synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family , furnariidae .

as of 2013 there were about 33 species , though a few belong to what is thought to be a species complex .

birds in this genus have mostly drab coloration and display secretive behavior , keeping ensconced in vegetation most of the time .

species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their similar plumage ; however , they can often be told apart by their vocalizations , which can be quite distinctive .

synallaxis

i found this song very similar to the records of synallaxis albilora , but the area is far away for that . . . do you think that it is synallaxis gujanensis ?
the bahia spinetail (
synallaxis cinerea
) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .
the apurímac spinetail (
synallaxis courseni
) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
mustanaamaorneero
from
synallaxis tithys taczanowski 1877
as trusted .
option a is the least convenient , in my opinion . synallaxis is already very diverse and heterogeneous ( it already includes the former genera siptornopsis and gyalophylax , for example ) ; inclusion of certhiaxis and schoeniophylax within synallaxis will increase this heterogeneity even more . schoeniophylax was previously merged within synallaxis by vaurie ( 1980 ) , but this treatment did not gain general acceptance . moreover , merging certhiaxis into synallaxis creates further nomenclatorial problems as the yellow - chinned spinetail , s . cinnamomeus ( gmelin 1788 ) , would become homonym with the stripe - breasted spinetail s . cinnamomea lafresnaye 1843 .
finally , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) concluded “if the amnh syntypes attributable to synallaxis cinereus wied include amnh 6813 , in agreement with the interpretations by allen ( 1889 ) and lecroy & sloss ( 2000 ) , then the designation of amnh 6813 as the lectotype for this taxon ( whitney & pacheco 2001 : 35 ) is valid . in such circumstances , we respect their judgment in formally considering synallaxis whitneyi pacheco & gonzaga a junior subjective synonym of synallaxis cinerea wied .
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incorporates poecilurus , siptornopsis and gyalophylax , all of which have been found to be morphologically and genetically # r inseparable from synallaxis . see also mazaria ( above ) .
: synallaxis propinqua has been always included in the genus synallaxis , classification that nobody has questioned since the morphology and habits of this species seem typical of members of this genus . however , in the comprehensive molecular phylogeny of derryberry et al . ( 2011 ) , propinqua appears as sister to schoeniophylax phryganophilus , and together they form the sister group of a clade including certhiaxis and other synallaxis . lack of statistical support for the relevant nodes prevented making taxonomic rearrangements before the surprising relationship could be confirmed .
the cabanis ' s spinetail (
synallaxis cabanisi
) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae . the common name and latin binomial commemorates the german ornithologist jean louis cabanis .
vale , m . m . ( 2009 ) hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis kollari . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis maranonica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis cabanisi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis infuscata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis subpudica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
vale , m . m . , bell , j . b . , alves , m . a . s . and pimm , s . l . ( 2007 ) abundance , distribution and conservation of rio branco antbird cercomacra carbonaria and hoary - throated spinetail synallaxis kollari . bird conservation international , 17 : 245 - 257 .
remsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . cinereous - breasted spinetail ( synallaxis hypospodia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
option b . transferring propinqua from synallaxis to schoeniophylax is less disrupting than a regarding nomenclatorial changes , although the white - bellied spinetail would become schoeniophylax propinquus , to match the masculine genus ( david & gosselin 2002 ) . the drawback of this option is that the resultant genus would combine two species that are phenotypically very distinct , with no other transitional species that fills the phenotypic gap between them . the resultant genus would be difficult to characterize other than listing the sum of characteristics of both species . also note that these sister species are not particularly closely related according to divergence time estimates . on the other hand , note that the argument regarding phenotypic differences could be turned around in support of option b by arguing that the new taxonomy would help showing a relationship that is otherwise difficult to recognize .
the hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) is a small , long - tailed bird with a bright reddish - brown body , a reddish - brown tail , yellowish - brown to whitish underparts , and distinctive head markings . the top of the head is grey - brown , with a reddish - brown stripe over the eye , and the cheeks are grey with a white stripe . the white throat is speckled black , giving this species its common name , and the lower throat is black ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the tips of the flight feathers are a darker dusky brown , and the beak and legs are bluish - grey . the male and female hoary - throated spinetail are similar in appearance , but no descriptions of the juvenile are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the song of this species consists of two short notes , repeated at one - second intervals , with the first note higher pitched than the second ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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natural , then after playback ( after 1 : 00 ) , song from a bird about 2 - 3m up before playback , then flew in and was < . 5m up after playback in dense understory in semi - humid deciduous gallery woodland .
moore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd 2 birds . edited
stand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 390 - 400 ( synguj2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
stand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 365 - 379 ( synguj1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 174 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 173 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 172 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 536 side a track 50 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 535 side a track 137 seq . c )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 175 side b track 11 seq . a )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
la grabacion la acorte , para evitar el sonido del encendido del grabador , el habitat chaco seco .
one individual very active vocally in the bushes in a pasture . recording distance was 10 meters .
spinetail was softly calling from some tall grass along the road about 2 m from me . no playback used here ; after playback ( xc391585 ) , he switched to his full song .
singing from 2 - m tall grassy brush at edge of recently burned field .
several individuals were heard into the bushes and forest edge . recording distance was aprox 5 meters .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
16 . 5 cm . pale spinetail with black tail . drab grey head and nape with darker auriculars , and pale lores and throat . interrupted white eye - ring . olivaceous - grey upperparts . dusky wings , broadly edged rufous - brown . rufous wing - coverts and rump . black tail with conspicuous rufous on outer rectrices . rufous - cinnamon breast becoming richer rusty towards belly . dark bill , iris and legs .
lasting about one second , repeated every 1 - 2 seconds , faster when excited .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
isherwood , i . , pople , r . , sharpe , c j , stuart , t . & symes , a .
this species is endangered because it has a very small range , in which the extent , area and quality of habitat are declining . the population is probably also very small , fragmented and declining because of the threats to its habitat ( collar
the population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and continuing population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .
it inhabits scrub and dense undergrowth with scattered small trees , at elevations of 1 , 800 - 2 , 900 m . usually encountered in pairs , birds forage for insects in moss clumps and along vines and branches . juveniles and an active nest have been collected in may ( franke and salinas 2000 , remsen and sharpe 2016 )
dense undergrowth habitat within its range is severely threatened by cattle - grazing and clearance for farm expansion .
survey to identify priority areas for conservation action within its range and further define its current distribution . assess populations at known sites . establish at least one protected area to benefit the species .
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in past , considered a race of s . spixi , but genetic data # r show them to be sisters . named taxon jaraguana ( goiás , in e brazil ) , described as a race of s . brachyura , was based on misidentified specimens of present species . monotypic .
peru ( locally in cajamarca # r , san martín , ucayali # r , cuzco , madre de dios ) , n & e bolivia ( nw la paz , beni , n santa cruz ) and sc & e brazil ( locally in s amazonia from amazonas e to r tapajós , and mato grosso e to ceará , alagoas , n bahia and w minas gerais ) .
with contrasting crown and wings , dark throat patch . has dark grey - brown forecrown , grey - brown face with hint of . . .
most frequent vocalization a hurried and loud chatter on same pitch , “chéw , chew - chee - . . .
low , seasonally wet grassland , and second - growth scrub ; in open areas with mix of low shrubs and . . .
little known . usually seen in pairs . presumably gleans arthropods from foliage and small branches within 1–2 m of ground .
not globally threatened . locally common to fairly common ; relatively poorly known . somewhat fragmented distribution , with isolated populations in s peru ; specimens reported . . .
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recent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5–6 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .
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this species , which has a very small occupied range which is severely fragmented , and declining in extent and quality , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .
: this is an issue of nomenclature that if passed would replace our current species epithet with another .
: bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) re - examined the case and concluded that cinerea is the correct name for bahia spinetail .
as a consequence they suggested the provisions of art . 72 . 7 would apply and both the nominal taxa would have the same name - bearing type .
the rationale for this new interpretation was based on their analysis of wied’s german text , with wied’s intention .
however , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) considered such express intention in wied’s text as not convincing .
( red - headed ) did not truly characterize the taxon – and not for the reason that the species - group name had already been in use within the same genus ( which it actually was not ) .
on the maximilian types of south american birds in the american museum of natural history .
bauernfeind , e . , e . c . dickinson , and f . d . steinheimer .
type specimens of birds in the american museum of natural history . pt . 3 . passeriformes : eurylaimidae , dendrocolaptidae , furnariidae , formicariidae , conopophagidae , and rhinocryptidae .
: “yes . no one better than bauernfeind and collaborators to enter the realm of intentions and interpretations of german texts . i am persuaded by their reasoning on this complex nomenclatural problem . a separate issue that we should consider soon is the specific status of
: “yes , the expert opinions , based on detailed analysis of the original descriptions , definitely make this change necessary . ”
: “yes . given that i haven’t actually looked at wied’s text and would need someone to translate it , i’m relying on bauernfeind et al . ’s interpretation . ”
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little is known about the biology of the hoary - throated spinetail . like other members of the furnariidae family , it is likely to feed on invertebrates such as insects , taking prey in dense undergrowth , near the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . it probably feeds alone or in pairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , and is presumed to be monogamous ( 2 ) , although very little is known about its life history . the only records of the hoary - throated spinetail’s breeding behaviour are of incomplete nests , one of which was found in july and was believed to have been constructed by both the male and female . located in dense vegetation , it was cup - shaped and built from twigs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . however , it is likely that , as in related species , the completed nest would be a dome of sticks with a cover , a tubular entrance , and very little lining ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .
the hoary - throated spinetail is known only from a few sites along rivers in northern roraima , brazil , and in adjacent guyana ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it has a highly fragmented range , with patches of suitable habitat thought to total no more than 206 square kilometres ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
the hoary - throated spinetail appears to be restricted to a narrow strip , under 500 metres wide , of seasonally flooded riverine forest . these forests are surrounded by savanna , and have an understorey of dense thickets and vines ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
the hoary - throated spinetail is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the main threat to the hoary - throated spinetail is the rapid conversion of its habitat to rice plantations , with the burning of vegetation potentially posing a further problem ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . although still thought to be relatively common where it occurs , the species is restricted to a tiny and fragmented range , none of which is officially protected , and is believed to number only around 5 , 000 or so individuals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . with so little known about the hoary - throated spinetail , there is also the potential for unidentified threats to take a toll on the species before they are recognised ( 9 ) .
although not occurring within officially protected areas , nearly 60 percent of the hoary - throated spinetail’s habitat is inside indigenous reserves , where the indigenous people have a much better record of maintaining the ecosystem than non - indigenous peoples . most rice production in roraima is carried out illegally by non - indigenous people on indigenous land , but in some areas , such as são marcos indigenous reserve , rice producers have been evicted , hopefully giving renewed hope for the wildlife there ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . producers should also have been evicted from raposa - serra do sol following its legalisation in 2005 , but this is not yet known to have occurred ( 3 ) ( 7 ) .
due to a lack of data on the hoary - throated spinetail , the species was taken off brazil’s list of threatened species , although it is hoped that it will be put back on in the future ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . priorities for the conservation of the hoary - throated spinetail include improving knowledge about its ecology and behaviour , and taking measures to protect its habitat , including assessing the impact of recent fires , supporting indigenous peoples seeking to prevent habitat destruction within their reserves , and increasing the number of officially protected areas within roraima ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .
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flight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2003 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 : broadbills to tapaculos . lynx edicions , barcelona .
ridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 1994 ) the birds of south america : the suboscine passerines . volume ii . university of texas press , austin , texas .
ridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 2009 ) field guide to the songbirds of south america : the passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .
vale , m . m . , alves , m . a . s . and nascimento , s . p . ( 2005 ) an incomplete nest of poecilurus kollari in roraima , brazil . cotinga , 24 : 111 - 112 .
birdlife international . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas . birdlife international , cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
santos , m . p . d . and da silva , j . m . c . ( 2007 ) as aves das savannas de roraima . revista brasileira de ornitologia , 15 ( 2 ) : 189 - 207 .
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14 . 5 cm . dark grey spinetail with rufous on wing . dark grey head and neck , becoming black on foreface . olivaceous - grey back and rump , bright cinnamon - rufous wing - coverts and sooty tail . black throat with whitish malar . rest of underparts grey , palest on mid - belly .
vulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
a re - assessment of this species ' s extent of occurrence using a minimum convex polygon means this species no longer meets the threshold for endangered . however , it is considered to be experiencing a rapid decline , and has a small and fragmented population size . therefore , it is listed as vulnerable .
( tumbes and piura ) . in a study conducted in peru in 2009 - 2010 , it was found at 19 new localities , 9 in tumbes and 10 in piura , extending its known range southwards by 110 km ( crespo and more 2013 ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins
( 2016 ) estimated the maximum area of occupancy ( calculated as the remaining tree area within the species’s range ) to be c . 2 , 567 km
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid and on - going population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .
. it appears to undertake seasonal movements . insects constitute the majority of its diet . a juvenile was trapped in august ( jiggins
, with egg - laying apparently in march ( remsen and sharpe 2016 ) .
. it does not occur above c . 1 , 100 m , thus it must be one of the most threatened tumbesian forest species . all forest - types within its range have greatly diminished owing to agricultural clearance ( wege and long 1995 ) . persistent grazing by goats and cattle removes understorey , prevents forest regeneration and is a serious current threat ( pople
. rapid habitat loss continues , and will soon remove almost all extant forest .
; and tumbes national reserve , cerros de amotape national park , el angolo hunting reserve and angostura - faical regional conservation area , all peru ( crespo and more 2013 ) . algodonal reserve is a very small ( 0 . 35 km
. assess the population viability in degraded habitats . strengthen habitat protection in tumbes reserved zone and machalilla national park . work with local communities around hacienda jujal to enlarge the conservation area and secure extant forest from external threats ( jiggins
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interactions between species can promote evolutionary divergence of ecological traits and social signals 1 , 2 , a process widely assumed to generate species differences in adaptive radiation 3 , 4 , 5 . however , an alternative view is that lineages typically interact when relatively old 6 , by which time selection for divergence is weak 7 , 8 and potentially exceeded by convergent selection acting on traits mediating interspecific competition 9 . few studies have tested these contrasting predictions across large radiations , or by controlling for evolutionary time . thus the role of species interactions in driving broad - scale patterns of trait divergence is unclear 10 . here we use phylogenetic estimates of divergence times to show that increased trait differences among coexisting lineages of ovenbirds ( furnariidae ) are explained by their greater evolutionary age in relation to non - interacting lineages , and that—when these temporal biases are accounted for—the only significant effect of coexistence is convergence in a social signal ( song ) . our results conflict with the conventional view that coexistence promotes trait divergence among co - occurring organisms at macroevolutionary scales , and instead provide evidence that species interactions can drive phenotypic convergence across entire radiations , a pattern generally concealed by biases in age .
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nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences for all lineages have been deposited in genbank under accession numbers given in supplementary data 1 .
we thank g . grether , j . hadfield , s . nakagawa , a . phillimore , a . pigot , r . ricklefs , g . thomas and s . west for comments and discussion . we are also indebted to the many individuals who collected specimens , tissue samples and sound recordings , and to numerous institutions ( particularly the macaulay library , cornell university ) for granting access to this material . complete acknowledgements and data sets are provided in the supplementary information . this research was supported by the john fell fund ( to j . a . t . ) , the browne fellowship , queen’s college , oxford , and vetenskapsrådet ( to c . k . c . ) , the national science foundation ( to r . t . b . ) and the royal society ( to n . s . ) .
j . a . t . and n . s . conceived and designed the study , compiled and analysed song data , and integrated all data sets ; s . c . provided morphometric data ; e . p . d . , s . c . and r . t . b . conducted molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses ; c . c . designed and conducted statistical analyses , with significant input from n . s . ; n . s . , j . a . t . and c . c . produced figures and tables ; j . a . t . prepared and edited the manuscript , with input from all authors .
permutation tests examining the influence of data structure and response variable distribution on fixed effects .
this file contains supplementary methods , supplementary tables 1 - 27 , a supplementary discussion , supplementary notes , supplementary references and a supplementary code for statistical analyses .
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during adaptive radiations , species that share geographic ranges ( in sympatry ) have higher levels of character divergence than those that are geographically isolated ( in allopatry ) . the traditional explanation invokes species interactions : selection favours greater divergence when there is direct competition for the same ecological niche . this has never been robustly tested at broader macroevolutionary scales , however . these authors present an extensive assessment of phenotypic divergence in the context of evolutionary time , focusing on ovenbirds , one of the most diverse families of birds in the world . estimates of divergence in multiple genes and traits across a radiation of 350 ovenbird lineages show that the ecological or reproductive traits of coexisting species are no more divergent than those of non - interacting species , instead providing evidence that species interactions can drive widespread phenotypic convergence .
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( tumbes ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins
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taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
population justification : the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals .
trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 85 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by ≥80 % over three generations .
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: i recently revisited the problem with and enhanced molecular dataset including : 1 ) the mitochondrial nd2 gene ( already analyzed by derryberry et al . 2011 ) , 2 ) two introns from the z chromosome ( aco1 and musk , analyzed together ) ; 3 ) introns 5 - 11 of the g3pdh gene ( and intervening exonic sequences ) ; and 4 ) introns 5 and 7 of the beta fibrinogen gene fgb ( claramunt 2014 ) .
( bootstrap support : g3pdh : 51 , nd2 : 86 , z - linked : 96 , fgb : 100 ) . there was less agreement regarding the position of this pair of species within the larger clade , but g3pdh and z - linked genes showed
but with low support ( 73 ) , and fgb did not resolve basal relationships .
was also found when genes were analyzed jointly either by concatenation ( ml bootstrap : 92 ) and using a species - tree ( star ) method that accounts for potential incomplete lineage sorting .
given these results , the classification needs to be changed . among several options , i opted for describing a new genus for propinqua , which i named mazaria , honoring our dear juan mazar - barnett .
c : place propinqua in its own genus mazaria , the option advocated in this proposal .
option c , is minimally disrupting other than introducing a new generic name . the disadvantage of option c is the creation of a monotypic genus that is not informative regarding relationships and redundant in the sense that the genus mazaria and the species mazaria propinqua would contain exactly the same taxon . on the other hand , monotypic taxa cannot be completely avoided in general , and in this case , the monotypic genus would help represent the phenotypic distinction of propinqua in relation to its sister species and highlight that theses two species are not particularly closely and have long history of independent evolution .
at the end , i think that option c would result in a classification that is more in consonance with traditional conceptualizations of what an avian genus is ( mayr 1999 ) and therefore i recommend recognizing the new genus mazaria for propinqua ( a yes on this proposal ) .
claramunt , s . 2014 . phylogenetic relationships among synallaxini spinetails ( aves : furnariidae ) reveal a new biogeographic pattern across the amazon and parana river basins . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 78 : 223–231 .
david , n . & m . gosselin 2002 . the grammatical gender of avian genera . bull . brit . orn . cl . 122 : 257 - 282 .
derryberry , e . p . , s . claramunt , r . t . chesser , j . v . remsen jr . , j . cracraft , a . aleixo , & r . t . brumfield . 2011 . lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large - scale continental radiation : the neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers ( aves : furnariidae ) . evolution 65 ( 10 ) : 2973 - 2986 .
mayr , e . 1999 . systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist . harvard university press , cambridge , ma .
vaurie , c . , 1980 . taxonomy and geographical distribution of the furnariidae ( aves , passeriformes ) . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 166 , 1–357 .
i have been aware of this one for several years and strongly concur with santiago on all of this .
the classification must be changed , and option c is clearly the best , in my view . ”
: “yes . in the most mayrian sense of a genus , i endorse the placement of propinqua in mazaria . vocally and phenotypically it does sound - look like a schoeniophylax - certhiaxis . however , my subjective heart is pleased to see this new genus dedicated to the memory of juancito . ”
“i much prefer option b , in this case , for the primary reason santiago recognized : one genus for these two clarifies and highlights their sister relationship within this huge family .
they uniquely share a harsh , grating quality in songs and calls that is practically unique in the part of the phylogeny presented in this proposal , and they both occasionally perform fairly complex duets .
some of the others in this part of the tree might be considered to give duets , in that the members of the pair sometimes vocalize in tandem ( e . g . ,
, also somewhat “harsh and grating
) , but they are not two - parted , synchronized vocalizations like those occasionally delivered by pairs of schoeniophylax . ( i’ve never seen “
in life , and it’s been so long since i’ve seen stictothorax that i can’t remember much about its vocalizations — so i don’t know about possible dueting in that clade . ) ”
“the erection of a monotypic genus should almost always be considered quite disruptive , just as is the lumping of phenotypically distinctive clades / species traditionally considered separate genera into related genera , always in the pursuit of avoiding paraphyly .
“yes . i definitely prefer diagnosable genera , even if monotypic ; the only real alternative , including both in certhiaxis , produces an undiagnosable soup . ”
i prefer c , the option that keeps a distinctive genus for this taxon . ”
moreover , the continued movement for making anything that looks different and / or has a relatively long branch in the tree as a monotypic genus is undermining the purpose of nomenclature , i . e . , effective communication and conveying relationships . ”
: “no . i largely agree with bret , and embracing the subjectivity noted by mayr i subjectively prefer classifications that are informative about relationships over the recognition of monotypic genera except when dealing with real oddballs . subjectively , admittedly , i think this is not the case here . ”
: “yes – inclusion into schoeniophylax is not palatable to me , that is such a distinctive bird . given that this pair is not all that closely related to each other , i am ok with the creation of a monotypic genus and happy that it is called mazaria . ”
: “i am a little surprised that this proposal met any opposition , so i am adding some extra comments .
creates an indefensible morphological grouping in addition to the two lineages being separated as long ago as many current genera .
song as harsh and grating , but rather , in my subjective opinion , amazingly rich and melodious , at least compared to any other spinetail . ”
i’ve waffled back and forth on this one , sharing some of the concerns raised by bret , mark and daniel regarding erecting a monotypic genus for a bird that is not that distinctive phenotypically or vocally from other members of the larger clade .
that , in my opinion , outweighs any informative gains of recognizing the sister status of the two species by placing them in the same genus .
to be “rich and melodious” , having a liquid , gurgling tonal quality that is difficult to describe , and , which is unique within the synallaxines .
would result in a tiny , amorphous genus that would defy any attempts to produce a coherent diagnosis , solely to make clear that the two species are sister taxa . ”
population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 28 . 6 - 29 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30 % over three generations .
population justification : the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals .
trend justification : a rapid ongoing population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .
population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
trend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
review of recordings 16 - 17 years after made - uncertain whether the individuals recorded were seen or whether playback was used . amplified 14 db in audacity gallery forest / scrub / indundated grassland complex ( budget gear ) mono 14db amplif sennheiser mke300 to sony cm - 20dv dictaphone
on a river island in rio napo just in front of the sani lodge bodega with high cane and cecropia .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 151 side b track 15 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 18 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 17 seq . a )
however , the slaty spinetail constructs a bulky spherical stick nest 36x43 cm in size , with a long tubular entrance , 0 . 4–4 . 5 m high in a shrub or vine covered tree . it lays two or three greenish white eggs .
this species is a widespread and common resident breeder in lowlands and up to 1500 m altitude in a range of scrubby habitats , including second growth , road and river edges , and overgrown pasture .
the spinetail mobula ray has a pelagic lifestyle and has been observed both alone and in groups . it feeds on zooplankton by filtering sea water .
its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and plantations .
the necklaced spinetail is a fairly common bird within its rather restricted range . the total number of birds has not been estimated but the population trend seems to be stable so the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of
least concern
.
the taxonomic update for 2013 is now complete in ebird . the names and sequence have been changed and ebird records have been updated in cases of splits and lumps . this update includes updates since august 2012 to the north american classification committee and south american classification committee , including several splits detailed below . in the united states and canada the most significant change was the split of sage sparrow into bell’s sparrow and sagebrush sparrow . in central and south america , immaculate antbird was split into zeledon’s antbird and blue - lored antbird . in addition , there were some changes to scientific names and sequence of shorebirds , mimidae ( mockingbirds and thrashers ) , and several other groups of birds . elsewhere in the world , a large number of taxa were split in southeast and south asia ( especially india ) , along with a few in africa , europe , and australasia .
the full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .
a full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :
when the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and–if it differs from ebird–it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example .


eupithecia acuminata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in western china ( tibet ) .

the wingspan is about 21 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are pale brown .

eupithecia acuminata

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
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eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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synonym for haworthia bolusii var . blackbeardiana ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer
synonym for haworthia cooperi var . isabellae ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer
synonym for haworthia marumiana var . batesiana ( uitewaal ) m . b . bayer
synonym for haworthia mirabilis var . badia ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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