the permit , trachinotus falcatus , is a game fish of the western atlantic ocean belonging to the carangidae family .

adults feed on crabs , shrimp , and smaller fish .

two submarines of the united states navy were named uss permit in its honor , in keeping with the " denizens of the deep " theme of submarine names that prevailed before the 1971 naming of uss los angeles .

permit ( fish )

before heading out to fish for permit , always refer to the current florida saltwater fishing regulations .
a happy permit angler ! this fish was released to fight another day . image © sean morey
although abundance estimates for populations in the irl are scarce , the permit is considered a common game fish in florida waters .
whether preferring fly or light - tackle permit fishing . first priority is providing a pleasant , memorable , and successful florida keys permit fishing charter .
permit pose no threat to humans , though ciguatera poisoning may result if eaten .
allow a fish to breathe underwater . these are very delicate structures and should not be touched if the fish is to be released !
provide movement and locomotion . this is the part of the fish that is usually eaten , and composes the fillet of the fish .
the window of opportunity in successfully hooking a permit is small when considering the entire act of permit fishing . there are also many different scenarios when it comes to actually seeing permit in shallow water . all being said , the permit’s dead giveaway is it’s long , black , fork like tail . at times , that tail will pierce the surface of the water ( a tailing permit ) . most of the time , it’s underwater .
i am doing an embroidery of a permit fish for my permit fishing godson and want to know are the scales on the fish very visible . all the pictures i have seen on the internet do not show scales atall clearly i have never seen one jill if anyone could answer my question it would be very helpfull
sportfishers consider the permit an important gamefish , and this fish , in addition to the bonefish and tarpon , supports a large charterboat fishing industry . many anglers regard the permit as one of the most difficult gamefish to catch , and consider a permit caught on fly the highlight of their angling achievements . many fishing guides and anglers highly esteem the permit and release the fish unharmed . most mortality attributed to human activity while sportfishing occurs from injuries incurred when being landed , such as
gut hooking
or sharks that take advantage of the hooked fish . though conscientious anglers attempt to break the line , thereby releasing the permit from restraint when a shark is sighted , sharks occasionally leave the angler with only half a fish .
permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) is a fish with an identity crisis . because it appears strikingly similar to the florida pompano , many anglers mistake it for that more popular , commercially marketed fish . even scientists have gathered little in - depth information on permit . however , among those in the know , the species has carved out a niche as a popular sport fish and prime table fare .
drawing of an adult permit , trachinotus falcatus . illustration by diana rome peebles ©1998 . courtesy of florida fish & wildlife conservation commission , division of marine fisheries .
learn some of the physical characteristics that can help you properly identify permit and florida pompano .
only move ( translocate ) fish as a last resort . you must have a permit from the environment agency to move fish ( not just common sturgeon ) as it risks transferring diseases and invasive non - native species between water bodies .
dentition permit have no teeth other than granular teeth that occur on the tongue , designed for crushing mollusks and crustaceans . the teeth are most conspicuous in younger fish .
using live crabs to catch permit is the easiest method . when using a light - tackle spinning rod , casting a well placed live crab to an unsuspecting permit will ultimately result in a hook - up . the permit is very aggressive when comfortable . once alerted by boat or angler , that’s it , the jig is up , and the permit never gives second chances .
you can use permit me when you are about to say something or to make a suggestion .
the deeply forked tail and elongated anterior dorsal fin provide the more distinct characteristics of the permit . looking like long sickles , these fins impart the fish ' s species name falcatus . however , one can also identify the permit by its highly laterally compressed body , making the fish appear thin and tall . from a lateral perspective , the permit shape looks round in juveniles , but becomes oblong as the fish ages into an adult . in addition to the long anterior dorsal fin , inserted directly above an elongated anterior anal fin , permit also possess 17 - 21 soft dorsal rays , and 16 - 19 soft anal rays .
the full story behind simplot ' s two - headed fish and phosphate mine .
an english couple on holiday went home with one heck of a fish story .
he preferred to focus his stories on the fish , tactics , other anglers .
hughes gm ( 1972 ) morphometrics of fish gills . respir physiol 14 : 1–26
freshwater and migratory fish : surveys and mitigation for development projects - gov . uk
estuarine fish habitats occur where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with the salty ocean water . this brackish water environment supports a variety of fish habitats , including :
the population size of permit is something of a mystery , as the last stock assessment of the fish was in 1996 . nevertheless , recreational anglers and commercial fishers know where to find them .
the snub - nosed dart , aka tropical permit , aka indian ocean permit trachinotus blochii , was the first of the aussie permit species to be described . way back in 1801 the famous french naturalist bernard lacépède called it “caesiomorus blochii” , but this was done to correct the first scientific mention of this species by swedish naturalist peter forsskål , who incorrectly described it as the atlantic permit ( then known as scomber falcatus ) in 1775 .
on the flats , permit are a more challenging catch than bonefish , tarpon , or any other sport fish that inhabits the area , according to keys fishing guides . the prime season coincides more or less with spawning season , from april to october , but some permit are reeled in year - round . to catch the fish , anglers can keep their artificial lures in the tackle box . permit typically respond to live bait , the top choice being crabs - - which , along with mollusks , make up their regular diet . on rare occasions , a patient and persistent fly fisher may land a permit .
the fact that early naturalists had trouble telling these species apart shows the morphological differences between the australian permit species and the “real” atlantic permit are quite small . the local species has slightly longer anal and dorsal fins with yellow colouration and black edges , a rounder head and shorter mouth , but otherwise appear virtually identical to atlantic permit .
if you ever get the urge to tackle the most stubborn , cantankerous , uncooperative , and just plain aggravating fish in the world , give permit fishing a try . it’s more than worth it .
here we show that the detection of fish edna correlates with fish abundance as determined by a compiled checklist and differs by season consistent with the widespread movement of fish populations into regional inshore waters and estuaries in the spring . to our knowledge , this is the most extensive time series analysis of marine fish edna to date . together with other studies , these results support edna for marine fish assessment and highlight limitations and aspects needing further study .
for a permit in florida , life typically begins in spring or summer , though spawning in the keys may occur year - round . permit are multiple - batch spawners , meaning one fish can produce and shed eggs more than once a season . reproduction typically takes place offshore over reefs 33 to 100 feet deep .
permit primarily forage on flats and intertidal areas , entering shallow water on incoming tides from deeper adjacent channels and basins . they usually travel in schools of about ten , but may school in larger numbers ; larger permit tend to be more solitary , feeding alone or in pairs . permit also congregate around wrecks and other deeper - water structures .
3 . florida keys , usa : from central florida , to key west , this is undoubtedly the premier destination for any serious permit angler . miles of beautiful beaches , acres of crystal - clear flats , hundreds of guides specializing in permit fishing , and angler - friendly fishing regulations - what more could you ask for ? permit along the florida coast and the keys average over 20 pounds , making this the area with the largest average size for permit .
fish are widely recognizable to anglers , outdoor enthusiasts and everyday citizens . size , body shape , and color distinguish different taxa of fish and help when trying to identify a species .
jeanne moos has a fish story about a shark that got away with an expensive lunch .
crabtree , re , hood , pb & d snodgrass . 2002 . age , growth , and reproduction of permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) in florida waters . fish . bull . 100 : 26 - 34 .
learning to see the permit’s most revealing feature , it’s dark tail and fins against a current - swept shallow flat , takes a bit of concentration from the angler’s behalf . though once seen in good sunlight , the permit can’t be missed . a novice angler can sum it up with a patient , practiced cast once the permit is seen within casting range .
remains the most captivating fish of the flats . those who fish for them seem to never grow tired of it . in fact , those who fish for them sometimes give up all other fishing . nothing else quite lives up to a large permit feeding in shallow water . once witnessed someone may be able to understand . yet , for some reason it’s truly hard finding words capable of describing the act of
this popular sport fish is often confused with a smaller look - alike , the florida pompano .
but we trust they will not try to compete with the local sports in telling fish stories .
hori m . frequency - dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale - eating cichlid fish .
permit fishing on the flats involves sight - fishing . this means you have to see the permit before it notices you – no mean feat in 3 ft . of crystal - clear water . they can often be located when “tailing” , or swimming with their tail or dorsal fins sticking out of the water . schools of permit fan out over the flats , so you will be targeting individual fish most of the time . there are 4 ways to accomplish this :
to distinguish adult permit from pompano , one need only remember the saying
size matters .
permit can grow to more than double the length of pompano and several times the weight . a 15 - to 20 - pound permit is a common sight , and the fish can easily exceed 3 feet in length . at smaller sizes , the distinction between the two species might not be as obvious . however , a good rule of thumb is a simple color check : small permit have orange patches on their chins , fins , or bellies ; pompano have yellow coloring in those areas .
predators the primary predators of permit include most large piscivores , such as sharks and barracuda . bull , lemon , and hammerhead sharks often venture onto the flats to hunt for feeding permit . anglers often report that , while fighting a permit on the line , these shark species will tear their prized - for sportfish in half , leaving the angler with only the head .
mangroves are protected in nsw and a permit of required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .
seagrasses are protected in nsw and a permit is required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .
using a fly rod to catch permit is everything but easy . the angler must have a true sense of how permit behave when feeding in shallow water . there’s no way around it , catching permit on fly is the ultimate when talking saltwater fly fishing . experience will get you there , but only when preparation meets opportunity . the rest could fill a well criticized book .
u . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia
permit frequent offshore wrecks , oil platforms , and artificial reefs , as well as grass and sand flats , deep channels , and holes inshore . tagging studies are under way to track their movements and migrations in florida waters . researchers hope to learn whether a permit ' s life journey connects these various habitats . if you are interested in volunteering to tag the permit you catch and release , refer to the article
tag a permit for research gains
for information about how to request a tagging kit .
. however , other explanations may be given , for example , that the association of this clade with fish ponds is due to non - random dispersal . specifically , most of the israeli aquaculture system relies on hatching and growth of juvenile fish in a small number of dedicated facilities , with the fish then distributed as fingerlings to fish ponds . this could enable concurrent transfer of the hatcheries microbiota , including
after recent surveys in 2003 , the florida fish and wildlife commission changed the florida size and bag limits for permit , effective january 1 , 2004 . the fwc raised the minimum size limit from 10 inches to 11 inches for all fishermen ( commercial and recreational ) , and decreased the recreational aggregate bag limit of permit and florida pompano from 10 fish to 6 fish per person per day . the upper size limit remains at 20 inches , but with a provision that allows anglers to retain one fish over 20 inches in their daily bag limit . these changes are designed to allow more permit to reach sexual maturity and reduce overall landings . though susceptible to overfishing , the world conservation union ( iucn ) does not currently list the permit as an endangered or vulnerable species . the iucn ( a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership ) assesses the conservation status of species .
u . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia
the river project . fish caught at hudson river park 1988–2015 . available 12 / 1 / 2015 from
the method chosen will be dependent on local conditions . most surveys are carried out by electrofishing unless the water body is wide or very deep in which case nets are likely to be used . you must consult with the environment agency if you’re electrofishing or netting as these methods will require a permit . the movement of fish between waters will also require a permit .
spark another great time of year for permit fishing in the florida keys flats and backcountry . marking the arrival back from their spawning period , june and july are great months to find large hungry permit mixing in areas alongside bonefish . recognized by many as the best
adams , aj , wolfe , rk , kellison , gt & bc victor . 2006 . patterns of juvenile habitat use and seasonality of settlement by permit , trachinotus falcatus . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 209 - 217 .
to be released in september , janet garrity ' s book , goin ' down the river , fish camps of the sea islands , captures in photos and stories the unique essence of the fish camp experience .
fish are animals that are cold - blooded , have fins and a backbone . most fish have scales and breathe with gills . approximately , 22 , 000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago . the largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo - like ( fusiform ) shape associated with many fishes .
permit can live long lives . in a study of specimens from tampa bay and the florida keys , a 3 - foot permit was aged at 23 years . because this species can grow about an additional foot , researchers believe its life span may be even longer .
joseph addison ( 1672 - 1719 ) let us not aggravate our sorrows , / but to the gods permit the event of things .
fwcc . 2010a . florida saltwater fishing regulations . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .
fish can detect color . the eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out , not reshaping the lens as in mammals .
) , similar to the result in a previous study on the same fish species ( kusche et al .
standing advice for local planning authorities about impacts of development on freshwater and migratory fish , including common sturgeon .
this information should be used to decide what is needed for surveys and planning mitigation measures for protected fish .
carolus linnaeus originally described the permit in 1758 , classifying it within the jack family carangidae . he initially named it labrus falcatus , but later taxonomists reclassified the permit within the genus trachinotus , grouping it with similar species such as the florida pompano ( trachinotus carolinus ) , the palometa ( trachinotus goodei ) , and the blackblotch pompano ( trachinotus kennedyi ) . though the permit has been confused as all of these fish , trachinotus falcatus serves as the only valid scientific name for the species . falcatus , a latin adjective that translates to
armed with scythes ,
appropriately describes the large sickle - shaped dorsal fin that breaches the surface when permit feed .
parasites permit suffer from many parasites , including the branchial parasite bicotylophora baeri , the intestinal parasite serrasentis socialis , and trematodes from the genus lobatostoma . when cultured together in fish farms , permit may become susceptible to bacteria such as vibrio anguillarum and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum . the latter infests the skin and gills of the host , eventually causing death through toxins or by interfering with respiration .
if someone permits something , they allow it to happen . if they permit you to do something , they allow you to do it .
a large , strong fish which at times inhabits depths of water less than they are long . patience , and a respect for the hunt and environment are essential . permit are plentiful in the lower florida keys , getting them to take a hook is the trick . seen as one of the greater challenges in shallow water sight fishing , permit will demand the very best of an angler . when fished for with live bait , we have the upper hand . when fished for on fly , we give the permit an advantage .
the body shapes of fish have developed to take advantage of the habitats where they live and feed . longer , torpedo shaped fish inhabit fast moving water , while deep bodied fish have adapted to thrive in slower moving pools . fins and tail , position of mouth , and barbels ( whiskers on a catfish ) enhance a fish’s ability to swim , feed , and locate food respectively . these and other physical characteristics not only allow a species to take advantage of certain stream habitat unpopulated by other fish but also help the scientist to make a conclusive identification .
good piece , but newspapers should let city - bound , know - nothing editors write headlines for fish stories .
despite recent news stories , this is not a good time to be a fish in the lower elwha river .
41 fish species are known to use saltmarsh areas , including yellowfin bream , sand whiting and various mullets . 2
truth is , keys permit fishing is in a class of it’s own because of where it all takes place . some of the keys’ best permit fishing flats are of the most beautiful . the lower florida keys are host to hundreds of these clear - water flats , which are surrounded by thousands of underwater reefs , ship - wrecks , and rock piles ; a truly perfect environment for this fish .
break down ( digest ) food and absorb nutrients . fish such as bass that are piscivorous ( eat other fish ) have fairly short intestines because such food is easy to chemically break down and digest . fish such as tilapia that are herbivorous ( eat plants ) require longer intestines because plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components . a great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents .
permit that invade the flats and backcountry during this time typically range between 10 and 40 pounds in weight . most permit seen during this time are grouped together in schools . aggressive in nature when found in these pre - spawn schools , a seemingly confident sense of competition takes over their behavior .
offshore fishing for permit requires little in the way of specialty equipment . a suitable boat , good saltwater medium light rod , and a medium spinning or bait fishing reel , with no larger than 12 lbs . test line is all you need . most offshore permit fishing is done with live bait , more specifically , live blue crabs ( known as “permit candy” ) . the best method is to use a depth - finder to locate wrecks and rock - piles in 30 - 60 ft . of water . anywhere that would be a good hangout for crabs is a prime permit spot .
our guards introduced us , and i heard one of them telling a small crowd about the fish and hay stories .
this is natural england’s species standing advice for local planning authorities who need to assess planning applications that affect protected fish .
nsw fisheries ( 1999 ) fish habitat protection plan no 2 : seagrasses , nsw department of primary industries , cronulla .
permit compose an important commercial fishery along with their close relative the florida pompano . the permit commercial fishery yielded 10 . 4 metric tons in 2002 , down from 68 metric tons in 2000 . florida landings comprised 100 percent of the catch in 2002 . in response to possible overfishing , the florida wildlife commission recently raised minimum size limits and decreased bag limits ( see conservation below ) . originally interested in the related florida pompano , fish farmers have only recently begun to experiment with the mariculture of permit , raising them in large near - shore pens for commercial sale .
re - use of this article is permitted in accordance with the creative commons deed , attribution 2 . 5 , which does not permit commercial exploitation .
for many years australian anglers , particularly fly fishers , were teased and tempted by glossy international flyfishing magazines containing stories of challenging encounters with permit . even as recently as 20 years ago , the media spotlight for flats fishers was firmly on the
true
permit trachinotus falcatus of atlantic and caribbean fame .
although permit are found all along the atlantic of the us , as far north as massachusetts , and south to brazil , along the gulf of mexico coastlines and even some of the pacific coast south to mexico , there are some areas that are famous for their permit fisheries . these top destinations include :
and other micro - organisms that will help test these hypotheses . in parallel , isolation and characterization of fish - pond associated strains may help determine whether such strains have growth advantages under conditions commonly found in fish ponds , or whether the changes in
in essence , permit fishing is pretty straight - forward : find the fish , cast to them and hope that they bite . finding the fish within your range is usually not very difficult . permit are a fairly common fish , and can be found cruising the reefs , inlets and passes , sailing in the surf , and along the flats . they can be fished for with live bait , lures , jigs , and fly fishing gear . no special gear is required , other than making sure it’s stout enough to handle a 30 - 40 bruiser with an attitude . medium saltwater spinning , and saltwater fly fishing gear are preferred . if only it were that easy , though .
1930 ,
presbytarians
, time , 19 dec 1930 : last week the decision on two points was conclusive : the presbyterian church in the u . s . a . will not permit ordination of women as ministers , but will permit their election as ruling elders , permission which makes possible a woman as moderator .
the elusive permit has been called ”the grey ghost of the flats” , and has frustrated more anglers than possibly any other fish , anywhere in the world . along with tarpon and bonefish , they comprise “the big three” of flats fishing . permit fishing is the most difficult type of fishing you will ever do . with eyes of a hawk , unbelievable hearing , and a sense of smell that would make a bloodhound cry , permit are definitely one of the most difficult fish to catch , fresh or salt water . to top it off , they get moody , sulky , and will sometimes just flat out refuse to cooperate . still , each year , thousands of anglers flock to this finny and fickle phantom’s locations , to try their luck anyway . why ? because catching a permit of any size bestows lifetime bragging rights upon the lucky angler , in any fishing circle , anywhere in the world .
pursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .
fwcc . 2010b . marine fisheries information system 2009 annual landings summary . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .
this peculiar trait of man allows him to relish a good fish story , or the latest news from the sea - serpent .
one of the fish ' s primary sense organs ; detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source .
takeuchi y , hori m , oda y . lateralized kinematics of predation behavior in a lake tanganyika scale - eating cichlid fish .
but time has moved on and today aussie anglers need not feel deprived of permit action anymore . indeed , we’re the lucky country in that we have not just one , but two species of permit in australian waters which are equally challenging , and at least one of them has a growth potential comparable to their us cousin .
2007 , ian jack , the guardian , 22 sep 07 :
as an instrument of economic policy , incantation does not permit of minor doubts or scruples .
for some , catching a permit on a fly rod represents a lifetime achievement . you can , of course lob a live crab out on a fly line , but there are many fly patterns that attract permit . an 8 - wt rod with a shooting taper fly line is perfect for permit , bonefish , and even small tarpon . you’ll need the shooting taper for some of the long casts you will need to make , so you may want to practice on the ‘double - haul’ cast beforehand .
size and bag limits are currently in place for the florida recreational fishery ( size limit at 22 inches fl , bag limit of one per harvester per day , and a closed season from 1 may through 31 july ) in special permit zones . gear restrictions apply : in state waters : hook and line only ; federal waters : hook and line and spearing . there is also a vessel limit of no more than two per vessel ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , accessed 10 august 2012 ) . in january 1996 , the commission implemented a recreational 10 - fish aggregate bag limit for florida pompano , permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) , and african pompano ( alectis ciliaris ) , with the allowance of one fish over 20 inches .
the stream monitoring program uses information obtained during fish sampling to determine the index of biotic integrity ( ibi ) for a local stream . in order to identify the fish specimens and safely release them in the field , the stream monitoring program works closely with a fisheries biologist .
to it , accordingly , a story of union between a man and a fish , a swan or a serpent , involves no difficulty .
lee hj , kusche h , meyer a . foraging behavior in scale - eating cichlid fish : its potential role in shaping morphological asymmetry .
habitat : permit are found in the surf , inlets and passes of both coasts , but are more numerous in the southern half of the state . in warm weather , they roam south atlantic reefs and many gulf wrecks . “classic” permit stalking on the flats is largely confined to dade county and the florida keys , as well as the bahamas and caribbean .
the primary structural framework upon which the fish ' s body is built ; connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear . the spine is made up of numerous vertebrae , which are hollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord .
the flats in south florida are famous for permit fishing , though researchers have recorded permit landings throughout the coastal counties , mostly by sport fishers . the recreational fishery accounted for 87 % of the landings of permit statewide in 2008 , or nearly 118 , 000 pounds - - about 100 , 000 pounds more than the commercial fishery . even so , the combined commercial and recreational landings , 135 , 451 pounds , constituted a small fishery relative to its
mistaken twin ,
the pompano , at 932 , 797 pounds that same year .
coloration permit have bright silver sides and bluish - green or brown backs . the belly will sometimes show yellow or an occasional black splotch . the fins appear dark gray or black .
the vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts . in most fish , it is immediately in front of the anal fin .
bettex - galland m , hughes gm ( 1973 ) contractile filamentous material in the pillar cells of fish gills . j cell sci 13 : 359–370
assess the impacts this development would have on protected fish if no mitigation measures were planned and submit the assessment with your planning or licence application .
permit primarily occupy inshore regions such as flats and sandy beaches , and deeper cuts , channels , and holes adjacent to these areas . the substrate of the flats may vary from sand , mud , marl , or sea grass . permit often swim in water depths less than 2 feet , though due to large body depth , large individuals cannot occupy waters as shallow as other flats species such as bonefish . in deeper waters up to 30 m , permit often congregate around structures such as reefs , jetties , and wrecks where they frequently occur in large schools .
bigelow hb , schroeder wc . fishes of the gulf of maine , first revision . fishery bull fish wildlife service . 1953 ; 53 : 1–577 .
the mermaid of story was a damsel fair to view , until she had risen from the waves so as to show her fish - like ending .
the site of waste elimination from the fish ' s body . it is also the entry to the genital tract where eggs or sperm are released .
through hard work and a sense of exploration by a dedicated band of sport fishers and guides , the “where and when” behind the aussie permit species is being demystified . the good news is the “why” remains unchanged . they remain as challenging as ever and the next person to go home empty handed after flycasting to an acre of schooling aussie permit won’t be the first , or last .
this very tall , flat fish is most distinctive for its elongated dorsal and anal fins , and its deeply forked tail . it also has a series of dorsal rays , which give it its name
rough back
. these schooling fish hunt their prey inshore on sandy sea grass flats , but as they get older , they become more solitary . they are popular with sportsfishers because the fish can grow to 48 inches long and are challenging to catch .
graham , rt & dw castellanos . 2005 . courtship and spawning behaviors of carangid species in belize . fish . bull . 103 : 426 - 432 .
kusche h , lee hj , meyer a . mouth asymmetry in the textbook example of scale - eating cichlid fish is not a discrete dimorphism after all .
takeuchi y , hori m , myint o , kohda m . lateral bias of agonistic responses to mirror images and morphological asymmetry in the siamese fighting fish (
dispersal is with migratory birds , many of which visit multiple fish ponds on their annual return route from africa to europe ( van leeuwen et al . ,
did you know . . . 70 % of coastal fish species in south - eastern australia need to move through estuaries to complete their life cycle . 1
juvenile permit , trachinotus falcatus , in a seagrass bed . note the bright orange coloration of the anal and pelvic fins . photo by l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
4 . kayaks : my favorite . kayaks are the ultimate small watercraft - sleek , fast , and virtually unsinkable . kayaks are as silent as it is possible to get . you can build up speed and then glide up to the permit’s vicinity without a sound . since you sit low in the water , all the fish sees is a somewhat large fish - shape , not necessarily a threat . every permit i have ever caught has been from one of my kayaks . there are even kayaks , such as the hobie models with their patented mirage drive , that operate with pedals . the only drawbacks is that you don’t have a lot of room for much gear ( but you really don’t need much ) , and not much room to keep your fish , should you plan to bring it home , but these drawbacks can be overcome with a little creativity .
the lower hudson river estuary offers edna assessment advantages . first , multiple seining surveys document local fish populations . second , large seasonal changes in fish abundance test edna temporal specificity . third , daily freshwater and saltwater inflows , which might carry edna from non - resident species , challenge geographic localization of edna . contrasting environments within the estuary query edna distribution at a finer scale . finally , most resident fish have mitochondrial sequences in genbank , enabling identification of amplified dna sequences .
on the flats , permit are usually solitary , and extremely wary . any indication that something is up will send the fish scurrying for deeper water just a shade faster than instantly . contrary to popular belief , the reason permit are so skittish on the flats is that it is not in fact their natural habitat . they normally haunt wrecks , rock - piles , grass - beds and such , but the flats offer too good of a crab hunting ground for them to overlook . but they definitely feel exposed , and will bolt at the slightest disturbance .
florida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . • tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 • ( 850 ) 488 - 4676
ivanova nv , zemlak ts , hanner rh , hebert pdn . universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding . mol ecol notes . 2007 ; 7 : 544–548 .
a 10′ to 12′ long , 10 - 12 lb . test leader is plenty for permit fishing . a line basket will help you control your line during those long retrieves . you’ll want a reel with a good disc drag , and at least 100 yards of backing on your reel . permit can be stubborn at times , and take out a lot of line . good fly patterns for permit include the crazy charlie , gotcha , the bastard crab , legless merkin , avalon fly , belize crab , bonefish critter , mangrove critter , raghead crab , chernobyl crab , ep crab , yucatan special , and more .
1 . belize , central america : located just north and east of guatemala , belize has the lowest population density of any central american country . but what it lacks in population , it makes up for in permit . it is considered ( arguably ) the ‘permit capital of the world’ , and each year , thousands of hopeful anglers arrive on its pristine flats to try their luck . belize has around 250 square miles of fishing area . the permit here average around 15 - 18 pounds , but 40 pound permits are not unheard of , and most people believe there are some 50 + pounders out there somewhere .
by 1909 ogilby had described the oyster cracker dart as trachinotus anak “a large fish destructive to oysters” . more recent scientific work has confirmed t . anak is indeed a separate species , based on skeletal differences . indeed , as noted in previous fish facts , bony lumps on the skeleton ( hyperostosis ) are well described in several species of permit , including t . anak which , like t . falcatus , exhibits bone enlargement only in the ribs , while t . blochii only tends to get bone enlargement in certain cranial bones .
filters liquid waste materials from the blood ; these wastes are then passed out of the body . the kidney is also extremely important in regulating water and salt concentrations within the fish ' s body , allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater , and in some cases ( such as snook or tarpon ) both .
takahara t , minamoto t , yamanaka h , doi h , kawabata z . estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna . plos one 2012 ; 7 : e335868 .
the following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .
the following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common internal features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .
2 . yucatan peninsula , mexico : in the heart of the ancient mayan lowlands , the yucatan peninsula is an archeologist dream . it is also a magnet for would - be permit experts ( if there is really such a thing ) , with over 500 miles of coastline , and beautiful crystal - clear flats . permits over 20 pounds are not uncommon . one of the top gulf of mexico destinations for permit fishing .
paired nostrils , or nares , in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive . eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell .
farrell ap , sobin ss , randall dj , crosby s ( 1980 ) intralamellar blood flow pattern in fish gills . am j physiol 239 : r 428 - r 436
, the singing midshipman fish . magn reson imaging . 2006 , 24 : 321 - 331 . 10 . 1016 / j . mri . 2005 . 10 . 036 .
mangrove - lined creeks are important habitats for fish , crabs , birds and other animals . mangrove trees provide large amounts of organic matter , which is eaten by many small aquatic animals . in turn , these animals provide food for larger fish and other animals . mangroves also help maintain water quality by filtering silt from runoff and recycling nutrients .
but that is not the end of the aussie permit story . during the heyday of oyster farming in the late 1800s and early 1900s in queensland , oysterers working in hervey bay noticed their leases being plundered by schools of large fish which “pick up the oysters while standing on their heads , as it were , with the tail near the surface , and are often 6 ft in length” .
the mouth ' s shape is a good clue to what fish eat . the larger it is , the bigger the prey it can consume . fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items . most freshwater fishes in florida are omnivorous ( eating both plant and animal matter ) . some are primarily piscivorous ( eating mostly other fish ) . the imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous ( eating plants ) . fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species . fish like chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine - shaped teeth . other fish have less obvious teeth , such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth , or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth , for example , in the roof of a striped bass ' mouth . grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat .
the permit range along the atlantic coast of the us from massachusetts , all the way south to brazil , along the caribbean islands and the gulf of mexico coast . they can grow up to about 4” in length and weigh up to 60 lbs . the world record permit ( 60lb . 8oz . - 27 . 21kg . ) was caught at ilha do mel , paranagua , brazil , on dec 14 , 2002 , by renato fiedler .
a hollow , gas - filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy ( suspending ) in water . fish caught from very deep water sometimes need to have air released from their swim bladder before they can be released and return to deep water , due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at the water ' s surface . ( most freshwater anglers in florida need not concern themselves with this ! ) species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming .
fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position , move , steer and stop . they are either single fins along the centerline of the fish , such as the dorsal ( back ) fins , caudal ( tail ) fin and anal fin , or paired fins , which include the pectoral ( chest ) and pelvic ( hip ) fins . fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin , called an adipose ( fat ) fin that is not illustrated here . the dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides . the caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward . the paired fins assist with steering , stopping and hovering .
2009 , patricia cohen , new york times , 17 jan 09 , p . 1 : he was ultimately cleared , but during that period , mr . ackman said , his lawyers would not permit him to defend himself publicly .
1910 , ‘saki’ ,
reginald in russia
, reginald in russia : ‘you english are always so frivolous , ’ said the princess . ‘in russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being light - hearted . ’
adults frequently in channels or holes , over sandy flats , around reefs , and at times over mud bottoms ; usually solitary or in small schools ; smaller fish tolerate brackish water . spawn offshore ( ref . 26938 ) . during the summer , juveniles are found in large schools especially in the surf zone along sandy beaches . adults feed on mollusks , crabs , shrimps , and small fishes ; juveniles on benthic invertebrates . excellent food fish ( ref . 9626 ) . highly esteemed game fish caught on light tackle ( ref . 26938 ) .
kelly rp , port ja , yamahara km , crowder lb . using environmental dna to census marine fish in a large mesocosm . plos one 2014 ; 9 : e86175 pmid : 24454960
when you look at the historical accounts of t . anak “6 feet long” destroying oyster beds , even taking into account exaggeration by frustrated oyster farmers and loss of most of the benthic oyster beds along our east coast due to sedimentation from coastal development ( thus reducing its food supply ) , it seems t . anak has a larger growth potential than t . blochii , potentially rivalling the size of the atlantic permit such that it also rightly deserves the “aussie permit” tag .
surf smelt ( hypomesus pretiosus ) and pacific sand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are important food for marine mammals , birds , and fishes , including pacific salmon . the washington department of fish and wildlife protects these fish species and their spawning habitat by limiting human activities under the terms of a permit ( called the hydraulic project approval , hpa ) on beaches where spawning has been documented . extensive surveys have sampled many of the beaches in puget sound . however , despite good information on the distribution of spawning beaches our understanding of the ecology and protection needs for these species is very limited . the washington department of fish and wildlife conducts research that will allow us to better ensure adequate protection of pacific sand lance and surf smelt given current and anticipated environmental conditions , without unnecessarily constraining human activity .
u . s . army corps of engineers . new york and new jersey harbor deepening project , appendix e : essential fish habitat assessment . 2004 . available 11 / 20 / 2016 from
if natural england and the environment agency are consulted on the same planning application , natural england will refer to this standing advice and the environment agency will provide advice to protect fish populations .
takahara t , minamoto t , doi h . using environmental dna to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds . plos one . 2013 ; 8 : e56584 . pmid : 23437177
the identity of
ţjóđvitnis fiskr
remains to be explained . keeping in mind the allegorical nature of the poem , i will permit myself to approach this question from a new angle . in icelandic ( old and modern ) , the word
sporđr
is a term for the tail of a fish . it is also a term for the head of a bridge ( cp . sigurdrífumál 16 : 6
brúar sporđi
) .
this again is a good time of year to find permit and bonefish together in a shallow depth of water . once the cold water winter temps set - in with december , we typically say goodbye to this species until the following spring season .
we thank jesse ausubel for encouragement and editorial comment , sean brady for advice on experimental design , jeanne garbarino and anna zeidman for laboratory space and assistance , keith dunton for contributing fish specimens and sharing long river survey report , melissa cohen for contributing fish specimens , howard rosenbaum for permission to sample at new york aquarium , and julie nadel , iman nassef , and alden liang for trialing protocols .
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tackle and baits : although offshore permit are large enough to provide sport with light and medium saltwater tackle , the epitome of permit fishing is to stalk them by sight on shallow flats , and cast directly to them . light spinning , baitcasting and fly tackle can be used in the shallows—provided the angler has a good supply of line and a means ( a guide with a push - pole , preferably ) of chasing the fish . best natural bait is any sort of small live crab . dead pieces of crab and lobster also work well . live shrimp are often accept - ed , especially if skittered across the surface , and then allowed to sink . if using small skimmer ( bonefish - style ) jigs , try to get the permit to follow the lure , then stop it dead and let it sink into the grass or mud . best flies are those with weighted or epoxy heads that will sink in the manner of a leadhead jig .


pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in europe , asia and north america in the miocene between approximately 20 to 8 million years ago .

it is an ancestor of today 's felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodont saber-tooths , and is a successor to proailurus .

it originated from eurasia and was the first felid to reach north america , when it entered the continent at about 18.5 ma ending a ' cat-gap ' of 7 million years .

the slender proportions of the animal , together with its short , viverrid-like legs , suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees .

pseudaelurus

' felis ( pseudaelurus ) intrepidus is recombined as pseudaelurus intrepidus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' felis quadridentata is recombined as pseudaelurus quadridentatus ' according to gervais 1850 ' felis quadridentata is recombined as pseudaelurus quadridentatus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' lynx stouti is recombined as pseudaelurus stouti ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus aeluroides belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus cuspidatus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to x . wang et al . 1998 ' pseudaelurus cuspidatus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus guangheensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to z . cao et al . 1990 ' pseudaelurus guangheensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus lorteti belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus marshi belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus romieviensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to roman and viret 1934 ' pseudaelurus romieviensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus skinneri belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2003 ' pseudaelurus skinneri belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus turnauensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to hoernes 1882 ' pseudaelurus turnauensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus validus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus belongs to felidae ' according to t . rothwell 2004
phylogenetic systematics of north american pseudaelurus ( carnivora , felidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3403
data table results : there are arguments for and against sexual dimorphism being the explanation for some character differences between species of fossil felids . arguments for include : ( 1 ) sexual dimorphism is seen in modern felid species , at the very least in body size and skull length in small felids . ( 2 ) the fossil felids pseudaelurus skinneri and pseudaelurus stouti display differences in c - - p3 length that could also be interpreted as sexual dimorphism . ( 3 ) the fossil felids pseudaelurus intrepidus and pseudaelurus marshi are size and temporally equivalent . specimens of the two species are sometimes found in the same paleontological localities ( quarries ) . arguments against include : ( 1 ) a similar range in c - - p3 length and dentary height and width is not seen in the fossil felid pseudaelurus validus . pseudaelurus validus and some modern species do not exhibit sexual dimorphism in the lower jaw . ( 2 )
rothwell , t . 2002 . phylogenetic systematics of north american pseudaelurus ( carnivora : felidae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history ( in press )
modern assemblages of felids sometimes contain at least two species that are indistinguishable in jaw length . ( 3 ) the p error for the hypothetical pseudaelurus intrepidus - - pseudaelurus marshi ( male - female ) species that i created in this tab le ( 0 . 0001 ) is far outside the range of p error seen in the four modern species studied ( 0 . 28 - - 0 . 008 ) . the results appear inconclusive , due primarily to the variability of the sexual dimorphism displayed by different species of living felids . however , if pseudaelurus intrepidus and pseudaelurus marshi were indeed sexually dimorphic members of the same species , the males and females differed far more than any of the four living felids that i studied .
all modern day cats in the americas are descended from the pseudaelurus , which crossed over to north america using the bering land bridge that once connected alaska with asia 18 . 5 million years ago .
rothwell , t . 2001 . a partial skeleton of pseudaelurus ( carnivora : felidae ) from the nambé member of the tesuque formation , española basin , new mexico . american museum novitates 3342 : 1 - 31 .
the oldest known true felid ( proailurus ) lived in the oligocene and miocene eras . during the miocene , it gave way to pseudaelurus . pseudaelurus is believed to be the latest common ancestor of the two extant subfamilies , pantherinae and felinae , and the extinct subfamily , machairodontinae . this group , better known as the sabertooth cats , became extinct in the late pleistocene era . it includes the genera smilodon , machairodus , dinofelis , and homotherium .
pseudaelurus (
false cat
) was named by french zoologist paul gervais in 1850 , who based the designation on a single mandible that had been described over a decade earlier by another frenchman , edouard lartet , who thought it resembled that of the modern hyena .
the first cat to immigrate into the americas ( which it did via the land bridge across the bering sea during the early miocene ) , pseudaelurus gave rise to the saber - toothed cats known as smilodon . it is also believed to be the ancestor of all modern cats , including the domestic house cat .
i review the fossil felid literature , researching the early history of the genus pseudaelurus in europe . i examine type pseudaelurus specimens from europe , asia , and north america and emend the generic diagnosis . a large body of new material from the frick collection of the american museum is described and specimens are assigned to one of six species . one species is new and one is transferred from lynx . new material includes two partial skeletons assigned to two separate species , several skulls , one skull with associated lower jaws and intact basicranium , numerous maxillary and lower jaw specimens , and isolated postcranial items . cranial , basicranial , and postcranial material of the frick specimens is compared to that of european taxa as well as to modern felids . a cladistic analysis of 10 taxa and 23 characters produces hypotheses of felid relationships
- - p . 2 .
approximately twelve species of pseudaelurus once roamed the plains of eurasia , africa , and north america between 20 and 8 million years ago . all of them looked much like modern cats except for having shorter
hand
and
foot
bones , hind limbs longer than forelimbs , and a long , flexible back . the smallest species was about the size of a modern house cat , the largest about the size of a modern cougar ( about 5 feet long and 50 pounds ) .
this is an illustration of the type specimen of pseudaelurus marshi , a fossil lower jaw of a cat who lived in north america in the middle miocene , approximately 13 million years ago . the illustration is featured in the original description of this fossil , written by the paleontologist malcolm rutherford thorpe in 1922 . i scanned this illustration and then added the reference to the distance from c - p3 . early on in my research on the early cats of north america , i realized that the space between the lower canine ( c ) and the third premolar ( p3 ) was a character that could possibly differentiate species in both extinct and modern felid taxa .
this wonderful fossil ( unsm 25490 ) is a partial skull , the type specimen of pseudaelurus stouti , a small cat who lived in north america approximately 14 million years ago . it is housed in the university of nebraska state museum . we are looking at the upper dentition . this cat was similar in size as our domestic cats of today . however , notice that this cat has four upper premolars . the cat in your house or barn would have p2 , but no longer has p1 . the modern , domestic cat has evolved without a first upper premolar ( p1 ) . it has lost this anatomical feature or character . photo by tom rothwell
stratigraphic chart : this is a rough estimate of stratigraphic ranges for various fossil felids . as new specimens are discovered , or as fossil localities are dated more precisely , these ranges will change . the first north american felids arrived during a major dispersal from eurasia to north america that began approximately 20 m . y . ago . the early fossil felid record of asia is poor . only a small number of specimens have been recovered from early and middle miocene localities . therefore , the stratigraphic range of pseudaelurus in asia is less certain than europe and north america . my present felid research project is a study of the early north american saber - tooth cats , often referred to as the machairodont felids . nimravides and machairodus are two of the earliest north american saber - tooth cats . na felis refers to the stratigraphic range of fossils of the modern felids .
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full reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89
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american museum novitates novitates ( latin for
new acquaintances
) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .
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please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . hephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm , allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive , relevant , and informative books . to date , this content has been curated from wikipedia articles and images under creative commons licensing , although as hephaestus books continues to increase in scope and dimension , more licensed and public domain content is being added . we believe books such as this represent a new and exciting lexicon in the sharing of human knowledge . this particular book is a collaboration focused on prehistoric mammals of europe .
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from the tall grass savanna of kenya to the forested slopes of the rockies , from the steaming jungles of indonesia and the crags of the himalayas to your very own living room , cats prowl our planet . some are large and imposing , celebrated for their predatory power . others are small and elusive , their spots blending into the shadows . not to mention our familiar moggie companions that purr and yowl for a tender back scratch . at whatever size , and whatever form , we seem to have limitless adoration and fascination for the felines that inhabit our planet . our affection for them runs so deep that we’re even transfixed by those that slipped into extinction long ago . there is no more potent symbol of the ice age than smilodon fatalis , the great saber - toothed cat preserved by the hundreds in the thick muck of the la brea asphalt seeps . living or dead , we love cats .
but where did cats come from ? they did not spontaneously burst from the grass to ambush their prey . the world’s cats , both large and small , wild and domestic , have as deep and circuitous an evolutionary history as any other species . and while they’re all consummate predators , the cat family has taken a variety of forms . their remarkable flexibility has allowed them to flourish , whether in the shape of lanky speed demons like cheetahs or the extinct sabercats who stalked baby mastodons , or domestic tabbies that are the scourge of backyard wildlife . cats have always been malleable beasts , changing with the shifts in climate and habitat that the earth has undergone since their origin over 25 million years ago . and while there are various points at which we could start the great cat tale , let’s begin with one of the worst days in the planet’s history .
exactly what the founder of the cat family looked like is unknown . the fossil record , as charles darwin once wrote , is like a stone book for which we only have a few words or sentences in an incomplete array of chapters . this makes it all the more difficult to pin down precise ancestors , especially the further back in time you go . therefore paleontologists look for animals that have what they call transitional features – traits that bridge gaps between groups and act as proxies for those ancestors , tracing the chaotic route of evolution from the present way back into the past . for cats , that search has led fossil experts to a little mammal called proailurus . the naturalist henri filhol named this extinct beast back in 1879 from fossils found in france , and even then he could tell that the mammal had something to do with the origin of felines : proailurus means “first cat . ”
a 20th century reconstruction of smilodon , the great sabertoothed cat . | credit : the prelinger archive
not all sabercats were exactly alike . one of the earliest , the 15 - million - year - old paramachairodus from europe , was about the size of a leopard and had relatively short canines compared to its later relatives . much closer to us in time , from 2 . 5 million years ago to about 10 , 000 years ago , the famous smilodon line had species that exceeded a siberian tiger in size and grappled prey to the ground with burly forelimbs . the much more slender homotherium had shorter canines and a rangier build better suited for running after victims . then there was xenosmilus – the “alien knife” – who mixed short , broad sabers with a muscular build , mixing and matching traits seen in the smilodon and homotherium lines . there were many ways to be a sabercat .
those fearsome teeth have long had a hold on our imagination . so much so that there’s been no shortage of ideas about how sabercats used their fangs . over the years these cats have been cast as stabbers , armor - piercers , and even blood - suckers , but the modern consensus is that smilodon and its relatives used their extended canines to slice through the soft parts of their ancient prey . a sabertoothed bite to the neck or belly of a victim would have caused catastrophic blood loss , if not immediate death .
the last of the sabercats died out about 8 , 000 years ago . why they disappeared is a mystery . while art works , museum displays , and movies have often depicted the cats trying to take down giant sloths and mammoths , recent studies have suggested sabercats preferred mid - sized prey such as camels and baby mastodons . still , it seems that these cats specialized in hunting the megafauna that once flourished during the last ice age , and when many of these creatures died , so did the cats . for the first time in over 20 million years there were no more sabercats , although , given how many times they’ve evolved , it’s likely that something resembling smilodon could eventually evolve again . for now , though , the world belongs to the short - fanged cats .
the felids we know — and love all the cats we know today – from the biggest siberian tiger of the frigid forests to the tiny margay of the american tropics – are felids . they split from the sabercats over 20 million years ago , and today represent about 40 distinct species spread across the americas , europe , africa , and asia . of all the wild cats , though , it’s the big cats that get the lion’s share of our attention . despite sharing a large body size , though , not all “big cats” are close relatives . there are two subdivisions of living cats . one group , the pantherinae , includes tigers , lions , jaguars , leopards , and snow leopards , as well as the smaller clouded leopards ( the most ancient lineage of the pantherine group ) . a second group – the felinae – includes cheetahs and cougars in addition to the comparatively diminutive fishing cats , sand cats , jaguarundis , and their relatives . the cat family tree is a tangle of surprising connections .
in terms of the world’s beloved big cats , though , paleontologists have recently started to zero in on where they came from . in 2013 , paleontologists working in tibet announced the discovery of panthera blytheae . up until the cat’s discovery , the oldest known pantherine cats were thought to be from the 3 . 6 million year old bedrock of tanzania . panthera blytheae moved back the group’s origins to older than 4 . 4 million years , and in a place that wasn’t expected . big cats were thought to have originated in africa , but the recent discovery seems to point to asia , and , more specifically , the tibetan plateau . other mammals – such as woolly rhinos and himalayan blue sheep – seem to have gotten their start in the same place , leading paleontologists to suggest that mammals whoevolved in this chilly place developed adaptations for cooler conditions , which allowed them to spread outward and thrive as the planet started to go through the ebb and flow of ice ages . this doesn’t mean that panthera blytheae was the direct ancestor of today’s lions and tigers , but the cat points to a deeper and more complex story for our favorite carnivores than anyone previously knew .
of course , there’s more to cat evolution than the backstories of fierce sabercats or lions teaming up to take down water buffalo . many of us live with cats . the aspca estimates that there are between 74 and 96 million domestic cats in american households alone . that number even outstrips the count for dogs ‑ our supposed ‘best friends’ . you may even be feeling the rumble of your feline companion’s purr on your lap as you read this . how did this special connection between our species and a fuzzy carnivore with sharp teeth and retractable claws come to be ?
our inadvertent partnership with cats changed them just as they changed our daily lives . biologists have even been able to see this in cat genes . on the surface , the feline that struts around your home doesn’t seem much different from their wild counterparts . ( this is part of what makes feral cats such an ecological nightmare – they’re adept hunters of native species that has led countries like australia from banning outdoor cats . ) but get down into the dna and biologists can see that our favorite pets show at least 13 genetic markers that distinguish domestic breeds from wild ones . some of these differences are associated with behavior , such as changes in when cats feel fear or how they’re able to learn when provided food as a reward , showing how their brains changed as they came in to settle down with us .
looking back at our own history , it may seem a little strange that we keep cats so close to us . the very first humans evolved in africa over six million years ago , and by then there was a wide array of sabertoothed and non - sabertoothed cats on the scene . some human fossils – such as the skull of one of our australopithecine cousins dubbed sk - 54 with two puncture marks matching the tooth width of a leopard – indicate that cats even ate some of our relatives . coming down from the trees meant that we were entering a world ruled by cats ready to pounce from the grass . we evolved alongside cats , undoubtedly fearful as well as fascinated . for while each cat species differs , they all share elements of the same grace and charm we’ve admired for as long as human memory can trace back . through our own history we’ve been cat food , stolen their kills , admired them from afar , treated them as gods , and , unfortunately , brought far too many to the brink of extinction . if we truly love cats as much as our culture professes we do , then the best we can do to honor them is let cats continue their 30 million year evolutionary journey into the future .
brian switek is a freelance science writer and author of the books my beloved brontosaurus , written in stone , and prehistoric predators . he also writes the blog laelaps for scientific american , and when not writing about fossils he can be found helping museum and university crews excavate fossil wonders across the western deserts .
striking out in the love department ? at least you’re not a honey bee . . .
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you may think your dog has an irrational hatred of cats , but their instinct to chase felines out of their territory might be more reasonable than you think .
fossils have revealed the two species have a rocky past after the introduction of cats to the americas had a devastating effect on the continent ' s species of wild dogs .
in fact , it is thought that competition from cats caused up to 40 species of dog to become extinct in the region millions of years ago .
the introduction of cats from asia into the americas 18 . 5 million years ago is thought to have drastically decreased the biodiversity of dogs , according to researchers .
competition for food from ancient felines is said to have played an even more important role than climate change in eliminating dog species on the continent .
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' we usually expect climate changes to play an overwhelming role in the evolution of biodiversity , ' said leading author daniele silvestro at the department of biological and environmental sciences , university of gothenburg .
' instead , competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for canids . '
domestic cats and dogs , along with other carnivorous animals like lions and bears , all share lineage with a tree - dwelling mammal whose origins remain a mystery .
yet paleontologists believe there are even earlier ancestors explaining the evolutionary line of these much loved animals .
now scientists in belgium have unearthed fossils of one of the earliest of these mammals which roamed through humid forests 55 million years ago .
the remains of the new species , which also had ankle bones , has been named dormaalocyon latouri after the belgian village of dormaal where it was found .
dormaalocyon latouri was a 1kg ( 2lb ) tree - dweller that is thought to have fed on even smaller mammals and insects .
an international team , including scientists from the universities of gothenburg , sweden , são paulo , brazil and lausanne , switzerland , published the findings in the journal proceedings of the national academy of science .
the dog family , which includes wolves and coyotes , originated in north america about 40 million years ago .
they reached maximum diversity in the continent 22 million years ago when , at their peak , more than 30 species roamed the land mass at the same time .
however , since they were introduced dozens of species have emerged and become extinct over a period of millions of years .
only nine species of canid inhabit the continent today , including the domestic dog .
ancient dogs progressively increased in size , some exceeding 66 pounds ( 33 kg ) , with some examples including the extinct dire wolf and the epicyon reaching about double this size .
the introduction of cats from asia into the americas is thought to have drastically decreased the biodiversity of dogs , according to researchers . pictured , a north american bobcat
the findings suggests that ancient north american cats were more efficient hunters than most extinct species from the dog family .
' we do not know exactly which species of felids had the strongest competitive effects on ancient dogs , ' silvestro told mailonline .
' however an entire subfamily of dogs , known as bone - crushing dogs , started to decline sharply around 15 million years ago , when felids started to be numerous in north america , and was completely extinct around 2 million years ago .
' bone - crushing dogs , which in total included more than 60 species , included some of the largest canids that ever existed and our results show that it was the most affected by competition with felids . '
the survival of any carnivorous species is linked to its ability to effectively hunt prey , and the availability of food .
limited amounts of resources – in this case prey - imposes strong competition among carnivores sharing the same geographic range .
this can be seen today in africa , with wild dogs and hyenas competing with lions and other big cats for food .
north american carnivores in the past may have followed similar dynamics and much of the competition is found among species of the dog family and from ancient felids and dogs .
the dog family , which includes wolves and coyotes ( pictured ) , originated in north america about 40 million years ago . they reached maximum diversity in the continent around 22 million years ago when more than 30 species roamed the land mass at the same time
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while a research associate in the division of paleontology , i focused my research on fossil members of the family felidae ( fossil felids , fossil cats ) . i continue to study primarily the fossil felids of north america , focusing on the specimens present in the frick - amnh collection of fossil mammals .
2004 . rothwell , t . new felid material from the ulaan tologoi locality , loh formation ( early miocene ) of mongolia . in g . c . gould and s . k . bell ( editors ) , tributes to malcolm c . mckenna : his students , his legacy . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 285 : 157 - 165 .
rothwell , t . 2002 . new felid material from the ulaan tologoi locality , loh formation ( early miocene ) of mongolia . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , number 285 ( chapter 12 ) .
rothwell , t . 1982 . aerobic and anaerobic conditioning of the three - day event horse . uscta news june : 6 - 8 .
rothwell , t . 1981 . the ahsa drugs and medications rule - know your facts , avoid needless elimination . uscta news april : 20 - 21 .
rothwell , t . 1980 . re - training the horse with navicular disease . long island horse world 2 : 30 - 31 .
rothwell , t . 1978a , the tragedy of hip dysplasia . in : caras , r . ( ed . ) dog owner ' s bible , pp . 277 - 280 . south hackensack : stoeger publishing company .
rothwell , t . 1978b , the crucial business of immunization . in : caras , r . ( ed . ) dog owner ' s bible , pp . 32 - 38 . south hackensack : stoeger publishing company
cladogram : this is a manually constructed cladogram that i use when teaching . it demonstrates the three major clades , or divisions of living families within the order carnivora . in blue is the large and diverse group known as the arctoids . the canids ( dogs , wolves , coyotes , etc , ) are represented by a single lineage in green . the cats , hyenas , mongoose and viverrids are the red group known as the aeluroids . characters 1 , 2 , and 3 are hypothesized to unite all of carnivora :
character 1 is use of the upper fourth premolar ( p4 ) and lower first molar ( m1 ) by all members of the order carnivora to eat meat . this is called the p4 / m1 carnassial apparatus .
character 2 is near and dear to all veterinarians who practice on dogs and cats . character 2 is the presence of anal sacs . anal sacs are hypothesized to be present in the ancestor of carnivora due to its widespread distribution among all of the living members . anal sacs are lost or reduced only in bears and in the aquatic families ( seals , sea lions , walrus and otters ) .
character 3 is the primitive carnivoran dentition : 4 premolars and 3 molars in both the upper and lower dentition .
character 4 unites all of the living families of carnivora . character 4 is the development of an ossified bulla covering the middle ear , a bony covering for the ear apparatus . the primitive carnivorans ( carnivoran = member of the order carnivora ) had a single - chambered bulla covered by cartilage .
character 6 diagnoses the four closely related families referred to as the aeluroids or the sub - order aeluroidea . character 6 is a modification of the primitive single - chambered bulla : the development of a two - chambered bulla . evidence of character 6 can be seen in the ventral skull and in the basicranial photograph .
from 1932 to 1965 , childs frick sent numerous collecting parties into the fossiliferous terrestrial localities of tertiary north america . the frick laboratory assembled a magnificent collection of fossil mammals as a result of these expeditions . now referred to as the frick collection , this assemblage of fossil mammals is housed in the collections of the division of paleontology of the american museum of natural history . within the frick collection is the world ' s most comprehensive fossil felid collection . fossils of the first felids to arrive in north america , in the late hemingfordian , were collected in localities of the sheep creek formation of nebraska and the tesuque formation of new mexico . the earliest known partial felid skeleton ( fam 62128 ) was recovered from the nambé member of the tesuque formation of new mexico and described by me in 2001 . photo by chester tarka of the amnh .
, i was able to determine how closely it resembled other fossil cats and the cats who are alive today . photo by mick ellison . upper third incisor ( i3 ) , upper canine ( c ) , upper first premolar ( p1 ) , alveolus or socket for upper second premolar ( p2 alv ) , petrosal ( p ) , mastoid ( m ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) .
of fam 62128 . third phalanges ( ph3 ) are the bones of the toes that include the cats ' claws . the ph2 lateral concavity is referring to the place where this cat could retract his claws , just as today ' s cats do . mc5 , mc2 are the fifth and second metacarpal bones . photo by mick ellison
of the new mexico skeleton ( fam 62128 ) in dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views . ( ses ) = sesamoid bones , nav = navicular , cu = cuboid , ent = entocuneiform , lat conc = lateral concavity of second phalanx . photo by mick ellison
( cp ) or vertical ramus of the lower jaw of felids is another anatomical feature that is variable in fossil felids . a is proailurus lemanensis , the earliest known felid , with a short , wide , and erect coronoid process . this cat lived approximately 23 million years ago . b and c are felids that are approximately 16 million years old . their coronoid processes have become relatively taller , but are still erect . the felid labeled d has a tall coronoid process that is no longer erect . it slopes to the right , to the rear of the cat ' s skull . this cat lived in north america approximately 13 million years ago . e is a modern , extant , or living cat ( panthera leo , the lion ) . this coronoid process is tall , sloping , and has a terminal hook .
fam 61835 , the echo quarry felid skull : this is the basicranium , the left side of the base of the skull of a north american cat who lived approximately 16 million years ago . by comparing this part of the skull with other extinct carnivores and with cats that are alive today , i am able to hypothesize or speculate on the relationships of this cat . photo by tom rothwellectotympanic ( t ) , limit of the caudal entotympanic chamber ( ce ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) , anteromedial process of the auditory bulla ( am ) , petrosal ( p ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) , entotympanic ( e ) , hypoglossal foramen ( hf ) .
if your cat needs a vet , if you are looking for a cat veterinarian in the utica and new hartford , ny area , or an animal hospital in the mohawk valley that specializes in cats , you are in the right place . we are a full - service veterinary hospital dedicated solely to the care of cats and kittens . our well - equipped and stress - free facility is staffed by a friendly and passionate team of veterinary professionals . we are a central new york regional resource for feline health . our goal is to provide you with appropriate , affordable , and effective care for your family cat .