the black howler ( alouatta caraya ) is a species of howler monkey , a large new world monkey , from northeastern argentina , eastern bolivia , eastern and southern brazil , and paraguay .

together with the brown howler , it is the southernmost member of the alouatta genus .

only the adult male is black ; adult females and juveniles of both genders are overall whitish to yellowish-buff .

however , variations occur even among the adult males ; some have patches of reddish-brown or buff fur .

they live in groups of three to 19 individuals ( usually seven to 9 ) .

the sex ratio is usually one to three males for every seven to nine females in a group .

when mating , males and females within a single group pair off .

named for their vocalizations , they may be heard most often around sunrise .

this " dawn chorus " sounds much more like roaring than howling , and it announces the howlers ' position as a means to avoiding conflict with other groups .

the call can be heard up to 5 km away .

these monkeys commonly sleep or rest up to 70 % of the day , making it one of the least active monkeys in the new world .

their habitat is forest , especially semideciduous and gallery .

black howlers are folivorous , eating mostly leaves , and occasionally fruit , such as figs .

they generally prefer walking and climbing to running or leaping .

the prehensile tail is very strong and acts as a fifth limb , allowing the monkeys greater versatility when climbing and allowing them greater safety in the occasional fall from a high branch .

because their limb structure makes terrestrial movement awkward , they spend most of their time in the trees and only come down for water during dry spells .

otherwise , the monkeys drink by wetting their hands on moist leaves , and then licking the water off their hands .

their lifespans are up to 20 years , but more commonly 15 years in the wild .

in argentina it is commonly kept as a pet due to its gentle nature .

black howler

black howler monkey , central american black howler , guatemalan black howler monkey , guatemalan howler , guatemalan howling monkey , mexican black howler monkey .
despite being called black howler monkeys , only the male is actually black - the female is blonde in colour .
shoemaker , a . 1979 . reproduction and development of the black howler monkey .
pictures of belizean mammals . featuring pictures , photos of the black howler monkey .
black howler monkeys are not currently classed as endangered as most are found in protected areas .
together with european zoos , bristol zoo is maintaining a population of black howler monkeys in human care .
black howler monkeys are one of the few primate species with different coat colors in males and females . males have a black coat , while females are blonde .
you find our black howler monkeys in the south american mixed species exhibit , which they share with our armadillos .
the black howler monkey is found from the dry forests of central brazil into the rainforests of paraguay , argentina , and bolivia .
howler monkeys are among the largest and noisiest of the ‘new world’ monkeys . although called black , it is only the adult males that are black . the females and infants are a pale grey / beige .
calegaro - marques , c . , j . bicca - marques . 1993 . allomaternal care in black howler monkey ( alouatta caraya ) .
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howler monkeys have beards and long , thick hair which may be black , brown , or red . the red howler species is the most common , but it is often targeted by hunters eager for bushmeat . other species of howler monkey may be critically endangered over sections of their ranges .
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monkey magic at the zoo for sixteen years , robin brockett lived in belize and pioneered howler monkey rehabilitation and release work . howler monkey . . .
the guatemalan black howler is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
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black howler monkeys can be found in southern brazil , paraguay , eastern bolivia , and northern argentina . they live in primary , arid deciduous , and broadleaf forests .
being imported to the u . s . for use as laboratory animals little else has been reported about their use . several black howler monkeys can be found in zoos .
are also sexually dichromatic . males usually have black hair , which gives the species the common name of black howler monkey . females however have more yellow - brown or olive colored hair . infants are born with a golden coat , which changes as the animal matures .
rodrigues , f . , j . marinho - filho . 1995 . feeding on a marsh - living herbaceous plant by black howler monkeys ( alouatta caraya ) in central brazil .
whilst black howler monkeys are not officially threatened with extinction - they are classified as a species of least concern - as with many other species in south america their habitat is being steadily destroyed .
the black howler monkey , known as the
baboon
in belize , is the largest monkey in belize and one of the largest in the americas . throughout most of its range , the howler monkey is endangered from hunting and habitat destruction . fortunately , belize has a healthy population of these loudest of primates .
howler monkeys filmed in belize . various locations : pook ' s hlll lodge , caracol , baboon sanctuary
the guatemalan black howler is found in belize , northern guatemala , south - eastern mexico and possibly northern honduras ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . this species can often be observed in the vicinity of mayan archaeological sites ( 2 ) .
black howler monkeys are one of the few primate species with different coat colors in males and females—a trait called sexual dimorphism , which is a broad term that includes differences in size , behavior , and other characteristics between males and females of the same species . males have a black coat , while females are blonde . black howler monkeys have a prehensile tail without hair on the bottom side , which they use for grasping during locomotion . the upper molars have sharp , shearing crests that are used in grinding leaves . they move slowly using a quadrupedal mode of locomotion and they have five - toed , grasping feet . the large hyoid bone ( adam ' s apple ) that allows for their loud call restricts arm movement , so howler monkeys rely heavily on their tail for locomotion .
the guatemalan black howler is known to occur in six protected areas : cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary , guanacaste and monkey bay national parks ( belize ) ; rio dulce and tikal national parks ( guatemala ) ; and palenque national park ( mexico ) ( 2 ) .
howlers are among the largest monkeys in the americas , and the guatemalan black howler ( alouatta pigra ) is among the largest of the genus ( 4 ) . the guatemalan black howler has a notably long , silky , dense coat of black fur with traces of brown on the shoulders , cheeks and back ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . a slight crest exists on the crown , and males over the age of four months have a conspicuous white scrotum ( 2 ) . the arms and legs are long but stout , and the tail is prehensile , lacks hair on its underside , and is used like a fifth limb to grasp branches and anchor the body ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
females generally give birth every two years , resulting in one offspring after a 180 - day gestation period . both sexes are blond until age 2 . 5 , when males turn black . they reach sexual maturity around 18 months . tongue flicking is a ritualized display of sexual solicitation , with an easily visible pink tongue with black bordering .
silver , s . c . , ostro , l . e . t . , yeager , c . p . and horwich , r . ( 1998 ) feeding ecology of the black howler monkey ( alouatta pigra ) in northern belize . american journal of primatology , 45 : 263 - 279 . available at : urltoken
treves , a . and brandon , k . ( 2005 ) tourism impacts on the behavior of black howler monkeys ( alouatta pigra ) at lamanai , belize . in : paterson , j . d . ( ed ) commensalism and conflict : the primate - human interface . university of oklahoma , tulsa . available at : urltoken
these monkeys are hunted for food and used as bait in traps . they are also threatened due to habitat destruction . agricultural development , particularly for soy and cattle , are the primary drivers of habitat loss . hunting is for subsistence , and is not in great amounts . black howler monkeys occur in many protected areas throughout their range .
th guatemalan black howler is found in primary and secondary lowland tropical rainforest and semi - deciduous forest ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . one survey suggested riverine and seasonally flooded areas are particularly attractive to this species ( 9 ) . although primarily arboreal , individuals living in mangrove swamps have occasionally been seen to swim from one small island to another ( 2 ) .
peres , c . 1997 . effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities on neotropical forests : a case study of howler monkeys ( alouatta spp . ) .
in their phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b gene , nascimento et al . ( 2005 ) showed that populations of alouatta caraya from santa cruz , bolivia ( chaco ) are differentiated from those in various localities in the state of mato grosso and ( one specimen ) goiás further north . this indicates the possibility of two taxa of the black howler monkey , rather than just one .
howler monkeys are herbivores . in the zoo , they are given fresh leaves , mixed fruit and vegetables , granary bread , nuts , sunflower seeds and specially made primate dietary supplements .
leaves and fruit form the bulk of the diet , although flowers and insects may also be eaten . like other members of its genus , the guatemalan black howler has large salivary glands that help to break down the tannins in the leaves they eat ( 6 ) . this monkey is mainly active in the morning and evening , but also remains busy throughout the day ( 5 ) .
bicca - marques , j . , c . calegaro - marquez . 1998 . behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually and developmentally dichromatic neotropical primate , the black - and - gold howling monkey ( alouatta caraya ) .
howler monkeys are vegetarians , feeding on flowers , fruits and leaves . within belize , a special community based conservation organization has protected land along the belize river for the howler , ensuring that their food trees are not destroyed to make way for pasture . this
community baboon sanctuary
has supplied numerous animals for translocation throughout belize , most successfully within the cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary .
the guatemalan black howler is threatened throughout most of its range from hunting and habitat destruction ( 10 ) . suitable forest habitat has rapidly been lost and fragmented through conversion to pasture and agricultural lands , and to logging operations ( 8 ) . if such patterns continue , the population size of this species is projected to decline by around 74 % over three generations ( 30 years ) ( 1 ) .
most howler monkeys live in large social groups generally made up of family members . these groups appear to be matrilineal where the males disperse to non - natal groups , though not always . in
black howler monkeys live in troops of between 4 and 8 members . each troop has its own territory in which it feeds and lives . the size of the territory depends on the size of the troop , ranging from 3 to 25 acres . baboons defend this territory from other troops through the use of their voices . the howling is one of the loudest animal sounds in the tropical forest of belize .
these south american monkeys are the loudest terrestrial animal in the western hemisphere , and are usually the largest and most abundant primate wherever they live . blond at birth , males turn black as they mature , while females stay blonde their entire lives .
other conservation measures implemented by the sanctuary include creative initiatives like building bridges made of rope and sticks that allow the monkeys to pass between gaps in the forest , and relocating a number of individuals to the cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary ( 8 ) . if similar efforts were made in mexico and guatemala , and ecotourism was promoted as a viable means of profiting from protected forest habitats , the guatemalan black howler would perhaps have a much higher chance of long - term survival .
the low and guttural sound of howler monkeys is one of the loudest calls produced by any land animal . under certain conditions , a howler ' s call can be heard from about 3 miles ( 4 . 8 kilometers ) away . the male ' s call is typically louder than the female ' s and is produced by drawing air through a cavity in an enlarged hyoid bone in the throat , which is larger in males than in females .
black howler monkeys are the largest monkeys in latin american rainforests . males are much larger than females . males measure 24 to 26 inches ( 60 to 65 centimeters ) long with a 24 to 26 inch tail ( 60 to 65 centimeters ) . females ' bodies are slightly shorter at about 20 inches ( 50 centimeters ) . females typically weigh around 16 pounds ( 7 . 3 kilograms ) , while males weigh around 32 . 5 pounds ( 14 . 8 kilograms ) .
have long , strong prehensile tails . these tails are hairless on the underside , which allows them to be sensitive to touch and act in identifying things , much like a 5th hand . the black face is mostly hairless as well , with slightly bushy eyebrows .
howlers have both natural and human - induced threats to their existence . the black howler monkey , known as the
baboon
in belize , is endangered throughout much of its range due to hunting and habitat destruction . as forests are cleared , howlers , who need several acres of forest per troop to survive , are becoming increasingly rare . throughout the region in which they are found , howlers are hunted both for food and for sport . some experts believe that howlers could become extinct within the next 35 years .
additionally , a community - based conservation organization in belize called the community baboon sanctuary ( this species is called ' baboon ' in the local creole dialect ) has protected land along the belize river , ensuring that this howler’s food trees are not destroyed to make way for pasture ( 10 ) . over 200 private landowners here in seven villages , stretching over 20 square miles , have voluntarily pledged to conserve their land for the protection of the guatemalan black howler , many of which will consequently benefit from ecotourism . indeed , one of the main aims of the community baboon sanctuary is to help address habitat destruction by promoting sustainable tourism as an attractive alternative to destructive land management practices . at the same time , the sanctuary conducts conservation research and educates the local community and visitors about the importance of biodiversity ( 8 ) .
adaptations : their tale is a prehensile tail and can support their whole body weight . living mostly in the canopy it helps to have an extra “hand” to hold on with . the underside of the tail is even hairless with a gripping pad . males and females look are very different in both size and color . males can weigh up to 18 pounds and are black , females are a little smaller with 12 pounds being a typical weigh . they are also gold in color , this is called dimorphic coloration . infants are born with the gold coloration and as they mature if it is a male will turn black .
howler monkeys are so called because of their amazing howling calls which can be heard by humans up to 5km away . they tend to howl at the beginning and end of the day . the calls are so loud due to a special voice box and pouch in the throat that amplifies the sound .
howler monkeys are among the largest primates in the neotropics . they can grow to be 22 to 36 inches tall when standing . and , their tails are about the same size in length as their bodies ! male howlers are black , while females are brown . they have prehensile tails that they can use to grab onto branches . they make loud vocalizations to mark their territory , thus earning their name . their howls , which resemble a strong wind blowing through a tunnel , have been heard over two miles away by researchers . while most individuals do not live for more than 15 years in the wild , it is possible for howlers to reach over 20 years in age .
when two howler troops do meet , males expend much energy in howling , leaping , running and fighting , which detract from time that could be spent eating or resting . these monkeys howl to let the other groups know where they are , eliminating the energy expenditure needed to patrol territories constantly , or to fight with other troops .
howler monkeys are found only in the rainforests of the americas . they live in tall rainforest trees in groups of between 4 and 19 members . they travel from tree to tree in search of food—walking from limb to limb , rather than jumping . while not particularly perky primates , they are most active during the day ( diurnal ) , sleeping high in rainforest trees at night .
guatemalan black howlers live in stable troops composed of one or two adult males , a few breeding females , and their offspring , with an average group size of between four and six individuals ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . groups of bachelor males also exist , the members of which will fight resident males for possession of their troop and access to breeding females ( 6 ) . the territory of each troop ranges between 3 and 25 hectares , depending upon the size of the group ( 10 ) . single offspring are usual , born after a gestation period of 180 – 194 days ( 2 ) .
these vocal primates are the biggest of all the new world monkeys . unlike old world monkeys , howlers and other new world species have wide , side - opening nostrils and no pads on their rumps . howlers also boast a prehensile tail . they can use this tail as an extra arm to grip or even hang from branches—no old world monkeys have such a tail . a gripping tail is particularly helpful to howler monkeys because they rarely descend to the ground . they prefer to stay aloft , munching on the leaves that make up most of their diet .
here at the cmc zoo : we have a small troop of howler monkeys that call our zoo home . ghelfing is our oldest , and mother to our two other howlers in the troop . ghelfing was born on october 13 , 1994 and came from the pittsburgh zoo in 1998 . her two offspring are bert and dj . bert was born october 25 , 2008 and his sister dj as born on september 2 , 2009 . their primary keeper said her favorite part of caring for them is they include her in their grooming sessions and make her feel like she is part of the troop as it is a social bonding for them .
these tree - dwelling herbivores mainly consume tree and vine leaves , flowers and tropical forest fruits . mammals do not have the enzymes capable of digesting cellulose , the carbohydrate that composes the leaf cell wall . instead , with the help of bacteria contained in a sacculated stomach , all monkeys in the subfamily colobinae ( e . g . colobus monkeys ) receive energy rich gases from the bacteria triggered reaction ( fermentation ) . unlike colobines , howler monkeys do not have the sacculated stomach , but rather a simple acid stomach that also contains two enlarged sections in the cecum and colon in which fermentative bacteria are found . as with colobines , the gases serve as the energy source . howlers also eat flowers and fruit , which are far less abundant than leaves and require greater energy expenditure to forage .
they are aptly named for their cacophonous cries . when a number of howlers let loose their lungs in concert , often at dawn or dusk , the din can be heard up to three miles away . male monkeys have large throats and specialized , shell - like vocal chambers that help to turn up the volume on their distinctive call . the noise sends a clear message to other monkeys : this territory is already occupied by a troop .
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n argentina to mato grosso ( brazil ) , bolivia ( see anderson , 1997 ) .
a . caraya species group . for the inclusion of straminea in this species , not in a . seniculus , see rylands and brandon - jones ( 1988 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
fernandez - duque , e . , wallace , r . b . & rylands , a . b .
justification : this species is listed as least concern considering its large range , presence in several national parks , and ability to adapt to modified habitats . at present , it is not likely that the species , while declining , warrants listing in a threatened category under criterion a . although its habitat is very fragmented , populations can live in relatively small areas and disturbed forest .
although widespread , alouatta caraya is patchily distributed , and densities vary widely . in argentina , brown and zunino ( 1994 ) recorded high densities in a number of sites : chaco forest , formosa 111 individuals / km² ; chaco forest , corrientes 90 individuals / km² ; gallery forest , 63 individuals / km² ; and inundated forest 283 individuals / km² . arditi and placci ( 1990 ) carried out surveys in gallery forests of the chaco in argentina ( riacho pilagá , estancia guaycolec ) and found lower numbers than those reported by brown and zunino ( 1994 ) resulting from surveys in 1980s : 11 . 7 individuals / km² . dvoskin et al . ( 2004 ) repeated the surveys there in 2001 and found that numbers had increased to 26 individuals / km² . the highest densities occur in flooded forests and there have been numerous surveys of alouatta caraya in this forest type ( pope 1968 ; thorington jr et al . 1994 ; rumiz 1990 ; zunino et al . 1996 , 2001 ) . codenotti et al . ( 2002 ; see also codenotti and silva 2004 ) conducted a state - wide survey of remnant a . caraya populations in rio grande do sul , brazil . populations were found to be small , isolated , mostly single groups , and densities were consistently low . of 13 localities , only three had densities above 2 individuals / km² ( lageado do celso 6 . 5 individuals / km² ; a location in the municipality of santiago 4 . 0 individuals / km² ; and an urban park in the municipality of são francisco de assis 2 . 3 individuals / km² ) .
this species is threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural development for soy and cattle ranching in the brazilian cerrado , soy in the bolivian chiquitano , and small - scale farms and cattle ranching in argentina . some subsistence hunting occurs across its range .
alouatta caraya occurs in numerous protected areas : argentina iguazú national park ( 55 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) pilcomayo national park ( 60 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) chaco national park ( 14 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) bolivia kaa - iya gran chaco national park ( 3 , 441 , 115 ha ) otuquis pantanal national park ( 903 , 350 ha ) otuquis natural area of integrated management ( 102 , 600 ha ) san matías natural area of integrated management ( 2 , 918 , 500 ha ) noel kempff mercado national park ( 1 , 500 , 000 ha ) ( wallace et al . 1998 ) ríos blanco y negro national reserve ( 1 , 423 , 900 ha ) ( wallace et al . 2000 ) brazil araguaia national park ( 557 , 726 ha ) ( in range ) brasília national park ( 31 , 891 ha ) ( santini 1986 ) chapada dos veadeiros national park 965 , 034 ha ) ( in range ) grande sertão veredas national park ( 241 , 000 ha ) ( in range ) chapada diamantina national park ( 152 , 105 ha ) ( in range ) pantanal matogrossense national park ( 136 , 046 ha ) taiamá ecological station ( 914 , 300 ha ) ibirapuitã state biological reserve ( 351 ha ) ( marques 2003 ) ibirapuitã environmental protection area ( 318 , 000 ha ) ( marques 2003 ) ilha grande national park ( 108 , 166 ha ) ( aguiar et al . 2007 ) ilhas e várzeas do rio paraná environmental protection area ( 1 , 003 , 059 ha ) ( aguiar et al . 2007 ) paraguay cerro cora national park ( 5 , 500 ha ) ( probably extinct , stallings 1985 ) ybicui national park ( 5 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) tinfunque national park ( 280 , 000 ha ) ( the most important protected area in paraguay for this species ; stallings 1985 ) defensores del chaco national park ( 780 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) caaguazu national park ( 6 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) kuri y national reserve ( 2 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) yakui protected forest ( 1 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) nacunday protected forest ( 1 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) . it is listed on appendix ii of cites .
fernandez - duque , e . , wallace , r . b . & rylands , a . b . 2008 .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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head to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !
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splash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .
howlers make up the highest percentage of the primates in the areas that they occupy .
they do not need to travel far to find leaves . for this reason , their total home size is about 77 acres ( 31 hectares ) for 15 to 20 animals , and they typically move about 1 , 300 feet ( 400 meters ) per day . in comparison , a spider monkey , which feeds primarily on fruit , has a home range of 1 , 000 acres ( 300 hectares ) .
at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , they eat primate biscuits , browse , spinach , romaine lettuce , kale , other greens , broccoli , grapes , bananas , apples , melons , carrots , sweet potatoes and green beans .
male members of the troop awake each morning and give a dawn
chorus
that is answered by other males . because howlers do not have an exclusive territory , sharing parts of their home range with others , the morning call and calls that occur when troops move to a new feeding site helps define , defend , and clarify the group ' s claim on feeding trees in their home range . weaker troops can identify the location of strong troops and avoid that area , where they would not be able to feed .
even with fermentation , howlers can only extract limited calories from their food , so they must be cautious as to how much energy they expend . for this reason they will typically spend half of their waking day resting . males will settle disputes and defend the group from predators , allowing the females to spend more energy on reproduction and care of the young . as stated earlier , howling functions to help troops space themselves as efficiently as possible , allowing them to overcome the low - energy returns of leaf eating .
in the wild , howlers live to be between 15 to 20 years old . in human care they often reach 20 years old .
share the story of this animal with others . simply raising awareness about this species can contribute to its overall protection .
beautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .
smithsonian’s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008
breeding reach maturity : 4 years mating : non - seasonal gestation : ~ 180 days no . of young : 1 infant
lifestyle habitat : lowland forests . highly social . food : fruit , leaves , flowers lifespan : 20 years
a summer of learning fun for all ! conservation camp : for the 24th year running , another super successful conservation camp was held in july at our tr . . .
summer reading camp meets junior buddy mrs . rebecca hernandez , a teacher based in orange walk , has a long history of performing educational magic for . . .
zoo vet clinic in progress yes , for two years , efforts have been strongly focused upon the building of a state - of - the - art commissary and vet clinic . . .
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their howls , which resemble a strong wind blowing through a tunnel , have been heard over two miles away by researchers .
forests are home to 80 percent of earth ' s terrestrial biodiversity ! we ' re preserving habitats for endangered species , conserving wildlife corridors , and saving breeding grounds . please join our alliance to keep forests standing :
howlers are strict vegetarians , eating only flowers , fruits and leaves . in belize , special community managed protected areas have been established to keep people from over - harvesting the fruit and flowers that the howlers need to survive .
jukofsky , diane . encyclopedia of rainforests . connecticut : oryx press , 2002 .
howlers earn their common name from the remarkably loud , rasping calls or howls that are characteristic of the genus ( alouatta ) , and emitted most elaborately and loudly by adult males ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . these calls can be heard over several kilometres and serve a range of functions , including territorial advertisement , mate attraction and intimidation of rivals or enemies ( 7 ) .
authenticated ( 19 / 06 / 2006 ) by matt richardson , independent primatologist and writer .
richardson , m . ( 2006 ) living primates of the world : an illustrated taxonomy . in press , unknown .
animals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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in the wild , the monkeys use their loud howls to defend food in their territory . almost all of their time is spent high in the trees , feeding on various sorts of leaves .
in the wild , these monkeys live at the top of trees in tropical rainforests or tropical dry forests across south america - argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay .
the mix of different species is enriching to the animals . both species get on very well , they are acive at different times of the day and they share space as they would potentially in the wild .
bristol zoological society ltd , clifton , bristol bs8 3ha . company registered in england reg . no . 5154176 . charity reg . no . 1104986
are found in the rainforests of central south america ranging through eastern bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay , and northern argentina .
range varies from tropical semi - deciduous gallery forest where rains are nearly constant throughout the year , to tropical deciduous forest spotted with savanna like openings where there is a marked wet , warm season and a dry , cool season .
require forests with diverse species of plant life to supply their dietary needs . much of their habitat is currently being diminished by destruction of these forest types . ( welker et al . 1990 , rodrigues and marinho - filho 1995 , kowalewski and zunino 1997 )
are sexually dimorphic where males average 6 . 7 kg and females average 4 . 4 kg . male body size ranges from 1 . 7 to 2 . 2 ft with tails of similar length to their body . females ' bodies average 1 . 6 ft with tails slightly longer than their bodies .
have brown , medium sized eyes set in a frontal position . the muzzle is prominent and the nostrils close together . like other howlers they have enlarged hyoid and larynx housing the vocal apparatus where the distinctive howling originates .
( welker et al . 1990 , walker et al . 1999 , bicca marquez and calegaro marquez 1998 )
is 187 days . studies have shown that younger females have gestation length of 10 to 12 months where more mature mothers have gestation length of only 7 - 10 months . females give birth to one offspring per birth and care for infants for about one full year before mating again . infants are about 125 g at birth .
females care for their young for about 12 months after they are born . female offspring remain in their natal group and therefore stay with their mother long after they are independent .
groups there are usually between 5 to 8 , though they have been observed in the wild in groups up to 19 individuals . the groups have roughly equal sex ratio but may tend to have more females than males .
practice allomothering where other females will carry , groom and protect infants other than their own . adult males are also sometimes seen alloparenting . young males are not allowed to handle infants since they often mistreat or even kill them . overt conflict has rarely been observed in
it does however arise between young males at the time in their life that some set out to join other troops .
are territorial but seem to only defend the immediate area where they are at the time , and territories often overlap . all members of the group
howl
each morning to notify neighboring groups of their position presumably to maintain distance between groups .
have also been observed defecating , sometimes forming huge dung piles , in the mornings and evenings , and rubbing themselves on branches . this behavior is thought to be a way of marking territory .
( welker et al . 1990 , shoemaker 1979 , erwin and mitchell 1986 , calegaro marques and bicca marques , 1993 )
are folivorous . they eat mostly leaves but do compliment their diet with fruits , buds and flowers .
rarely come down from the trees since their food source is entirely in the canopy and their water needs are met by their food . however in especially dry times they will come down to drink water in lakes or supplement their diet with marsh - living herbaceous plants
( erwin and mitchell 1986 , welker et al . 1990 , rodrigues and marinho - filho 1996 )
are threatened by clear - cutting and selective logging since they are heavily reliant on the biodiversity of predominantly primary forests for their diet . some populations are more threatened than others . according to the priority primate conservation projects for the neotropical region from the revised global action plan for primate conservation ,
in the argentine provinces of formosa , misiones , salta and corrientes are threatened and a high priority for conservation . hunting pressure on
ranges from moderate in locations such as san jose , bolivia to none in northern argentina .
( welker et al . 1990 , mitchell and erwin 1986 , peres 1997 )
alicia lavalle ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
kowalewski , m . , g . zunino . 1997 . impact of deforestation on a population of alouatta caraya in northern argentina .
muckenhirn , n . 1976 . addendum to the non - human primate trade in colombia . pp . 99 - 100 in r thorington , p heltne , eds .
welker , c . , c . schafer - witt . 1990 . new world monkeys . pp . 122 - 177 in s parker , ed .
to cite this page : lavalle , a . 2000 .
alouatta caraya
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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primate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .
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we have experience of working with well over 50 different species . the following list is not exhaustive but lists the species with which we work most frequently . in this list are three near threatened species and eight threatened species .
( photos of each species will be uploaded soon , please bear with us in the meantime . )
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size : male - 60 - 65cm , female - 50cm weight : male - 5 . 0 - 8 . 9kg , female - 3 . 8 - 5 . 4kg
their diet consists of mainly flowers and leaves , with fruit being eaten when available . their ability to exist on foliage alone gives them an advantage when fruit is in short supply .
after a pregnancy of around 6½ months a single infant is born , which at first clings to its mother , later riding on her back until they are about 1 year old .
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the south african cliff swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) , also known as the south african swallow , is a species of bird in the family hirundinidae native to central − western and southern africa .

it is found in botswana , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , lesotho , malawi , namibia , south africa , zambia , and zimbabwe .

nests are commonly built from mud under artificial structures such as huts and bridges .

south african cliff swallow

bottom right : south african cliff swallow . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
south african cliff - swallows at nest , bloemfontein , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
introduction : south african cliff - swallows ( hirundo spilodera ) inhabit namibian sparse savannah and grassland . flocks of between 10 and 1 , 000 birds are common . roosting is in nests .
distribution of south african cliff - swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
a small colony of cliff swallows nesting in a large culvert under the road . they are mainly alarm calling at my presence .
turner , a . ( 2018 ) . south african swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
intra - african breeding migrant , usually arriving from its drc non - breeding grounds around early august , leaving around late april .
namibia , zimbabwe and south africa , with scattered records from lesotho ; migrates n to se congo and w drcongo .
these monogamous , colonial nesters , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , fly from the drc to south africa for breeding season .
harrison , j . a . , allan , d . g . , underhill , l . g . , herremans , m . , tree . a . j . , parker , v . & brown , c . j . ( eds ) . 1997 . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 2 : passerines . birdlife south africa , johannesburg .
not globally threatened . generally common in suitable habitat in main breeding range in south africa ; less common and more irregular in namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and . . .
the non - breeding season is mainly spent in western drc , flying to south africa for the breeding season . it also has localised breeding populations in eastern zimbabwe , namibia and possibly south - eastern botswana , with other records from botswana and namibia probably just stop off points on the way to the colonies . in south africa it is common in the free state province , north - west province , mpumalanga , gauteng , northern kzn , eastern cape and southern northern province . it generally prefers grassland , open savanna and karoo .
it eats a variety of aerial and flightless insects , usually foraging less 3 metres above ground . it often hovers above a bush to flush insects , or alternatively it catches prey disturbed by grass fires , ploughs , sheep , cattle , helmeted guineafowl , cattle egret or common ostrich . it may also descend to the ground to feed on northern harvester termites ( hodotermes mossambicus ) and other insects . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
monogamous , colonial nester , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , often adjacent to little swift colonies . individual pairs defend a small territory around the nest entrance against other pairs .
the nest ( see image below ) is a gourd - shaped structure with a short entrance tunnel , built of mud pellets and lined wool , plant down and feathers . the entrance holes are packed tightly together , often often overlapping as in the photo . a horizontal ridge is often placed below the entrance which is lengthened as more nests are constructed . it is almost always placed in artificial site since the 1800s , such as in traditional huts and bridges but rarely on cliffs .
egg - laying season is from august - february , peaking around november - december .
it usually lays two separate clutches per breeding season , each consisting of 1 - 4 , usually 2 - 3 eggs . they are incubated by both sexes for approximately 14 - 16 days , in shifts of 1 - 27 minutes .
the chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest after about 23 - 26 days , but it can be delayed if the chick is too heavy to fly . the juveniles return to the nest to roost for at least 4 days , often lured there by there with calling and coaxing by their parents .
not threatened , in fact its range has benefited from the introduction of man - made nest sites , which it now uses almost exclusively .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
14 cm ; 16–26 g . has pale rufous forehead and lores , dark brown crown , black head side and hindneck ; upperparts deep blue - black , whitish streaks on mantle , rump pale . . .
no clear song ; calls are a warbling chatter call , a threat call which is a harsher version of the . . .
diet includes beetles coleoptera ( especially scarabaeidae and curculionidae ) , dipterans ( especially muscidae and drosophilidae ) , bugs ( . . .
sept–apr ; two or three broods reported for small proportion of pairs . colonies of a few tens to several hundreds of pairs , up to c . . . .
migratory . highly gregarious after breeding . present on breeding grounds in s aug–apr , a few . . .
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in past , often merged into hirundo , but dna studies support recognition of separate genera .
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flock of + / - 200 flying in and out of roosting site under bridge . recording taken from bridge height , roughly eye - level with birds in flight .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
petrochelidon spilodera ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) was previously listed as hirundo spilodera .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to breed commonly ( keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following a recorded range expansion , perhaps linked to the availability of artificial nest - sites ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22712412a118750418 .
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there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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please note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .
an excellent site for these birds is the bridge on eendracht road ( near suikerbosrand nature reserve ) , where they breed every year alongside white - rumped and little swifts .
© 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .
distribution : scattered populations in central and northern namibia including etosha national park and swakopmund .
description : dark brown crown , nape brown with bluish gloss . rufous rump , blackish brown tail , square - tipped . upper wings blackish brown , upper breast rufous .
breeding : gourd - shaped nest with entrance tunnel built of mud pellets and lined with wool and feathers . females lay 1 to 4 eggs and incubated for up to 16 days .
top location , right on the beach . this is a very popular accommodation choice - and rightly so .
slightly outide town on the banks of the swakop river and overlooking the dunes of the namib desert . excellent for those wanting a desert setting near the convenience of town
absolutely unique ! built on stilts into the swakop river - many units offer great views . feels more like a traditional country lodge rather than an establishment in a busy tourist town .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : petrochelidon spilodera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .


rhinconichthys is an extinct genus of bony fish which existed during the upper cretaceous period .

along with its close cousins the great-white-shark-sized or larger bonnerichthys and the immense leedsichthys , rhinconichthys forms a line of giant filter-feeding bony pachycormid fish that swam the jurassic and cretaceous seas for over 100 million years .

rhinconichthys

the discovery , published in the journal cretaceous research , describes the us species – rhinconichthys purgatoirensis – and the japanese species – rhinconichthys uyenoi . the fish have joined just one other fossilised species in the rhinconichthys genus , discovered in england six years ago .
rhinconichthys was estimated to be more than 6 . 5 feet and fed on plankton .
the more than 6 . 5 - feet - long rhinconichthys feasted on plankton using its oar - shaped mouth .
rhinconichthys belongs to an extinct bony fish group called pachycormids , which contains the largest bony fish ever to have lived .
where in the world ? : rhinconichthys purgatoirensis was found in eastern colorado , with other species turning up in england and japan .
the fossil , whose proper genus is rhinconichthys , was taken to the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center in woodland park for study and exhibit .
rhinconichthys was first named in 2010 ,  from fossils that had been discovered in england .  then in 2016 a description of two new species ,  r .  uyenoi from japan and r .  purgatoirensis from the usa were described ,  revealing to us that this fish genus potentially had a global distribution .  rhinconichthys is noted for the large hyomandibulae bones which would have allowed this to have had an incredibly wide gape ,  in turn allowing rhinconichthys to filter large amounts of plankton from the sea water . rhinconichthys is related to the genera bonnerichthys and leedsichthys .
shimada first encountered a rhinconichthys fossil about 30 years ago in the office of his mentor , teruya uyeno , a curator emeritus of the national museum of science and nature in japan . later , in 2010 , shimada and his colleagues uncovered another rhinconichthys in england , which they named r . taylori .
the rhinconichthys lived in the seas of the dinosaur era , about 92 million years ago , and consumed plankton on an industrial scale , according to rmdrc .
one of the authors of the study , kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university , said rhinconichthys are exceptionally rare , known previously by only one species from england .
the most defining aspect to the rhinconichthys genus is its peculiar mouth . similar to a modern - day pelican , the fish had a huge mouth that could open extremely wide .
“based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , ” he said .
scientists have lately discovered two plankton - munching fossil fish species of the rhinconichthys genus from the cretaceous period , swimming the oceans around 92 million years ago when dinosaurs still roamed earth .
' based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , ' shimada noted .
three different rhinconichthys from three separate geographical regions now turn up in scientific literature , each represented by a single skull . to shimada , it isn ' t any less mind - boggling .
meaning : rhinconichthys is a tribute to an unpublished name coined by 19th century paleontologist gideon mantell for specimens of this genus found in england , while purgatoirensis for colorado’s purgatoire river drainage where the new species was found .
an international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species of the genus called rhinconichthys from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .
schumacher , b . , shimada , k . , liston , j . , maltese , a . 2016 . highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan . cretaceous research . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2015 . 12 . 017
an international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species , of the genus called rhinconichthys , which lived 92 million years ago in the oceans of the cretaceous period . ( image by robert nicholls )
skulls of the fish known as rhinconichthys were found in colorado and the re - examination of a second one from japan — which triples the numbers of species in the genus known to science and greatly expands their geographical range .
we know such a fish existed thanks to fossils discovered by paleontologist bruce schumacher and described with his colleagues earlier this year . they named the filter - feeder rhinconichthys purgatoirensis , a new species of a genus that had previously been found in england and japan . the colorado species is significantly older than its evolutionary siblings , however , punting rhinconichthys back in time as well as establishing that these fish were present in the western hemisphere through much of the cretaceous .
' i was in a team that named rhinconichthys in 2010 , which was based on a single species from england , but we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed , ' said shimada .
rhinconichthys is part of a family called the pachycormids , which includes the largest known bony fishes to live on earth . species in this fish family don ' t have any living descendants , but they lived large during their day . for example , all of the known species of rhinconichthys had a skinny body , and measured at least 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , including its immense 1 . 5 - foot - long ( 0 . 5 m ) head .
the new study , ' highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england and japan , ' will appear in the forthcoming issue of the international scientific journal cretaceous research .
this
planktivorous
diet , also known as suspension feeding , is still used by marine vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark . thanks to the rhinconichthys findings , researchers know that animals also used this method during the mesozoic era , when the dinosaurs were alive .
based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe ,
said kenshu shimada , researcher on the study .
this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling .
until now , scientists had only identified one species of this fish , which belongs to the genus rhinconichthys ( rink - oh - neek - thees ) . the new study builds on that count , and shows that these fish lived all over the world , the researchers said . [ image gallery : ancient monsters of the sea ]
moreover , rhinconichthys ' long head housed a large jaw that gaped open like a muppet ' s mouth , shimada said . one pair of bones , called the hyomandibulae , formed a large , oar - shaped lever that helped the jaws protrude and swing open , helping the fish fill its mouth with tasty plankton , he said .
rhinconichthys are outstandingly rare large - mouthed fish , previously known by a single species from england . but that count has been expanded to two more and from other geographical locations , thanks to a new skull discovered in colorado in the united states ( named r . purgatoirensis ) and a reexamined skull from japan ( r . uyenoi ) .
the species discovered in the us was found by bruce a schumacher , as he was conducting field research in 2012 . he noticed a potential fossil protruding from a rock in colorado , and began to slowly chisel away at the surrounding material to reveal the fin rays of a bony fish . his discovery is the most complete rhinconichthys yet .
based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull ,
study co - researcher kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university in chicago , said in a statement .
this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mind - boggling .
not that rhinconichthys was the only filter - feeding fish around . along with other research that has identified and named the giant bonnerichthys and planktivorous sharks , schumacher and coauthors point out that there was a wide array of filter - feeding fish throughout cretaceous time . this is about more than species counts . where there are big planktivores , there has to be enough plankton for them to eat . before mantas , before whales , fish such as these were the largest creatures to strain the seas .
further reading - 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas .   -  science 327 ( 5968 )  :  990–993 .   -  matt friedman ,  kenshu shimada ,  larry d .  martin ,  michael j .  everhart ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese & michael triebold  -  2010 . -  highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii :  pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states ,  england ,  and japan .   -  cretaceous research 61 :  71–85 .   -  bruce schumacher ,  kenshu shimada ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese  -  2016 .
name : rhinconichthys . phonetic : rin - kon - ik - fiss . named by : matt friedman ,  kenshu shimada ,  larry d .  martin ,  michael j .  everhart ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese & michael triebold  -  2010 . classification : chordata ,  actinopterygii ,  pachycormiformes ,  pachycormidae . species : r .  taylori  ,  r .  purgatoirensis ,  r .  uyenoi . diet : filter feeder . size : r .  purgatoirensis about 2  -  2 . 7 meters long .  r .  uyenoi .  about 3 . 4 - 4 . 5 meters long . known locations : england .  japan  -  mikasa formation .  usa ,  colorado  -  carlile shale . time period : turonian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : partial remains of several individuals .
study author and paleobiologist kenshu shimada of depaul university was part of the team that named the genus back in 2010 .
[ b ] ut we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed ,
he said in a press release .
this interesting genus belongs to a now - extinct group of bony fish known as pachycormids , which boasts of the largest bony fish ever to have existed on the planet .
the feeding process is a unique one : a pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a huge lever to protrude and swing the animals ' jaws open like a parachute , extra wide to receive as much plankton - laced water into the mouth . think of the way sharks open their mouth to attack their food .
suspension - feeding or a plankton - rich diet during the dinosaur age is an emerging area of interest . it is , however , common today among certain marine vertebrates , such as the whale shark and blue whale .
this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history ,
he said .
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scientists have found two new extinct fossil fish species in japan and colorado . both species are characterised by their huge mouths , which open so widely so that they could gather as much plankton as possible when feeding .
the researchers , from depaul university , say that these species lived about 92 million years ago , a time when dinosaurs were still alive . the us species , r . purgatoirensis , was believed to be around 2 - 2 . 7m long , with the japanese r . uyenoi slightly larger at 3 . 4 - 4 . 5m .
this is because one of its bones – the hyomandibulae – could extend like an oar - shaped lever to swing the jaws open to a wide angle , enabling it to draw in as much plankton as possible when swimming .
the hyomandibula acts as an elongate lever ,
said shimada ,
allowing greatly amplified protrusion of the jaws and expansion of the buccal cavity .
this specialised cranial construction was previously unknown among cretaceous bony fish , and functionally parallels that of the modern paddlefish polyodon and many sharks .
the researchers write in the report that discoveries like this are changing historical interpretations of fish that feed on plankton .
if you could take a dip in the cretaceous sea that covered colorado around 92 million years ago , you might spot what would initially look like a pretty plain fish . around six feet long , or a comparable to a mid - sized tuna , the streamlined swimmer would have a bullet - like profile . until it opened its mouth . in one swift motion the long lower jaw would snap open , creating a planktivorous parachute to catch some of the ocean’s smallest morsels .
what sort of critter ? : a filter - feeder belonging to an extinct group of ray - finned fish called pachycormiformes .
friedman , m . , shimada , k . , martin , l . , everhart , m . , liston , j . , maltese , a . , triebold , m . 2010 . 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas . science . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1184743
scientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world’s oceans nearly 100 million years .
scientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world’s oceans nearly 100 million years and used its huge , swinging jaws to capture plankton .
until now , the only fossils of this fish had been found in england .
palaeobiologist at depaul university kenshu shimada said the species had been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi .
“this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth’s history . it’s really mind - boggling . ”
estimated to have been than 6 . 5 feet , it’s strangest feature might be the pair of bones called hyomandibulae that formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute .
that allowed it to ingest the plankton - rich water , similar to methods used by some modern sharks such as the basking and whale shark .
a study describing the new species will appear in the next issue of the journal cretaceous research .
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measuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth .
measuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .
one pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute , in order to receive more plankton - rich water into its mouth , similar to the way many sharks open their mouth .
the new study specifically focuses on highly elusive forms of this fish group that ate plankton .
according to shimada , one pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute , in order to receive more plankton - rich water into its mouth , similar to the way many sharks open their mouth .
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a planktivorous diet , also called suspension - feeding , is known among some specialized aquatic vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark .
suspension - feeding in the dinosaur era is a new emerging area of research .
' this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling . '
the new skull from north america , discovered in colorado along with the re - examination of another skull from japan have tripled the number of species in the genus with a greatly expanded geographical range .
according to shimada , who played a key role in the study , these species have been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi , respectively .
the research team includes scientists from government , museum , private sector and university careers .
they include bruce a . schumacher from the united sates forest service who discovered the new specimen .
it also includes researchers , jeff liston from the national museum of scotland and anthony maltese from the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center .
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comanche national grassland - a new fossil has been discovered in southern colorado that ' s being nicknamed a muppetfish .
it was found in the comanche national grassland in 2013 by dr . bruce schumacher , a paleontologist from the us forest service .
after removing the rock and stabilizing the fossil , the dinosaur resource center started ,
jokingly referring to it as ‘the muppetfish’ after its resemblance to the character beaker .
the discovery is being published in the latest issue of the scientific journal cretaceous research .
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the discovery of fossilized skulls of a muppet - like cretaceous - age fish is helping researchers learn about its geographical distribution .
a muppet - faced fish with a lanky body more than 6 feet long gulped down plankton in earth ' s ancient oceans about 92 million years ago , a new study finds .
researchers identified two new species of the enormous fish , which lived during the cretaceous period , when dinosaurs roamed the world . but like many of its contemporaries , the fish went extinct after an asteroid struck the yucatan peninsula about 66 million years ago .
we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed ,
shimada said .
in 2012 , researchers unearthed a new specimen in southeastern colorado , named r . purgatoirensis for the rugged purgatoire river valley where it was found , shimada said . it took excavators more than 150 hours to remove the ancient skull from the surrounding rocks , he added .
in the new study , the researchers described the colorado specimen and reanalyzed the fish fossil from hokkaido , japan , which they called r . uyenoi in honor of shimada ' s mentor . the new analyses helped them learn more about ancient sea life , the researchers said .
these pachycormids really cornered the market on industrial - scale plankton consumption during the age of the dinosaurs ,
shimada said .
the fish had a highly expandable mouth that perhaps looked like a ' tube ' about 1 foot [ 0 . 3 m ] in diameter to take in a large amount of water to filter feed plankton using its gill apparatus .
we have just barely scratched the surface of what was likely a complex ecosystem that existed in oceans during the age of the dinosaurs ,
shimada said .
follow laura geggel on twitter @ laurageggel . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
as a senior writer for live science , laura geggel covers general science , including the environment and amazing animals . she has written for the new york times , scholastic , popular science and spectrum , a site covering autism research . laura grew up in seattle and studied english literature and psychology at washington university in st . louis before completing her graduate degree in science writing at nyu . when not writing , you ' ll find laura playing ultimate frisbee . follow laura on
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