rhabdias bufonis is a species of parasitic nematode in the family rhabdiasidae .

it was first described from the lungs of the european common toad ( bufo bufo ) but has also been found in a number of other species of frog .

rhabdias bufonis

ashleigh smythe marked
rhabdias bufonis
as trusted on the
rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) stiles et hassall , 1905
page .
negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) .
( 2008 ) rhabdias bufonis . in : mehlhorn h . ( eds ) encyclopedia of parasitology . springer , berlin , heidelberg
negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) . - pubmed - ncbi
hartwich g . uber rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) und die abtremmung von rhabdias dossei nov . spec . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) / / mitt . zool . mus . berlin . - 1972 . - 48 . - s . 401 - 414
kuzmin y . 2003 . rhabdias japalurae sp . nov . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from the japalures ( reptilia , agamidae ) and some notes on other rhabdias spp . from lizards . acta parasitologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 6 - 11
goodey t . 1924 . two new species of the nematode genus rhabdias . j . helminthol . , 2 : 203 - 208
travassos l . 1926 . enwicklung des rhabdias fulleborni n . sp . deut . trop . zeit . , 30 : 594 - 602
tkach v . v . , kuzmin y . , pulis e . e . 2006 . rhabdias bakeri sp . n . from lungs of wood frog , rana sylvatica , in north america : the last sibling of rhabdias ranae ? j . parasitol . , 92 ( 3 ) : 631 - 636
lu s . c . on rhabdias , a genus of parasitic nematoda of nanking . sinensia , 1934 , 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 164 - 172 .
baker m . r . 1987 . rhabdias collaris n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from frogs of tanzania . systematic parasitology , 9 : 199 - 201
pereira c . 1928 . fauna helmintologica dos ophidios brasileiros ( 2o ) . rhabdias vellardi n . sp . bol . biol . sao paulo . - 11 : 13 - 22
kloss g . r . 1971 . alguns rhabdias ( nematoda ) de bufo no brasil . papeis avulsos de zoologia , s . paulo . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 52
moravec f . 2010 . rhabdias lacertae n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , the first rhabdiasid species parasitising lizards in europe . syst . parasitol . , 77 : 23 - 27
lhermitte - vallarino , n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , i . ineich , s . wanji , and o . bain . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and rhabdias mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitology international 58 : 375 - 383
baker m . r . 1978 . morphology and taxonomy of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from reptiles and amphibians of southern ontario . can . j . zool . 1978 . 56 : 2127 - 2141
lhermitte - vallarino , n . and o . bain . 2004 . morphological and biological study of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda ) from african chameleons with description of a new species . parasite 11 : 15 - 31
lhermitte - vallarino n . , junker k . , bain o . 2009 . reappraisal of the specific status of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea from malagasy chameleons in the paris museum collection . parasite , 16 : 111 - 123
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kuzmin , y . 1996 . new nematode species rhabdias vibakari sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lung of vibakari snake ( amphiesma vibakari , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1 - 2 : 73 - 75
kuzmin y . 2001 . rhabdias africanus sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) - a new nematode species from the south african toads ( amphibia : bufonidae ) . acta parasitologica , vol . 46 ( 2 ) : 148 - 150
kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , snyder s . d . 2003 . the nematode genus rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from amphibians and reptiles of the nearctic . comparative parasitology , 70 ( 2 ) : 101 - 114
yamaguti s . 1943 . rhabdias ( ophiorhabdias ) horigutii n . subg . , n . sp . ( nematoda ) from the lung of a japanese snake natrix tigrina . an . zool . jap . , 22 , 1 : 8 - 10
kuzmin yu . , v . v . tkach . 2008 . rhabdias pearsoni sp . n . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from keelback , tropidonophis mairii ( reptilia , colubridae ) in australia . vestnik zoologii , 42 ( 6 ) : 483 - 488
kuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach , and s . e . bush . 2012 . a new rhabdias species ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from agamid lizards in luzon island , philippines . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 3 ) : 608 - 611
kuzmin y . , tkach v . snyder s . d . 2001 . rhabdias ambystomae sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the north american spotted salamander ambystoma maculatum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) . comparative parasitology , vol . 68 ( 2 ) : 228 - 235
bursey c . r . , hoong d . c . , goldberg s . r . 2012 . a new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in calotes versicolor ( squamata : agamidae ) from singapore . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 1 ) : 149 - 151 .
rizvi a . n . , bursey c . r . , bhutia p . t . 2013 . two new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabditida : rhabdiasidae ) in anuran hosts from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . journal of parasitology , 99 ( 2 ) : 303 - 306
martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from bufo occidentalis ( anura : bufonidae ) from sierra madre del sur , mexico . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 5 ) : 1171 - 1177
kuzmin , y . , v . l v . tkach and j . a . vaughan . 2005 . rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from polypedates leucomystax ( amphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) in thailand . folia parasitologica , 52 ( 4 ) : 339 - 342
kuzmin y . , junker k . , du peez l . , bain o . 2013 . a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from blommersia domerguei ( guibe ) ( amphibia : mantellidae ) in madagascar . folia parasitologica [ accepted 25 april 2013 ] .
bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , l . j . vitt . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and other helminths from norops capito ( sauria : polychrotidae ) from nicaragua . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 129 - 131
junker k . , lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2010 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from afrotropical anurans , including molecular evidence and notes on biology . folia parasitologica , 57 : 47 - 61
tkach v . v . , y . kuzmin , r . m . brown . 2011 . rhabdias mcguirei sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the flying lizard , draco spilopterus , ( squamata : agamidae ) of the northern philippines . acta parasitologica . 56 ( 4 ) : 406 - 411
martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2006 . rhabdias lamothei n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from leptodeira maculata ( colubridae ) in mexico , including new records of r . fuscovenosa ( railliet , 1899 ) goodey , 1924 . zootaxa 1257 : 27 - 48
luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , evonnildo costa goncalves , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado , jeannie nascimento dos santos . 2013 . description of rhabdias breviensis n . sp . ( rhabditoidea : rhabdiasidae ) in two neotropical frog species . systematic parasitology , 86 , 69 - 75
barrella t . h . , k . r . dos santos , r . j . da silva . 2010 . rhabdias filicaudalis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the snake spilotes pullatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 84 ( 3 ) : 292 - 296 .
lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , o . bain . 2010 . rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from chamaeleonidae ( sauria ) : two new species from trioceros ellioti in east africa and one from brookesia superciliaris in madagascar . parasite , 17 : 91 - 105
bursey c . r . , goldberg s . r . 2005 . new species of oswaldocruzia ( nematoda : molineoidae ) , new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , and other helminths in rana cf . forreri ( anura : ranidae ) from costa rica . j . parasitol . , 91 : 600 - 605
bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , s . r . telford , jr . 2003 . rhabdias anolis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lizard , anolis frenatus ( sauria : polychrotidae ) , from panama . j . parasitol . , 89 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117
рауш р . л . , рауш в . р . , атрашкевич г . и . rhabdias bermani sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) из сибирского углозуба ( hynobius keyserlingi ) с северо - востока азии / / зоол . журнал . - 1984 . - 63 , № 9 . - с . 1297 - 1303 .
lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , i . ineich , s . wanji , m . lebreton , l . chirio , o . bain . 2008 . first report of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea ) from lungs of montane chameleons in cameroon : description of two new species and notes on biology . parasite 15 : 553 - 564
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sarkar ( dutta ) m . , b . manna . 2004 . on a new species of the genus rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabditida ) from bufo melanostictus schneider , 1799 from belur and habra , west bengal , india , with a host - parasite list . philippine journal of science , 133 ( 1 ) : 55 - 69
p . cipriani , s . mattiucci , m . paoletti , m . santoro , g . nascetti . rhabdias esculentarum n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy : molecular evidence , morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads . syst parasitol ( 2012 ) 82 : 131 - 146
kuzmin y . , f . t . v . melo , h . f . da silva filho and j . n . dos santos . 2016 . two new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from anuran amphibians in para , brazil . folia parasitologica , 63 : 015 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2016 . 015
maity , p . , a . n . rizvi , c . r . bursey . 2018 . nematode parasites of duttaphrynus stomaticus ( lutken , 1864 ) ( amphibia : anura ) with description of a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . acta parasitologica , 63 ( 1 ) , 175–183 .
kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , brooks d . r . 2007 . rhabdias alabialis sp . nov . and r . pseudosphaerocephala sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in the marine toad , bufo marinus ( l . ) ( lissamphibia : anura : bufonidae ) in central america . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 159 - 165
jeannie nascimento dos santos , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , daisy esther batista do nascimento , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado . 2011 . rhabdias paraensis sp . nov . : a parasite of the lungs of rhinella marina ( amphibia : bufonidae ) from brazilian amazonia . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz , 106 ( 4 ) : 433 - 440
lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , junker k . , boistel r . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and r . mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitol . int . , 58 : 375 - 383
kuzmin , y . , a . halajian , s . tavakol , w . j . luus - powell , v . v . tkach . 2017 . description and phylogenetic position of a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the banded rubber frog , phrynomantis bifasciatus ( smith ) ( amphibia : microhylidae ) , in south africa . folia parasitologica , 64 : 035 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2017 . 035
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lucio - forster a . , liotta j . l . , rishniw m . , and bowman d . d . 2015 . serpentirhabdias dubielzigi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from captive - bred ball pythons , python regius ( serpentes : pythonidae ) in the united states . comparative parasitology 82 ( 1 ) : 115 - 122 .
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zoologisches museum der universität zürich , winterthurerstrasse 190 , 8057 , zürich , switzerland .
occupy . it has been found in north america , most notably canada . however , it is most common in the european toad and frog habitats .
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holmes jc ( 1982 ) impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals . in : anderson rm , may rm ( eds ) population biology of infectious diseases . springer - verlag , new york , pp 37–51
holmes jc , zohar s ( 1990 ) pathology and host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 34–63
( digenea : diplostomatidae ) in perch . j fish biol , 31 : 571–581
kozak a ( 1973 ) the nematode fauna of frogs in the carpathian region of czeckoslovakia . biologia 28 ( 5 ) : 325–334
lincicome dr ( 1971 ) the goodness of parasitism : a new hypothesis . in : cheng tc ( ed ) the biology of symbiosis . university park press , baltimore , pp 139–227
munger jc , holmes jc ( 1988 ) benefits of parasitic infection : a test using a ground squirrel - trypanosome system . can j zool 66 : 222–227
scott me ( 1988 ) the impact of infection and disease on animal populations : implications for conservation biology . conserv biol 2 : 40–56
smith dc ( 1987 ) adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 : 344–350
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thompson sn ( 1990 ) physiological alterations during parasitism and their effects on host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 64–94
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the southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , or sphyraenidae .

it was described by the cuban zoologist felipe poey .

the description was part of a two-volume work , which poey published in 1860 , entitled historia natural de la isla de cuba or natural history of the island of cuba .

southern sennet are sometimes used as a food fish , and marketed either fresh or frozen .

although they are generally harmless , southern sennet have been linked to ciguatera poisoning .

southern sennet

the southern sennet has a range from florida to louisiana . as you can probably see the southern sennet is closely related the great barracuda yet is considerably smaller . the southern sennet is a predatory fish that feeds on fish , shrimp and squid . good to eat though not commonly caught and utilized .
a giant barracuda is leading a school of southern sennet - - another type of barracuda . so unusual to see . the video was taken on my 500th dive at invisibles on bonaire .
greenish or grayish above , with silvery sides marked by numerous dark blotches . tall widely forked with pointed lobes . two other members of the cuda family might be encountered . the fairly uncommon southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla , grows to about 18 inches , but looks very similar to the bigger cuda and is usually found in schools . the guaguanche , sphyraena guachancho , is much like the sennet in size , shape and rarity . it can be distinguished by a yellow or gold mid - body stripe .
miller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) reported the southern sennet from st . simons beach . struhsaker ( 1969 ) considered the other three species to be coastal , and bearden ( 1961b ) listed them from south carolina . i collected one small guaguanche at sapelo beach . barracudas are rarely found inshore along georgia , and are represented inshore by juveniles .
daly , r . j . 1970 . systematics of southern florida anchovies ( pisces : engraulidae ) . bull . mar . sci . gulf caribbean 20 ( 1 ) : 70 - 104 .
in southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .
listed in this family are 14 species that occur within or are likely to occur within the range of the estuaries and coastal habitat . struhsaker ( 1969 ) lists five additional species which represent three additional genera for offshore waters . on the georgia coast , the summer flounder and southern flounder are the only flatfishes that are important in the sport and commercial fisheries .
irl distribution : barracuda , especially juveniles , are found throughout the lagoon in mangrove and seagrass habitats ( fah 1976 ) where food and shelter are prominent . however , the distribution of the species in the irl may be linked in part to temperature . a study conducted by kupschus & tremain ( 2001 ) showed that the majority of fish collected were alongside other tropical and subtropical species at the southern end of the lagoon .
activity time : fah ( 1976 ) found that s . barracuda in the indian river lagoon are a diurnal species ( active during the day ) , feeding in seagrass and mangrove habitats two hours after sunrise to about two hours before sunset . the great barracuda shares a similar diet with the northern sennet , s . borealis , which is a nocturnal feeder most active between 3 : 00 am and approximately two hours before sunrise . differences in activity time between these two species are thought to be a method of niche separation to reduce competition for food resources .
ii . habitat and distribution regional occurrence : the range of s . barracuda is nearly circumtropical , encompassing the warm waters of most oceans . the species is rarely found in northern areas where winter temperatures dip below 20°c for extended periods of time . however , some individuals have been found in the cooler waters off the coast of the northeast united states , south africa and japan ( de sylva 1963 ) . on the east coasts of north , central and south america , the range of the great barracuda extends from massachusetts to southern brazil ( robins et al 1986 ) .
reproduction : reproduction for s . barracuda occurs sexually through external fertilization . sexual maturity is reached between the second and third year for males , and the third to fourth year for females . barracudas do not exhibit sexual dimorphism , and sex can only be determined upon examination of the gonads . adults spawn between april and october in southern florida ( de sylva 1963 ) , releasing eggs and sperm into the water column . literature detailing spawning behavior in the great barracuda is lacking . however , in similar species , females may spawn several times in one season , releasing over 500 , 000 eggs each time ( de sylva 1963 ) .
greek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 65 m ( ref . 9626 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 38°s , 97°w - 32°w
western atlantic : bermuda , florida ( usa ) , and the bahamas to uruguay .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 61 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; common length : 36 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3819 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 1 kg ( ref . 40637 )
inhabits coastal waters . found in rocky or coral reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . more abundant over muddy bottoms . juveniles are encountered in seagrass beds ( ref . 9626 ) . often occurs in large schools , sometimes near the surface ( ref . 9626 ) . marketed fresh and frozen .
robins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )
) : 22 . 7 - 28 , mean 26 . 1 ( based on 402 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00589 ( 0 . 00298 - 0 . 01164 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 48 of 100 ) .
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tropical and subtropical . distribution : atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . elongated body . large - mouthed with the lower jaw projecting forward bearing strong fanglike teeth . upper jaw non - protractile , an adaptation to feeding on large prey . well - developed lateral line . gill rakers vestigial . position of pectoral fins relatively low . dorsal fins far apart . first dorsal fin with 5 spines ; second dorsal with 1 spine and 9 soft rays . vertebrae 24 ( 11 + 13 ) . usually to 1 . 8 m maximum length ; could grow longer . voracious predators of other fishes . attacks on humans have been reported . pelagic spawning in schools . food and game fishes , but large specimens may be ciguatoxic .
greek , sphyraina = a fish similar to an iron pin , a pike like fish , 1849 ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
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inhabits coastal waters . found in rocky or coral reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . more abundant over muddy bottoms . juveniles are encountered in seagrass beds ( ref . 9626 ) . often occurs in large schools , sometimes near the surface ( ref . 9626 ) . marketed fresh and frozen .
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juvenile sphyraena barracuda , like the one pictured above , inhabit seagrass beds and areas around mangroves where food and shelter are prominent . photo l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
adult s . barracuda in the florida keys . as barracuda grow larger , their coloration and pattern changes from the juvenile form seen above . solitary or small schools of adults are typically found on coral reefs . photo kathleen gifford , florida institute of technology .
synonomy : esox barracuda walbaum 1792 s . picuda bloch & schneider 1801 s . becuna lacépède 1803 s . commersoni cuvier 1829 s . dussumieri cuvier 1829 s . agam rüppell 1835 s . affinis rüppell 1835 s . nuageuse lienard 1843 s . kadenar montrouzier 1857 s . snodgrassi jenkins 1901 s . akerstromi whitley 1947 s . microps marshall 1953
species description : the body of sphyraena barracuda is elongate to slightly compressed with small , cycloid scales . the head is long and pointed with a large , nearly horizontal jaw fitted with variably - sized flattened or conical canine teeth that extend to the roof of the mouth . two short dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first located opposite or directly behind the pelvic fins , and the second opposite the anal fin .
iii . life history and population biology age , size , lifespan : adult s . barracuda commonly reach 2m , with a maximum reported length of 2 . 3m ( russell 2002 ) . the maximum age of barracuda is unknown , but the typical lifespan may often exceed 14 years ( de sylva 1963 ) .
abundance : while the great barracuda is generally a solitary species , juveniles and young adults are commonly found in seagrass beds and alongside mangrove forests . studies conducted in the indian river lagoon documented a catch of 376 individuals ranging from 122 to 840 mm over a 17 - month period from 1996 to 1998 ( kupschus & tremain 2001 ) .
embryology : little is known about the embryology of s . barracuda . de sylva ( 1963 ) documented the collection of eggs from the ovaries of females , describing them as translucent and 0 . 74 to 0 . 81mm in diameter . however , these eggs were most likely immature and all attempts to culture embryos in the laboratory were unsuccessful .
iv . physical tolerances temperature : distribution of s . barracuda is primarily restricted to tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide , suggesting a narrow thermal tolerance in the species . in the indian river lagoon , hunting activity and gut contents of the great barracuda declined in cold / dry seasons . laboratory studies revealed less prey stalking activity in juveniles kept in water below 15°c than in those maintained at 21 - 27°c ( fah 1976 ) . galloway ( 1941 ) observed high mortality in barracudas in the florida keys during january 1940 , when water temperatures dropped to 6°c .
salinity : juvenile s . barracuda are common in estuaries where salinity may fluctuate seasonally and during tidal cycles by = 20 ppt . adults are found primarily in nearshore and coral reef areas where salinities are stable at approximately 35 ppt .
v . community ecology trophic mode : barracudas employ ram strike feeding , quickly lunging to force prey to into the jaws where sharp teeth and head shakes shear it into manageable pieces ( grubich et al . 2007 , porter & motta 2004 ) . the diet of s . barracuda consists mainly of schooling fishes , however studies of gut contents in both juveniles and adults have revealed solitary fishes and small numbers of crustaceans , mollusks and plant material ( de sylva 1963 & fahs 1976 ) . prey selection is indiscriminate and determined by the mouth length of the barracuda , but certain prey items are found more frequently . in florida , approximately 70 % of the diet of juvenile s . barracuda is comprised of gobies , herrings , sardines and silversides ( de sylva 1963 ) . in the indian river lagoon , the dominant prey item of young barracuda is the bay anchovy , anchoa mitchilli ( fah 1976 ) . nearshore and coral reef fishes such as ballyhoo , triggerfishes and mullet are the primary prey of adult barracuda ( de sylva 1963 ) .
predators : the speed and size of adult s . barracuda allows for few predators . however , juveniles and small adults have been reported in the guts of the goliath grouper , epinephelus itajara , the dolphinfish , coryphaena hippurus and several species of tuna ( de sylva , 1963 ) .
habitats : juvenile barracuda are commonly found in estuaries where they feed and take shelter in seagrass beds and among mangrove prop roots ( fah 1976 ) . solitary individuals or small groups of adults are typical on nearshore and coral reefs ( gudger 1918 ) .
barracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .
despite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .
barracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .
barracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .
nelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .
barracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .
barracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .
the larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .
like sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .
being formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .
there have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .
barracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .
barracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .
agbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .
humann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .
norman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .
reefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
rochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' amérique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce … avec un vocabulaire caraïbe . rotterdam : r . leers .
sloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history … of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . … ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .
u . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
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western atlantic : bermuda , florida ( usa ) , and the bahamas to uruguay . ;
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 jorrit h . poelen , james d . simons and chris j . mungall . ( 2014 ) . global biotic interactions : an open infrastructure to share and analyze species - interaction datasets . ecological informatics . ♦ 2 food habits of reef fishes of the west indies , john e . randall , stud . trop . oceanogr . 5 , 665–847 ( 1967 )
protected areas provided by biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators .
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poey , f . in poey , f . 1860 . : 97 - 336 .
butsch , r . s . ( 1939 ) a list of barbadian fishes . : j . b . m . h . s . 7 ( 1 ) : 17 - 31 .
böhlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
cervigón , f . ( 1993 ) los peces marinos de venezuela . volume 2 . : fundación científica los roques , caracas , venezuela . 497 p .
claro , r . ( 1994 ) características generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanología academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .
crossman , e . j . ( 1972 ) collecting trip to st . lucia . : dept . ichthyology & herpetology . 32 p .
erdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
gómez - canchong , p . , l . manjarrés m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .
ihering , r . v . ( 1968 ) dicionário dos animais do brasil . : editora universidade de brasília , brasília : 790 p .
martin , f . d . and j . w . patus ( 1984 ) an annotated key to the teleost fishes of puerto rico . : compendio enciclopedico de los recursos nat . 5 : 1 - 191 .
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
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nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .
nión , h . , c . ríos and p . meneses ( 2002 ) peces del uruguay : lista sistemática y nombres comunes . : montevideo , dinara , infopesca .
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size : the great barracuda ranges from foot - long juveniles on shallow flats to 50 pounds or more offshore . usual maximum is around 30 pounds , with the average being 5 - 15 pounds . world record 85 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .
the barracuda is at home almost anywhere from shorelines and bays out to blue water . great barracuda is seldom seen inshore , but is common offshore on wrecks and artificial reefs . found throughout the indian ocean .
dark above with silvery sides . many spots , which are both yellow and brown . the body is proportionately deeper than with juvenile king mackerel , and the yellow spots appear rounder and brighter , but if in doubt , the only true identifier is the lateral line , which tapers rather gently from front to back with no severe dip .
size : common at 1 - 3 pounds ; not too unusual at 5 - 7 pounds ; maximum potential over 10 pounds . world record 13 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .
this mackeral is largely coastal , but roams offshore at times . found throughout the indian ocean .
overall brownish or goldish . heavy body . no scutes forward of tail fin . dark oblique line through the eye that ends at the dorsal fin .
size : schools of young fish are common at 5 - 20 pounds . average size over deep wrecks and reefs is 30 - 60 pounds , but 100 - pounders are not too rare and the potential maximum exceeds 150 pounds . world record 155 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .
adults are common at various depths , ranging from reefs several hundred feet deep to fairly shallow wrecks and reefs . big ones also come close to shore at times . found throughout the indian ocean .
in the water , cobia look very much like sharks . the usual color is brown or dark gray above , whitish on the underside , with a dark stripe running from gills to base of tail . the striped appearance is more vivid in juveniles . several rather sharp finlets on the dorsal surface extend from behind the head to the dorsal fin .
size : common from 20 to 50 pounds ; sometimes up to 80 pounds , and possibly to 100 or more . world record 135 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .
cobia love to hang around navigation markers , wrecks and artificial reefs , where they swim both at the surface and down deep . they also escort wandering mantas and other large rays , and many are caught around those hosts . found throughout the indian ocean .
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cumberland island an ecological survey of the coastal region of georgia nps scientific monograph no . 3
the following list includes those species of fish that are known from or likely to occur in estuarine and marine waters along the georgia coast seaward to a depth of 10 fathoms . this encompasses waters of the estuary , beach , and
coastal habitat .
in the text the term coastal habitat refers to that region from the ocean beaches to a depth of 10 fathoms as in struhsaker ( 1969 ) . species listed are based primarily on my own records from georgia inshore waters , from south carolina by bearden ( 1961a , 1965 ) , and from the coastal habitat by struhsaker ( 1969 ) . for the benefit of sport fishermen , the common offshore sport fishes are also included . this list is extracted from my manuscript , a field guide to georgia coastal fishes . this manuscript and the paper by struhsaker ( 1969 ) report a large number of additional species that are restricted to deeper waters of the continental shelf ; most of these species occur primarily on reefs .
seasonal records in the text are based on inshore collections , i . e . , beach and estuarine waters .
1 present address : c . w . rice div . , nus corp . , pittsburgh .
the common sharks that occur inshore on the georgia coast are not restricted to well - defined habitats . they may be collected in shallow beach waters as well as deeper waters of the sounds and offshore . most of the sharks considered below prefer warmer waters and leave inshore waters of georgia in the winter . one exception is the spiny dogfish , a northern species that migrates southward to georgia in the winter .
reported from south carolina but not georgia . mainly pelagic but sometimes found inshore .
young are often collected on the south carolina coast in spring and summer and they probably occur on the georgia coast .
stingrays are collected by hook , seine , and trawls in shallow beach waters and deeper estuarine waters .
the range of the devil ray , mobula hypostoma , includes the georgia coast , but it has not been reported from georgia or south carolina .
large specimens are occasionally seen jumping in georgia coastal waters and one reported to weigh 2500 pounds was caught in a shrimp trawl .
primarily found in tidal waters but enters ocean . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river .
anadromous . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river by shad fishermen .
primarily a freshwater species but often encountered in salt water on the georgia coast .
small individuals are often collected in tidal pools and canals and occasionally along the beach , high marsh , and upper reaches , from may to november .
large tarpon are commonly caught in warmer months on georgia beaches and in the lower altamaha river . juveniles occur in tidal pools and creeks in low - to high - salinities from july to november .
catadromous . common spring through fall in oligohaline and freshwater creeks , tidal creeks , low - and high - salinity tidal pools , and rare in high marsh .
in addition to the species listed , three other ophichthids occur offshore on the georgia coast ; these are letharchus velifer , verma kendalli and mystriophis intertinctus .
beach , high marsh , and ologohaline creek . rarely seen on georgia coast .
in addition to the species listed , the atlantic round herring ( etrumeus teres ) occurs off georgia , but it is not known from inshore waters .
anadromous . an important commercial and sport fish in georgia rivers during the january - march spawning migration .
common along beaches ; also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and tidal pools , from may to november .
schools are abundant in lower and middle reaches and near beaches of georgia estuaries in warmer months . some occur in the sounds throughout the winter . also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools . rare in the oligohaline creeks and low - salinity tidal pools . most migrate south or offshore in winter .
common in the lower reaches , high marsh , and probably in oligohaline creeks . rare along the beach .
collected at beaches at savannah , sapelo island , and brunswick . also collected in the high marsh and tidal canals .
occasionally collected at beaches and in the lower reaches and rare in the high marsh , june to october . more abundant south and offshore .
known from the beaches , lower reaches , and high marsh , july to december . more abundant to the south .
common at georgia beaches , lower and middle reaches , and high marsh , may to november .
found at beaches , lower , middle , and upper reaches , in the high marsh , and in high - salinity tidal pools , common throughout the year .
a bottom species occasionally collected at the beach , lower reaches , and middle reaches , april to november . more common in coastal and offshore habitats .
adults are common on beaches and deeper estuarine waters and juveniles are common in the deeper waters . present in estuaries from march to november . migrates to ocean in autumn and winter .
the leopard toadfish ( opsanus pardus ) and atlantic midshipman ( ponichthys porosissimus ) are found only offshore , often in association with reefs .
common in lower and middle reaches usually around debris . sometimes found in oyster reefs and along the beach .
lower and middle reaches of estuary , in association with oyster reefs in shallows and shell in deeper waters .
the ocellated frogfish ( antennarius ocellatus ) was reported offshore by struhsaker ( 1969 ) , and the two species listed below , reported from st . simons beach ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) , are stragglers from offshore .
ogcocephalus radiatus and halieutichthys aculeatus occur offshore on the georgia coast . one species reported from inshore is listed below .
abundant offshore , sometimes collected in the coastal and lower reaches habitats ( anderson 1968 ) .
the carolina hake ( urophycis earlli ) and silver hake ( merluccius bilinearis ) probably occur offshore ( struhsaker 1969 ) .
species reported from offshore by struhsaker ( 1969 ) include the bank cusk - eel ( ophidion holbrooki ) , polka - dot cusk - eel ( otophidium omostigmum ) , blotched cusk - eel ( ophidion grayii , and lepophidium spp .
deeper waters of lower and middle reaches , coastal habitat , and rare in beach habitat .
in addition to the species listed , platybelone argalus occurs in the gulf stream off georgia .
found around docks in the lower and middle reaches , also known from the high marsh and the beach .
three species of halfbeaks apparently occur on the georgia coast but they have not been collected inshore . they may be restricted to offshore . flyingfishes do not normally occur in georgia estuaries or along the beaches although they are common offshore . listed here is a straggler from offshore and another species likely to occur near shore . two other flyingfishes probably occur offshore on the georgia coast . these are parexocoetus brachypterus and cypselurus cyanopterus .
in the high marshes , tidal canals , high - and low - salinity tidal pools . euryhaline .
beach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , oligohaline creek , tidal canal and tidal pools . abundant in shallow waters and not found in deep waters .
the only definite georgia records were collected at a marsh near the meridian dock ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) . the spotfins apparently have disappeared since the collecting site became occupied with spartina and juncus .
present at beaches throughout the year and occasionally taken in the high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools .
most abundant in fresh water but common in the high marsh , oligohaline creeks , tidal pools , tidal canals , and sometimes found at the beach .
common in high marsh , fresh water , tidal canals , tidal pools , and rare at the beach and in oligohaline creeks .
lower reaches , beach , and high marsh habitats . present throughout the year .
most abundant in oligohaline creek and fresh water near the coast , and also found in the upper reaches and at the beach . present throughout the year .
beach , high marsh , lower and middle reaches , and high - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the year .
one species of trumpetfish ( aulostomus maculatus ) is known from georgia offshore waters .
three pipefishes are known from the georgia coast syngnathus fuscus , s . louisianae , and corythoichthys albirostris ( one record ) . additional forms which may occur inshore along the georgia coast are s . scovelli , s . floridae hubbsi , and s . f . mckayi ( dr . e . herald , pers . comm . ) . s . pelagicus and s . springeri may occur offshore .
often found at the beach , upper and lower reaches , and rare in oligohaline creek .
common in georgia estuaries . known from beach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , high - salinity tidal pool , and rare in oligohaline creek .
ranges from north carolina to pensacola , fla . , but not known from georgia .
young occur in tidal pools and tidal ditches from june to november in georgia .
numerous sea bass species occur on live - bottom areas off the georgia coast . the gag , mycteroperca microlepis , is a straggler to georgia estuaries . only two species ( centropristis ) are common in the estuary , centropristis ocyurus occurs offshore . two species of diplectrum occur in the coastal habitat and diplectrum bivittatum occurs offshore ( struhsaker 1969 ) . two more serranids , serraniculus pumilio and serranus subligarius , occur offshore and may be found in reefs in the coastal habitat .
young are commonly in estuarine sounds and rivers throughout the year . large black sea bass are abundant offshore around reefs .
the white perch morone americana occurs in south carolina ( bearden 1961b ) but not georgia .
many species of sunfishes enter brackish waters occasionally . i collected four species in the oligohaline riceboro creek when the water was fresh . these were the flier ( centrarchus macropterus ) , warmouth ( lepomis gulosus ) , bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) , and largemouth bass ( micropterus salmoides ) .
the smaller
snapper blues
are commonly caught with fishing poles on beaches , in sounds and estuarine rivers . large bluefish are caught offshore .
commonly caught around buoys offshore . found around mouths of sounds and rivers of south carolina ( bearden 1961a ) .
most offshore records of carangids are from struhsaker ( 1969 ) . a few additional species may be found in the gulf stream .
primarily offshore near the gulf stream . juveniles occasionally migrate or drift inshore ( berry 1959 ) .
collected in georgia estuarine and coastal waters ( anderson 1968 ) but most abundant offshore .
adult crevalle jack are rarely caught with fishing poles on the georgia coast . young are sometimes collected along the beach and in the marsh ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) .
common june - december in waters of beach , lower reaches , and coastal habitat and rare in middle reaches and high - salinity tidal pools .
common june - november along the beach and also occurring in the high marsh , middle reaches , and high - salinity tidal pools .
sometimes collected in waters of the beach , lower reaches , and coastal habitat , may - september .
young pompano are abundant along the beaches in the warmer months . all three species of trachinotus apparently occur offshore .
young occur along the beach and sometimes in the high marsh , may - november .
the common dolphin ( conyphaena hippurus ) is often caught offshore by sport fishermen and the pompano dolphin ( c . equisetis ) also occurs offshore .
the snappers are tropical fishes that are represented by at least seven species offshore . the red snapper ( lutfanus campechanus ) supports a small commercial fisheries off georgia . included in the synonymy of the red snapper is l . aya and l . blackfordi ( anderson 1967 , rivas 1966 ) . one snapper ranges inshore .
on the georgia coast the mangrove snapper occurs primarily offshore . a few juveniles were collected in shallows of the lower reaches , beach , high marsh , low - and high - salinity tidal pools .
beach , high marsh , low - and high - salinity tidal pools , and rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals . euryhaline . collected july through november .
occasionally collected in waters of beach , lower reaches to oligohaline creeks , high marsh , tidal canals , and low - and high - salinity tidal pools , july - november . mostly in shallows but some were collected while trawling in the lower reaches .
recorded for the beach and high marsh by miller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) . also reported for the coastal habitat ( bullis and thompson 1965 ) .
the grunts are primarily tropical fishes . the pigfish is the only species common in temperate atlantic waters and often found in the estuaries . the tomtate occasionally occurs in the coastal habitat and is more common around reefs and offshore . the white grunt ( haemulon plumieri ) occurs offshore on reefs .
most abundant offshore in reef and shelf - edge habitats and sometimes collected in coastal habitat .
collected in the lower and middle reaches of the estuary . also in coastal habitat and open shelf habitat . collected june through december inshore .
sciaenids are predominantly temperate - water fishes that need estuarine waters for nursery grounds . the diverse and abundant sciaenids of georgia are the most important group to coastal sport fishermen . they are the most abundant fishes in terms of number available for trawling ( anderson 1968 ) and probably biomass .
abundant in trawl catches in the coastal habitat and lower and middle reaches . mostly young are found in waters of the beach , high marsh , oligohaline creeks , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .
a very popular sport fish along beaches and in lower and middle reaches , caught mostly in fall and winter . also in coastal habitat , high marsh , and high - salinity tidal pools .
most common in lower reaches . also in waters of coastal habitat , beach , middle reaches , high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the years .
beach , lower reaches up the estuary to oligohaline creeks , high marsh , tidal canal , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the year .
both young and adults are common to abundant in the lower reaches throughout the year and beach habitat spring through fall . also known from the coastal habitat , high marsh , and middle teaches .
young are common along the beach in warmer months and occur there throughout the year . also known from the lower reaches and high marsh .
young are common along the beach . young and adults are sometimes caught in the lower reaches . rare in high marsh . occurs april through august .
adults are abundant in the lower reaches . other habitats are the beach , high marsh , middle teaches , and high - salinity tidal pools . rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals . present throughout the year .
large black drum are occasionally collected in the lower reaches . young occur in beach waters , high marsh , tidal canals , high - and low - salinity tidal pools . also recorded for the coastal habitat .
large red drum are caught along the beaches and in the lower reaches . young are occasionally collected in high - salinity tidal pools and rarely in the high marsh , tidal canals , and low - salinity tidal pools .
this is the most abundant species in trawl catches in the lower reaches . most abundant in warmer months . sometimes occurs in the middle reaches and beach habitats .
two species were collected at 10 - 11 fathoms off south carolina ( bullis and thompson 1965 ) and are listed here . the dwarf goatfish ( upeneus parvus ) occurs offshore .
nine species were listed by struhsaker ( 1969 ) for offshore waters . four species that occur inshore are listed here .
sheepshead support a sport fishery in the lower reaches . young sometimes occur along the beach and in the high marsh . also offshore on reef habitat .
uncommon but widespread . they occupy beach waters , lower reaches , high marsh , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .
moore ( 1962 ) reported juvenile yellow chubs from the georgia shore and juvenile bermuda chub from the south carolina and florida shores . adults occur offshore .
ranges from reefs and coastal habitat to beaches , lower and middle reaches , and high marsh .
this family includes at least four butterflyfishes of the genus chaetodon and angelfishes of the genus holacanthus off the georgia coast . only one is known from within the coastal habitat .
four species are known from the georgia coast , mostly from reefs . only one has been reported inshore .
primarily reefs . reported by miller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) from st . simons beach .
ubiquitous in shallow waters of the beach , from the lower reaches to the oligohaline creeks , and high - salinity tidal pools . also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and low - salinity tidal pools .
beach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .
seven species apparently occur within depths of the open - shelf and others occur farther offshore . the tautog ( tautoga onitis ) occurs inshore on the south carolina coast ( bearden 196la ) but does not range south to georgia . two species collected on a reef at a depth of 70 ft off the georgia coast are listed here .
two species that have been collected offshore are the bucktooth parrotfish ( sparisoma radians ) and emerald parrotfish ( nicholsina usta ) ( struhsaker 1969 ) .
two stargazer species occur off the georgia coast . the lancer stargazer ( kathetostoma albigutta ) occurs offshore .
open - shelf , coastal habitat , lower reaches and occasionally beach , high marsh , and middle reaches . usually on sandy bottoms .
several specimens have been collected in the coastal habitat but not within the estuarine or beach waters .
oyster reefs and probably other cover in the lower reaches and along the beach .
known from a reef near the coastal habitat and from the lower reaches and beach .
a euryhaline species that i collected only in the low - salinity tidal pools .
collected in lower reaches and high - salinity tidal pools , and reported from coastal habitat by anderson ( 1968 ) .
collected in low - salinity tidal pools . also reported from st . simons beach and altamaha river ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) .
common in oyster reefs in the lower reaches . also collected in the upper reaches , oligohaline creeks , beach waters , high marsh , and high - salinity tidal pools .
occurs over a broad salinity range and available data suggest preference for sandy substrates ( dawson 1969 ) . i collected this species only in a muddy high - salinity tidal pool .