pastoral pursuits ( foaled 24 april 2000 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he was bred in newmarket and sold for 24,000 guineas as a yearling .

as a two-year-old he finished second on his debut but won his three remaining races including the group three sirenia stakes .

his three-year-old campaign was abbreviated by injury but he added two major wins in the hackwood stakes and the park stakes .

in 2005 he made only two appearances but recorded his most important victory when winning the group one july cup at newmarket racecourse .

his racing career was ended by injury shortly afterwards and he was retired to stud .

he has had some success as a sire of winners .

pastoral pursuits

bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | pastoral pursuits bags july cup
pastoral pursuits won six times , and was runner - up twice , in 10 runs .
pastoral pursuits has been retired to stud just weeks after winning the darley july cup at newmarket .
pastoral pursuits , ridden by john egan , sprang a 22 - 1 surprise in the darley july cup at newmarket .
limato was the impressive winner in 2015 and emulated pastoral pursuits by going on to win the group 1 july cup the following year at newmarket .
not only are we busy foaling but as a four stallion stud we’re also covering mares . this is mick easterby’s el molino blanco who has had a morning date with pastoral pursuits . pastoral pursuits has sired two of mick easterby’s most successful sprinters in recent years , perfect pasture and hoofalong .
bobby joe leg , a son of norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits , was an 8 / 1 winner at wolverhampton this evening for trainer ruth carr .
the best horse he has so far handled is the top class pastoral pursuits who was a top class juvenile who progressed through to winning the 2005 july cup .
racquet , trained by ruth carr , was a winner for norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits at wetherby this afternoon . the four year old was recording his fourth career victory .
bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | july cup hero pursuits is retired
hughie morrison saddled the 2004 winner , pastoral pursuits . the 5 / 1 shot went on to group one glory with a storming victory in the group 1 july cup at newmarket the next year .
roderick , a two year old colt by pastoral pursuits , was a debut winner at musselburgh this afternoon for trainer richard fahey . staying on strongly at the finish he looks a horse to follow in coming months .
major crispies scored in style for norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits at beverley tonight . the david o’meara trained gelding won the seller by ten lengths and the performance saw him purchased for 6 , 200 guineas after the race .
the purpose of the centre is to provide training in order to equip people for service in pastoral care .
pastoral pursuits had collected a group two at doncaster last season but there was no blinding light suggesting he was a contender as the 22 - 1 shot was just one of many outsiders as the field scattered on leaving the stalls .
( on whom he was to win the prix de l ' abbaye three months later ) . john egan stepped into the breach and got pastoral pursuits home by a length and a half in what timeform described as
the best sprinting performance of the year in europe
. sadly , pastoral pursuits was unable to provide any further demonstrations of his merit , as later that month it was announced that he had sustained another leg injury , and was to retire to the national stud .
everyone , therefore , was happy , apart from those who like to believe that horses are bred to be raced , rather than raced to be bred from . morristown lattin presumably became even happier when dark angel ' s younger pastoral pursuits half - brother
last page , a three year old son of norton grove’s pastoral pursuits , was a winner at wolverhampton today . trained by david evans and ridden by adam kirby he showed grit in battling back to regain the lead in the final furlong to record his first career win .
july cup : 1 . pastoral pursuits ( j f egan ) 22 - 1 2 . avonbridge ( s drowne ) 40 - 1 3 . etlaala ( r hills ) 40 - 1 19 ran 4 - 1 jt fav soldier ' s tale , somnus non runner : 6
then there is the top class handicapper intrepid jack who was a close second on unsuitable ground in this season ' s wokingham and the most exciting prospect since pastoral pursuits , sakhee ' s secret , unbeaten in three outings this season and going for gold in the july cup .
pastoral pursuits is a proven sire who will stand at norton grove stud in 2018 . he has sired the winners of almost 500 races and over £4 . 5 million of prize - money and we are delighted to be able to offer him to breeders in the coming season .
as of the start of derby week , pastoral pursuits was leading the first - season sires ' list for britain and ireland on both individual winners ( five ) and races won ( six ) . furthermore , he already appears to have produced the good horse necessary for a stallion to be regarded as a source of stakes performers , rather than merely of winners . there is , admittedly , a colossal gap in class between a maiden race at hamilton in western scotland and a group race , but pastoral pursuits ' daughter rose blossom impresses as a filly capable of making such a transition .
the first horse through the ring on wednesday is lot 236 by morpheus out of red rosanna ( by bertolini ) . a winner at two and three , she is a half - sister to group three winner rose blossom ( by pastoral pursuits ) and has produced two winners from two runners so far .
now , less than four years later , pastoral pursuits is already confirming that he will be an asset to england ' s ranks of sprinting stallions . as with any other first - season stallion , he does , of course , still have much to prove , but the signs at present are very encouraging .
colonized the island in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; pastoral pursuits and agriculture served as the basis of the economy . for the first three centuries after the conquest , the island remained a neglected stopping point for the spanish fleet , which visited the new world and returned to spain with the mineral wealth of continental america .
the hughie morrison trained pastoral pursuits is another familiar name for sprint lovers . he won this as a three - year - old in 2004 and won the july cup 12 months later . he too has had a sparkling career at stud . high standing , regal parade and deacon blues are other high class speedsters to have captured this popular prize .
it would be easy to identify this as a freak result , but pastoral pursuits won , going away , by a length and a half in a respectable time on the softish going . we will learn more about the horse , who goes to the national stud next season , when he runs next month in deauville ' s prix maurice du gheest .
pastoral girl ( gb ) ( elusive quality ( usa ) : second in juddmonte princess margaret stakes , ascot , gr . 3 , ebf weatherbys kilvington stakes , nottingham , l . ) .
oh so rosie ( windsor , 3 . 00 ) was stopped in her run at bath on tuesday but looks in the sort of form that she showed at this time last year when she won three from four . she has dropped 27lb in the handicap since her final outing last season . pastoral pursuits can follow up an easy chepstow win in the best race on the card at 3 . 30 .
the decisive move appeared to have been made at halfway , when steve drowne and avonbridge made a surge , but the truly crucial manoeuvres were going on in behind as john egan pointed his mount at the leader . the irishman did not genuinely know how his partner would react as he had thrown a leg over pastoral pursuits for the very first time in the parade ring . but he did recognise that his ally was moving rather well .
bahamian bounty duly turned out to be a very fast horse , winning two group one races at approximately six furlongs ( the prix morny and the middle park stakes ) as a two - year - old . he has proved a reliable sire of sprinters since his retirement to the national stud in 1998 , with the average winning distance of his progeny currently standing at 6 . 6 furlongs . pastoral pursuits can be regarded as his best son so far .
the centre offers classes and seminars to assist volunteers and professionals who provide pastoral care in congregations , hospitals , care facilities , hospice and other contexts of ministry in developing their skills and understanding for the vital roles they fill .
it should be no surprise that pastoral pursuits is now producing fast horses , because he seems almost certain to justify categorization as a sprinting stallion , a member of a group which in europe sometimes seems nowadays to be an endangered species . the northern dancer sire - line which dominates modern breeding tends to be more of an influence for class than for specialization at a specific distance , and thus rarely produces a stallion whose overwhelming forte is the production of sprinters . furthermore , the fact that a stallion has to be capable of producing horses who can excel at distances beyond a mile if he is to make his mark in the upper reaches of the general sires ' table means that , even if a stallion really is an influence for short distances , it is often the case that his owners feel obliged to disguise the fact . pastoral pursuits , though , is a son of one of england ' s few specialist sires of sprinters -
it was , indeed , a rather peculiar july cup . sprinting has been a shabby division in these islands for some time now and its summer gala on the july course yesterday featured 19 eager if not particularly well qualified prospectors . this included the queerness of one of the favourites , iffraaj , being a handicapper , while the crown was also contested by the creaking limbs of quito and bahamian pirate , respectively eight and 10 years of age . and then there was the story of pastoral pursuits .
while in parliament he took a great interest in the land question , and he was instrumental in stopping the large auction land sales proposed by the robertson ministry . the clause embodied in the act limiting the area put up to auction owes in a great measure its existence to him . he was a strong supporter of the stuart ministry and their land bill . mr . campbell has been chieflyengaged in pastoral pursuits and he is a great admirer of all manly sports . he was captain of the first parliamentary team in the parliament v . press cricket matches . ”
one of the key goals of the centre is to provide basic training to volunteers so that they can be effective in providing pastoral care . the centre intends to offer a program that is recognized by alberta health , so volunteers will be qualified to serve within institutions as well as within facilities and homes of their local parishes and congregations .
on his arrival he moved to sausalito from san francisco , near the towering mount tamalpais in wh at is now marin county . he moved from job to job until the gold rush , when he found a profitable business in transporting miners to sutter ' s fort , where gold had been found . he even tried mining himself , with some success . he started to purchase land in san francisco and other places in northern california . but in 1850 he found the farmland in southern alameda county and purchased 425 acres . he built a majestic house and was close to his early friends like simeon stivers , who traveled with him on the brooklyn . he became very wealthy with his agricultural and pastoral pursuits . he marred in 1854 and had four child , marion , joseph , frederick and abbie .
pastoral player ( gb ) ( lion cavern ( usa ) : timeform jury john of gaunt stakes , haydock park , gr . 3 , second in olbg park stakes , doncaster , gr . 2 , transformers & rectifiers summer mile , ascot , gr . 2 , timeform jury john of gaunt stakes , haydock park , gr . 3 , third in bet365 criterion stakes , newmarket , gr . 3 ) .
ultimately , lion cavern proved himself to be a decent stallion , even if not nearly as distinguished as his full - brother gone west . he had been a precocious racehorse himself , but at stud he suffered from the fact that his best horses took significantly longer to hit their best form than he himself had done . sadly , he is no longer in a position to produce more good sons and daughters , but at least his grandchildren are doing well , the aforementioned pastoral player ( successful in a group three seven furlong race at haydock in june ) being one of nine group / graded stakes winners so far produced by daughters of lion cavern . these also include the group / grade one winners
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hughie morrison ' s four - year - old got up to take the lead inside the final furlong to beat 40 - 1 shot avonbridge .
etlaala , also a 40 - 1 outsider , was third as all the fancied runners were left trailing in the group one sprint over six furlongs .
soldier ' s tale , one of the 4 - 1 joint favourites for the race , stayed on to finish fourth .
i knew two and a half down that he was going to win ,
egan commented .
i can ' t believe he travelled so well in a group one , it was amazing .
a delighted morrison said :
we always thought he was a bloody good horse and he proved it today .
he didn ' t have a hard race at york in the queen anne , he slipped on the ground and just never found his footing , but it ' s a credit to the horse that he could come back to run here .
it ' s unbelievable . i can ' t believe it . i have to thank all my staff , especially my assistant gerry gracey , who said to me that we should run him and that we would win a group one .
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i have discovered some detailed information on mr w . r . campbell from an article in the town and country journal of 24th may 1890 as follows ;
“the hon . william robert campbell , m . l . c . , is one of four gentlemen recently appointed to the legislative council . mr . campbell was born in sydney in 1838 , and is the son of the late robert campbell , who was colonial treasurer in the cowper ministry , and one of the family well known as the proprietors of campbell’s wharf .
he was educated at king’s school , parramatta , under the rev . robert forrest , and subsequently resided with his father in sydney until 1860 . in that year he went to europe , and travelled that continent until 1863 , when he returned to sydney . in 1868 he entered the legislative assembly to represent west maitland .
again visited the old country in 1873 , and remained there until 1975 . in 1880 he was elected for the gwydir , and sat for that electorate until he resigned in 1886 . he married in 1881 the youngest daughter of the late sir edward deas - thomson , c . b . , k . c . m . g .
while we don’t know why he resigned in 1886 , it would appear he was still interested in politics and made the move to legislative council in 1890 .
campbell bridge – 125th anniversary ( 4 - nov - 11 ) [ read more… ] the bridge finally opens the following extracts are from the report by the bingera correspondent , dated 8th november , which appeared in the maitland mercury & hunter river advertiser on 19th november 1886 . the correspondent was present on the opening day and gives a very detailed account of proceedings ;
there are two bridges at bingara , the main bridge over the gwydir river , ( campbell bridge ) and the smaller over halls creek . they are generally known collectively as ‘campbell bridge’ .
thomas hartwell’s recollections ( 3 - nov - 11 ) [ read more… ] thomas hartwell worked on campbell bridge and supplied timber for its construction . his recollections of the bridge construction appeared in the bingara advocate , june , 26 1935 . as you will see even he has the bridge opening details incorrect , which would seem very surprising as you would expect he was there for the opening .
cristóbal colón ( christopher columbus ) claims the new world . on 27 october 1492 columbus sighted cuba , he named the island juana .
began with the arrival of christopher columbus in 1492 and the subsequent invasion of the island by the spaniards . aboriginal groups—the guanahatabey , ciboney , and taíno—inhabited the island but were soon eliminated or died as a result of diseases or the shock of conquest . thus , the impact of indigenous groups on subsequent cuban society was limited , and spanish culture , institutions , language , and religion prevailed . colonial society developed slowly after
josé martí ( 28 january 1853–19 may 1895 ) cuban independence leader and national hero . through his writings and political activity , he became a symbol for cuba ' s bid for independence against spain in the 19th century .
as a sugar - producing colony , spanish protective policies , and the ingenuity of cuba’s creole business class all converged to produce a sugar revolution on the island . in a scant few years , cuba was transformed from a sleepy , unimportant island into the major sugar producer in the world . slaves arrived in increasing numbers ; large estates squeezed out smaller ones ; sugar supplanted tobacco , agriculture , and cattle as the main occupation ; prosperity replaced poverty ; and spain’s attention replaced neglect . these factors , especially the latter two , delayed a move toward independence in the early nineteenth century . while most of latin america was breaking with spain , cuba remained loyal .
toward the end of the nineteenth century , cuban loyalty began to change as a result of creole rivalry with spaniards for the governing of the island , increased spanish despotism and taxation , and the growth of cuban nationalism . these developments combined to produce a prolonged and bloody war , the ten years’ war against spain ( 1868–78 ) , but it failed to win independence for cuba . at the outset of the second independence war ( 1895–98 ) , cuban independence leader josé martí was killed . as a result of increasingly strained relations between spain and the united states , the americans entered the conflict in 1898 . already concerned about its economic interests on the island and its strategic interest in a future
canal , the united states was aroused by an alarmist “yellow” press after the uss maine sank in havana harbor on february 15 as the result of an explosion of undetermined origin . in december 1898 , with the treaty of
, the united states emerged as the victorious power in the spanish - american war , thereby ensuring the expulsion of spain and u . s . tutelage over cuban affairs .
, after almost five years of u . s . military occupation , cuba launched into nationhood with fewer problems than most latin american nations . prosperity increased during the early years . militarism seemed curtailed . social tensions were not profound . yet corruption , violence , and political irresponsibility grew . invoking the 1901 platt amendment , which was named after senator orville h . platt and stipulated the right of the united states to intervene in cuba’s internal affairs and to lease an area for a naval base in cuba , the united states intervened militarily in cuba in 1906–9 , 1917 , and 1921 . u . s . economic involvement also weakened the growth of cuba as a nation and made the island more dependent on its northern neighbor .
u . s . - backed dictator fulgencio batista , leader of cuba from 1933 - 1944 , and from 1952 - 1959 , before being overthrown as a result of the cuban revolution .
during world war ii was followed by an era of democratic government , respect for human rights , and accelerated prosperity under the inheritors of the 1933 revolution—grau san martín ( president , 1944–48 ) and carlos prío socarrás ( president , 1948–52 ) . yet political violence and corruption increased . many saw these administrations of the cuban revolutionary party ( partido revolucionario cubano—prc ) , more commonly known as the authentic party ( partido auténtico ) , as having failed to live up to the ideals of the revolution . others still supported the auténticos and hoped for new leadership that could correct the vices of the past . a few conspired to take power by force .
batista’s coup d’état on march 10 , 1952 , had a profound effect on cuban society , leading to doubts about the ability of the cubans to govern themselves . it also began a brutal right - wing dictatorship that resulted in the polarization of society , civil war , the overthrow of batista , and the destruction of the military and most other cuban institutions . fidel castro ruz , a charismatic , anti - u . s . revolutionary , seized power on january 1 , 1959 , following his successful revolt against the u . s . - backed batista government . as the castro regime expropriated u . s . properties and investments and began , officially , on april 16 , 1961 , to convert cuba into a one - party communist system , relations between the united states and cuba deteriorated rapidly . the united states imposed an embargo on cuba on october 19 , 1960 , and broke diplomatic relations on january 3 , 1961 , in response to castro’s expropriations without compensation and other provocations , such as arrests of u . s . citizens . the failure of the central intelligence agency ( cia ) –sponsored invasion by cuban exiles in april 1961 ( the infamous bay of pigs invasion ) allowed the castro regime to destroy the entire cuban underground and to emerge strengthened and consolidated , basking in the huge propaganda value of having defeated the “yankees . ”
ernesto
che
guevara ( 14 june 1928 – 9 october 1967 ) a key figure of the cuban revolution in its struggle against monopoly capitalism , neo - colonialism , and imperialism . che was executed on 9 october 1967 ( aged 39 ) at the instigation of rené barrientos , then president of bolivia who came to power in the aftermath of the overthrow of the government of paz estenssoro in a united states of america ' s cia - backed coup .
tensions between the two governments peaked during the cuban missile crisis of october 1962 after the united states revealed the presence of soviet missiles in cuba . following the imposition of a u . s . naval blockade , the weapons were withdrawn and the missile bases dismantled , thus resolving one of the most serious international crises since world war ii . a u . s . - soviet agreement that ended the cuban missile crisis assured cuba’s protection from military attack by the united states .
provided a protective umbrella that propelled castro onto the international scene . cuba’s support of anti - u . s . guerrilla and terrorist groups in latin america and other countries of the developing world , military intervention in africa , and unrestricted soviet weapons deliveries to cuba suddenly made castro an important international contender . cuba’s role in bringing to power a marxist regime in
’s anastasio somoza debayle in july 1979 perhaps stand out as castro’s most significant accomplishments in foreign policy . in the 1980s , the u . s . military expulsion of the cubans from
and central america showed the limits of cuba’s influence and “internationalism” ( cuban missions to support governments or insurgencies in the developing world ) .
the collapse of communism in the early 1990s had a profound effect on cuba . soviet economic subsidies to cuba ended as of january 1 , 1991 . without soviet support , cuba was submerged in a major economic crisis . the gross national product contracted by as much as one - half between 1989 and 1993 , exports fell by 79 percent and imports by 75 percent , the budget deficit tripled , and the standard of living of the population declined sharply . the cuban government refers to the economic crisis of the 1990s and the austerity measures put in place to try to overcome it euphemistically as the “special period in peacetime . ” minor adjustments , such as more liberalized foreign investment laws and the opening of private ( but highly regulated ) small businesses and agricultural stands , were introduced . yet the regime continued to cling to an outdated marxist and caudillista ( dictatorial ) system , refusing to open the political process or the economy .
hostility between cuba and the united states continued unabated during the 1990s , and illegal cuban immigration to the united states and human rights violations in cuba remained sensitive issues . as the post - soviet cuban economy imploded for lack of once - generous soviet subsidies , illegal emigration became a growing problem . the 1994 balsero crisis ( named after the makeshift rafts or other unseaworthy vessels used by thousands of cubans ) constituted the most significant wave of cuban illegal emigrants since the mariel boatlift of 1980 , when 125 , 000 left the island . a cuban - u . s . agreement to limit illegal emigration had the unintended effect of making alien smuggling of cubans into the united states a major business .
passed the so - called helms–burton law , introducing tougher rules for u . s . dealings with cuba and deepening economic sanctions . the most controversial part of this law , which led to international condemnation of u . s . policy toward cuba , involved sanctions against third - party nations , corporations , or individuals that trade with cuba . the u . s . stance toward cuba became progressively more hard - line , as demonstrated by the appointment of several prominent cuban - americans to the administration of george w . bush . nevertheless , as a result of pressure from european countries , particularly spain , the bush administration continued the clinton administration’s policy of suspending a provision in the helms–burton act that would allow u . s . citizens and companies to sue foreign firms using property confiscated from them in cuba during the 1959 revolution . instead , the bush administration sought to increase pressure on the castro regime through increased support for domestic dissidents and new efforts to broadcast pro - u . s . messages to cubans and to bypass cuba’s jamming of u . s . television and radio broadcasts to cuba .
fidel alejandro castro ruz ( born 13 august 1926 ) was until july 2006 cuba ' s president of the council of state , commander in chief of the armed forces , president of the council of ministers , and first secretary of the cuban communist party .
involving cuban spies also underscored the continuing cuban - u . s . cold war . in addition , in early 2002 the bush administration began to make a concerted effort to isolate cuba from traditionally sympathetic latin american countries such as
, but cuba has continued to have diplomatic and trade relations with latin america . although the successful visit to havana in may 2002 by former u . s . president jimmy carter brought renewed efforts in congress to lift the embargo , president bush reaffirmed his support for it and sought to more strictly enforce the u . s . ban on travel by americans to cuba . in january 2004 , he canceled immigration talks with havana that had been held biannually for a decade . in may 2004 , he endorsed new proposals to reduce the amount of remittances émigrés can send back to cuba and further restrict the number of visits cubans living in the united states can make to their homeland . cuba responded by cultivating closer relations with
a crack opened in the cuban system in may 2002 , when a petition with 11 , 000 signatures—part of an unusual dissident initiative known as the varela project—was submitted to the national assembly of popular power ( hereafter , national assembly ) . started by oswaldo josé payá sadinas , now cuba’s most prominent dissident leader , the varela project called for a referendum on basic civil and political liberties and a new electoral law . in the following month , however , the government responded by initiating a drive to mobilize popular support for an amendment to the constitution , subsequently adopted unanimously by the national assembly , declaring the socialist system to be “untouchable , ” permanent , and “irrevocable . ”
cuban politics have been dominated by a government campaign targeting negative characteristics of the socialist system , such as “indiscipline” ( for example , theft of public and private property , absenteeism , and delinquency ) , corruption , and negligence . under the campaign , unspecified indiscipline - related charges were brought against a member of the cuban communist party and its political bureau , resulting in his dismissal from these positions in april 2006 .
castro , hospitalized by an illness , transferred power provisionally to his brother , general raúl castro ruz , first vice president of the council of state and council of ministers and minister of the revolutionary armed forces on july 31 , 2006 . fidel castro’s unprecedented transfer of power and his prolonged recovery appeared to augur the end of the castro era .
one world - nations online . : . let ' s care for this planet actually , it ' s impossible to simulate freedom - - - or ? nations online project is made to improve cross - cultural understanding and global awareness . more signal - less noise
origin mowry arrived in the san francisco bay area in 1846 with his parents and bro ther , rinaldo . they were part of the historic voyage of the brooklyn , which brought mormons to this area . he was born in providence county , rhode island on july 3 , 1825 where he learned his trade of mason , while helping on the family farm .
mowry landing which was at the source of mowry slough was close to the railway station of the south pacific coast railroad company , which was on mowry ' s land . this probably provided origin mowry with access to a larger market for his agricultural goods . according to an earlier map ( 1878 ) mowry slough is more extensive . sediment and fill from humans over the last 100 years shaped mowry slough of today .
explore your faith and understand the background and inspiration of the bible , its history and composition , the overarching themes and message .
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pathways is our new “distributed learning” model . it is taking our classroom courses out of the box , and down the road to where you are .
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at least two of this season ' s leading european first - season sires raced only as two - year - olds . and were each top - class and super - tough two - year - olds . each never raced again after his first season . each is now shaping up as a very promising stallion , with each already having sired his first stakes winner . teofilo ' s first black - type winner came with the success of in the listed three fillies sprint stakes at naas on 6th june , while dark angel ' s first stakes success came 19 days later when his daughter won the empress stakes at newmarket . while common sense suggests that , as the racecourse is the testing ground for the breeding stock of the future , it is preferable to breed only from stallions who have proved their durability prior to retiring to stud , these results suggest that such a credential , though desirable , is not necessarily essential , writes john berry
bloodstock history books , of course , provide numerous examples of stallions who never raced at the ages of three or above . while dark angel and teofilo were top - class and very tough two - year - olds , they were not in the same league in these respects as
, whose profile remains that of the perfect two - year - old . the tetrarch raced seven times as a two - year - old in 1913 , winning on all seven occasions . after making a winning debut at newmarket on 17th april , he won all his remaining six starts : the woodcote stakes at epsom , the coventry stakes ( then run over five furlongs ) at ascot by ten lengths , the national breeders ' produce stakes at sandown , the rous memorial at goodwood , the champion breeders ' foal stakes at derby , and the champagne stakes at doncaster . the national breeders ' produce stakes was the only race in which he came under any pressure at all , and that was only because he had been badly left at the start . by the autumn , he had more than earned his position as red - hot favourite for the following year ' s derby ( and his pedigree suggested that stamina would not be a concern , as he was by the good two - miler
, whose wins had all come between nine and 11 furlongs and who had already bred , strange though it may seem , a russian oaks winner ) . however , the tetrarch had to miss his engagement in october in the imperial produce stakes at kempton park because he struck into himself while cantering the day before the race – and when he did the same the following spring , he gave himself what proved to be a career - ending injury . the tetrarch proved to be a champion sire . poor fertility ( the 11 seasons which he spent covering at ballylinch stud before he was pensioned yielded only 130 foals , with the 22 foals in his 1918 crop being the most he ever produced in one year ) was not enough to prevent him from making a massive impression as a stallion . he was champion sire of britain and ireland in 1919 ( with his oldest offspring aged only three ) and he sired both a great stallion (
the gist of the tetrarch ' s tale is that racing only as a juvenile does not necessarily preclude subsequent success at stud . in fact , not racing at all does not necessarily preclude that , although obviously few horses are given any chance at stud at all without first having compiled a worthwhile racing record . the success , though , in new zealand of the champion sires
it should , however , be remembered that the tetrarch failed to race as a three - year - old because of misadventure ( striking into himself ) rather than because of any innate inability to withstand the rigours of training and racing per se . that is very different from the case of teofilo who appeared to stand up very well to a tough campaign as a two - year - old in 2006 ( when he won all his five starts including the national stakes at the curragh and the dewhurst stakes at newmarket ) but who , perhaps as a result of the wear and tear inevitably resultant from a tough preparation in his first season , suffered from soreness in his knees during his classic year which meant that , while he was in training , he never made it to the races as a three - year - old before retiring to kildangan stud aged four in 2008 . teofilo ' s failure to race as a three - year - old in 2007 resulted in the unusual situation of neither of the previous year ' s dewhurst stakes principals ever running again after that race , the runner - up
was infertile , the pretext for premature retirement being that holy roman emperor was thus required at the stud to cover the mares whom george washington could not help .
holy roman emperor thus found himself at stud during the spring of his three - year - old year ( 2007 ) . he has subsequently proved himself to be a useful source of satisfactory racehorses , even if the terrific qualities displayed by his super - tough royal ascot - winning first - crop three - year - old daughter
are not necessarily shared by all of his stock . while , though , there was seemingly a semi - valid reason for holy roman emperor not even being in training during his three - year - old season , such an excuse could not be used in the case of dark angel , who was still more than a month away from his actual third birthday when he began covering mares at morristown lattin stud in february 2008 . history does not relate whether any of dark angel ' s connections were glib enough to claim that he had been retired to stud because he had
nothing more to prove
- a phrase which , like
only following orders
, has much to answer for . however , what his premature retirement did prove is that the old maxims that one bred to race , and raced to improve the breed , have nowadays been submerged under a tidal wave of modern financial ' reality ' .
. acclamation was a very good two - year - old in 2001 and a group two winner of the six - furlong diadem stakes at ascot as a four - year - old in 2003 . he retired to rathbarry stud as a five - year - old in 2004 having finished in the first three in 13 of his 16 starts , and his first yearlings justifiably proved popular at the sales in the autumn of 2006 . ( acclamation has subsequently proved himself to be a consistently good sire of sprinters thanks to the successes of the likes of dual king ' s stand stakes winner
in the group two railway stakes over six furlongs at the curragh on 26th june - a race , incidentally , in which his son dark angel sired the runner - up and holy roman emperor sired the third ) .
bred by yeomanstown stud , dark angel was offered as a yearling at doncaster in august 2006 . although his family is far from a regular supplier of high - class horses , he was a strong , imposing colt sired by a fast horse who , thanks to never having yet sired a runner , could still at that time be dreamed about as being the ' next big thing ' . he duly fetched 61 , 000 gns , bought by the bba ireland on behalf of patrons of barry hills ' stable . as he was destined to carry the colours of catherine corbett , famous for having owned good grey horses such as the group one–winning fillies
, the fact that he was a grey would have probably helped to clinch the deal .
, whose breeding record at the time was far from impressive . she herself had inherited that grey coat from her dam
. the omens , therefore , were that dark angel might be a decent sprinter , even if it seemed unlikely that he could rise to the highest class . that , though , is what he would do in little over a year .
after joining barry hills ' stable , dark angel soon proved himself to be abnormally precocious . he was , therefore , duly dispatched to the craven meeting at newmarket in april 2007 , where he finished runner - up on debut to the julia fielden - trained
( who , in marked contrast to dark angel , is still racing now and who has to date won seven of his 45 starts , his most recent success having come in a listed race over seven furlongs at kempton last december ) . this run was good enough to see dark angel sent off the 2 / 5 favourite for a five - furlong maiden race at the chester may meeting ( where his trainer ' s outstanding course record over the years would have further increased confidence in his chances ) . he duly won comfortably by two lengths , ridden by the trainer ' s son michael , who was to partner him in all his races .
like most promising early two - year - olds , dark angel ran at royal ascot , but his run there in the 2007 windsor castle stakes gave little hint of the success he was shortly afterwards to enjoy : he finished 11th , albeit beaten less than four lengths in a blanket finish . thereafter , dark angel never looked back . raised in class at newmarket ' s july meeting , he belied his 20 / 1 sp when running a bold race to finish fourth to
in the world ' s oldest two - year - old race , the july stakes , a group two contest over six furlongs . a smooth victory in a very valuable sales race at the york august meeting followed and , although he was unplaced in the flying childers stakes at doncaster ' s st leger meeting , dark angel then rattled off a group race double , landing the group two mill reef stakes at newbury and the group one middle park stakes at newmarket , beating the richmond stakes winner
on each occasion . his connections then took the bold step of sending him out to contest an exceptionally competitive dewhurst two weeks later . while he probably found the seven furlongs too far , the strength of the opposition was probably also a major factor in his moderate ninth place in a 10 - runner field , well beaten by the likes of the subsequent derby winner
in a three - year - olds ' listed sprint at newbury last year , and then became happier still when dark angel ' s first yearlings sold well last autumn . the joy will have been increased further by the swag of winners which dark angel has already sired , headed by the admirable
, winner to date of four of her six races . so no real harm has been done , even if , surely , we don ' t want this trend to develop - and the fact that two of last season ' s fastest two - year - olds in britain ( flying childers winner
) were covering big books of mares as three - year - olds in ireland this year ( at tally - ho stud and morristown lattin stud respectively ) is not a good sign in that respect .
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high chaparra makes his comeback after injury in the royal whip stakes ( 2 . 55 ) at the curragh and should see off five rivals even if short of his best . he beat in time ' s eye convincingly at leopardstown before winning the derby last year , so the danger could be imperial dancer , especially if a strong pace brings his finish into play .
the most astonishing two - year - old performance at royal ascot came from three valleys , who stormed away with the coventry stakes by eight lengths in a very fast time . one cool cat is highly thought of by aidan o ' brien but he will have to be exceedingly smart to beat roger charlton ' s youngster in the phoenix stakes at 3 . 55 .
charlton may also strike in the prix maurice de gheest ( 2 . 50 ) at deauville with avonbridge , whose beating of ashdown express and resplendent cee at salisbury in june has been boosted by that pair ' s recent wins . nayyir may not be suited by a drop in trip .
as usual , the racing in britain is on a much more mundane level . frascati is my best bet of the day in the sprint handicap at windsor ( 5 . 00 ) . she has a 15lb pull for a three - quarters of a length beating by musical fair at redcar last month when two more of today ' s rivals , playtime blue and blessed place , finished down the field .
coustou ( 3 . 20 ) and miss mirasol ( 3 . 50 ) look best at leicester .
you ' ve read the piece , now have your say . email your comments , be as frank as you like , we can take it , to sport . editor @ urltoken , or mail the observer direct at sport @ urltoken
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however , it helps . all concerned with the running of the english national stud , where
resides , must therefore be delighted to see their stallion currently sitting on top of the first - season sires ' list for britain and ireland .
in an era when the times for races are continually getting faster and when the majority of track records are only a small amount of years old , it was remarkable that the track record for hamilton ' s five - furlong course should have remained at 58 seconds since 1972 . in fact , the surprise shouldn ' t be that no horse had run under 58 seconds in that period , more that such a quick time should have been set in the first place , because the stiff uphill finish at hamilton makes that a remarkably fast time . however , in making a winning debut at hamilton on may 30 , rose blossom won by four - and - a - half lengths in a time of 57 . 95 , thus breaking the all - aged record as well as the juveniles ' figure . she is clearly a young sprinter of huge potential , and it was no surprise after the race to hear vicky fahey , wife of the winning trainer richard , declare ,
richard thinks she is the best filly he has trained , and said that if she didn ' t win today he ' d give up training . she will now head straight to royal ascot for the queen mary
.
- and it would be no surprise if he were duly to follow in his father ' s footsteps . ( he would , in fact , actually follow in them closely , because the two stallions stand alongside each other at the national stud ) .
, bahamian bounty combines two proven sprinting sire - lines . it is somewhat ironic that cadeaux genereux is currently the most distinguished male - line descendant of
at stud in europe , because sprinting certainly was not the main claim to fame of hyperion and his descendants , notwithstanding hyperion ' s five - furlong success in the new ( now norfolk ) stakes as a two - year - old at royal ascot . however , the branch of hyperion ' s sire - line which came via the 1947 2 , 000 guineas winner
definitely proved to be one which excelled at short distances . tudor minstrel ' s son
, winners of the prix de l ' abbaye and the cork and orrery ( now golden jubilee ) stakes respectively . sadly balidar ' s son
was one of several very fast horses which he left prior to his premature demise .
boasted a similarly distinguished sprinting tradition . the dominant sprinter in ireland in the 1970s , ballad rock won the greenlands stakes at the curragh in 1978 with ten stone but even more meritorious was his victory in the previous year ' s rockingham handicap under 9 stone 12 lb , a massive weight for a three - year - old in what was historically regarded as ireland ' s most prestigious sprint . his main achievement at stud was breeding the july cup and sussex stakes winner
, winner of the 1966 coventry , champagne and middle park stakes , and subsequently responsible for numerous very fast horses during his career at kildangan stud in ireland .
landed the haydock park sprint cup . unsurprisingly , these siblings have speed on both sides of their pedigree , star ( who won over five furlongs as a two - year - old ) being a daughter of the mansingh mare marista , whose other offspring include


the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) is a species of phrynosomatid lizard which can be found in baja california sur .

the old classification included all three current species p. blainvillii , p. cerroense , and p. coronatum as a single species ( p. coronatum ) ranging from baja california north to california 's sacramento valley .

it was previously considered to be a widely divergent species with over 6 subspecies in their relatively small range but is now classified as three distinct species .

as a defense the lizard can shoot high pressure streams of blood out of its eyes if threatened .

coast horned lizard

montanucci presented evidence in 2004 that the group of horned lizards formerly known as phrynosoma coronatum ( coast horned lizard ) comprised four separate species . this evidence was accepted by the ssar names book that i follow on this site .
caitanya tells us about a horned lizard she found then lets it go . © robert de vico
the horned lizard eats arthropods , including ants , beetles , and spiders . ants seem to be their favorites . they usually are observed in close proximity to ant hills . many non native ant species have moved into their habitats displacing or eradicating the native ant species that the coast horned lizard feeds on .
there is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .
i returned a week later with my horned - lizard - loving friends jackson and fred , and their horned - lizard - admiring wives mela and angie , to see if we could repeat my luck . a horned lizard bonanza ensued . note that ol ' curly horn from the previous week put in another appearance .
we saw another horned lizard a little while later , which had one of its head horns curled back .
habitat , riverside county . the bare spot in the foreground is the entrance to a nest of harvester ants , a primary food source for coast horned lizards .
the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bahía de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .
the most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .
some do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .
the coast horned lizard is presently listed as a federal special concern species ( fsc ) and a california special concern species ( dfg - csc ) . so don ' t collect them ! they are much happier outside than in a terrarium in your living room .
the short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .
harvester ants are a primary source of food for blainville ' s horned lizards and other species of horned lizards .
the horned lizard is an odd looking lizard . its body is covered in horny scales the longest being around its head . it is often called a horned toad because of its squat toad like appearance . of coarse , these guys can tolerate much hotter and drier environments than any bufo boreas .
at pinnacles national monument , i finally found success in a rocky riverbed . the first horned lizard of the day was mildly agitated by our insistent photography and jumped up onto a rock in a feeble , horned - lizard - style attempt to get away . the rock was previously occupied by a
the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .
comments : in california , this species formerly was known as the coast horned lizard , phrynosoma coronatum . populations south of northern baja california are now recognized as one or two distinct species , whereas the northern segment of the former p . coronatum is now p . blainvillii ( see leaché et al . 2009 ) .
, who seemed to take some offense at this incursion and , rather than giving ground immediately , initiated a head - bobbing display . the horned lizard responded with head - bobbing of its own . this is the first time i ' ve seen such obvious inter - species communication in lizards . after a brief but no doubt tense standoff , the horned lizard moved forward a little and the side - blotched lizard raced off .
coast horned lizard traditional bath goats feast in puerto de la cruz cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . sculpture of deer on the riverside volga
the coast horned lizard is now absent from much of its former southern californian range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) . in baja california , the expansion of intensive agriculture is also a threat , in particular in the vizcaíno desert , the magdalena plain , and the isthmus of la paz .
two different blainville ' s horned lizards are shown running quickly for a short distance then stopping to hide by blending in with the background , typical behavior for this type of lizard .
horned lizards are found only in the western portions of the united states and mexico . there are 14 recognized species . they range from arkansas to the pacific coast , and from british columbia south to guatemala . these lizards are creatures of hot , dry , sandy environments .
range and habitat : texas horned lizards occur naturally range from louisiana to arizona , but were once commonly sold as pets and have been introduced in several locations in the southeast . most established populations in south carolina and georgia are near the coast where sand dunes mimic their natural desert habitat .
prey : horned lizards prey almost exclusively on ants but may eat other small insects .
i had searched for phrynosoma blainvillii at pinnacles national monument , in the ventana wilderness , and at fort ord public lands at least 10 times in the past two years with nary a horned lizard sighting to show for it . finally , after a friendly bureau of land management ranger told me where he had seen them , i came across these two youngsters on a sandy trail . there ' s nothing cuter than a pouty little horned lizard , i say .
blainville ' s horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales .
desert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .
comments : this lizard is now absent from much of its former southern california range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) .
eric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .
according to dumas ( 1964 ) the lower limit of p . douglassi is set in part by predation by the leopard lizard and the whiptail . wherever these potential predators of p . douglassi are found , the short - horned lizard itself is scarce or , more often , absent . p . platyrhinos is apparently to much for the leopard lizard or the whiptail because of its larger spines and overall larger size . in field and laboratory experiments by dumas ( 1964 ) , adult p . douglassi were quickly eaten by leopard lizards and whiptails in areas where leopard lizards , whiptails , and desert horned lizards were abundant . both leopard lizards and whiptails released p . platyrhinos individuals without permanent injury .
at long last an adult blainville ' s horned lizard put in an appearance for me , along the same trail where i had seen youngsters several times . the top photo here is in fact another youngster , but that second one is a full - grown adult .
adult , santa cruz mountains © jackson shedd this lizard squirted blood from its eyes just before the photographs were made , which explains the reddish coloring on its head .
i arrived at about 9 am to discover that this was to be a blisteringly hot day ; it was already at least 90 degrees . i searched carefully for horned lizards for an hour or so with no luck . i didn ' t even see any ( very recognizable ) horned lizard poops , which was making me worry that this population had died out . but my worries were dispelled when this half - sized lizard dashed across the trail in front of me . did i say
dashed
? i meant
waddled determinedly
.
more very young horned lizards awaited me on a return trip to the same site more than four months later . i was surprised to still discover no adults , but this time i saw five youngsters . the second one pictured above is the smallest horned lizard i ' ve ever seen , no more than an inch long from its pouty little snout to the tip of its tail .
blainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .
sherbrooke , wade c . horned lizards , unique reptiles of western north america . southwest parks and monuments association , 1981 . sherbrooke , wade c . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , 2003 .
to the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name
horny toad ,
horned toad
and
horned lizards .
however , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the
horned lizards .
habitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .
the horned lizard needs bare soil ; they cannot tolerate weeds at all ( yellow star thistle , bromus and other nasties ) . it is very hard for them to move around in this stuff , probably because of their width , and they need clean loose soil to lay their eggs and to hide in .
blainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .
over recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants—their staple food—and the pet trade have all contributed to this .
like all lizards , phrynosoma are able to lose their tails . as mentioned earlier , they have few land predators and because of this it is rare to find a horned lizard with a broken tail . in studies done by pianka and parker ( 1975 ) only about 5 % of phrynosoma had tails which had been broken .
horned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding
horns
above their eyes .
to ensure that i wouldn ' t wait four years between visits to pinnacles , i headed back three weeks later , this time with my friend andrew . andrew hadn ' t seen a horned lizard in thirteen or fourteen years , and so was rightfully delighted when he flushed this well - camouflaged fellow out of its plain - sight hiding place .
my periodic phrynosoma pilgrimage to pinnacles was particularly successful . i found four of these little beauties in an hour or so . note that the last picture shows some dried blood below the eye . this lizard must have recently tried to scare off a predator by squirting blood from its eye , as several species of horned lizards are wont to do .
the day was considerably less hot than july 3 had been , and we found three horned lizard poops fairly quickly before finding this guy . so now i ' m thinking that the local population is probably just fine , thankyouverymuch , and my difficulty in finding any sign of phrynosoma on july 3 had been primarily due to that day ' s blistering heat .
description : 2 . 5 - 4 in ( 6 . 5 - 10 cm ) . horned lizards or
horny toads
are small lizards with bodies so flattened that they are almost circular in shape . true to their name , horned lizards also have a row of enlarged scales around their head that resemble horns . generally brownish or sandy in coloration , horned lizards often have darker spots or mottling that helps them to blend into their environment .
habits : horned lizards are always found on the ground are fond of hot , sandy habitats . they often sit close to anthills and pick off each ant as it walks by . horned lizards are masters of camouflage , generally relying on their coloration for protection and sometimes even partially burying themselves in sand . if their camouflage fails , horned lizards have a final defense ; they can squirt droplets of blood from their eyes , potentially confusing a predator and allowing them to escape .
sherbrooke , w . c . , 1995 . collecting and feeding harvester ants to captive horned lizards . herpetelogical review 26 ( 1 ) : 25 - 26 .
the horned lizard escapes predation by staying still and blending into their back ground . they look just like decomposed granite ! when a predator is too close they will run very fast and then abruptly stop and stand still . when they are threatened , they are able to squirt blood from their eyes ( at most only a few feet , usually not even that ) . this has a tendency to distract predators especially squeamish humans .
threatened and eliminated from many areas due to habitat destruction from human development and agriculture , and the spread of nonnative ants , such as argentine ants ( ridomyrmex humilis ) which displace the native ant food source . before commercial collecting was banned in 1981 , this lizard was extensively exploited by the pet trade and the curio trade . ( at the turn of the century , horned lizards were coated with varnish and sold to tourists . )
califa and caitanya de vico ( aka gypsettwins ) show off some of the horned lizards they saw on a fun spring hike in the los angeles county hills . © robert de vico
taken from their native surroundings and offered an improper diet and an inadequate place to live , horned lizards soon die . consequently , the department of fish and game has been given the authority to limit the take and possession of horned lizards . it is best to simply examine one carefully , then release it where found , for that is where it rightfully belongs .
pianka e . r . and w . s . parker , 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .
heath , j . e . , 1965 . temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards . university of california publications in zoology . university of california press 64 ( 3 ) : 97 - 136 .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell , 1991 . partuition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .
montanucci , r . r . , 1987 . a phylogenetic study of the horned lizards , genus phrynosoma , based on skeletal and external morphology . contributions in science : natural history museum of los angeles county 18 dec . ( 390 ) .
this is a pair of mating blainville ' s horned lizards in los angeles county . it ' s interesting that they are belly to belly . with all those horns and spines , it ' s probably safer that way . © huck triggs
historically found in california along the pacific coast from the baja california border west of the deserts and the sierra nevada , north to the bay area , and inland as far north as shasta reservoir , and south into baja california . ranges up onto the kern plateau east of the crest of the sierra nevada . the range has now been severely fragmented due to land alteration . some sources still mention the range extending to grasshopper flats in siskiyou county , but this was listed as dubious in rober stebbins ' 1985 field guide , and dropped from his 2003 field guide . the record farthest north at kennett is from a location that was flooded with the construction of shasta dam and shasta reservoir .
this injured adult from a backyard in san luis obispo county shows blood above one eye . when threatened , horned lizards will often spurt blood from a pore near the eyelid to deter the attacker , in this case , a dog . © martha lindl
we chose to visit , and then hike at , la purisima mission state historic park due to its dog - friendly nature . the scrubby chaparral reminded monica of fort ord , and she speculated that perhaps there would be horned lizards . a few minutes later this charming fellow waddled across the trail in front of me , as if on cue . it ' s missing the tip of its tail . unlike many types of lizards , horned lizards don ' t regenerate their tails , so this guy will be stubby - tailed for the rest of its days .
despite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom’s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .
i hadn ' t spent much time herping locally this year , and so was really looking forward to spending a day at pinnacles . i chose to start in the same area where i had seen a number of horned lizards four years earlier ( four years ! i haven ' t been to pinnacles in
because they are so fearsome in appearance , yet quite harmless , desert visitors tend to collect them to show the folks back home . horned lizards are neat creatures but hard to keep because most of them are obligate ant eaters and , at that , eat a very limited number of species of ants .
in early april of 2007 , becky trask sent me these pictures of breeding adult horned lizards found at 5 , 200 ft . in los angeles county . in mid april of 2008 she discovered a juvenile at the same location ( shown below ) which could be the result of the previous year ' s breeding . © becky trask
a flat - bodied lizard with a wide oval - shaped body , scattered enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail , and a large crown of horns or spines on the head . the two center horns are the longest . males have enlarged postanal scales and a swollen tail base during the breeding season . each side of the body has two rows of pointed fringe scales . ( stebbins , 2003 ) each side of the throat has two or three rows of enlarged pointed scales . ( stebbins , 2003 )
i spotted my first , second , and third mexican horned lizards as lorrie smith , matt cage , and i drove up the dirt road leading to the mellifluously - named parque nacional constitución de 1857 . the second one evaded us , but the first one ( large adult ) and second one ( youngster ) were reasonably willing to pose .
the upper limit ( both elevation and latitude ) to both species of phrynosoma is temperature . the body temperature at which normal activity takes place is the same for both lizards , however p . platyrhinos takes twice as long to
warm - up
because of its much larger body size ( dumas , 1964 ) . in order for any lizard to feed normally it must reach an optimal body temperature for a certain amount of time . in mountainous regions p . douglassi is able to do this while p . platyrhinos cannot . more detailed coverage on this topic in included under thermoregulation .
this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( united states ) as well as most of baja california ( mexico ) ( except the northeastern portion ) . in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 m ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .
comments : this lizard occurs in a variety of habitats , including scrubland , grassland , coniferous woods , and broadleaf woodlands ; typically it is found in areas with sandy soil , scattered shrubs , and ant colonies , such as along the edges of arroyo bottoms or dirt roads ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . in southern california , it was most common in areas with native ants and few or no argentine ants , in areas with native chaparral vegetation , and in sites with porous soils relatively free of organic debris ( fisher et al . 2002 ) . individuals bury themselves in loose soil . eggs are laid in a nest dug in the soil or in a burrow .
global range : this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( west of the cascade - sierra nevada highlands and southeastern desert ) as well as northwestern baja california ( leache et al . 2009 ) ; in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 meters ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .
reproductive tactics of horned lizards are , like many of their characteristics , somewhat unusual among lizards . they have a very high reproductive potential , expending large amounts of matter and energy on their clutch or litter ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . phrynosoma produce large numbers of eggs or offspring in order to compensate for a relatively high mortality of the young ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . as adults however , survivorship is very high ( powell and russell , 1991 ) .
the numerous species of horned lizards , all members of the genus phrynosoma , have very wide , flattened , toad - like bodies . the tail is short but broad at the base . in most species , the back of the head and temples are crowned with a prominent row of sharp , pointed horns . the tail and sides are fringed with sharp spines . on some species the sides are adorned with a double fringe of spines . on the back , there are rows of short conical spines .
although many of the defenses to predation have been touched on previously , there are some that have not been discussed or not been discussed with any detail . it has been noted that the main defense against predation for phrynosoma is it ' s near perfect camouflage and subsequent reluctance to move ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . if spotted by a possible land predator , such as another lizard or a snake , the horns of phrynosoma often prove to be too much , except of course in the case of p . douglassi which has much smaller horns but very few land predators ( dumas , 1964 ) . the only predators phrynosoma really need to be wary of are birds ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . sometimes the camouflage isn ' t enough , and since phrynosoma are reluctant to move and often out in the open they are an easy target from the air when spotted .
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breeding characteristics also allow for p . douglassi to live at higher elevations . p . douglassi is ovoviviparous which is characteristic of reptiles living in cold or wet conditions . p . platyrhinos is oviparous and because of this would not be a very successful breeder in the harsher conditions in the range of p . douglassi . more detailed coverage of breeding of the two lizards can be found further , under reproduction .
cooling in these two species also takes place at a different rate . p . douglassi cools much more slowly than p . platyrhinos , again , because of the smaller body size of p . douglassi ( dumas , 1964 ) . a more compact body reduces surface area for radiation of heat ( dumas , 1964 ) . the ability of p . douglassi to warm up more quickly and cool down more slowly could be a limiting factor to its distribution in the hotter regions inhabited by p . platyrhinos . the opposite pattern of temperature regulation and related distribution seems to be true for p . platyrhinos .
dumas , p . c . , 1964 . species - pair allopatry in the genera rana and phrynosoma . ecology 45 ( 1 ) : 178 - 181 .
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adult male , 3 , 000 ft . , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county
adult male , from coastal dunes , san luis obispo county , partially buried in loose sand on the right . ( the two slo dunes lizards shown here both have nice bright white side fringe and markings on the back . )
adult with a patternless pale ground color that matches the sand on the beach where it was found in san diego county . © john andermann
newly - hatched juvenile next to u . s . quarter to show how small it is , contra costa county . © jerry l . boyer
this san diego county juvenile shows how easily it can blend into the background to avoid detection . © tim valentine
this riverside county adult is covered with blood after using its blood - squirting defense behavior . © curtis croulet
a pair of mating adults , los angeles county © huck triggs ( a short video of them . )
adults are 2 . 5 - 4 . 5 inches long from snout to vent ( 6 . 3 - 11 . 4 cm )
color is reddish , brown , yellow , or gray , with dark blotches on the back and large dark spots on the sides of the neck . the belly is cream , beige , or yellow , usually with dark spots , and the belly scales are smooth .
diurnal . active during periods of warm weather , retreating underground and becoming inactive during extended periods of low temperatures or extreme heat .
known to live up to 10 years in captivity , but captive animals normally do not live very long at all due to the difficulties of feeding them a proper diet .
eats mainly ants , especially harvester ants , but also consumes other small invertebrates such as spiders , beetles , termites , flies , honeybees , moth larvae , and grasshoppers .
lays 6 - 21 eggs ( averaging around 12 ) from may to june . eggs hatch from august to september . some females may lay two clutches of eggs in a year .
inhabits open areas of sandy soil and low vegetation in valleys , foothills and semiarid mountains . found in grasslands , coniferous forests , woodlands , and chaparral , with open areas and patches of loose soil . often found in lowlands along sandy washes with scattered shrubs and along dirt roads , and frequently found near ant hills .
found at elevations from sea level to 8 , 000 ft . ( 2 , 438 m ) .
phrynosoma coronatum - ( blainville , 1835 ) - nouv . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , vol . 4 , p . 284 , pl . 25 , fig . 1 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz
phrynosoma - greek - phrynos - toad and soma - body - refers to the squat , toad - like appearance coronatum - latin - crowned - ref . joining of two large occipital plates from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained © ellin beltz
powell , robert . , joseph t . collins , and errol d . hooper jr .
the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists .
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they are very hard to see as they blend into the soil so well . they are able to change color to match the surrounding environment ( cryptic coloration ) . they usually are only visible when they move ( when you almost step on them ) .
when temperatures get too hot ( the middle of the day ) they will burrow into loose soil or sand to escape the heat . in the winter they will hibernate under rocks or logs or in someone else ' s abandoned hole .
they like clean chaparral ( uninfected with european weeds ) with loose areas of soil . they also burrow in loose soil .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and well over 100 in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations . the total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . the species is common in parts of baja california ( grismer 2002 ) . the area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california but much less so in baja california . its area of occupancy and population size are probably still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .
it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii . further research employing genetic methods is needed to determine the taxonomic status of the named subspecies . then further consideration should be given to the conservation status of the identified valid taxa . the impact of collecting for the pet trade needs to be assessed .
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i still haven ' t seen an adult , but i found four more of the cute little tykes on the first hot day of spring . the one in front was a feisty little critter . it puffed up with air and kept its back held toward me to look as big as possible ( which isn ' t very big when your total length is a maybe two and a half inches ) .
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their colors are pleasing . the back and head are soft desert gray . the markings are in pastel shades of tan , brown , red or yellow . the underparts are pale , yellowish gray . the overall colors are generally close to the predominant color of the soil . color changes from light to dark ( or reverse ) can occur within a few minutes .
some of the species inhabit the deserts proper where the sun , beating on the arid landscape , produces ground heat that is almost unbearable to humans . others enter mountainous areas and are found as high as 10 , 000 feet .
regardless of where they occur , there is a similarity in their habits . in the fall , they hibernate by burying themselves in the sand . they emerge in the spring when the sun ' s rays have reached a certain temperature . the first few hours of the day are spent basking , usually flattened against a rock or on slanting soil , so their back is exposed to the sun . at times , while warming up , they may flatten and tilt their bodies toward the sun to obtain maximum radiation .
as soon as their body temperature rises to a specific degree , they begin foraging for food . as the heat of the day increases , they become more active . they feed on slow - moving , ground - dwelling insects , spiders , sow bugs , an occasional tick and even items as large as the butterfly and sphynx moth larvae .
ants seem to be their major food source . they do not pursue their victim hastily , like some lizards , but poise over it and methodically take it , in toad - like fashion , with a flick of their long , sticky tongue . the toad - like action ceases if disturbed , for they will flee as rapidly as a startled mouse .
after feeding , when ground temperature becomes too hot , they seek the shade of a shrub , partially concealing themselves . there they spend the remainder of the day . in the evening , while it is still warm , they
dig in
for the night .
this is a curious process . they stick their nose in the sand like the blade of a plow and wriggle forward to create a short furrow . after flattening the body , they use the spiny border of the sides in a shovel - like fashion to scoop and dig their way into the sand . sometimes they bury themselves 3 or 4 inches deep , and other times they just leave the top of the head and eyes exposed .
their coloration is such that they blend readily into their surroundings , making them difficult to find . however , when found partially covered with sand , they are rather easily captured . their defense mechanisms are quite limited . when caught by hand , they may distend their bodies by filling their lungs with air and twist their head in a futile attempt to scratch you with their horns . on occasion they spurt blood from the corners of their eyes , which is startling , to say the least .
mating occurs in late april , peaks in june and stops abruptly in july . egg laying starts a few weeks later , usually in late july and early august . the farther north , the later the eggs are laid . in some species the eggs are retained , and the young are hatched just before , during or shortly after laying . other species bury their eggs in the sand where they require several weeks for further development before the eggs hatch . the egg shells are white and flexible and average about one - half inch in diameter . the number of eggs varies with the species . some have from 10 to 30 eggs , with an average of about 15 .
t he young are called hatchlings . they are about 7 / 8 to 1 - 1 / 8 inches long , snout to vent . the young have been observed to bury themselves in the sand immediately upon hatching . the babies receive no parental care , so when they emerge , they start to hunt for food . the young are cute , the horns on their head are apparent , although the rest of their skin , while well marked , is relatively smooth .
they grow most rapidly in late summer and early spring when there is an abundance of food . there is no evidence that they reproduce the first year , but they are classed as young adults by the end of the second summer and probably reach full growth in three years . some species reach a snout - to - vent length of 6 inches . most species are less than 5 inches in length . they have a life expectancy of from 5 to 8 years in the deserts of north america .
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continent : middle - america north - america distribution : usa ( california ) , mexico ( baja california ) type locality : “california” . restricted to cape san lucas , baja california by smith & taylor 1950 .
differs from p . platyrhinos in having a more pointed snout , longer head spines and body spines , more than 1 row of well - developed fringe scales on each side of the body , and more than one row of enlarged scales on each side of the throat ( stebbins 1985 ) .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : ants comprise a large portion of its diet ; also eats other insect prey ( e . g . , wasps , beetles , grasshoppers , flies , caterpillars ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and additional sites in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations .
comments : total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 .
rangewide , eggs are laid late april - june . clutch size 6 - 21 ( average about 11 - 13 . some females possibly may produce 2 clutches per year . earliest hatchlings appear in early august ( goldberg 1983 ) . the wide latitudinal range of this species suggests that there is more variation than indicated by the foregoing information .
comments : area of occupancy and population size likely are still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .
comments : area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california .
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species are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .
the ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it’s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .
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reproduction : although the reproduction of this species in our area is unknown , females in western populations generally lay 14 - 37 eggs in the spring .
abundance : only a few established populations of this species are known in the southeast . these populations are small and very isolated .
notes : although several breeding populations of this species are known , they do not seem to be spreading and it seems unlikely that this species will become invasive .
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pasiphila excisa is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by butler in 1878 .

the larvae feed on the flowers of rhododendron species and eurya japonica .

pasiphila excisa

no one has contributed data records for pasiphila excisa yet . learn how to contribute .
pasiphila excisa is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in russia , japan and korea .
the green pug ( pasiphila rectangulata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .
the sloe pug ( pasiphila chloerata ) is a species of moth of the family geometridae .
pasiphila debiliata , the bilberry pug , is a species of moth of the geometridae family .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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p . talyshensis ( nomen nudum ) - p . hyrcanica ( viidalepp & mironov , 2006 )
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