milnesium berladnicorum is a species of eutardigrade in the family milnesiidae , native to bârlad , romania .

brownish in color , the species grows to a length of 400 micrometers .

m. berladnicorum was named after the berladnici , a tribe from medieval moldova .

milnesium berladnicorum

yan wong added an association between
file : milnesium berladnicorum . jpg
and
milnesium berladnicorum ciobanu , zawierucha , moglan , & kaczmarek , 2014
.
no one has contributed data records for milnesium berladnicorum yet . learn how to contribute .
measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of fifteen females from the type population of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .
article : milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania
6 . milnesium lagniappe meyer , hinton and dupré , 2013 : by the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs nine dorsal and lateral sculptured bands bearing a reticulated pattern of polygons in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller anterior width of buccal tube ( 8 . 9–17 . 8 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 20 . 7–25 . 1 µm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller standard width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 8–14 . 7 μm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 19 . 4–23 . 6 μm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 2–13 . 6 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 18 . 9–23 . 2 µm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % –79 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 86 % –99 % in milnesium lagniappe ) and a smaller standard width / length ratio ( 31 % –39 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 63 % –78 % in milnesium lagniappe ) .
3 . milnesium granulatum ( ramazzotti , 1962 ) : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium granulatum ) and different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium granulatum ) .
4 . milnesium katarzynae kaczmarek , michalczyk and beasley , 2004 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium katarzynae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium katarzynae ) , larger body size ( 400–734 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 285 . 0–294 . 5 µm in milnesium katarzynae ) , stylet supports inserted in a more anterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 – 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 73 . 3 – 78 . 3 in milnesium katarzynae ) and by the presence of eyes .
7 . milnesium reticulatum pilato , binda and lisi , 2002 : by the lack of dorsal gibbosities , the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium reticulatum ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium reticulatum ) and slightly larger body length ( 400–734 μm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 270–405 μm in milnesium reticulatum ) .
2 . milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek , jakubowska and michalczyk , 2012 : by having a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium beasleyi ) , a different posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % –79 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 90 % –96 % in milnesium beasleyi ) and stylet supports inserted in a more posterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 – 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 61 . 6 – 65 . 6 in milnesium beasleyi ) .
details - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania - biodiversity heritage library
5 . milnesium krzysztofi kaczmarek and michalczyk , 2007 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs dorsal cuticle with pseudopores arranged in a fine reticular design in milnesium krzysztofi ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium krzysztofi ) and by presence of eyes .
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) habitus ( ventral view ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( b ) habitus ( ventral view ) ( both pcm ) .
1 . milnesium alabamae wallendorf and miller , 2009 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a finely punctuated ( probably pseudopores ) cuticle arranged in bands on caudal segments in milnesium alabamae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium alabamae ) , the presence of accessory points on primary branches and by presence of eyes .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . : ciobanu , daniel adrian : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
because of the claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . is similar to milnesium almatyense tumanov , 2006 ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) but differs by having a sculptured dorsal cuticle and by presence of eyes .
five new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . : 2 claws iii 3 claws iv 4 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above ii–iii pair of legs 5 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above iv pair of legs 6 buccal apparatus ( ventral view ) .
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( b ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( c ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( d ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores ( all pcm ) .
the administrative map of romania with 13 highlighted counties in which species of the genus milnesium were reported : milnesium tardigradum sensu lato ( according with rudescu 1964 ; see discussion ) : 1 argeş 2 bistriţa - năsăud 3 caraş - severin 4 cluj 5 dâmboviţa 6 harghita 7 ilfov county and bucharest city 8 maramureş 9 mehedinţi 11 suceava 12 tulcea . milnesium granulatum and milnesium asiaticum ( according to ciobanu et al . 2014 ) : 10 neamţ ( in green ) . milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( present study ) : 13 vaslui ( in blue ) . map outline according to wikipedia : urltoken
tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae .
eggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .
eggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .
the genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . n .
milnesium katarzynae sp . n . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china .
morphometric data were handled using the ' ' apochela ' ' ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek 2013 ) . raw data underlying the description of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . are deposited in the tardigrada register under urltoken
ciobanu da , zawierucha k , moglan i , kaczmarek ł ( 2014 ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys 429 : 1–11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755
ciobanu , d . a . , zawierucha , k . , moglan , i . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2014c ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys , 429 , 1–11 . urltoken
a new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) .
measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium argentinum sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) claws ii ; ( b ) claws iv ; ( c ) rotifer mastaxes in the gut ( black arrowhead ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( d ) claws i ; ( e ) claws iv ; ( f ) tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .
measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium beatae sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium
including the new species described here , the total number of valid tardigrade taxa recorded in romania is 128 , with three valid milnesium species ( not including milnesium tardigradum tardigradum sensu stricto , which requires confirmation of presence in romania ) .
milnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states .
redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus .
tardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama .
experimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in milnesium doyère , 1840 ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : apochela ) .
meyer , h . a . & hinton , j . g . ( 2010 ) milnesium zsalakoae and milnesium jacobi , two new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) from the southwestern usa . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 123 ( 2 ) , 113–120 . urltoken
current knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . n . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) .
two new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov .
tumanov , d . v . ( 2006 ) five new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) . zootaxa , 1122 , 1–23 .
due to the sculptured cuticle , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . belongs to the granulatum group ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) . the new species differs from all other species in the granulatum group by the presence of a unique claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] that is not present in any other species in this group . besides the claw configuration , the new species differs from :
corrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 : 1–20 “redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus” .
two new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov . | ciobanu | zootaxa
pilato , g . & binda , m . g . ( 1991 ) milnesium tetralamellatum new species of milnesiidae from africa ( eutardigrada ) . tropical zoology , 4 , 103–106 .
suzuki , a . c . ( 2008 ) appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of milnesium cf . tardigradum ( tardigrada ) . zoological science , 25 , 849–853 . urltoken
suzuki , a . c . ( 2003 ) life history of milnesium tardigradum doyère ( tardigrada ) under the rearing environment . zoological science , 20 ( 1 ) , 49 – 57 .
bartels , p . j . , nelson , d . r . , kaczmarek , ł . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2014 ) the genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . nov . zootaxa , 3826 ( 2 ) , 356–368 . urltoken
wiederhöft , h . & greven , h . ( 1999 ) notes on head sensory organs of milnesium tardigradum doyère , 1840 ( apochela , eutardigrada ) . zoologisher anzeiger , 238 , 338–346 .
binda , m . g . & pilato , g . ( 1990 ) tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae . animalia , 17 , 105–110 .
ty - jour ti - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania t2 - zookeys vl - 429 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 1 ep - 11 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755 au - ciobanu , daniel au - zawierucha , krzysztof au - moglan , ioan au - kaczmarek , łukasz kw - europe kw - new species kw - palearctic kw - tardigrada kw - taxonomy er -
@ article { bhlpart139345 , title = { milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 429 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { ciobanu , daniel and zawierucha , krzysztof and moglan , ioan and kaczmarek , łukasz } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 1 - 11 } , keywords = { europe | new species | palearctic | tardigrada | taxonomy | } , }
the study discusses distribution and taxonomic problems of the milnesium species known from south america . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from this region ( including two new species reported in this paper ) . additionally , the study broadens our knowledge of tardigrades ' feeding behaviour , provides some details about their diet and suggests that the type of prey chosen by some species belonging to the family milnesiidae may be associated with the width of their buccal tube .
kaczmarek , ł . , michalczyk , ł . & beasley , c . w . ( 2004 ) milnesium katarzynae sp . nov . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china . zootaxa , 743 , 1–5 .
dewel , r . a . & clark , w . h . jr . ( 1973 ) studies on the tardigrades , i . fine structure of the anterior foregut of milnesium tardigradum doyère . tissue and cell , 5 , 133–146 .
kaczmarek , ł . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2007 ) a new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 297–302 . urltoken
kaczmarek , ł . , jakubowska , n . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2012a ) current knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . nov . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) . zootaxa , 3589 , 49–64 .
michalczyk , ł . , wełnicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2012a ) redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus . zootaxa , 3154 , 1–20 .
wallendorf , m . & miller , w . r . ( 2009 ) tardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama . transactions of the kansas academy of science , 112 ( 3–4 ) , 181–186 . urltoken
milnesium argentinum and m . beatae are new taxa for science . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from south america ( including the two new species and two newly recorded taxa for argentina , reported in this paper ) . the presence of m . tardigradum s . s . in south america needs confirmation and for now it should be considered as dubious . it is probable that width of buccal tube may limit a prey size and play an important role in the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . studies on the feeding behaviour in tardigrades are in initial phase and definitive conclusions are not possible at this moment .
meyer , h . a . , hinton , j . c . & dupré , m . c . ( 2013 ) milnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states . western north american naturalist , 73 ( 3 ) , 295–301 .
michalczyk , ł . , wełnicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2012b ) corrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 , 1–20 “redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus” . zootaxa , 3393 , 66–68 .
roszkowska , m . , ostrowska , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2015 ) the genus milnesium doyère , 1840 ( tardigrada ) in south america with descriptions of two new species from argentina and discussion of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . zoological studies , 54 , 12 . urltoken / 10 . 1186 / s40555 - 014 - 0082 - 7
claws of the milnesium type , slender . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i–iii present .
the diversity and distribution of the tardigrades in south america are rather poor and selective , as is information about their feeding behaviour and diet . to date , only ca . 210 tardigrade taxa have been reported from the region of south america . in the present paper , we provide an update of the distribution of the genus milnesium in south america and discuss some aspects of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae .
besides the abovementioned the most similar species , m . beatae sp . nov . is similar to other species of the genus milnesium with the claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ( m . alabamae , m . antarcticum , m . asiaticum , m . barbadosense , m . eurystomum , m . granulatum , m . longiungue and m . zsalakoae ) or with a sculptured cuticle ( m . beasleyi , m . katarzynae , m . krzysztofi and m . reticulatum ) .
characteristics and measurements of the species used in the differential diagnosis are given according to the original descriptions ( ramazzotti 1962 ; pilato et al . 2002 ; kaczmarek et al . 2004 ; tumanov 2006 ; kaczmarek and michalczyk 2007 ; wallendorf and miller 2009 ; kaczmarek et al . 2012a ; meyer et al . 2013 ) or are based on direct examination of type material ( holotype and paratypes of milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek et al . 2012a ) . ramazzottius specimens were verified and identified using the key to the world tardigrada ( ramazzotti and maucci 1983 ) , a more modern key to the genus ramazzottius ( biserov 1998 ) , and remarks discussed by pilato et al . ( 2013 ) .
cuticle cuticle covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) . under pcm pseudopores are visible as light spots with blurry edges . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally .
six peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
1 faculty of biology , alexandru ioan cuza university of iași , b - dul carol i , no . 20a , 700505 iași , romania
2 department of animal taxonomy and ecology , faculty of biology , a . mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , 61 - 614 poznań , poland
corresponding author : daniel adrian ciobanu ( moc . liamg @ unaboic . nairdaleinad )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
in a lichen sample collected by the first author in bârlad town in july , 2013 , 53 individuals and two exuvia ( with 16 eggs ) of the new species were found . additionally , 55 specimens of ramazzottius oberhaeuseri ( doyère , 1840 ) were found in the same sample , including 9 specimens in simplex stage and 9 eggs .
all specimens were extracted according to dastych ( 1980 , 1985 ) and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer’s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometers [ μm ] .
body length was measured from the mouth to the end of the body excluding the hind legs . the buccal tube and claws characteristics were measured according to tumanov ( 2006 ) and michalczyk et al . ( 2012a ) . subsequently , claw configuration is described according to michalczyk et al . ( 2012a , 2012b ) . other morphometric data were calculated using the pt ratio : the ratio of the length of a given structure to the length of the buccal tube , expressed as a percentage ( pilato 1981 ) . the pt values are always provided in italics in order to differentiate them from length values .
holotype ( female ) , 52 paratypes and 2 exuvia with 7 and 9 smooth eggs .
body brownish ( in live specimens ) or transparent ( in fixed specimens ) with eyes ( visible before and after mounting in hoyer’s medium - 90 % of fixed specimens had eyes ) . six peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . the cuticle is covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) (
) . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum . claws of the
) . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) (
) . secondary branches of external claws i–iii and posterior and anterior claws iv with two points . secondary branches of internal claws i–iii with three points ( i . e . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] ) (
46°14 . 74167n , 27°40 . 27333e ; 99 m asl : romania , vaslui county , bârlad town , coppice , lichens ( xanthoria parietina ( l . ) th . fr . ( 1860 ) ) from tree .
this new species is named after the berladnici , an ancient population with a controversial origin ( most probably slavs ) who previously lived in the area of the present bârlad town .
holotype ( female ; slide : p8 - 8 ) and 29 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 4 , p8 - 5 , p8 - 6 , p8 - 9 , p8 - 13 , p8 - 14 , p8 - 15 , p8 - 17 , p8 - 19 ) are preserved at the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , a . mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , 61–614 poznań , poland . additionally , 14 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 1 , p8 - 3 , p8 - 16 , p8 - 18 ) are deposited at natural history museum of “alexandru ioan cuza” university from iași ( bd . independentei no . 16 , 700101 ) , 4 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 7 , p8 - 12 ) are deposited at collection of binda and pilato ( museum of the department of animal biology “marcello la greca” , university of catania , italy ) and 5 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 2 , p8 - 10 , p8 - 11 ) are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .
the authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for help in improving of the english in the manuscript . we are also grateful to anonymous
reviewers for valuable remarks . this work was partially funded by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been partially conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) at the adam mickiewicz university in poznań , poland .
bartels pj , nelson dr , kaczmarek ł , michalczyk ł . ( 2014 )
tardigrades of the caucasus with a taxonomic analysis of the genus ramazzottius ( parachela : hypsibiidae ) .
botezat e . ( 1903 ) versammlung der gesellschaft deutscher naturforscher und ärzte , 74 . vers . 2 . teil , 1 . häfte .
botoșăneanu l , negrea s . ( 1961 ) une oasis aquatique à faune relique dans la plaine du danube inférieur . hydrobiologia , acta hydrobiologica , hydrographica et protistologica , den haag 18 ( 3 ) : 199–218 . [ tardigrada , 212 pp ]
ciobanu da , moglan i , zawierucha k , kaczmarek ł . ( 2014 ) new records of terrestrial tardigrades ( tardigrada ) from ceahlău national park with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on romanian water bears . north - western journal of zoology 10 : art . 140301 . urltoken
dastych h . ( 1980 ) niesporczaki ( tardigrada ) tatrzańskiego parku narodowego . monografie fauny polski 9 , 233 pp .
degma p , bertolani r , guidetti r . ( 2014 ) actual checklist of tardigrada species ( 2009–2014 , ver . 25 : 10 - 05 - 2014 ) . urltoken
kaczmarek ł , zawierucha k , smykla j , michalczyk ł . ( 2012b )
tardigrada of the revdalen ( spitsbergen ) with the descriptions of two new species : bryodelphax parvuspolaris ( heterotardigrada ) and isohypsibius coulsoni ( eutardigrada ) .
kaczmarek ł , cytan j , zawierucha k , diduszko d , michalczyk ł . ( 2014 )
tardigrades from peru ( south america ) , with descriptions of three new species of parachela .
michalczyk ł , wełnicz w , frohme m , kaczmarek ł . ( 2012a )
michalczyk ł , wełnicz w , frohme m , kaczmarek ł . ( 2012b )
contribuţiuni la cunoaşterea tardigradelor din r . p . r . studii şi cercetări de biologie , academia r . p . r .
ramazzottius thulini ( pilato , 1970 ) bona species and description of ramazzottius libycus sp . n . ( eutardigrada , ramazzottidae ) .
tardigradi del cile , con descrizione di quattro nuove specie e di una nuova variet .
beitrag zur kentnis der systematik und ökologie der tardigraden rumänies , mit besonderer berücksichtigung der bucovina .
zawierucha k , dziamięcki j , jakubowska n , michalczyk ł , kaczmarek ł . ( 2014 )
new tardigrade records for the baltic states with a description of minibiotus formosus sp . n . ( eutardigrada , macrobiotidae ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
there are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .
, is located mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion ( ca . 10 % ) in the northern hemisphere . it includes 12 sovereign countries . geographically , the western part of south america is dominated by the andes while the eastern part contains both highland regions and large river basins such as the amazon , paraná and orinoco . most of the continent lies in the tropics and the entire south american territory belongs to neotropical ecozone ( peel et al .
argentina , located in southern part of the continent , shares land borders with chile across the andes to the west , bolivia and paraguay to the north , brazil to the northeast , uruguay and the south atlantic ocean to the east and the drake passage to the south . argentina is the eighth largest country in the world and the second largest in latin america . it is subdivided into 23 provinces and one autonomous city - buenos aires . the exceptionally diverse climate depends on the geographic regional division and ranges from tropical in the north to subpolar in the far continental south ( edwards
río negro , one of the 23 provinces of argentina , is located at the northern edge of patagonia . the central region of the province is dominated by a series of plateaus and isolated hills with altitude ranging from 600 to 1 , 000 m asl . towards the west , the foothills of the andes are dominated by a series of low valleys . the climate of the province is temperate at low elevations and very harsh in the highest andean peaks ( edwards
the phylum tardigrada consists currently of ca . 1 , 200 species ( guidetti and bertolani
) . our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of south american water bears is poor and selective . to date , ca . 210 taxa ( including seven
) is known from many localities , from the antarctic through tropical and temperate to arctic regions ( michalczyk et al .
) , many new records and species have been reported from various localities throughout the world ( e . g . kaczmarek et al .
’ section ) . in this paper , two new species of this genus are described and illustrated . additionally , two new records of
species , with their wide and relatively short buccal tube connected with a large pharynx without placoids , are considered carnivorous , but details of their diet are still very poorly known . they can feed on rotiferas , nematodes , other tardigrades or even on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin
species ( and more general the entire family milnesiidae ) in connection with the different constructions of the buccal tube .
) . after extraction , all specimens , exuviae and eggs were fixed and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer ' s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi , olympus corporation , shinjuku - ku , japan ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometres [ μm ] .
morphometric data were handled using the ‘apochela’ ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek
) . structures were measured only if their orientations were suitable . body length was measured from the anterior to the posterior end of the body , excluding the hind legs . all measurements followed protocols in tumanov (
) . buccal tube width was measured at three points as suggested by michalczyk et al . (
] . configuration of the number of claw points on the secondary branches ( ‘claw configuration’ ) is given according to michalczyk et al . (
41°20′s , 71°30′w , ca . 850 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , mirador lago mascardi , moss from rock , coll . dawid diduszko , 22 february 2012 .
41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from rocks , coll . łukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .
41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from tree , coll . łukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .
41°12′s , 71°28′w , ca . 1 , 400 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , 1 . 5 km from refugio frey , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .
41°13′s , 71°27′w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , on the trail to refugio frey , near to van titter stream , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .
material examined : eighteen females , all from nahuel huapi national park , río negro , argentina , mosses samples from rocks and stones , coll . dawid diduszko , łukasz kaczmarek and marta prange .
additional material : two specimens in sample i , ten specimens in sample iii and two specimens in sample iv .
) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 7 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure
b ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .
n , number of specimens / structures measured ; sd , standard deviation ; ? , no data .
a ) . buccal tube rather narrow and long ( standard width on average 27 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 80 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
b ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i to iii present ( figure
tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .
locus typicus : argentina , 41°13′s , 71°27′w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl . , río negro province , nahuel huapi national park .
etymology : the new species is named after the country of argentina , where the species was collected .
type depositories : the holotype and 14 paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , poznań , poland ; two paratypes are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark and one paratype is deposited at collection of binda and pilato , museum of the department of animal biology ‘marcello la greca’ , university of catania , italy .
, known from china , colombia , costa rica and taiwan ( kaczmarek et al .
, known only from arizona and new mexico , u . s . a . ( meyer and hinton
material examined : seven females , all from nahuel huapi national park , río negro , argentina , moss sample from rocks , coll . łukasz kaczmarek .
) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 6 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure
d ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .
c ) . buccal tube wide and short ( standard width on average 62 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 72 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
d , e ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i - iii present ( figure
locus typicus : argentina , 41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl . , río negro , nahuel huapi national park .
etymology : this species is named after first author ' s secondary school biology teacher - mrs . beata ostasiewicz .
type depositories : the holotype and all paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , poznań , poland .
m . bohleberi by having sculptured dorsal cuticle and lower pt of peribuccal papillae length ( [ 18 . 0 - 23 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 32 . 3 ] in m . bohleberi ) .
m . alabamae by different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores arranged in bands ( especially in caudal region ) , densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . alabamae ) , presence of accessory points on main branches of claws , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 29 . 5 - 44 . 0 ] in m . alabamae ) .
m . antarcticum by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 35 . 4 - 43 . 9 ] in m . antarcticum ) and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 70 . 0 - 73 . 7 ] in m . antarcticum ) .
m . barbadosense by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 49 . 7 ] in m . barbadosense ) .
m . katarzynae by a different claw configuration ( [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in m . katarzynae ) , different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . katarzynae ) , presence of eyes , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 21 . 7 - 26 . 6 ] in m . katarzynae and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 73 . 3 - 78 . 3 ] in m . katarzynae ) .
localities and number of specimens in present studies : five females in sample vi .
) . this is a second report of the species and a new record for argentina .
, but this hypothesis needs to be confirmed . we strongly suggest that all specimens reported as
s . s . from this region should be re - examined and determined based on the modern taxonomic characters ( see also michalczyk et al .
) . this species is characterized by a very wide and relatively short buccal tube , claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] and smooth cuticle . recently , a similar species ( with a short and wide buccal tube ) ,
, was described from north america ( usa , north carolina and tennessee ) ( bartels et al .
) . in this situation , we suggest that the examples , especially from south and north america , should be re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .
localities and number of specimens in present studies : two females in sample ii .
) , such wide and discontinuous geographic distribution can suggest a complex of cryptic species , but testing this hypothesis requires molecular data which are not yet available . we suggest that at least the examples from europe should be carefully re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .
was considered to be a monotypic , highly cosmopolitan genus . however , currently there are more than 20 species within the genus and it is very likely that the zoogeographic range of
) . this unique subspecies is characterized by the presence of short spines on dorsal cuticle . it should be probably promoted to the species level , but the re - description based on type material ( or based on specimens collected in the type locality ) is necessary ( michalczyk et al .
species have been recorded from many localities throughout the world ( michalczyk et al .
was the only recognised species in the genus and it has been considered as an extremely cosmopolitan taxon ( e . g . ramazzotti and maucci
) and finally excluded from the list of tardigrade taxa at all . it was not until 1990 that binda and pilato described a new
, from tierra del fuego . later , new species were described only occasionally mainly due to the lack of a clear diagnosis of the nominal species
and described five new species . since this time , many new species have been described and now 25 taxa ( including the two new species described in this paper ) are known in the genus ( degma et al .
) . the majority of the newly described species are known only from their type localities and michalczyk et al . (
have truly restricted geographic ranges , as was also shown in other tardigrade genera ( e . g . pilato and binda
s . l . has a wide distribution in south america , however the presence of this species in this region is doubtful and needs confirmation . the present study seems to confirm this hypothesis , because although four
have rather a narrower geographic range ( restricted to holarctic or palearctic ) , although more extensive studies ( molecular ) are necessary in other regions of south america .
) , which can suggest the presence of cryptic species complexes or a specific distribution of some of the taxa ( e . g . pantropical for
) . in this situation , only detailed morphological and molecular studies could shed light on this issue .
very little is known about food preferences in tardigrades , although , many different types of food sources have been reported , i . e . plant cell fluids , algae , bacteria , protozoa and small invertebrates like nematodes , rotifers and other tardigrades ( for the review , see schill et al .
) . previous studies have focused on the following : a ) the rate of consumption , e . g . in the carnivorous
, e ) life histories of some species and f ) different aspects of tardigrade histology ( e . g . suzuki
are relatively large ( occasionally more than 2 mm but most often between 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 mm ) and inhabit mainly limno - terrestrial habitats ( guil
) . their buccal tube is wide , relatively short , connected with a large pharynx without placoids and associated with large buccal lamellae on a wide mouth ring , which is in agreement with the definition of the ‘carnivore type’ of buccal apparatus proposed by guidetti et al . (
species are considered carnivorous and feed on other small invertebrates like rotifers , nematodes , tardigrades and sometimes also on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin
species suck the entire prey into the gut rather than only single cells or body fluids ( mcinnes et al .
has the ability to properly orient their prey , so that the amoeba can be extracted by the sucking action and later the empty shell can be expelled . however , specific differences in the feeding behaviour in connection with the structure of buccal apparatus in different
( 7 specimens ) were studied . both species were found in the same region of nahuel huapi national park ( río negro province , argentina ) in a few moss samples . five specimens ( two specimens of
sp . nov . ) were found with the remnants of food ( rotifer mastaxes and tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws ) in their guts . both species were found in the moss samples ( sometimes also together in the same piece of moss ) that also contained rotifers , nematodes and other tardigrades (
species were able to choose from the same type of prey , because the prey were similar in every sample .
are larger ( 360 to 650 μm ) and more bulky ( a wider buccal tube is probably necessary to swallow them ) than typical rotifers which are shorter ( 100 to 500 μm ) and more slender ( a narrower buccal tube is sufficient to swallow them ) . although the numbers are small , these data suggest that the buccal tube width may affect the type of prey consumed . however , it should be also noted that mcinnes et al . (
thulin 1928 ) , which is in agreement with the observations made in the present research .
) observations nor the present research provided a definitive answer whether the buccal tube width has a crucial role in the choice of different types of prey , these studies are the basis for further , more comprehensive studies .
) . however , we know almost nothing about feeding behaviour and prey choice of the members of these monophyletic genera . only claxton (
that had remnants of rotifers in their guts . this is a very interesting observation , because this species has a very long and narrow buccal tube , similarly to the ‘rotifer - feeding’
based on the available data , it can be initially hypothesised that the species from the family milnesiidae with long and narrow buccal tubes ( e . g .
) in contrast to the species with relatively short and wide buccal tubes ( e . g .
or testate amoebae ) . certainly , such conclusions based only on the ‘post - mortem’ studied specimens give us only very limited knowledge on the food that had been eaten just before death ( preservation ) of the animal . such information needs confirmation in further , more detailed experimental studies with molecular methods ( e . g . schill et al .
) or based directly on the observations in cultured animals ( e . g . suzuki
the authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for very valuable comments to the manuscript and help in improving of the english . this work was partially supported by the polish ministry of science and higher education via the ‘iuventus plus’ programme ( grant : ip2010 015570 , invertebrate biodiversity in temporary ponds of costa rica - verification of the ‘great american biotic interchange’ hypothesis ) and by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) .
mr examined and analysed the material , identified and described the species , made the measurements , figures and tables and drafted the manuscript . mo made the measurements and tables . łk collected part of the material , invented the research conception , analysed the examined material , identified and described the species , corrected tables and drafted the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
bertolani r , grimaldi d ( 2000 ) a new eutardigrade ( tardigrada : milnesiidae ) in amber from the upper cretaceous ( turonian ) of new jersey . in : grimaldi d ( ed ) studies on fossils in amber , with particular reference to the cretaceous of new jersey . backhuys publishers , leiden the netherlands , pp 103–110
binda mg , pilato g ( 1972 ) tardigradi muscicoli di sicilia ( iv nota ) . boll accad gioenia sci nat catania 11 : 47–60
binda mg , pilato g ( 1990 ) tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes , i .
, new species of eutardigrade from southern patagonia and tierra del fuego . entomol mit zool mus hamb 13 : 151–158
ciobanu da , moglan i , zawierucha k , kaczmarek ł ( 2014a ) new records of terrestrial tardigrades ( tardigrada ) from ceahlău national park with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on romanian water bears . north - west j zool 10 : art . 140301
sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys 429 : 1–11
claps mc , rossi gc ( 1981 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . ii rev soc entomol arg 40 ( 1–4 ) : 107–114
claps mc , rossi gc ( 1984 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . iv . acta zool lilloana 38 : 45–50
claps mc , rossi gc ( 1988 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . vi iheringia 67 : 3–11
claps mc , rossi gc ( 1997 ) tardigrados de uruguay , com descripcion de dos nuevas especies ( echiniscidae , macrobiotidae ) . iheringia sér zool 83 : 17–22
( tardigrada : macrobiotidae ) with descriptions of eleven new species from australia . rec aust mus 50 : 125–160
gen . n . sp . n . , a new tardigrade from australia ( tardigrada : milnesiidae ) . zool anz 238 : 183–190
dastych h ( 1980 ) niesporczaki ( tardigrada ) tatrzańskiego parku narodowego . monogr faun pol pwn krakow 9 : 1–232
dastych h ( 1984 ) the tardigrada from antartica with description of several new species . acta zool cracov 27 : 377–436
du bois - reymond marcus , 1944 ( tardigrada ) from the venezuelan andes . a biol benrod 10 : 91–101
de barros r ( 1943 ) tardigrados de estado de sao paulo , brasil . iii . gêneros
degma p , guidetti r ( 2007 ) notes to the current checklist of tardigrada . zootaxa 1579 : 41–53
group ) from the colombian andes ( south america ) . zootaxa 1731 : 1–23
degma p , bertolani r , guidetti r ( 2014 ) actual checklist of tardigrada species ( 2009–2014 , ver . 26 : 10 - 07 - 2014 ) .
doyère m ( 1840 ) memoire sur les tardigrades . ann sci nat zool paris ser 2 ( 14 ) : 269–362
du bois - reymond me ( 1944 ) sobre tardígrados brasileiros . comun zool mus hist nat monte 1 ( 13 ) : 1–19
edwards tl ( 2008 ) argentina : a global studies handbook . abc - clio , santa barbara , ca , usa
guidetti r , bertolani r ( 2001 ) the tardigrades of emilia ( italy ) . iii . piane di mocogno ( northern apennines ) . zool anz 240 : 377–383
guidetti r , bertolani r ( 2005 ) tardigrade taxonomy : an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification . zootaxa 845 : 1–46
guidetti r , altiero t , marchioro t , sarzi amade l , avdonina am , bertolani r , rebecchi l ( 2012 ) form and function of the feeding apparatus in eutardigrada ( tardigrada ) . zoomorphol 131 ( 2 ) : 127–148
group of species ( tardigrada : macrobiotidae ) . j nat hist 47 ( 37–38 ) : 2409–2426
heinis f ( 1914 ) die moosfauna columbiens . mém soc sci nat neu 5 : 713–724
hinton jg , meyer ha , soileau bn , dupuid ap ( 2013 ) tardigrada of the caribbean island of dominica ( west indies ) . j limnol 72 ( s1 ) : 108–112
hohberg k , traunspurger w ( 2005 ) predator–prey interaction in soil food web : functional response , size - dependent foraging efficiency , and the influence of soil texture . biol fert 41 ( 6 ) : 419–427
hohberg k , traunspurger w ( 2009 ) foraging theory and partial consumption in a tardigrade - nematode system . behav ecol 20 ( 4 ) : 884–890
, in the young soils of a post - mining site . j zool syst evol res 49 ( s1 ) : 62–65
holt bg , lessard jp , borregaard mk , fritz sa , araújo mb , dimitrov d , fabre ph , graham ch , graves gr , jønsson ka , bravo dn , wang z , whittaker rj , fjeldså j , rahbek c ( 2013 ) an update of wallace ' s zoogeographic regions of the world . science 339 ( 6115 ) : 74–78
horning d , schuster r , grigarick a ( 1978 ) tardigrada of new zealand . new zeal j zool 5 : 185–280
iharos g ( 1963 ) the zoological results of gy . topal ' s collections in south argentina , 3 . tardigrada . ann hist natur ms nat hung budapest 55 : 293–299
jerez jaimes jh , narváez parra ex ( 2001 ) tardigrados ( animalia , tardigrada ) de la reserva el diviso - santander , colombia . biota colomb 2 : 145–151
johansson c , miller wr , linder et , adams bj , boreliz - alvarado e ( 2013 ) tardigrades of alaska : distribution patterns , diversity and species richness . polar res 32 : 18793


spathodus marlieri is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it is only known from the northern portion of the lake .

this species prefers areas with rocky substrates in very shallow waters to a depth of about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

spathodus marlieri

spathodus erythrodon is similar to marlieri in teeth only . in fact , it is hard to distinguish spathodus erythrodon from eretmodus cyanostictus except for the teeth . both species of spathodus have long and cylindrical teeth . erythrodon is imported to the u . s . on a somewhat regular basis .
spathodus marlieri is the monster of the group , with females reaching 2 . 5
and males a whopping 4
. it is the least likely to be seen in the aquarium of hobbyists . its reputation is one of nastiness and an overall bad attitude . it is reported to be a maternal mouthbrooder though i cannot speak from first hand experience with this fish . if anyone reading this has kept this fish , please let me know !
the
gobies
are typically thought of as being one of five species from three geneses . the list includes spathodus marlieri , spathodus erythrodon , eretmodus cyanostictus , eretmodus
cyanostictus north
, and lastly tanganicodus irsacae . all of these are mouthbrooders and all of them live in the shallow water or surge habitat of the lake . males tend to be larger than females and may contain a bit more color . of course , none of the gobies are particularly striking when it comes to color but they sure make up for that in their comical personalities . it may be why these fish are also called
clown
cichlids in europe . they also appear to be a bit comical in appearance as well .
except for spathodus marlieri , all gobies are bi - parental mouthbrooders . the female holds the eggs for the first ten days or so then she exchanges the eggs to the male for the next ten days . pairs of gobies stay close to one another throughout the aquarium whether breeding or not . it is quite endearing to see a pair of fish journeying around the tank , never straying far from its partner . spawns are usually under 25 fry , although my experience has shown counts smaller than that .
in the wild they are found alone or in pairs . their routine is different from their cousin the blue goby cichlid spathodus erythrodon , who ' hops ' from place to place . rather , they will swim long distances along the substrate looking for food . they feed by picking algae and micro - organisms living in the algae from the rocks .
maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . spathodus . p . 458 - 459 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5695 )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
greek , spathe = sword + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range ? - 2 m . tropical ; 25°c - 27°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 3°s - 6°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5695 ) ; common length : 7 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6770 )
swims over rock bottom for long distances , alone or in pairs , instead of jumping from place to place between pebbles as s . erythrodon does . feeds by picking microorganisms from the rock biocover ( ref . 6770 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
piranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
fish information for african cichlids - lake malawi , lake tanganyika , lake victoria , west african cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases .
fish information and habitats for dwarf cichlid aquariums , includes types of cichlids like the ram cichlids , kribensis and more .
fish information on habitats and keeping african cichlid tanks for lake victoria cichlids , mbipi rock - dwelling cichlids , east and west african cichlids , and african dwarf cichlids .
fish information and habitats for large cichlid aquariums , types of cichlids like the parrot cichlid , firemouth cichlid , green terror , oscar , texas cichlid and more .
fish information on the lake malawi cichlids known as the
haps
, haplochromis group habitats and cichlids tanks for free - swimming types of cichlids , including the utaka .
fish information on peacock cichlids , aulonocara types of cichlids from lake malawi , their habitats and keeping african cichlids tanks .
fish information for south american cichlids , central american cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases for south american cichlid aquariums .
fish information on the types of cichlids from lake tanganyika , tropheus cichlids , frontosa , goby cichlids , shelldwellers and more , habitats and cichlids tanks for tanganyika cichlids .
lake malawi cichlids known as zebra cichlids . fish information on the mbuna cichlids , habitats , and cichlids tanks for these rock - dwelling types of cichlids .
enter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .
enter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .
fish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .
dr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .
we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
is the largest , and also the most tolerant of the lake tanganyika gobies . while the females are smaller at 2 . 5” ( 6 . 4 cm ) , the males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length . this species is commonly called
plain ,
but perhaps that ' s because it is not quite as brilliantly adorned as the other gobies . yet this fish it actually very pretty . it has a body colored in dark brown splotches and is topped with electric sky blue dots on the front half .
this cichlid is fascinating in both appearance and in personality . they will spend much of its time swimming over the bottom searching for food , but will also use their rigid pectoral fins to ' perch ' on the substrate . their color patterning is designed to help camouflage them in nature . in the aquarium this patterning and their and swimming style gives their keepers the impression that they are playing ' hide and seek . ' . their larger size also makes them more visible than their smaller cousins .
plain goby cichlids are an intriguing choice for the cichlid enthusiast who has limited space and cannot provide a large aquarium . as long as their needs are met , aquarists with some experience will find they are easy to moderate to care for . provide stacked rocks with lots of caves and crevices for hiding and flat stones in the front for perching . some natural sunlight will help algae growth on the stones , which the gobies relish . an extra enjoyment for these fish is adding a wave - making box , similar to those used in aquariums , which will simulate the water surge of their natural environment .
these cichlids can be kept alone or in pairs but are generally not tolerant of their own species or other goby cichlids . in fact they are said to be the most aggressive of the tanganyikan gobies . they primarily inhabit the bottom of the tank so can be housed with some other mid - water cichlids . avoid other cichlids that are too large or boisterous , like the mbuna from lake malawi . good tankmates are species that inhabit the upper and middle areas of the aquarium rather than the lower substrate areas of these fish .
the goby cichlids from lake tanganyika are an intriguing and attractive group of fish .
goby cichlids are members of the eretmodini tribe belonging to the pseudocrenilabrinae subfamily under the cichlidae family . currently there are five recognized species of eretmodines placed in three genera : plain goby cichlid
these fish are unique in the natural environment where they are found and in body shape .
scientists speculate that their body shape is most likely an adaptation to their environment . they are small fish , give or take around 3
in length . they live close to the shore in shallow waters , usually less than 3 feet ( 1 m ) and never more than 10 feet ( 3 m ) . the sandy substrate is strewn with rocks and pebbles . these are fast moving waters subject to ' surge ' , where the shoreline is continuously washed with wind driven waves .
the shallow waters get good sunlight penetration and have relatively clear visibility , but the goby cichlids are difficult to see . their interesting color patterns that can readily be seen in the aquarium create a camouflage in the wild .
the rocky rubble substrate has plenty of healthy algae growth which houses small crustaceans and insect larvae . this provides a diverse diet for this bottom dwelling cichlid .
there are few aquatic predators in such shallow water , but these areas are preyed upon by birds . the goby cichlids forage the substrate with their snout like mouths while with their eyes , mounted high on the head , and their heavily spined dorsal fin help them evade airborne predators .
the rugged water movement of the ' surge zone ' requires special adaptations so that these shallow dwelling fish do not get picked up and dashed into the rocks .
their swim bladder is greatly reduced giving them little buoyancy . this keeps them close to the bottom and makes for a rather comical hopping motion when they swim .
their pelvic fins are positioned downward and have stiff heavy spines . perching on their pelvic fins helps them cling to the substrate and maintain their position in the fast moving waters .
was described by poll in 1950 . these fish are endemic to the northern end of lake tanganyika , africa . this species is listed on the iucn red list of threatened species as least concern ( lc ) as they are widespread along their range in the northern parts of lake . although they are at risk due to increased siltation , it is not significant enough to consider them threatened .
they prefer the top part of the water column , not often venturing below 6 . 5 feet ( 2 m ) . they inhabit the rubble or pebble edges of the shoreline , called the ' surge zone . ' this area is continually washed by waves that are driven by the wind . this water has a ph of over 9 due to the releases of oxygen at the shore called “faunal exhaust . ”
the plain goby cichlid is a small , moderately elongated fish , but they are the largest of the tanganyikan gobies . the females are smaller at 2 . 5” ( 6 . 4 cm ) , but the males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length . their average life span of the tanganyikan gobies is said to be approximately 3 - 5 years , though like other african cichlids they may live longer when well maintained and provided proper diet and care .
the body of this fish has darker brown splotches with electric sky blue dots on the front half of the body . the back half is a lighter plain color and the belly is lighter still . the dorsal , tail , and anal fins are a very light blue tipped in a muted gold and lined in brown .
they have a uniquely shaped mouth with their top lip almost looking like an “overbite” . their eyes are located toward the top of their head . these cichlids have one row of teeth on each side of their jaw that are long and curved with tips that are blunt , used for eating algae off of rocks . all cichlids share a common feature that some saltwater fish such as wrasses and parrotfish have and that is a well - developed pharyngeal set of teeth that are in the throat , along with their regular teeth .
with the name goby , one would rightly picture a hopping motion that these fish use due to the absence of a swim bladder . their pectoral fins are heavy , sharp and located lower than other cichlids . they use these fins in an almost
foot
like application by pointing them straight down and digging into the rock or rubble to keep from being thrown around by waves .
cichlids have spiny rays in the back parts of the anal , dorsal , pectoral , and pelvic fins to help discourage predators . the front part of these fins are soft and perfect for precise positions and effortless movements in the water as opposed to fast swimming . cichlids have one nostril on each side while other fish have 2 sets . to sense “smells” in the water , they suck water in and expel the water right back out after being “sampled” for a short or longer time , depending on how much the cichlid needs to “smell” the water . this feature is also shared by saltwater damselfish and cichlids are thought to be closely related .
4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - females grow to 2 . 5” ( 6 . 4 cm ) , but males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length .
3 years - the lifespan of lake tanganyikan gobies is said to be 3 - 5 years , but as with other african cichlids , they may live longer with proper care .
the plain goby cichlids are suggested for the intermediate aquarists due to their sensitivity and specific requirements . they are easy to moderate to care for , but they are aggressive and they require top - notch water conditions . diligent attention must be given to their requirements of diet and habitat . the aquarists must also be willing to do frequent water changes and provide appropriate tank mates .
the lake tanganyikan goby species are rather expensive fish that have rather specific , though uncomplicated needs . they are fine in an aquarium of 30 gallons or more and can be kept in a cichlid community . but their tank needs to have good filtration with highly oxygenated water , and their diet must consist of a variety of quality foods .
intermediate - these fish must have appropriate tankmates and require attention to diet and tank care .
the plain goby cichlid is an omnivore . in the wild they pick algae and microorganisms from the rock biocover . in the aquarium they can be fed nutritious live foods , tablets , and some will accept frozen or flake . flakes are often accepted by captive bred fish though captive caught fish are less enthusiastic . a varied died is important however , as a diet consisting of just flakes has been said to contribute to bloat .
provide a diet of high quality spirulina or vegetables such as blanched chopped peas , broccoli or lettuce . also feed crustaceans , cyclops , brine shrimp , glassworms , or other special foods for lake tanganyika cichlids . on rare occasions you can feed bloodworms , but high protein foods such as shellfish , meat ( especially animal meat ) and other worms should be avoided . all fish benefit from vitamins and supplements added to their foods . feed smaller amounts of 2 to 5 small pinches of food several times a day instead of a large quantity once a day .
some of diet - avoid high protein foods such as shellfish , animal meat , and worms .
several feedings per day - generally feed 2 - 3 small feedings a day rather than a single large feeding for better water quality .
the plain goby cichlid needs diligent maintenance for good water quality . regular partial water changes are very important and removing any uneaten foods will help prevent disease . do water changes of 10 % to 15 % a week , or more frequent changes depending on the nitrite / ammonia levels and stocking numbers .
the lake tanganyika cichlids cannot handle large water changes very well unless the new water chemistry closely matches the water they are in . if a large water change is needed , changing 15 % every couple of days should bring water back to normal . this inability to tolerate large water changes is due to lake tanganyika being very deep and the water tends to stay stable .
weekly - water changes of 10 % to 15 % a week are recommended .
the plain goby cichlids will swim mostly on the bottom and occasionally in the middle areas of the tank . though they are a smaller cichlid they are shy and need a minimum 30 gallon aquarium . a tank that is 4 foot long , 75 gallon or more , is better for long term maintenance and if you wish to keep a cichlid community . they need good water movement along with very strong and efficient filtration . extra aeration is suggested for the aquarium to provide optimal oxygen levels . lake tanganyika is a very oxygen rich lake , and in nature these cichlids occur in the
surge
zones near the shore where the water is always high in oxygen .
with a fine sand substrate , undergravel filtration is very difficult to implement . an external canister filter or hang on tank filter can be used as long as the flow rate is higher than required for your particular tank because of the oxygenation that is required . make sure the intakes are well above the sand and have a protective cover to prevent sand from entering the filter , or the impeller will wear out quickly .
for lake tanganyika cichlids the water needs to be well buffered and maintained with small , regular water changes . they do fine in either freshwater or brackish freshwater . the surge zone areas of lake tanganyika have a ph of over 9 . this is due to the releases of oxygen at the shore called ' faunal exhaust ' . keep an eye on ph parameters for the goby cichlids . a higher ph means that ammonia is more lethal , so water changes are a must for these fish . in addition keep an eye on total hardness and carbonate hardness . avoid overfeeding and overstocking .
the best set up is a system of caves that reach almost to the water surface , formed by rocks or flowerpots . though they primarily inhabit the bottom parts of the tank , this provides a higher refuge for the female when the male gets aggressive . laying stones at the bottom and front of the tank for perching and growing the algae the gobies relish is also suggested . positioning the tank near natural sunlight will encourage growing this beneficial algae .
a sandy substrate is needed as it is thought to aid in the goby cichlid’s digestion . it is helpful to use sand that is designed for marine aquariums which will help keep the ph high . salt is sometimes used as a buffering agent to increase the water ' s carbonate hardness . an alternative buffering approach is to use a chemical filtration method , where the water passes through layers of crushed coral or coral sand .
although rift lake cichlids need hard alkaline water they are not found in brackish waters . this cichlid has some salt tolerance so can be kept in slightly brackish water conditions . however it not suited to a full brackish water tank . salinity must be less than about 10 % of a normal saltwater tank , a specific gravity of less than 1 . 0002 .
for freshwater an optional practice is to add 1 heaping teaspoon of salt per 11 gallons of water . this is considered to be a simple and natural remedy for wounds , minor fungal infections and film over the eyes of fish in transit . tanganyika cichlids also need iodine for the thyroid to function properly to regulate growth and development , and which can be achieved by adding iodized table salt to the water . be very careful to not add too much salt as this may cause bloat . using a marine salt ( used for salt water fish ) will add some trace elements .
30 gal ( 114 l ) - the minimum size for a pair of these cichlids is 30 gallons but a 4 foot long , 75 + gallon tank will be needed to keep a cichlid community .
moderate - normal lighting - normal lighting is okay , but stronger lighting will help with algae growth .
sometimes - can tolerate a low salinity , but must be less than 10 % of a normal saltwater tank , a specific gravity of less than 1 . 0002 .
the plain goby cichlid is a community cichlid that can be kept with smaller mid - water swimming cichlids . they can be kept alone or in pairs , but are generally not tolerant of their own species when not paired up . in the wild they are the more tolerant of other goby species , but in the aquarium it is a gamble . in fact , this species has a reputation as one of the most abrasive gobies in the aquarium with an overall bad attitude towards conspecifics . they do best in a species specific tank if you want to see much of them or breed them .
they can be kept with some other cichlids , but will feel threatened and hide if the other fish swim in the lower regions or compete for the same foods . they will stay hidden in the rockwork but won ' t get hurt . housing with mid - water fish gives them more “room” and allows them to come out of hiding . avoid other cichlids that are too large or boisterous , like the mbuna from lake malawi . good tankmates are species that inhabit the upper and middle areas of the aquarium rather than the lower substrate areas of these fish .
semi - aggressive - is generally compatible with mid - water cichlids of similar size but not with the same species .
sometimes - mostly intolerant of their own species , but can be kept as a pair .
males and females have an almost identical appearance , but when adults , the males are larger and develop a more pronounced hump on the forehead .
the plain goby cichlid has been bred in captivity . these are the only gobies in the cichlidae family that are not biparental mouthbrooders . this may be because they are the largest of the gobies , allowing the female to carry the eggs full term . only the female cares for the young from beginning to end . a strong bond between the male and female is established by buying around 6 juvenile goby cichlids and waiting for them to pair . once they pair , remove the other fish . just buying a male and female that are not paired will end in the female being harassed to death .
the female will clear a flat spot in the tank and display to attract the male . she will lay only 1 or 2 eggs and then immediately pick them up in her mouth . the male then swims over and the female nuzzles his vent until he releases sperm , which she takes into her mouth to fertilize the eggs . she will do this over and over until 10 to 30 orange / yellow eggs are produced . the number is dependant on her age and nutritional levels .
the female carries the eggs through hatching and the full development of the fry . the female releases the fry at night , only letting out a few at a time in different areas . the female waits until they find a hiding place but if a fry does not seek shelter , the female pulls it back into her mouth before she moves on .
provide small shells and piles of small stones for the fry to hide in after they are released . be sure to cover intakes with screen . if there is a need to remove the 10 mm ( . 3” ) long fry , wait until the female is done releasing the fry so as not to disturb her .
feed the fry artemia nauplii and powdered spirulina flake , and within a few weeks they will graze on algae . they double their size in 6 weeks . in 4 to 5 months , they will reach . 9” to 1 . 1” ( 2 . 5 - 3 cm ) and are sexually mature between the 10th and 14th month after the female releases them . in the case of a male being too aggressive toward the female , she can be separated from the male . see more information on breeding cichlids in breeding freshwater fish : cichlids .
the goby cichlids are relatively hardy as long as diligent attention is paid to maintaining their environment and diet . these fish are susceptible to typical fish ailments , especially if water is stale and of poor quality and has low oxygenation . an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure . water changes , not overfeeding or overcrowding , and observation along with feeding your fish the proper foods ( thawing frozen food and adding vitamins ) will keep them in optimum health . for freshwater an optional practice is to add 1 heaping teaspoon of salt per 11 gallons of water . this is considered to be a simple and natural remedy for wounds , minor fungal infections and film over the eyes of fish in transit .
one common problem is ich . it can be treated with the elevation of the tank temperature to 86° f ( 30° c ) for 3 days . if that does not cure the ich , then the fish needs to be treated with copper ( remove any water conditioners ) . several copper based fish medications are available for ich . copper use must be kept within the proper levels , so be sure to follow the manufacturers suggestions . you can also combine increasing the temperature with an ich medication treatment . a copper test also can be used to keep the proper levels .
as with most fish they are susceptible to skin flukes and other parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , fungal infections , and bacterial infections . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the plain goby cichlid is quite rare online or in fish stores . you may be able to special order , but these cichlids are relatively costly and price varies depending on age and size .
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 2 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1993
mark phillip smith , lake tanganyika cichlids , a complete pet owners manual , 2nd edition , barron ' s educational series , inc . 2007
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
rhett butler ,
cichlids - lake tanganyika
, mongabay . com , referenced online , 2007
glen s . axelrod , rift lake cichlids , t . f . h . publications , inc . , 1979
copyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : a widespread species of the shallow surf zone in the northern parts of lake tanganyika . it is threatened by increased siltation but is sufficiently widespread so as not to qualify as threatened .
endemic to lake tanganyika where it is distributed in northern the part of lake .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
where as some fish are from lake tanganyika are overrated , some are actually not given enough credit . a great example of this would be any of the goby cichlids from lake tanganyika .
all gobies have a somewhat
deflated swim bladder making them look like they
hop
across the bottom of the aquarium . they also have a snout - like head and eyes placed high on the head as well . all gobies have a spiny dorsal fin designed to deter birds . this dorsal fin can also be a bit of a hassle in an aquarium net .
all gobies graze through the algae layer on the rocks , eating both algae and the small organisms living among it . in the aquarium i like to feed them spirulina based flakes and other typical fare . they are not picky eaters and adapt to any food pretty easily . they are not strictly vegetarians .
i will briefly discuss all five species of gobies but , will concentrate on the few that i have kept in my aquariums .
eretmodus cyanostictus and eretmodus
cyanostictus north
are basically the same fish except that the northern type has a more underslung mouth . i really enjoyed keeping this fish . i kept a male of the northern type in a large tanganyikan community tank several years ago . he had a strange nature about him . first , he enjoyed playing hide and seek . ok , ok , he never did close his eyes and count but he used to take turns peering behind a large rock in the center of the aquarium . when you looked at him on the right side of the rock , he would scoot around it and look at you from the left side of the rock . when you leaned over to look at him on the left side of the rock he would go to the right side . it was really crazy . i have multiple witnesses to this spectacle and people would laugh out loud at this nutty fish . of the thousands of fish i kept over the years this is one of the few that my wife , brenda , named . his name was charlie . you ' re not going to get me to admit i called him charlie but my wife did . another strange thing was even though i fed ( how do i say this ? ) charlie , he was more apt to come to the front of the tank from behind his big rock when she was there . talk about weird , it happened every time . alas , charlie is no longer with us and my wife has never attached herself to a fish again .
though this eretmodus was a great fish , i got lucky enough to receive a pair that was from bemba . this pair had some orange between their vertical stripes and they had some bright blue spots . they were the best looking gobies i have ever seen and they spawned well for me . the male was about 3 . 25
and the female a bit smaller then that . they were a wild pair and i understand why wild gobies are so popular ; they are inexpensive for wild fish and the fry take a long time to grow up . anyone who had grown up any altolamprologus can appreciate the growth rate of this fish . i would dare to say it is about as slow as any cichlid ! the babies i had from this pair were always in high demand from anyone who saw them .
lastly there is the smallest of the bunch , tanganicodus irsacae . a wild pair i owned consisted of an adult male at 2 . 5
and a female at 2
. they had nice neon blue dots on them and a pointy mouth . not quite like the snout - like mouth of the other gobies . unfortunately the male never seemed particularly pleased with the female and he always chased her around the tank . she died a few months after i got her , probably from the stress of being chased all the time . i would like to try them again when i get the chance .
speaking of chances , why not give one of the tanganyikan gobies a chance and see why i believe this is one underrated fish .
if you like to see a regular article on new world cichlids similar to this one , ask del calhoun . he promised me two years ago if i took up writing a regular cichlid article that he would do one as well . if you don ' t know who del is , you can find him hanging out in the hall during meetings with a diet coke attached to his left hand . this leaves his right hand free for writing . don ' t be shy . he thinks people who enjoy south american cichlids can ' t read but i don ' t believe that ' s really true . but then again maybe . . . □
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .