chiayusaurus ( meaning " chia-yu-kuan lizard " , after where it was found ) was a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from teeth found in asia .

two species have been named for this obscure genus .

it was originally named as chiayüsaurus , but the iczn does not permit special characters , so it has become chiayusaurus .

the old name can still be seen in older sources , though .

chiayusaurus

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phylogenetic relationships of asiatosaurus mongoliensis ( osborn , 1924 ) . chiayusaurus lacustris a junior synonym of asiatosaurus ( sauropoda )
species : asianensis ( lee , yang & park , 1997 ) etymology : the species is named after asia , where the type material was collected . = chiayusaurus asianensis lee , yang & park , 1997
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chiayusaurus
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chiayusaurus is a highly dubious genus of sauropod dinosaur because the type species is based upon the description of a tooth crown .  the problem with such tooth taxons is that unless in exceptionally rare cases ( like with troodon  )  ,  it is next to impossible to assign further remains .  even a second species named c .  asianensis from south korea is only represented by a tooth .  in the past the teeth of chiayusaurus have been noted to be similar to asiatosaurus and euhelopus .
bohlin , b . , 1953 , fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu : reports from the scientific expedition to the north - western provinces of china under leadership of dr . sven hedin . the sino - swedish expedition publication n . 37 , p . 9 - 113 . ( chiayusaurus lacustris )
name : chiayusaurus  ( chiayukuan lizard )  . phonetic : che - ah - yu - sore - us . named by : birgir bohlin  -  1953 . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  dinosauria ,  saurischia ,  sauropoda . species : c .  lacustris ( type )  ,  c .  asianensis ? diet : herbivore . size : impossible to know because no skeletal reamins exist only teeth . known locations : china  -  kalazha formation .  south korea  -  hasandong formation . time period : late jurassic to early cretaceous . fossil representation : two teeth .
' antarctosaurus jaxarticus is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus kwanshiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus mongoliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' borealosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus asianensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongbeititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongyangosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' euhelopus belongs to somphospondyli ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' fusuisaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' gobititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' helopus zdanskyi is recombined as euhelopus zdanskyi ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' huabeisaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiangshanosaurus [ misspelled as jianshanosaurus ] belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiutaisaurus xidiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' mongolosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus pachi is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' opisthocoelicaudia belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' phuwiangosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' pukyongosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' qingxiusaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' quaesitosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' sonidosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' tangvayosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' ultrasaurus tabriensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009
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further reading -  fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu  -  the sino - swedish expedition publication 37 ( 6 )  :  1–113 .   -  birgir bohlin  -  1953 . -  sauropod dinosaur remains from the gyeongsang supergroup korea .   -  paleontological society of korea ,  special publication 2 :  103–114 .   -  yuong - nam lee ,  seong - young yang & eun - jun park  -  1997 .
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see also barrett et al . 2002 , park et al . 2000 and wilson and upchurch 2009
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etymology : asiat - ( asia ) and greek , sauros , “lizard” : “asiatic lizard” .
etymology : for jiayuguan ( chia - yu - kouon ) in gansu province china , near where the specimen was found , and greek , sauros , “lizard” : “jiayu lizard” .
locality : east end of red mesa , ööshinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .
age : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to shuvalov , 1975 öndörukhaa svita of valanginian to late neocomian age .
locality : 3 miles east of red mesa , ööshinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .
age : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
amnh 6533 : 2 anterior dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , several ribs , and one chevron , 3 ribs and chevron collected .
number : not given : single dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , not collected .
locality : urhe region , junggar basin , wuerho , xinjiang uygur zizhiqu ( sinkang ) province , china .
locality : two volcanoes , 43°49 . 503 ' n , 99°19 . 546 ' e , dhous , bayanhongor , mongolia .
age : aptian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
locality : dacaotan , jalyuguan ( chia - yu - kuan ) , west kansu , gansu ( kansu ) province , china .
age : late barremian - albian stage , gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to sun , ailing , li jinling , ye xiangkui , dong zhiming and hou lianhai , 1992 late jurassic .
locality : nanhu , southeast of qiketai , shanshan district , turpan , eastern gansu ( kansu ) province , china .
locality : napan basin , fusui county , southwest of nanning , kwangsi , guangxi province , guangzi zhuangzu autonomous range , china .
age : hauterivian stage , upper neocomian subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early early cretaceous .
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rubén d . f . martínez , 1 , * matthew c . lamanna , 2 fernando e . novas , 3 ryan c . ridgely , 4 gabriel a . casal , 1 javier e . martínez , 5 javier r . vita , 6 and lawrence m . witmer 4
conceived and designed the experiments : rdfm mcl fen rcr gac jem jrv lmw . performed the experiments : rdfm mcl gac jem jrv . analyzed the data : rdfm mcl rcr gac lmw . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : rdfm mcl rcr gac jem jrv lmw . wrote the paper : rdfm mcl fen gac lmw .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were extremely diverse and abundant in upper cretaceous continental paleoenvironments in the gondwanan landmasses , and have been discovered throughout the world [ 1 – 6 ] . titanosauria currently includes more than 60 genera and is most abundantly represented in south america , particularly in argentina [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 ] . most currently recognized titanosaurian taxa are represented exclusively or almost exclusively by postcranial bones .
here we describe a new and plesiomorphic early late cretaceous ( cenomanian—turonian ) titanosaurian sauropod represented by a superbly - preserved adult skull articulated with a partial cervical series . the taxon provides a wealth of new information on the early evolution of titanosauria and the cranial anatomy of basal members of the clade . the cranium and mandible are only slightly deformed , with most bones fully articulated and all teeth preserved in situ ; as such , the new form is one of the very few titanosaurs for which the totality of this anatomical information is available . furthermore , the unusual anatomy of the cervical series provides novel data on the construction of the neck and tendon system of a cretaceous sauropod .
the titanosaur was preserved in a green sandstone horizon that pertains to the upper part of the lower member of the bajo barreal formation . this section of the lower member is lithologically characterized by these green sandstones , which were deposited in multiepisodic , interlaced fluvial channel systems [ 83 ] . the vast majority of the tetrapod fossils from the bajo barreal formation have been recovered from these sandstones , which exhibit taphonomic and sedimentological properties that were conducive to vertebrate preservation [ 84 ] . the skull and cervical series of the titanosaur were articulated and preserved in a fluvial overflow deposit with a high sedimentary load composed of medium - grained sandstones with abundant pelitic matrix . the degree of articulation and lack of evidence of subaerial weathering of the specimen suggest that it was buried rapidly .
the specimen described in this paper ( specimen number mdt - pv 2 ) is permanently reposited and accessible to all qualified researchers in the fossil vertebrate collection of the museo desiderio torres in sarmiento , chubut province , argentina . detailed locality information for the specimen is on file at the museo desiderio torres and is available to qualified researchers upon request . all necessary permits were obtained for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .
amnh , american museum of natural history , new york , new york , united states of america ; ans , academy of natural sciences of drexel university , philadelphia , pennsylvania , united states of america ; ccmge , chernyshev’s central museum of geological exploration , saint petersburg , russia ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , pennsylvania , united states of america ; fggub , facultatea de geologie şi geofizică a universită ii din bucureşti , bucharest , romania ; gcp , grupo cultural paleontológico de elche , museo paleontológico de elche , elche , spain ; gsi , geological survey of india , kolkata , india ; isi , indian statistical institute , kolkata , india ; mal , malawi department of antiquities collection , lilongwe and nguludi , malawi ; mb , museum für naturkunde der humboldt - universität , berlin , germany ; mcf - pvph , museo ‘carmen funes , ’ colección de paleontología de vertebrados , plaza huincul , neuquén , argentina ; mcspv , museo de cinco saltos , cinco saltos , río negro , argentina ; mcz , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts , united states of america ; mdt - pv , museo desiderio torres - paleovertebrados , sarmiento , chubut , argentina ; mgpifd - gr , museo de geología y paleontología del instituto de formación docente continua de general roca , general roca , río negro , argentina ; mml , museo municipal de lamarque , lamarque , río negro , argentina ; mpca , museo provincial ‘carlos ameghino , ’ cipolletti , río negro , argentina ; mucpv , museo de geología y paleontología de la universidad nacional del comahue , neuquén , neuquén , argentina ; mzsp - pv , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , são paulo , brazil ; tmm , university of texas memorial museum , austin , texas , united states of america ; unpsjb - pv , universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco , colección paleontología de vertebrados , comodoro rivadavia , chubut , argentina ; usnm , national museum of natural history , washington , district of columbia , united states of america ; zpal , institute of paleobiology , polish academy of sciences , warsaw , poland .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank life science identifiers ( lsids ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken . ” the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3b8c51b9 - c0c2 - 4562 - 81d4 - 0af58e186b31 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 537dfe26 - 54ec - 4978 - ac86 - e83a04fa74de
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c1090b8d - d051 - 44f3 - b869 - 8b4a0c802176
mdt - pv 2 , an originally articulated cranial and cervical skeleton consisting of the nearly complete skull , the partial axis associated with its rib from the right side and articulated with the cranial part of the third cervical vertebra , a fragment of the fifth cervical vertebra , the nearly complete sixth cervical vertebra and its right rib , the partial seventh cervical vertebra , and a section of ossified cervical tendon .
sarmiento , for the patagonian town and the administrative department in which it is located , the latter of which has yielded numerous cretaceous dinosaur fossils ; saurus , greek , ‘lizard . ’ the specific name honors the late dr . eduardo musacchio , a model scientist and educator at the universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco in comodoro rivadavia , argentina .
estancia laguna palacios ( 44°54 ' 11 . 6 ' ' s , 69°22 ' 56 . 7 ' ' w ) , sierra nevada anticline , golfo san jorge basin , south - central chubut province , central patagonia , argentina (
) . uppermost section of the lower member of the upper cretaceous bajo barreal formation , chubut group . the specimen was found
map of chubut province , central patagonia , argentina , showing location of the estancia laguna palacios , the type locality of sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen . et sp . nov . ( modified from ibiricu et al . [ 232 ] ) .
basal lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropod diagnosed by the following autapomorphies : ( 1 ) maximum ( rostroventral—caudodorsal ) diameter of orbit nearly 40 % rostrocaudal length of cranium ( as measured from tip of snout to occipital condyle ) ; ( 2 ) complex maxilla—lacrimal articulation , with ascending ramus of maxilla embedded in and bordered laterally and medially by lacrimal dorsal process ; ( 3 ) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but well - defined ridge ; ( 4 ) ‘tongue - like’ ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally ; ( 5 ) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve ; ( 6 ) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem ; ( 7 ) premaxillary teeth subvertical , maxillary teeth procumbent , and dentary teeth recumbent ; ( 8 ) middle cervical vertebrae with ‘strut - like’ ( as opposed to ‘sheet - like’ ) centroprezygapophyseal laminae ; ( 9 ) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon extending along cervical series ventrolateral to vertebrae and ribs .
) . nevertheless , during the course of laboratory preparation , we were only able to recover the skull , parts of the articulated axis and third cervical vertebra , most of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae , and pieces of the fifth cervical vertebra and the second and sixth cervical ribs from the right side . unfortunately , the remainder of the collected vertebrae ( the atlas and cervical four ) and ribs were too poorly preserved and damaged by weathering to be salvageable .
gen . et sp . nov . ( mdt - pv 2 ) upon discovery .
( a ) articulated skull in ventral view , showing close association of ossified cervical tendon ( arrow ) with occipital region of cranium . ( b , c ) two views of articulated skull and partial cervical series in ventral view , showing considerable craniocaudal extent and consistently narrow diameter of ossified cervical tendon ( arrows ) . ( d ) relationship of a cervical rib ( white arrow ) with the ossified cervical tendon ( black arrow ) .
) . this structure extended from near the right occipital region of the skull and past several vertebrae without changing diameter . although we observed the structure on only the right side of the specimen , we assume that it was bilaterally symmetrical in the living animal . therefore , given that the right side of the specimen is generally better preserved than the left , the equivalent structure on the left side presumably eroded away prior to discovery .
unlike the situation in nemegtosaurus [ 10 , 11 ] and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] , the skull of sarmientosaurus was not strongly affected by taphonomic distortion . instead , the skull is only moderately deformed in its caudodorsal and dorsal areas . pressure applied to these regions apparently caused the jugal processes of both postorbitals to slide slightly rostrally over the postorbital processes of the corresponding jugals . nevertheless , these modest alterations demonstrate that the caudal part of the skull was not significantly rostrally displaced relative to more rostral regions . there is no evidence of dorsoventral compression of the snout ; indeed , in this area of the skull , only the dorsal parts of the premaxilla and maxilla are damaged , presumably due to pre - diagenetic erosion . the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae have suffered some lateral deformation , which has mainly affected parts of the neural arches such as the prezygapophyses .
during the excavation of the sarmientosaurus holotype , an abelisaurid tooth was discovered only a few centimeters from the occipital region of the skull , raising the possibility that this titanosaurian specimen was scavenged by this theropod . this is , however , ambiguous , as the sarmientosaurus bones do not exhibit tooth marks or other feeding traces .
in our description of the dentition of sarmientosaurus , we employ the terms used by garcía and cerda [ 61 ] .
is 43 cm in length as measured from the rostral tip of the articulated premaxillae to the occipital condyle . it is approximately 24 cm wide across the postorbitals and 24 cm tall from the dorsal margin of the frontal to the ventral end of the quadrate on the right side ( see
] , indicates that the specimen probably corresponds to a skeletally mature ( and possibly very old ) individual .
abbreviations : l , left ; r , right . * = element incomplete , measurement as preserved .
in the cranium of sarmientosaurus , three large openings are clearly visible in lateral view : from rostral to caudal , these are the antorbital fenestra , the orbit , and the infratemporal fenestra . as preserved , the bony nasal apertures ( = ‘external nares’ of many paleontological works ) open rostrodorsally in a confluent fenestra , as in rapetosaurus ; nevertheless , it appears that , in life , these openings would have been separated by a bony lamina formed by the premaxillae and nasals ( the internarial bar ) . although this structure has been mostly destroyed by taphonomic processes , the caudally - incomplete narial flange of the premaxillae and a broken rostral projection of the nasals attest to its former existence . ventral to the rostral end of each antorbital fenestra is a minute , poorly preserved opening that we interpret as the homolog of the preantorbital fenestra ; this foramen is discussed further in of our description of the maxilla below .
the orbit of sarmientosaurus is proportionally very large , rostroventrally—caudodorsally elongate , and rounded at its caudodorsal and rostroventral margins , with the caudodorsal end rostrocaudally longer than the rostroventral end . as in many dinosaurs , the orbit is regionally divisible into a dorsal ocular portion ( that housed the eyeball and its adnexa ) and a ventral non - ocular portion that was occupied by various soft - tissues ( e . g . , adductor muscles , vessels , nerves ) . the orbit differs from those of camarasaurus , giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , rapetosaurus , and tapuiasaurus , which are smaller and shaped differently . although the orbit of abydosaurus is also proportionally large , it is not as large as in the new bajo barreal titanosaur ; furthermore , it is subtriangular rather than ovate in contour .
the supratemporal fenestra is bordered caudally by a prominent flange ( the transverse nuchal crest ) , and its long axis is oriented mediolaterally , as in europasaurus , giraffatitan , and rapetosaurus . the infratemporal fenestra is rostrocaudally narrow throughout its dorsoventral extent , and its long axis is oriented roughly parallel to that of the orbit , as in nemegtosaurus and tapuiasaurus . this contrasts the conditions in abydosaurus , camarasaurus , euhelopus , and giraffatitan , in which this fenestra is subtriangular and rostrocaudally wide , especially ventrally .
] : fig . 4a ) , where the more vertical nasal process lends the rostral margin of the premaxilla a taller , straighter lateral profile . the premaxilla of
continue caudodorsally to the bony nasal apertures ; only the left premaxilla preserves the rostral margin of the aperture , however . along this margin , the area of the interpremaxillary articulation shows remnants of a sagittal crest that probably corresponds to the rostroventral base of the internarial bar . the premaxillae articulate with the maxillae caudally ; in life , they would presumably have also contacted the nasals caudodorsally .
photographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawing ( b ) in right lateral ( a , b ) and left lateral ( c ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
computed tomography - based digital visualization in dorsal view , showing locations of preantorbital , rostral maxillary , and subnarial ( blue star ) foramina ( a ) , and left bony nasal aperture ( blue overlay ) and narial fossa ( black line ) ( b ) . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
the rostroventral end of the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla is clearly discernible toward the tip of the snout , far rostral to the bony nasal aperture . in malawisaurus [ 32 , 102 ] , narambuenatitan [ 40 ] , and probably isi r k 27 / 528 [ 31 , 102 ] , by contrast , this suture lies ventral to the rostral end of the nasal aperture , indicating that these apertures were not retracted in these titanosaurs . nevertheless , this condition may well have varied through titanosaurian ontogeny , as unretracted bony nasal apertures are also present in the embryonic skulls from auca mahuevo [ 15 – 17 ] .
are evident in more dorsal areas of the premaxillary—maxillary contact . this fossa takes the form of a slight depression of the snout , the perimeter of which has been damaged by erosion . the narial fossa is better preserved on the right side , where it can be seen to reach rostrally to the region of the premaxillary—maxillary contact (
. the lateral surface of each premaxilla is rostrocaudally short and shows small , irregular traces , some of which may be artifacts of the erosion that has affected more dorsal regions of these bones . there is a bony lamina lateral to the premaxillary teeth that is also present in the maxilla . the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla should bear the subnarial foramen , an aperture that transmitted blood vessels between the narial region and palate . this foramen is found in virtually all saurischians [
] . the relevant region is not well preserved in mdt - pv 2 , but it is present on the left side . here , gaps in the preserved bone fragments indicate the likely position of the subnarial foramen (
) , which would be consistent with that in other sauropods . given that inferred position and the extent of the narial fossa , it is likely that , in life ,
each premaxilla bears four alveoli , as in all other sauropods . medially , the ventral margin of the premaxilla exhibits a continuous ridge situated close to the teeth , which is contiguous with a similarly - positioned ridge on the maxilla .
movies ) is a stout , rostrocaudally elongate element . its gently convex lateral surface is pierced by neurovascular foramina that open into prominent grooves , rendering the surface slightly undulatory ; these grooves are mediolaterally oriented , as in
, the ascending ramus of the maxilla forms a bar that separates the bony nasal aperture from the antorbital fenestra . the ramus arises near the rostrocaudal midline of the maxilla , further caudally than the ascending rami of
computed tomography - based digital visualization in ventral view indicating palatal bones ( ectopterygoids , palatines , pterygoids , and vomers ) and the right suborbital fenestra . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .
the phylogenetic distribution of the preantorbital fenestra , a large accessory opening in the maxilla that is characteristic of diplodocidae [ 107 – 109 ] , was widened considerably when wilson and sereno [ 103 ] homologized a neurovascular foramen that occurs in various sauropods with the definitive preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids . in taxa such as camarasaurus , europasaurus , and giraffatitan , the homologous structure is a relatively inconspicuous foramen , such that the term ‘preantorbital fenestra’ does not seem appropriate , even if the homologous foramen is elaborated into a large opening in other taxa . although witmer [ 109 ] and wilson and sereno [ 103 ] regarded the preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids as relating to the pneumaticity associated with the antorbital cavity , more recent studies [ 110 ] have suggested that the structure is vascular in origin . derived lithostrotian titanosaurs such as nemegtosaurus [ 11 ] , rapetosaurus [ 13 ] , and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] apparently converged on diplodocids in expanding this neurovascular foramen into a relatively large opening that is here termed the preantorbital foramen .
lacks a true preantorbital foramen or fenestra , but probably possesses the homologous neurovascular foramen . criteria for establishing the homologies of these openings have not previously been established , but include the following : ( 1 ) the foramen / fenestra is located dorsal to the maxillary palatal shelf , where it communicates with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle ( traceable in computed tomographic [ ct ] scan data ) ; ( 2 ) the foramen / fenestra is in the vicinity of the suborbital fenestra , where the palatine and ectopterygoid unite with the maxillary palatal shelf ; and ( 3 ) the foramen / fenestra is generally just caudal to the alveolar tooth chamber ( and this chamber , housing the replacement teeth , may extend somewhat caudal to the most distal [ = caudal ] erupted tooth position ) . applying these criteria to
wilson and sereno ( 1998 ) highlighted another neurovascular feature in sauropods : the rostral ( = anterior ) maxillary foramen , which opens within the narial fossa caudal ( or lateral , in diplodocids ) to the subnarial foramen . in a sense , this structure is a counterpart to the preantorbital foramen / fenestra in that both are associated with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle and transmitted branches thereof in life [ 110 ] . the ct scan data of sarmientosaurus clearly show ( especially on the right side of the cranium ) the course of the maxillary neurovascular bundle through the maxilla and where this bundle gives off the branch that leads to the rostral maxillary foramen before continuing rostrally through the bone . the rostral maxillary foramen opens medially into the narial fossa just inside the rim of the fossa , near the base of the maxillary ascending ramus . as preserved , the foramen is modest in size , comparable in relative scale to that observed in camarasaurus ( cm 11338 ) and giraffatitan ( mb r . 2223 . 1 ) .
the medial surface of the maxilla is longitudinally concave and exhibits the same continuous bony flange that is present in the premaxilla . there are 12 teeth in the left maxilla of the sarmientosaurus holotype and 11 in the right . the tooth row encompasses 64 % of the length of the maxilla , a condition that is intermediate between those in camarasaurus and giraffatitan ( 75 % ) on one hand and abydosaurus ( 52 % ) , tapuiasaurus ( 46 % ) , and nemegtosaurus ( 34 % ) on the other . the relatively long tooth row in sarmientosaurus may relate to the plesiomorphic ( i . e . , unexpanded ) condition of the homolog of the preantorbital foramen as well as the intermediate condition of the ‘postdental emargination . ’ in other words , the restriction of the teeth to the rostral end of the snout in more advanced titanosaurs may be correlated with the increased development of both these features .
movies ) is a planar bone that is roughly quadrangular in dorsal view . it is rostrocaudally longest medially , at the internasal articulation , and extends rostrally as a process that presumably would have articulated with the ascending ramus of the premaxilla to form the missing internarial bar . the curved rostrolateral edge of the nasal forms the caudal border of the bony nasal aperture , and continues to expand caudally at an approximately straight lateral margin that borders the prefrontal and frontal . the caudal margin of the nasal has a straight , mediolaterally - oriented suture with the frontal . the caudal ends of both nasals are damaged near their contact with the frontals .
movies ) is a dorsoventrally elongate and gently caudodorsally - inclined bone that separates the antorbital fenestra from the orbit . as observed in rostral view , the lacrimal is oriented dorsomedially—ventrolaterally ( i . e . , its dorsal end is positioned slightly more medially than its ventral end in the articulated skull ) . the lacrimal is expanded rostroventrally at its contact with the jugal . caudodorsally , the lacrimal articulates with the ascending ramus of the maxilla , the prefrontal , and the nasal . its dorsal end possesses a very subtle rostral process that is comparable to those of
] : fig . 1c ) . unlike in most macronarians ( e . g . ,
) , the dorsal terminus of the lacrimal is not well exposed in lateral view due to a contact between the maxilla and prefrontal . the lateral surface of the lacrimal is relatively smooth compared to those of the premaxilla and maxilla .
movies ) is crescentic and rostrocaudally elongate in dorsal view . its dorsal surface is convex and its ventral surface is smoothly concave . the prefrontal articulates with the maxilla and lacrimal rostrally and rostromedially , the nasal caudomedially , and the frontal caudally . the ventral surface forms the rostrodorsal margin of the orbit . both prefrontals are well preserved , and their lateral surfaces are somewhat rugose , as in
, the rostral process is triangular in dorsal view , with the concave medial margin articulating with the nasal and maxilla and the convex lateral edge forming part of the rostrodorsal sector of the orbit . the prefrontal is dorsoventrally thick laterally and becomes even thicker medially .
movies ) have suffered strong mediolateral deformation . this , coupled with the presence of cracks and rugosities on their dorsal surfaces , precludes us from determining whether these bones are coossified or simply firmly sutured . as our ct data do not provide evidence to resolve this matter , we will describe both frontals as a single unit . together , these bones comprise a transversely wide surface that extends between the orbits but that is much shorter in rostrocaudal dimension ( transverse width to rostrocaudal length ratio equals 3 . 5 to 1 ) . the frontals are bordered by the nasals and prefrontals rostrally , the parietals caudally , and the postorbitals laterally , and they also contribute to the dorsal margins of the orbits . unlike in
is smooth , not ornamented . the frontal also appears to lack the rostrolateral process present in
are probable but not definitive . nevertheless , the frontals appear to be proportionally rostrocaudally shorter than those of some other titanosauriforms ( e . g . ,
) . ventrally there is a gap , bounded laterally by the orbitosphenoids , where the aperture for the olfactory tracts opens .
photographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d ) in dorsal ( a , b ) and ventral ( c , d ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .
movies ) are difficult to establish due to the extreme fusion and deformation suffered by part of the caudal region of the skull . ct data show that the central interparietal / interfrontal zone forms a single triangular surface , the truncated apex of which arises from the parietal—supraoccipital contact and the base from the nasofrontal suture . detailed examination of the cracked dorsal surface of the skull roof allows the identification of a probable frontoparietal suture , which suggests that the parietal contributes to the supratemporal fenestra . in contrast to the conditions in most other macronarians for which this region of the skull is known ( e . g . ,
] ) . unlike in many of these forms ( e . g . ,
, mgpifd - gr 118 ) , the long axes of these fenestrae are oriented approximately perpendicular to the sagittal plane instead of being aligned rostromedially—caudolaterally . in these regards ,
, usnm 5730 ) and derived lithostrotians . this compression and reorientation of the supratemporal fenestrae coincides with the lateral reorientation of the orbits in titanosaurs , both of which presumably evolved in response to the expansion of the nasal vestibule .
photographs ( a , c , e ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d , f ) in rostral ( a , b ) , caudal ( c , d ) , and caudodorsal ( e , f ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .
computed tomography - based digital visualization in right lateral ( a ) , left lateral ( b ) , rostral ( c ) , caudal ( d ) , dorsal ( e ) , and ventral ( f ) views . scale bar = 10 cm .
there is no visible suture between the parietals , but together they have a wing - like contour comparable to that observed in camarasaurus and proportionally wider than those of giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , and rapetosaurus . the parietal contacts the postorbital laterally , the supraoccipital caudoventrally , and the otoccipital more ventrally . there is no parietal foramen , in contrast to the condition in sauropods such as shunosaurus [ 113 ] and some diplodocoids ( see [ 114 ] ) . the parietal of sarmientosaurus lacks the bizarre dorsal excrescences of the isolated transylvanian braincase fggub 1007 [ 52 ] .
has the form of a caudally - reclined ‘t . ’ its thick , convex caudodorsal ramus contributes to the dorsal margins of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the longer ventral ramus is rostroventrally directed to contact the dorsal process of the jugal , and it forms most of the boundary between the infratemporal fenestra and orbit . both postorbitals are well - preserved , though they have lost contact with their respective jugals ; furthermore , the end of the ventral ramus of the left postorbital has rotated laterally . the lateral surface of the postorbital is fairly smooth . the ventral ramus is thickened at its rostroventral end that articulates with the jugal . its flattened rostral surface is slightly concave in lateral view , whereas its caudolateral side is convex . the jugal articular surface of the postorbital is oriented caudomedially . the caudodorsal ramus is an expansion in the form of a convex anvil . it is pierced by a small but well - defined , caudolaterally - opening vascular foramen near the dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra and the dorsal base of the ventral ramus . the same or a very similar postorbital foramen occurs in the north american titanosauriform
, though it may occur in other sauropods ( l . m . w . , pers . obs . ) . there is no evidence of the ornamentation of the orbital margin of the caudodorsal ramus that occurs in
] . as best observed in rostromedial view , there are two small , probably vascular foramina situated close together at the rostroventral end of the right postorbital . their presence on the left postorbital cannot be verified due to damage . the postorbital of
in having a dorsoventrally thinner caudodorsal ramus , the rostral projection of which is much longer than its caudal counterpart ( see suteethorn et al . [
movies ) are well preserved , but their surfaces exhibit small cracks caused by erosion . the jugal of
] are similarly elongate but very different in shape , being tetraradiate rather than triradiate and comparatively dorsoventrally thick . within titanosauriformes , the jugal of
, though the caudoventral ramus is sharply pointed and considerably longer in the latter taxon ( see chure et al . [
, the subvertical dorsal ramus of the jugal contacts the postorbital and separates the ventral ends of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the rostroventral ramus is rostrodorsally projected and has a sigmoid contact with the caudal end of the maxilla . ventrally , near its caudal end , the rostroventral ramus makes a slight contribution to the large lateral embayment caudal to the tooth row . the jugal also forms the ventral margin of the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the antorbital fenestra , and contacts the lacrimal rostrodorsally . the dorsal and rostroventral jugal rami meet at a nearly right angle . the rostroventral ramus is laminar throughout its extent , and is dorsoventrally expanded at its contact with the lacrimal . more caudally , between the orbit and the caudalmost sector of the maxilla , the rostroventral ramus of the jugal narrows and intersects the dorsal ramus . the caudoventral ramus of the jugal is much shorter than the rostroventral ramus . the jugal has been disarticulated from the postorbital on both sides of the skull ; specifically , the articular end of the right postorbital is free and has been displaced laterally relative to the dorsal articular end of the jugal , and part of the postorbital overlaps the jugal on the left side . the articular surface of the right postorbital is rostromedially oriented and longitudinally twisted , suggesting that rostrocaudal pressures suffered by the skull during diagenesis have caused the bilateral displacement between the postorbitals and jugals .
movies ) is a rostrocaudally elongate and dorsoventrally oriented bone . along with the quadratojugal , it forms most of the caudoventral margin of the infratemporal fenestra . whether or not the squamosal participates in the supratemporal fenestra is not totally clear , although it probably does not given the seemingly considerable distance between these structures . the squamosal is excluded from the supratemporal fenestra in
, the squamosal articulates with the quadratojugal ventrally , the postorbital caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its sutural contacts are not clearly delimited , despite the fact that the right squamosal is fairly well preserved ; the left is damaged laterally and caudally . the lateral surface of the right squamosal is fractured and cracked . the main body of the squamosal is flexed , forming a rostromedially - oriented convexity near its contact with the postorbital . this convexity divides two regions : a long rostrolateral sector that is wide and laminar at its contact with the quadratojugal , and a shorter caudomedial sector that has a concave surface and that is bordered medially by the quadrate . the squamosal is slightly sigmoid in lateral view .
movies ) is preserved . it is an ‘l’ - shaped bone with a dorsal process that is angled slightly caudally and that is shorter than the ventral process ; the latter is directed rostrodorsally to contact the jugal . the quadratojugal forms the rostroventral border of the infratemporal fenestra . it articulates with the jugal rostrodorsally , the squamosal caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its contact with the squamosal is difficult to define due to fracturing of the region in question , although that contact clearly occurs in a rostromedial plane . the rostral section of the ventral ramus that contacts the jugal is slightly cracked . a small bone fragment adhered to the lateral surface of the caudodorsal part of the coronoid eminence of the right mandibular ramus appears to be the rostralmost tip of the ventral ramus of the right quadratojugal . in contrast to
] , the ventral edge of the ventral ramus is uniformly convex rather than sinuous in lateral view , and its rostral end is not ventrally expanded . in
, there may have been some rostral displacement of the quadratojugal relative to the jugal , but if so , it does not appear to have been significant . as observed in ventral view , the ventral process of the quadratojugal is projected dorsomedially , forming a concave medial surface . in caudal view , the subvertical dorsal ramus of the ‘l’ comprises the lateral border of the quadrate fossa ; ventrally , this same margin is caudomedially projected as a ‘tongue - like’ process that caudally overlaps the quadrate . in
] . the tongue - like process appears to be absent in other macronarians ( e . g . ,
the palatal region of the sarmientosaurus holotype was partially damaged by erosion , mainly on its midline . the vomers are incomplete , as is often the case in sauropod skulls [ 96 ] , and parts of the palatines , ectopterygoids , and pterygoids are also missing .
movies ) . the right palatine preserves part of the lateral region , primarily the elongate , rostrolaterally - directed maxillary process . the entire medial section of the bone where it articulates with the pterygoid has been lost , whereas the left palatine preserves most of the pterygoid contact . the body of the maxillary process is dorsomedially inclined and roughly tubular . its rostrolateral contact with the ectopterygoid is preserved , as is its more caudolateral contact with the rostral end of the pterygoid , although all of these bones are somewhat disarticulated . the rostral end of the maxillary process is fractured into pieces on both sides , but enough is preserved to suggest that its contact with the palatal process of the maxilla is typical for sauropods in that the palatine underlaps the maxilla ventrally . likewise , the arrangement of the maxillary process of the palatine , the ectopterygoid , and the pterygoid around the suborbital ( = postpalatine ) fenestra also resembles that of other sauropods in that this fenestra is small and bounded rostrally by the palatine , caudally by the ectopterygoid ( with the pterygoid nearby ) , and laterally by the palatal process of the maxilla . the maxillary process of the palatine narrows and expands again caudomedially as it approaches the pterygoid . as shown on the left side , although somewhat damaged and disarticulated , the pterygoid contact of the palatine is expanded and articulates in the fork between the medial vomerine ramus and the lateral transverse ramus of the pterygoid , as is common in sauropods [
movies ) is the largest bone of the palatal complex . neither pterygoid is complete , but enough is preserved of both to offer a reasonably comprehensive description . in general , the pterygoid of
is typical for sauropods in that the bone has a complex shape , with three main processes—the quadrate , vomerine , and transverse rami—arising from the highly arched body . the pterygoid body , which is better preserved on the left side , is expansive , forming a distinct ventral fossa ( the postchoanal fossa ) that faces rostromedially . the quadrate ramus , also better preserved on the left pterygoid , branches off the caudolateral corner of the body and twists into a more vertical plane as it attaches to the medial aspect of the reciprocal pterygoid ramus of the quadrate . the vomerine ramus passes dorsomedially , contacting its counterpart at the midline to form a thin triangular wedge that approaches the roof of the nasal cavity , where it nearly contacts the subnarial processes of the premaxilla and maxilla . rostrally , the vomerine rami pass medial to the paired vomers . near the juncture of the vomerine and quadrate rami , the body of the pterygoid forms a shallow but distinct , caudomedially facing pocket for the articulation of the basipterygoid process .
the transverse ramus of the pterygoid is preserved on both sides , but is better preserved on the right side . as is true for most sauropods , the transverse ramus is slender and swept far rostrally , carrying the ectopterygoid with it . the lateral end of the transverse ramus is slender and curves ventrally . the ectopterygoid attaches broadly to its rostral surface , just caudal to the suborbital fenestra . together , these two bones form the ‘pterygoid flange , ’ which is a strong , transverse projection in many other archosaurs , but is a relatively delicate structure in sarmientosaurus and most other sauropods . as noted above , the palatine articulates with the body of the pterygoid rostrally , between the vomerine and transverse rami of the latter .


the malabar trevally , carangoides malabaricus , ( also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish ) is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family , carangidae .

it is distributed throughout the indian and west pacific oceans from south africa in the west to japan and australia in the east , inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf .

the malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus carangoides , with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features .

the malabar trevally is a predator , taking a variety of small fish , cephalopods and crustaceans .

the species is of minor economic importance throughout its range , caught by a variety of net and handline methods .

malabar trevally

we are acknowledged as prominent manufacturer and exporter of a fine grade of malabar trevally , which has managed to make its name in the international market . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers for malabar trevally . scientific name
we are acknowledged for offering malabar trevally fish . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers as per their requirement .
the species is commonly referred to as the brassy trevally , tea - leaf trevally , or greenback trevally in reference to its colouration , while papuan trevally is used in reference to the specific epithet . [ 4 ]
the brassy trevally , caranx papuensis ( also known as the brassy kingfish , papuan trevally , tea - leaf trevally , and green back trevally ) is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family , carangidae .
day , f . ( 1865 ) .
on the fishes of cochin , the malabar coast of india part i
.
the malabar trevally is also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish . the malabar trevally has the typical body profile of a jack , with a strongly compressed body almost ovate in shape . the colour of the malabar trevally is usually a silver overlain by a bluish - grey hue on the upper side of the fish fading to a silvery white on the underside and lower flanks . it is marketed fresh , may be dried or salted . this video is taken in kasimedu , north chennai . kasimedu is one of the important fishing port in chennai . a usual day starts here busily at 4 a . m . they supply fish to some of the top hotels in the city . nearly 30 , 000 people visit the auction hall situated near the harbour everyday . 30 percent is sent to other states such as karnataka and kerala too .
the bluefin trevally is one of the premier gamefish of the indo - pacific region , although is often overshadowed by its larger cousin , the giant trevally .
most bluefin trevally sold in hawaii are now imported from other indo - pacific nations .
carangoides praeustus ( anonymous [ e . t . bennett ] , 1830 ) ( brownback trevally )
much in the way the related species , giant trevally have been observed to do in captivity .
hawaii also keeps catch records , with these showing the species is taken in far less numbers than the giant trevally , with only 704 pounds taken compared to 10 149 lbs of giant trevally in 1998 .
and a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the blacktip trevally has 24 to 27
carangoides orthogrammus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1882 ) ( island trevally )
the bluefin trevally has been successfully kept in large saltwater aquaria , but require large water volumes to adapt well .
the blacktip trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum recorded size of 1 m in length and 12 . 5
in hawaii found the bluefin trevally is the most common trevally species taken , accounting for over 80 % of the carangid catch . the authors note that this may not only reflect its abundance , but also it vulnerability to specific fishing methods used in the tournament .
the golden trevally is not currently considered threatened ; however , it is exploited for small scale commercial or subsistence fisheries in coastal waters , usually using artisanal fishing methods such as gillnets and spears . juvenile golden trevally may be taken for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) .
the bluefin trevally hunts both as a solitary individual and in groups of up to 20 , with most fish preferring an individual approach .
the bluefin trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum known length of 117 cm and a weight of 43 . 5 kg ,
an onion trevally , carangoides coeruleopinnatus , in lembeh strait , sulawesi , indonesia . source : jim greenfield / fishbase . license : all rights reserved
bray , r . a . & justine , j . - l . 2006 : prosorhynchus maternus sp . n . ( digenea : bucephalidae ) from the malabar grouper epinephelus malabaricus ( perciformes : serranidae ) off new caledonia . folia parasitologica , 53 , 181 - 188 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2006 . 024
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calculations suggest each individual bluefin trevally consumes around 45 kg of fish per year on average , making it one of the most effective predators in this habitat .
referred to as the ' bluefin trevally ' , with the species ' s distinctive blue fins contributing to most of its other common names . these include bluefin jack , bluefin kingfish , blue ulua , omilu , bluefinned crevalle and spotted trevally . the species has many other non - english names due to its wide distribution .
being the most common . despite the preference of several families , bluefin trevally do take a very wide variety of fish in small amounts , including various species of
the rapid decline in the population has seen a focus on breeding the bluefin trevally in captivity . the species ' aquaculture potential was first investigated in a 1975 experiment in
spawning occurs during april and may , with studies on the biology of the golden trevally showing that growth of the population occurs fastest during the summer months ( 2 ) .
; in this mode the trevally change their colour to a dark pigmentation state and hide behind large coral lumps close to where the aggregations ( often spawning reef fish ) occur .
long term studies have found the fish may range up to 10 . 2 km over several months , however is much less restricted in its movements than its relative , the giant trevally .
individuals of between 40 and 170 mm have been recorded in south african estuaries , where they are the least tolerant carangid to the brackish and freshwater conditions of these systems . bluefin trevally can tolerate
knaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . , ed .
12 rounds with trevally
. saltwater fishing . silverwater , nsw : express publications ( 58 ) : 72–80 .
the bluefin trevally displays a remarkable array of hunting techniques , ranging from midwater attacks to ambush and taking advantage of larger forage fish . the species is reported to hunt during the day , particularly at
, once the prey school has been attacked , the trevally chases down the prey as they scatter back to cover in the corals , often colliding with coral as they attempt to snatch a fish .
the golden trevally is found throughout the indo - pacific region , east to the pacific coast of the americas ( baja california , mexico and ecuador ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
— melsvapelekė karangė statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas rūšis atitikmenys : lot . caranx melampygus angl . bluefin jack ; bluefin trevally rus . звездчатый каранкс ; крапчатый каранкс ; синепёрый каранкс ryšiai : platesnis terminas –… …
the imposter trevally inhabits the tropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from the gulf of oman through to india and sri lanka in the west , with a break in records from sri lanka to the gulf of thailand . in the west pacific the imposter trevally inhabits south east asian waters from the gulf of thailand to sumatra and borneo . it is distributed east towards the philippines and guam , and south to australia .
confined to inshore coastal habitats , the golden trevally is usually encountered over sandy bottoms , lagoons and coral and rocky reefs , to depths of around 50 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
knaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . . ed . 12 rounds with trevally . saltwater fishing ( no . 58 ) . silverwater , nsw : express publications . pp . 72–80 . isbn 8233000551 .
as other fish , the brassy trevally is the host of various parasites . internal parasites include the bucephalid digenean prosorhynchoides lamprelli in the intestine [ 17 ] and external parasites include the protomicrocotylid monogenean lethacotyle vera on the gills . [ 18 ]
trials . the catch statistics for the bluefin trevally are poorly reported in most of its range , with only parts of the western indian ocean supplying information to the fao . in this region , catch levels have fluctuated between 2 and 50
the brassy trevally is not of high importance to commercial fisheries , often finding its way to market as bycatch in various netting and hook - and - line fisheries . [ 8 ] catch statistics are not kept for the species . the species is of some importance to recreational fishermen , and is considered a good gamefish and is often taken by various fish baits , as well as lures and flies . [ 19 ] despite this , it is rarely targeted by anglers , who overlook it for larger relatives such as giant trevally and bluefin trevally , [ 20 ] with the species often being an incidental catch , and rarely kept . [ 21 ] the species is also commonly taken by spearfishermen . brassy trevally is considered to be an excellent table fish . [ 11 ] the species has been held in large saltwater aquaria , with studies at the reunion island aquarium reporting the species adjusts to aquarium life , but needs a large tank . [ 22 ]
the imposter trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range , often found over the sandy continental shelf in the waters off north west australia . here it is known to form cohabit with carangoides coeruleopinnatus and carangoides malabaricus in waters 30 to 140 m deep .
the imposter trevally is of little importance to fisheries throughout its range , occasionally caught using hook and line , bottom trawls and various types of artisanal nets . it is often found in the bycatch of northern australian prawn trawlers , and usually discarded .
once the prey is close enough to the hiding spot , the fish ram the base of the school , before chasing down individual fish . these dark fish in ambush mode vigorously drive away any other bluefin trevally that stray too close to the aggregation .
in many cases , the species uses changes in the depth of the reef such as ledges to conceal its ambush attacks . bluefin trevally also enter lagoons as the tide rises to hunt small baitfish in the shallow confines , leaving as the tide falls .
distinguished from other trevally species by its striking colouration , the golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus ) is beautiful bright yellow or golden as a juvenile and young adult , with a narrow black bar through the eye and between 7 and 12 vertical black bars , of alternating widths , along the body . the fins of this small fish are yellow , while the tail ( caudal fin ) is black - tipped and deeply forked . the second dorsal fin is larger than the first , and the pectoral fins are long and sickle - shaped ( 3 ) . as the golden trevally grows , the yellow becomes more silvery and iridescent , the black bars fade , and scattered , blackish blotches develop on the sides of the body ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the golden trevally has thick , fleshy lips and a protractile ( extendable ) mouth . adults lack teeth , and only a few small teeth are present in the lower jaw of juveniles ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .
the brassy trevally is classified within the genus caranx , one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies . caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , a group of percoid fishes in the order perciformes . [ 1 ]
zhao , z . ; lu , y . ( 2006 ) .
establishment and characterization of two cell lines from bluefin trevally caranx melampygus
. diseases of aquatic organisms 68 ( 2 ) : 91–100 . doi : 10 . 3354 / dao068091 . pmid 16532601 .
the imposter trevally is classified within the genus carangoides , one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies . carangoides is further classified in the family carangidae , itself part of the suborder percoidei and the order perciformes ; the perch - like fishes .
a silvery grey trevally often with five indistinct darker bars and scattered yellow spots on sides , a small black blotch on the upper part of the gill cover , and no scales on the breast to beyond the origin of the pelvic fins . juveniles have a filamentous lobe on the second dorsal fin .
the upper body of the bluefin trevally is a silver - brassy colour , fading to silvery white on the underside of the fish , often with blue hues . after they reach lengths greater than 16 cm , blue - black spots appear on the upper flanks of the fish , with these becoming more prolific with age .
meyer , c . g . ; honebrink , r . r . ( 2005 ) .
transintestinal expulsion of surgically implanted dummy transmitters by bluefin trevally—implications for long - term movement studies
. transactions of the american fisheries society 134 ( 3 ) : 602–60 . doi : 10 . 1577 / t04 - 082 . 1 .
the golden trevally is a fast - swimming , predatory fish . it typically hunts in small groups , foraging in the sand for invertebrates ( usually molluscs and crustaceans ) and small fish , which are sucked up into the mouth by extending the protractile jaws into a tube ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . juvenile golden trevally often mimic the behaviour of pilot fish ( naucrates ductor ) , associating closely with sharks and other large fish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) , and are also known to live among the tentacles of jellyfish ( possibly for protection against predators ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
chambers , m . d . ( ostrowski , a . c . ) .
development of bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus ) and greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) for offshore aquaculture
. joining forces with industry : proceedings third international conference on open ocean aquaculture , corpus christi , texas , may 10–15 , 1998 : 132–141 .
masuda , r . ; ziemann , d . a . ( 2003 ) .
vulnerability of pacific threadfin juveniles to predation by bluefin trevally and hammerhead shark : size dependent mortality and handling stress
. aquaculture 217 ( 1 - 4 ) : 249–257 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 02 ) 00254 - 5 .
the brassy trevally is a large species of fish , growing to a known maximum of 88 cm in length and 6 . 4 kg in weight . [ 4 ] as its name suggests , the brassy trevally is a brassy to yellow greenish colour dorsally , becoming silvery white on the underside . juveniles generally lack the brassy tinge , being silver all over . [ 7 ] the species ' head and body above the lateral line is scattered with small black spots , with few spots occasionally much lower near the pectoral fins . these spots become more numerous with age . the species also has a conspicuous pale silvery - white spot with black margins shoulder near the upper opercle . the fins are yellow to dusky with the exception of the caudal fin , which has a dusky upper lobe and a dusky to yellow lower lobe and distinctive narrow white band on the trailing edge . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] it is often confused with the giant trevally , caranx ignobilis , but is best distinguished by its lighter dorsal colouring and abundant black spots .
holland , k . n . ; lowe , c . g . & wetherbee , b . m . ( 1996 ) .
movements and dispersal patterns of blue trevally ( caranx melampygus ) in a fisheries conservation zone
. fisheries research 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 279–292 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0165 - 7836 ( 95 ) 00442 - 4 .
morikake , a . m . ; moriwake , v . n . , ostrowski , a . c . & lee , c . - s . ( 2001 ) .
natural spawning of the bluefin trevally caranx melampygus in captivity
. aquaculture 203 ( 1 - 2 ) : 159–164 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 01 ) 00621 - 4 .
kim , b . g . ; divikaran , s . , brown , c . l . & ostrowski , a . c . ( 2001 ) .
comparative digestive enzyme ontogeny in two marine larval fishes : pacific threadfin ( polydactylus sexfilis ) and bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus )
. fish physiology and biochemistry 24 ( 3 ) : 225–241 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1014054431627 .
the blacktip trevally ' s colouration is distinctive , with the upper body being dark bronze to yellow green while the lower body fades to silvery white below . the caudal fin is bright to olive yellow , with the top half normally black to dark , giving the species its common name . other fins range from bright yellow to dusky with little yellow at all . the species also lacks the dark spot on the
time movements are less extensive than daytime movements , with the trevally moving rapidly between several small reef sections , before slowing down and milling in one patch for around an hour . the fish living in a particular region congregate in one area at night , before returning to their individual daytime range during the day . the reason for this congregation is unclear , but may be important to the social structure of the species .
only one study has thoroughly recorded the diet of the imposter trevally , which was carried out in albatross bay , australia . it was found teleost fish made up 73 % of its diet , cephalopods 16 % and a variety of crustaceans including brachyurans and stomatopods the remainder . it is thought that the coexisting c . coeruleopinnatus and c . malabaricus use diet partitioning to allow this cohabitation . nothing is known of the species reproduction and growth patterns .
the imposter trevally is a silver to bluish grey dorsally , becoming silvery white below . a major distinguishing feature is the white to pale grey tongue , with this also seen in the carangid genus uraspis although their different body shapes prevent confusion with c . talamparoides . the operculum has a small black spot on its upper margin . the soft dorsal and anal fins are dusky in colour , while the caudal fin is dusky yellow with black distal margins .
the brassy trevally inhabits both inshore and offshore environments , predominantly inhabiting the seaward side of reef complexes or deepwater pinnacles as an adult . [ 11 ] other habitats the species is known from include rock outcrops in sandy bays and lagoons , [ 12 ] while juveniles are often found in tidal mangrove - lined creeks in turbid waters . [ 13 ] juveniles are also found in estuaries throughout their range , occasionally extending to the upper reaches of rivers . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
the brassy trevally is a predatory fish , traveling either individually or in small schools , where it hunts down a variety of prey including small fish , squid , prawns , and crabs . [ 11 ] studies on the species in natal estuaries found juveniles take predominantly crustaceans as prey , switching to teleosts as they mature . [ 14 ] other aspects of the species biology are poorly understood , including reproduction and movements , although catch data indicate higher numbers occur in south africa in summer . [ 11 ]
the brassy trevally is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from south africa and madagascar north along the east african coast , but no records of the species are known from the red sea or persian gulf . records resume from india eastward throughout southeast asia , the indonesian archipelago and numerous indian ocean and east pacific island groups . the species is known from as far south as sydney , australia [ 10 ] and as far north as the ryukyu islands of japan . its range extends eastward to the marquesas islands in the central pacific . [ 4 ] [ 8 ]
it is similar in general appearance to most jacks in the genus , having a compressed , oblong body , with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile , particularly anteriorly . [ 8 ] the dorsal fin is in two distinct parts ; the first consisting of eight spines and the second of one spine and 21 to 23 soft rays . the anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 16 to 19 soft rays , [ 9 ] while the pelvic fins have one spine followed by 19 to 20 soft rays . the lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly , with 53 to 61 scales in this section , while the straight section contains none to three scales and 31 to 39 strong scutes . the breast is naked ventrally with the exception of a small patch of scales before the pelvic fin . [ 7 ] the species has weakly developed adipose eyelids , while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely spaced canines and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the brassy trevally has 26 to 30 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae . [ 8 ]
the imposter trevally is a relatively small species , growing to a maximum known length of 30 cm , still making it small compared to many of its relatives . the overall shape of the fish is similar to most of the other species in carangoides , having a strongly compressed almost ovate body , with the dorsal profile somewhat more convex than the ventral . this asymmetry is due to the dorsal profile of the head being strongly elevated to the nape . the dorsal fin is in two distinct sections ; the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of 1 spine and 20 to 23 soft rays . the long section of the anal fin is preceded by two detached spines , while the main fin has 1 spine and 17 to 19 soft rays . the lobes of both the soft dorsal and anal fins are low , being shorter than the head length . the lateral line has a moderate anterior arch , with the curved section of the line much longer than the straight section . there are 32 to 52 scales on the lateral line , with 20 to 32 of these being weak scutes at the base of the caudal fin . the breast is devoid of scales , with this area extending to behind the pelvic fins , and often as far as the anal fin , and reaching as far up as the pectoral fin base . the jaws both have bands of small villiform teeth , with some outer teeth becoming conical at the front of the mouth . there are 27 to 31 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae in total .
an annotated list of the 63 species in 23 genera of carangid fishes known from australian waters is presented . included in these 63 are eight endemic species , eight new australian records ( alepes vari , carangoides equula , c . plagiotaenia , c . talamparoides , caranx lugubris , decapterus kurroides , d . tabl and seriola rivoliana ) and a new species in the genus alepes . a generic key and specific keys to alectis , alepes , carangoides , scomberoides , selar , ulua and uraspis are given . the systematics of the 32 australian species of alectis , alepes , atule , carangoides ,
caranx
, elagatis , gnathanodon , megalaspis , pantolabus , scomberoides , selar , selaroides , seriolina , ulua and uraspis are covered in detail . for each species a recommended common name , other common names , australian secondary synonymy , diagnosis , colour notes , description , comparison with other species , maximum recorded size , ecological notes and distribution are given . specific primary synonymies are listed when the type locality is australia or papua new guinea
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turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences ( journal , magazine , 2001 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences publisher : [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute . isbn / issn : 1303 - 2712 oclc : 890294421
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turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences / ; [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
french , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 20 - 140 m ( ref . 11441 ) . tropical ; 40°n - 40°s , 26°e - 170°w
indo - west pacific : east coast of africa ( without verified records from the red sea ) to sri lanka and farther eastward to the gulf of thailand , north to japan and south to australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 19 .
adults occur in the continental shelf , near rocks and coral reefs ( ref . 7300 ) . they feed on crustaceans , small squids , and fishes ( ref . 5213 ) . juveniles are found in sandy bays ( ref . 2334 ) . marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 22 . 6 - 28 . 4 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 887 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02239 ( 0 . 01635 - 0 . 03066 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 85 - 2 . 97 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 68 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species can be easily confused with carangoides talamparoides ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .
justification : this species occurs western indian ocean , from south africa to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and north to japan . this species inhabits coral and rocky reefs . this species is utilised for human consumption and is marketed fresh and dried salted , although this has not yielded any observed or suspected population declines . there are no known major threats to this species , and there are there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
this species is broadly distributed in the western indian ocean , from south africa and madagascar , including the seychelles , to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and new south whales , australia , and north to japan ( where rare ) ( smith - vaniz 1984 , randall 1995 ) . this species is also known from mauritius and the seychelles ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . the depth range 20 to 140 m ( randall 1995 ) .
australia ; bahrain ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mauritius ; mozambique ; myanmar ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; réunion ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen
this species occurs over coral and rocky reefs over the continental shelf while juveniles are mainly found in shallow sandy bays . it is moderately tolerant of turbid waters . this species diet consists of crustaceans , small squids and fishes ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 60 cm ( randall et al . 1990 ) .
this species is collected mainly by hook - and - line , but also gillnets , and traps and is marketed fresh and dried salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is also taken as part of trawl fishery by - catch in some portions of its range ( hosseini et al . 2012 ) .
although this species is taken by hook - and - line , small traps and gill nets , there have been no observed or suspected population declines as a result . there are no other known major threats to this species .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429800a115374938 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
mcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,
a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii
, memoirs of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 145–329
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0d59de4d - a4b0 - 4155 - 8178 - d5ad5da526f0
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which at that time was a common genus for placing carangid fishes . the origin of the
, the species was transferred there , where it has remained . there is some confusion over a species described by
despite this , the name remains valid amongst some authorities . a second , later independent description of the fish by
consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 15 to 17 soft rays .
the pattern of breast scales is variable , ranging from fully scaled to naked ventrally . the species has moderately well developed
and individually throughout its habitat , with juveniles more commonly found in shoals . they appear to be
and higher in the water column . prey items include a variety of fish ,
and can be taken by fish or squid baits as well as various patterns of lure and fly .
when taken from the water , the fish often ' grunt ' in similar manner to a young pig .
smith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .
studies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of
smith - vaniz , w . ( 1986 ) .
family no . 210 : carangidae
. in smith & heemstra .
new , rare or little known scombrids . no . ii . carangidae
smith - vaniz , w . ( 1999 ) .
carangidae
. in carpenter , k . e . ; niem , v . h .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific vol 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )
. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp .
khalaf , m . a . ; krupp , f . ( 2003 ) .
two new records of fishes from the red sea
.
, from kagoshima : the first records from japan and northernmost records for the species
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 13 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
the species was first scientifically described by the dutch ichthyologist pieter bleeker in 1852 based on the holotype specimen taken from western sumatra in indonesia . bleeker named this new species carangoides talamparoides , with the specific epithet having a slightly ambiguous meaning . talam is a length measurement spanning the length of the thumb to little finger , par is greek for ' equal ' and oides translates to ' like ' - possibly indicating the small size of the holotype . bleeker ' s classification is still considered to be correct to this day , with some authors incorrectly reassigning the species to caranx , and only one junior synonym has been applied ; carangoides gibber by henry weed fowler .
the species was first scientifically described by the australian zoologists haynes gibbs alleyne and william john macleay in 1877 based on a specimen collected from hall sound off papua new guinea , which was designated to be the holotype . [ 2 ] they named the species caranx papuensis , with the specific epithet taking its name from papua new guinea where the holotype was taken . [ 3 ] they referred the species to the genus caranx , where it has remained . the species was independently redescribed twice ; the first by samuel garman , who applied the name caranx regularis and then by j . l . b . smith with the name caranx celetus . [ 4 ] the species was apparently widely confused with the now dubious caranx sansun , [ 5 ] a move which resulted in smith trying to resolve the taxon by renaming the species that had been identified as c . sansun , [ 6 ] which led to several now defunct junior synonyms .
hosese , d . f . ; bray , d . j . ; paxton , j . r . ; alen , g . r . ( 2007 ) . zoological catalogue of australia vol . 35 ( 2 ) fishes . sydney : csiro . p . 1150 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 09334 - 8 .
alleyne , haynes g . ; william j . macleay ( 1877 ) .
the ichthyology of the chevert expedition
. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 1 ( 3–4 ) : 261–281 . issn 0370 - 047x .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .
caranx papuensis
in fishbase . april 2009 version .
fricke , r . ( 1999 ) . fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books . p . 759 . isbn 978 - 3 - 87429 - 411 - 9 .
smith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .
studies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of scomber sansun forsskal , 1775
. occasional papers of the department of ichthyology , rhodes university . 15 : 173–184 . issn 0075 - 207x .
lin , pai - lei ; shao , kwang - tsao ( 1999 ) .
a review of the carangid fishes ( family carangidae ) from taiwan with descriptions of four new records
. zoological studies . 38 ( 1 ) : 33–68 .
. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp . 2659–2757 .
randall , john ernest ; roger c . steene ; gerald r . allen ( 1997 ) . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press . p . 161 . isbn 0 - 8248 - 1895 - 4 .
hutchins , b . ; swainston , r . ( 1986 ) . sea fishes of southern australia : complete field guide for anglers and divers . melbourne : swainston publishing . p . 187 . isbn 1 - 86252 - 661 - 3 .
van der elst , rudy ; peter borchert ( 1994 ) . a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . new holland publishers . p . 142 . isbn 1 - 86825 - 394 - 5 .
laroche , j . ; e . baran ; rsoandrasana , n . b . ( 1997 ) .
temporal patterns in a fish assemblage of a semiarid mangrove zone in madagascar
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gold - barred jack , golden horsmackerel , golden jack , golden king , golden kingfish .
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grandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . ( 2004 ) population biology and assessment of representatives of the family carangidae carangoides bajad and gnathanodon speciosus ( forssk°al , 1775 ) , in the southern arabian gulf . fisheries research , 69 : 331–341
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randall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .
king , d . and fraser , v . ( 2001 ) more reef fishes and nudibranchs : east and south coast of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .
grove , j . s . and lavenberg , r . j . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the galápagos islands . stanford university press , stanford , california .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . and steene , r . c . ( 1997 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea ( revised edition ) . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .
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carangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks , pompanos , jack mackerels , runners , and scads . they are marine fishes found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . most species are fast - swimming predatory fishes that hunt in the waters above reefs and in the open sea ; some dig in the sea floor for invertebrates .
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