the plumbeous tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .

it is found in southeastern peru , western bolivia and northern argentina .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

this and the jelski 's black tyrant are sometimes considered conspecific , in which case , the bird is then usually referred to as the andean tyrant .

plumbeous tyrant

nobody uploaded sound recordings for plumbeous black - tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) yet .
2c . called
pinto ' s tyrant - manakin
in meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) and
serra tyrant - manakin
in snow ( 2004b ) .
johnson ' s tody - tyrant
also adopted by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .
did not change from
tody - flycatcher
to
tody - tyrant .
22c . called
olive - crowned pygmy - tyrant
in wetmore ( 1972 ) .
49a . called
light - eyed pygmy - tyrant
in wetmore ( 1972 ) .
the arrangement of the knipolegus black - tyrants is based on hosner and moyle ( 2012 ) and fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) . since eumyiobius would be embedded in knipolegus , it has been merged into knipolegus . hosner and moyle ' s results provide support for treating caatinga black - tyrant , knipolegus franciscanus , as a separate species from white - winged black - tyrant , knipolegus aterrimus , and also plumbeous tyrant , knipolegus cabanisi , separate from jelski ' s black - tyrant , knipolegus signatus .
44a . called
sharp - tailed grass - tyrant
by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .
i have split the blackish chat - tyrant , ochthoeca nigrita , and maroon - belted chat - tyrant , ochthoeca thoracica , from the slaty - backed chat - tyrant , ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris , based on a combination of fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) , ridgely and greenfield ( 2001 ) , hilty ( 2003 ) , and garcia - moreno et al . ( 1998 ) .
45b . called
white - breasted pygmy - tyrant
in meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) and parker et al . ( 1982 ) .
by traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) . thus , it was renamed
fork - tailed tody - tyrant
by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .
passed to make the english name
johnson ' s tody - tyrant
, in honor of its recently deceased describer , ned . k . johnson .
, and considered them conspecific , but noted that they might also be considered separate species , as also noted by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered them conspecific and coined the name
andean tyrant
for the composite species , and this was followed by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; fjeldså & krabbe ( 1990 ) also considered them conspecific but used
plumbeous tyrant ,
but see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons not to use that english name .
62c . johnson and jones suggested
lulu ' s tody - tyrant
for the english name . the logical
rufous - headed
is already in use in
hosner & moyle ( 2012 ) recommended use of the english name caatinga black - tyrant because it was already the most frequently used name for the taxon when treated as a species .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . plumbeous black - tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
83a . called
cinnamon tyrant - manakin
in sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) ,
cinnamon tyrant
in mobley & prum ( 1995 ) , fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) , and schulenberg et al . ( 2007 ) , and
cinnamon neopipo
in ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) and hilty ( 2003 ) , thus perhaps setting a new temporal record for lack of stability in an english name .
the andean tyrant is a montane flycatcher in low andean woodlands . they are found from peru south along the east slope of the andes through bolivia into northern argentina , where the species might be most abundant . males are dark slaty to black with red irides and white edging to some wing feathers , while females are dull - eyed and brownish above and whitish below with a rusty rump and edging to the tail feathers . male andean tyrants display for females by making a high whirring arc flight into the air . the white - winged black - tyrant is fairly similar to andean tyrant , but is found in more open habitats and has more obvious white in the wings ( males ) .
36 . formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) called
yellow - bellied bristle - tyrant
; see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons for the need for their new english name for this species .
do form a distinctive group within the genus and thus the english name bristle - tyrant is retained for them , following ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) . hilty & brown ( 1986 ) , ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) , hilty ( 2003 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) retained
in recent years considered conspecific with k . signatus , although in earlier times the two were even placed in different genera . molecular # r and morphological data support treatment as separate species , present form differing in its blue - grey ( dark - tipped ) vs blackish bill in male ( 3 ) ; overall slightly paler , plumbeous plumage in male ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; much brighter rufous uppertail - coverts in female ( 2 ) ; and much buffier wingbars in female ( 2 ) . described form “ k . subflammulatus ” now known to refer to immature male plumage of present species . monotypic .
although ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) estimate that the tyrannidae have been a separate lineage since roughly 25 - 30 million years ago ( mid - oligocene ) , the current diversification of the group dates to the last 20 million years . the tyrant flycatchers remain among the most difficult to classify and identify , full of cryptic species . some flycatchers are so cryptic that there remains controversy about whether 1 or 2 species are involved , such as the the cordilleran and pacific - slope flycatchers .
the second branch is the chat - tyrant clade unofficially called ochthoecini . fjeldså et al . confirm the arrangment of genera . silvicultrix is separated from ochthoeca ( see garcía - moreno and arctander , 1998 ) and several of the former myiophobus are temporarily designated “myiophobus” ( years later , we still await a proper name ) . moreover , tumbezia has been merged into ochthoeca , with ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) pushing me over the line on this . there is still some guesswork in the arrangement of this group , but at the generic level is agrees with lanyon ( 1986 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the pre - split species has been described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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at 23 , 54 , 103 , and 157 seconds . a cow in the background .
drr - pit while shooting 2 m up and down again displaying white wing patch . tape ref . ( b 20 - 24 )
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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jacob . wijpkema , tomas grim , ken simonite , héctor bernardo fernández , lars petersson , josep del hoyo , miguel andina , silvia vitale , rich bayldon , manakincarmelo .
se peru ( e cuzco , n puno ) , se bolivia ( cochabamba , santa cruz , tarija ) and nw argentina ( jujuy s to tucumán and se catamarca ) .
, especially in shorter bill , overall more dark slate - grey , wings and tail dusky , inner webs of . . .
usually quiet . male utters “tec” or “tchick” call , also makes wing - whirring noise , during display ( . . .
interior of lower growth of humid montane forest and woodland , less frequently at borders ; also . . .
little known . insects . usually inconspicuous and quiet ; also generally solitary , and does not follow mixed - species flocks . perches upright . . .
eggs in oct–jan in argentina ( tucumán and jujuy ) ; female in breeding condition in mid nov , another with brood patch in late dec and one . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon to locally fairly common . rare and very poorly known in peru ; fairly common in argentina and parts of bolivia . occurs in . . .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
together with lessonia and hymenops forms a well - supported clade # r # r which was previously also considered to include pyrocephalus # r .
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even though they have been reduced from their traditional size , mainly by losing the rhynchocyclidae , the tyrannidae remain the largest of the suboscine families the tyrannidae include about one quarter of all of the suboscines .
the new slimmed - down tyrannidae have a simpler structure than the old tyrannidae . there are three major and two minor clades designated as subfamilies . the first subamily is hirundineinae . this is a small subfamily containing only 6 species . ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) considered this group closest to the tyranninae and fluvicolinae . in contrast , fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) found them sister to the elaeniinae . rheindt et al . ' s ( 2008a ) data put them in a more basal position , sister to the combined elaeniinae , tyranninae , and fluvicolinae . for now , i ' m following ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) which puts them in a basal trichotomy with the elaeniinae and a clade containing the other three subfamilies . note that the three former myiophobus included in this subfamily are not closely related to the rest of myiophobus . they have been given a new genus name , nephelomyias , by ohlsson et al . ( 2009 ) .
the second subfamily contains the elaenias ( elaeniinae ) . it has two major branches : euscarthmini and elaeniini . ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) find very similar results for the euscarthmini . rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) is a bit different , but not very strongly so . sixteen species of phyllomyias tyrannulets are separated from the main phyllomyias group ( part of elaeniini ) and placed variously in the revived genera tyranniscus and xanthomyias . i ' ve also included five tyrannulets from mercocerculus in xanthomyias . it ' s not clear whether these two groups are sisters or nested , and it seemed best to treat them as one genus for now . this reduces mercocerculus itself to a single species which belongs in elaeniini .
the arrangement of species within zimmerius is based on rheindt et al . ( 2008c , 2013 ) . based on rheindt et al . ( 2013 ) , mistletoe tyrannulet , zimmerius parvus , specious tyrannulet , zimmerius improbus ( inc . tamae ) , and venezuelan tyrannulet , zimmerius petersi , are split from paltry tyrannulet , zimmerius vilissimus .
coopmans ' s tyrannulet , zimmerius minimus , comprising minimus and cumanensis has somewhat speculatively been split from golden - faced tyrannulet , zimmerius chrysops , based on comments in rheindt et al . , ( 2013 ) . i continue include the loja tyrannulet , zimmerius flavidifrons . rheindt et al . , ( 2014 ) describe a mosiac population that is linked to both the golden - faced and peruvian tyrannulets . it includes flavidifrons and an undescribed peruvian population and may end up being lumped in with the peruvian tyrannulet . thus the old chrysops with 5 subspecies has been divided among coopmans ' s , choco , golden - faced , and loja tyrannulets . finally , chico ' s tyrannulet , zimmerius chicomendesi , newly described by whitney et al . , ( 2013c ) , has been added to the list .
the situation in the elaeniini is rather complicated , with different analyses giving quite different results . there are five groups , and once again , i rely on the multi - gene analysis of ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) to resolve their order . the clades start with ( 1 ) the tyrannulus and the myiopagis elaenias and ( 2 ) the elaenia elaenias . these form a trichotomy with a clade consisting of the remaining three groups : ( 3 ) suiriri ; ( 4 ) the capsiempis - phyllomyias group ; and ( 5 ) the pseudelaenia - serpophaga group . see ericson et al . ( 2006b ) , ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) , rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) , and tello et al . ( 2009 ) for alternative treatments .
the chapada flycatcher , suiriri affinis , is unrelated to the other suiriri taxa and has been moved to fluvicolini .
zucker et al . ( 2016 ) found that nesotriccus is embedded in phaeomyias and that both are very closely related to phyllomyias . accordingly , i have merged nesotriccus ( cocos flycatcher ) and phaeomyias into phyllomyias . it would not be unreasonable to go a step further and merge the monotypic capsiempis with phyllomyias . however , both names have equal priority and need a first reviser action to decide between them . since there ' s not a strong need to merge them , it can wait .
also based on zucker et al . ( 2016 ) , the mouse - colored tyrannulet , formerly phaeomyias murina , has been split into amazonian mouse - colored tyrannulet , phyllomyias murinus , including wagae , and northern mouse - colored tyrannulet , phyllomyias incomtus , including eremonomus .
straneck ' s tyrannulet / gray - crowned tyrannulet , serpophaga griseicapilla , has had a somewhat checkered history . it was previously referred to as serpophaga griseiceps , but the type of griseiceps was actually a juvenile of s . munda ( herzog and mazur barnett , 2004 ) . straneck ( 2007 ) gave it the name s . griseiceps . it has also been referred to as gray - crowned tyrannulet , and monte tyrannulet .
the treatment of tyranninae follows ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , which analyses all of the genes considered in both ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) . within tyranninae , the attilas are basal , followed by the piratic flycatcher ( legatus ) , and the ramphotrigon flatbills ( including deltarhynchus ) . the remainder of tyranninae is divided into a myiarchus group and a kingbird group . there were some differences between ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) . i ' m following the resolution of these differences proposed in ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , but we should keep in mind that some of the genes are telling incongruent stories and that additional information may change some of the details .
is its closest relative . they are sister species in tello et al . ( 2009 ) , but the support is not great and chaves et al . ( 2008 ) has them separated . i ' ve also separated the fork - tailed flycatcher in
based on tello et al . ( 2009 ) . once it is out of
is based on joseph et al . ( 2004 ) and sari and parker ( 2012 ) . they both note some issues within
. they may represent incompelete lineage sorting , species boundaries that need to be redrawn , or even cryptic species . one such involves la sagra ' s and stolid flycatchers , which seem to be mutually paraphyletic ( joseph et al . 2004 ) . other such problems exist for
also within the myiarchus group , sirystes , sirystes sibilator has been split into : sibilant sirystes , sirystes sibilator , white - rumped sirystes , sirystes albocinereus , todd ' s sirystes , sirystes subcanescens , and choco sirystes , sirystes albogriseus , based on donegan ( 2013 ) .
based on garrido et al . ( 2009 ) , the loggerhead kingbird has been split into three species : western loggerhead kingbird , tyrannus caudifasciatus , hispaniolan kingbird , tyrannus gabbii , and puerto rican kingbird , tyrannus taylori . the three are easily distinguished by their calls , or with a little care , by their plumage .
i now follow fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) for the fluvicolinae , in preference to ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) . in contrast , ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) obtain different concerning the fluvicolinae , with tello et al . much closer to the more recent ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) . in particular , i use fjeldså et al . to position colonia and ( true ) myiophobus , hoping that the denser taxon sampling does the trick .
i now split the fluvicolinae into four tribes , corresponding to fjeldså ' s clades a through d .
the fluvicolini come first . there ' s been some minor rearrangement and a few additions . following fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) , i ' ve included colonia here , as well as the black - and - white monjita , now called heteroxolmis dominicanus , previously in genus xolmis . there is one other addition . the chapada flycatcher , formerly suiriri affinis ( not s . islerorum , see kirwan et al . , 2014a ) is not related to suiriri . rather , lopes et al . ( 2018 ) found it is sister to sublegatus . lopes et al . established a new genus for it , guyramemua , so the chapada flycatcher becomes guyramemua affine and moves from elaeniini to fluvicolini .
also , based on carmi et al . ( 2016 ) , the vermilion flycatcher , formerly pyrocephalus rubinus , has been split into four species :
the contopini follow cicero and johnson ( 2002 ) , ohlson et al . ( 2008 , 2013 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) telling the same basic story . the only real disagreement concerns whether sayornis and mitrephanes are sister taxa . note also that the true myiophobus are basal in contipini . finally , empidonax taxonomy follows cicero and johnson ( 2002 ) and johnson and cicero ( 2002 ) . however , fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) have called this into question . their phylogenies suggest that empidonax is not monophyletic . support for this is weak , but further data may force a change here .
the treatment of the xolmini now follows fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) , replacing ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , the very similar tello et al . ( 2009 ) and the slightly different ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) .
the more complete taxon sampling by fjeldså et al . has forced a split - up of the genus xolmis . besides sending the black - and - white monjita to the fluvicolini ( heteroxolmis ) , the fire - eyed diucon , now pyrope pyrope , moves to pyrope . i ' ve also moved the black - crowned monjita , neoxolmis coronatus , rusty - backed monjita , neoxolmis rubetra , and salinas monjita , neoxolmis salinarum , to neoxolmis from xolmis . finally , the gray monjita , now nengetus cinereus , has been placed in nengetus ( swainson 1827 ) . it had historically been in the genus taenioptera ( bonaparte 1825 ) , of which it is the type . however , although bonaparte alluded to taenioptera as a subgenus in 1825 , he did not actually establish the name until 1831 . thus nengetus has priority .
the order in anairetes and uromyias is based on dubay and witt ( 2012 ) and roy et al . ( 1999 ) . dubay and witt use additional genetic information to argue that the two uromyias species ( agilis and agraphia ) form a clade sister to the rest of anairetes , contrary to the conclusions of roy et al . ( 1999 ) . whether to treat them as one genus or two is a matter of opinion . the sacc has endorsed using two genera .
[ relationships of family , sequence of genera ] [ add subfamilies ? ] . sibley & ahlquist ( 1985 , 1990 ) found that the tyrannidae consisted of two major groups , the
mionectidae
for
and several genera of small flycatchers placed in the subfamily elaeniinae ( sensu traylor 1979a ) ; sibley & ahlquist ' s data also indicated that the
mionectidae
and tyrannidae were not sister groups .
subsequent analyses ( s . lanyon 1985 , w . lanyon 1988a , b ) did not support such a division . however , chesser ( 2004 ) found the same deep division in the tyrannidae , but found that the two groups were sisters . tello et al . ( 2009 ) found that
for detailed discussions of relationships among genera , see traylor ( 1977 ) and w . lanyon ( 1985 , 1986 , 1988a , 1988b , 1988c ) . [
broad definition of phyllomyias , he noted that this genus is likely polyphyletic , with p . fasciatus , p . griseocapilla , and p . griseiceps possibly forming a group unrelated to the other species , which would force minimally the resurrection of tyranniscus ( see note 6 ) .
on described vocal differences ; this treatment returns to earlier ones ( cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941c , phelps & phelps 1950a ) that treated the two as separate before meyer de schauensee ' s ( 1966 , 1970 ) and traylor ' s ( 1977 < ? > , 1979a ) classifications . stiles & skutch ( 1989 ) further recognized andean birds as a separate species ,
, returning to the classification of ( ref ) . elevation of these taxa to species rank was not followed by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) due to lack of published analyses of vocal differences or other data .
, were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b ,
3a . phyllomyias reiseri and p . virescens were considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) , and traylor ( 1977 < ? > , 1979a , 1982 ) , but see zimmer ( 1955 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) , stotz ( 1990 ) , and hayes ( 1995 ) ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) , along with p . urichi ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
4 . [ split from virescens ; silva ( 1996 ) . ] ; followed by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .
6 . the species nigrocapillus , cinereiceps , and uropygialis were formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus , tyranniscus , but they were transferred to phyllomyias by traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) . <
were formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941c , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus ,
7a . the tarsal morphology of tyrannulus has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ) . traylor ( 1977 ) considered tyrannulus most closely related to myiopagis because of plumage similarities to m . gaimardii .
was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) included in
; zimmer ( 1941b ) treated the two as separate , and this has been followed in all subsequent classifications .
7c . hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that myiopagis caniceps might not belong in that genus , but rheindt et al . ( 2009 ) confirmed that it belongs there .
known only from the type specimen from goiás , brazil , and formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . ,
genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 , cuervo et al . 2014 ) reveal that
recent genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 , tello et al . 2009 ) confirm this placement .
7e .
serpophaga berliozi ,
described as a valid species from amazonas , peru , is now considered a synonym of myiopagis g . gaimardii ( meyer de schauensee 1966 , mayr 1971 , traylor 1979a ) .
8 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : coopmans & krabbe ( 2000 ) .
8b . myiopagis viridicata and m . cotta of jamaica are sister species ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
8c . hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that myiopagis viridicata might consist of more than one species ; genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 ) indicate a very deep split between cis - and trans - andean populations .
8d . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that elaenia martinica and e . chiriquensis were sister species .
8e . olrog ( 1963 ) suggested that elaenia spectabilis should be considered conspecific with e . flavogaster .
8ee . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that the traditional linear sequence of
species , as given here , does not accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships among taxa .
8f . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that elaenia flavogaster and e . gigas were closely related based on vocal , behavioral , and plumage similarities , but genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related .
9 . elaenia ridleyana was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941a , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1979a ) considered a subspecies of e . spectabilis or of e . chiriquensis ( cory & hellmayr 1927 ) ; treated here as a species separate from following sick ( 1985 ) and ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) ; e . ridleyana forms a superspecies with e . spectabilis ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .
might be closely related ; they may hybridize to an uncertain extent in n . peru ( fjeldså & krabbe 1990 ) . rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) found that andean populations ( cuzco ) were genetically more similar to sympatric populations of
but suggested that this could be due to gene flow between them . rheindt et al . ( 2009 ) provided evidence that the subspecies
10a . elaenia frantzii and e . obscura were considered to form a superspecies by aou ( 1983 ) but not by subsequent authors ; they were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered conspecific ; zimmer ( 1941a ) provided rationale for their treatment as separate species , and this has been followed in most subsequent classifications . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that e . dayi might also be closely related to these two ; genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008 ) indicate that e . dayi and e . obscura are sister species .
10c . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered elaenia albiceps and e . parvirostris to form a superspecies . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related . although they seem to intergrade in some areas of central bolivia , they are sympatric without interbreeding in argentina ( traylor 1982 ) .
10cc . zimmer ( 1941a ) proposed that elaenia cristata and e . ruficeps were probably sister species based on morphology and habitat similarities , and this is strongly supported by genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) .
10d . the subspecies modesta was formerly ( ref ) considered a separate species from elaenia albiceps , but see zimmer ( 1941a ) . jaramillo ( 2003 ) suggested that e . albiceps consists of more than one species .
10e . the subspecies tyleri of cerro duida was described as a separate species from elaenia dayi ( chapman 1929 ) .
of the tepui region was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered a separate species from
, but they were treated as conspecific by zimmer ( 1941a ) . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a , 2009 ) indicate that
10g . elaenia pallatangae and e . albiceps may hybridize to an uncertain extent in ecuador and n . peru ( fitzpatrick 2004 , fjeldså & krabbe 1990 ) .
, but slud ( 1964 ) noted vocal differences between the two and recommended treatment as separate species . this has been followed by most subsequent classifications ( e . g . , wetmore 1972 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , stiles & skutch 1989 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) , thus returning to the classification of cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( aou 1983 , 1998 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
correct spelling for species name is brunneicapillus , not brunneicapillum ( david & gosselin 2002a ) .
has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ) .
genetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is the sister to
; this has been followed by most subsequent classifications ( e . g . , traylor < ? > 1977 , 1979 , ridgely & tudor 1994 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) , but wetmore ( 1972 ) maintained
on the basis of differences in primary shape , rectrix shape , and relative tail length .
forms a superspecies with middle american c . imberbe ( aou 1983 , 1998 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) suggested that they might be conspecific , but they are sympatric in costa rica ( stiles & skutch 1989 ) .
may consist of more than one species ; rheindt et al . ( 2008c ) found genetic evidence consistent with at least three species , but recommended waiting for additional analyses .
12 . some authors ( cory & hellmayr 1927 , short 1975 , sibley & monroe 1990 ) considered s . affinis as a species separate from s . suiriri , but they intergrade in southeastern bolivia , northeastern paraguay , and southwestern brazil ( laubmann 1940 , zimmer 1955 , traylor 1982 , hayes 1995 , 2001 ) . their vocalizations are similar ( zimmer et al . 2001 ) , and all 17 specimens from the paraguayan hybrid zone are intermediate , suggesting free interbreeding ( hayes 1995 , 2001 ) .
13 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : zimmer et al . ( 2001 ) .
13a . lopes et al . ( 2018 ) found that suiriri affinis was not closely related to suiriri suiriri but rather to a group of genera including phyllomyias , phaeomyias , and capsiempis ; they named a new genus for affinis :
14 . morphological data indicate that mecocerculus is almost certainly polyphyletic ( lanyon 1988a ) , but no choice now but to retain as is without further study . with leucophrys as the type species for the genus , placement of the genus arbitrarily reflects the position of m . leucophrys in lanyon ' s ( 1988a ) phylogeny .
14a . mecocerculus poecilocercus and m . hellmayri form a superspecies ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
14b . fjeldså & krabbe ( 1990 ) suggested that the subspecies pallidior of western peru might be considered a separate species from mecocerculus leucophrys .
15 . anairetes nigrocristatus was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1940b , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a ) considered conspecific with a . reguloides , but see fjeldså & krabbe ( 1990 ) and ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for recognition as a separate species , as was suspected was the best treatment by meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) and are sister taxa ( dubay & witt 2012 ) .
15a . spizitornis was formerly ( e . g . , oberholser 1920b , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1940b ) used for anairetes , but see < ref > , meyer de schauensee 1966 ) .
15b . genetic data ( roy et al . 1999 ) confirm that anairetes parulus and a . fernandezianus are sister species .
was formerly ( e . g . , reluctantly by zimmer 1940b ) placed in the monotypic genus
and is sister to a . parulus + a . flavirostris , and together they are sister to a . reguloides + a . nigrocristatus
were traditionally ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) placed in
many recent classifications ( e . g . , dickinson 2003 ) have merged uromyias into anairetes
on the basis of morphological and vocal characters , roy et al . ' s ( 1999 ) genetic data found that it is embedded within
17a . silva ( 1990 ) showed that
serpophaga araguayae ,
formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) considered a valid species (
bananal tyrannulet
) , is actually a synonym of myiopagis c . caniceps .
18 . serpophaga munda is often considered a subspecies ( e . g . , zimmer 1955 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , straneck 1993 ) or morph ( short 1975 ) of s . subcristata , but see olrog ( 1963 ) and herzog ( 2001 ) .
known from four specimens from bolivia , was formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . , zimmer 1955 , meyer de schauensee 1966 , 1970 ) . traylor ( 1979 ) treated
might consist of more than one species . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) considered the subspecies
) of southwestern ecuador and northwestern peru to represent a separate species based on differences in vocalizations .
rheindt et al . ( 2008c ) found genetic evidence consistent with two species , and zucker et al . ( 2016 ) found additional evidence for multiple species within
21b . cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) noted that evidence for treatment of polystictus pectoralis and p . superciliaris as congeneric is weak
21c . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) noted that the possibly extinct subspecies bogotensis probably deserves treatment as a separate species from polystictus pectoralis . fjeldså & krabbe ( 1990 ) suggested that the northern subspecies brevipennis might also deserve treatment as a separate species .
22 . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered pseudocolopteryx acutipennis and p . dinelliana to form a superspecies .
22a . pseudocolopteryx is feminine , so the correct spelling of the species name is dinelliana ( david & gosselin 2002b ) .
) that differ in vocalizations and displays , and do not respond to cross - playback experiments .
22b . pseudotriccus pelzelni and p . simplex form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) and might be conspecific ( fjeldså & krabbe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
22d . pseudotriccus ruficeps was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) placed in the monotypic genus caenotriccus , but see zimmer ( 1940 ) for its merger into pseudotriccus .
23 . see sick ( 1985 ) , ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) for reasons for maintaining corythopis torquatus and c . delalandi as separate species ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .
meyer de schauensee 1966 ) placed in the conopophagidae , but see ames et al . ( 1968 ) for independent anatomical data sets that show that this species belongs in the tyrannidae . < sibley - ahlquist etc . refs > . tello and bates ( 2007 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) found strong support for a sister relationship between
24 . corythopis is masculine , so the correct spelling of the species name is torquatus ( david & gosselin 2002b ) .
24a . euscarthmus was formerly ( < ref > ) placed in the formicariidae [ = thamnophilidae ] because of similarities in tarsal scutellation .
( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) , but see lanyon ( 1988a ) .
genetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) confirm that it is not the sister to any of these genera but is a member of a group of genera that includes
25a . stigmatura napensis and s . budytoides were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , pinto 1944 ) considered conspecific , and napensis was described as a subspecies of s . budytoides ; recent authors have followed zimmer ( 1940b ) in treating them as separate species ; they are considered to form a superspecies by sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .
25b . stigmatura was formerly ( < ref > ) placed in the formicariidae [ = thamnophilidae ] because of its superficial resemblance to the genus formicivora .
26 . the species vilissimus , bolivianus , cinereicapilla , gracilipes , acer , and viridiflavus ( with chrysops and albigularis ) were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus , tyranniscus , but see traylor ( 1977 ) for separation in the genus zimmerius .
based on differences in voice . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) , krabbe & nielsson ( 2003 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) also noted that the taxon
, from honduras to nw colombia , should also be considered a separate species .
28a . zimmerius cinereicapilla was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered conspecific with z . gracilipes .
28b . zimmerius acer was treated as a separate species from zimmerius gracilipes by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , but zimmer ( 1941 ) treated them as conspecific ; pinto ( 1944 ) , however , treated them as separate species and noted that both had been collected at santarem , brazil ( gyldenstolpe 1941 ) . most recent classifications ( e . g . , sibley & monroe 1990 , ridgely & tudor 1994 , dickinson 2003 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) have followed zimmer ( 1941 ) in treating them as conspecific . rheindt et al . ' s ( 2008b ) genetic data indicate that acer and gracilipes are not sisters , with acer basal to all other zimmerius taxa sampled .
29 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : alvarez - alfonso & whitney ( 2001 ) .
, from southwestern amazonian brazil that is likely most closely related to z . villarejoi ; recognized by
as a separate species , a treatment supported by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , zimmer ( 1941 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .
more recent genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008b ) indicate that current species limits in the
31a . the southern subspecies ottonis was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered a separate species from phylloscartes ophthalmicus .
31b . phylloscartes lanyoni and p . orbitalis are sister taxa ( graves 1988 ) that form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) ; fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) also considered p . venezuelanus a member of this superspecies .
was formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 ) placed in the genus capsiempis .
1cc . phylloscartes gualaquizae , one of the former members of pogonotriccus ( see note 31 above ) , is not a member of that group ( robbins et al . 1987 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
31d . vocal and foraging behavior suggests that phylloscartes nigrifrons might be most closely related to p . flaviventris and p . parkeri ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
, and ridgway placed it in leptotriccus with p . sylviolus and p . flaviventris
32 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : graves ( 1988 ) .
( fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; they were all considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) .
known only from the unique type specimen from
rio de janeiro
and formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ,
33 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : teixeira ( 1987 ) .
34 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : willis & oniki ( 1992 ) .
35 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : gonzaga & pacheco ( 1995 ) .
36a . phylloscartes flaviventris and p . parkeri form a superspecies ( fitzpatrick and stotz 1997 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
36b . phylloscartes ceciliae , p . superciliaris , p . roquettei , and p . sylviolus might be closely related to , or part of , the p . flaviventris - p . parkeri superspecies ( fitzpatrick and stotz 1997 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
37 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : fitzpatrick and stotz ( 1997 ) .
were formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941c , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the genus
by traylor ( 1977 , 1979 ) , as first proposed by van rossem ( 1938 ) , and a merger supported by morphological data ( ames 1971 , lanyon 1988a ; cf . zimmer 1941c ) ; wetmore ( 1972 ) tentatively maintained
on the basis of plumage differences , evident even in juvenal plumage , and primary shape in adult males .
show no signs of gene flow between them , suggesting that more than one species may be involved ( miller et al . 2008 ) .
40b .
mionectes turi ,
described from
cayenne
as a valid species , is now considered a synonym of mionectes oleagineus wallacei ( meyer de schauensee 1966 ) .
and thus should be treated as a separate species ; additional gene sampling and vocal analyses needed .
41 . linear sequence of species in leptopogon follows bates & zink ( 1994 ) , who showed that genetic data indicate that the lowland species amaurocephalus is sister to the ancestor of the rest of the genus , and the highest - elevation species are most recently derived .
41a . leptopogon rufipectus and l . taczanowskii are sister species ( zimmer 1941c , bates & zink 1994 ) that form a superspecies ( parker et al . 1985 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
41b . leptopogon rufipectus was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , phelps & phelps 1950a ) known as l . erythrops , but see < ref > .
41c . traylor ( 1977 ) considered sublegatus so closely related to elaenia , as reflected in their traditional placement in linear sequences , that they might be considered congeneric , but syringeal morphology ( lanyon 1988a ) does not support a close relationship .
41d . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that further study might show that the distinctive southern subspecies albidiventris might be a separate species from leptopogon superciliaris .
41e . called
mangrove scrub flycatcher
in haverschmidt & mees ( 1994 ) .
41f . haverschmidt & mees ( 1994 ) , who treated sublegatus obscurior as a subspecies of s . modestus , called the composite species
forest scrub flycatcher
.
42 . all sublegatus were formerly considered conspecific ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) , with the composite species called
scrub flycatcher .
species limits in sublegatus have been fluid and confusing , including different treatments by the same author ( e . g . , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a vs . traylor 1982 ) ; zimmer ( 1941b ) considered the taxon glaber , currently treated as a subspecies of s . modestus , to be a separate species that included s . obscurior ( and also the subspecies orinocensis , and pallens , as well as the taxa peruvianus and sordidus , which were considered synonyms of s . obscurior by traylor 1979a ) ; see also fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) . seasonal movements may also complicate evidence of sympatry ( meyer de schauensee 1966 , traylor 1982 ) . vocal differences exist among the three taxa recognized as species here , but formal analysis and additional research badly needed . see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for a synopsis .
42aa . short ( 1975 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered inezia tenuirostris and i . inornata to form a superspecies .
42b . the tarsal morphology of inezia has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ? ref ) .
( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , phelps & phelps 1950a ) placed in phaeomyias , but see zimmer ( 1955 ) .
genetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is sister to “
genetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is a member of a group consisting mainly of the flatbills , but that it has no close relatives .
represented a monophyletic group , the
flatbills .
birdsley ( 2002 ) questioned the monophyly of the group based on an analysis of morphological and behavioral data . genetic data ( tello and bates 2007 ) indicate that the flatbills are monophyletic if
are removed . tello et al . ( 2009 ) found that the genera from
by lanyon ( 1988b ) based on syringeal morphology , and this merger is supported by the genetic data of tello & bates ( 2007 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) , who also found that
45a . although meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) considered myiornis albiventris to be a subspecies of m . auricularis , this was not followed by previous ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1940 ) or subsequent authors ; they are considered to form a superspecies by sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .
46 . myiornis atricapillus was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1940 , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) considered a subspecies of m . ecaudatus , but most recent classifications have followed wetmore ( 1972 ) in considering the evidence insufficient for treatment as conspecific , thus returning to the classification of ridgway ( 1907 ) and cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( aou 1983 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
was formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 , cory & hellmayr 1927 ,
on the basis of differences in wing shape , bill shape , relative tail length , and extent of rictal bristles .
46b . the authenticity of a specimen from northern colombia ( romero & rodriguez 1980 ) was questioned by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; examination of the specimen by f . g . stiles confirmed the identification . whether this record represents a wandering individual or sympatry with
47 . oncostoma cinereigulare and o . olivaceum form a superspecies ( aou 1983 , 1998 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; they were considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) .
47c . the name squamaecristatus was previously considered to have priority over pileatus ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 ) .
48 . lophotriccus galeatus was formerly ( e . g . , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the monotypic genus colopteryx ( based on its unusually narrow outer primaries ) , but this was merged into lophotriccus by traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) .
49 . lanyon ( 1988b ) recommended that atalotriccus be merged into lophotriccus , and this was followed by aou ( 1998 ) ; however , see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons to maintain as separate genus until relationships are resolved .
0b . hemitriccus as defined by traylor ( 1979 ) and used here is likely paraphyletic with respect to lophotriccus ( cohn - haft 1996 ) and perhaps atalotriccus and oncostoma .
were formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the genus
51a . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) and hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that hemitriccus margaritaceiventer might consist of more than one species ; cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) treated the subspecies impiger and septentrionalis both as separate species , and chapman ( 1929 ) described the subspecies duidae as a species ; all were considered conspecific with h . margaritaceiventer by meyer de schauensee ( 1966 , 1970 ) .
51b . hemitriccus mirandae was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) placed in todirostrum .
, but most recent authors have followed zimmer ( 1940 ) and meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) in treating them as separate species .
were called
bamboo - tyrants
by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .
pending to modify english names of “tody - tyrants” and “pygmy - tyrants . ”
54 . hemitriccus josephinae was formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in monotypic genus microcochlearius , but recent classifications have followed traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) in merging this into hemitriccus .
55 . hemitriccus griseipectus was formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , < check r - t > ) considered conspecific with h . zosterops , but see cohn - haft et al . ( 1997 ) for rationale for treatment as separate species , thus returning to the classification of cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) .


the lesser prairie chicken ( tympanuchus pallidicinctus ) , a species in the grouse family , is slightly smaller and paler than its near relative the greater prairie chicken .

about half of its current population lives in western kansas , with the other half in the sandhills and prairies of western oklahoma , the texas panhandle including the llano estacado , eastern new mexico , and southeastern colorado .

like its larger relative , it is known for its lekking behavior .

considered " vulnerable " by the iucn due to its restricted and patchy range , it is vulnerable to habitat destruction .

there is evidence suggesting that global warming may have a particularly detrimental influence by greatly reducing the size of the sagebrush ecosystem .

subfossil remains are known , e.g. , from rocky arroyo in the guadalupe mountains , outside the species ' current range but where more habitat existed in the less humid conditions in the outgoing last ice age .

range contraction apparently took place no later than about 8000 bc .

the united states department of the interior has proposed creating a lesser prairie chicken preserve as a national monument , but it remains controversial , and president barack obama has not taken action on the proposal under the antiquities act of 1906 as of february 2010 .

on march 27 , 2014 , the lesser prairie chicken was listed as threatened ( t ) under the endangered species act .

in 2015 , senator jerry moran ( r-kan ) introduced an amendment to legislation authorizing construction of the keystone xl pipeline that would overturn the listing .

he disputed the listing as , " ... another example of unnecessary intrusion into private lives and businesses by the federal government . ” his action as supported by the american energy alliance , and opposed by the league of conservation voters .

when the senate voted on the keystone bill , it did not get the 60 votes in favor that was required to pass .

it got only 53 republican and 1 democratic senator to vote in favor .

lesser prairie chicken

the purchase of 30 , 000 acres of lesser prairie chicken habitat in kansas .
nrcs’ prairie chicken efforts are part of working lands for wildlife ( wlfw ) , through which nrcs provides technical and financial assistance to help ranchers restore and protect habitat for prairie chicken . visit nrcs’ lesser prairie - chicken webpage to learn more .
the species - protection battle over the lesser prairie chicken has raged for over 20 years . as part of a
woodward’s lesser prairie chicken festival wraps nature , wildlife , geography and conservation into a compelling package of eco - adventuring .
this march 2007 photo provided by the texas parks and wildlife department shows a male lesser prairie chicken in a mating stature in the texas panhandle . the obama administration has placed the lesser prairie . . . more
washington – - the fight over the keystone xl pipeline is about to become a fight over the lesser prairie chicken as well .
the western association of fish and wildlife agencies , which oversees the lesser prairie - chicken range - wide conservation plan , said in its second annual report to the u . s . fish and wildlife service that the lesser prairie chicken had another successful year in 2015 .
the surveys will be conducted by helicopter in locations chosen randomly within lesser prairie chicken range , which is part of the methodology strategy .
hicken is because it ' s smaller and pastier than the greater prairie - chicken .
a smaller , paler version of the greater prairie - chicken , the lesser prairie - chicken is now found only in restricted areas of five states in the southern great plains . it inhabits open rangeland dominated by shinnery oak or sand sagebrush .
producers in kansas , oklahoma , new mexico , texas and colorado are helping the lesser prairie - chicken rebound by voluntarily conserving habitat on their land .
a male lesser prairie chicken in the texas panhandle . the bird ' s entire habitat includes parts of colorado , kansas , new mexico , oklahoma and texas .
federal plan to save prairie chickens ruffles state feathers the federal government just listed the lesser prairie chicken as a threatened species , but states are pushing back hard , saying that restrictions could negatively impact a number of industries .
see and hear the quickly vanishing lesser prairie chicken displaying on its booming and gobbling grounds at the annual lesser prairie chicken festival in woodward . a popular birding event in the state of oklahoma , visitors to this festival are invited to come share and experience the natural heritage of the high plains of northwest oklahoma with activities that include prairie dog , turkey and owl viewing , as well as geocaching , star gazing and nature workshops .
a male lesser prairie chicken in the texas panhandle . the bird ' s entire habitat includes parts of colorado , kansas , new mexico , oklahoma and texas . jon mcroberts / ap hide caption
the fish and wildlife service has been threatening to step in and protect the lesser prairie chicken for years , a sour prospect for farmers and ranchers , who own almost all the bird ' s habitat .
other species of birds that may be spotted besides the popular lesser prairie chicken include the snowy plover , burrowing owl , prairie falcon , least tern , roadrunner , chestnut - collared longspur , scissor - tailed flycatcher , canyon wren , rock wren , indigo bunting , lark sparrow and more . whether enjoying a birding trek in the early morning , or setting out on a nighttime owl prowl , the lesser prairie chicken festival is a bird - lover ' s paradise .
this undated file photo provided by u . s . fish and wildlife service shows a male lesser prairie chicken in southeastern new mexico . ( u . s . fish and wildlife service via ap , file )
asked how many takes it took him to get “lesser prairie chicken” out , duffy just laughs . “once , in the old dallas , we had the phrase , ‘well , daddy , i think the whole herd’s got screwworm . ’ and ‘screwworm’ did not come out of larry’s and my mouth for about an hour . it’s one of those phrases . ‘lesser prairie chicken’ is one of those phrases , ” he says .
recently the five range states , wafwa , federal and state agencies and organizations working on lesser prairie - chicken conservation met in edmond , oklahoma , to share information on current chicken conservation efforts and identify new strategies for working together . you can read wafwa ' s piece on the edmond meeting
though it has achieved a complete legal victory , the petroleum association and the other businesses , landowners , and developers that have partnered with the states on the lesser prairie chicken initiative council have many challenges ahead of them . when announcing that it had finalized the chicken ' s delisting , fws
sen . jerry moran ( r - kansas ) is seeking to attach an amendment to legislation authorizing construction of the pipeline that would throw out federal protections for the lesser prairie chicken , a bird native to midwestern prairies .
a month after senior u . s . district judge robert junell upheld his september 2015 ruling overturning the listing of the lesser prairie chicken as “threatened , ” a second - year update offered good news on the species .
“those industry participants within the rwp are demonstrating they can be both economically viable and conserve the lesser prairie chicken even with the downturn in oil prices , which extends to other energy - related industries , ” he said .
the lesser prairie - chicken is a nationally identified target species of the working lands for wildlife ( wlfw ) partnership , a collaborative approach to conserve habitat while keeping working lands working . from 2010 to 2015 , the lesser prairie - chicken initiative ( part of the wlfw family ) enabled producers to conserve more than 1 million acres of prime habitat . from 2016 to 2018 , nrcs aims to conserve 500 , 000 additional acres . read our fy2016 - 2018 conservation strategy .
this year the lesser prairie - chicken has faced a variety of attacks aimed at undoing its recent listing . now , a lawsuit filed by the permian basin petroleum association and four new mexico counties has succeeded in doing just that—at least temporarily .
join the oklahoma audubon council for an amazing prairie experience . this year ' s event will include another round of field trips and workshops , such as lesser prairie chicken viewing from blinds or vans , an opportunity to actively participate in protecting the species by helping to mark fences in the area and much more .
nrcs offers technical and financial assistance to help agricultural producers to voluntarily conserve lesser prairie - chicken habitat on private lands . this assistance helps producers plan and implement a variety of conservation activities , or practices , that benefit the bird and agricultural operations .
the states and their private - sector partners will need to consistently demonstrate that their commitment to preserving the lesser prairie chicken has not wavered after their court win . they will have to demonstrate the type of positive results detailed in a march 31 , 2016
( lincoln : university of nebraska press , 1983 ) . v . w . lehmann ,
the attwater prairie chicken : current status and restoration opportunities ,
the prairie grass has died back and the wildlife that depends on it is suffering . lesser prairie chickens only live about a year and a half on average , so a couple of years without many chicks takes a serious toll .
. wind - energy facilities are increasing in the great plains , particularly in states with lesser prairie - chickens as these have the highest potential for wind energy development .
science to solutions : a new study by researchers at kansas state university identifies specific grazing practices that create the varied grassland habitat structure that lesser prairie - chickens need .
financial assistance helps producers pay for the adoption of a system of conservation practices that improve the health of prairie and grassland ecosystems . nrcs assistance covers part of the cost . common conservation practices for the lesser prairie - chicken include the removal of redcedar and mesquite and use of prescribed grazing and burning . see a full list of practices .
environmental activist groups instinctively oppose voluntary conservation , and organizations such as defenders of wildlife—which brought the original listing suit against fws—will fight vigorously to restore federal control over the lesser prairie chicken . after the federal court ' s september 1 decision , a defenders of wildlife senior official
still , it ' s tough being a lesser prairie chicken these days . this type of grouse once spanned an enormous area , though now they survive mainly in pockets of oklahoma and kansas . their numbers are plummeting ; in 2012 , the population dropped by half .
adult male lesser prairie chickens ( tympanuchus pallidicinctus ) have brightly colored air sacs on the sides of their neck that they inflate during courtship displays . cimarron national grassland , kansas .
the service is officially removing the lesser prairie - chicken from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife in accordance with the september 2015 court order vacating our 2014 listing determination . this administrative action and the decision not to appeal the court’s ruling do not constitute a biological determination on whether or not the lesser prairie - chicken warrants federal protection . the direct final rule ( docket no . fws - es - r2 - 2016 - 0028 ) will be available in the federal register reading room on july 19 , 2016 , and publish on july 20 , 2016 .
“this is a tribute to wafwa and all of the stakeholders who work every day to ensure the success of the range - wide plan . this is good news for the lesser prairie chicken , the habitat and everyone who lives , works and plays in these areas , ” he added .
field report ; what does the prairie look like from a coyote ' s eye view , and why does that matter to lesser prairie - chickens ? lpci range conservationist marina osier , based in lamar , colorado , answers this question in her recent field report .
van pelt reported landowners are stepping up and implementing conservation practices benefiting the chicken . eight landowner contracts were finalized covering 67 , 512 acres . conservation measures are being implemented range - wide , including habitat restoration on 8 , 214 of 15 , 911 prescribed acres . a total of $ 1 , 821 , 737 was paid to landowners managing their lands to generate credits for lesser prairie chicken conservation , he said .
when you enroll land with lpci , follow a sustainable grazing plan , and complete other conservation practices to benefit lesser prairie - chickens , you can run your ranch without fear of esa regulation .
last year’s aerial surveys found an abundance of spring rainfall in 2015 , along with ongoing efforts associated with the range - wide plan and other conservation initiatives , helped increase the lesser prairie chicken population by approximately 25 percent from 2014 to 2015 . results from this year’s surveys will be available on july 1 .
this march 2007 photo provided by the texas parks and wildlife department shows a male lesser prairie chicken in a mating stature in the texas panhandle . the obama administration has placed the lesser prairie chicken on a list of threatened species , a move that could affect oil and gas drilling , wind farms and other activities in five central and southwestern states . the decision by the fish and wildlife service is a step below “endangered” status and allows for more flexibility in how the protections for the bird will be carried out under the endangered species act . ( ap photo / texas parks and wildlife department , jon mcroberts ) less
gerrit vyn is a wildlife biologist who photographed and recorded the sounds of five of these species : the greater and lesser prairie chicken , greater sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse and gunnison sage grouse .
all of these species have undergone drastic population declines since we settled the west ,
vyn says .
for the fish and wildlife service to come out and say , ' yes , we ' re going to classify the lesser prairie chicken as a threatened species , but we ' re not going to change anything , ' seems to beg the question , then why did you take the step ?
pruitt says .
primarily due to large - scale loss of habitat and fragmentation of habitat , their range distribution has been reduced by roughly 85 percent . about 95 percent of the lesser prairie chicken’s habitat is privately owned , making the land management decisions of producers pivotal to the bird’s success . stewardship - minded producers are helping the at - risk bird and many other wildlife species by voluntarily improving the health of prairie and grassland ecosystems .
through wlfw , nrcs targets conservation efforts where the returns are highest by targeting threats to the bird . for the lesser prairie - chicken , the loss and fragmentation of habitat is caused by invading mesquite and redcedars , poor grassland and prairie health and conversion to cropland . wlfw is able to provide technical and financial assistance through the environmental quality incentives program and agricultural conservation easement program , two programs funded through the farm bill .
“the u . s . fish and wildlife service is best suited to judge whether a species requires a listing . . . voluntary measures are essential and will continue to play a role in this species’ conservation management , but unfortunately they alone are not sufficient for the lesser prairie - chicken , ” trusty said in a statement for audubon .
wayne keller is scanning the vast expanse of caramel - colored prairie from his ranch south of dodge city for prairie chickens . keller says it ' s drought that is killing them .
again later that year , arguing that the bird belonged on the endangered list . a petroleum industry association and four new mexico counties sued fws as well , arguing that the agency failed to take into consideration voluntary conservation efforts in the affected states—colorado , kansas , new mexico , oklahoma , and texas . wildlife regulators and private enterprises in those states , concerned with the severe economic impact of an esa listing for the chicken , created a voluntary lesser prairie chicken initiative .
providing predictability . when you enroll land with lpci , follow a sustainable grazing plan , and complete other conservation practices to benefit lesser prairie - chickens , you can run your ranch without fear of esa regulation . learn more
adult male lesser prairie chickens ( tympanuchus pallidicinctus ) have brightly colored air sacs on the sides of their neck that they inflate during courtship displays . cimarron national grassland , kansas . gerrit vyn / gerritvynphoto . com hide caption
meet ed koger , a rancher in south - central kansas who manages his pastures with prescribed grazing and burning , which simultaneously provides good forage for his cattle and habitat for the lesser prairie - chicken . “as long as i incorporate fire in my management of the prairie on this ranch , ” he says , “i’m going to have more wildlife , and i’m going to produce more pounds of beef . ” learn more about ed’s ranch .
the lesser prairie chicken is the latest member of the grouse family to face congressional scrutiny . in december , a provision included in the omnibus spending bill barred the interior department from moving forward on proposing endangered species act protections for the greater sage - grouse , and from finalizing those protections for the gunnison sage - grouse , which the department has listed as threatened .
top , from left : lesser prairie - chicken , melody lytle / audubon photography awards ; ring - necked pheasant , lynn cleveland / apa ; california quail , pat ulrich / apa ; bottom , from left : wild turkeys , steve green / apa ; willow ptarmigan , nps photos / katie thoresen / flickr creative commons ; spruce grouse , justin peter / apa .
( boston : houghton mifflin , 1977 ) . heather miller ,
vanishing with the prairie ,
come to woodward ' s lesser prairie chicken festival and embark on a series of field trips led by local experts around northwest oklahoma plus an excursion to black mesa . visitors to this much - loved birding event will also enjoy an art show and sale showcasing local artists and vendors , as well as a variety of informative workshops and speakers . most events require pre - registration .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service has completed initial reviews of three endangered species act petitions and found that two present substantial information that the petitioned action may be warranted . a petition to list the lesser prairie - chicken as endangered and another to list the leopard as endangered throughout its range in africa will move to the next phase , where each species will undergo a thorough status review .
to fws on the conservation plan ' s second year . the plan has led to a
25 percent increase in the lesser prairie chicken population . . . industry partners committed nearly $ 51 million in fees to pay for mitigation actions , and landowners across the range agreed to conserve more than 67 , 000 acres of habitat .
on june 13 , 2016 , an umbrella group of western - state wildlife agencies
the department of interior ' s fish and wildlife service listed the bird as threatened under the endangered species act in march , citing the
rapid and severe decline
of lesser prairie chicken populations . protections for
threatened
species are not as strict as those for
endangered
species , but the service said the listing recognizes that the bird is
likely to become in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future .
nrcs launched the lesser prairie - chicken initiative ( lpci ) in 2010 , establishing a partnership of ranchers , agencies , universities , non - profit groups and businesses that embrace a common vision – wildlife conservation through sustainable ranching . this innovative partnership of ranchers , agencies , universities , non - profit groups and businesses all embrace a common vision – achieving wildlife conservation through sustainable ranching . visit urltoken to learn more about the partnership .
allow habitat regeneration , manage grazing to provide adequate cover and forage for prairie chickens . continue to manage occupied habitats on private lands , and hasten progress towards effective management on public lands . protect occupied habitats . develop and promote effective incentives for land - owners to maintain populations . continue monitoring leks and develop statistically robust methods of estimating populations from lek data . regulate the construction of tall structures in or near lesser prairie - chicken habitats . ensure effective evaluation and mitigation of the impacts of wind turbine and other tall structure installation on the species .
spoiler alert ! this week’s episode of dallas saw john ross ( josh henderson ) and bobby ( patrick duffy ) each take bold steps in their battle over fracking at southfork . in the end , even though john ross had convinced the ranch hands that more money could be made in oil than cattle , bobby managed to put a hold on john ross’s drilling permit by informing the sierra club of a potentially endangered population of lesser prairie chicken .
voluntary conservation efforts have been in the works for years . in the lead - up to the usfws decision in 2014 , the western association of fish and wildlife agencies ( wafwa ) and the five states with lesser prairie - chicken habitat finalized a massive plan to protect the bird across its range . but in the end , usfws decided that it couldn ' t measure the impact of those programs because not enough landowners and companies had enrolled in them .
a little smaller and paler than the greater prairie - chicken , this grouse is adapted to arid short - grass regions of the southern great plains . at one time it was abundant in this region , but it has declined seriously , and is now an uncommon bird found in a few local concentrations .
they ' ve lost 84 percent of the shortgrass prairie , which this bird depends on as its home ,
ashe says .
the pbpa , along with chaves , eddy , lea and roosevelt counties in new mexico , had sued the department of the interior and fish and wildlife service to overturn the chicken’s listing .
still , participants who walk away would sacrifice their hefty enrollment fees , counters wafwa grassland coordinator bill van pelt . and even if the bird’s federally threatened status evaporates , prairie - chicken declines could trigger yet another listing process , van pelt says , prodding more people to sign up . “for us , it’s still business as usual . ”
wafwa in partnership with the states of new mexico , colorado , kansas , oklahoma and texas have embarked on an innovative and unprecedented approach to wildlife conservation . this partnership began in 2012 with the directors of the five states that are home to the lesser prairie chicken ( lpc ) and its habitat to create a document that outlined the needs of this charismatic grouse species endemic to the five states . this document , “ the lesser prairie chicken range - wide conservation plan , ” ( rwp ) , written by the states lpc interstate working group , addresses the needs of this species , establish population goals and provides a mechanism for industry to continue operating . this document brings together the different voluntary conservation programs in the high plains into a common approach to provide for both minimization and mitigation of impacts and conservation of lpc habitat . the only plan of its kind endorsed by the us fish and wildlife service , it was incorporated into the section 4 ( d ) special rule at the time of listing in 2014 . strong participation in the plan could lead to a timely delisting of the lpc .
has disappeared from most of former range and is probably still declining ; considered to be threatened . biggest problem is conversion of natural prairie to farmland .
we ' re walking toward a lek , which is kind of like a singles bar for prairie chickens . they get together and do their thing .
, val w . lehmann , nancy lehmann - carssow , and nova j . silvy ,
prairie chickens ,
accessed july 09 , 2018 ,
aerial surveys of the chicken’s population began march 17 and are expected to continue through mid - may in the five states that contain the bird’s habitat : texas , new mexico , oklahoma , kansas and colorado .
on september 1 , a u . s . district judge in texas vacated the u . s . fish and wildlife service’s decision to designate the lesser prairie - chicken as threatened under the endangered species act . his ruling stated that prior to listing , the agency failed to follow its own rules for gauging whether existing conservation programs could help stem the bird ' s decline . “it’s just one more cut into the ( agency’s ) authority and the efficacy of the esa , ” says karyn stockdale , a senior advisor for the national audubon society and former director of audubon new mexico .
turkeys , ptarmigans , pheasants , grouse , and quail—these birds are all capable of doing crazy things . take the lesser prairie - chicken for example . to show off to the ladies , the males suck air in and out of the ping pong balls on the sides of their neck , make weird moaning sounds , and do a snazzy quick - feet display , all at the same time . so the real question is , just how crazy can these birds be ? try this true / false quiz , and check the answers below to see if you can separate fowl truth from fiction .
. in oklahoma 39 . 5 % of the prairie - chicken mortality recorded was due to fence collisions , while in new mexico , this figure was 26 . 5 percent . the species has also been found to avoid power lines and so it is likely that the erection of other tall structures ( including wind turbines ) will lead to increased habitat fragmentation and reduced home range sizes ( pruett
best known for their dramatic courtship display , the bird depends on prairie and grassland ecosystems that have evolved under the interaction of fire and large herbivore grazing over the years .
if it’s good for the bird , it’s good for the herd . with lpci technical and financial assistance , landowners can improve habitat for both prairie - chickens and livestock , boosting ranch sustainability .
wayne keller , a rancher whose land is south of dodge city , kan . , scans his land for prairie chickens . the federal government has proposed listing the bird as an endangered species .
some sound like alien techno music , others resemble old lawnmower engines . . . but all of these calls were made by grouse and prairie chickens . recordings provided by cornell laboratory of ornithology .
sandhill country , sage and bluestem grass , oak shinnery . found in sandy short - grass prairie regions with scattered shrubs such as sand sage . often found around stands of low , scrubby oaks ( havard and mohr ' s oak , also called
shin oak
) . regularly comes to agricultural fields to feed on waste grain , but disappears from areas where too much of native prairie is taken over by farmland .
wayne keller , a rancher whose land is south of dodge city , kan . , scans his land for prairie chickens . the federal government has proposed listing the bird as an endangered species . frank morris / kcur hide caption
win - win conservation . if it’s good for the bird , it’s good for the herd . with lpci technical and financial assistance , landowners can improve habitat for both prairie - chickens and livestock , boosting ranch sustainability . learn more
in the report , wafwa said the chicken’s range - wide population had increased by 25 percent to just more than 29 , 000 birds , industry partners had committed nearly $ 51 million in fees to pay for mitigation actions , and landowners across the five - state range agreed to conserve more than 67 , 000 acres of habitat .
the plan will pay landowners to make their property more livable for prairie chickens , and companies that degrade habitat will have to compensate landowners to create more of it elsewhere . it could be profitable for farmers and ranchers — and it needs to be .
science to solutions : hot off the press ! new research shows that patch - burn grazing creates the mosaic of grassland habitat structure that prairie - chickens depend on . lpci ' s latest science to solutions paper describes the research and its implications for range management .
they only nest on the ground , nowhere near a tree or anything else , like an oil derrick or wind turbine , sticking up from the prairie . there were once millions of the birds , and ashe says now there may be fewer than 18 , 000 .
every spring , flocks of prairie chickens and grouse gather in the prairies of the american west to strut and sing and fight for the attention of females . it ' s called a lek , and like many wildlife mating rituals , it ' s all about female choice .
the prairie - chicken , which has an elaborate , chest - puffing mating dance and a call similar to woody the woodpecker’s laugh , currently struts on just 16 percent of its historic range . oil and gas development , wind farms , roads , transmission lines , fences , and other development have threatened these last slivers of existing habitat . and thanks to drought on the southern plains , population numbers plummeted from around 35 , 000 to 17 , 616 between 2012 and 2013—which partly explains usfws ' s motivation for listing them . “this is an incredibly difficult creature to save , ” says audubon texas executive director brian trusty . “it’s really fickle . ”
an aggressive encounter between two male greater prairie chickens ( tympanuchus cupido ) . during aggressive encounters , males leap into the air and strike their opponent with feet , wings and / or beak . fort pierre national grassland , south dakota . gerrit vyn / gerritvynphoto . com hide caption
in montana , an area of unplowed grassland called the northern prairie was listed on the interior department memorandum , discussed as a possible home for a new national bison range . but the state’s representative at large , denny rehberg , a republican , said in a statement , “the antiquities act was never intended as an end - run around the will of the people nor as a land - grab device for east coast politicians . ”
that business may already be producing some results for prairie - chickens : their numbers have climbed back to 29 , 000 , a 25 percent increase since last year ' s listing . “you can’t ignore that you had 180 companies modifying their behavior , ” van pelt argues . but even he admits that drought relief is the most important factor : “we’ve had a lot of rain . that’s what it takes for this bird . ”
if the federal court ' s decision stands , prairie - chickens will be cut off from federal endangered species recovery funds , and landowners will be free to destroy the bird ' s remaining habitat without consequence . even wafwa’s range - wide plan could lose its teeth : without the looming threat of the listing , there would be no incentive for landowners and industries to participate , li says . with 100 , 000 acres and $ 46 million tied up in voluntary contracts , “there’s potentially a lot to lose . ”
the global population is estimated to number 20 , 000 - 40 , 000 individuals ( h . whitlaw in litt . 2007 ) . trend justification : this species is declining rapidly ( rogers 1997 ; wolfe et al . 2007 ) , owing to conversion and development of prairie grasslands . it has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( 99 . 6 % decline over 40 years , equating to a 75 . 7 % decline per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count [ butcher and niven 2007 ] ) .
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cedar mesa in southeastern utah is on an interior department list of possible national monuments . the department says the list is preliminary .
denver — in much of the nation , “monument” is an innocuous word , conjuring up images of historical figures cast in bronze or road - side plaques few stop to read .
in the west , though , it’s a fighting word , bound up for years with simmering resentments against the federal government and presidential powers . the feeling dates to the days when , with the stroke of a pen , theodore roosevelt declared lands he wished to protect as national monuments under the american antiquities act .
a new monument fight erupted this week when representative rob bishop , republican of utah , said he had uncovered a “secret” interior department memorandum suggesting that the federal government was considering national monument designation for 14 huge blocks of land in nine states from montana to new mexico .
a spokeswoman for the department of the interior , kendra barkoff , said the list was not secret at all , but simply a “very , very , very preliminary , ” internal working document resulting from a brainstorming session that interior secretary ken salazar , a democrat and former senator from colorado , had requested about the lands in the west .
“no decisions have been made about which areas , if any , might merit more serious review and consideration , ” ms . barkoff said in a statement .
but the word “secret , ” especially when applied to the possible doings of far - away federal bureaucrats , is right up there with “monument” in its ability to unleash vitriol among western conservatives . in 1996 , president bill clinton created the 1 . 7 million - acre grand staircase - escalante national monument in southern utah with a surprise announcement that still resonates across the region as a symbol of government powers , or what critics call the abuse of those powers .
the new interior department memorandum , people in both parties said , has reopened a wound from those days that never quite healed .
the san rafael swell in central utah is on the list , along with 13 other sites .
“given the lingering frustration felt by many utahns , following the 1996 ‘stroke of the pen’ monument designation , it is totally inappropriate for this federal agency to even have preliminary discussions without involving the stakeholders on the ground , ” said representative jim matheson , democrat of utah , a state that had two of the possible new monuments on the list , the san rafael swell and cedar mesa .
ms . barkoff at the interior department said in an interview that mr . salazar , as colorado’s attorney general , united states senator and secretary of the interior , had a history of seeking consensus , and that any discussion of monument designation would be open to public and congressional involvement .
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a spokesman for the southern utah wilderness alliance , a conservation group , said the appearance of secrecy in monument talks had melded with ideological opposition to the obama administration — widespread in a deeply republican part of the country .
“i don’t think it’s as much about the specifics of the land issues as it is pure ideological concerns , ” said the group’s executive director , scott groene . “there’s already been a great fury going on in this state , and it’s hard to imagine that this really changes any of that . ”
the fury is nothing new . in 1969 , for example , the town of boulder , utah , passed a resolution changing its name to johnson’s folly , and predicted the town’s demise after president lyndon b . johnson added thousands of acres to arches and capitol reef national monuments , which were both later designated national parks by congress .
the town later reverted to its original name , and on its web site the boulder business group now proudly calls the town the “gateway to the grand staircase - escalante national monument . ”
representative bishop , who was teaching history and government in a high school in northern utah when that monument was created in 1996 , also held out the possibility that cooler heads and calmer discussions could prevail on land protection in the west . the prerequisite , he said , is transparency and genuine dialogue . if westerners think there is a foregone conclusion , hostility to more national monuments will be unavoidable .
“if they do things in an open and transparent way and involve everyone , then there’s no need for yelling and screaming , ” mr . bishop said . “do it the right way , and we can work it out . ”
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
tap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you .
moran said in a statement that the listing is
yet another example of unnecessary intrusion into private lives and businesses by the federal government .
he said the listing is hurting farmers , ranchers , oil and gas development , transportation , and wind farms .
i am confident there are ways to conserve the species without hindering economic development in rural communities ,
moran said .
listing the bird as a threatened species is not the answer .
the league of conservation voters called the moran amendment
egregious
in a letter to senators urging them to vote against it , describing it as
congressional meddling in science - based decision making .
the american energy alliance , a group linked to one of the koch brothers , put out a statement monday , saying the alliance would treat the amendment as a
key vote ,
to be included in its annual energy scorecard rating of lawmakers .
' yes ' is the pro - wildlife , pro - energy , pro - private property , and pro - human flourishing vote ,
the group wrote .
sen . lisa murkowski ( r - alaska ) , who has been leading the senate floor debate on the keystone bill , indicated tuesday evening that votes on the moran amendment and others are likely on wednesday .
update : jan . 28 , 4 : 36 p . m . - - the senate voted on the moran measure wednesday afternoon . a majority of 54 senators - - all the republicans present and one democrat , joe manchin ( w . va . ) - - voted in favor of the measure , but the amendment did not get the 60 votes it needed to pass .
first - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .
from the < a href =
urltoken
target =
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> u . s . state department ' s report < / a > on the keystone xl pipeline , jan . 2014 . drivers of oilsands development are global and any single infrastructure project is unlikely to significantly affect the rate of extraction in oilsands areas .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
40 cm . plump , brown - barred gamebird . yellow wattles of skin form eyebrow . in courtship , reddish - orange air - sacs on sides of neck inflated and neck - plumes ( pinnae ) erected . female has shorter neck - plumes and barred tail .
in west - central kansas , which is larger , darker and has yellow - orange air - sacs .
this species qualifies as vulnerable owing to a long - term and rapid population decline . although most populations appear to have stabilized or increased since 1995 , populations in north - east texas and parts of oklahoma have declined precipitously since 2005 , and in south - east new mexico since 2001 . as the effects of drought and the increasing demand for both fossil fuel and renewable energy development ( including wind and biofuels ) continue to place remaining habitats at risk , the species is precautionarily retained as vulnerable until positive trends have been sustained .
. it is now most common in dwarf shrub - mixed grass vegetation , sometimes interspersed with short grass and , optimally , with some portion ( < 25 % ) of the landscape in row grains as supplemental winter forage . successful nests tend to be in areas with greater shrub cover and visual obstructions ( davis 2009 ) . leks are usually on elevated areas with short vegetation ( hagen 2005 , wolfe
. large areas of habitat have been purchased by some states and the nature conservancy and candidate conservation agreements with assurances are being implemented in texas . research has been conducted on its ecology and conservation which will facilitate the production of recovery plans . over 900 birds have been radio - tracked between 1999 and 2010 . miles of unneeded fences have been removed in parts of oklahoma and texas and a method has been developed to mark remaining fences to reduce mortality ( rogers 1997 )
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t22679519a118850421 .
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u . s . fish and wildlife service home page about the u . s . fish & wildlife service department of the interior urltoken accessibility privacy notices
the mission of the u . s . fish and wildlife service is working with others to conserve , protect , and enhance fish , wildlife , plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the american people .
all images credit to and courtesy of the u . s . fish and wildlife service unless specified otherwise .
forages mostly on ground , sometimes above ground in oaks . may move several miles every day from roosting areas to good feeding sites .
usually 11 - 13 . whitish to pale buff , finely speckled with brown and olive . incubation is by female only , 22 - 24 days . young : downy young leave nest shortly after hatching . female tends young , but young feed themselves . young are able to make short flights at age of 1 - 2 weeks , but are not full - grown for several more weeks .
downy young leave nest shortly after hatching . female tends young , but young feed themselves . young are able to make short flights at age of 1 - 2 weeks , but are not full - grown for several more weeks .
includes seeds , acorns , insects , leaves . diet varies with season . eats seeds and leaves of a wide variety of plants , including oak leaves and acorns . may eat much waste grain around agricultural fields in fall and winter . eats many insects , including grasshoppers and beetles , especially in summer . also eats some flowers , twigs , oak galls .
in spring , at dawn and again in evening , males gather on
booming grounds
and display there to attract females . booming ground on slight rise or level open ground , with good visibility . in display , male raises feather tufts on neck , stamps feet rapidly while making hollow gobbling sounds ; may leap in the air with loud cackles . female visits booming ground , mates with one of the males . nest site is on ground , usually under a shrub or clump of grass . nest ( built by female ) is shallow depression lined with a few bits of grass , weeds .
no regular migration , but some may move many miles between summer and winter ranges .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
gail patricelli is one of a few researchers using robotic birds to study avian courtship . her current work focuses on the greater sage - grouse .
the endangered species act is under attack . but how much trouble is it in ?
politicians are asking for major changes to the law—and even an outright repeal . here ' s how the esa could take a hit and everything that ' s at stake .
how well do you know your north american fowl ? find out with this true / false quiz .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
technical assistance is free to producers , through which the agency’s conservationists work side - by - side with producers to develop a conservation plan . this plan is customized the producer’s land and provides a roadmap for how to use a system of conservation practices to meet natural resource and production goals .
if you’re interested in technical and financial assistance from nrcs , please contact your local usda service center . a conservationist in your community will help you develop a conservation plan customized to your land , and if you’re interested , apply for financial assistance through farm bill conservation programs . learn more about getting started with nrcs .
collaboration and partnership . more than 25 agencies , nonprofit organizations , universities , and private businesses have pooled resources and know - how to conserve rural agriculture and provide habitat for native wildlife . learn more
science - based action . how do we know if our range management strategies are working ? lpci - funded research ensures we’re doing enough of the right things in the right places to achieve our conservation goals . learn more
more than 25 agencies , nonprofit organizations , universities , and private businesses have pooled resources and know - how to conserve rural agriculture and provide habitat for native wildlife .
how do we know if our range management strategies are working ? lpci - funded research ensures we’re doing enough of the right things in the right places to achieve our conservation goals .
on july 20 , 2016 , ten months after a u . s . district court for the western district of texas judge
its delisting decision . the decision not only validates the work of a public - private bird - conservation partnership , it will also test the viability of such state - based efforts .
arrangement with environmental activists , fws listed the bird as threatened in april 2014 . preferring a higher designation , the same activist groups with which fws settled
decision agreed with the states that under the esa , fws failed to fully “tak [ e ] into account those efforts , if any , being made by any state … to protect such species . ” 16 u . s . c . § 1533 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( a ) . a september 15 , 2015
by featured expert contributor sam boxerman of sidley austin llp provides a full analysis of that decision . on february 29 , 2016 , the texas federal court
that it would be
undertaking a thorough re - evaluation of the bird ' s status and the threats it faces using the best available scientific information to determine anew whether listing under the esa is warranted .
fws ' s statement , and its silence on the private - public conservation effort , is not surprising , especially considering that the agency had endorsed the council ' s rangewide conservation plan in october 2013 , but then reversed course and imposed the
threatened
designation just seven months later .
,
people who had previously been prepared to abide by the rules under a listing are now heading towards the bulldozers again .
. all those involved in a self - regulatory mechanism have a shared stake in its success , and the voluntary nature of the program allows them to quickly adapt their efforts . such incentives and flexibility do not exist in a one - size - fits - all government regulation .