mister majestic ( 2 february 1984 – after 1999 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he was a specialist sprinter who showed his best form as a two-year-old in 1986 .

after winning four minor races in the early part of the year he returned in the autumn to record a 33/1 upset win in the group one middle park stakes .

in the following year he won two races , including the leisure stakes , from seven starts before being retired from racing .

he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and italy but had little success as a sire of winners .

mister majestic ( horse )

street spice , valiant city , lahshad , mister marti gras , fordubai ) .
ajdal broke from the gates fastest of all and was immediately joined by gayanne in the centre , rich charlie and mister majestic on the far rails . mister majestic went on and gave ajdal a nice lead for a couple of furlongs but by the 3 furlong marker the furious early pace was beginning to take its toll and gayanne went on from ajdal .
congratulations to mack weaver and maggie gun ( owned by madison bohman ) . maggie gun ( by gunner x lookout majestic by majestic dell ) was the youth reserve world champion .
fiona course and
mister majestic
took out supreme senior led . later in the day fiona saddled up to claim the reserve champion ridden hack and take out the champion senior rider
eagle , majestic affair , cat burglar , departing , top billing , natchez , noble bird ) .
majestic prince was the third horse to win the kentucky derby while unbeaten , following regret ( 1915 ) and morvich ( 1922 ) . he was the first horse to win both the derby and the preakness while unbeaten .
in this respect , the report of the council inspector is inaccurate . i traded from 1974 to 1989 as abbeville stud and many successful racehorses were bred on the property , including mister majestic , a newmarket group 1 winner .
mr majestic , derek morton and geoff glazzards popular dutch - bred stallion , was put down last week following an accident .
described him as “a grand mover” with “a charming disposition” ; writer jim bolus described him as “playful” with a majestic presence .
his early purchases included the group one two - year - old winners creag an sgor and mister majestic , both of whom won the middle park stakes at newmarket . this success continued with the creation in 1992 of highclere thoroughbred racing limited of which john is a director .
majestic prince was the fifth winning derby mount for jockey william hartack , tying eddie arcaro ' s record for derby wins during a riding career .
johnson began his career as an owner on the flat , winning the middle park stakes at newmarket in 1986 with mister majestic . but his passion was for jump racing , and his first horse to be trained by martin pipe at pond house , nicholashayne in somerset , was beebob in 1991 . at his peak , johnson owned or had an interest in 100 horses .
earlier , albert the great’s moonshine mullin , offlee wild’s bayern , and the late rockport harbor’s majestic harbor all received automatic bids to the breeders’ cup classic .
read the full story below , courtesy of the american quarter horse journal . urltoken
majestic prince was bred by leslie combs ii & frank mcmahon ( ky ) . he was owned by frank mcmahon , who effectively bought out combs ' share when purchasing the colt for a then - record us $ 250 , 000 at the 1967 keeneland july yearling sale . majestic prince was trained by johnny longden . following his retirement , majestic prince was syndicated for us $ 60 , 000 per share and entered stud in kentucky at spendthrift farm , where he died of a heart attack in 1981 .
according to jockey club records , majestic prince sired 187 winners ( 51 . 7 % ) and 32 stakes winners ( 8 . 8 % ) from 362 named foals ;
congratulations also to jerry for his stallions’ success at the futurity . both dun gotta gun and mister nicadual ( both standing at mcquay stables ) had finalists in the futurity ! great job to trey pool who tied for fourth with jerry’s stallion , check this dually ( mister nicadual x footworks yellow jac ) in the level 1 open ! trey also placed seventh in the level 1 with nicastar lite ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , taking home over $ 28 , 000 collectively ! way to go !
we’d also like to congratulate trey pool and my daddy is dually ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by jerry kimmel , placing 12th in the l1 , 16th in the l2 , and 26th in the l3 open futurity and adding over $ 7 , 000 to their lte , as well as mister nicadual’s sire record .
french bow , by loup sauvage . unraced . half - sister to mister bow , ripplette ( dam of magic music ) . dam of 4 named foals , none raced .
mister booze ( 11g , buck ' s pride , maizcay ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1350m to 2016 - 17 , brc rawgroup hospitality 2yo h .
* statistics courtesy of robin glenn database , national reining horse association , and show websites .
two weeks after that , majestic harbor , a son of late sire rockport harbor , took the grade 1 gold cup at santa anita ( formerly the hollywood gold cup ) . rockport harbor was , like offlee wild , a darley - owned horse standing at pin oak lane .
mister nicadual sired 1st and 3rd place in the youth non pro futurity , and dun gotta gun sired 2nd place . congratulations to these great stallions , and to owner , jerry kimmel !
and third dam of grade ii winner real cozzy . majestic prince is also a half brother to multiple stakes winner lovely gypsy ( by armageddon ) ; to stakes - placed betty loraine ( by
i have this strange thing that i remember every horse i have bought fairly intimately . motivator was sold from the wall boxes at tattersalls . if you are looking at a horse you have to be on the same level as the horse and , to give the horse the best chance , people need to see it walk on the level . the wall boxes are all on a slope .
carlee mccutcheon enjoyed showing her horse , dun it got lucky , in the youth horsemanship clinic & class .
a chestnut , majestic prince stood 16 . 1 hands . he was considered an extremely handsome and well - made horse , beautifully balanced with a look of great quality , but a bit heavy - bodied for his underpinning and with suspicious - looking ankles . he possessed excellent tactical speed and was thoroughly game . charles hatton of the
join horse deals and derek ' o leary for all the action from the ev amateur hack championships at werribee .
an exceptionally handsome colt , majestic prince was one of the few auction sales toppers to live up to both his looks and his price . lightly raced at 2 , the unbeaten colt won hard - fought victories over eventual horse of the year arts and letters in the kentucky derby and preakness stakes . he went into the belmont stakes with a chance to sweep the triple crown but against the advice of trainer john longden , who felt that the prince was tired and had lost too much weight after the previous two races . longden ' s fears proved well founded as majestic prince
i ' d be a fool to continue buying expensive yearlings . i must spend r100 000 or more to buy a quality horse - and the breeder who sold it to me can import an even better one for less money and come and beat me . it just does not make sense . i might as well buy the imported horse myself . for a good imported horse is superior to a good local horse . nobody can argue with that .
of course , that in itself isn’t enough . the horse also has to have demonstrated the ability to get a runner .
talented filly may just be putting it all together right on time for her connections . her elimination win was dynamic . her maternal line includes the talented majestic son , so it comes as no surprise that she has that kind of ability . a major win contender .
the royal ascot racing club came into being towards the end of 1997 and was the brainchild of harry herbert who manages its horse .
majestic prince ' s victory in the 1969 kentucky derby made john longden the only person to both ride and train a kentucky derby winner . he had previously won the derby as the jockey of 1943 triple crown winner count fleet . longden ' s unique accomplishment was ranked # 51 in horse racing ' s top 100 moments , a review of racing in the 20th century compiled by the blood - horse and released in 2006 . the prince also made longden the first and only person to both ride and train winners of the preakness stakes .
you won ' t find a middle distance class horse that is built the same as a fast run and jump sprinting type . the muscle formation on a later maturing horse is completely different - it is a bit like looking at linford christie and a kenyan marathon runner .
congratulations to mandy mccutcheon and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , and by the great mister nicadual : champions in the john deere non pro futurity ! mandy also placed third with coronas in hollywood , also owned by tim and colleen mcquay . way to go , mandy !
majestic prince is outcrossed through five generations . he is a full brother to 1971 english champion 2 - year - old male crowned prince ; to stakes - placed our queen , second dam of grade iii winner casino magistrate ; to caronatta , dam of restricted stakes winner rally run ( by
anyone following british horse racing during the 1980s cannot fail to fondly recall a host of exciting 3 year old winners of the july cup at newmarket .
the ability of a horse is present from birth , as a result of genetic fusion . horses either have it , or they don ' t . there may be lots of reasons that prevent a horse from showing its natural ability , but given a sound horse and a capable trainer there is every reason to believe that the innate ability will come out on the track . assessing that ability and expressing it in a figure is done through handicapping .
surprisingly , few people in racing appear to put emphasis on determining the most suitable distance for a horse . we have yet to see a breeders yearling advertisement where the distance for which the horse is bred is mentioned . trainers generally try a horse over a variety of distances , to find out what suits bets - with at least a third of all races in south africa run at a false pace that can be a trying task at times .
served notice as a very fast horse at dover last year . he is yet to beat a field like this and has always excelled in delaware , but he is a horse with a lot of ability that can force the issue here . curious to see him on the mile track , too .
both tim and colleen were quick to thank former owners , robert thompson and lisa coulter . tim said , “we appreciate the opportunity to own this horse . ”
congratulations to jeanna schaffhauser and her horse , dunitwithasmokingun ( gunner x dun it doll ) , who tied for 14th in the l3 non pro futurity and placed 8th in the l2 , adding over $ 300 to her lifetime earnings and giving “domingo” his first show earnings ! congratulations also to our other non pro futurity money winners , cade mccutcheon and dually with a star ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by tom mccutcheon , placing 9th in the l2 and 7th in l1 . cade was also champion in the youth 13 & under with his horse , dun it got lucky ( hollywood dun it x my lucky moonstone ) .
mcquay stables , located in tioga , texas , is a leader in the reining horse industry . home to the late hollywood dun it , it now features a roster of top stallions that includes nrha hall of fame inductee gunner , dun gotta gun , mister nicadual , smart and shiney , and hollywoodstinseltown . tim mcquay is also an nrha hall of famer and nrha $ 2 million rider , and colleen mcquay has served the industry as an nrha board member and executive committee for many years .
the prowess of his sire was a given , and his dam is an own daughter of mr melody jac , the horse tim rode to win the 1988 national reining horse association futurity . “mr melody jac was very good to me and i love the hollywood jac 86 bloodlines so this pedigree also works for what i like .
lyle lovett also visited , and had a great time showing his horses in the non pro futurity , limited non pro , and novice horse non pro 1 and 2 . congratulations to lyle and his horse , master pepto , for placing fifth in both the novice horse level 1 and 2 ! lyle and his mares , fifth avenue dun it and mistress with a gun , also had a great time showing in this class , as did his gelding , sns uvalde king , who he showed in the non pro futurity . sam shaffhauser also placed six with master pepto in the novice horse open level 1 ! way to go , lyle and sam !
“not only is tim mcquay one of the horse world’s best athletes , but he exemplifies a superb level of horsemanship both in and out of the ring , ” said becky minard , founder and president of smartpak equine . “tim has revolutionized the world of reining by introducing an unprecedented level of training and care for the horse , and we are thrilled to be part of his horse care program . busy professionals like tim can really benefit from the convenience and time savings that smartpaks provide . ”
when offlee wild came to pin oak lane , solomon said he had an inkling something big could happen . “he’s a physical horse that’s pretty impressive , ” he said .
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i was excited by montjeu ' s offspring because i was associated with the horse and still am now . i was involved with john hammond through montjeu ' s career .
his runners have amassed more than $ 1 million and include 2015 stakes performers my dream boat , winner of the prix perth - g3 in france ; great dancer ( ire ) , third in the hill prince stakes - g3 at belmont park ; and mister brightside ( ire ) , second in santa anita’s twilight derby - g2 in his only u . s . start .
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it has all worked itself out for the royal ascot racing club . i buy for different people and you never know where the next very good horse is going to come from .
mister bow ( kenvain ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1500m , a $ 88 , 288 , ajc fc griffiths 2yo h . , stc gjc moore h . , 2d mvrc grosby kids s . , l , 3d stc peter pan s . , gr . 2 , vatc new gleam h . , ajc cellnet mobil 2yo h . , vatc veneda h .
yet the horse hardest to beat in any race is a front runner . the explanation for this is in itself quite simple . take a sprinter , capable of running 1000m in 57 seconds . given the opportunity to pace himself correctly , a horse like this will reproduce the 57 seconds with regularity . given a strong build and a short back , weight will have virtually no influence on his performance - whether with 52 or 58 kilos , the time will be the same . if such a horse gets to the front at the beginning of a race , any other horse that races off the pace will have to cover the distance in a faster time to beat the front runner . but if 57 seconds is about as fast as any horse can run ( depending on the track where it races ) , it becomes a mechanical impossibility to come from behind : horses simply cannot run faster than their bodies allow them to , however well they may be off at the weights .
“as you go back a bit , this isn’t the first good horse [ offlee wild ] has had , ” he pointed out . among the others are eclipse champion juvenile filly she be wild .
motivator was the perfect example of that sort of horse who might not have been the most obvious to pick out at the sales but john ' s eye could see where the animal was headed .
don’t forget jockey martin garcia , who picked up the mount from the injured gary stevens . “i knew i was on a really good horse , ” he said after the race . but this good ?
moonshine mullin earned a 101 beyer and a trip to the breeders’ cup classic for the effort . he is the first horse to gain automatic entry as part of the “win and you’re in” challenge series .
smartpak equine was founded by riders and horse owners who ride and show dressage , hunter / jumper , polo , eventing , reining , western pleasure and have logged many miles trail riding . in addition to the smartpak supplement system , the company offers a broad line of horse health and rider items , dog supplies , and equine and canine pharmacy items sold through the company’s catalog , web site and retail store .
warren ' s buying record is a good one . his group one winners have included creag - an - sgor ( middle park - 20 , 000 guineas ) , mister majestic ( middle park - 26 , 000 irish guineas ) , park express ( champion stakes - 42 , 000 guineas ) , lake coniston ( july cup - 22 , 000 guineas ) , cloudings ( prix lupin - 100 , 000 guineas ) , tamarisk ( stanley leisure sprint cup - 78 , 000 guineas ) , housemaster ( hong kong champions & chater cup - 70 , 000 guineas ) , petrushka ( 110 , 000 irish guineas ) , arctic owl ( irish st leger - 10 , 000 guineas ) , leadership ( premio di milano 350 , 000 irish guineas ) , tiber ( hong kong classic - 150 , 000 irish guineas ) and now motivator .
so motivator would have been in most people ' s eyes a horse who was going to take time and , if he didn ' t gain his strength and didn ' t develop the right way , be a slowish middle distance horse . i took the view that he used himself beautifully - a fantastic athlete - you could not hear him when he walked as his feet never seemed to touch the ground .
the horse he beat three starts back went in the hambletonian earlier . his last two starts have not been as sharp and he is yet to excel against stakes company . siding with others in this spot .
) , dam of stakes winner minstrel grey ( by tudor grey ) and second dam of grade iii winner with a twist ; and to my guest ( by mister gus ) , dam of grade iii winner native guest ( by raise a native ) and stakes winners raise your sights ( by raise a native ) and memorable mitch ( by mehmet ) . in addition , gay hostess is a half sister to dancing hostess ( by
i took him up to near the main ring where there is a nice flat piece of land . i walked him up and down there two or three times and he was a horse who excited me .
congratulations to mandy mccutcheon and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , champions in the non pro futurity at the 2011 scottsdale classic ! we are so proud of dun git a nicadual for his success in scottsdale , especially after his success in tulsa ( john deere non pro futurity champion ) . he is by mister nicadual , owned by jerry kimmel , and out of gotta git ya dun . way to go , mandy ! !
i am lucky to be given orders to buy horses like motivator . what is exciting is to be able to buy a horse that has provided 230 people with plenty of pleasure - it is so rewarding .
tim and the reiners enjoyed their time in tulsa at the ariat tulsa reining classic , held at expo square august 24 - september 2 . we were joined by friends and family , and had a successful horse show !
these sort of performances are a handicappers nightmare . the winning horse will be penalised and repeat the performance next time out , with little difference in the relative outcome . or the pace may be too fast or too slow the time after and the frontrunning horse gets beaten out of sight . from the point of gauging ability , horses that win races from the front in good time are extremely hard to evaluate , except perhaps for distance suitability .
other high - earning gunner offspring from 2012 include # 1 money - earning horse nrha open futurity champion , americasnextgunmodel ( out of cee dun it do it and raised by silva reining horses ) earning $ 192 , 320 , and # 5 money - earning horse , tinker with guns ( out of tinker nic ) earning $ 110 , 427 . gunner sired a total of 204 foals in 2012 with average offspring earnings of $ 7 , 383 .
“he’s a speightstown group 1 winner , ” said solomon . “and he was a very fast horse . plus he has an outstanding pedigree for both the grass and the dirt . i think he’ll be a great fit . ”
one f the more intriguing aspects of bloodstock selection is the prediction of a horse ' s best distance . there can be little doubt that there are many distinct distance categories ( we count at least 8 between distances from 1000 to 2000m ) - logically , the more often a horse races over his best distance , the better his chances of showing his best form . that apart from the vital task of adjusting the training programme to his best distance .
brancaster was the club ' s first successful horse and he won the group three horris hill stakes at newbury and the following year ran in two classics , finishing fourth in the 2000 guineas before coming 10th in the vodafone derby .
chased a very sharp horse last time who raced in the open to start the card . he has speed and it would be fitting for the leading trainer / driver combination to win the season finale . he is an obvious threat .
colleen mcquay added , gunner was a sweet happy horse , and when i look at all he has given us i can only be grateful for the time we shared with him . losing him leaves another hole in our hearts .
but how good is fools holme ? nothing in any of his previous 8 races ( 7 of which he had won ) made him anywhere near as good as he showed here . the horse had a big reputation , not least because of what both millard and coetzee had publicly said about him when due to a hock injury the horse had to be withdrawn from the j & b met in january . significantly , though , when millard was asked in a televised interview round about the time of the rothmans july , when he regarded as the best horse he ever trained , the champion trainer mentioned three he did not wish to separate - and fools holme , we noted , was not one of them .
in the ancilllary arena , lyle lovett showed sns uvalde king and two gun shiner to ribbons in the novice horse non pro classes , and carlee mccutcheon was crowned winner of the short stirrup 10 & under class both days aboard get juiced .
so , losing any horse would be hard . but saying goodbye to a great one pushed the difficulty to another level when colonels smoking gun , known worldwide simply as
gunner ,
lost his battle with laminitis on july 8 . the national reining horse association ( nrha ) hall of fame inductee and $ 5 million sire was humanely put down after spending the last week at equine medical associates in pilot point , texas , under the constant care of dr . john mccarroll .
gunner was a horse for the ages . when he made his center - stage debut at the nrha futurity in 1996 , the reining world fell in love with the diminutive sorrel with the floppy ears and white tail . after tying for the nrha futurity open reserve title as a 3 - year - old , he went on win the us equestrian team reining championship in 2001 . he was immortalized as a breyer horse and finished his career with earnings over $ 177 , 000 .
another winner was rose colored gunner , a 6 - year - old mare by gunner and out of alicia rose by topsail whiz . owner isabell silvertolpe rode her to the apha freestyle reining sweepstakes at the american paint horse association world championship show .
wfa can best be defined as the physical progress a horse makes as it matures . just in the same way as zola budd , under conditions of continuous training , improves her strength of bone and muscle as she matures . the difference is of course that the thoroughbred is uniquely precocious in terms of maturity rate : by the age of 18 - 24 months the horse will have 95 % of its mature height and weight , and by the age of four full maturity will have been reached .
tim showed the flashy dun stallion in the 1986 national reining horse association futurity and won the 1987 nrha derby open championship . when he discovered “dun it’s , ” owners cliff and gwen steif , were selling the horse , tim wanted to buy him , but the price of $ 100 , 000 was a little steep . however , his wife , colleen , convinced him they couldn’t let this opportunity slip away , and with a little creative financing , the mcquays became dun it’s owners in 1987 .
in a letter to an bord pleanala appealing the refusal , ms haughey , who runs a thriving horse stud business in the curragh where she now lives , says she wants to move back to her home area to be near her parents and siblings .
his connections appear convinced , however , that sea captain will be best up the straight . his track record to date does not bear that out - a horse that fails to run on in sprints either is outclassed or in need of more ground .
congratulations to our other non pro classic finalists , lyle lovett and mistress with a gun ( gunner x shiners mistress ) , tied for twelfth and owned by lyle , and to lexie stovel and last pop star ( smart starbuck x mm jiffy pop ) , owned by lexie ! we’re glad our non pros had a great time horse showing ! thank you so much to jerry kimmel for sponsoring the dun gotta gun & mister nicadual usef reception friday evening ! we had a great time ! saturday marked the start of the open classic finals . congratulations to our finalists , tim and show your guns ( gunner x good time showgirl ) , owned by ken stovel , and sam schaffhauser and master pepto ( peptoboonsmal x shiney missy ) , owned by lyle lovett ! tim and sam are very thankful to ken and lyle for letting them show these very nice horses ! also on saturday was the usef youth qualifier , where lexie stovel was champion with her horse solano glo rey ct ( “jesse” ) . congratulations , lexie !
he was , for me , nearly the best horse i have ever known . although i had seen mill reef and other great horses perform , being close to montjeu , i could not believe what the horse was doing . he was winning derbys with his head in his chest and king georges in hack canters - it was unbelievable and we always felt that if we threw caution to the wind that we could have brought him back in distance and won a group one over a mile very easily .
congratulations to cade mccutcheon and dually with a star ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by tom & mandy mccutcheon , youth non pro futurity champions ! cade also tied for 12th on dually with a star in the l4 non pro futurity . the duo placed 6th in the l3 and took the reserve championship in the l2 and l1 non pro futurity , taking home over $ 36 , 000 . cade also took 5th place in the l1 non pro futurity on dun it dually ( mister nicadual x indy star dun it ) , owned by mcquay stables , as well as placed 3rd in the youth non pro futurity on dun it dually , and tied for 8th with vaquero in a benz , owned by tom & mandy . breaking nrha records as the youngest rider to make the l4 np finals ( at age 12 , cade broke his mother’s record , who was 13 at her first finals ) , cade finished his friday finals day with earning a little over $ 40 , 000 and a pretty big smile on his face !
his recent form has certainly been solid . he has won two of his last four starts and beat a nice horse last time in murmur hanover . another that is versatile , but appears to really relish the front - end . should be in the mix .
olympic fei discipline . finding inspiration in his wife , mandy mccutcheon , tom has made history yet again for himself and gunners special nite , owned by sarah willeman . this wonderful horse is by gunner , and was actually raised and started here at mcquay stables .
coming off a win in this year’s all american quarter horse congress futurity gunnatrashya ( gunner x natrashya ) and shawn flarida marked a 228 . 5 to take the level 4 open futurity championship and the $ 125 , 000 purse for owner arcese quarter horses usa .
in general , an evaluation of the time of a race doesn ' t necessarily tell you how good a horse is ; what it does show is how bad he isn ' t . but a
good
time certainly indicates a good horse - and that ' s important especially with youngsters . going only by form , you would only get quick insight if your runner beats what you perceive to be a strong field . otherwise it ' ll have to run at least a few races to give an idea , and even then you may not spot the exceptional animal . with time on your side , and the luck of a true run race , you could hit the jackpot very early on in the horse ' s career , even if all he beats is a field of newcomers .
a candidate for horse of the year again based on what she has done . we all know she loves this track , winning the hambletonian oaks , moni maker and breeders crown here . deserving short - priced favorite will be a popular single in the pick 4 .
he really couldn’t have finished any better last time and that race produced a next out winner in calvin b . the top three finishers in that race would be odds - on favorites and this horse came home in 26 - flat . i like him in this spot .
understanding that to keep top level reining horses healthy and performing their best requires a sound nutritional program , smartpak is committed to offering supplements that provide targeted solutions to help offer additional support or to manage a particular problem . and their very own smartsupplement line of products includes over 40 cutting edge supplement formulas at a savings of up to 40 % ingredient for ingredient when compared to similar products . the mcquay philosophy puts the horse first – and is a total program to attain a long - term career for a reining horse , making it a great fit with smartpak . with a worldwide clientele , mcquay travels stateside and abroad where he presents reining clinics and consults with horse owners and professionals . his training program for professionals and non pros is one for the ages – and one that many other pros admittedly have copied .
mandy also had a very successful futurity , placing top five on all three of her horses ! mandy and justa smart star were reserve champions in the non pro level 4 futurity , mandy and starbucks deja vu tied for third , as well as mandy and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , tying for fifth . she walked out with over $ 60 , 000 ! dun git a nicadual is by mister nicadual , owned by jerry kimmel , and out of gotta git ya dun , owned by monica hicks . great job , mandy ! !
he was a $ 61 , 000 purchase at the sale here last week . he has always been a horse with a lot of speed and talent . the downside has been inconsistency . he qualified well , but will certainly have to improve on his last pair of starts .
actual time recorded by a horse conveys in itself practically nothing . the early pace , the track , the weather - they are elementary components in the evaluation of a race . to assess the real value of time requires quantifying the seemingly imponderable factors , and compensating for their effects .
he was an odds - on favorite last week and worked out a perfect second over trip . but , not only could he not get by the winner , he failed to reach the horse who provided his cover . likely favorite again could prove an underlay . needs his absolute best .
at mcquay stables in tioga , texas , the focus has long been on exceptional performance – both human and equine . but people close to owners tim and colleen mcquay know that underlying all the awards and accolades the couple ' s real focus has always been the love of the horse .
you might even throw in those who wagered on the dark bay or brown colt , who took home a tidy $ 11 . 40 for each $ 2 win wager — not bad money on a horse whose trainer has now won half of the last 14 runnings of monmouth’s biggest race .
my dream boat , four - year - old son of lord shanakill , won the 1 . 25 mile g3 bet365 gordon richards stakes by 1 . 25 lengths today at sandown defeating the favorite , last year’s winner western hymn ridden by frankie dettori . carrying a 3 lb . penalty to the field for winning a race at this level at saint - cloud in november , my dream boat squeezed through a gap in the final furlong . a g3 winner in france his last time out , my dream boat has won four of his last five starts . he is trained by clive cox : “it’s a thrill to have a horse on such an upward curve and he’s a great horse to be involved with . ” his impressed jockey , adam kirby said , “he’s a very nice horse , but if he keeps improving the way he is , the sky could be the limit . ”
he has chased j l cruze in his last four starts and he got a little bit closer each time . he is also coming out of back to back world record performances . the post won’t help his cause , but this horse has been very sharp against the best trotter in the country .
there are many examples of this theory . sea shore , quite clearly not in the same class as sunera , came within a hair ' s breath of beating sunera over the sharp kenilworth 1000 . heavenly boy , the barbican and military song , all somewhat behind the best have won many races that way . over slightly more ground , rise and rule is an extremely hard horse to beat over a sharp 1400m . but it takes a horse of above average ability , good going and a sharp track ( such as greyville or the kenilworth old course with its short run - in ) to achieve it .
he has come a long way in a very short period of time . just two months ago he was racing for $ 3 , 000 at plainridge and here he is , a contender in a $ 40 , 000 open on hambletonian day . a very sharp horse gets a huge test for class today .
lexie stovel enjoyed her visit to oklahoma city as well , showing her two horses , two cee command and solano glo rey ct , in the limited non pro , novice horse non pro , and youth classes . we had a great time cheering lexie on , alongside the stovels ! good job , lexie !
in march of 2012 , hollywood dun it will be inducted into the american quarter horse association hall of fame , along with bob loomis , gordon hannagan , walter fletcher , indigo illusion , and streakin la jolla . we are so proud and excited for this amazing honor , and also congratulate his fellow inductees .
smartpak equine was founded in 1999 with the purpose of simplifying the administration of nutritional supplements and medications to horses . the patented smartpak™ supplement feeding system has been adopted by thousands of barns and horse owners across the country , who value knowing that their supplements will be fed correctly . the smartpak system has been embraced by riders from all disciplines and all levels , including seven olympic medalists . in addition to the smartpak supplement system , the company offers a broad line of horse health and rider items , dog supplies , and equine and canine pharmacy items sold through the company’s catalog and web site . smartpak was recently named to
he had slightly gone in his coat . but he walked very well and had a terrific head - there was something very taking about him . john saw him and the first thing he said to me was goodness , this horse is going to change out of all recognition in the next few months ' .
first , my parents , who have given me every opportunity to ride the best horses they could get their hands on . there are two things i can always hear when i’m in the arena ; the faint whistle of my mom and the reassuring voice of my dad as i lope past . there have been a few horses that they provided that taught me just how humbling showing can be , but i learned to accept defeat and to remember there will always be another horse show . my parents have amazing horse sense and have instilled in me the appreciation of a great horse . throughout my life they have been there to support me at every turn i chose to take , without judgement - maybe not without an opinion about how it should be done - but with total support in helping me achieve my goals . mom and dad , i only hope i can be as good a parent to my kids as you have been to me .
i am always prepared to spend more if i think the horse has the ability to be a middle distance classic prospect - like petrushka and highest - and if i ever feel they will stay a mile and a quarter or a mile and half and be proper horses i will throw the dice and spend more .
i liked motivator very much . it is a bit like looking at a girl - you either like them or you don ' t . being a nice horse , i had to take him away from the wall boxes which is always a bit of a performance - most people look at horses where they are .
mcquay’s introduction to team smartpak comes on the heels of smartpak’s new “what the pro’s use” campaign , giving horse owners a glimpse into what’s involved in taking care of some of the nation’s top equine athletes . via their website , facebook and print advertisements smartpak shares interviews from top riders across multiple disciplines discussing how they use supplements to keep their horses performing their best , what some of their favorite equine products are , and why they choose smartpak for their horse’s health care needs . whether it be the peace of mind they get from knowing their supplements will be fed correctly , the ease of traveling , retaining the potency of their supplements or the top notch customer service , every rider has their own reasons for using the leading daily dose supplement provider . horse owners also have the opportunity to learn more about the everyday lives of these top riders including what riding superstitions they have , what they like to do in their free time , and even what they like to eat .
as tim is so impressed with yellow jersey as a reiner , the obvious question is whether or not his career in the arena is over . tim said , “we hope to make breeding the priority , but i do think there’s a lot of show horse left if we did decide to show him in international competition . ”
well , we can argue , and we will . this quote from a disgruntled major cape owner appeared in the cape times on november 12th 1985 , shortly after sunera had registered her third win in the cape . we have enough experience and evidence to show that an imported horse with a reasonable timeform rating will , if sound and fit , produce that same timeform rating will , if sound and fit , produce that same timeform rating in this country , just as any horse with at least some ability will run up to form wherever it races . spanish pool , foveros , breezing in and others did exactly that . but to win major races in south africa it is necessary to import a horse with a timeform rating of certainly over 110 . such horses do not exactly grow on trees , and if they can be bought at all , it will be at a price . and with the rand sunk to desperate depths , it takes a brave soul indeed to take that plunge .
“it’s gratification for me to be taking a son of dun it to the world equestrian games , ” tim said . “it makes you feel so proud of dun it and i’m so proud of the horse i’ll be showing too . he’s another superstar , i think , but we’ll just have to see what his babies ride like . ”
moulton then , by 2400m hors epardao out of miler close up , could either have been a miler or a 2400m horse . since he won from 1800 to 2200m in the best company , he must have stayed 2400m , even though never tried . on this side of hot touch pedigree our either / or theory fits a neat pattern .
roland gardens has made his mark at stud in south africa . wild west , runner - up in the july at 3 , won the met as a 4yo . enchanted garden , voted
horse of the year
last season has been extensively discussed in the august 1986 columns of this magazine . honey bear is his third major winner .
the reiners recently returned from katy , tx and had a great time at the national reining breeders classic , held at the great southwest equestrian center . good times were had with friends and family during our stay at the horse show ! special thanks to sean brown , pauline “cookie” cook , and the great southwest equestrian center for once again making the nrbc such a special event ! also thank you to mike christian and his team , including colleen’s nephew chad vanderlinde ( who comes to help us each year after completing several months of the wellington horse shows ) , and cheryl cody with the promanagement team ; along with our great team of officials , this group produces a show like no other !
to be in the company of people who have made such a huge impact on the reining horse industry is truly an honor . i hope i can continue to help our sport grow . it means so much to me to join my father and all the great horsemen in the nrha hall of fame . i will remember this night forever . ”
then it comes down to continually going through the horses time and time again to eliminate conformation that i don ' t particularly like until i have got a fine - tuned list of horses i am interested in - the pedigree would then dictate the price but the physical specimen should be the same for a 50 , 000 guineas and a 150 , 000 guineas horse .
gun dealer , a 2002 stallion by gunner and out of peppy oak , is featured in this month’s nrha reiner magazine as the 2010 nrha limited open world champion . gun dealer is owned by tim and lisa stanton from pickering , ontario , canada , and ridden by lisa stanton at the all - american quarter horse congress . click the link below to read the article !
impeccable pedigree as he is a full - brother to shake it cerry , last year’s trotter of the year . he was 2nd in the peter haughton last year and if you toss out his most recent effort , his form looks awfully imposing . unsure why he threw in a clunker at vernon , but not every horse races well up there and he is a bounce - back candidate .
now we would obviously struggle to buy a montjeu because they would not be in our price range any more . john knew everything there was to know about montjeu - he looks after madame boulay ' s interests and , therefore , along with coolmore , he managed the horse . he was keen that we looked closely at the montjeus and we were very fortunate to come up with motivator .
sold as the top priced horse in june ' 85 ( r58 000 ) , sea captain made his debut in june 1986 , when just 3 years old , over the rather stiff clairwood 100m . despite losing 2 lengths at the start , he raced handy and drew clear at the 200m to win as he liked . he started 2 / 1 second favourite and earned a rating of 76 .
the most exciting time in racing in south africa is from december to march . that ' s when the new crop of juveniles is best assessed - all youngsters run on ability only , the distance is of virtually no importance ( they all race from 800 - 1000m , 1200m at most ) , nor is fitness a prime consideration as long as the horse has shown it is ready to run .
though on a tight schedule performing , lyle lovett joined us on the weekend and won the limited non pro which had over 80 entries , on his horse , sns uvalde king . congratulations lyle and to one of our ariat team members , collene burnell , who tied for second in the same class on her mare , white n shiney pearl ! both of these horses are by smart and shiney .


coregonus albula , known as the vendace or as the european cisco , is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae .

it is found in lakes in northern europe , especially finland , sweden , russia and estonia , and in some lakes of norway , the united kingdom , northern germany and poland .

it is also found in diluted brackish water in the gulfs of finland and bothnia , both of which are in the baltic sea .

the length of an adult is normally about 20 cm ( 8 in ) .

the maximum age is about ten years .

the vendace is traditionally the most important target of freshwater fisheries in parts of fennoscandia and russia .

vendace roe is considered a delicacy , which has been granted a pdo status in the swedish bothnian bay archipelago ( kalix löjrom ) .

coregonus albula

semen biology of vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) . - pubmed - ncbi
biological and morphological characteristics of vendace , coregonus albula l . from lakes drawsko and pełcz
vietējo eiropas repša ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) populāciju morfologiskais raksturojums dažos latvijas . . .
combined assessment of genetic variability of coregonus albula ( l . ) populations in latvia based on a . . .
age , growth and condition of vendace coregonus albula ( l . ) from lakes morzyczko and pe£cz ( nw poland )
estimation of genetic variability in populations of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) in latvian lakes . . .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
katja schulz marked the finnish common name
mixikkú maiva
from
coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 )
as untrusted .
selected biological characteristics of the catch - available part of population of vendace , coregonus albula ( l . ) from lake miedwie , poland
fuller p ; nico l , 2012 . coregonus albula . usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , fl , usa : usgs . urltoken
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kottelat m ; freyhof j , 2008 . coregonus albula . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . gland , switzerland : iucn . urltoken
reshetnikov ys , 2003 . coregonus albula . in : atlas of russian freshwater fishes , volume 1 , 1 . moscow , russia : nauka , 135 - 137 .
targeted fishing of c . albula may be difficult , but possible , especially on the spawning grounds .
pollan ( coregonus autumnalis ) , another coregonid fish , is only found in irish waters .
semenov d , 2011 . data on the morphology and ecology of vendace coregonus albula ( salmoniformes , coregonidae ) from the kuybyshev reservoir . journal of ichthyology , 51 ( 5 ) : 410 - 413 .
vuorinen j ; himberg mkj ; lankinen p , 1981 . genetic differentiation in coregonus albula ( l . ) ( salmonidae ) populations in finland . hereditas , 94 ( 1 ) : 113 - 121 .
gillraker development in juvenile polymorphic european whitefish ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) in lake femund , norway
auvinen h , 1988 . distribution and food of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) larvae in lake pyhaejaervi ( karelia , se finland ) . finnish fisheries research , 9 : 107 - 115 .
liso s ; gjelland kø ; reshetnikov ys ; amundsen pa , 2011 . a planktivorous specialist turns rapacious : piscivory in invading vendace coregonus albula . journal of fish biology , 78 ( 1 ) : 332 - 337 . urltoken
morphological divergence and origin of sympatric populations of european whitefish ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) in lake femund , norway
gill raker counting for approximating the ratio of river - and sea - spawning whitefish , coregonus lava . . .
coregonus lavaretus isolate 5 haplotype a3 cytochrome b ( cytb ) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 3 ( nd3 . . .
næsje tf ; sandlund ot ; jonsson b , 1986 . habitat use and growth of age - 0 whitefish , coregonus lavaretus , and cisco , c . albula . environmental biology of fishes , 15 ( 4 ) : 309 - 314 .
mutenia a ; salonen e , 1992 . the vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) , a new species in the fish community and fisheries of lake inari . polish archives of hydrobiology , 39 ( 3 - 4 ) : 797 - 805 .
vuorinen j ; næsje tf ; sandlund ot , 1991 . genetic changes in a vendace coregonus albula ( l . ) population , 92 years after introduction . in : journal of fish biology , 39 ( supplement a ) . 193 - 201 .
there is confusion over whether or not the true coregonus albula was actually the one imported and stocked in this country . todd ( 1983 ) investigated the history of the early coregonus transfers and summarized much of the information . he was informed by one german contact that the fish imported to the united states from hatcheries on the bodensee / lake constance ( such as the 1885 shipment and possibly others ) were more likely c . wartmanni . kendall ( 1914 ) used the name leucichthys albula for this species .
gordeeva nv ; kholod on ; dvoryankin ga ; sendek ds ; sterligova op , 2009 . on the origin of solovetskaya vendace coregonus albula and of the syamozero smelt osmerus eperlanus . journal of ichthyology , 49 ( 1 ) : 23 - 31 . urltoken
amundsen pa ; staldvik fj ; reshetnikov ys ; kashulin n ; lukin a ; bøhn t ; sandlund ot ; popova oa , 1999 . invasion of vendace coregonus albula in a subarctic watercourse . biological conservation , 88 ( 3 ) : 405 - 413 .
sandlund ot ; jonsson b ; næsje tf ; aass p , 1991 . year - class fluctuations in vendace , coregonus albula ( linnaeus ) : who ' s got the upper hand in intraspecific competition ? journal of fish biology , 38 : 873 - 885 .
wheeler ( 1969 ) ; ladiges and vogt ( 1986 ) . the taxonomy and systematics of coregonus is particularly problematic . some of the confusion is the result of the many early introductions and transplants of the various species and populations within europe and elsewhere ( e . g . , leviton 1996 ) . furthermore , the reportedly frequent hybridization between related coregonus species also has contributed to the taxonomic confusion . many ichthyologists ( e . g . , berg 1948 ) have historically recognized only a few widespread , polytypic species of coregonus ( including c . albula ) across europe . recently , kottelat and freyhof ( 2007 ) recognized 59 species of coregonus .
czerniejewski p ; wawrzyniak w , 2006 . management of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) in the lakes of northwest poland in the late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries . archives of polish fisheries , 14 ( 1 ) : 105 - 121 .
bøhn t ; amundsen pa , 1998 . effects of invading vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) on species composition and body size in two zooplankton communities of the pasvik river system , northern norway . journal of plankton research , 20 ( 2 ) : 243 - 256 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of coregonus albula are found here .
baltic sea migration patterns of anadromous , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) s . str . and sea - spawning europe . . .
scientific synonyms and common names coregonus albula linnaeus , 1758 synonyms : salmo albula linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . , ed . x : 310 ( ' habitat in europa ' ) . coregonus albula var delta finnica günther , 1866 , cat . fish . , 6 : 193 ( gulf of finland ) . coregonus albula : smitt , 1895 , 2 ( partly ) : 893 , pl . xlii ( fig . 2 ) ( col . ) ehrenbaum , 1936 : 37 , fig . 17 alm , in andersson et al . , 1942 , 2 : 639 , pl . 125 ( col . ) berg , 1948 , 1 : 317 , fig . 180 - 181 wheeler , 1969 : 149 , fig . 66 . common names : coregone blanc [ fr ] europeiskaja riapushka [ ru ] helting [ da ] lakesild [ no ] maräne [ de ] mixikkú maiva [ su ] ryapushka [ ru ] sielawa [ pl ] siklöja [ sv ] smaasild [ sv ] vendace [ en ]
vuorinen pj ; keinänen m ; peuranen s ; tigerstedt c , 2003 . reproduction , blood and plasma parameters and gill histology of vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) in long - term exposure to acidity and aluminum . ecotoxicology and environmental safety , 54 ( 3 ) : 255 - 276 .
available data do not allow to distinguish c . albula as a whole from c . sardinella and c . vandesius . a very high variability is reported for all morphological characters between the many populations referred to c . albula , suggesting that several species might be involved . further studies are needed to resolve their identity .
winfield , i . j . , fletcher , j . m . and james , j . b . ( 2004 ) conservation ecology of the vendace ( coregonus albula ) in bassenthwaite lake and derwent water , u . k . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 155 - 164 . available at : urltoken
winfield , i . j . , fletcher , j . m . and james , j . b . ( 2004 ) conservation ecology of the vendace ( coregonus albula ) in bassenthwaite lake and derwent water , u . k . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 155 - 164 . available at : urltoken
teleost fishes of the coregonidae are good model systems for studying postglacial evolution , adaptive radiation and ecological speciation . of particular interest is whether the repeated occurrence of sympatric species pairs results from in - situ divergence from a single lineage or from multiple invasions of one or more different lineages . here , we analysed the genetic structure of baltic ciscoes ( coregonus albula complex ) , examining 271 individuals from 8 lakes in northern germany using 1244 polymorphic aflp loci . six lakes had only one population of c . albula while the remaining two lakes had c . albula as well as a sympatric species ( c . lucinensis or c . fontanae ) .
comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes suggests that relaxed purifying selection is driving high nonsynonymous evolutionary rate of the nadh2 gene in whitefish ( coregonus ssp . )
the effect of stocking size on the first winter survival of whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) , in the gulf of bothnia , baltic sea
pam fuller , and leo nico , 2018 , coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 2 / 29 / 2012 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
sarvala j ; rahasilta m ; hangelin c ; hirvonen a ; kiiskila m ; saarikari v , 1988 . spring abundance , growth and food of 0 + vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) and whitefish ( c . lavaretus l . ) in lake pyhäjärvi , sw finland . finnish fisheries research , 9 : 221 - 233 .
bøhn t ; amundsen pa , 2004 . invasion - mediated changes in the population biology of a dimorphic whitefish coregonus lavaretus population . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 125 - 136 .
the vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) inhabits several latvian lakes . in latvia this species is included into the list of specially protected species with limited use . taking into consideration the high variability of vendace and the fact that it belongs to valuable and marketable fish , there arises a scientific interest to reveal possible reasons influencing its variability . there is no precise . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . ako coregonus lavaretus lavaretus ( martyniak et al . , 2004 ) . o tomto probléme sa zmieňoval už v druhej polovici minulého storočia aj swärdson ( 1956 swärdson ( , 1979 ) a neskôr aj himberg & lehtonen ( 1995 ) . práve swärdson popisuje druh coregonus lavaretus a ostané popísané druhy a poddruhy označuje ako mladšie synonymá tohto plastického a adaptabilného druhu . . . .
while the population genetic data alone can not unambiguously uncover the mode of speciation , our data indicate that multiple lineages may be responsible for the complex patterns typically observed in coregonus . relative differences within and among lakes raises the possibility that multiple lineages may be present in northern germany , thus understanding the postglacial evolution and speciation in the c . albula complex requires a large - scale phylogenetic analysis of several potential founder lineages .
vendace ( c . albula ) is a salmonid fish with native distribution in northern parts of europe . it is an obligate planktivore with characteristics typical for pelagic fish ; a protruded lower jaw and a slender bo . . .
vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) is found in several latvian lakes and is included in a list of specially protected species with restricted use in latvia . however , a lack of basic data on the biology and population status of these populations hinders the sustainable use of this fish and national efforts to manage its populations . the rapd technique was used to evaluate genetic diversity among . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the value of the commercial catch of whitefish from the baltic sea was about 2 million euros in 2005 , and the catch totalled 765 000 kilos . according to the present view , all native scandinavian whitefishes belong to same species , coregonus lavaretus sensu lato ( nikolsky and reshetnikov 1970 ; reshetnikov 1980 ; himberg and lehtonen 1995 ) , rather than the five - species complex based on morphological variation previously proposed by sva¨rdson ( 1957 , 1979 , 1998 ) , although very little genetic research has been carried out on this topic . the only other native coregonid species in finland is the vendace ( coregonus albula ) . . . .
several shipments of eggs , originally identified as coming from coregonus albula , were imported from germany by the u . s . fish commission in the 1880s . the commission instructed c . g . atkins to hatch the eggs in captivity ; all or most of the surviving young were later released into the two maine lakes ( e . g . , smiley 1885 ) . intentionally stocked , this species was apparently seen as a potential food fish .
nüsslin , 0 . 1908 . die larven der gattung coregonus , ihre beziehungen zur biologie , und ihre systematische bedeutung . verh . dr . zool . ges . : pp . 172 - 194 , 17 fig .
a great number of intra - specific forms of local populations of vendace ( coregonus albula ) are presumed to be a result of hybridisation between different incipient forms . morphological and genetic analysis for the study of vendace population of lake nirza in latvia was used . body length , weight and age in different male and female groups were used for morphological analysis . genetic polymorphism and genetic structure of the vendace population of lake nirza have been evaluated by electrophoresis based on the analysis of isoenzyme systems . four isoenzyme systems ( malic enzyme ( me ) , esterases ( est ) , peroxide dismutase ( sod ) , malate dehydrogenase ( mdh ) ) and non - specific protein were analysed . sixteen polymorphic loci were selected for genotype analysis . the genetic analysis of the vendace population from lake nirza showed that homozygotes dominate over heterozygotes . however , distribution of genotypes among different isoenzyme systems is different . the present study provides the first report on the application of isoenzyme markers for genetic investigations of coregonus albula populations in latvian lakes .
vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) is a very plastic species of freshwater whitefish which is widespread in europe . but in latvia this species is included into the list of specially protected fish species with limited use . we examined cross - species amplification of 14 microsatellite loci ( cocl - lav22 , cocl - lav23 , cisco - 59 , cisco - 106 , cisco - 90 , cisco - 126 , cisco - 157 , cisco - 179 , cisco - 181 , cisco - 183 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
kahilainen kk ; ostbye k ; harrod c ; shikano t ; malinen t ; merila j , 2011 . species introduction promotes hybridization and introgression in coregonus : is there sign of selection against hybrids ? molecular ecology , 20 ( 18 ) : 3838 - 3855 .
this vendace ( coregonus albula ) is one of the uk ' s rarest freshwater fish ( 2 ) ; it is a small , streamlined ( 2 ) and slim fish with a bluish green back ( 5 ) , a white belly ( 6 ) and silvery flanks ( 5 ) . the fins are grey in colour becoming darker towards the margins ( 6 ) . it has large eyes , a relatively small mouth and an adipose fin ( 5 ) . other common names for this species include ' whitefish ' and ' european cisco ' in england and ' fendas ' in welsh ( 7 ) .
etheridge ec ; adams ce ; bean cw ; durie nc ; gowans ard ; harrod c ; lyle aa ; maitland ps ; winfield ij , 2012 . are phenotypic traits useful for differentiating among a priori coregonus taxa ? journal of fish biology , 80 ( 2 ) : 387 - 407 .
the effects of hybridization and stocking on the commercially important coregonus can be quantified and accounted for , thus the group remains an excellent model for the study of speciation in sympatry . despite having used more than 1200 marker loci in a study of 10 populations , our data failed to provide conclusive evidence for whether spring - spawning coregonus stem from parallel sympatric speciation . parallel trends in niche differentiation and phenotypic differentiation are evident in both lakes with sympatric populations , but neutral genetic differentiation suggests allopatric speciation and introgression on secondary contact . it is clear that population genetic criteria alone cannot resolve the mechanisms of speciation , and that our analysis benefited from a large spatial scale of sampling . examination of relative differences within and among lakes has raised the possibility that multiple lineages may be present in northern germany . as a result , phylogenetic analysis and sampling of additional lakes from potential source populations from a broad geographic range is required for an unequivocal identification of the evolutionary mechanisms and phylogeography which have led to the ecological and genetic diversity found in the c . albula complex .
the objective of this study was to describe the morphometry and motility parameters of vendace ( coregonus albula ) spermatozoa . morphometric parameters of vendace sperm head and tail were of values similar to rainbow trout . the effects of ph , sodium , potassium and calcium ion concentrations on computer - assisted sperm analysis ( casa ) sperm motility characteristics were tested . vendace sperm was motile in a wide ph range of 6 . 0–10 . 5 with the optimum ph established at 9 . 0 . increases in potassium and calcium ions caused decreases in the percentage of motile sperm . the casa parameters and erratic sperm movement pattern of vendace spermatozoa were similar to whitefish ( c . lavaretus ) sperm motility , suggesting that there is a coregonid - specific sperm motility pattern .
the objective of this study was to describe the morphometry and motility parameters of vendace ( coregonus albula ) spermatozoa . morphometric parameters of vendace sperm head and tail were of values similar to rainbow trout . the effects of ph , sodium , potassium and calcium ion concentrations on computer - assisted sperm analysis ( casa ) sperm motility characteristics were tested . vendace sperm was motile in a wide ph range of 6 . 0 - 10 . 5 with the optimum ph established at 9 . 0 . increases in potassium and calcium ions caused decreases in the percentage of motile sperm . the casa parameters and erratic sperm movement pattern of vendace spermatozoa were similar to whitefish ( c . lavaretus ) sperm motility , suggesting that there is a coregonid - specific sperm motility pattern .
. . . both lineages can exhibit dwarf - sized pelagic or larger sized benthic forms , however , when occurring in sympatry individuals belonging to the acadian lineage tend to have evolved towards the dwarf phenotype ( bernatchez & dodson , 1990 ; lu et al . , 2001 ) . also in europe several differentiated forms exist ( himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; kottelat & freyhof , 2007 ; østbye et al . , 2006 ; østbye et al . , 2005 ) like the north sea houting ( abbreviated nsh ) ( coregonus oxyrhinchus ) , a recently diverged species or ecotype of the european lake whitefish ( abbreviated elw ) ( coregonus lavaretus ) ( hansen et al . , 2008 ; jacobsen et al . , 2012 ) . . . .
vendace have been observed to reduce zooplankton diversity , resulting in smaller zooplankton species and smaller sizes of individual zooplankters ( bøhn and amundsen , 1998 ; amundsen et al . , 2009 ) . they have also led to large reductions in densities of native planktivorous coregonus lavaretus ( bøhn and amundsen , 2001 ; gjelland et al . , 2007 ; bøhn et al . , 2008 ) .
background . the ability to distinguish between stocks in mixed fisheries is a prerequisite for a sustainable fisheries management . in the gulf of bothnia the relative contribution of endangered river - spawning and sea - spawning whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , to fisheries catches are currently not well known . this also applies to the southern aland islands , a major feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]
biology and management of coregonid fishes , 19 august 1990 , quebec , canada : eds . t . n . todd and m . luczynski , polski archiwum hydrobiologii , issn 0032 - 3764 ; 39 ( 1992 ) 3 - 4 , 463 - 472 anadromous european whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) , spawn in several rivers along the coasts of the baltic sea . damming and pollution have weakened or totally destroyed many populations . european whitefish . . . [ show full abstract ]
vendace ( c . albula ) is a salmonid fish with native distribution in northern parts of europe . it is an obligate planktivore with characteristics typical for pelagic fish ; a protruded lower jaw and a slender body with black , silvery and white dorsal , lateral , and ventral sides , respectively . another typical pelagic character of vendace is diel vertical migration behaviour . it has an opportunistic life history with many small eggs , high mortality rates , and a relatively short generation time . it is highly specialized , and considered the most specialized zooplanktivorous fish species in the scandinavian freshwater fish fauna by svärdson ( 1976 ) .
. . . the european whitefish species complex ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) illustrates the full range of problems associated with the interpretation of morphological diversity . here , the traditional species designations suggested that numerous whitefish species inhabit european waters ( linnaeus , 1758 ; steinmann , 1950a steinmann , , b , 1951 svä rdson , 1957 svä rdson , , 1998 berg , 1962 ; resethnikov , 1968 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; kottelat , 1997 ) . however , the phenotypic species classification poses two fundamental problems ( see felsenstein & sober , 1986 ; humphries & parenti , 1999 ) . . . .
arch . hydrobiol . spec . issues advanc . limnol . , vol . 46 , nr . july , 39 - 47 the scientific nomenclature in the systematic literature of coregonid fishes from northwest europe is chaotic despite the application of exact and powerful modern methods in molecular biology and population genetics . altogether over one hundred species have been descriped . there are many parallel scientific names for the same whitefish populations and often old , wrongly used scientific names are still in use . recent advances in research have shown that the number of coregonid fish species in fennoscandia and western europe can be reduced to four species : coregonus lavaretus l . , c . autumnalis pollan thompson , c . albula l . and the introduced c . peled gmelin . the existence of ecologically or morphologically well distinguished sympatic whitefish populations and geographical subspecies motivates a subdivision . the most suitable system is the use of a binominal name followed by a third name descriping an ecological feature , and a fourth name naming the locality of the whitefish populations . the supplementary coding system , well developed , can be useful in fishery management , and it needs a solid background data . the purpose of our paper is to propose a nomenclature and taxonomy for north and west european coregonid fishes hereby provoking further discussion . int . symposium on biology and management of coregonid fishes
. . . the european whitefish coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) is a salmonid widely distributed across the palearctic . the species exhibits great variation in morphology and ecological plasticity , which makes its taxonomy extremely difficult ( svärdson , 1979 ; reshetnikov , 1980 reshetnikov , , 1988 himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ) . virtually all coregonids inhabiting the coastal zone of the baltic sea belong to c . lavaretus sensu lato and include sympatric anadromous and sea - spawning forms ( himberg , 1970 ; lehtonen , 1981 ; amundsen , 1988 ; lehtonen & böhling , 1988 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; säisä et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
. . . though the use of marine habitats varies , nearly all salmonids spawn exclusively in fresh water , defined as b1 psu ( scott and crossman , 1973 ) , however , exceptions do occur . some european lake whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , live entirely within the brackish waters of the baltic sea ( himberg and lehtonen , 1995 ) . pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha ( walbaum , 1792 ) , and chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta ( walbaum , 1792 ) , are known to spawn in the intertidal zone of prince william sound , alaska ( helle et al . , 1964 ; scott and crossman , 1973 ) demonstrating exclusive marine residency . . . .
. . . coregonus is the most species - rich genus among the salmonid fishes and represents one of the well - known examples of adaptive radiation among fishes ( givnish , 1997 ; bernatchez , 2004 ) . due to high phenotypic diversity , the taxonomy of coregonid fishes has been rather controversial ( berg , 1962 ; sv€ ardson , 1979 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; reshetnikov , 2004 ) . in european and north american post - glacial lakes , whitefish from the c . lavaretus / clupeaformis species complex frequently occurs in two or more ecotypes that have evolved in sympatry ( bernatchez , 2004 ; østbye et al . , 2005a ; siwertsson et al . , 2010 ; kahilainen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . the species exhibits great variation in morphology and ecological plasticity , which makes its taxonomy extremely difficult ( svärdson , 1979 ; reshetnikov , 1980 reshetnikov , , 1988 himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ) . virtually all coregonids inhabiting the coastal zone of the baltic sea belong to c . lavaretus sensu lato and include sympatric anadromous and sea - spawning forms ( himberg , 1970 ; lehtonen , 1981 ; amundsen , 1988 ; lehtonen & böhling , 1988 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; säisä et al . , 2008 ) . coregonus lavaretus has been an important species for both commercial and recreational fisheries in the baltic sea , but during the last halfcentury the natural population has drastically declined , especially in estonian waters ( salojärvi et al . , 1985 ; ojaveer , 1999 ; sõrmus & turovski , 2003 ) . . . .
aflp demonstrated a significant population structure ( bayesian θ b = 0 . 22 ) . lower differentiation between allopatric ( θ b = 0 . 028 ) than sympatric ( 0 . 063 - 0 . 083 ) populations contradicts the hypothesis of a sympatric origin of taxa , and there was little evidence for stocking or ongoing hybridization . genome scans found only three loci that appeared to be under selection in both sympatric population pairs , suggesting a low probability of similar mechanisms of ecological segregation . however , removal of all non - neutral loci decreased the genetic distance between sympatric pairs , suggesting recent adaptive divergence at a few loci . sympatric pairs in the two lakes were genetically distinct from the six other c . albula populations , suggesting introgression from another lineage may have influenced these two lakes . this was supported by an analysis of isolation - by - distance , where the drift - gene flow equilibrium observed among allopatric populations was disrupted when the sympatric pairs were included .
the genetic analysis is made on the population of the european smelt osmerus eperlanus occasionally introduced to lake syamozero ( karelia ) and of the vendace coregous albula supposedly acclimatized in solovetskie islands as a result of fish cultural activities of the solovetskii monastery . they are compared with several natural populations—possible donors for both introductions . genetic variation in a sample of smelt was estimated by means of restrictase analysis of mtdna ( fragment nd1 / nd2 ) in samples of vendace—by means of allozyme analysis of six isoenzyme systems . the probable population for the syamozero smelt is the population of onega lake in spite of the previously noted greater morphological similarity of colonizers with the smelt of ladoga lake . a high level of genetic variation in the syamozero smelt in comparison with native populations indicates that , beside the introduction from onega lake , there were repeated introductions from neighboring water bodies . the genetic analysis of the solovetskaya vendace does not prove that the vendace appeared on islands due to acclimatization . frequencies of alleles of allozyme loci in the solovetskaya population significantly differ from frequencies in continental populations . still , it is compared with some populations of the arkhangelsk oblast . estimations of genetic diversity of the solovetskaya vendace turned out to be comparable with those in native populations .
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a widespread species with no known major widespread threats . identities of some lacustrine populations needs to be confirmed .
baltic basin , lakes of upper volga drainage ( seliger , vseluga , perejaslavskoe ) , some lakes of white sea basin and north sea basin east of elbe drainage . anadromous in gulf of finland and marine in northernmost freshened part of gulf of bothnia . north to about 69°n in lake inari , northern finland . frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in northern and central germany and poland .
very common . the species extended its range to the north through shipping canals and translocations .
habitat : lacustrine and marine in open water . at sea , forages close to coast . spawns along shores , at 3 - 10 m depth , rarely to 22 m depth or just below surface . spawns deeper in clear lakes and closer to surface in lakes with humic waters . biology : anadromous , marine and landlocked populations . spawns for the first time at 2 - 5 years ( 2 - 3 in lake onega ) , males usually earlier than females . spawns in october ( central finland ) , december ( northern germany ) at 6 - 7°c . anadromous populations start migrating to rivers in august ( neva ) . eggs hatch in march - april and juveniles migrate to sea in late summer of first year in anadromous populations . larvae pelagic close to water surface , usually close to shore . usually occurs in deep waters in daytime and moves to upper layers at night . feeds on zooplankton .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t5360a97801719 .
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greek , kore = pupils of the eye + greek , gonia = angle ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 30 - ? m . temperate ; 71°n - 69°n , 2°w - 61°e
europe : baltic basin , lakes of upper volga drainage ( seliger , vseluga , perejaslavskoe ) , some lakes of white sea basin and north sea basin east of elbe drainage . anadromous in gulf of finland and marine in northernmost freshened part of gulf of bothnia ; north to about 69° n in lake inari , northern finland ; lower rhine ( now extirpated ) . frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in germany and poland . appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 0 kg ( ref . 556 ) ; max . reported age : 10 years ( ref . 593 )
lacustrine and marine in open water . at sea , forages close to coast ( ref . 59043 ) . forms pelagic schools in deeper lakes ( ref . 4779 ) . spawns along shores , at 3 - 10 m depth , rarely to 22 m depth or just below surface . spawns deeper in clear lakes and closer to surface in lakes with humic waters ( ref . 59043 ) . spawns on shallow sand or gravel substrate . anadromous in the baltic . feeds on planktonic crustaceans ( ref . 4779 ) .
ascend a short distance up the rivers in shoals in late august to mid - october . mature in the second year ( lacustrine forms later ) and the young ones descend in late summer ( ref . 4779 ) .
svetovidov , a . n . , 1984 . salmonidae . p . 373 - 385 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4779 )
) : 2 . 1 - 4 . 5 , mean 2 . 6 ( based on 38 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00387 - 0 . 00565 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 17 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 17 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 - 0 . 7 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 10 ; fec = 2 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 43 , 2 sd range = 0 . 17 - 1 . 06 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 84 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 45 , based on : 1 m , 6 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 11 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
appearance : a small , slim , streamlined fish most easily confused with bleak or with small whitefish or peled . unlike the bleak , the vendace is a member of the salmon family and thus has an adipose fin . distinguished from the whitefish and peled by its much longer lower jaw . in the whitefish the upper jaw is longer and in the peled the jaws are of equal length .
colouring : back dark bluish green or brownish , sides silvery and belly white .
reproduction : spawns in october - november , sometimes in shallows sometimes in water up to 20 m deep , depending on the lake . some lakes have populations that spawn in early spring in deeper water than autumn - spawning vendace in the same lake . spawns at a young age , usually two years , sometimes in the autumn of its first year .
food : plankton , older fish also take surface insects and small fish fry .
distribution and habitat : originally a fish of the large lakes of se finland , vendace have been transplanted for purposes of commercial exploitation throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland , although populations have been established in lake inarinjärvi and the river paatsjoki . does not tolerate brackish water well and in the sea is restricted to the eastern gulf of finland and the northernmost gulf of botnia . vendace move in shoals in open water , preferring deep , clear water . can tolerate more eutrophic waters provided oxygen levels are good .
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in britain the vendace occurs only as non - migratory freshwater populations , but in the baltic it occurs as anadromous populations ( they spend most of their time in saltwater and migrate to freshwater to spawn ) ( 7 ) . the vendace feeds primarily on free - swimming organisms such as water fleas ( 6 ) and planktonic crustaceans ( 5 ) .
spawning occurs in november and december ( 6 ) ; adults move to the edges of lakes , and females scatter the small two millimetre diameter yellow to orange eggs in gravely areas in still water ( 6 ) . the eggs are fertilised externally and develop slowly on the bottom of the lake ( 7 ) , hatching the following spring ( 2 ) . individuals are thought to live up to six years of age ( 2 ) .
found in north - west europe between the english lake district in the east to western russia , and from a northern extreme in scandinavia to north western russia reaching south to bavaria ( 2 ) . historically the vendace has been recorded from just four uk lakes ; two in scotland ( 3 ) , and two in the english lake district ( 8 ) . one of the scottish populations has not been recorded since 1911 when a sewage works was built ; the other scottish population has not been recorded since the 1970s ( 9 ) and so the species is classed as extinct in scotland ( 10 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
occurs in open water shoals in deep , cold lakes where the vendace can take refuge from hot summer temperatures ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . it also requires shallow areas with a gravely substrate for spawning ( 7 ) .
the vendace is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , annex iii of the bern convention , annex v of the ec habitats and species directive , schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( 3 ) , and schedule 3 of the conservation regulations 1994 ( 4 ) .
the vendace has faced pressure from the introduction of non - indigenous fish species , which were probably introduced by pike anglers using live bait ( 2 ) . juvenile roach compete for planktonic food with vendace , and ruffe eat vendace eggs ( 2 ) . ruffe were recorded in derwent water for the first time in 2001 ( 11 ) . other threats are habitat loss and pollution , particularly eutrophication resulting from nutrient enrichment ( 3 ) , and siltation of spawning sites with organic matter ( 9 ) . the a66 passes close to bassenthwaite lake ; an accident involving an industrial tanker would be devastating ( 2 ) .
the vendace is fully protected under the wildlife and countryside act ( 1981 ) , and both lakes are sites of special scientific interest ( sssis ) and candidate special areas of conservation ( 2 ) . bassenthwaite lake is also a national nature reserve managed by the national trust . the management plan for this site takes into account the presence of vendace ( 3 ) . a current conservation measure involves hatching vendace eggs from bassenthwaite lake in captivity and releasing the young back into the lake ( 11 ) . in addition , young vendace from bassenthwaite and derwent water have been released into two scottish water bodies . a survey of water bodies in cumbria aimed to detect suitable places for the establishment of refuge populations , however no suitable sites were found ( 11 ) .
the vendace is a priority species under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) ; the species action plan aims to maintain the current populations and re - introduce the species to scotland by 2005 ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
adipose fin in some fish , a second dorsal fin consisting of a flap of fatty tissue which lacks supporting rays . anadromous in fish : those species that spend most of their lives at sea but migrate to fresh water to spawn . crustaceans diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps , slaters , woodlice and barnacles . eutrophication nutrient enrichment of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems . fertilisation the fusion of gametes ( male and female reproductive cells ) to produce an embryo , which grows into a new individual . indigenous a species that occurs naturally in an area . planktonic aquatic organisms that drift with water movements ; may be either phytoplankton ( plants ) , or zooplankton ( animals ) . re - introduce attempt to establish a native species back into an area where it previously occurred . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
cihar , j . ( 1991 ) a field guide in colour to freshwater fish . aventium publishing , prague .
newdick , j . ( 1979 ) the complete freshwater fishes of the british isles . ac & black , london .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
northern europe , northern parts of the former ussr , the baltic and north sea basins , and the swiss alps ( ladiges and vogt 1986 ; leviton 1996 ) .
baird , s . f . 1889 . report of the commissioner for 1886 . part xiv . u . s . commission of fish and fisheries , washington , d . c .
bean , t . h . 1892 . observations upon fishes and fish - culture . bulletin of the u . s . fish commission 10 : 49 - 61 .
berg , l . s . 1948 - 1949 . freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries , 4th edition . three volumes . translated from russian , 1962 - 1965 , for the smithsonian institution and the national science foundation , by israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel . volume 1 : 504 pp . ; volume 2 : 496 pp . ; volume 3 : 510 pp .
kendall , w . c . 1914 . an annotated catalogue of the fishes of maine . proceedings of the portland society of natural history 3 : 1 - 198 .
kottelat , m . , and j . freyhof . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .
ladiges , w . , and d . vogt . 1986 . guida dei pesci d ' acqua dolce d ' europa . franco muzzio & co editore , padova , italy .
smiley , c . w . 1885 . notes upon fish and the fisheries . bulletin of the u . s . fish commission 5 : 465 - 469 .
todd , t . n . 1983 . the feasibility of mass - culturing coregonines in the great lakes . research completion report , u . s . fish and wildlife service , ann arbor , mi .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . michigan state university press , east lansing , mi .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
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vendace have been introduced into non - native lake systems in many countries , and in some of them changes within the colonizer population have been studied . however , scientific studies of the effects of vendace invasion on the receiving ecosystem are limited to the inari - pasvik watercourse in the border area between russia , finland and norway . research here has examined effects on the resource level ( bøhn and amundsen , 1998 ; amundsen et al . , 2009 ) , effects from exploitative competition ( bøhn and amundsen , 2001 , 2004 ; gjelland et al . , 2007 ; bøhn et al . , 2008 ) , as prey for piscivorous predators ( jensen et al . , 2008 ) , and experiments using brown trout stocking as an agent for biological control of vendace ( k . ø . gjelland , norwegian institute for nature research , in prep . ) .
strong effects from the vendace planktivory have been reported as reduced zooplankton diversity , reduced individual zooplankter size , and reduced zooplankton densities . this has resulted in lowered zooplankton availability for planktivorous fish , and to a large extent displaced native planktivores from the pelagic fish communities through exploitative competition . due to its relatively small size , vendace is an attractive prey and an important food source for pelagic piscivores . vendace have been purposely introduced to a wide range of lakes and reservoirs .
studies of changes in the invading vendace population come from many different lake systems , e . g . lake osensjøen , southern norway (
some authors recognize coregonids as a distinct family ( coregonidae ) , classified as a sister family to salmonidae ( e . g .
) . the complexity of phenotypic and genotypic variation within the coregonids poses a challenge to the coregonid nomenclature . distinguishing between
the back of the vendace is dark green / blue / black , flanks silvery white , belly whitish , tip of snout and lower jaw black . body is slender when small , moderately slender with increasing size , head relatively small , lower jaw projects beyond tip of snout , upper jaw reaches back to level of pupil , tip of lower jaw fits into a groove in the upper jaw . gillrakers 45 - 52 . pre - dorsal distance greater than distance from dorsal origin to base of last anal finray ; dorsal finrays iii - iv 8 - 9 , anal finrays iii - iv 10 - 12 ( 13 ) . scales moderate , 77 - 85 ( 86 , 88 ) in lateral line . vertebrae 57 - 59 ( 60 ) ( kottelat and freyhof , 2008 ) .
vendace matures within the second to fifth years of life , at lengths 9 - 20 cm . in most populations , vendace rarely attain lengths > 25 cm (
the native range of vendace is within drainages connected with the north and baltic sea , between the british isles in the west and the petchora drainage ( russia ) in the east ( svetovidov , 1984 ; groot , 1990 ; reshetnikov , 2003 ; kottelat and freyhof , 2007 , 2008 ; etheridge et al . , 2012 ) . some populations are also found in drainages to the white sea and in lakes of the upper volga drainage ( reshetnikov , 1980 ) .
, 2008 ) . within and at the fringes of its geographic range , it has also been translocated and introduced to many lakes and reservoirs where it was previously absent ( e . g .
the native vendace populations of the british isles are threatened ( etheridge et al . , 2012 ) .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
introduced from poland and czech rep . for mosquito control and by spread from other countires
blanc et al . , 1971 ; sandlund , 1992 ; amundsen et al . , 1999
reshetnikov , 1980 ; holcik , 1991 ; reshetnikov et al . , 1997 ; reshetnikov , 2003
vendace is a valuable species for freshwater fisheries and also marine fisheries in the bothnian bay ( northern part of the baltic sea ) and in the gulf of finland . vendace have been introduced into non - native lake systems in many countries ; in some of them changes within the colonizer population have been studied , and reduced food availability has been indicated . most introductions are related to deliberate stocking and / or aquaculture for the purpose of increasing the potential for freshwater fisheries . subsequent establishment and spread depends on the characteristics of the receiving ecosystem , and may be aided by the construction of reservoirs ( e . g . semenov , 2011 ) .
there are many accounts of introduction , mostly in europe within or at the fringes of the geographic range of native vendace . accounts also exist for more remote locations such as for maine , usa ( unsuccessful introduction ; fuller and nico , 2012 ) and for kazakhstan ( established ; mitrofanov and petr , 1999 ) . in norway , hatchery - produced vedace fry was deliberately introduced in a number of lakes between 1860 and 1900 . of the 16 documented cases , only one succeeded ( sandlund et al . , in press ( 2012 ) ) . although some of the introductions have been successful , probably most of them have failed .