romanogobio uranoscopus , alternatively known as the danubian longbarbel gudgeon , danubian gudgeon , danube gudgeon or the steingressling , is a european species of freshwater cyprinid fish .

it can be found in austria , bulgaria , croatia , czech republic , germany , hungary , italy , romania , serbia and montenegro , slovakia , slovenia and ukraine .

romanogobio uranoscopus

romanogobio frici ( species ) , gobio frici ( synonym ) , romanogobio frici ( vladykov , 1925 ) ( synonym ) , romanogobio uranoscopus frici ( synonym ) .
romanogobio uranoscopus sampling stations location ; gis support danci o . | download scientific diagram
romanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn valida .
gobio uranoscopus uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .
the condition of aquatic habitats typically occupied by romanogobio uranoscopus within the maramureş mountains natural park fluctuates , in the best cases , between reduced to average . good or excellent conservation status is now absent for populations of this species in the researched area . the identified human impact types ( poaching , minor riverbeds morphodynamic changes , solid and liquid natural flow changes , destruction of the riparian vegetation and bush vegetation , habitat fragmentation / isolation of population , organic and mining pollution and displaced fish that are washed away during the periodic flooding in the lotic sectors uniformized by humans ) are contributing to the diminished ecological state of romanogobio uranoscopus habitats and for that reason populations . romanogobio uranoscopus is now considered a rare species in the studied basin but where this species was specified as missing , it has been registered with a restorative potential .
gobio frici vladykov , 1925 . über einige neue fische aus der tschechoslowakei ( karpathorussland . ) . zool . anz . 248 - 252 ; v . 64 , 249 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , ma discutibile come valida sottospecie , secondo lelek 1987 : 197 , banarescu et al . 1999 : 183 , 189 . sinonimo di gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , per berg 1949 : 651 , kottelat 1997 : 62 . sinonimo di romanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) . località tipo : fiume teresovka , affluente del fiume tisza , nei pressi del villaggio di podplesa , ucraina . tipo : nessuno . sintipi : ( 3 ) collocazione attuale ignota .
gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .
gobio uranoscopus frici vladykov , 1925 . zool . anz . v . 64 , 249 . nuova nomenclatura per
gobio frici
vladykov , 1925 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida .
naseka , a . m . and j . freyhof , 2004 romanogobio parvus , a new gudgeon from river kuban , southern russia ( cyprinidae , gobioninae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 15 ( 1 ) : 17 - 23 .
cyprinus uranoscopus agassiz , 1828 . beschreibung einer neuen species aus dem genus
cyprinus
linn . isis ( oken ) 1046 - 1049 ; v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - nomenclatura valida come gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , secondo berg 1949 : 651 , lelek 1987 : 197 , naseka 1996 : 159 , kottelat 1997 : 62 , banarescu et al . 1999 : 183 , naseka 2001 : 1380 , vassilev & pehlivanov 2005 : 169 . nomenclatura valida come romanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , per naseka & freyhof 2004 : 21 . catalogo : kottelat 1984 : 148 . lectotipo designato da banarescu 1970 : 165 . località tipo : fiume isar vicino a munich , germania . tipo : mnhn 5825 . paralectotipi : mhnn 0955 ( 5 ) ; zmb 3305 ( 4 ) .
id 425706 taxonomy ; de romanogobio frici ( species ) . pa 327682 ( parent id ) cc synonym = gobio frici cc synonym = romanogobio frici ( vladykov , 1925 ) cc synonym = romanogobio uranoscopus frici cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /
1 . bănăduc d . , 2007 – gobio uranoscopus , in combroux i . , thieri e . and toia t . ( eds ) caiet de habitate şi specii – fişe pilot , edit . balcanic , timişoara , românia , isbn 978 - 3 - 85742 - 6 - 7 . ( in romanian )
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justification : the species is widespread and still frequent in suitable habitats ( fast flowing rivers ) in the danube drainage . however the species is particularly sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened . it is suspected that the population has been declining and will continue to do so as more dams , particularly on small rivers , are built within the danube basin , but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or near threatened category .
danube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current ) .
still frequent in suitable habitats in the danube drainage . though the population has declined , it is extirpated from the upper danube ( 1830s ) .
habitat : riffles of small , fast - flowing rivers and bottom of large rivers with water velocities of 0 . 7 m / s and more , stone bottom , in submontane zone . young individuals prefer slow currents and shallow shoreline habitats with sand bottom . spawns in shallow habitats with very high current ( about 1 m / s ) . biology : in laboratory , spawns several times between late may and mid - september , at temperatures above 11°c . males wait for females at spawning sites . to spawn , both sexes move to surface or open water . eggs drift with current , sink to bottom and then stick to substrate . adults are nocturnal and solitary , juveniles are active at day . no data on food in the wild .
the species is sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened . the population is expected to continue to decline with on - going economic development .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
nomi comuni esteri - portoghese - góbio - do - danúbio . inglese - danube gudgeon , danubian gudgeon , danubian longbarbel gudgeon . tedesco - gräßling , steingressling , steinkresse , steinkreßling , wapper . danese - donaugrundling . svedese - stenkrypare . finnico - kivitörö . russo - dunaiskii dinnousyi peskar ' , dunaiskii dlinnousyi peskar , peskar ' - verkhoglyad , pichkur dunaiskyi dovgousyi , pichkur dunaiskyi dovgousyi . polacco - kielb dlugowasy . repubblica ceca - hrouzek dlouhoploutvý . hrouzek dlouhovousý . slovacchia - hrúz fúzatý . ungherese - felpillantó külló . rumeno - porcusor de vad , chetrar , petroc . estonia - pikapoiseline roomarünt . cinese - 望天鮈 wàng tiān jū .
- kottelat , m . , 1997 . european freshwater fishes . . biologia 52 , suppl . 5 : 1 - 271 . pagina 62 .
la specie è diffusa nelle aree collinari e montane del bacino danubio , dall ' austria alla moldavia e dalla slovacchia alla bulgaria fino all ' ucraina meridionale .
anon . , 1999 fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .
anon . , 2000 the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of icthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) .
anon . , 2001 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) .
anon . , 2001 fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen .
anon . , 2002 fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .
anon . , 2003 fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum .
arkhipchuk , v . v . , 1999 chromosome database . database of dr . victor arkhipchuk .
baillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) , 1996 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland . 378 p .
banarescu , p . , 1964 fauna republicii populare romîne . volumul xiii . pisces - osteichthyes ( pesti ganoizi si osisi ) . editura academiei republicii populare romîne , bucuresti . 962 p .
baruš , v . and o . oliva ( eds . ) , 1995 mihulovci a ryby .
fauna r a sr . ( cyclostomata and fishes . fauna of czech republic and slovakia ) . sv . 28 academia praha .
berg , l . s . , 1964 freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries . volume 2 , 4th edition . israel program for scientific translations ltd , jerusalem .
carausu , s . , 1952 tratat de ihtiologie . edit . acad . r . p . r . , bucurest . 802 p .
eschmeyer , w . n . , 1996 pisces . eschmeyer ' s pisces database , published on the internet in november 1996 , url : urltoken .
eschmeyer , w . n . , editor , 2005 catalog of fishes . updated database version of may 2005 .
fish . vol . 4 , life of animals . v . e . sokolov ( ed . ) , moscow : prosveschenie . 575p .
gerstmeier , r . and t . romig , 1998 die süßwasserfische europas : für naturfreunde und angler . franckh - kosmos verlag , stuttgart , germany . 368 p .
grabda , e . and t . heese , 1991 polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p .
hanel , l . and j . novák , 2002 ceské názvy zivocichu v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . národní muzeum ( zoologické oddelení ) , praha .
hilton - taylor , c . , 2000 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . xviii + 61 p .
hureau , j . - c . , 1991 la base de données gicim : gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum . p . 225 - 227 .
in atlas preliminaire des poissons d ' eaux douce de france . conseil supérieur de la pêche , ministère de l ' environment , cemagref et muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .
iacob , l . and i . dima , 2006 regnul animalia . eukarya . enciclopedia florei si faunei din romania .
keresztessy , k . , 1993 a magyar halfjok védettségének új szabályosása . halászat 86 ( 3 ) : 114 - 116 .
klinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven , 1995 database of fish chromosomes . westarp wissenschaften .
kottelat , m . , 1997 european freshwater fishes . biologia 52 , suppl . 5 : 1 - 271 .
monnerjahn , u . , 1999 freshwater fishes of germany . a checklist compiled from german fischkataster of the bundesländer and from the german ' rote liste ' .
movchan yu . v . and a . i . smirnov , 1981 fauna of ukraine . fishes . cyprinid fishes ( roach , dace , minnow , rudd , grass carp , asp , verchovka , tench , undermouth , gudgeon , barbel ) . ( fauna ukrainy . ryby . koropovi ( plitka , yalets , golijan , krasnopirka , amur , bilyzna , verkhova , lyn , chebachok amurskyi ) . kiev , naukova dumka publishing house , 8 ( 2 ) part 1 .
muus , b . j . and p . dahlstrøm , 1990 europas ferskvandsfisk . gec gads forlag , københavn . 224p .
raicu , p . e . taisescu , and a . gristian , 1972 diploid chromosome complement of the carp . cytologia 37 : 355 - 358 .
raicu , p . e . taisescu , and p . banarescu , 1973 a comparative study of the karyotype in the genus gobio ( pisces , cyprinidae ) . cytologia 38 : 731 - 736 .
ricker , w . e . , 1973 russian - english dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology . fisheries research board of canada , ottawa .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p .
sanches , j . g . , 1989 nomenclatura portuguesa de organismos aquáticos ( proposta para normalizaçao estatística ) . publicaçoes avulsas do i . n . i . p . no . 14 . 322 p .
smolian , k . , 1920 merkbuch der binnenfischerei . fischereiförderung gmbh , berlin , germany , p . 449 , xxv .
sokolov , l . i . and l . s . berdicheskii , 1989 acipenseridae . p . 150 - 153 . in j . holcík ( ed . ) the freshwater fishes of europe . vol . 1 , part ii . general introduction to fishes acipenseriformes . aula - verlag wiesbaden . 469 p .
swedish museum of natural history , 1999 nrm ichthyology collection database . ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden .
vasil ' ev , v . p . , 1980 chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish . j . ichthyol . 20 ( 3 ) : 1 - 38 .
vilcinskas , a . , 1993 einheimische süsswasserfische : alle arten : merkmale , verbreitung , lebensweise . naturbuch verlag , augsburg , germany , 207 p .
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sometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .
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1 “lucian blaga” university of sibiu , applied ecology research centre , dr . ion raţiu street 5 - 7 , sibiu , sibiu county , romania , ro - 550012 , ad . banaduc @ urltoken
2 “lucian blaga” university of sibiu , faculty of sciences , dr . ion raţiu street 5 - 7 , sibiu , sibiu county , romania , ro - 550012
2 . bănăduc d . , prots b . and curtean - bănăduc a . ( eds ) , 2011 – the upper tisa river basin ,
3 . bănărescu p . m . , 1964 − fauna r . p . române , pisces - osteichthyes , xiii , edit . academiei române , 959 . ( in romanian )
5 . curtean - bănăduc a . and bănăduc d . , 2012 ‒ aspecte privind impactul deversării apelor uzate asupra sistemelor ecologice lotice receptoare , în apa resursă fundamentală a dezvoltării durabile . metode şi tehnici neconvenţionale de epurare şi tratare a apei , ii , edit . universităţii „lucian blaga” din sibiu , isbn 978 - 973 - 739 - 569 , 121 - 157 . ( in romanian )
8 . romanescu g . , miftode d . , pintilie mihu a . , stoleriu c . c . and sandu i . , 2016 – water quality analysis in mountain freshwater : poiana uzului reservoir in the eastern carpathians ,
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barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .
danube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and . . .
habitat : riffles of small , fast - flowing rivers and bottom . . .
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conservation status assesses every six years and for each biogeographical region the condition of habitats and species compared to the favourable status as described in the habitats directive . the map shows the 2007 - 2012 assessments as reported by eu member state . assessments are further detailed in the summary document available behind the link below .
: the species is viable and maintaining itself on a long - term basis , its natural range is not reduced , and it has a sufficient large habitat .
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annex ii : animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation .
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you selected góbio - do - danúbio ( portuguese ) . this is a common name for :
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3617988d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
europe : danube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 631f4fcd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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transylvanian review of systematical and ecological research ; sibiu vol . 19 , iss . 1 , ( 2017 ) : 71 - 84 .
the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]


the cuesta sea cow ( hydrodamalis cuestae ) is an extinct herbivorous marine mammal , and the direct ancestor of the steller 's sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) .

they reached up to 9 metres ( 30 ft ) in length , making them among the biggest sirenians to have ever lived .

they were first described in 1978 by daryl domning when fossils in california were unearthed .

its appearance and behavior are largely based on that of the well-documented steller 's sea cow , who , unlike the cuesta sea cow , lived into modern times and was well described .

cuesta sea cow

sea cow bones in a purisima fm . ( e . pliocene ) concretion - probably giant cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae urltoken
the steller sea cow has been discovered to be the descendant of an extinct california tropical sea cow called the cuesta sea cow . it is thought the cuesta sea cow died out due to the coming of the ice age . its descendants that were able to adapt eventually created the steller sea cow , which could cope with colder water .
robert boessenecker on twitter :
sea cow bones in a purisima fm . ( e . pliocene ) concretion - probably giant cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae urltoken
looks like you nabbed a thoracic vertebra of the cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae , direct ancestor of the recently extinct steller ' s sea cow . i take it this is from that same locality you ' ve been making some neat finds from ?
these were considered possibly a surviving sea cow population , but there were no further known reports .
an extinct tropical sea cow of california . it most likely went extinct due to the onset of the
would have increased and reduced availability of kelp , the sea cow ' s primary source of food .
scheffer , victor b . ( november 1972 ) .
the weight of the steller sea cow
.
thus , aboriginal hunting of both species may have contributed to the sea cow ' s disappearance from continental shorelines .
palmer , theodore s . ( 1895 ) .
the earliest name for steller ' s sea cow and dugong
.
anderson , paul k . ( july 1995 ) .
competition , predation , and the evolution and extinction of steller ' s sea cow ,
the sea cow would have been easy prey for aboriginal hunters , who would likely have exterminated accessible populations with or without simultaneous otter hunting . in any event , the sea cow was limited to coastal areas off islands without a human population by the time bering arrived , and was already endangered .
it has been argued that the steller ' s sea cow ' s decline may have also been an indirect response to the harvest of sea otters by aboriginal people from the inland areas . with the otters reduced , the population of
hydrodamalis cuestae may have been big and a local celebrity , but it’s biggest claim to fame is that it was the progenitor of steller’s sea cow , hydrodamalis gigas . steller’s sea cow went extinct in the 18 th century not long after being discovered . it’s slow and gentle nature made it an ideal target for sailors .
and the subsequent cooling of the oceans ; lineages which could not adapt died out , and those that could started the lineage of the steller ' s sea cow .
domning , daryl p . ; thomason , james ; corbett , debra g . ( 2007 ) .
steller ' s sea cow in the aleutian islands
.
here , with what remained of the crew , steller studied the local flora and fauna , including the sea cow . his notes are the only information gathered about the sea cow while it still existed . it was one of the sirenian mammals and lived in the shallow kelp beds around the commander islands . many of the new animals and birds steller recorded were named after him and not many continue to exist today . the area is a highly productive fishing ground these days ; back then it would have teamed with sea life , including the now - extinct steller sea cow .
an imperial walrus ( valenictus imperialensis ) quickly dives out of the way of a pair of cuesta sea cows ( hydrodamalis cuestae ) , although they pose no threat . a leopard shark and wrasses swim through the kelp forest .
estes , j . a . , burdin , a . , and doak , d . f . 2016 . sea otters , kelp forests , and the extinction of steller ' s sea cow . proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 113 ( 4 ) : 880 - 885 .
in historic times , though , aboriginal hunting had depleted sea otter populations only in localized areas .
steller ' s sea cow was the largest sirenian ( manatees and dugongs ) ever , reaching 30ft long . however , its ancestor , the cuesta sea cow was just as large , and swam through the warm waters of california rather than the colder depths of alaska and russia . this piece was inspired by a william stout piece ; he refers to the pictured sea cows as
a species dwarfing steller ' s sea cow
, which is probably h . cuestae , though it was roughly the same size rather than dwarfing it . ontocetus was actually unusual , as for most of their 16 million year evolutionary history , they didn ' t have tusks and were more similar to other seals and sea lions . triakis , the genus leopard sharks belong to , has been along since the paleocene ( this leopard shark would also be out of its depths , as they prefer shallow water ) . i ' m not really sure when wrasses evolved ; the ones pictured here are based on california sheepheads but its pure speculation .
marsh , helene ; o ' shea , thomas j . ; reynolds iii , john e . ( 2011 ) .
steller ' s sea cow : discovery , biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian
.
awesome post ! i had always forgotten about dusisiren dewana having a manus with that morphology until daryl brought it up during the workshop at sdnhm last week . it ' s definitely a pretty bizarre trend within sea cow evolution .
the first bones of a steller sea cow were discovered around 1840 , in the area of the commander islands . by 2006 , 27 almost - complete skeletons and 62 skulls existed in various museums and research facilities around the world .
whether or not steller ' s sea cows had any predators is unknown . they may have been hunted by
because it did not give off any smoke or odor and could be kept for a long time in warm weather without spoiling . by 1768 , 27 years after it had been discovered by europeans , steller ' s sea cow was extinct .
de la cruz jp , villalobos ma , carmona ja , martín - romero m , smith - agreda jm , de la cuesta fs . antithrombotic potential of olive oil administration in rabbits with elevated cholesterol .
alasalvar c , taylor kda , zubcov e , shahidi f , alexis m . differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (
. it was hunted for its meat , skin , and fat by fur traders , and was also hunted by aboriginals of the north pacific coast . within 27 years of discovery by europeans , the slow - moving and easily captured steller ' s sea cow was hunted to
the stellar sea cow was related to other sirenians such as the dugongs and manatees . it was the largest of them all and was thought to reach 8 - 10 tons and 9 - 10 meters in length . due to the cold environment that it flourished in , it had a very thick layer of blubber for insulation . it lived in small family groups and fed only on kelp . as it was a slow moving creature , it was easily hunted into extinction and within thirty years of its discovery , the steller sea cow existed no more .
its head was small and short compared to the huge body . the upper lip was large and broad , and extended so far beyond the mandible , that the mouth appeared to be located underneath the skull . instead of teeth , steller ' s sea cow had a dense array of white bristles ,
corbett , d . g . ; causey , d . ; clemente , m . ; koch , p . l . ; doroff , a . ; lefavre , c . ; west , d . ( 2008 ) .
aleut hunters , sea otters , and sea cows
.
kelp . kelp releases a chemical deterrent to prevent grazing , but canopy kelp release a lower concentration , allowing the sea cows to graze without developing resistance .
takahashi , d . , d . p . domning & t . saito . 1986 . dusisiren dewana , n . sp . ( mammalia : sirenia ) , a new ancestor of steller’s sea cow from the upper miocene of yamagata prefecture , northeastern japan . transactions and proceedings of the paleontological society of japan , new series 141 : 296 - 321 .
like other sirenians , the steller ' s sea cow was an obligate herbivore , and kelp was most likely their main food source . they may have also fed on seagrasses , but this could not have been a main food source for supporting a viable population , because grasses did not occur in sufficient quantity . since this animal floated , it most likely fed on
to anchor themselves down to prevent being swept away by the strong nearshore waves around their habitat . unlike other sirenians , the steller ' s sea cow was positively buoyant , meaning they could not completely submerge . they had a thick epidermis to prevent injury from abrasions on sharp rocks and ice , and possibly to prevent the skin that was not submerged from drying out .
hydrodamalis was a big animal . it is quite possibly the biggest sea cow ever . stretching over 25 feet from nose to tail , it may have weighed as much as 11 tons . that’s the equivalent of 22 real cows ! and one specimen from san diego could have been over 30 feet long . here’s a fleshed out / skeletal reconstruction at the san diego natural history museum :
it’s hard to say how long they would have lasted had they not been hunted to extinction . apparently the sea cows discovered by steller were a relict population . they lived around a small island group in the bering sea , found barely enough food to stay alive , and were often injured and suffocated by ice flows . you’d think an animal who lived in the north pacific would have adapted to it .
antonopoulou s , semidalas ce , koussissis s , demopoulos ca . platelet - activating factor ( paf ) antagonists in foods : a study of lipids with paf or anti - paf - like activity in cow ' s milk and yogurt .
cuesta , j . a . , almón , b . , pérez - dieste , j . , trigo , j . e . , and bañón , r . 2016 . role of ships ' hull fouling and tropicalization process on european carcinofauna : new records in galician waters ( nw spain ) . biol . invasions 18 ( 3 ) : 619 - 630 .
the tail was forked like a dolphin’s tail , the head of the animal was quite small in comparison to the body , its tongue was rough and textured and it did not have teeth like the other sirenians but had stiff bristles and keratinous plates in its mouth for chewing . it had small eyes and long , wide nostrils ; like sirenians of today it had no eyelids but used sphincters to close its eyes . according to steller , the sea cow made no sound other than heavy breathing and deep sighs .
kelez , s . , velez - zuazo , x . , and pacheco , a . s . 2016 . first record of hybridization between green chelonia mydas and hawksbill eretmochelys imbricata sea turtles in the southeast pacific . peerj 4 : e1712 .
hamilton , s . , and baker , g . b . 2016 . current bycatch levels in auckland islands trawl fisheries unlikely to be driving new zealand sea lion ( phocarctos hookeri ) population decline . aquat . conserv . 26 ( 1 ) : 121 - 133 .
young , m . a . l . , foale , s . , and bellwood , d . r . 2016 . the last marine wilderness : spearfishing for trophy fishes in the coral sea . environ . conserv . 43 ( 1 ) : 90 - 95 .
due to their not being able to submerge , the sea cows were easily harpooned . russian seal hunters used them as valuable meat on long journeys , but some hunting was just wasteful . it was thought that there had been approximately 2 , 000 of these animals alive in 1741 .
bellard , c . , leclerc , c . , hoffmann , b . d . , and courchamp , f . 2016 . vulnerability to climate change and sea - level rise of the 35th biodiversity hotspot , the forests of east australia . environ . conserv . 43 ( 1 ) : 79 - 89 .
d ' anastasi , b . r . , van herwerden , l . , hobbs , j . a . , simpfendorfer , c . a . , and lukoschek , v . 2016 . new range and habitat records for threatened australian sea snakes raise challenges for conservation . biol . conserv . 194 : 66 - 70 .
ok , so now to the meaty part of this post . back in 2008 i wrote about the hand of steller’s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) or more likely the lack of one . back then i mentioned that g . w . steller was one of the few people who saw h . gigas alive , and in his account he mentions the lack of fingers in this species . however , so far no hand bones have been found associated with hydrodamalis gigas or even h . cuestae ( see reconstruction below ) ( the presumed direct ancestor of the former ) , this lead to skepticism about his observations . so , how was that steller’s account about the hand of h . gigas was corroborated ?
öst , m . , ramula , s . , lindén , a . , karell , p . , and kilpi , m . 2016 . small - scale spatial and temporal variation in the demographic processes underlying the large - scale decline of eiders in the baltic sea . pop . ecol . 58 ( 1 ) : 121 - 133 .
nicolau , l . , ferreira , m . , santos , j . , araújo , h . , sequeira , m . , vingada , j . , eira , c . , and marçalo , a . 2016 . sea turtle strandings along the portuguese mainland coast : spatio - temporal occurrence and main threats . mar . biol . 163 ( 1 ) : 21 .
hydrodamalis cuestae has been found in california , baja california , and japan . but it was first discovered here on the central coast . back in the seventies , the holotype , which includes a skull and partial skeleton , was excavated at avila beach . it hails from the middle pliocene pismo formation , around 3 . 5 mya . the excavation was carried out by cuesta college ( the school i currently attend ) and at least some prep work was done at cal poly . then somehow it wound up at berkeley . here’s a shot of a cast of the holotype skull , which sits in a cabinet in the geology lab :
carman , v . g . , bruno , i . , maxwell , s . , álvarez , k . , albareda , d . , acha , e . m . , and campagna , c . 2016 . habitat use , site fidelity and conservation opportunities for juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in the rio de la plata , argentina . mar . biol . 163 ( 1 ) : 20 .
bănăduc , d . , rey , s . , trichkova , t . , lenhardt , m . , and curtean - bănăduc , a . 2016 . the lower danube river - danube delta - north west black sea : a pivotal area of major interest for the past , present and future of its fish fauna - a short review . sci . total environ . 545 : 137 - 151 .
described by takahashi et al . in 1986 , the remains of dusisiren dewana were found in late miocene deposits in japan and together with other elements of the skeleton there was also a nearly complete forelimb , including the hand . these were crucial in providing an insight into what the hand of later hydrodamalines was like . dusisiren dewana shows reduction of the hand bones , in this respect differing from d . jordani , its predecessor , whose hands showed no reduction of elements ( i . e . long metacarpals and long fingers composed of multiple elements ) ( see picture above ) . as for d . dewana , the carpals ( wrist bones ) are quite similar to those of other sirenians , however , the metacarpals ( the bones between the wrist and fingers ) and the phalanges ( finger bones ) are reduced , actually extremely reduced in the case of the phalanges ( see picture below of hydrodamalis cuestae ) . d . dewana as the sister taxon ( closest relative / ancestor ) of hydrodamalis spp . is best evidence at hand ( unintended pun ) supporting steller’s account on the hand of the sea cow that bears his name and allowing for reconstructions like the one seen here for h . cuestae .
huang , d . w . , hoeksema , b . w . , affendi , y . a . , ang , p . o . , chen , c . l . a . , huang , h . , lane , d . j . w . , licuanan , w . y . , vibol , o . , vo , s . t . , yeemin , t . , and chou , l . m . 2016 . conservation of reef corals in the south china sea based on species and evolutionary diversity . biodivers . conserv . 25 ( 2 ) : 331 - 344 .
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as you may have figured out by now , this blog is chiefly about paleontology on the central coast . and i thought that the best way to kick it off is with a creature that has it’s roots here . and as the title suggests , that creature is hydrodamalis cuestae .
cast of the holotype skull of hadrodamalis cuestae as seen in mr . grover ' s geology class
who knows why h . cuestae moved north the way it did . could it have been a loss of habitat ? during the pliocene california’s shoreline was a mosaic of bays , inlets , and estuaries . a quick trip up the big sur coast shows that this is no longer the case . california’s shorline today harbors few bays ( which is why it wasn’t as attractive to settlers , but spain claimed it nonetheless ) and is so rocky the rocks have their own national monument . regardless of how it went extinct , hydrodamalis is a neat creature , a blown up version of a familiar animal we see today . for me , the best part is he “got his start” right here .
great post , doug , great blog ! ! i’m particularly fond to see hydrodamalis cuestae as the start of it all . daryl domning was my advisor and i still try to focus my energies on sirenia and desmostylia . it is a joy to see someone else appreciate these marvelous beasts . i’m looking forward to seeing more posts like this . best wishes , brian
thanks brian ! pinnipeds , desmostylians , and sirenians are where it’s at . i have loads of ideas , but am being rather conservative with posting them . i’m waiting to see if i get a few more readers / watchers ( cause when you have more , you have to give up the goods more often , it seems ) .
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i finally got a new camera with a good zoom . . so . . . i found this vert yesterday in the sand pit . the wind has been so bad it blew all the sand away from it and it was just sticking out . nothing else close around but will go back today .
looks like a mammoth lumbar vertebra to me . i ' ll send an invite to bobby just in case it is marine mammal .
bobby , is the v - shaped notch on the dorsal rim of the centrum an apomorphy for just h . cuestae , or does it apply to a higher level ?
it ' s a sirenian feature in general . the identification as h . cuestae is based in part on the pliocene age of the sediments where this came from ( based on previous posts and correspondence ) , in addition to the gigantic size of the vertebra .
thank you all ! yes from the same area . . more to follow !
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in 1741 , german naturalist georg w . steller traveled with vitus bering on his voyage in the north pacific . on bering’s great northern expedition , the ocean area around the alaskan mainland was discovered and then later named after him . the captain and crew of the exploration vessel became sick with scurvy and refused to accept the advice of steller and his assistant , who were consuming berries and leaves from their visit to the kayak island . eventually , with only a few crewmen to man the ship , it became shipwrecked on what is now called bering island .
it is thought that due to the cold area it lived in , it was stunted in growth ; if it had lived in warmer waters , it would have been significantly bigger . it was a little different from other sirenians that survive today in that it was unable to submerge itself completely since its body was very buoyant . its skin was very thick and this is thought to be an adaptation to prevent injury on sharp rocks .
if it had predators other than humans , it is unknown . scientists assume that the kelp beds would have protected them from sharks , but it is possible they may have been hunted by killer whales . like the whale , this animal did have parasites , but as the samples were lost from steller’s collection , no positive identification has been made of them .
when steller hunted and captured a female , he noted that the male attacked the boat and then followed them to shore , even though its mate was now dead . the rest of the group also attacked the boat and he observed them helping injured members of their group . females were in calf for about a year ; autumn was the most common time for the calf to be born . when it wanted to sleep , it swam into deeper water to prevent itself from being beached .
the body is oblong . on the left end is the head which is slightly smaller than the body , with a dot for an eye near the top . just behind the head on the underside is an arm that bends back towards the tail .
the only unsolved skyjacking case in u . s . history might have a break
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dude , this is awesome ! i often have to search far and wide for illustrations of the creatures living off the coast of california in the cenozoic , so this was a nice surprise . that said though , i haven ' t been able to find any records of ontocetus from the west coast of the us ! might i suggest imagotaria , valenictus , or pliopedia ? either way , though , i do want to re - emphasize how cool this is to see .
thank you ! and now that i look into it , ontocetus isn ' t showing up in california either , so i might have read a source wrong . valenictus it is then haha .
where : san diego county , california ( 33 . 2° n , 117 . 4° w : paleocoordinates 33 . 0° n , 116 . 1° w )
when : san mateo formation , zanclean ( 5 . 3 - 3 . 6 ma )
primary reference : l . g . barnes , h . howard , j . h . hutchison and b . j . welton . 1981 . the vertebrate fossils of the marine cenozoic san mateo formation at oceanside , california .
paleodb collection 50068 : authorized by mark uhen , entered by mark uhen on 05 . 05 . 2005 , edited by john alroy
it’s been quite a while since my last post . a lot has been going on , mostly research - related , which is good . just last week i was in san diego where i participated in the sixth triennial conference of secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water held at san diego state university . the meeting was a great opportunity to see colleagues as well as making new acquaintances , hat tip to the host committee : annalisa berta , tom deméré and eric ekdale for such a great meeting ! the week before that i spent some days visiting the collection at the natural history museum of los angeles where i got to look at some interesting sirenian and cetaceans , many thanks to larry barnes and sam mcleod for access to specimens .
hydrodamalis cuestae , in left lateral view ( picture of the reconstruction on exhibit at the san diego natural history museum ) . notice the reduced forelimbs .
in the late miocene ( 10 - 8 million years ago [ mya ] ) of japan , provided the key elements to support steller’s account .
are members of a subfamily of dugongids ( which means they are more closely related to dugongs than to manatees ) known as the hydrodamalinae ( domning , 1994 ; domning & furusawa , 1994 ) . hydrodamalines , as they are also known , ranged throughout coastal waters of the northern pacific , from baja california to japan , with one species surviving until historical times ( domning & furusawa , 1994 ) . some distinctive features of this group include , large body size , reduction or loss of dentition , and reduction of the digits , which brings us back to d . dewana .
dusisiren jordani , anterior view ( specimen at exhibit at the natural history museum of los angeles ) . notice the
normal
hand in this species .
hydrodamalis cuestae , right lateral view ( picture of specimen on exhibit at the san diego natural history museum ) . notice the reduced hand .
domning , d . p . 1994 . a phylogenetic analysis of the sirenia . proceedings of the san diego society of natural history 29 : 177 - 189 .
domning , d . p . & h . furusawa . 1994 . summary of taxa and distribution of sirenia in the north pacific ocean . island arc 3 : 506 - 512 .
with a bachelors degree in geology from university of puerto rico and a phd in anatomy from howard u . , i am currently assistant curator of marine mammals ( living and extinct ) at the natural history museum of los angeles county . the main subjects of this blog are marine tetrapods of the neotropics and eastern pacific regions . the text in these posts reflect my own opinion and not those of the granting agency or institutions to which i’m affiliated . if you wish to contact me write to : jorgefossilhunter @ urltoken
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4 more lego movie sets comi . . .
the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third - party notifications of copyright infringement .
4 . 4 and 26 . 8 short tons ( 4 and 24 . 3 metric tons )
. the true value is estimated to lie between these figures , at around 9 to 11 short tons ( 8 to 10 metric tons ) .
and sharks , but their buoyancy may have made it difficult for killer whales to drown them , and the rocky kelp forests may have protected them from sharks . according to steller , the young were guarded by the adults from predators .
were associated with tropical mangroves , and adapted to the cold climates of the north pacific and to consuming kelp .
, which many writers at the time adopted . however , the animal had already been classified long before this . zoologist
, as steller was the first person to describe it . it was not until the 1900s that
estimated in 1887 that there had been fewer than 1 , 500 individuals remaining at the time of their discovery , and thus had been in immediate danger of extinction .
this film has been exhibited in public institutions such as art museums and universities in europe .
art critic annick bureaud found the film a
tongue in cheek and joyous but unsettling fable
.
wilson , don e . ; reeder , deeann m . ( eds . ) .
( 2 ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p .
( 2011 ) [ 1751 ] .
the manatee
. in royster , paul .
perrin , william f . ; wursig , bernd ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2008 ) .
estes , james a . ; burdin , alexander ; doak , daniel f . ( 2016 ) .
domning , daryl p . ( 1978 ) .
an ecological model for late tertiary sirenian evolution in the north pacific ocean
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macdonald , stephen o . ; cook , joseph a . ( 2009 ) .
jones , ryan t . ( september 2011 ) .
a ' havock made among them ' : animals , empire , and extinction in the russian north pacific , 1741–1810
.
silverberg , r . the dodo , the auk and the oryx penguin 1973 p . 83 isbn 0 - 14 - 030619 - 6
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the world is flat 3 . 0 : a brief history of the twenty - first century
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how fast tropical forests recover after deforestation has major consequences for climate change mitigation . a team including smithsonian scientists discovered that some secondary tropical forests recover biomass quickly : half of the forests in the study attained 90 percent of old - growth forest levels in 66 years or less . the study was published in the journal nature . conservation planners can use their resulting biomass - recovery map for latin america to prioritize conservation efforts .

regenerating secondary forests could play a critical role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation
said daisy dent , a research associate at the smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) in panama and a lecturer at the university of stirling .
however , previous studies have tended to focus on single sites . this study brings together data from many sites that span the neotropics . we illustrate that secondary forests are highly productive and resilient .
less than half of the world ' s tropical forests are primary or old - growth forests ; the rest are growing back after logging or other disturbances . the new study focused on secondary forests growing back on land almost completely deforested for agriculture . although such forests are known to accumulate carbon rapidly , how quickly they recover and restore the ecosystem services provided by old - growth forest was uncertain because of inconsistencies in the methods used in previous studies .
this study was unprecedented in scope : 45 sites in eight countries , 1 , 478 study plots and more than 168 , 000 trees . sites covered the full latitudinal range of the tropics , from 20 degrees north in mexico to 22 degrees south in brazil , and extended across areas of high - to - low rainfall and low - to - high soil fertility . the extent of forest cover in the surrounding landscape ( indicating the availability of tree seeds for regeneration ) and the intensity of prior land use was also considered .
after 20 years of recovery , the average biomass in these regenerating forests was calculated to be equivalent to a carbon uptake rate 11 times that of amazonianold - growth forests , and more than twice that of selectively logged amazonian forests in which reduced - impact logging techniques had been used . however , biomass accumulation rates differed widely across sites . sites with higher rainfall had higher absolute rates of biomass accumulation . soil fertility , local forest cover and prior land - use were not found to have an effect . however , higher soil fertility did improve the relative rate of biomass accumulation compared to old - growth forests in the same area .
the authors produced a map of the potential for biomass recovery and carbon sequestration across the new world tropics . areas such as the dry forests of mexico and northeastern brazil had low recovery rates , whereas the moister forests of central america and large parts of amazonia had high recovery rates . in moist forest areas , where potential for biomass accumulation is highest , restoration and reforestation may be the optimal land - use activities . where the capacity of forest recovery is lower , such as seasonally dry forest , a higher emphasis should be placed on protection of existing forest to minimize forest loss .
collaborations like the one illustrated here by the 2ndfor network , in which site - based monitoring and manipulations allow us to test mechanistic hypotheses related to forest development , and large - scale analysis across sites allow for robust synthesis , are critically important in the era of global change ,
said jefferson hall , stri staff scientist and director of the agua salud project in the panama canal watershed .
abbas , s . , nichol , j . e . , and fischer , g . a . 2016 . a 70 - year perspective on tropical forest regeneration . sci . total environ . 544 : 544 - 552 .
abdullah , m . m . , feagin , r . a . , musawi , l . , whisenant , s . , and popescu , s . 2016 . the use of remote sensing to develop a site history for restoration planning in an arid landscape . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 91 - 99 .
abelson , a . , halpern , b . s . , reed , d . c . , orth , r . j . , kendrick , g . a . , beck , m . w . , belmaker , j . , krause , g . , edgar , g . j . , airoldi , l . , brokovich , e . , france , r . , shashar , n . , de blaeij , a . , stambler , n . , salameh , p . , shechter , m . , and nelson , p . a . 2016 . upgrading marine ecosystem restoration using ecological - social concepts . bioscience 66 ( 2 ) : 156 - 163 .
affonso , i . d . , azevedo , r . f . , dos santos , n . l . c . , dias , r . m . , agostinho , a . a . , and gomes , l . c . 2015 . pulling the plug : strategies to preclude expansion of dams in brazilian rivers with high - priority for conservation . nat . conservacao 13 ( 2 ) : 199 - 203 .
agostini , m . g . , and burrowes , p . a . 2015 . infection patterns of the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , on anuran assemblages in agro - ecosystems from buenos aires province , argentina . phyllomedusa 14 ( 2 ) : 113 - 126 .
akmentins , m . s . , velasco , m . a . , kass , c . a . , and kacoliris , f . p . 2015 . a new threat for the endangered frog atelognathus reverberii ( anura : batrachylidae ) in argentinean patagonia . phyllomedusa 14 ( 1 ) : 63 - 66 .
albers , h . j . , busby , g . m . , hamaide , b . , ando , a . w . , and polasky , s . 2016 . spatially - correlated risk in nature reserve site selection . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146023 .
altamirano , a . , valladares , g . , kuzmanich , n . , and salvo , a . 2016 . galling insects in a fragmented forest : incidence of habitat loss , edge effects and plant availability . j . insect conserv . 20 ( 1 ) : 119 - 127 .
alvarado , s . t . , buisson , e . , carrière , s . m . , rabarison , h . , rajeriarison , c . , andrianjafy , m . , randriatsivery , f . m . , rasoafaranaivo , m . h . , raharimampionona , j . , lowry , p . p . , and birkinshaw , c . 2015 . achieving sustainable conservation in madagascar : the case of the newly established ibity mountain protected area . trop . conserv . sci . 8 ( 2 ) : 367 - 395 .
alves , c . , vieira , c . , sérgio , c . , garcia , c . , stow , s . , and hespanhol , h . 2016 . selecting important areas for bryophyte conservation : is the higher taxa approach an effective method ? j . nature conserv . 29 : 105 - 113 .
amaya - villarreal , a . m . , estrada , a . , and vargas - ramírez , n . 2015 . use of wild foods during the rainy season by a reintroduced population of scarlet macaws ( ara macao cyanoptera ) in palenque , mexico . trop . conserv . sci . 8 ( 2 ) : 455 - 478 .
amtstaetter , f . , o ' connor , j . , and pickworth , a . 2016 . environmental flow releases trigger spawning migrations by australian grayling prototroctes maraena , a threatened , diadromous fish . aquat . conserv . 26 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43 .
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