natural history museum of los angeles county , 900 exposition blvd . , los angeles , california 90007
copyright 2008 national shellfisheries association , inc . no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .
life in extreme environments : a tribute to melbourne r . carriker , gentleman malacologist .
taxonomic review of the hydrothermal vent shrimp genera rimicaris williams & rona and chorocaris martin & hessler ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea : . . .
interactions of deep - sea vent invertebrates with their environment : the case of rimicaris exoculata .
the morphology of bacterial symbioses in the gills of mussels of the genera adipicola and idas ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) .
variation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a lau basin diffuse flow vent site .
hydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry , pre - and post - eruption at 9 [ degrees ] 50 ' north on the east pacific rise .
interrelationships between vent fluid chemistry , temperature , seismic activity , and biological community structure at a mussel - dominated , deep - sea . . .
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the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) , is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .

it is found in canada and the united states .

western jumping mice evolved during the pleistocene , possibly from the fossil species zapus burti , which is known from the late blancan .

their closest relatives appear to be pacific jumping mice , with which they can still interbreed to produce fertile offspring .

western jumping mouse

western jumping mice are found throughout western canada and much of the western united states .
right : a western jumping mouse in hibernation . ( photo courtesy of v . b . scheffer )
brown , l . 1967 . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( * zapus princeps * ) in wyoming .
malaney jl , conroy cj , moffitt la , spoonhunter hd , patton jl , cook ja . phylogeography of the western jumping mouse (
brown , l . 1970 . population dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( * zapus princeps * ) during a four - year study .
bosque del apache national wildlife refuge [ banwr ] new mexico meadow jumping mouse .
clark , t . w . 1971 . ecology of the western jumping mouse in grand teton national park , wyoming . northwest sci . 45 : 229 - 238 .
cranford , j . a . 1983 . ecological strategies of a small hibernator , the western jumping mouse zapus princeps . canadian journal of zoology 61 : 232 - 240 .
western jumping mice have large hind legs and a band of dark fur on their back . like other rodents , they have a long tail and pointed face . smaller than most rats , the western jumping mice measure up to 25 centimetres in length .
these groups contend saving streamside habitat hurts their business , and they argue that the mouse is not a separate - enough species , distinct from the more - abundant western jumping mouse , to qualify for endangered species act protection .
) . however , this would not account for lack of detectability of other demographic groups . third , as in the western harvest mouse (
western jumping mice can live as long as 6 years if they survive their first season of hibernation . half of all juveniles that enter their first winter hibernation will die . because western jumping mice hibernate they are only active for a short period each year .
luoma , s . n . 1969 . a study of hibernation in the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps . m . s . thesis , montata state university . 39 pp .
wright gd , frey jk . herbeal feeding behavior of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse (
wright gd , frey jk . habitat selection by the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse (
final rule . determination of endangered species status for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse throughout its range .
western jumping mice need high - energy foods to increase fat storage for their long hibernation periods . the main foods eaten by western jumping mice are arthropods , seeds and leaves . seeds are important in the fat deposition , however , arthropods may be a critical substitute when seeds are not available .
brown , l . n . 1970 . population dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) during a four - year study . j . mammal . 51 ( 4 ) : 651 - 658 .
brown , l . n . 1967 . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) in wyoming . am . midl . nat . 78 ( 2 ) : 460 - 470 .
morrison p , ryser fa . metabolism and body temperature in a small hibernator , the meadow jumping mouse ,
western jumping mice are important prey species for many predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they are also important as consumers of seeds and arthropods .
the woodland jumping mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
variation in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) .
frey jk . evidence for the historical occurrence of the meadow jumping mouse in the verde river watershed , arizona .
malaney jl , cook ja . using biogeographic history to inform conservation : the case of preble’s meadow jumping mouse .
whitaker , j . 1963 . food , habitat , and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york .
wright gd , frey jk . cool season activity of the meadow jumping mouse in the middle rio grande , 2010 .
the jumping mouse has large hind legs and a band of dark fur on its back . like other rodents it has a long tail and pointed face . smaller than most rats , the jumping mouse measures up to 25 cm in length .
in the southern parts of its range , the woodland jumping mouse is often restricted to mountain peaks ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
variation in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
schorr ra , lukacs pm , florant gl . body mass and winter severity as predictors of overwinter survival in preble’s meadow jumping mouse .
the meadow , pacific , and western jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius , z . trinotatus , and z . princeps , respectively ) range over much of north america , in grasslands as well as riverine and wet meadow habitats of cool and moist forests . the only species found outside north america is the sichuan jumping mouse ( eozapus…
western jumping mice hibernate during the winter and spend most of their days in the summer building up fat reserves for this dormant period . seeds , leaves , and insects like spiders , centipedes , and crustaceans provide the high fat and energy foods these mice need to survive . they forage mainly at night . when scared from it ' s hiding place the western jumping mouse will make a series of jumps and then remain still in a new hiding spot to confuse predators .
western jumping mice exhibit low predation by mammalian carnivores during hibernation . one of the reasons for this is that their hibernation chambers are hidden far beneath the layers of snow . also , jumping mice give off little odor during hibernation , making them difficult find .
, is the most common external parasite of woodland jumping mice . there can be as many as several hundred of these mites per mouse .
davis , w . b . 1937 . some mammals from western montana and eastern idaho . the murrelet 18 ( 2 ) : 22 - 27 .
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western jumping mice hibernate during the winter and spend most of their days in the summer building up fat reserves for this dormant period . seeds , leaves , and insects like spiders , centipedes , and crustaceans provide the high fat and energy foods these mice need to survive . they forage mainly at night . when scared from their hiding place the western jumping mice will make a series of jumps and then remain still in a new hiding spot to confuse predators .
brannon , m . p . ( 2005 ) distribution and microhabitat of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , and the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in the southern appalachians . southeastern naturalist , 4 ( 3 ) : 479 - 486 .
. however , woodland jumping mice have a white - tipped tail , are larger , and are more brightly tricolored than are meadow jumping mice . also , woodland jumping mice are rarely found in open areas , whereas
the woodland jumping mouse occurs at a range of elevations , from near sea level to around 2 , 000 metres in the appalachian mountains ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
did not catch any jumping mice at banwr in september , but caught a 20 . 0 g young of the year female on 22 and 25 october . this jumping mouse was radio - collared and its last above ground movement was 26 october (
the timing of reproduction for western jumping mice varies from year to year . many females less than 2 years old do not breed . if they do breed it will usually occur later in the season and they produce smaller litter sizes than older females .
the woodland jumping mouse would benefit from further research into its abundance , the extent of its distribution , and the potential impacts of any threats on its populations ( 1 ) .
in california , the western jumping mouse is distributed in the sierra nevada from southeastern shasta co . south through plumas co . to northeastern tulare co . it also is found in north - central california in siskiyou and trinity cos . , in eastern modoc co . and in western tehama co . probably distributed throughout north - central and northeastern california , though confirmed locality data are sparse ( see hall and kelson 1959 , hall 1981 ) . jumping mice are confined to wet areas in a variety of coniferous forest , riparian , and grassland habitats . locally common to abundant in thick , herbaceous vegetation near water .
a trap is set during a study of the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range .
beginning in march 1992 , but did not capture a jumping mouse until 13 may . males made up 83 % of captures during may with the first female caught on 20 may (
a ribbon marks a trap during a study of the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range .
neumann r , cade tj . photoperiodic influence on the hibernation of jumping mice .
western jumping mice are found primarily in moist fields , thickets , and woodlands , especially where grasses , sedges , or other green plant cover is dense . they are also found in grassy edges of streams , ponds , and lakes , usually within 50 meters of water .
it was one of several mouse - trapping expeditions planned this summer to detect the preble’s mouse , including one at the u . s . air force academy north of colorado springs and in the foothills west of boulder .
) . however , the timing differed . jumping mice at banwr emerged ca 4 weeks
hafner dj , petersen ke , yates tl . evolutionary relationships of jumping mice ( genus
rocky flats national wildlife refuge — the hunt is on for the preble’s meadow jumping mouse — as is a trump - backed fight that holds it up as proof the endangered species act needs tweaking .
“we could delist the mouse due to extinction , ” hansen said . “but we’re not going to let that happen to this mouse . we have enough tools , and conservation partners , to make sure that doesn’t happen . ”
alison michael holds a deer mouse , that was caught in a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
alison michael holds a meadow vole mouse , that was caught in a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
whitaker jr , j . o . ( 1963 ) food , habitat and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york . journal of mammalogy , 44 ( 3 ) : 316 - 321 .
adelman , e . b . 1979 . a survey of the nongame mammals in the upper rattlesnake creek drainage of western montana . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 129 pp .
a deer mouse is caught in a trap at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield .
although usually silent , the woodland jumping mouse may sometimes utter a low clicking or clucking sound , or squeal if disturbed . it may also drum its tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
scott quigley , left , writes down information as alison michael holds a deer mouse , that was caught in a trap , as they work on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
: owls , hawks , weasels , snakes , foxes , coyotes , and skunks are principal predators of the meadow jumping mouse . little is known about longevity in this species , but it may live about two years .
although it may use long leaps to escape danger , the woodland jumping mouse more often walks around on all fours when moving slowly , or uses short hops for greater speed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when escaping , it usually makes several leaps before stopping and remaining motionless under nearby cover ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the woodland jumping mouse climbs well in bushes , but does not ascend trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the woodland jumping mouse is a common and widespread species and is not currently considered at risk of extinction . its populations are believed to be stable , and it is not facing any major threats at present ( 1 ) .
like all jumping mice , the woodland jumping mouse has prominently grooved incisors ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is distinguished from jumping mice in the genus zapus by its white tail tip and by differences in its teeth , and from eozapus species by lacking a dark stripe on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . across its range , the woodland jumping mouse varies in appearance , with northern populations generally being larger and paler than those in the south ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . some scientists have recognised up to five subspecies ( 2 ) .
colorado cattlemen’s association vice president terry fankhauser said regulations on streamside construction have had a negative economic impact . he lauded work by gov . john hickenlooper and other western governors to give states a greater voice in handling endangered species issues .
there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the woodland jumping mouse . this colourful rodent occurs within a number of protected areas , but there are no conservation efforts targeting its specific needs ( 1 ) .
ovaska , k . and herman , t . b . ( 1988 ) life history characteristics and movements of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , in nova scotia . canadian journal of zoology , 66 : 1752 - 1762 .
the preble’s mouse stands out as a “relic species” that evolved during the ice age , when colorado was wetter . the mouse adapted to wet conditions . then , as glaciers retreated , the mouse was confined to increasingly isolated stream corridors . preble’s mice need free - flowing water to drink , unlike other species in the semi - arid west that can metabolize water from plants or drops of dew .
woodland jumping mice can be nervous in captivity . tail drumming and sporadic jumping are signs of excitability or nervousness . after about a month of captivity , woodland jumping mice calm sown and are easy to handle . these animals are not usually aggressive toward each other , and do not fight over food . when given the choice , they prefer to sleep in the same nest box as other woodland jumping mice .
zwank pj , najera sr , cardenas m . life history and habitat affinities of meadow jumping mice (
costello , r . , a . rosenberger . 2003 .
napaeozapus insignis , woodland jumping mouse
( on - line ) . smithsonian national museum of natural history : north american mammals . accessed march 29 , 2004 at urltoken .
over 20 years , requirements to minimize harm to preble’s mouse habitat have hurt landowners looking to develop , colorado association of home builders ceo scott smith said . “if you have property deemed to be mouse habitat , it has significant impacts . it sterilizes your property . ”
alison michael hunts for a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
age class of specimens of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by date of capture for ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations . age class was determined by characteristics of the skull and dentition .
are adapted to jumping , and so have long hind legs with elongated ankle bones and long toe bones .
woodland jumping mice have no special status on the iucn red list , us federal list , or cites .
) . thus , different species and populations of jumping mice adjust to short activity intervals in different ways .
they have quite a large range extending in canada from southern yukon to south - western manitoba . jumping mice are also common in the u . s . from california east to montana and new mexico . because owls and foxes are their predators , these mice like to live under thickets , brushes , and in dense grasslands where they are hard to find .
from left , scott quigley , david lucas , and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado’s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
from left , david lucas , scott quigley and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
however , residential , agricultural and industrial development may reduce the habitat available to the woodland jumping mouse in some areas , particularly affecting suitable hibernation sites . in future , a more serious threat is likely to come from climate change , which could cause a decline in the southern populations of this species , which are already restricted to cooler environments at high elevations . climate change may also cause reduced winter snowfall , removing the insulating layer that the woodland jumping mouse needs to survive its hibernation period ( 1 ) .
from left , scott quigley , david lucas , and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .
specimen data used in the evaluation of the phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . museums acronyms are defined in text . julian date is the date of capture . age class is described in text .
“why waste money protecting a population that is not important to the species as a whole or to biodiversity ? ” pacific legal foundation attorney damien schiff said , making the groups’ case to delist the preble’s mouse . “it is not economical or socially feasible to protect every population . you should prioritize based on the most ecologically or biologically significant species . the preble’s jumping mouse is not high on that list . ”
: food of the meadow jumping mouse consists of fruits and green vegetation , but principally seeds and grasses which they pull down to ground level by cutting the bases of the stalks . some animal food is eaten , especially in the spring when seeds are scarce .
the three - colored pattern found on the fur of woodland jumping mice helps to conceal these animals against dead vegetation . if they are pursued by predators , woodland jumping mice escape by jumping quickly , then remaining still for a little while . their coloration , escape behavior , and relative lack of odor are probably all ways they avoid predators . woodland jumping mice are mostly safe from predators during hibernation . timber rattlesnakes , broad - banded copperheads , screech owls , bobcats , minks , striped skunks , gray wolves , and house cats are all known predators of woodland jumping mice .
the woodland jumping mouse has rather coarse fur , due to a layer of stiff guard hairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its fur is quite bright , with yellow - orange to reddish - brown sides , sprinkled with dark hairs . the sides contrast with the brown to black back and top of the head , and with the pure white underparts . the tops of the feet are also white , while the tail is distinctly bi - coloured , being dark brown above and white below , with a white tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the woodland jumping mouse are of moderate size and are furred on the outside ( 6 ) . the female woodland jumping mouse is usually slightly larger than the male ( 2 ) .
how often does reproduction occur ? woodland jumping mice breed once or twice in one season ( may through september ) .
are also found on woodland jumping mice . internal parasites include protozoans , cestodes or tapeworms , and nematodes or roundworms .
western jumping mice mate soon after they emerge from hibernation , usually in june . their gestation period is approximately 18 days and they give birth to 3 to 9 young . a newborn weighs about 1 gram . they can have 2 or 3 litters per year but will usually have only one litter . young born too late in the year do not acquire sufficient fat reserves to survive hibernation .
usually tall grass along streams , with or without a brush or tree canopy . also dry grasslands in north - central mt . mesic forests with sparse understory herbage in western mt . from valley floors to timberline and alpine wet sedge meadows ( hoffmann and pattie 1968 ) .
the pacific jumping mouse is common within its range . population densities vary greatly , from three individuals per hectare in dry grassy areas , to 40 per hectare in mesic meadows where forbs are more abundant than grasses ( cranford 1999 , in wilson and reeder , 2005 ) .
orrock , j . l . , farley , d . and pagels , j . f . ( 2003 ) does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals ? canadian journal of zoology , 81 : 753 - 756 .
french ar , forand s . role of soil temperature in timing of emergence from hibernation in the jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius . in : heldmaier g , kligenspor m , editors . life in the cold : eleventh international hibernation symposium ; berlin . 2000 . pp . 111–118 .
woodland jumping mice eat fungi and help to disperse mycorrhizal fungi . mycorrhizal fungi are very important to the ecosystem because they provide trees with nutrients . they also break down detritus . woodland jumping mice are often found with other small mammals , such as
a highly specialized granivore , eating mainly grass seeds , and hibernating for up to 8 mo each yr . the need for an abundant seed supply probably explains the restricted ecological distribution and patchy abundance . despite the name , a jumping mouse generally moves about on all 4 feet . predators include foxes , coyotes , mustelids , house cats , owls , hawks , snakes , and some fish . jumping mice are good swimmers .
meaney ca , ruggles ak , lubow bc , clippinger nw . abundance , survival , and hibernation of preblei’s meadow jumping mice (
the only species in its genus ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a small rodent with long hind feet and a distinctly long tail , which makes up more than half of its total length ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . using the hind limbs for propulsion and the tail for balance , the woodland jumping mouse is able to make large leaps of up to three metres at a time ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , although it more commonly moves with shorter hops ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the diet of the woodland jumping mouse includes a variety of fungi , seeds , caterpillars , beetles , nuts , fruits and other plant material ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . fungi often make up over a third of the diet ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , with underground species such as those in the genus endogone being particularly important ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the association of the woodland jumping mouse with cool , moist habitats may partly relate to the availability of this food source ( 7 ) .
1994 . meadow jumping mice habitat affinities and capture success in two trap types at bosque de apache national wildlife refuge . 86 pp .
in fact , the crew did not catch a single preble’s mouse along a 1 - mile stretch of the creek where , on average , 44 mice had appeared in previous surveys .
yet development pressures mount — to widen interstate 25 through mouse habitat between castle rock and colorado springs , to build new housing and to install more big - box stores . and , in washington , d . c . , and in pro - industry law offices , attorneys argued last week that it makes no sense to give so much power to a mouse .
previous mouse surveys found scores of the mice along front range streams , including an estimated 77 along rock creek in the late 1990s . but , increasingly , preble’s mice aren’t found .
brown , l . n . 1967b . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) in wyoming . am . midl . nat . 78 : 460 - 470 . godin , a . j . 1977 . wild mammals of new england . johns hopkins univ . press , baltimore , md . 304pp . hall , e . r . 1981 . the mammals of north america . second ed . 2 vols . john wiley and sons , new york . 1271pp . hall , e . r . , and k . r . kelson . 1959 . the mammals of north america . 2 vols . the ronald press , new york . 1162pp . krutzsch , p . h . 1954 . north american jumping mice ( genus zapus ) . univ . kans . nat . hist . publ . 7 : 349 - 372 . meyers , l . g . 1969 . home range and longevity in zapus princeps in colorado . am . midl . nat . 82 : 628 - 629 . stinson , n . , jr . 1981 . home range of the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the colorado rocky mountains . great basin nat . 37 : 87 - 90 . vaughan , t . a . , and w . pease - weil . 1980 . the importance of arthropods in the diet of zapus princeps in a subalpine habitat . j . mammal . 61 : 122 - 124 .
“development has proceeded along the front range , ” he said . “in areas where development could affect the mouse , we have worked with developers and other project proponents to avoid and minimize their potential impacts on the mouse , other listed species , and other natural resources — and , if necessary , pursue incidental - take permits under the esa so that projects proceed . ”
the woodland jumping mouse is most active at night , although it may also be active at dawn and dusk , especially in cloudy or rainy weather ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has a long hibernation , usually lasting from september or october until april or may . during the autumn , the woodland jumping mouse starts to accumulate extra body fat in preparation for hibernation , and will sometimes increase to one and a half times its spring weight ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . no extra food is eaten over the winter months , so any individuals without sufficient fat reserves do not survive ( 1 ) . in the spring , male woodland jumping mice emerge a couple of weeks before the females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .
: the meadow jumping mouse occurs in the eastern third of kansas where it inhabits abandoned fields or grassy meadows associated with shrubs or trees , generally in moist situations . it uses trails made by voles , but , like harvest mice , prefers to live independently of trail systems . its distribution in the state is localized and variable .
saving the mouse requires continued work by all to preserve and protect streamside habitat , which also helps many other species and people who rely on streams for water and recreation , federal wildlife officials say .
breeding season mating occurs immediately after woodland jumping mice emerge from hibernation in early may . mating may also occur in mid - summer ( second litter ) .
woodland jumping mice eat a variety of foods , including fruits , seeds , fungi , and insects . in many areas , these mice depend on the fungus
the jumping mouse can have up to 3 litters a year starting directly after the snowmelt in the spring . each litter has 3 - 9 young that weigh less than a gram each . owls , weasels , foxes , and skunks all like to eat this furry rodent . habitat destruction alongside rivers and streams is the main threat faced by these important mammals .
the colorado association of home builders , colorado cattlemen’s association , and housing and building association of colorado springs recently petitioned the federal government demanding that the protection granted in 1998 for the preble’s mouse be removed .
the preble’s mouse counts can be slow . trappers lay out metal boxes at night , baited with molasses - covered oats or alfalfa . they put them in thick willows , then check them at dawn .
. woodland jumping mice can climb within bushes and on vines but are not arboreal . lastly , they can swim underwater and on the surface for short distances .
a fish and wildlife service review in 2013 concluded that human development and other activities fragmented and changed preble’s mouse habitat , that the mice are likely to face extinction “within the foreseeable future , ” and that they require continued protection .
percent of records by month for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) based on museum specimens from low elevation valleys and montane populations . percent of records by month for bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( valley , rio grande population ) is based on field data reported by najera ( 1994 ) and sr najera , pj zwank , & m cardenas ( 1994 , unpublished data ) .
little is known about how woodland jumping mice benefit humans . the disperal of mycorrhizal fungi by these animals benefits many species of trees , some of which may be economically important .
the preble’s mouse , found only on colorado’s front range , “is a case in point , ” schiff said . “you have a significant amount of time and resources being expended over a population that doesn’t merit that degree of attention . ”
the newborn woodland jumping mice are naked and blind and weigh just 0 . 9 grams . the young are fully furred by 24 days old and open their eyes at 26 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . weaning takes place by about 34 days old ( 3 ) . neither the male nor female woodland jumping mouse breed until after their first hibernation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) . this species may live up to three or four years , but most individuals probably do not survive beyond one or two years ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
: the meadow jumping mouse has a nervous disposition and , when disturbed , will immediately jump through the grass in erratic leaps using its tail as a balance . it is a good climber , frequently ascending stalks of plants while foraging . it is also a good swimmer . an oval nest ( 100 to 150 m ) is made of grass , rootlets and other plant fibers , and is placed either underground , under logs , on the surface of the ground , or sometimes a few millimeters above ground in hummocks of grass . the meadow jumping mouse is essentially solitary , and is rarely found in groups . in early autumn after accumulating fat , it retreats to a subterranean nest which is placed below the frost line and , after losing the tunnel , curls up in its nest with its tail wrapped around it and spends the next six or seven months in hibernation .
thompson , richard w . , western resource dev . corp . , boulder , co . , 1996 , wildlife baseline report for the montana [ montanore ] project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . in application for a hard rock operating permit and proposed plan of operation , montanore project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . vol . 5 . stroiazzo , john . noranda minerals corp . , libby , mt . revised september 1996 .
the tiny mouse with a huge vertical leap — officially designated threatened , meaning vulnerable to extinction — has for two decades forced developers and cattlemen to take better care of streamside habitat along colorado’s front range , one of the nation’s fastest - growing regions .
as its common name suggests , the woodland jumping mouse is found primarily in wooded habitats . it prefers relatively cool , moist areas with dense vegetation , particularly in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwood forests ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species is often found along streams or around bogs or swamps ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
in the northern portion of this species ' range , woodland jumping mice are 12 % larger in body size than they are in the south . northern and eastern populations tend to be more yellowish and southern populations are reddish - orange . northwestern populations have pale colored sides and dark backs . these distinctions in appearance and geographic differences helped whitaker ( 1972 ) to identify five subspecies of woodland jumping mice .
than other habitats . these rodents prefer forested areas with dense woody undergrowth . throughout their range , woodland jumping mice are found in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwoods . they are also found at forest edges when these provide sufficient cover ( shrubs , ferns , grasses , rocks ) and access to water . woodland jumping mice occur from sea level to elevation of 2013 m in the appalachian highlands .
surveyors running 200 traps a night all week saw nothing of the mouse’s famed leaps and midair twisting to evade predators . and this habitat is as good and undisturbed as it gets , because rocky flats was closed off as the site of a cold war nuclear bomb factory .
western jumping mice have yellow sides with a dark band down the middle of their back . their belly is usually white , but can sometimes have a yellow tinge . the body length including the tail is 215 - 260 mm . they have a long tail ( 126 - 160 mm ) that is darker on the top than the bottom . males and females are similar in size and characteristics . weight ranges from 18 to 24 grams , but can reach up to 35 grams before they enter hibernation . the hind feet are very large with each foot measuring 28 - 34 mm and they can hop up to 2 m . each upper tooth row has 4 molariform teeth with the first reduced in size .
populations of pacific jumping mice appear secure , however , potential threats to long term viability exist . as with similar species , populations of pacific jumping mice are often greatly reduced by wildfires and prescribed burns , which are becoming increasingly common throughout its range . because of its reliance on mesic , montane habitats , this species may also be threatened by climate change . but overall there are no major threats to the species at present .
normally , woodland jumping mice use a four - legged walk when moving around . however , when speed is needed they resort to a four - legged hopping locomotion . a hop normally covers 0 . 6 to 0 . 9 m , but can be as long as 1 . 8 m and as high as 0 . 6 m . jumping mice travel along trails created by other small mammals , but not nearly as regularly as do
i am grateful to greg wright for his assistance and the many insightful discussions we have had about jumping mice . i thank scott wait of colorado parks and wildlife and jennifer l . zahratka for providing information about jumping mice at sambrito creek . i thank christina kenny for assistance creating the histograms . i thank fs dobson , an anonymous reviewer , and the academic editor , d kramer , for constructive suggestions that greatly improved the paper .
the endangered species act requires landowners to at least consult with federal officials before disturbing mouse habitat and to obtain permits for projects where harm can be minimized through careful planning . over two decades , hansen said , this process has resulted in higher - quality development along colorado’s front range that saves streamside terrain .
although not specifically reported for this species , there is undoubtedly tactile communication between mates , as well as between mother and offspring . it is also likely that , as in other small rodents , chemical signals pass between individuals helping to identify individuals , sexes , and the reproductive condition of any particular mouse .
the woodland jumping mouse occurs in the north - eastern united states and south - eastern canada . in canada , it has been recorded from southern labrador , south through quebec , and east through southern and central ontario , as far as manitoba . its range extends south through the north - eastern united states , along the appalachian mountains and as far south as northern georgia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also found in northern michigan and northern wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .
males come out of hibernation about 2 weeks before females , and mating occurs as soon as the females emerge . mating can also place again in mid - to late - summer , in which case it produces a second litter . there is not much information available on the mating system of woodland jumping mice . in captivity , females sometimes injure the ears and tails of males who pursue them for mating . however , captive woodland jumping mice are generally passive with each other , even while breeding .
reproductive data for female meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) that were field - evaluated to be pregnant at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico , 2009–2010 ( wright , 2012 ; frey & wright , 2012 ) .
relationship between the temperature equivalent ( c° ) of a location and the earliest known date for emergence of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from hibernation . temperature equivalents are relative to a hypothetical location with approximate average conditions for new mexico : 34° n latitude , 1 , 981 m elevation , and mean annual temperature of 12 . 2 °c . solid dots and regression line are based on dates of earliest capture during field studies ; stars are earliest dates of representative museum specimens . julian dates range from 1 may ( 121 ) to 3 july ( 184 ) .
age of new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by month captured in the middle rio grande valley at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico . the number of known pregnant females is indicated with a “p” in parentheses .
this small rodent builds a globular nest of dry grass and leaves , usually in an underground burrow , in a hollow log or fallen tree , or in a pile of brush ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . burrows may be dug by the mouse itself , or taken over from another small animal . the entrance is concealed during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of the woodland jumping mouse runs from may to early september , although births usually peak in june and august ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the gestation period is about 21 to 29 days ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and litter size ranges from 2 to 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . females sometimes have two litters a year , particularly in more southerly populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
they jump to evade predators from coyotes to owls , fish and wildlife service biologist craig hansen said . “i’ve seen prodigious leaps , from a foot up to 5 feet . they crouch in vegetation and wait for predators to get close . it is a shock - and - awe defense . it surprises predators . then the mouse jumps away . ”
it would take years before the mouse could vanish , because 34 , 935 acres of “critical habitat” along streams in colorado ensure survival is likely . and wildlife researchers say it is difficult to prove a species has gone extinct . if that happened , the endangered species act protections legally could be removed . few species have been removed from the endangered list due to extinction .
woodland jumping mice are found throughout northeastern north america , from central manitoba to northern quebec and south into the lower appalachian mountains ( northern georgia ) . in michigan , these mice may be found in the upper peninsula and in the northern three tiers of counties in the lower peninsula .
: the meadow jumping mouse is a graceful , colorful mammal that can be distinguished from other kansas rodents by : 1 ) long tapering tail , bicolored grayish - brown above and yellowish - white below with a black tip , 2 ) large hind feet , 3 ) small front feet , 4 ) long , coarse , yellowish - brown fur on the upper body with black - tipped guard hairs that form a dark dorsal stripe , 5 ) yellowish - orange to pinkish - buff sides , 6 ) white underparts , and 7 ) dark ears edged with buff or white . sexes are alike . young are duller in color than adults and have softer fur .
= 9 ) of jumping mice caught in may were male . the earliest capture date for a valley specimen outside the middle rio grande valley were two females caught 24 june at espanola , rio arriba county , new mexico ( 36 . 0°n latitude , 1 , 700 m elevation ) .
woodland jumping mice are normally active at night , but may be active during the day , especially on cloudy or rainy days . these animals seek shelter in burrows they dig for themselves , burrows of other small mammals , or under shrubs . during the day , woodland jumping mice cover the entrance to their burrows . a tunnel may be 1 . 5 m in length . a globular nest is built in a small tunnel , in brush , or on the ground . the nest is made of grass and dead leaves , and can be as large as 154 mm in diameter .
woodland jumping mice are found in a wide variety of habitats in michigan . these include old growth dry and wet hardwoods , second growth hardwoods , mixed conifer swamp , tamarack and black spruce bog , second - growth fir and spruce , and in grassy areas with second - growth ash cover .
along the rio grande and the lowest elevation location ( i . e . , highest temperature equivalent ) where the species is currently known to persist . field studies at banwr have revealed a sharp reduction in detectable above - ground activity of jumping mice during late summer . in 1991 and 1992 ,
develop more slowly than other rodents . it is possible that they need extra time for the growth and coordination of their very specialized jumping limbs . litters contain from 1 to 7 young , and pregnancy lasts from 23 to 29 days . at birth , young are blind , naked , unpigmented , and weigh about 1 g . by the age of 10 days , young woodland jumping mice have pigment spots beneath the skin all over the body . their bodies are covered with fine hair by day 14 . young jumping mice are fully furred by 24 days and their eyes open by 26 days . by day 34 , the young are weaned and they have the appearance of adults , except they are smaller and their sides are yellowish brown ( adults have orange - brown sides ) . juveniles lose their yellowish fur when they molt , at about 63 to 80 days after birth . most adults go through their yearly molt in august .
woodland jumping mice hibernate for at least six months of the year . they spend september / october until may in a subterranean burrow . young do not enter hibernation until late october , about one month after adults begin hibernation . body fat is quickly accumulated several weeks before entering hibernation . an adult that weighs 20 g in the summer may gain up to 10 g to in preparation to hibernate . while hibernating , woodland jumping mice curl up in a ball in their underground nests and enter a torpor where their normal body temperature of 37 c drops considerably . finally , up to 35 % of their weight is lost during hibernation .
is not found in any other small mammal . these mice were also found to have eaten raspberries , may apples , blueberries , ferns , leaves , and nuts . insects are another important part of the diet of these mice , providing about 22 % of their food . woodland jumping mice do not cache food .
) . at fenton lake , morrison ( 1987 , unpublished data ) caught 5 jumping mice in october that previously had been captured with the last caught on 3 october after which trapping ended . thus , there could have been later dates of activity . morrison ( 1987 , unpublished data ) thought that most adults had entered hibernation by mid - september and that later occurrences were young of the year . however , in the white mountains near greer , i caught five jumping mice on 12 september , which included four young of the year weighing < 20 g , and one adult female that weighed 34 g that was imminently ready for hibernation .
not much is known about the communication in woodland jumping mice . in captivity , individuals are very tolerant of each other and show few signs of aggression . individuals are normally silent ; however young mice are constantly squeaking and making suckling sounds shortly after being born . adults utter a soft clucking sound while sleeping or just before hibernation .
) caught jumping mice through september and until 22 october , although all were considered young of the year in these months except an adult female ( 24 . 0 g ) on 12 september and an adult male that weighed 32 . 0 g on 27 september and 35 . 0 g on 1 october , and was imminently ready for immergence (