phtheochroa baracana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new jersey , missouri , alberta , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , ohio , pennsylvania and vermont .

the wingspan is 14 – 18 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from june to august .

phtheochroa baracana

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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
metzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .
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opisthoproctus soleatus is a species of fish in the family opisthoproctidae .

it was first described in 1888 by léon vaillant .

the species lives in most tropical seas , but is more common from western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola and in the south china sea .

o. soleatus can grow to a standard length of 10.5 centimetres ( 4.1 in ) and usually live from about 500 to 700 metres ( 1,600 to 2,300 ft ) deep .

this species is the only member of its genus .

opisthoproctus soleatus

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) .
opisthoproctus soleatus
in fishbase . february 2012 version .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) opisthoproctus soleatus is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters and is thought to be rare . however , it is described as more common in the northeastern atlantic and adjacent regional waters than other areas of its range . life history information is limited for this species . opisthoproctus soleatus is not of interest to fisheries and there do not appear to be any major threats . therefore , o . soleatus is assessed as least concern .
trewavas , e . 1933 . on the structure of two oceanic fishes , cyema atrum gunther and opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant . proc . zool . . soc lond . . 2 : pp . 601 - 614 , pl . 1 - 2 .
illustrations and photographs of freshly caught sole - bearing opisthoproctids ( a–d ) . a , monacoa grimaldii , after zugmayer ( 1911 ) . b , m . grimaldii , zmub 18926 , freshly caught , photo by d . shale . c , opisthoproctus soleatus , after brauer ( 1906 ) . d , o . soleatus , photo by s . johnson . note the large snout and developed anal fin in m . grimaldii separating the two genera .
bekker , v . e . 1968 . novye darmye o mezopelagicheskikh rybakh roda opisthoproctus vaillant . vop . ikhtiol , 8 ( 2 ) 49 : 241 - 246 .
scientific synonyms and common names opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant , 1888 synonyms : opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant , 1888 , poissons , expéd . scient . ' travailleur ' et ' talisman ' : 105 , pl . 14 ( sg . l - la ) ( off coast of mororco ) . holotype : mnhn no . 83 - 62 . opisthoproctus soleatus : brauer , 1906 : 15 , pl . 1 ( fig . 8 - 10 ) murray & hjort , 1912 : 90 , 94 , 602 , 611 , fig . 72 schmidt , 1918 : 28 , fig . 18 roule & angel , 1933 : 35 , pl . 2 ( fig . 16 - 19 trewavas , 1933 : 601 , fig . 4 - 8 , pl . 2 parr , 1937 : 33 , fig . 9 - 13 maul , 1949 : 19 , fig . 7 marshall , 1960 : 27 , fig . 14d cohen , 1964 : 65 , fig . 20 bertelsen & munk , 1964 : 4 , fig . 1 - 5 bekker , 1968 : 241 geistdoerfer et al . , 1971b : 1181 . common names : none
bertelsen , e . ; munk , 0 . 1964 . rectal light organs in the argentinoid fishes opisthoproctus and winteria . dana rep . , ( 62 ) : 17 p . , pl . 1 - 2 .
snout slightly pointed , relatively rounded , not protruding into tube ( 10–15 % sl ) ; anal fin retrorse , often absent ; sole length approx . 90 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 20 % sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opisthoproctus soleatus
fish illustrations included for all short - bodied opisthoproctids and other representative protacanthopterygians , including all sole pigmentation patterns currently recognized in the genus monacoa . note the relatively large molecular distance separating the two genera opisthoproctus and monacoa , supporting generic status based on morphology .
although united by the sole , the two opisthoproctus species show striking differences concerning the snout and in the configuration of the anal fin ( fig 1 ) . these differences convinced chapman [ 17 ] of generic status and he erected o . grimaldii to grimaldia grimaldii , although renamed to monacoa grimaldii by whitley [ 18 ] as the former name was linked to a previously described genus of amphipods . the only subsequent change to the classification of sole - bearing opisthoproctids occurred when cohen [ 19 ] removed the genus name monacoa , largely because only two sole - bearing opisthoproctids were known and therefore rendering generic status trivial . considering the substantial morphological differences between the two previously recognized species , in combination with the two additional species presented in the current study , and including unambiguous molecular support , the generic status of monacoa is resurrected and opisthoproctus is from here on only used in reference to o . soleatus .
the protacanthopterygian mitogenomic ml - phylogenetic tree shows the family opisthoproctidae sister family to the argentinidae . short - bodied opisthoproctids are found monophyletic with sole - bearing opisthoproctids representing the sister clade to macropinna microstoma . the three species of monacoa are found relatively distinct from other ophistoproctids , including opisthoproctus soleatus , with interspecific edge lengths ranging between 4–6 % within monacoa . the juvenile specimen included shows almost 100 % dna sequence similarity to adults of m . griseus , with only 12 ( 0 . 07 % ) and 14 ( 0 . 08 % ) base pairs differences comparing the whole mitogenomes . the atlantic species m . grimaldii and the pacific species m . griseus are supported as sister taxa , both constituting a sister clade to the pacific m . niger . all nodes are supported by bootstrap values of 100 except a node denoting two specimens of m . griseus showing almost complete dna sequence identity ( fig 6 ) .
the orientation of the anal fin base changes through development , being almost horizontally positioned in the juveniles and transforming into the oblique or almost vertical position observed in adult monacoa species . the anal fin is located on the outer posterior margin of the sole , with the transformation into adulthood resulting in a different orientation also noted by schmidt [ 47 ] when only one juvenile specimen was known . noteworthy , the anal fin is present in juveniles of the closely related o . soleatus , although becoming reduced , retrorse or disappears in larger specimens .
in order to avoid confusion utilizing comparative material degraded by preservation without molecular tissue available , we have not included eastern pacific and indian ocean material for the purpose of this study . inclusion of additional preserved material would only confuse the species separation at this point ( fig 4 ) . we note that bekker [ 42 ] only listed o . soleatus from the indian ocean , monotypic and considered circumglobal at this point . considering the mesopelagic habitat of monacoa spp . , we expect m . griseus and m . niger to be present across the pacific ocean .
fresh material is therefore needed in order to establish pigmentation and distribution patterns of monacoa spp . more satisfactorily . however , indications are that m . grimaldii is found in the atlantic ocean and m . griseus and m . niger are found in the pacific ocean . this is supported from pigmentation patterns listed for the type material of m . grimaldii by zugmayer ( table 3 ) that unambiguously show both specimens to have the four - spot pattern ( fig 5b ) . the two specimens of m . grimaldii have only 31 verterbrae as opposed to 34 or more in m . niger and m . griseus . however , the latter is based on few specimens ( tables 2 and 3 ) . chapman [ 17 ] noted that the differences observed between m . grimaldii and o . soleatus warrant generic status and we confirm this notion with two new species of monacoa and mitogenomic data ( figs 3 and 6 ) .
the light and dark musculatures of m . grimaldii specimens , preserved in ethanol only , are apparently not taxonomic informative , as this feature is also found in formalin fixed and ethanol preserved specimens of m . griseus . however , the holotype of m . niger shows a very different body coloration ( scale pockets ) freshly caught compared to congeners and probably distinguishes this species on this feature ( fig 3 ) . one formalin fixed specimen is showing a very dark body color ( ams i . 25919 - 001 ) and one juvenile is also appearing much darker than the other preserved juvenile specimens ( ams i . 20942 - 001 ) . we have tentatively identified them as m . niger although the body coloration of the different species is also an issue that requires future verification from fresh material and subsequent fixation ( figs 3 and 4 ) . variation in body color was noted by bekker [ 42 ] although only as variable between m . grimaldii and o . soleatus .
the family opisthoproctidae ( barreleyes ) constitutes one of the most peculiar looking and unknown deep - sea fish groups in terms of taxonomy and specialized adaptations . all the species in the family are united by the possession of tubular eyes , with one distinct lineage exhibiting also drastic shortening of the body . two new species of the mesopelagic opisthoproctid mirrorbelly genus monacoa are described based on pigmentation patterns of the “sole”—a unique vertebrate structure used in the reflection and control of bioluminescence in most short - bodied forms . different pigmentation patterns of the soles , previously noted as intraspecific variations based on preserved specimens , are here shown species - specific and likely used for communication in addition to counter - illumination of down - welling sunlight . the genus monacoa is resurrected from opisthoproctus based on extensive morphological synaphomorphies pertaining to the anal fin and snout . doubling the species diversity within sole - bearing opisthoproctids , including recognition of two genera , is unambiguously supported by mitogenomic dna sequence data . regular fixation with formalin and alcohol preservation is shown problematic concerning the retention of species - specific pigmentation patterns . examination or photos of fresh material before formalin fixation is shown paramount for correct species recognition of sole - bearing opisthoproctids—a relatively unknown issue concerning species diversity in the deep - sea pelagic realm .
greek , opisthe = behind + greek , proktos = anus ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 800 m ( ref . 6542 ) , usually 500 - 700 m ( ref . 6542 ) . deep - water ; 51°n -
circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters . eastern atlantic : western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola ( ref . 6542 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 )
maturity : l m ? , range 1 - ? cm max length : 10 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6542 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 13 ; anal spines : 0 . sides of body dark ; head below and behind eye sprinkled with large melanophores ; snout translucent ventrally , transparent dorsally ( ref . 6597 ) . anal fin either with 2 - 3 rudimentary rays or not visible externally ( ref . 6597 ) .
mesopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . probably not exhibiting vertical migration ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8°c ( ref . 6542 ) .
quéro , j . - c . , 1990 . opisthroproctidae . p . 241 - 243 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 6542 )
) : 1 . 5 - 5 . 7 , mean 3 . 1 ( based on 89 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters and is known to be rare . it is not of interest to fisheries and there do not appear to be any major threats . it is listed as least concern .
is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters ( carter 2002 ) . this species is also reported from the south china sea and over the iberian basin ( byrkjedal
occurs from western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola in the eastern atlantic . the depth range for this species is 300 - 800 m but it usually occurs from 500 - 700 m ( quero 1990 ) . this species has also been reported from the gulf of guinea at 4 , 000 m ( noaa 2012 ) .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; brunei darussalam ; cameroon ; cape verde ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; curaçao ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; gabon ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guernsey ; guyana ; haiti ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; ireland ; jamaica ; japan ; jersey ; kenya ; kiribati ; liberia ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mauritania ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; nauru ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; puerto rico ; réunion ; saint barthélemy ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( ascension , saint helena ( main island ) ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; solomon islands ; somalia ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tokelau ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united kingdom ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . , us line is . ) ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna ; western sahara ; yemen
species in the family opisthoproctidae are oviparous , feed mainly on small crustaceans , mostly copepods and have pelagic eggs and larvae ( carter 2002 ) .
the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400 m - isotherm for 8°c ( quéro 1990 ) . the maximum length for
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: iiving mainly between 500 and 700 m , but ranging between about 300 and 800 m . probably not a vertical
brauer , a . 1906 . die tiefseefische . 1 . systematischer teil . wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' valdivia ' , iena , 15 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 432 , 18 pl . , 176 fig .
cohen , d . m . 1964a . suborder argentinoidea . mem . sears found . mar . res . , new haven , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 1 - 70 .
geistdoerfer , p . ; hureau , j . c . ; rannou , m . 1971b . liste préliminaire des espèces de poissons de profondeur récoltées au cours de la campagne ' noratlante ' du n . o . jean charcot en atlantique nord ( aout - octobre 1969 ) . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris , 42 ( 6 ) : 1177 - 1185 .
marshall , n . b . 1960 . swimbladder structure of deep - sea fishes in relation to their systematics and wology . ' discovery ' rep . , 31 : 1 - 122 , 47 fig . , pl . 1 - 3 .
murray , j . ; hjort , j . 1912a . the depths of the ocean . a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the norwegian steamer michael sars in the north atlantic . london , 1912 : pp . xx + 821 , 575 fig . , unnumbered fig . , 4 maps , 9 pl .
parr , a . e . 1937 . concluding report on fishes with species index for articles 1 - 7 . ( fishes of the third oceanographic expedition of the ' pawnee ' . ) bull . bingham oceanogr . coll , 3 ( 7 ) : 79 pp . , fig . 1 - 22 .
roule , l . ; angel , f . 1933 . poissons provenant des campagnes du prince albert i de monaco . résult . camp . scient . prince albert 1 , 86 : pp . 1 - 115 .
schmidt , e . j . 1918b . argentinidae , microstomidae , opisthoproctidae , mediterranean odontostomidae . rep . dan . oceanogr . exped . mediterr . , 1908 - 1910 , 2 , biol . ( as ) : pp . 1 - 40 , 23 fig . , 4 charts .
vaillant , l . 1888 . poissons in expéditions scientifiques du ' travailleur ' et du ' talisman ' pendant les années 1880 - 1883 . masson , paris , 406 pp . , 28 pl .
maul , g . e . 1949d . lista sistemática dos peixes da madeira , 2 : 41 p . ( see also 1948b ) .
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moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
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) : 1 . 5 - 5 . 7 , mean 3 . 1 ( based on 89 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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mesopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . probably not exhibiting vertical migration ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8°c ( ref . 6542 ) .
circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters . eastern atlantic : western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola ( ref . 6542 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 )
10 . 5 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6542 ) )
sides of body dark ; head below and behind eye sprinkled with large melanophores ; snout translucent ventrally , transparent dorsally ( ref . 6597 ) . anal fin either with 2 - 3 rudimentary rays or not visible externally ( ref . 6597 ) .
depth range based on 76 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 61 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3000 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 749 - 22 . 330 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 158 - 38 . 732 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 089 - 36 . 537 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 036 - 6 . 178 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 2 . 808 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 953 - 145 . 704 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3000 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 749 - 22 . 330 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 158 - 38 . 732 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 089 - 36 . 537 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 036 - 6 . 178 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 2 . 808 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 953 - 145 . 704 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
bathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 300 - 800 m ( ref . 6542 ) , usually 500 - 700 m ( ref . 6542 )
depth : 300 - 800m . from 300 to 800 meters . habitat : bathypelagic . females off hawaii mature at about 6 mm . eggs and larvae are pelagic ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8°c ( ref . 6542 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
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known for their barrel - shaped eyes which are used to find their prey .
they are found in tropical - temperate waters , throughout the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans .
what little is known of barreleye reproduction indicates that the eggs and sperm are released directly into the water .
glass frogs are generally small , ranging from 3 to 7 . 5 cm ( 1 . 2 to 3 . 0 in ) in length .
during the breeding season they live along rivers and streams where they lay their eggs on leaves that overhang the water .
and has a horrific haircut . ( i’m pretty sure that that’s not his real hair . )
trump tower is a 58 - story , mixed - use skyscraper at 725 fifth avenue , at the corner of east 56th street in midtown manhattan , new york city .
there was no reproduction of the trump , it has been here since the world began .
the trump has always been a pompous , know - it - all jerk , and he always will be .
zebra duikers are found only in closed - canopy rainforests in west africa and they are very sensitive to forest disturbance .
zebra duikers breed year - round . mothers hide their babies for the first 2 - 3 weeks after birth and visit it , on average , four times daily for nursing . young zebra duikers have a bluish cast to their coat and very closely - spaced stripes . beginning at two months of age , the coat gradually turns golden ; adult coloration is reached by 7 - 9 months .
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citation : poulsen jy , sado t , hahn c , byrkjedal i , moku m , miya m ( 2016 ) preservation obscures pelagic deep - sea fish diversity : doubling the number of sole - bearing opisthoproctids and resurrection of the genus monacoa ( opisthoproctidae , argentiniformes ) . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0159762 . urltoken
copyright : © 2016 poulsen et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information file .
funding : this research was funded by mext / jsps kakenhi grant number 26291083 , jst ( crest ) and the canon foundation . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
illustrations of the “sole” and hyaloid body ( reflector ) found in species of the genus monacoa ( a–b ) . a , the sole—a large flattened structure covered with large pigmented scales . b , light organ and hyaloid body ( reflector ) , controlling bioluminescence . bioluminescence is produced in the large black light organ , a modification of the distal intestinal tract , situated above the anal opening . modified for monacoa after bertelsen & munk [ 12 ] .
nomenclatural acts : the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken / ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 713edab6 - 040a - 4067 - a842 - de592a82f29a . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .
photographs , x - rays and sole pigmentation patterns of type and comparative material included for both morphological and molecular comparisons in this study .
ethanol fixation used for all specimens–type material 99 . 5 % and comparative material 70 % . scale bars equal 10 mm ( a–f ) . a , monacoa niger , new species , holotype , cbm - zf 14683 . note the strong pigmentation along the entire sole ( anterior part partly damaged ) . b , monacoa grimaldii , zmub 18926 , ( b * newly caught with specimen shown in fig 1b ) . c , m . grimaldii , zmub 18977 ( anterior part partly damaged ) . d , monacoa griseus , new species , holotype , cbm - zf 14677 . e , m . griseus , new species , paratype , cbm - zf 14681 ( anterior part partly damaged ) . f , m . griseus , new species , paratype , cbm - zf 14757 ( juvenile ) . insert shows protruding rectal organ being particular distinct in juveniles compared to adults .
monacoa niger sp . nov . holotype ( unique ) . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14683 ) , 48 . 0 mm sl unsexed specimen . holotype caught december 24–25 2013 , 22 : 43–00 : 40 local time , north - north - east off american samoa ( 05°05 ' s , 170°03 ' w ) at depth 0–520 m ( station 2 ) .
monacoa griseus sp . nov . holotype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14681 ) , 63 . 9 mm sl unsexed specimen . holotype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20–19 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40°06 ' s , 169°58 ' w ) at depth 0–521 m ( station 9 ) .
paratype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14677 ) , 64 . 5 mm sl unsexed specimen . paratype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20–19 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40°06 ' s , 169°58 ' w ) at depth 0–521 m ( station 9 ) .
paratype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14757 ) , 17 . 8 mm sl unsexed specimen . paratype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20–19 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40°06 ' s , 169°58 ' w ) at depth 0–521 m ( station 9 ) .
monacoa grimaldii . zoological museum university of bergen , bergen ( zmub 18926 ) , 28 . 6 mm sl unsexed specimen . caught june 28 , 2004 , at 42°47 ' n , 29°32 ' w off the mid - atlantic ridge in the north atlantic at fishing depth 0–795 m .
zoological museum university of bergen , bergen ( zmub 18977 ) , 34 . 0 mm sl unsexed specimen . caught june 30 , 2004 , at 41°42 ' n , 29°60 ' w off the mid - atlantic ridge in the north atlantic at fishing depth 205–684 m .
adult formalin fixed and alcohol preserved specimens of monacoa spp . ( a–f ) , and juvenile formalin fixed and alcohol preserved specimens of monacoa spp . ( g–i ) . the following species designations ( “cf” ) are tentative . a , monacoa cf . niger , ams i . 25919 - 001 . b , monacoa cf . griseus , ams i . 21744 - 001 . c , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 16494 - 030 . d , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 21366 - 001 . e , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 16492 - 025 . f , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 24031 - 002 . g , m . cf . niger , juvenile , ams i . 20942 - 001 . h , m . cf . griseus , juvenile , ams i . 19751 - 022 . i , m . cf . griseus , juvenile , ams i . 21748 - 001 .
monacoa cf . niger . ams i . 20942 - 001 , 17 . 1 mm sl ( east of cape york , queensland , australia ) ; ams i . 25919 - 001 , 33 . 1 mm sl ( east of crowdy head , new south wales , australia ) .
monacoa cf . griseus . ams i . 21748 - 001 , 15 . 9 mm sl ( east of botany bay , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 19751 - 022 , 17 . 3 mm sl ( 33°20 ' s , 152°17 ' e ) ; ams i . 21748 - 001 , 17 . 7 mm sl ( east of botany bay , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 20064 - 058 , 25 . 7 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 16492 - 025 , 33 . 3 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 16494 - 030 , 33 . 6 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 21744 - 001 , 47 . 4 mm sl ( east of wilsons promontory , victoria , australia ) ; ams i . 21366 - 001 , 49 . 8 mm sl ( east of newcastle , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 24031 - 002 , 56 . 0 mm sl ( east of newcastle , new south wales , australia ) .
illustrations of sole pigmentation patterns found in the genus monacoa ( a–d ) . a , m . niger . b , m . grimaldii . c , m . griseus . d , m . griseus ( juvenile ) . juveniles of all monacoa species are likely appearing similar to m . griseus illustrated here .
etymology : the genus name monacoa is re - erected in this study and was constructed by whitley [ 18 ] without giving any etymological reason for the chosen name . however , it is likely referring to the state of monaco in which the research expedition that sampled the two syntypes originated .
suggested vernacular name : long - nosed mirrorbellies . japanese : hikari - deme - nigisu .
size : species of monacoa are deep - bodied and relatively small fishes with a maximum sl of 64 . 5 mm for m . griseus reported at present ( this study ) . the total lengths are considerably longer although caudal fin rays always damaged .
monacoa niger sp . nov . : this species shows black sole pigmentation along the entire sole and possibly have a darker or more blackish body color compared to congeners ( scale pockets are darker ) . the black streak on the sole possibly consists of distinct patches posteriorly ( fig 3a and fig 5a ; table 2 ) . the holotype is slightly damaged on the sole and variation of the sole pigmentation pattern in this species must be assessed with future fresh material .
four different sole pigmentation patterns have currently been observed within monacoa ( a–d ) and are explained in the results section .
cbm - zf 14683 ( holotype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017322 / genseq - 1 mitogenome .
zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c7619c68 - c720 - 43d8 - 9400 - afef7e9be840 .
monacoa griseus sp . nov . : this species shows a greyish anterior part of the sole , abruptly changing just in front of the pelvic fins , to a dense pigmented posterior part . the two adult specimens of this species ( fig 3d–3e ; fig 5c ; table 2 ) show in addition a relatively weak irregular large blotch just in front of the change in pigmentation , centered approximately below the anterior part of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane . scale pockets are possibly relatively light .
cbm - zf 14681 ( holotype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017326 / genseq - 1 mitogenome .
cbm - zf 14677 ( paratype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017328 / genseq - 2 mitogenome
cbm - zf 14757 ( paratype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017324 / genseq - 2 mitogenome
note : cbm - zf 14757 is a juvenile , confirmed as m . griseus from identical molecular dna sequences . juveniles discussed below .
zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 1e9ddcc2 - 0ac2 - 41e6 - 93b5 - db9398d34058 .
only zmub specimens included with molecular data . all specimens , included with “cf” , are tentative due to formalin fixation possibly changing pigmentation patterns . sole patterns a–d correspond to fig 5 .
four sole pigmentation patterns ( a–d ) have been identified in the genus monacoa from this study and we have designated them as follows ; a ) a black streak of pigmentation , likely patchy at the posterior end , running along the entire sole , possibly covering most of the sole , although variation not presently known ( m . niger — fig 5a ) ; b ) four - spot pattern , including two distinct larger patches in between two weaker smaller patches , all located at the posterior part of the sole ( m . grimaldii — fig 5b ) ; c ) greyish uniform sole pattern in the anterior part , with a stronger tint in the anterior - posterior direction , with the posterior part abruptly turning much darker , with a poorly defined weaker patch present immediately in front of the abrupt change ( m . griseus — fig 5c ) ; d ) uniform sole with minute scattered pigmentations in no distinct patterns , appearing iridescent in fresh material ( currently observed in all juveniles across species— fig 5d ) . preservation is an important caveat concerning patterns of sole pigmentation and is discussed below . the sole pigmentation patterns of all species and the juvenile are illustrated in fig 5 .
etymology : monacoa niger sp . nov . the species derivative is originating from latin “niger” ( black ) referring to the black streak of pigmentation present on the sole . suggested vernacular name : black mirrorbelly . japanese : kuro - hikari - deme - nigisu .
etymology : monacoa griseus sp . nov . the species derivative is originating from latin “griseus” ( grey ) referring to the uniform greyish anterior part of the sole lacking distinct patterns of pigmentation . suggested vernacular name : grey mirrorbelly . japanese : haiiro - hikari - deme - nigisu .
snout slightly pointed , relatively rounded , not protruding into tube ( 10–15 % sl ) ; anal fin retrorse , often absent ; sole length approx . 90 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 20 % sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
snout prominent , protruding into distinct tube ( 18–25 % sl ) ; anal fin present , easily discernible , situated on posterior outer margin of sole ; sole length approx . 80 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 25 % sl ( genus
anterior part of sole without distinct pigmentation , posterior part darkly pigmented or showing distinct pigmented blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
mitogenomic phylogeny of argentiniformes and sole - bearing opisthoproctids using other protacanthopterygians as outgroups .
indications are that m . grimaldii is the only species present in the atlantic ocean between approximately 45°n and 45°s , m . griseus is apparently the common monacoa species in the southwestern pacific ocean and m . niger is a tropical pacific species , although the latter is only confidently known from the holotype at present . the two ams specimens identified as m . cf . niger in this study are both from the southwestern pacific ( figs 4 and 7 ) . however , formalin fixed / alcohol preserved material are currently ambiguous concerning proper species identification ( see below ) and future molecular data and examination of fresh specimens with intact sole patterns should determine distributions more adequately .
squared records are tentatively identified from formalin fixed material ( fig 4 ) . reprinted from urltoken [ 39 ] under a cc by license , with permission from t . grajeda ( urltoken ) .
the depth ranges reported in past literature include catch data of monacoa in bathypelagic depths below 2000 m . however , no reliable data are present from closing nets and we question the occurrence of these fishes in bathypelagic depths . we note that all material used in this study were caught in mesopelagic depths above 800 m with the exact catch depths unknown .
allometric growth changes are present in monacoa witnessed in for example the body depth to sl ( tables 1 – 3 ) . this character was noted by bekker [ 42 ] to separate the two genera of sole - bearing opisthoproctids . however , the inclusion of data on several juveniles in this study shows this character ambiguous .
the juvenile snout of m . griseus is comically and proportionately enormous compared to the adult equivalent concerning width , length and girth ( fig 3d–3f ) . large snout function is also speculative at this stage . however , opisthoproctids are likely pelagic throughout most life stages , although adults might be more or less demersal [ 16 ] . large surface area for detecting water movement and organism - emitted substances seems likely at this point .
the peculiar appearance and lack of diagnostic traits for species identification in juveniles has obviously confused in the past . for example , clarke & wagner [ 51 ] tentatively referred a 17 . 0 mm specimen caught off hawaii to m . grimaldii , although with reservations [ 52 ] . as no juveniles that unambiguously can be referred to m . niger are known and can be compared to m . griseus ( cbm 14757 ) , we note only that the central pacific and hawaii waters possibly have both m . niger and m . griseus present .
s1 file . jupyter notebook illustrating the illumina data processing and assembly of mitogenomes using mitobim .
we thank all the crew and scientists onboard the r / v hakuho - maru for assistance and sampling , e . katayama , t . p . satoh and g . shinohara ( nsmt ) for tissues and help during tsukuba visits for jyp , h . j . walker ( sio ) , k . maslenikov ( uw ) , g . langhelle ( zmub ) and d . bray ( nmvm ) for tissues , d . shale ( mar - eco ) and s . johnsen ( duke uni . ) for courtesy of photos , j . hlidberg for courtesy of illustrations , k . and e . hjørne for help with illustrations , e . hiromitsu ( bsku ) for specimen loan , a . m . orlov ( vniro ) and s . w . knudsen ( zmuc ) for literature , k . graham , a . hay , j . king , m . lockett , m . mcgrouther , k . parkinson , j . paxton and s . reader ( ams ) for help with x - rays , photography and logistics , and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments . we owe a special thanks to t . fukuchi ( cbm ) for help during jyp´s visit to chiba in 2014 . zff . masatoshi moku passed away before the submission of the final version of this manuscript . jan yde poulsen accepts responsibility for the integrity and validity of the data collected and analyzed .
conceived and designed the experiments : jyp ib m . moku m . miya . performed the experiments : jyp ts m . miya . analyzed the data : jyp ch . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jyp ts ch ib m . moku m . miya . wrote the paper : jyp . taxonomy : jyp . finalized manuscript : jyp ts ch ib m . miya .
froese r , pauly d , editors . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication 2011 . available :
betancur - r r , wiley e , bailly n , miya m , lecointre g , ortí g . phylogenetic classification of bony fishes , version 3 . 2014 . available :
ahlstrom eh , moser hg , cohen dm . argentinoidei : development and relationships . in : moser hg , richards wj , cohen dm , fahay md , kendall aw jr , richardson sc , editors . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . lawrence , ka : am soc ichthyol herpetol spec publ ; 1984 1 : pp . 155–169 .
johnson gd , patterson c . relationships of lower euteleostean fishes . in : stiassny mlj , parenti lr , johnson gd , editors . interrelationships of fishes . new york , ny : academic press ; 1996 . pp . 251–332 .
ishiguro nb , miya m , nishida m . basal euteleostean relationships : a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogenetic reality of the ‘‘protacanthopterygii” . mol phylogenet evol . 2003 ; 27 : 476–488 . pmid : 12742752
wagner hj , douglas rh , frank tm , roberts nw , partridge jc . a novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics . curr biol . 2009 ; 19 : 108–114 . pmid : 19110427


chelidonichthys capensis , the cape gurnard , is a species of sea robin native to the western indian ocean where they occur at depths of from 10 – 390 metres ( 33 – 1,280 ft ) and in such countries as mozambique and namibia .

the species is 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) tl in length and lives maximum to the age of 16 .

this species is of commercial importance as a food fish .

cape gurnard

with reverso you can find the french translation , definition or synonym for cape gurnard and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of cape gurnard given by the french - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , grévisse
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . fishstat . cape gurnard ( dimensionmember ) . ( latest update : 27 nov 2013 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken
gurnards are caught between cape agulhas and the great kei river at depth shallower that 110m . management is considered to be largely effective . management is mainly directed at the target species hake ( msc certified ) and sole in the form of total allowable catch ( tac ) and permit limitations . a fishery conservation project ( fcp ) was developed to test a co - management approach for 10 non - target species in the sector . other concerns include the lack of information on impacts to sensitive shark , skates and ray populations as well as impacts to the seabed . efforts are underway to improve the scientific observer coverage at sea for this sector to better understand ecosystem impacts .
wwf - sa recognition of the et project as an fcp for the inshore trawl fishery is temporarily on hold until there is agreement between rights holders in the sector on the continued implementation of the et project .
gurnards ( chelidonichthys sp ) are long lived , endemic fish found on sandy or silty bottoms at depths from 10 m to 390 m . they are one of the most commonly caught bycatch species in both the inshore and offshore trawl sectors , however , they seem resilient to fishing pressure and stocks are currently believed to be under - exploited .
gurnards are caught as bycatch in inshore trawl fishery for hake ( msc certified ) and sole using trawl nets . the fishery gear consists of trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths in the area from the coast to the 110 m isobath or to 20 nautical miles from the coast , whichever is the greater distance . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed ; the extent and impact of this damage remains unknown . trawling is not a selective fishing method and a number of other species are often caught in the nets ( fish , sharks and rays ) . substantial effort has been made to reduce seabird deaths through the use of tori lines and substantial effort is underway to better manage the principal bycatch stocks through a co - management pilot programme .
gurnards are caught as bycatch within the within the offshore demersal trawl industry for hake using trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths typically ranging from 110 m to 800 m ( known as “demersal trawl nets” ) . the fishery gear consists of trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths typically ranging from 110 m to 800 m . this type of trawling is known to damage the seabed ; the extent and impact of damage remains unknown . there are efforts underway to better understand benthic impacts , recovery potential , and to mitigate damage . trawling is not a selective fishing method and a number of other species are often caught in the nets ( fish , sharks and rays ) . substantial effort has been made to reduce seabird deaths through the use of tori lines and s research is underway to understand the impacts on key bycatch species .
gurnards are caught as bycatch on the continental shelf edge and upper slope along the west coast from the namibian border southwards and on the south coast primarily around the agulhas bank . management is mainly focused on the target species ( hake ) in the form of total allowable catch ( tac ) , effort limitation and various permit conditions . there are some ecosystem - based management measures already in place such as precautionary catch limits on monkfish and kingklip and limited fishing areas . the ongoing fishery conservation project ( fcp
) aims to improve the management of the main bycatch species as well as address any potential impacts on sharks , rays and other sensitive marine species .
trawl nets are dragged along the seabed at depths between 110 and 800 metres . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed and is non - selective , resulting in the incidental bycatch of a number of species ( fishes , sharks , rays and seabirds ) . seabird bycatch has been reduced thanks to the introduction of tori lines , coloured streamers that deter birds , and improved methods for disposing fish discards .
trawl nets are dragged along the seabed up to 20 nautical miles from the coast or 110 metres deep , whichever is further . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed and is non - selective , resulting in the incidental bycatch of a number of species ( fishes , sharks , rays and seabirds ) . seabird bycatch has been reduced thanks to the introduction of tori lines , coloured streamers that deter birds .
started in 2004 , sassi was established to drive change in the local seafood industry by working with suppliers and sellers of seafood , as well as informing and inspiring consumers to make sustainable seafood choices .
volunteering can make a real difference to your own life and the lives of those around you . we welcome all sustainable seafood champions prepared to donate their time and effort .
become a regular wwf - sassi supporter and help us ensure that the planet has enough sustainable seafood for future generations .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
elongate red fish with large head encased in bony plates . pectorial fin large with a thin black blotch ans white or pale blue spots on the inner side . pectorial fin rays present . dorsal surface reddish and is white or pinkish below .
sea robins have six spiny
legs
, three on each side . these legs are actually flexible spines that were once part of the pectoral fin . over time , the spines separated themselves from the rest of the fin , developing into feeler - like
forelegs .
the pelvic fins have been thought to let the fish
walk
on the bottom , but are really used to stir up food
found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed ( ref . 9258 ) . reported to be often found in rivers
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food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy , fao .
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king place in the fifthyear of growth for both males and females . gut content analysis showed c . capensis to bean opportunistic feeder preying preferentially on the benthic crustaceans goneplax angulataand mursia cristimanus . landings from the commercial linefishery were insignificant whilst those for thecommercial trawl fishery ranged from 500 tonnes to 3250 tonnes b ~ tween 1984 to 1995 , and indicated that this species forms an important component of the south african trawlfishery bycatch . a first approximation of fishing mortality ( 0 . 36 year - i ) for the inshorecommercial trawl fishery was higher than that of natural mortality ( 0 . 25 year - i ) suggestingsome fishing pressure on this species on the agulhas bank . however this fishing mortalityvalue was significantly less than that for fo . 1 ( 4 . 78 year - i ) that was estimated using a yieldper - recruit model . viii