fairy footsteps ( 15 january 1978 – 1996 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic 1000 guineas in 1981 .

she showed promise in her first two races as a two-year-old before establishing herself as one of the best fillies of her generation with an emphatic win in the waterford candelabra stakes .

in the spring of 1981 she was heavily backed for the 1000 guineas before and after a win in the nell gwyn stakes .

she won the 1000 guineas by leading all the way and was considered highly likely to follow up with a win in the epsom oaks but was retired after a disappointing defeat in the musidora stakes .

she had some success as a broodmare .

fairy footsteps

cartoon scene with a snowman - with footsteps - background for different fairy tales . drawing , painting .
was fairy footsteps’ first foal . having won the 1981 1 , 000 guineas , fairy footsteps retired to childwick bury at the end of that year . the following spring she was covered by the 1974 st leger winner
, won the st . leger in 1980 ; while fairy footsteps , a daughter of ‘the brigadier’s 2 , 000 guineas victim
kaufman , a . c . j . fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic , 1874 . notated music . urltoken
, fairy footsteps , light cavalry , welsh pageant , west side story , picture play , photo flash , selhurst and main reef .
halm , frederic j . memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic , 1883 . notated music . urltoken
palmer , s . fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic , 1881 . notated music . urltoken
' fairy footsteps ' _ ' fairy footsteps ' is a half - hardy , mat - forming , evergreen , woody - based perennial , often grown as an annual , with slender , erect , branched stems bearing small , ovate , mid - green leaves and star - shaped , light blue flowers from late spring into autumn .
cecil’s second win came with piggott in 1981 when fairy footsteps was successful – but the extraordinary thing was that piggott was able to ride at all . he had been dragged under the starting stalls in a horrific incident days earlier which had almost torn his ear off . bandaged up the maestro saddled up on fairy footsteps and dictated the pace in vintage style .
we can surely expect some fireworks , à la fairy footsteps , among the juddmonte part - dispersal , and no doubt there will unsuspected bargains to compare with regal beauty as well .
kaufman , a . c . j . ( 1874 ) fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
kaufman , a . c . j . fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic , 1874 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .
palmer , s . ( 1881 ) fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
halm , f . j . ( 1883 ) memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
halm , frederic j . memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic , 1883 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .
palmer , s . fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic , 1881 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .
1st – palermo clasico benito villanueva , gr . 2 , 1600m , beating star plus and fairy magic .
curie ' s daughter iréne followed in her mother ' s footsteps , winning the nobel prize in chemistry in 1935 .
we have been hinting for weeks that we . . . - in the footsteps of the group of seven | facebook
my little girl has been going to fairy footsteps for about 6 months ( just turned 2 ) . today she has taken part in the pretty much whole class for the first time and really enjoyed it . amy has a wonde
) but , thanks to flying fairy , she does at least rank as grand - dam of one true top - liner . desert prince was flying fairy’s fifth foal and , although she subsequently produced the 2002 anglesey stakes winner
1998 , and are not to be used in violation of the terms set out by the graphic designer . graphics used in setup of fairy ' s footsteps graphic design are not available for public use . your cooperation in this is greatly appreciated .
intensive treatment saw him return to action on the eve of the big race , and although still very stiff and sore he mustered all his fabled strength and judgement of pace to get fairy footsteps home by a neck :
that eased the discomfort .
photo
cartoon winter background - with footsteps - scene for different fairy tales
can be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 5906x4028 .
a saint - cloud maiden winner for trainer john cunnington as a two - year - old in 1980 , grecian sea was not disgraced when - having been switched to dick hern the following season - she finished a close 10th of 14 to fairy footsteps in the 1000 guineas .
a leading authority on the artists of the heidelberg school and the concept creator of the heidelberg school artists trail . in the artist ' s footsteps
' 81 , fairy footsteps , ridden by lester piggott , tolmi , go leasing , marwell . a few days before this race lester piggott nearly lost his ear in a starting stall incident , and was riding with his ear sewn back on , and bandages under his riding helmet . . .
fairy footsteps ( ire ) b . f , 1978 { 1 - s } dp = 9 - 6 - 13 - 20 - 0 ( 48 ) di = 0 . 81 cd = 0 . 08 - 6 starts , 3 wins , ? places , ? shows career earnings : $ 119 , 679
thank you so very much for another wonderful term of fairy dance ! cordelia dances every day at home and that can only be because of you .
fairy king ( northern dancer - fairy bridge by bold reason ) is a year - younger brother to 14 times champion uk - ireland sire and gr . 1 winner sadler’s wells and a three - quarter brother to outstanding sire nureyev , also a son of northern dancer and from fairy bridge’s dam special ( forli - thong by nantallah ) . fairy king started his stud career in very modest circumstances in ireland and pulled himself up by the bootstraps to eventually join his brother at coolmore headquarters , becoming champion sire in france in 1996 when his son helissio won the arc and was european horse of the year .
sire stravinskys yearlings averaged over $ 169 , 000 at the 2008 karaka yearling sales . the sire of 39 individual stakes winners and 11 . 6 % stakes winners worldwide . recently sire of the g1 stradbroke handicap winner mr baritone . . out of fabulous fairy , an alydar mare out of fairy footsteps a 1000 guiness winner , the grand dam of champion race horse and successful sire desert prince . further back the family includes successful sires in light cavalry , royale palace and welsh pagaent .
“i believe that science has great beauty . a scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician ; he is also a child confronting natural phenomena that impress him as though they were fairy tales . ”
cartoon scene with a snowman - with footsteps - background for different fairy tales cute cartoon safari animal scene landscape easter cartoon scene with cute rabbit and chicken cute cartoon dinosaur scene landscape cave with cave drawings . cartoon mountain scene background primitive cave paintings . ancient petroglyphs . vector cartoon urban street house and shop scene background illustration cartoon nativity scene with shooting star cartoon scene with cat greeting royal pair by the castle cartoon happy scene with cat helping young boy getting out of water
an unbeaten superstar on the track , husson was champion 2yo of argentina in 2006 and champion miler at three , before embarking on a stud career in australia following in the footsteps of his champion sire hussonet , a popular member of the arrowfield stud roster for many years .
provided artist biographies for in the artist ' s footsteps website , established in 2000 , including an updated biography of albert namatjira , and a listing of the major exhibition catalogues of his works , as well as the first biography of sir william dargie , launched in celebration of dargie ' s 90th birthday .
no current trainer can match the record of henry cecil in the urltoken 1000 guineas , who has six victories to his name courtesy of one in a million ( 1979 ) , fairy footsteps ( 1981 ) , oh so sharp ( 1985 ) , bosra sham ( 1996 ) , sleepytime ( 1997 ) and wince ( 1999 ) . there are five entries from warren place this year , including aviate , who like last year’s heroine ghanaati won a polytrack maiden at kempton on her latest start , yarmouth maiden victor principal role and timepiece , successful in the listed montrose stakes over the course and distance on october 31 .
in 1897 marie and pierre curie welcomed a daughter , irène . the couple had a second daughter , ève , in 1904 . irène joliot - curie followed in her mother & apos ; s footsteps , winning the nobel prize in chemistry in 1935 . joliot - curie shared the honor with her husband , frédéric joliot , for their work on the synthesis of new radioactive elements .
the next book is a fairy tale also about a princess except she is being married off . it’s called the runaway princess . meg doesn’t want to get married off but , her dad the king needs her to cooperate . naturally he locks her in a tower but , she escapes . this book is about how girls can do anything girls can do .
when fairy king ( usa ) bowed off the track after only one unplaced run , having broken a bone in his hoof during the race , few could have realised the impact he would have in the breeding barn . he is the great - grandsire of this month’s stallion profile subject zoustar , a son of northern meteor and grandson of encosta de lago .
at egerton stud , just outside newmarket , and flying fairy was duly born in 1983 . sent into training with henry cecil , she raced a few times but failed to trouble the judge . at the end of her three - year - old career in 1986 , she was sold at the december sale as part of mr . joel’s dispersal , fetching 90 , 000 gns .
title memory bells [ and ] fairy footsteps contributor names halm , frederic j . created / published halm , f . j . , hagerstown , 1883 , monographic . genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record
title fairy footsteps contributor names kaufman , a . c . j . created / published white & goullaud , boston , 1874 , monographic . subject headings - morceau - piano music genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record
title fairy footsteps schottische contributor names palmer , s . created / published gordon & son , s . t . , new york , 1881 , monographic . subject headings - schottisches - piano music genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record
more recently , the dewar dispersal of 1954 resulted in prices at unprecedented levels , including festoon at 36 , 000gns and refreshed at 30 , 000gns , and ten years later ten of 19 mares to realise five - figure sums at the december sales came from drafts from the national stud , which was withdrawing from breeding to become – temporarily , as it turned out – just a base for stallions . one dispersal that will be readily recalled by many was that of mares and fillies submitted by jim joel . that featured a 720 , 000gns bid for fairy footsteps and other massive sums for magic slipper ( 700 , 000gns ) and lady moon ( 600 , 000gns ) . the lowest price in the draft was 5 , 200gns for five - year - old barren mare regal beauty , who became rather more valuable later as dam of two - year - old champion high estate and king george victor king’s theatre .
1987 snugglepot & cuddlepie and other fairy folk of the australian bush written with robert holden , and published by james hardie . this catalogue was written to accompany the exhibition that was curated by robert holden and andrew mackenzie in the herbarium in the royal botanic gardens in melbourne and also in canberra . organized as a free exhibition for children throughout victoria and the act , over a ten - week period , more than one hundred thousand children visited the exhibition .
the first book is an interesting version of the original fairy tale . rose is a princess cursed at birth by a wicked witch . rose is kind , pretty , and really everything you want in a princess . the prince is normal for the most part , except his mom has some ogre blood . the story is being told in two parts , the prince and the princess . eventually the story intertwine with one another . the story is really about finding yourself .
that fairy king , who was bred by robert sangster’s swettenham stud and partners , was given a chance at all was due to his illustrious breeding . he became one of the very best examples of the old saying “blood will out” with progeny ranging from arc de triomphe and english derby winners in the northern hemisphere to gr . 1 winner and champion sire encosta de lago , born from a cover in the first of his two southern shuttle seasons , 1992 and 1996 .
“he’s a horse we’ve been following since day one and it’s been very exciting to watch his career unfold from a debut win at two to being the best three year - old sprinting colt of his generation , ” widden owner antony thompson said after the colt’s second gr . 1 success . “northern meteor made such a huge impact for us in the short time that we were lucky enough to have him , so it seems only right that his best son should follow in his footsteps and join us at widden . ”
other articles and papers included a paper in 1984 on
manuscript and collection development
as a guide for the state library of victoria , a teacher ' s resource kit in 1987 for the
snugglepot and cuddlepie and other fairy folk of the australian bush
exhibition , also in 1987 an article on the
manifold estate panels
and in 1993 a major paper entitled ,
victoria : birthplace of the arts in australia
. a more recent 11 page paper ,
the story of the heidelberg school artists trail
was produced in 2012 .
however just one major son in australia has been enough to give the fairy king line a chance to shine here with the invitation stakes ( vichealth cup ) - gr . 1 ( 1400m ) winner encosta de lao ( ex shoal creek by star way ( gb ) ) , also winner of the ascot vale - gr . 2 ( now coolmore ) and the bill stutt stakes - gr . 2 and three times third ( caulfield guineas - gr . 1 , maribyrnong plate - gr . 2 and debutante stakes - lr ) becoming an instant success here , despite starting off with middle range mares in victoria in 1997 .
special is a daughter of thong , while scuff is a daughter of moccasin ( nantallah - rough shod by gold bridge ) . special is the second dam of fairy king ( as well as being the dam of nureyev ) and special / scuff appear 4x2 in northern meteor’s pedigree . he is also 4fx3m to mr . prospector and linebred to that horse’s grandsire native dancer . northern meteor won three races including the ascot vale - gr . 1 ( coolmore ) over the flemington straight 1200m and was runner - up in the t . j . smith - gr . 1 ( 1200m ) at randwick and fourth in the vrc newmarket - gr . 1 , also at flemington .
towards the end of the 2013 - 14 season , the loss of northern meteor becomes even more apparent as his 83 winners ( 63 . 4 % ) of $ 7 . 5m include 10 stakes winners ( 7 . 6 % ) led of course by dual gr . 1 winner zoustar and also including his most recent gr . 1 winner cosmic endeavour ( danehill ) , who won the $ 500 , 000 tatts tiara - gr . 1 at eagle farm in late june and is also a dual gr . 2 winner ( six wins and earnings topping $ 1m ) , gr . 2 winner and gr . 1 runner - up eurozone ( don’t say halo ) , who also retires to stud in 2014 , gr . 2 winner and gr . 1 placed bound for earth ( belong to me ) , gr . 3 winner the voice ( king’s theatre ; has brothers fairy king / sadler’s wells 3x3 ) and listed winners atmospherical ( flying spur ; inbred 4fx3m rolls , plus has sisters thong , moccasin and lisadell 6 , 4x5 ) , fighting sun ( ivory’s irish , inbred 6 , 4x4 to sisters moccasin and thong ) , also retiring to stud in 2014 and veuvelicious ( medicean ) along with stakes placed northern glory ( viscount ) , gr . 1 third equator ( desert sun ) , mr jackman ( general nediym ) , mount zero ( royal academy ) , swing vote ( danehill dancer ) and mr bogart ( snippets ) . his progeny have a winning distance index of 1271m .
i suppose they had the obituaries written already , had they ?
intimations of mortality sit uneasily with a sporting immortal , and lester piggott ' s reaction to his heart scare , which sent a shiver through the racing world in may , is characteristically laconic .
just as the seemingly indestructible 71 - year - old had shrugged off the regular death threats which came with the territory throughout his long riding career - first winner aged 12 , last aged 58 - so piggott plays down his week in the intensive care unit of a lausanne hospital :
it just shows that it can happen to anyone . it ' s taken a long time to get back to normal , but i ' m fine again now .
an immediate consequence of the heart scare was the postponement of lester piggott day at newmarket , his local racecourse , scheduled for a few days after he was taken into hospital . this now takes place on saturday , sponsored by bookmaker victor chandler and with proceeds going to piggott ' s chosen charities . the seven races on the programme are named after his guineas winners at the track but one in particular illustrates piggott ' s mind - boggling resilience . a week before the 1 , 000 guineas in 1981 he had been dragged under the front gates of the epsom starting stalls by a horse named winsor boy .
my right ear was practically severed ,
he recalls ,
and it took 32 stitches to keep it in place . worse , i ' d pulled all the ligaments in my back .
piggott devotees will be able to meet the great man in person on saturday . if you join the queue because you just have to tell him how he saved your dad from the poorhouse when getting up in the last stride to beat charlie smirke at the now defunct alexandra palace , do expect a broad grin but not a lengthy conversation .
for lester piggott has always been a reluctant icon , inclined to take the line of least resistance when meeting his public . he told me of one hot summer afternoon in the 1960s when he stopped to buy an ice cream from a kiosk on the finchley road , and the girl serving asked ,
aren ' t you wilson pickett ?
although his resemblance to the soul singer was far from obvious , piggott said he was . it was simpler that way .
the level as well as the longevity of piggott ' s place in the public eye is unmatched by any other sportsman . which other sporting icon has appeared in a van morrison lyric , in a howard brenton play , and on spitting image ? and his admirers have been distinctly a - list . fred astaire praised his riding of sir ivor in the controversial 1968 washington international . ronnie wood was a major purchaser at a sale of piggott memorabilia in 1998 . beatles ' manager brian epstein approached him about handling his business affairs , but the famously careful jockey declined :
i did not really want to be managed .
since his second retirement in 1990 , five years after he first quit the saddle , piggott ' s incomparable affinity with the racehorse has been deployed in his association with the cheval court stud in surrey , where he owns shares in several high - class mares .
lester has a unique eye for a horse ,
says tony hirschfeld , owner of the stud .
his experience is invaluable in selecting the stallions to which we send our mares , in deciding which of the offspring we sell and which we keep , and in targeting races for the horses we have in training .
mont etoile , whose victory in 2006 returned piggott as co - owner to the royal ascot winner ' s enclosure he had reached so often as the royal meeting ' s greatest jockey , runs today at yarmouth .
the wax model of lester piggott was removed from permanent exhibition at madame tussaud s only five years ago , after 40 years on display . the body has been recycled , but the head remains stored , pending another comeback . when that happens - and with lester piggott anything is possible - the obituaries will need updating yet again .
· the following clarification was printed in the guardian ' s corrections and clarifications column , thursday september 27 2007 . lester piggott did not retire for the second time in 1990 . he retired for the second and final time in 1994 .
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urltoken
a place where little fairies can come to life in a fun and exciting environment .
i have always had a love for ballet as long as i can remember . i trained at a ballet school in south africa and went on to dance professionally . following an injury i left the ballet company but still wanted to be part of it all . i decided to train as a teacher ( qualifying as a cechhetti ballet teacher in 2013 ) so i would have the ability to pass on my love and knowledge of this wonderful art form to others .
my 3 year old little girl has just started and loves jessica’s classes – full of fun and imagination . i wish we had started sooner !
thank you also for the last few years of dance , helping to prepare her for school by making her confident , bubbly and secure away from me – that means so very much to us .
josie absolutely loves her ballet classes . she is so excited each week and has so much fun when she is there ! you are an amazing teacher and really connect with the children . you make each class enjoyable for both children and adults . the classes are full of really imaginative activities , which all of the children love . thanks for making our tuesdays !
misusing or omitting the apostrophe is one of the commonest punctuation errors . showing possession the apostrophe ( ’ ) is used to show that something belongs to someone . it is usually added to the en . . .
impress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .
catch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .
all the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .
owner : mr . h . j . joel breeder : mr . h . j . joel winnings : 6 starts : 3 - ? - ? , $ 119 , 679 1st nell gwyn s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , 1000 guineas s . gr . 1 ( gb ) 8f , waterford candelabra s . ( gb ) . 3rd musidora s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . sent to us 1987 , died 1996 ( close )
friendship house , elm grove , southsea ( 5 , 378 . 91 mi ) portsmouth po5 1jt
cherry loves her ballet classes , amy is fantastic and seems to genuinely love the children , would recommend this ballet school to anyone . our whole family where so impressed with the recent show .
my eldest daughter has had lessons with amy since she was 2 and still adores her just as much at 9yrs ; my 3 yr old enjoys her classes just as much . amy is a gifted teacher and a lovely lady ! x
rful way with the girls and i ' m very pleased we ' ve found this class . she ' s been talking about ' amy ' and her ballet moves most the day so thank you and see you next week � x
my little girl loves the class and her teacher couldn’t ask for any better . she’s improving all the time .
both my daughters have been going to ballet with amy for some time . she is a lovely approachab
we are very happy of our ballet classes . my daughter of 6 and her friends enjoy a lot to learn ballet with amy . big thank you , dear ! p . s . it was lovely to see amy ' s son today , he is gorgeous baby - boy !
amy is a lovely ballet teacher , and makes the classes fun for little ones . my daughter and her friend love the classes and have made lots of progress in a short space of time . 100 % recommend these classes . �
fantastic classes , amy is so good with the little ones . my daughter has grown in confidence
and skills . love the pay as you go approach too , it ' s just lovely .
we started ballet with amy when holly was two , she ' s now 5 and wouldn ' t want to go anywhere else . my youngest started this year and thinks amy is the best ever . . . and
loves it . along with ballet and tap she loves amy . couldn ' t recommend enough xx
amy bought the love and passion of ballet back into bryony ' s world . bryony was taught by amy in the best kind of way . . . , through kindness and love !
al , engaging and great with the children . highly recommend to any mums thinking about taking their children .
amy is a superb teacher , she is patient and kind and brings the best out of the budding dancers .
thank you so much for being such a great teacher for my little girl . she loved her first lesson . she is excited about coming again next week ! x
my daughter has been with amy over a year . she makes the lessons fun and interactiv
e . the children learn so well . my daughter loves going and learns to do the moves well . amy is a lovely teacher . top
⭐grade 2 ballet exam children⭐ here is one of the longer dances for you to practice at home . dance b ‘hide & seek’ thanks chantelle ! 😜 ( character dance to follow on saturday )
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presented here is the online version of the special collections session created by the latin american library for the 2018 cast session , tulane treasures . in this hands - on exhibit , we highlight examples from the latin american library ' s image archive of stereoscopic photography taken in various locations and time periods within latin america and the caribbean . with these and other examples we trace our the technical and commercial development of latin american stereographs from the earliest beginnings of photography ( c . 1838 ) to the latest trends in digital formats that presage today ' s cutting - edge technologies for producing 3d images and vr ( virtual reality ) simulations . a second objective of this session is to demonstrate the potential for scholarship that stereographs hold from a variety of perspectives including historical , artistic , communications , and business marketing , to name just a few .
this exhibit examines early new world textual encounters between europeans and amerindians through selected rare books and original manuscripts from the latin american library’s special collections . we focus specifically on how disparate conceptions of language and writing played out as ideological and discursive features within key texts . reflecting the library’s collection strengths , the exhibit focuses most prominently on mesoamerica .
an exploration of italian influence on new orleans opera from the late 18th century to modern times .
while no scientific field has ever been an easy profession for women , botany was for many centuries one of the . . .
© 2016 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 |
“one never notices what has been done ; one can only see what remains to be done . ”
“in science , we must be interested in things , not in persons . ”
“all my life through , the new sights of nature made me rejoice like a child . ”
“in the education of children the requirement of their growth and physical evolution should be respected , and that some time should be left for their artistic culture . ”
“nothing in life is to be feared , it is only to be understood . ”
“i was taught that the way of progress was neither swift nor easy . ”
“life is not easy for any of us . but what of that ? we must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves . ”
“it is important to make a dream of life and a dream reality . ”
“there are sadistic scientists who hurry to hunt down errors instead of establishing the truth . ”
marie curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize , in physics , and with her later win , in chemistry , she became the first person to claim nobel honors twice .
born maria sklodowska on november 7 , 1867 , marie curie became the first woman to win a nobel prize and the first person—man or woman—to win the award twice . curie & apos ; s efforts , with her husband pierre curie , led to the discovery of polonium and radium and , after pierre & apos ; s death , the further development of x - rays . the famed scientist died on july 4 , 1934 .
marie curie working in her laboratory at the university of paris in 1925 . ( afp / getty images . )
marie curie discovered radioactivity , and , together with her husband pierre , the radioactive elements polonium and radium , while working with the mineral pitchblende .
fascinated with the work of henri becquerel , a french physicist who discovered that uranium casts off rays weaker than the x - rays found by wilhelm conrad roentgen , marie curie took his work a few steps further . curie conducted her own experiments on uranium rays and discovered that they remained constant , no matter the condition or form of the uranium . the rays , she theorized , came from the element & apos ; s atomic structure . this revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics . curie herself coined the word
radioactivity
to describe the phenomena .
following marie’s discovery of radioactivity , she continued her research with her husband . working with the mineral pitchblende , the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898 . they named the element polonium , after marie & apos ; s native country of poland . they also detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende , and called that radium . in 1902 , the curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium , demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element .
marie married french physicist pierre curie on july 26 , 1895 . they were introduced by a colleague of marie’s after she graduated from the university of sorbonne ; marie had received a commission to perform a study on different types of steel and their magnetic properties and needed a lab to work in . a romance developed between the brilliant pair , and they became a scientific dynamic duo who were completely devoted to one another . at first marie and pierre worked on separate projects . but after marie discovered radioactivity , pierre put aside his own work to help her with her research .
marie suffered a tremendous loss in 1906 , when pierre was killed in paris after accidentally stepping in front of a horse - drawn wagon . despite her tremendous grief , she took over his teaching post at the sorbonne , becoming the institution & apos ; s first female professor .
in 1911 , marie curie’s relationship with her husband & apos ; s former student , paul langevin , became public . curie was derided in the press for breaking up langevin & apos ; s marriage , the negativity in part stemming from rising xenophobia in france .
marie curie , was born in warsaw in modern - day poland on november 7 , 1867 .
both of marie curie’s parents were teachers , and she was the youngest of five children , following siblings zosia , józef , bronya and hela . as a child curie took after her father , wladyslaw , a math and physics instructor . she had a bright and curious mind and excelled at school . however , tragedy struck early : when she was only 10 , curie lost her mother , bronislawa , to tuberculosis .
a top student in her secondary school , curie could not attend the men & apos ; s - only university of warsaw . she instead continued her education in warsaw & apos ; s
floating university ,
a set of underground , informal classes held in secret . both curie and her sister bronya dreamed of going abroad to earn an official degree , but they lacked the financial resources to pay for more schooling . undeterred , curie worked out a deal with her sister . she would work to support bronya while she was in school and bronya would return the favor after she completed her studies . for roughly five years , curie worked as a tutor and a governess . she used her spare time to study , reading about physics , chemistry and math .
in 1891 , curie finally made her way to paris and enrolled at the sorbonne . she threw herself into her studies , but this dedication had a personal cost . with little money , curie survived on buttered bread and tea , and her health sometimes suffered because of her poor diet . curie completed her master & apos ; s degree in physics in 1893 and earned another degree in mathematics the following year .
marie curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize and the first person—man or woman—to win the prestigious award twice . she remains the only one to be honored for accomplishments in two separate sciences .
in 1903 , curie received the nobel prize in physics , along with her husband and henri becquerel , for their work on radioactivity . with their win , the curies developed an international reputation for their scientific efforts , and they used their prize money to continue their research .
in 1911 , curie won her second nobel prize , this time in chemistry , for her discovery of radium and polonium . while she received the prize alone , she shared the honor jointly with her late husband in her acceptance lecture . around this time , curie joined with other famous scientists , including albert einstein and max planck , to attend the first solvay congress in physics and discuss the many groundbreaking discoveries in their field .
when world war i broke out in 1914 , curie devoted her time and resources to helping the cause . she championed the use of portable x - ray machines in the field , and these medical vehicles earned the nickname
little curies .
after the war , curie used her celebrity to advance her research . she traveled to the united states twice—in 1921 and in 1929—to raise funds to buy radium and to establish a radium research institute in warsaw .
“the use of the x - rays during the war saved the lives of many wounded men ; it also saved many from long suffering and lasting infirmity . ” — marie curie
marie curie died on july 4 , 1934 , of aplastic anemia , believed to be caused by prolonged exposure to radiation . she was known to carry test tubes of radium around in the pocket of her lab coat , and her many years working with radioactive materials took a toll on her health .
marie curie made many breakthroughs in her lifetime . remembered as a leading figure in science and a role model for women , she has received numerous posthumous honors . several educational and research institutions and medical centers bear the curie name , including the curie institute and pierre and marie curie university , later renamed upmc .
in 1995 , marie and pierre curie’s remains were interred in the panthéon in paris , the final resting place of france & apos ; s greatest minds . curie became the first and one of only five women to be laid to rest there . in late 2017 , the panthéon hosted an exhibition to honor the 150th birthday of the pioneering scientist .
in 1937 , ève curie wrote the first of many biographies devoted to her famous mother , madame curie , which became a feature film a few years later . the story of the nobel laureate was back on the big screen in 2017 with marie curie : the courage of knowledge , featuring polish actress karolina gruszka . in 2018 , it was announced that amazon prime video was developing another biopic of curie , with british actress rosamund pike in the starring role .
we strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !
marie m . daly is best known for being the first african - american woman to receive a ph . d . in chemistry in the united states .
french physicist pierre curie was one of the founding fathers of modern physics and is best known for being a pioneer in radioactive studies .
mary mahoney became the first black woman to complete nurse ' s training in 1879 .
physicist joseph rotblat participated in the manhattan project . after the world war ii , he devoted himself to peaceful applications of nuclear physics .
marie dressler is best known for her acting in the theater and film , winning an oscar .
albert einstein’s newly revealed diaries on his asia and the middle east travels in the 1920s reveal racist , xenophobic views , insulting in particular the chinese as
industrious , filthy , obtuse people .
later in life the physicist advocated for u . s . civil rights and joined the naacp .
marie antoinette helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the french revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in august 1792 .
mary leakey was a paleoanthropologist who , along with husband louis , made several prominent scientific discoveries . skull fossils found by the leakeys advanced our understanding of human evolution .
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she was not the greatest filly ever to sport the pale blue and yellow silks shared by lord weinstock , his son simon and father - in - law sir michael sobell , but grecian sea could scarcely have made a greater contribution to the trio ' s breeding operation .
despite her death in 1998 , the mare ' s legacy has been felt more keenly than ever after two of her grandchildren made a big impression at royal ascot this season .
mont etoile was a cosy winner of the group two ribblesdale stakes , while sir michael stoute has big hopes for mountain high , out of grecian sea ' s outstanding broodmare daughter hellenic , after a head defeat in the group two hardwicke stakes .
her first foal , new trojan ( by the sobell / weinstock 1979 derby hero troy ) , was trained by hern to finish second in the 1986 king edward vii stakes , golden wave picked up black type with a vintage stakes placing at goodwood and celtic river was placed in listed company .
there were nine winners in total and none better than hellenic , a daughter of darshaan who won the 1990 yorkshire oaks and ribblesdale stakes as well as finishing runner - up in that season ' s st leger .
hellenic has been to sadler ' s wells for 10 of her 14 coverings to date , including this year after foaling a colt by the 14 - times champion , and it is a proven formula that has produced gold cup third election day , now a sire in colombia , german group one winner greek dance and the brilliant islington , whose cv featured a breeders ' cup filly & mare in addition to three british group 1 successes .
new morning , sold privately to nicholas springer , won last year ' s brigadier gerard stakes while mountain high , who joined the coolmore team without appearing at public auction , is the product of a mating with danehill .
grecian sea ' s daughter troyes - who made just 13 , 000gns at the 1998 december sales - produced mont etoile and is also the grand - dam of 1999 french derby second nowhere to exit . three other daughters of grecian sea - desert beauty , olympienne and sea picture - as well as the granddaughters desert bloom and islington are currently breeding at ballymacoll , continuing a dynasty begun by a purchase at tattersalls in 1938 .
the co meath stud ' s then famously eccentric owner dorothy paget bought a hyperion filly she was to name coventry belle from esmond harmsworth for 2 , 300gns at the december foal sale 65 years before her descendant mont etoile made 60 , 000gns at the same fixture .
coventry belle ' s year - older full - sister godiva went on to win the 1000 guineas and oaks , and her granddaughter country house , a three - time winner when trained by sir gordon richards , produced the great miler and champion sire reform .
following paget ' s death , michael sobell and the weinstocks purchased ballymacoll and its bloodlines in 1960 , six years later producing reform ' s full - sister knighton house , who - also trained by richards - finished second in the coronation stakes and is grecian sea ' s grand - dam .
other descendants of coventry belle have delivered such luminaries as derby winner north light and golan to ballymacoll and with grecian sea ' s line proving such efficient breeders , it will be surprising if the family does not yield more stars in years to come .
the - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .
ran ten times and won three races . as a two - year - old , pourparler won two important races in england and finished third in the prix robert papin in france . in the following spring , she was beaten in her first two races before winning the 1000 guineas at
. she was beaten in her two subsequent races before being retired to stud , where she had limited success as a broodmare .
, ireland , by peter fitzgerald . she was sired by hugh lupus , a french - bred stallion who won the
as a yearling , pourparler was sold to beatrice , lady granard , and sent into training with paddy prendergast at his stable at the curragh in county kildare .
pourparler ran five times as a two - year - old and won twice . in may , having been beaten in her first two races , she was sent to england for the national stakes over five
. she finished third behind the french colts djel and yours . in august prendergast sent the filly back to england for the
, she won at odds of 7 / 2 from the english fillies flattering and gwen .
eight pounds below the top - rated colt talahasse and three behind the leading filly mesopotamia .
on 17 march , when she finished fourth in the spring plate over seven furlongs . she was then sent to england , where she started favourite for the 1000 guineas trial stakes at
at newmarket racecourse , pourparler started at odds of 11 / 2 for the 1000 guineas in a field of eighteen fillies , with gwen being made the 9 / 10 favourite .
and was one of a series of wins by foreign horses in major races which led to the 1964 season being described as a particularly depressing one for british racing .
, for which she was made odds - on favourite . she finished third of the six runners behind ocean , a filly who was carrying seven pounds less than the guineas winner .


an electrolithoautotroph is an organism which feeds on electricity .

these organisms use electricity to convert carbon dioxide to organic matters by using electrons directly taken from solid-inorganic electron donors .

electrolithoautotrophs are microorganisms which are found in the deep crevices of the ocean .

the warm , mineral-rich environment provides a rich source of nutrients .

the electron source for carbon assimilation from diffusible fe ( 2 + ) ions to an electrode under the condition that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons .

electrolithoautotrophs form a third metabolic pathway compared to photosynthesis ( plants converting light into sugar ) and chemosynthesis ( animals consuming food )

electrolithoautotroph

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researchers at the riken center for sustainable resource science and the university of tokyo have demonstrated that the bacterium acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can take electrons needed for growth directly from an electrode power source when iron—its already known source of energy—is absent . the study , published in frontiers in microbiology , shows that a . ferrooxidans can use direct uptake of electrons from an electrode to fuel the same metabolic pathway that is activated by the oxidation of diffusible iron ions .
just as plants with chlorophyll use photosynthesis to convert energy from light into sugars needed for growth , other organisms—like animals—gain energy for the manufacture of sugars by taking electrons from substances in their surrounding environments—a process called chemosynthesis . organisms that gain their energy this way are called chemotrophs , and those that get their electrons through oxidation of inorganic substances are called chemolithoautotrophs . phototrophs and chemotrophs make up two interconnected ecosystems .
“we are investigating the possibility of a third type of ecosystem , ” explains group leader ryuhei nakamura . “we call it the electro - ecosystem because microbial activity is sustained primarily by direct electrical current . ”
recently , his team has discovered geo - electric currents across the walls of black - smoker chimneys formed by hydrothermanl vents , suggesting that some deep - sea microbes might double as a electrolithoautotrophs , organisms that can use electrical potential—meaning that they simply eat electrons—as an energy source instead of light or surrounding inorganic substances .
because access to microbes in this environment is not easy , and to verify their hypothesis that being able to switch energy sources from inorganic substances to electricity is not unique in the microbial world , the team experimented with a . ferrooxidans , a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium known to oxidize iron ions ( fe 2 + ) .
the team cultured a . ferrooxidans in an fe 2 + - free environment and supplied an electrode with an electrical potential of + 0 . 4 v , carbon - dioxide as a carbon source , and oxygen as an electron acceptor . they found that these conditions created a current that originated from the electrode , and that the strength of the current depended on how many cells were attached to the electrode . killing the cells with uv light immediately suppressed the current .
to determine how this current was being generated , they used an artificial photochemical reaction . normally , carbon monoxide attaches to heme proteins in a . ferrooxidans outer membranes and prevents oxidation . but , when exposed to light , this bond is broken and oxidation continues as usual . when tested , carbon - monoxide also prevented the current formed between the electrode and a . ferrooxidans cells and exposure to light reversed this block and allowed the current to flow . this suggested that a heme protein is needed for the electrosynthesis exhibited by a . ferrooxidans .
further analysis showed that the responsible heme protein is the aa3 complex which is known to play a role in down - hill electron transfer in a . ferrooxidans that generates atp and the proton - motive - force that allows uphill electron transfer and carbon fixation—the hallmarks of sugar production . inhibition of a protein complex that is part of the uphill - transfer process suppressed the current , showing that the proton - motive - forces being generated were indeed used for up - hill electron transport . additionally , the optical density of cells cultured with the electrode for eight days increased over time , indicating growth and that the current generated by electrons flowing from the electrode to the cells was being used for carbon fixation .
“now that we have identified the metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophs in a . ferrooxidans , we will be able to apply this knowledge to bacteria we find in the deep sea vent , ” says nakamura . “the next step is to prove the existence of electro - ecosystems in on - site deep - sea experiments . ”
understanding electro - ecosystems and how electrical currents can support life could lead to a blueprint for sustainable human ecosystems , using technology such as fuel cells , batteries , and thermoelectric converters . ”
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to examine the validity of the hypothetical metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation , herein we cultivated the chemolithoautotrophic fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium , acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans , in fe 2 + - ions free electrochemical reactors . using site - specific chemical marking for intracellular electron - transfer chains involved in carbon assimilation , we demonstrate the previously unaccounted ability of an fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium to switch the metabolic mode from chemosynthesis to hypothetical electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation under the conditions that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons for their carbon assimilation .
acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( atcc23270 ) was cultured in dsmz medium 882 ( 132 mg l - 1 ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 , 53 mg l - 1 mgcl 2 6h 2 o , 27 mg l - 1 kh 2 po 4 , 147 mg l - 1 cacl 2 2h 2 o , and trace elements ) supplemented with ferrous iron ( 66 mm ) as an electron source and incubated aerobically at 30°c with shaking at 150 rpm in erlenmeyer flask ( volume of medium : 150 ml ) . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . subsequently , the culture was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 min , and the pelleted cells were washed vigorously with a fresh medium at ph 1 . 8 . this process was repeated more than three times to remove soluble fe 2 + ions and insoluble iron oxides from the cell culture prior to being used for electrochemical experiments .
a single - chamber three - electrode system equipped with the working electrode on the bottom surface of the reactor was used for the electrochemical analysis of intact cells . a conducting glass substrate [ fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) - coated glass electrode , resistance : 20 ω / square , size : 30 mm × 30 mm ; spd laboratory , inc . ] was used as the working electrode . the reference and counter electrodes were ag / agcl ( kcl sat . ) and a platinum wire , respectively . an air - exposed dsmz medium 882 was used as an electrolyte . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . the head space of the reactor was purged with air which is the source of n 2 , o 2 , and co 2 .
coordination of co to heme proteins in living cells was carried out by bubbling the cell suspension of a . ferrooxidans with co gas for 10 min in the electrochemical reactor ( shibanuma et al . , 2011 ) . for the photocurrent measurements , a 1000 - w xe lamp ( ushio ) equipped with a monochromator with a band width of 10 nm was used as an excitation source to irradiate light from the bottom of the electrochemical cell . for the inhibitor experiment of a bc1 complex , 1 v / v % antimycin a solubilized in methanol was added in the electrochemical reactor . the final concentration of antimycin a was 100 μm .
scheme 1 . bifurcated electron and proton transfer model of fe ( ii ) oxidation in acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( sugio et al . , 1981 ; ingledew , 1982 ; elbehti et al . , 1999 , 2000 ; brasseur et al . , 2004 ; valdés et al . , 2008 ; quatrini et al . , 2009 ; bird et al . , 2011 ) . a small periplasmic blue copper protein ( rusticyanin , rus ) has been proposed as a branch point to switch an electron flow between nad + and o 2 . proton circuit for a down - hill and an up - hill electron - transfer reaction is indicated by blue and red dotted line , respectively . electron and energy delivery to the cells for carbon fixation is based on the diffusion and / or convection of soluble fe 2 + ions .
figure 1a shows current vs . time curves for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions . in the present system , a conducting glass electrode ( fto ) poised at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) acts as a sole source of electrons , and dissolved o 2 and co 2 are an electron acceptor and a carbon source , respectively . in the absence of bacteria , we detected no electrical current generation ( broken line , figure 1a ) . on the other hand , in the reactors containing cells , the cathodic current gradually increased to approximately 7 μa after 20 h of cultivation ( solid line , figure 1a ) . the marked difference in current density depending on the presence of cells indicates that the cathodic current was derived from the metabolic activity of cells . furthermore , in - situ sterilization of cells with the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation immediately suppressed the cathodic current generation ( figure 1b ) . almost no electrical response was observed after 6 h of sterilization , confirming the strong coupling of metabolic activity to electrical current generation .
figure 1 . ( a ) current vs . time measurements for microbial current generation by acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells on an fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) electrode in the absence of fe 2 + ions ( solid line ) at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) ( b ) effects of the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation to the microbial current generation by the cells in the absence of fe 2 + ions at + 0 . 4 v ( solid line ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) . ( c ) in - situ optical microscope observation of an fto electrode surface at the indicated time ( panel a ) after cell inoculation . ( d ) plot of microbial current against cell number attached on an electrode surface obtained from in - situ optical microscope observation ( panels a and b ) . the squares of the correlation coefficients were estimated by the addition of the point of origin to the obtained data . the geometric area of the fto electrode was 3 . 14 cm 2 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 2 . linear sweep ( ls ) voltammograms for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the presence ( broken line ) and absence ( solid line ) of fe 2 + ions ( 66 mm ) . a scan rate was 0 . 1 mv s - 1 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 3a shows time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under co atmospheres . upon the treatment of the cells with co , the microbial current decreased , suggesting that the formation of co - ligated heme in living cells inhibited the extracellular electron - transfer reactions of a . ferrooxidans . the drop in the microbial current caused by co was recovered upon visible - light irradiation ; in contrast , visible - light irradiation induced little change in the current generation under n 2 atmospheres ( figure 3b ) .
figure 3 . ( a ) time courses of microbial current generation in the absence of fe 2 + ions under co atmospheres . white and black bars indicate the period for light irradiation and dark conditions , respectively . an electrode potential was + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . ( b ) time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under air and co atmospheres . ( c ) diffuse transmission uv - vis spectrum of whole cells of a . ferrooxidans suspended in a dsmz medium containing na 2 s 2 o 4 as a reductant under co atmospheres . ( d ) an action spectrum of the microbial current recovered by visible - light irradiation under a co atmosphere . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 4 . effects adding a bc1 complex inhibitor , antimycin a , on microbial current generation for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . antimycin a solubilized in methanol ( final concentration of antimycin a is 100 μm ) was added into electrochemical reactors at the time points indicated with an arrow ( solid line ) . methanol lacking antimycin a was also added into electrochemical reactors as a control experiment ( broken line ) . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
in a . ferrooxidans , the pmf - dependent up - hill electron transfer is a physiologically important phenomenon , since carbon dioxide fixation via the calvin cycle is coupled to this process . figure 5 shows the time course of optical cell density at 500 nm ( od 500 ) obtained for a . ferrooxidans cells inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion - free electrochemical reactor for 8 days . under the condition that the electrode potential was poised at + 0 . 4 v , od 500 increased with incubation time . in contrast , when the cell was incubated under the same condition with the exception that no external potential was applied to the fto electrode ( open circuit condition ) , no growth of the cells was observed . here , we should emphasize that under the open circuit condition , the electron flow from the fto electrode to the cells was fully ceased and thus the electrode no longer functioned as an electron source for microbial growth . therefore , the clear potential dependency of the cell growth indicates that the cathodic current was being used not only for pmf generation , but also for carbon dioxide fixation and cellular maintenance via an endergonic electron - transfer reaction .
figure 5 . changes in the optical cell density at 500 nm of a . ferrooxidans inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion free electrochemical rector under the potential static condition at + 0 . 4 v vs . she ( open triangle ) and the open circuit condition ( open square ) . error bars indicate the standard error of the means calculated with data obtained from three individual experiments for the potential static condition and two individual experiments for the open circuit condition , respectively .
scheme 2 . energy diagram for pmf - dependent electrolithoautotrophic carbon fixation in a . ferrooxidans . a . ferrooxidans cell extracts electrons directly from solid electron sources such as conductive minerals and electrodes at a potential of + 0 . 82 v vs . she . electrons are used for o 2 reduction via a down - hill pathway , which in turn generates pmf that is used to elevate the energy of electrons to reduce nad + to nadh , therefore triggering calvin cycle . from the energy difference between the input electron and the midpoint potential of nad + / nadh redox at cytoplasmic ph , it is estimated that a . ferrooxidans elevates the energy of electrons using pmf by 1 . 14 ev .
the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
the authors thank drs . k . takai , m . yamamoto , and h . makita of the japan agency for marine - earth science and technology ( jamstec ) for discussions about microbiological and biogeochemical aspects of deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , and ms . t . minami of riken for the careful reading of the manuscript . this work was financially supported by a grant - in - aid for specially promoted research from the japan society for promotion of science ( jsps ) kakenhi grant number 24000010 , and by a grant - in - aid for challenging exploratory research on priority areas from the ministry of education , culture , sports , science , technology ( mext ) , japan ( 24655167 ) and the canon foundation .
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fixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources .
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kazuhito hashimoto , department of applied chemistry , school of engineering , the university of tokyo , 7 - 3 - 1 hongo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 8656 , japan , hashimoto @ urltoken ; ryuhei nakamura , biofunctional catalyst research team , riken center for sustainable resource science , 2 - 1 hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan , ryuhei . nakamura @ urltoken
i am a scientist - turned writer and editor , who loves to read and write ( more than doing experiments ) . i have a phd in biochemistry and molecular biology , with a specialization in structural biology . my interests range widely , from life sciences to pop culture and arts to music . i am bilingual in english and japanese .
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i am a physical chemist and the electron is the key word for my field . i am trying to understand the trials of nature in the course of becoming accustomed to different environments from the view point of “electron flow
( fig . 1 ) . this history of geological and biological electron flow is a great textbook , a blueprint for us to predict the future . we can learn a lot from the evolution , and it takes the field of biology and geology together . i think overall understanding of nature’s evolution is needed , rather than trying to understand each specific step in detail , and such a comprehensive approach will provide the new guiding principle for us to design the catalysts and develop the technology for energy and environmental conservation in human society .
fig . 1 electron flow & evolution of life our target is to find the role of electrical current for emergence and evolution of life ; how nature has utilized the electrical current from billion years ago , and its relevance in our modem technology , such as fuel cell , battery , voltage amplifier , and thermoelectric conversion . knowing the evolution of this in nature would be a nice guidance to realize sustainable human ecosystems . © r . nakamura
i joined the center in april 2013 , as one of the new principal investigators at csrs from outside of riken . the topic of sustainability was the attraction for me . here in my lab , we have about 10 people in our team . with the members who have the diverse backgrounds from physical chemistry to microbiology , i am trying to combine those areas to understand the fundamental mechanisms of nature to organize the robust and efficient energy cycle . i am sure its sustainability is relevant to modern technologies in human society .
riken is a very special place , with so many outstanding scientists . there is a great freedom of what to research and we can focus basic subjects and cultivate frontier science . in our center , distinguished researchers of plant science , chemical biology , biomass , and chemistry work together . especially for young scientists , collaborating between the different fields and heavyweight experienced researchers is a very great incentive , since it helps them a lot to come up with the brand - new ideas , and they can even make their own field . also for me this collaboration is quite attractive , and has encouraged me a lot to establish my own vision .
we work on the development of biologically inspired catalysts and their application for energy harvesting and environmental conservation systems . specifically , we attempt to exploit the nature’s ingenuities of multi - electron catalytic reaction , electron / proton transport , metabolic regulation , flexible response to external stimuli , and the robust energy management in a deep sea environment to develop the novel materials and systems necessary for the effective management of renewable energy sources . there are three areas for our research :
fig . 2 chimney : giant electrochemical fuel cell sustained by magmatic activity ? the chemical potential and temperature gradient across the chimney generates electrical current , which trigger abiotic co 2 reduction and may sustain the ecosystems of the chimney .
in 2010 we published the first paper about electricity generation in the deep sea hydrothermal vent ( ref . 1 ) . we were the first to propose and demonstrate that a black smoker chimney acts as an electrochemical fuel cell that can convert the energy stored in the earth’s interior to electricity ( fig . 2 ) .
our research has also inspired another field of the origin of life ( ref . 2 ) . this field has a quite long history , and the difficult point of this field is that we always have to investigate about the past events occurred billions of years ago . so , in order to get to the conclusive point of view , a broad range of understanding in physical chemistry , biology , and geology are required to understand the framework .
but always the problem has been that for some ( sub ) surface regions in the deep sea there is no recognizable energy input . there is no sunlight . there is no energy to sustain the bacterial activity we see . so people are looking for what is the energy source to sustain such an abundant biomass in the sub sea floor . so i am quite sure that this source has become the electron . now in the field of earth science people started to recognize electro - microbiology , and the electrochemical fuel cell in the deep ocean as a kind of power and engine to maintain the microbial activity .
we think that this energy creation found in the deep sea electro - ecosystem could have been one of the sources to kick - off the origin of life . the gradient of redox and temperature around a chimney creates electrical energy , which could kick off chemical evolution . this type of electrical energy might be the third type of ecosystem , in addition to chemosynthesis and photosynthesis , to drive microbial life ( fig . 3 / ref . 4 ) .
fig . 3 ecosystems sustained by geo - electricity decoupling of electron and heat transfer can generate the high energy electron that has almost the same electrochemical potential generatedby photosynthesis .
i want to know how nature got accustomed to the different environments , and how organisms in nature overcame such quite difficult situations by changing their metabolism or changing their genome . for example , it is as if chimney minerals have such an advanced knowledge of physics : they can convert chemical energy to electricity , and electricity to chemical energy . such an amazing function can be a key to generate high energy electrons , for triggering co 2 fixation , and nitrogen fixation in the ancient deep sea .
we also found another amazing aspect of chimney minerals : by analyzing the samples of minerals from the deep sea and investigating the function of them with dr . takao mori of national institute for materials science , we found that they transfer electrons efficiently , but not heat energy ( ref . 3 ) . it represents a newly recognized system for energy - harvesting in nature , based on the decoupling of electron transfer and heat transfer . no one would imagine this ! i would say that at the hydrothermal vent the difference of chemical potential and temperature is converted to electrical current , and if proton motive force exists , a hydrothermal vent can generate reductive energy almost identical with that of photo - excited photosynthesis ii . this is a new scenario to bridge deep - sea ecosystem and photosynthesis in terms of energetics for carbon fixation , and recently published in a book chapter ( ref . 4 ) . this is one of our original discoveries and can be a basis for examining the relationship between modern technology and ancient one in respect to heat and electrical use .
the next challenge for us is to test our hypothesis on the newly understood type of bacteria called “electrotrophs” in which co 2 fixation is triggered by electrons taken from minerals or electrodes .
scientists in the usa ( prof . kenneth nealson and prof . derek lovely ) noticed that certain bacteria transferred electron from some minerals like iron oxide or manganese oxide , as a process for their respiration . those findings were the starting point of the new field of electro - microbiology . usually we need oxygen for respiration , and mitochondria plays a role . but even without oxygen some bacteria eat minerals to maintain their atp synthesis . some portion of bacteria , archaea and animals depend on this kind of energy metabolism .
the current goal of our research is to prove the concept of such “electro - ecosystems” both by lab experiments and on - site deep - sea experiments ( fig . 4 /
) . people will recognize the importance of this field soon . electron life might be a nice running title - the field of electron life .
nakamura , r . , takashima , t . , kato , s . , takai , k . , yamamoto , m . , hashimoto , k . electrical current generation across a black smoker chimney . angew . chem . int . ed . 49 , 7692 - 7694 ( 2010 ) * selected to hot topics in sustainable chemistry doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201003311
yamaguchi , a . , yamamoto , m . , takai , k . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . electrochemical co 2 reduction by ni - containing iron sulfides : how is co 2 electrochemically reduced at bisulfide - bearing deep - sea hydrothermal precipitates ? electrochemica acta 141 , 311 - 318 ( 2014 ) doi : 10 . 1016 / j . electacta . 2014 . 07 . 078
ang , r . , khan , a . , tsujii , n . , takai , k . , nakamura , r . , mori , t . thermoelectricity generation and electron - magnon scattering in a natural chalcopyrite mineral from a deep - sea hydrothermal vent . angew . chem . 54 , 12909 - 12913 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201505517
yamaguchi , a . , li , y . , takashima , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . co 2 reduction using an electrochemical approach from chemical , biological , and geological aspects in the ancient and modern earth . solar to chemical energy conversion , 32 , 213 - 228 ( 2016 )
ishii , t . , kawaichi , s . , nakagawa , h . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . from chemolithoautotrophs to electrolithoautotrophs : co 2 fixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources . front . microbiol . , 6 , 994 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 3389 / fmicb . 2015 . 00994
riken news : a bacteria ' s double life : living off both iron and electricity ( dec . 2015 )
at deep - sea vent systems , hydrothermal emissions rich in reductive chemicals replace solar energy as fuels to support microbial carbon assimilation . until recently , all the microbial components at vent systems have been assumed to be fostered by the primary production of chemolithoautotrophs ; however , both the laboratory and on - site studies demonstrated…
first evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bc ( 1 ) and nadh - q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .
redox components of cytochrome bc - type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes . i . characterization of the cytochrome bc1 - type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .
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