the blue-fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) is a species of bird in the family muscicapidae .

it is the only species in the monotypic genus cinclidium .

it is found in bhutan , china , northeast india , laos , thailand , vietnam , and possibly nepal .

blue - fronted robin

select an image : 1 . blue - fronted robin > > immature male 2 . blue - fronted robin > > male 3 . blue - fronted robin > > female 4 . blue - fronted robin > > female 5 . blue - fronted robin > > female 6 . blue - fronted robin > > female 7 . blue - fronted robin > > female 8 . blue - fronted robin > > female 9 . blue - fronted robin > > female 10 . blue - fronted robin > > female 11 . blue - fronted robin > > male 12 . blue - fronted robin > > male
the blue - fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) is a species of bird in the muscicapidae family .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue - fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
while leaving lava , i decided to walk down the road as the others got ready , and at the garbage dump in lava i had a fleeting glimpse of a bluish robin - like bird . as i searched for it , it flew out across the road , and only gave me a fraction of a second to click before disappearing again . here ' s the record shot . - gb
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as relatively uncommon ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
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blyth , 1842 – sikkim , nw bengal , bhutan and adjacent w arunachal pradesh . records from e nepal doubtful
( delacour & jabouille , 1930 ) – ne india ( se arunachal pradesh and possibly nagaland ) , sc china ( sw sichuan ) and n indochina .
18–20 cm ; 25–26 g . male nominate race is blackish - indigo , with shiny bluish forehead and shoulder , long graduated tail , white patch on underwing primary coverts , . . .
song a series of short clear melodious phrases , “tuuii - be - tue… tuu - buudy - doo…” . calls include harsh . . .
dark , densely vegetated gulleys in primary montane broadleaf evergreen forest and bamboo , 1850 . . .
no information ; keeps to low parts of vegetation , clambering among bamboo , and presumably feeds there and on ground on small insects .
; degree to which rarity reflects elusiveness unclear , but consensus of . . .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinclidium frontale . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
came very close in response to playback but very hard to see . . . keeps very close to the ground or on the ground , even when singing
in response to playback - came very close ( 2m ) , kept very close to ground or on ground . same bird as xc106778 - 79
in response to playback - came very close ( 2m ) , kept very close to ground or on ground . same bird as xc106778
a very difficult bird to see . found this bird in the morning and tried for quite some time . eventually , after trying for another hour at the end of the day , i got one good brief view . this was also when i made the recording . to get to see it i also used some tape but it was relatively long before the recording , so it probably did not have much influence . as you can hear it was another drizzly afternoon .
same male as in xc324174 and xc324175 , moving around a large area of bamboo .
came very close in response to playback but very hard to see . . . keeps very close to the ground or on the ground , even when singing . same bird as on xc106671 - two short cuts pasted together here
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
it is found in bhutan , china , india , laos , thailand , vietnam , and possibly nepal .
its natural habitat is temperate forests . it is the only species remaining in the genus cinclidium after others were moved to the genus myiomela .
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an electrolithoautotroph is an organism which feeds on electricity .

these organisms use electricity to convert carbon dioxide to organic matters by using electrons directly taken from solid-inorganic electron donors .

electrolithoautotrophs are microorganisms which are found in the deep crevices of the ocean .

the warm , mineral-rich environment provides a rich source of nutrients .

the electron source for carbon assimilation from diffusible fe ( 2 + ) ions to an electrode under the condition that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons .

electrolithoautotrophs form a third metabolic pathway compared to photosynthesis ( plants converting light into sugar ) and chemosynthesis ( animals consuming food )

electrolithoautotroph

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researchers at the riken center for sustainable resource science and the university of tokyo have demonstrated that the bacterium acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can take electrons needed for growth directly from an electrode power source when iron—its already known source of energy—is absent . the study , published in frontiers in microbiology , shows that a . ferrooxidans can use direct uptake of electrons from an electrode to fuel the same metabolic pathway that is activated by the oxidation of diffusible iron ions .
just as plants with chlorophyll use photosynthesis to convert energy from light into sugars needed for growth , other organisms—like animals—gain energy for the manufacture of sugars by taking electrons from substances in their surrounding environments—a process called chemosynthesis . organisms that gain their energy this way are called chemotrophs , and those that get their electrons through oxidation of inorganic substances are called chemolithoautotrophs . phototrophs and chemotrophs make up two interconnected ecosystems .
“we are investigating the possibility of a third type of ecosystem , ” explains group leader ryuhei nakamura . “we call it the electro - ecosystem because microbial activity is sustained primarily by direct electrical current . ”
recently , his team has discovered geo - electric currents across the walls of black - smoker chimneys formed by hydrothermanl vents , suggesting that some deep - sea microbes might double as a electrolithoautotrophs , organisms that can use electrical potential—meaning that they simply eat electrons—as an energy source instead of light or surrounding inorganic substances .
because access to microbes in this environment is not easy , and to verify their hypothesis that being able to switch energy sources from inorganic substances to electricity is not unique in the microbial world , the team experimented with a . ferrooxidans , a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium known to oxidize iron ions ( fe 2 + ) .
the team cultured a . ferrooxidans in an fe 2 + - free environment and supplied an electrode with an electrical potential of + 0 . 4 v , carbon - dioxide as a carbon source , and oxygen as an electron acceptor . they found that these conditions created a current that originated from the electrode , and that the strength of the current depended on how many cells were attached to the electrode . killing the cells with uv light immediately suppressed the current .
to determine how this current was being generated , they used an artificial photochemical reaction . normally , carbon monoxide attaches to heme proteins in a . ferrooxidans outer membranes and prevents oxidation . but , when exposed to light , this bond is broken and oxidation continues as usual . when tested , carbon - monoxide also prevented the current formed between the electrode and a . ferrooxidans cells and exposure to light reversed this block and allowed the current to flow . this suggested that a heme protein is needed for the electrosynthesis exhibited by a . ferrooxidans .
further analysis showed that the responsible heme protein is the aa3 complex which is known to play a role in down - hill electron transfer in a . ferrooxidans that generates atp and the proton - motive - force that allows uphill electron transfer and carbon fixation—the hallmarks of sugar production . inhibition of a protein complex that is part of the uphill - transfer process suppressed the current , showing that the proton - motive - forces being generated were indeed used for up - hill electron transport . additionally , the optical density of cells cultured with the electrode for eight days increased over time , indicating growth and that the current generated by electrons flowing from the electrode to the cells was being used for carbon fixation .
“now that we have identified the metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophs in a . ferrooxidans , we will be able to apply this knowledge to bacteria we find in the deep sea vent , ” says nakamura . “the next step is to prove the existence of electro - ecosystems in on - site deep - sea experiments . ”
understanding electro - ecosystems and how electrical currents can support life could lead to a blueprint for sustainable human ecosystems , using technology such as fuel cells , batteries , and thermoelectric converters . ”
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to examine the validity of the hypothetical metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation , herein we cultivated the chemolithoautotrophic fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium , acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans , in fe 2 + - ions free electrochemical reactors . using site - specific chemical marking for intracellular electron - transfer chains involved in carbon assimilation , we demonstrate the previously unaccounted ability of an fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium to switch the metabolic mode from chemosynthesis to hypothetical electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation under the conditions that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons for their carbon assimilation .
acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( atcc23270 ) was cultured in dsmz medium 882 ( 132 mg l - 1 ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 , 53 mg l - 1 mgcl 2 6h 2 o , 27 mg l - 1 kh 2 po 4 , 147 mg l - 1 cacl 2 2h 2 o , and trace elements ) supplemented with ferrous iron ( 66 mm ) as an electron source and incubated aerobically at 30°c with shaking at 150 rpm in erlenmeyer flask ( volume of medium : 150 ml ) . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . subsequently , the culture was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 min , and the pelleted cells were washed vigorously with a fresh medium at ph 1 . 8 . this process was repeated more than three times to remove soluble fe 2 + ions and insoluble iron oxides from the cell culture prior to being used for electrochemical experiments .
a single - chamber three - electrode system equipped with the working electrode on the bottom surface of the reactor was used for the electrochemical analysis of intact cells . a conducting glass substrate [ fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) - coated glass electrode , resistance : 20 ω / square , size : 30 mm × 30 mm ; spd laboratory , inc . ] was used as the working electrode . the reference and counter electrodes were ag / agcl ( kcl sat . ) and a platinum wire , respectively . an air - exposed dsmz medium 882 was used as an electrolyte . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . the head space of the reactor was purged with air which is the source of n 2 , o 2 , and co 2 .
coordination of co to heme proteins in living cells was carried out by bubbling the cell suspension of a . ferrooxidans with co gas for 10 min in the electrochemical reactor ( shibanuma et al . , 2011 ) . for the photocurrent measurements , a 1000 - w xe lamp ( ushio ) equipped with a monochromator with a band width of 10 nm was used as an excitation source to irradiate light from the bottom of the electrochemical cell . for the inhibitor experiment of a bc1 complex , 1 v / v % antimycin a solubilized in methanol was added in the electrochemical reactor . the final concentration of antimycin a was 100 μm .
scheme 1 . bifurcated electron and proton transfer model of fe ( ii ) oxidation in acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( sugio et al . , 1981 ; ingledew , 1982 ; elbehti et al . , 1999 , 2000 ; brasseur et al . , 2004 ; valdés et al . , 2008 ; quatrini et al . , 2009 ; bird et al . , 2011 ) . a small periplasmic blue copper protein ( rusticyanin , rus ) has been proposed as a branch point to switch an electron flow between nad + and o 2 . proton circuit for a down - hill and an up - hill electron - transfer reaction is indicated by blue and red dotted line , respectively . electron and energy delivery to the cells for carbon fixation is based on the diffusion and / or convection of soluble fe 2 + ions .
figure 1a shows current vs . time curves for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions . in the present system , a conducting glass electrode ( fto ) poised at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) acts as a sole source of electrons , and dissolved o 2 and co 2 are an electron acceptor and a carbon source , respectively . in the absence of bacteria , we detected no electrical current generation ( broken line , figure 1a ) . on the other hand , in the reactors containing cells , the cathodic current gradually increased to approximately 7 μa after 20 h of cultivation ( solid line , figure 1a ) . the marked difference in current density depending on the presence of cells indicates that the cathodic current was derived from the metabolic activity of cells . furthermore , in - situ sterilization of cells with the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation immediately suppressed the cathodic current generation ( figure 1b ) . almost no electrical response was observed after 6 h of sterilization , confirming the strong coupling of metabolic activity to electrical current generation .
figure 1 . ( a ) current vs . time measurements for microbial current generation by acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells on an fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) electrode in the absence of fe 2 + ions ( solid line ) at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) ( b ) effects of the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation to the microbial current generation by the cells in the absence of fe 2 + ions at + 0 . 4 v ( solid line ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) . ( c ) in - situ optical microscope observation of an fto electrode surface at the indicated time ( panel a ) after cell inoculation . ( d ) plot of microbial current against cell number attached on an electrode surface obtained from in - situ optical microscope observation ( panels a and b ) . the squares of the correlation coefficients were estimated by the addition of the point of origin to the obtained data . the geometric area of the fto electrode was 3 . 14 cm 2 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 2 . linear sweep ( ls ) voltammograms for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the presence ( broken line ) and absence ( solid line ) of fe 2 + ions ( 66 mm ) . a scan rate was 0 . 1 mv s - 1 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 3a shows time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under co atmospheres . upon the treatment of the cells with co , the microbial current decreased , suggesting that the formation of co - ligated heme in living cells inhibited the extracellular electron - transfer reactions of a . ferrooxidans . the drop in the microbial current caused by co was recovered upon visible - light irradiation ; in contrast , visible - light irradiation induced little change in the current generation under n 2 atmospheres ( figure 3b ) .
figure 3 . ( a ) time courses of microbial current generation in the absence of fe 2 + ions under co atmospheres . white and black bars indicate the period for light irradiation and dark conditions , respectively . an electrode potential was + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . ( b ) time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under air and co atmospheres . ( c ) diffuse transmission uv - vis spectrum of whole cells of a . ferrooxidans suspended in a dsmz medium containing na 2 s 2 o 4 as a reductant under co atmospheres . ( d ) an action spectrum of the microbial current recovered by visible - light irradiation under a co atmosphere . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
figure 4 . effects adding a bc1 complex inhibitor , antimycin a , on microbial current generation for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . antimycin a solubilized in methanol ( final concentration of antimycin a is 100 μm ) was added into electrochemical reactors at the time points indicated with an arrow ( solid line ) . methanol lacking antimycin a was also added into electrochemical reactors as a control experiment ( broken line ) . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .
in a . ferrooxidans , the pmf - dependent up - hill electron transfer is a physiologically important phenomenon , since carbon dioxide fixation via the calvin cycle is coupled to this process . figure 5 shows the time course of optical cell density at 500 nm ( od 500 ) obtained for a . ferrooxidans cells inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion - free electrochemical reactor for 8 days . under the condition that the electrode potential was poised at + 0 . 4 v , od 500 increased with incubation time . in contrast , when the cell was incubated under the same condition with the exception that no external potential was applied to the fto electrode ( open circuit condition ) , no growth of the cells was observed . here , we should emphasize that under the open circuit condition , the electron flow from the fto electrode to the cells was fully ceased and thus the electrode no longer functioned as an electron source for microbial growth . therefore , the clear potential dependency of the cell growth indicates that the cathodic current was being used not only for pmf generation , but also for carbon dioxide fixation and cellular maintenance via an endergonic electron - transfer reaction .
figure 5 . changes in the optical cell density at 500 nm of a . ferrooxidans inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion free electrochemical rector under the potential static condition at + 0 . 4 v vs . she ( open triangle ) and the open circuit condition ( open square ) . error bars indicate the standard error of the means calculated with data obtained from three individual experiments for the potential static condition and two individual experiments for the open circuit condition , respectively .
scheme 2 . energy diagram for pmf - dependent electrolithoautotrophic carbon fixation in a . ferrooxidans . a . ferrooxidans cell extracts electrons directly from solid electron sources such as conductive minerals and electrodes at a potential of + 0 . 82 v vs . she . electrons are used for o 2 reduction via a down - hill pathway , which in turn generates pmf that is used to elevate the energy of electrons to reduce nad + to nadh , therefore triggering calvin cycle . from the energy difference between the input electron and the midpoint potential of nad + / nadh redox at cytoplasmic ph , it is estimated that a . ferrooxidans elevates the energy of electrons using pmf by 1 . 14 ev .
the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
the authors thank drs . k . takai , m . yamamoto , and h . makita of the japan agency for marine - earth science and technology ( jamstec ) for discussions about microbiological and biogeochemical aspects of deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , and ms . t . minami of riken for the careful reading of the manuscript . this work was financially supported by a grant - in - aid for specially promoted research from the japan society for promotion of science ( jsps ) kakenhi grant number 24000010 , and by a grant - in - aid for challenging exploratory research on priority areas from the ministry of education , culture , sports , science , technology ( mext ) , japan ( 24655167 ) and the canon foundation .
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matsumoto , n . , nakasono , s . , ohmura , n . , and saiki , h . ( 1999 ) . extension of logarithmic growth of thiobacillus ferrooxidans by potential controlled electrochemical reduction of fe ( iii ) . biotechnol . bioeng . 64 , 716–721 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ( sici ) 1097 - 0290 ( 19990920 ) 64 : 6 < 716 : : aid - bit11 > 3 . 3 . co ; 2 - 0
matsumoto , n . , yoshinaga , h . , ohmura , n . , ando , a . , and saiki , h . ( 2002 ) . numerical simulation for electrochemical cultivation of iron oxidizing bacteria . biotechnol . bioeng . 78 , 17–23 . doi : 10 . 1002 / bit . 10173
meierhenrich , u . j . , filippi , j . j . , meinert , c . , vierling , p . , and dworkin , j . p . ( 2010 ) . on the origin of primitive cells : from nutrient intake to elongation of encapsulated nucleotides . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 49 , 3738–3750 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 200905465
mogi , t . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2013 ) . low - voltage electrochemical co2 reduction by bacterial voltage - multiplier circuits . chem . commun . 49 , 3967–3969 . doi : 10 . 1039 / c2cc37986d
myers , c . r . , and myers , j . m . ( 1997 ) . outer membrane cytochromes of shewanella putrefaciens mr - 1 : spectral analysis , and purification of the 83 - kda c - type cytochrome . biochim . biophys . acta 1326 , 307–318 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0005 - 2736 ( 97 ) 00034 - 5
nakamura , r . , kai , f . , okamoto , a . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2013 ) . mechanisms of long - distance extracellular electron transfer of metal - reducing bacteria mediated by nanocolloidal semiconductive iron oxides . j . mater . chem . a 1 , 5148–5157 . doi : 10 . 1021 / acs . langmuir . 5b01033
nakamura , r . , kai , f . , okamoto , a . , newton , g . j . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2009 ) . self - constructed electrically conductive bacterial networks . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 48 , 508–511 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 200804750
nakamura , r . , takashima , t . , kato , s . , takai , k . , yamamoto , m . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2010 ) . electrical current generation across a black smoker chimney . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 49 , 7692–7694 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201003311
nealson , k . h . , and saffarini , d . ( 1994 ) . iron and manganese in anaerobic respiration : environmental significance , physiology , and regulation . annu . rev . microbiol . 48 , 311–343 . doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev . mi . 48 . 100194 . 001523
newman , d . k . , and kolter , r . ( 2000 ) . a role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer . nature 405 , 94–97 . doi : 10 . 1038 / 35013189
okamoto , a . , hashimoto , k . , nealson , k . h . , and nakamura , r . ( 2013 ) . rate enhancement of bacterial extracellular electron transport involves bound flavin semiquinones . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a . 110 , 7856–7861 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1220823110
okamoto , a . , saito , k . , inoue , k . , nealson , k . h . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2014 ) . uptake of self - secreted flavins as bound cofactors for extracellular electron transfer in geobacter species . energy environ . sci . 7 , 1357–1361 . doi : 10 . 1039 / c3ee43674h
quatrini , r . , appia - ayme , c . , denis , y . , jedlicki , e . , holmes , d . s . , and bonnefoy , v . ( 2009 ) . extending the models for iron and sulfur oxidation in the extreme acidophile acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans . bmc genomics 10 : 394 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 10 - 394
rabaey , k . , and rozendal , r . a . ( 2010 ) . microbial electrosynthesis – revisiting the electrical route for microbial production . nat . rev . microbiol . 8 , 706–716 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nrmicro2422
reysenbach , a . l . , and shock , e . ( 2002 ) . merging genomes with geochemistry in hydrothermal ecosystems . science 296 , 1077–1082 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1072483
sander , s . g . , and koschinsky , a . ( 2011 ) . metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation . nat . geosci . 4 , 145–150 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ngeo1088
shibanuma , t . , nakamura , r . , hirakawa , y . , hashimoto , k . , and ishii , k . ( 2011 ) . observation of in vivo cytochrome - based electron - transport dynamics using time - resolved evanescent wave electroabsorption spectroscopy . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 50 , 9137–9140 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201101810
sievert , s . , and vetriani , c . ( 2012 ) . chemoautotrophy at deep - sea vents : past , present , and future . oceanography 25 , 218–233 . doi : 10 . 5670 / oceanog . 2012 . 21
sugio , t . , tano , t . , and imai , k . ( 1981 ) . isolation and some properties of silver ion - resistant iron - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans . agric . biol . chem . 45 , 2037–2051 . doi : 10 . 1271 / bbb1961 . 45 . 1791
takai , k . , and horikoshi , k . ( 1999 ) . genetic diversity of archaea in deep - sea hydrothermal vent environments . genetics 152 , 1285–1297 .
takai , k . , nakagawa , s . , reysenbach , a . - l . , and hoek , j . ( 2013 ) . “microbial ecology of mid - ocean ridges and back - arc basins , ” in back - arc spreading systems : geological , biological , chemical , and physical interactions , eds d . m . christie , c . r . fisher , s . - m . lee , and s . givens ( washington , dc : american geophysical union ) , 185–213 .
takai , k . , nakamura , k . , suzuki , k . , inagaki , f . , nealson , k . h . , and kumagai , h . ( 2006 ) . ultramafics - hydrothermalism - hydrogenesis - hyperslime ( ultrah3 ) linkage : a key insight into early microbial ecosystem in the archean deep - sea hydrothermal systems . paleontol . res . 10 , 269–282 . doi : 10 . 2517 / prpsj . 10 . 269
tremblay , p . l . , and zhang , t . ( 2015 ) . electrifying microbes for the production of chemicals . front . microbiol . 6 : 201 . doi : 10 . 3389 / fmicb . 2015 . 00201
valdés , j . , pedroso , i . , quatrini , r . , dodson , r . j . , tettelin , h . , blake , r . , et al . ( 2008 ) . acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans metabolism : from genome sequence to industrial applications . bmc genomics 9 : 597 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 9 - 597
yamaguchi , a . , yamamoto , m . , takai , k . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2014 ) . electrochemical co2 reduction by ni - containing iron sulfides : how is co2 electrochemically reduced at bisulfide - bearing deep - sea hydrothermal precipitates ? electrochim . acta 141 , 311–318 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . electacta . 2014 . 07 . 078
yamamoto , m . , nakamura , r . , oguri , k . , kawagucci , s . , suzuki , k . , hashimoto , k . , et al . ( 2013 ) . generation of electricity and illumination by an environmental fuel cell in deep - sea hydrothermal vents . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 52 , 10758–10761 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201302704
yarzábal , a . , brasseur , g . , ratouchniak , j . , lund , k . , lemesle - meunier , d . , demoss , j . a . , et al . ( 2002 ) . the high - molecular - weight cytochrome c cyc2 of acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an outer membrane protein . j . bacteriol . 184 , 313–317 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jb . 184 . 1 . 313 - 317 . 2002
yunker , s . , and radovich , j . ( 1986 ) . enhancement of growth and ferrous iron oxidation rates of t . ferrooxidans by electrochemical reduction of ferric iron . biotechnol . bioeng . 28 , 1867–1875 . doi : 10 . 1002 / bit . 260281214
fixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources .
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kazuhito hashimoto , department of applied chemistry , school of engineering , the university of tokyo , 7 - 3 - 1 hongo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 8656 , japan , hashimoto @ urltoken ; ryuhei nakamura , biofunctional catalyst research team , riken center for sustainable resource science , 2 - 1 hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan , ryuhei . nakamura @ urltoken
i am a scientist - turned writer and editor , who loves to read and write ( more than doing experiments ) . i have a phd in biochemistry and molecular biology , with a specialization in structural biology . my interests range widely , from life sciences to pop culture and arts to music . i am bilingual in english and japanese .
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i am a physical chemist and the electron is the key word for my field . i am trying to understand the trials of nature in the course of becoming accustomed to different environments from the view point of “electron flow
( fig . 1 ) . this history of geological and biological electron flow is a great textbook , a blueprint for us to predict the future . we can learn a lot from the evolution , and it takes the field of biology and geology together . i think overall understanding of nature’s evolution is needed , rather than trying to understand each specific step in detail , and such a comprehensive approach will provide the new guiding principle for us to design the catalysts and develop the technology for energy and environmental conservation in human society .
fig . 1 electron flow & evolution of life our target is to find the role of electrical current for emergence and evolution of life ; how nature has utilized the electrical current from billion years ago , and its relevance in our modem technology , such as fuel cell , battery , voltage amplifier , and thermoelectric conversion . knowing the evolution of this in nature would be a nice guidance to realize sustainable human ecosystems . © r . nakamura
i joined the center in april 2013 , as one of the new principal investigators at csrs from outside of riken . the topic of sustainability was the attraction for me . here in my lab , we have about 10 people in our team . with the members who have the diverse backgrounds from physical chemistry to microbiology , i am trying to combine those areas to understand the fundamental mechanisms of nature to organize the robust and efficient energy cycle . i am sure its sustainability is relevant to modern technologies in human society .
riken is a very special place , with so many outstanding scientists . there is a great freedom of what to research and we can focus basic subjects and cultivate frontier science . in our center , distinguished researchers of plant science , chemical biology , biomass , and chemistry work together . especially for young scientists , collaborating between the different fields and heavyweight experienced researchers is a very great incentive , since it helps them a lot to come up with the brand - new ideas , and they can even make their own field . also for me this collaboration is quite attractive , and has encouraged me a lot to establish my own vision .
we work on the development of biologically inspired catalysts and their application for energy harvesting and environmental conservation systems . specifically , we attempt to exploit the nature’s ingenuities of multi - electron catalytic reaction , electron / proton transport , metabolic regulation , flexible response to external stimuli , and the robust energy management in a deep sea environment to develop the novel materials and systems necessary for the effective management of renewable energy sources . there are three areas for our research :
fig . 2 chimney : giant electrochemical fuel cell sustained by magmatic activity ? the chemical potential and temperature gradient across the chimney generates electrical current , which trigger abiotic co 2 reduction and may sustain the ecosystems of the chimney .
in 2010 we published the first paper about electricity generation in the deep sea hydrothermal vent ( ref . 1 ) . we were the first to propose and demonstrate that a black smoker chimney acts as an electrochemical fuel cell that can convert the energy stored in the earth’s interior to electricity ( fig . 2 ) .
our research has also inspired another field of the origin of life ( ref . 2 ) . this field has a quite long history , and the difficult point of this field is that we always have to investigate about the past events occurred billions of years ago . so , in order to get to the conclusive point of view , a broad range of understanding in physical chemistry , biology , and geology are required to understand the framework .
but always the problem has been that for some ( sub ) surface regions in the deep sea there is no recognizable energy input . there is no sunlight . there is no energy to sustain the bacterial activity we see . so people are looking for what is the energy source to sustain such an abundant biomass in the sub sea floor . so i am quite sure that this source has become the electron . now in the field of earth science people started to recognize electro - microbiology , and the electrochemical fuel cell in the deep ocean as a kind of power and engine to maintain the microbial activity .
we think that this energy creation found in the deep sea electro - ecosystem could have been one of the sources to kick - off the origin of life . the gradient of redox and temperature around a chimney creates electrical energy , which could kick off chemical evolution . this type of electrical energy might be the third type of ecosystem , in addition to chemosynthesis and photosynthesis , to drive microbial life ( fig . 3 / ref . 4 ) .
fig . 3 ecosystems sustained by geo - electricity decoupling of electron and heat transfer can generate the high energy electron that has almost the same electrochemical potential generatedby photosynthesis .
i want to know how nature got accustomed to the different environments , and how organisms in nature overcame such quite difficult situations by changing their metabolism or changing their genome . for example , it is as if chimney minerals have such an advanced knowledge of physics : they can convert chemical energy to electricity , and electricity to chemical energy . such an amazing function can be a key to generate high energy electrons , for triggering co 2 fixation , and nitrogen fixation in the ancient deep sea .
we also found another amazing aspect of chimney minerals : by analyzing the samples of minerals from the deep sea and investigating the function of them with dr . takao mori of national institute for materials science , we found that they transfer electrons efficiently , but not heat energy ( ref . 3 ) . it represents a newly recognized system for energy - harvesting in nature , based on the decoupling of electron transfer and heat transfer . no one would imagine this ! i would say that at the hydrothermal vent the difference of chemical potential and temperature is converted to electrical current , and if proton motive force exists , a hydrothermal vent can generate reductive energy almost identical with that of photo - excited photosynthesis ii . this is a new scenario to bridge deep - sea ecosystem and photosynthesis in terms of energetics for carbon fixation , and recently published in a book chapter ( ref . 4 ) . this is one of our original discoveries and can be a basis for examining the relationship between modern technology and ancient one in respect to heat and electrical use .
the next challenge for us is to test our hypothesis on the newly understood type of bacteria called “electrotrophs” in which co 2 fixation is triggered by electrons taken from minerals or electrodes .
scientists in the usa ( prof . kenneth nealson and prof . derek lovely ) noticed that certain bacteria transferred electron from some minerals like iron oxide or manganese oxide , as a process for their respiration . those findings were the starting point of the new field of electro - microbiology . usually we need oxygen for respiration , and mitochondria plays a role . but even without oxygen some bacteria eat minerals to maintain their atp synthesis . some portion of bacteria , archaea and animals depend on this kind of energy metabolism .
the current goal of our research is to prove the concept of such “electro - ecosystems” both by lab experiments and on - site deep - sea experiments ( fig . 4 /
) . people will recognize the importance of this field soon . electron life might be a nice running title - the field of electron life .
nakamura , r . , takashima , t . , kato , s . , takai , k . , yamamoto , m . , hashimoto , k . electrical current generation across a black smoker chimney . angew . chem . int . ed . 49 , 7692 - 7694 ( 2010 ) * selected to hot topics in sustainable chemistry doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201003311
yamaguchi , a . , yamamoto , m . , takai , k . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . electrochemical co 2 reduction by ni - containing iron sulfides : how is co 2 electrochemically reduced at bisulfide - bearing deep - sea hydrothermal precipitates ? electrochemica acta 141 , 311 - 318 ( 2014 ) doi : 10 . 1016 / j . electacta . 2014 . 07 . 078
ang , r . , khan , a . , tsujii , n . , takai , k . , nakamura , r . , mori , t . thermoelectricity generation and electron - magnon scattering in a natural chalcopyrite mineral from a deep - sea hydrothermal vent . angew . chem . 54 , 12909 - 12913 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201505517
yamaguchi , a . , li , y . , takashima , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . co 2 reduction using an electrochemical approach from chemical , biological , and geological aspects in the ancient and modern earth . solar to chemical energy conversion , 32 , 213 - 228 ( 2016 )
ishii , t . , kawaichi , s . , nakagawa , h . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . from chemolithoautotrophs to electrolithoautotrophs : co 2 fixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources . front . microbiol . , 6 , 994 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 3389 / fmicb . 2015 . 00994
riken news : a bacteria ' s double life : living off both iron and electricity ( dec . 2015 )
at deep - sea vent systems , hydrothermal emissions rich in reductive chemicals replace solar energy as fuels to support microbial carbon assimilation . until recently , all the microbial components at vent systems have been assumed to be fostered by the primary production of chemolithoautotrophs ; however , both the laboratory and on - site studies demonstrated…
first evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bc ( 1 ) and nadh - q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .
redox components of cytochrome bc - type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes . i . characterization of the cytochrome bc1 - type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .
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oulophyllia crispa , sometimes called the intermediate valley coral , is a species of stony coral in the family merulinidae .

it is native to the tropical western and central indo-pacific region .

although this coral has a wide range , it is generally uncommon and seems to be decreasing in abundance , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being " near threatened " .

oulophyllia crispa

see talk : oulophyllia crispa for individual experiences with this species , oulophyllia crispa . feel free to add your own personal experiences .
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oulophyllia crispa is a species of hard coral of the family faviidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
we recently bought a new coral it is a closed brain oulophyllia crispa . the pet store said it was rare and i have done my research on it , and i know what it eats and all . but does anyone else know anything about behavior and killing potential of other corals fish or inverts ? my emerald green crad died recently after placeing new coral in tank . could the coral have klilled him ?
( of meandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
it ' s not rare , i have two oulophylias a crispa and a bennet . it can ' t kill a crab . give it three of our inches of space since it can put out long stingers at night which can harm it ' s neighbors .
( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
type locality
indian ocean
( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
description this is a submeandroid coral . in the red sea , its colonies are always small , rarely over 20 cm diameter , but are commonly . . .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier c ( 1910 ) sur quelques formes nouvelles de madréporaires de la baie de tadjourah . bulletin du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 16 : 273 - 276 . [ details ]
( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]
( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]
( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) yabe , h . & t . sugiyama , 1935 . revised lists of the reef corals from the japanese seas and of the fossil reef corals of the raised reefs and the ryûkyû limestone of japan . j . geol . soc . japan 42 502 : 379 - 403 . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
huang d , benzoni f , fukami h , knowlton n , smith nd , budd af ( 2014 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae , montastraeidae , and diploastraeidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 171 : 277–355 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier , c . ( 1911 ) . les récifs de coraux et les madréporaires de la baie de tadjourah ( golfe d ' aden ) . annales de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 2 ( 3 ) , 1 - 101 , pls 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden , southwest indian ocean , northern indian ocean , central indo - pacific , australia , southeast asia , japan and east china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species occurs in shallow , tropical reef environments . it is found in most reef environments , but especially in lagoons . this is a fairly uncommon coral that appears to prefer reef slopes . colonies may reach several metres in diameter ( wood 1983 ) . this species is found on subtidal rock and rocky reefs . this species is found to 30 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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formation by intramural polystomodaeal budding . series short , discontinuous , separated by single , acute collines . centers indistinct , linked by
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .
veron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .
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because of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .
i don ' t think this coral is really rare - i have seen these on many online suppliers and in the lfs on a somewhat frequent basis - sometimes misclassified as platygyra or favia species at the lfs . i do not think it is what killed your emerald crab .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tom current tank info : tank of the month , november 2011 : 600gal integrated system : 3 display tanks ( 120 g , 90g , 89g ) , several frag / grow out tanks , macroalgae refugia , cryptic zones . 40 + fish , seahorses , sps , lps , leathers , zoanthidae and non photosynthetic corals .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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information on the large meandroid brain coral is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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gardiner , j . s . 1904 ,
madreporaria , i introduction , ii astraeidae
, ed . gardiner , j . s . ( ed . ) , fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , vol . 2 , pp . p . 756 , cambridge university press , cambridge
milne - edwards , h . & haime , j . 1857 , vol . 1 , p . 326 , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris
veron , j . e . & hudson , r . c . l . 1978 ,
ribbon reefs of the northern region
, philosophical transactions of the royal society of london . series b . biological sciences , vol . 284 , pp . 3 - 21
rehberg , h . 1892 ,
neue und wenig bekannte korallen
, abhandlungen naturwissenschaftliche verein zu hamburg , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 50
gravier , c . 1910 ,
sur quelques formes nouvdles de aladreporaires de la baic de tadjourah
, bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , vol . 16 , pp . 273–276
nemenzo , f . 1959 ,
systematic studies on philippine shallow - water sclcractinians ii suborder faviida
, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 16 , pp . 73 - 135
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a7913c3 - 9903 - 4920 - 8224 - cc08660a348e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ed2fd9e - e59c - 4e9f - 802a - 3fbef4a6fa12
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d713dc91 - 2bf9 - 4386 - a826 - 1c61f7db0169
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e8e68b5 - 1cbf - 4837 - b3a6 - e2b52ca236a8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 348225
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nerp te project 2 . 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs ( aims )
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( 1976 ) : patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . —mar . biol . ,
( 1977 ) : space partitioning by stony corals , soft corals and benthic algae on the coral reefs of the northern gulf of eilat ( red sea ) . —helgoländer wiss . meersunters . ,
— & — ( 1981 ) : competition for space among coral reef sessile organisms . —bull . mar . sci . ,
( 1994 ) : the coral fauna of vitigliano : qualitative and quantitative analysis in a back reef environment ( castro limestone , late oligocene , salento peninsula , southern italy ) . —boll . soc . paleontol . italiana ,
( 1994 ) : coral facies across an oligocene fringing reef ( salento peninsula , southern italy ) . —cour . forsch . - inst . senckenberg ,
( eds . ) , red sea - key environments . —22–44 , 11 figs . , london ( pergamon press )
( 1991 ) : reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the arabian gulf : new species - specific lower temperature limits . —coral reefs ,
( 1978 ) : diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs . —science ,
( 1990 ) : paleoecology : concepts and applications . —2nd ed . , 502pp . , new york ( wiley )
( 1982 ) : the distribution of coral communities across the great barrier reef . —coral reefs ,
( 1987 ) : the evolution of reef communities . — 600 pp . , new york ( john wiley & sons )
( 1973 ) : ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral species composition on the reef tables at elat ( gulf of aqaba , red sea ) . —mar . biol . ,
( 1981 ) : oligocene reef coral biofacies of the vicentin , northeast italy . —in :
( ed . ) : european fossil reef models . —soc . econ . paleont . min . , spec . , publ . ,
( 1983 ) : holocene west indian coral reefs : geomorphology , ecology and facies . —facies ,
— ( 1992 ) : modern reef development and cenozoic evolution of an oceanic island / reef complex : isla de providencia ( western caribbean sea , colombia ) . —facies ,
( 1987 ) : corals and coral reefs of the red sea . —in :
( eds . ) : red sea - key environments . —128–151 , 16 figs . , 5 tables , oxford ( pergamon press )
( 1982 ) : reproduction by fragmentation in corals . —mar . ecol . progr . ser . ,
and nummulitidae in the gulf of elat , red sea . —utrecht micropal . bull .
( 1992 ) : coral communities and coral - bivalve associations in the northern red sea at safaga , egypt . — facies ,
( 1972 ) : community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at eilat , red sea . —mar . biol . ,
— ( 1976b ) : settlement , mortality , and recruitment of a red sea scleractinian coral population . —in :
( ed . ) : coelenterate ecology and behaviour . —89–99 , new york ( plenum publishing corp . )
— ( 1976c ) : recolonization of red sea corals affected by natural catastrophies and man - made perturbations . —ecology ,
( eds . ) : coral reefs : research methods . — 197–217 , 10 figs . , paris ( unesco )
( 1971 ) : the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) . —symp . zool . soc . lond . ,
( 1977 ) : hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in caribbean and red sea coral reefs . —proc . 3rd int . coral reef symp . , miami , florida , 119–125 , 1 figs . , 1 table , miami
( 1974 ) : morphologie , ökologie und zonierung von korallenriffen bei aquaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
— & — ( 1981 ) : quantitative analyse der korallenbesiedlung eines vorriffareals bei aqaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
— & — ( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb - atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . i . die besiedlungsstruktur hydrodynamisch unterschiedlich exponierter außen - und innenriffe . —helgoländer . wiss . meeresunters . ,
montaggioni , l . f . , behairy , a . k . a . , el - sayed , m . k .
( 1986 ) : the modern reef complex , jeddah area , red sea : a facies model for carbonate sedimentation on embryonic passive margins . —coral reefs ,
( 1992 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iii . distribution of echinoids . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1984 ) : environmental influence on growth form in some massive tabulate corals from the hamilton group ( middle devonian ) of new york state . —paleontogr . americana ,
( 1995 ) : quantitative approaches to paleozonation and paleobathymetry of corals and coralline algae in cenozoic reefs . —in :
( eds . ) : marine paleoenvironmental analysis from fossils . —geol . soc . spec . publ . ,
( 1970 ) : on r - and k - selection . —am . nat . ,
( 1994 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iv . thin section analysis . —beitr . paläont . ,
( 1989 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . i . topography and bottom facies . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1990 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . ii . sediment analyses and sedimentary facies . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1984 ) : the gulf of aqaba . ecological micropaleontology . —viii + 354 pp . , berlin , ( springer )
( 1989 ) : gesellschaftsstruktur von steinkorallen ( scleractinia ) an riffen des nördlichen roten meeres . — unpubl . diplomarbeit , universität wien , 120 pp . , wien
oken 1816 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . —zool . j . linn . soc . ,
— ( 1995b ) : effects of sand deposition on scleractinian and alcyonacean corals . —marine biology ,
( 1994 ) : the structure of coral communities at hurghada in the northern red sea . —pszni marine ecology ,
( 1995 ) : effects of sediment on the energy budgets of four scleractinian ( bourne 1900 ) and five alcyonacean ( lamouroux 1816 ) corals . —j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . ,
( 1995 ) : tissue damage in scleractinian and alcyonacean corals due to experimental exposure to sedimentation . —beitr . paläont . ,
( 1971 ) : principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of mahé , seychelles . —in :
( eds . ) : regional variation in indian ocean coral reefs . —symp . zool . soc . lond . ,
— ( 1975 ) : the distribution of reef corals . —rep . underwat . ass . , ( n . s . )
— ( 1977 ) : the depth distribution of recent hermatypic corals and its paleontological significance . —mem . bur . rech . geol . minieres ,
( 1981 ) : the tropical high diversity enigma—the coral’s eye of view . —in :
( eds . ) : chance , change and challenge . the evolving biosphere . —brit . mus . ( nat . hist . ) and cambridge univ . press , 103–129 , london
( 1984 ) : a report on the stony corals of the red sea . —zoologica ,
( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . ii . vergleich mit einem riffarael bei aqaba ( nördliches rotes meer ) am nordrande des indopazifischen riffgürtels . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
( 1991 ) : corals and coral communities of arabia . —fauna of saudi arabia ,
( 1992 ) : marine ecology of the arabian region . —347 pp . , london ( academic press )
( 1986 ) : the cnidom : an index of aggresive proficiency in scleractinian corals . —coral reefs ,
( 1986 ) : corals of australia and the indo - pacific . —633 pp . , north ryde ( angus & robertson )
( 1976 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 1 . families thamnasteriidae , astrocoendiidae , pocilloporidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1979 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 3 . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophyliidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1982 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 4 . family poritidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m .
( 1977 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 2 . families faviidae , trachyphyllidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1984 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 5 . family acroporidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
original russian text © yu . ya . latypov , 2009 , published in biologiya morya .
latypov , yu . ya . , reef - building corals and reefs of vietnam . 1 . the gulf of siam ,
gardiner , j . s . , the reefs of the western indian ocean : i . chagos archipelago : ii . the mascarene region ,
loya , y . , and slobodkin , l . b . , the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) ,
pillai , c . s . g . , vine , p . j . , and scheer , g . , bericht über eine korallensammlung von den seychellen ,
selin , n . i . , latypov , y . y . , malyutin , a . n . , and bolshakova , l . n . , species composition and abundance of corals and other invertebrates on the reefs of the seychelles islands ,
turner , j . , klaus , r . , and engelhardt , u . , the reefs of the granitic islands of the seychelles , coral reef degradation in the indian ocean : status reports and project presentations 2000 ,
veron , j . e . n . and hodgson , g . , annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of the philippines ,
veron , j . e . n . and hudson , r . c . l . , ribbon reefs of the northern region ,
veron , j . e . n . and marsh , l . m . , records and annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of western australia ,
vo , s . t . and hodgson , g . , coral reefs of vietnam : recruitment limitation and physical forcing ,
wijsman - best , m . , faure , g . , and pichon , m . , contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa ,
latypov , y . y . russ j mar biol ( 2009 ) 35 : 454 . urltoken
turbinaria stellulata , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae . it is native to the indo - pacific region . the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being
vulnerable
.
turbinaria stellulata tends to be submassive with encrusting margins and does not produce vertical structures to any extent . the corallites are about 2 mm ( 0 . 08 in ) in diameter and have thick walls . this coral is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues . it is usually some shade of brown or green , but other colours sometimes occur , depending on which species of symbiont is present . colonies are dome - shaped and grow to a diameter of about 50 cm ( 20 in ) .
turbinaria stellulata occurs in the indo - pacific region . its range extends from the red sea and madagascar to tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea . it occurs on upper reef slopes at depths from 2 to 15 metres ( 6 to 50 ft ) , and unlike other corals in its genus turbinaria , it seems to avoid turbid water .
as a zooxanthellate coral , turbinaria stellulata gets part of its nutritional needs from the photosynthetic symbionts in its tissues , but also extends its polyps to feed , mostly at night . colonies are either male or female and are broadcast spawners . all the colonies in an area liberate their eggs and sperm into the sea in a spawning event which is synchronised with the phases of the moon . the planula larvae that develop form part of the plankton and eventually settle in a suitable location on the seabed .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients
marine ecology progress series 284 : 147 - 161 . doi : 10 . 3354 / meps284147
about closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients
this web site was designed by laure guillou and fabrice not ( biological station of roscoff , cnrs , france ) . contributions or suggestions are very welcome and can be submitted either to laure guillou or to fabrice not .
this page that you have visted here is a stub of the rtaw reefpedia . that means that this page has been generated , but it is yet to contain the relevant information required . so it requires some work on content within it before it is completed .
information about the body shape , skeletal characteristics , how it appears , colouring etc .
any species that look similar to this one , that may be mixed up .
something about what size the it grows to in the wild , plus in captivity .
notes about what they do , how they inteact with others , different species etc .
how it reproduces , how suitable it is to breeding or captive propagation , techniques on how to etc .
some additional notes on it that don ' t fit in the above sections .
link to online magazine articles dealing with this species , genus , or family .
this page was last modified on 2 march 2007 , at 07 : 58 .
primary resource : la jeunesse , t . c . , pettay , d . t . , sampayo , e . m . , phongsuwan , n . , brown , b . , obura , d . o . , hoegh guldberg , o . , fitt , w . k . ( 2010 ) long - standing environmental conditions , geographic isolation and host - symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus symbiodinium . journal of biogeography 37 , 785 - 800
secondary resource : franklin , e . c . , stat , m . , pochon , x . , putnam , h . m . , gates , r . d . ( 2011 ) geosymbio : a hybrid , cloud - based web application of global geospatial bioinformatics and ecoinformatics for symbiodinium - host symbioses . molecular ecology resources 12 , 369 - 373
primary resource : darling , e . s . , alvarez filip , l . , oliver , t . a . , mc clanahan , t . r . , côté , i . m . ( 2012 ) evaluating life - history strategies of reef corals from species traits . ecology letters 15 , 1378 - 1386


prolita princeps is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by august busck in 1910 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , washington , montana , oregon , new mexico , utah and british columbia .

the wingspan is 16.5 – 20 mm .

prolita princeps

gnorimoschema princeps busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 175 ; tl : california
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
: the scales on the costal half at the base and the costal margin on the forewings are buff white with brown tips , while the scales on the area costad and distad of the medial brown streak are white to buff white with pale brown apices , and the scales dorsad of the brown streak are pale yellow . a few buff tipped scales are found on the outer margin . the hindwings are fuscous , with the veins slightly darker .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
california , colorado , arizona , new mexico , texas , wyoming , utah . see [ maps ]
gelechia barnesiella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 875 ; tl : colorado , gelnwood springs
lita deoia hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 20 ; tl : smokey valley , 6000ft , tulare co . , california
lita dialis hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 21 ; tl : paradise , cochise co . , arizona
lita geniata hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 18 ; tl : la puerta valley , so . california
lita incicur hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 17 ; tl : smokey valley , 6300ft , tulare co . , california
utah , arizona , california , colorado , oregon , new mexico . see [ maps ]
gelechia invariabilis kearfott , 1908 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 16 ( 3 ) : 184 ; tl : stockton , utah
washington , california , colorado , idaho , montana , utah . see [ maps ]
lita jubata hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 34 ; tl : satus creek , yakima co . , washington
larva on chrysothamnus viscidiflorus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 34
lita maenadis hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 23 ; tl : blanco ' s corral , white mts , mono co . , california , 10150ft
california ; new mexico , nevada , washington , colorado . see [ maps ]
lita nefrens hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 35 ; tl : sonora pass , tuolumne co . , california
larva on chrysothamnus nauseosus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 36
lita obnubila hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 22 ; tl : fort davis , texas , 5000ft
lita pagella hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5mi flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
california , washington , montana , new mexico , utah , washington , british columbia . see [ maps ]
gelechia puertella busck , 1916 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 18 ( 2 ) : 148 ; tl : la puerta , california
california , colorado , montana , new mexico , washington , british columbia . see [ maps ]
lita recens hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 31 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
larva on stenatopsis linearifolius , ericameria cuneata hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 31
california , arizona , colorado , utah , montana , washington , alberta . see [ maps ]
gelechia rectistrigella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : west riverside , california
neu , siberia , alps , austria , . . . , alaska , washington , california , utah , wyoming , canada . see [ maps ]
lita sironae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 27 ; tl : san diego , california
larva on sarothamnus scoparius hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 12 , genista tinctoria , cytisus [ me3 ] , 174
lita thaliae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 28 ; tl : eureka , utah
larva on chrysothamnus nauseosus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 29
california , colorado , arizona , california , connecticut , massachusetts , montana , nevada , new mexico , washington , british columbia , manitoba , saskatchewan . see [ maps ]
gelechia variabilis busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 871 ; tl : california ; colorado
lita veledae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 24 ; tl : dixieland , imperial co . , california
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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