eupithecia claudei is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in nepal .

the wingspan is about 18 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are light brown and pale yellow .

eupithecia claudei

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29 december 2011 description of genus .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
montgomery , s . l . ( 1983 ) .
carnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands
. geojournal . 7 ( 6 ) : 549–556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529 .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
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the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word citraria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word citraria and , of course , citraria synonyms and on the right images related to the word citraria .
this is the place for citraria definition . you find here citraria meaning , synonyms of citraria and images for citraria copyright 2017 © urltoken
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wallace 's flying frog or the abah river flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) is a moss frog found at least from the malay peninsula into western indonesia , and is present in borneo and sumatra .

it is named for the biologist , alfred r. wallace , who collected the first specimen to be formally identified .

r. dennysii , r. maximus and polypedates feae were once contained within wallace 's flying frog as subspecies .

similar frogs also occur in laos , vietnam , minnesota , thailand and southern china ; these may be r. nigropalmatus or an undescribed , closely related species .

wallace ' s flying frog

wallace ' s flying frog is named after alfred russel wallace , naturalist who described this species in the 19th century .
wallace ' s flying frog can reach 4 inches in length . females are larger than males .
beautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .
wallace ' s flying frog is carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on various insects .
wallace ' s flying frog
( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .
the flying frog has a diet that consists of insects , and other small invertebrates ( wallace ' s 1999 ) .
wallace ' s flying frog is it jumping or gliding ? habitat a habitat is where an animal lives . my frog , the wallace ' s flying frog lives in dark asian rainforests and in china because of the wet grounds and trees . adaptations adaptations are characteristics an animal has to survive and live . the wallace ' s flying frog has adaptations like webbed feet to glide , sticky feet to hop from branch to branch if threatened or in search of prey . prey prey is an insect or animal another animal may eat but some animals are plant eater ( omnivore ) . the wallace ' s flying frog eats insects and some meat from what it finds off the ground . when it ' s getting insects predators predators are animals that eat other animals . the wallace ' s flying frog ' s predator is a tree snake . the tree snake gets to the wallace ' s flying frog because the tree snake lives it ' s life in trees and so does the wallace ' s wallace ' s flying frog my frog is the wallace ' s flying frog and it actually glides not flies but it can jump up to 50 feet in the air and can glide down .
wallace ' s flying frog , also known as parachuting frog , is a type of asian frog that belongs to the family rhacophoridae . this frog can be found in the southeastern parts of asia . wallace ' s flying frog inhabits moist tropical rainforests of borneo and malaysia . habitat destruction ( as a result of increased deforestation ) and pet trade negatively affect number of wallace ' s flying frogs in the wild . despite that , population of wallace ' s flying frogs is still large and stable . these animals are not on the list of endangered species .
wallace ' s flying frog has broad head with rounded snout , large eyes and eardrums . it has slender body and long legs .
wallace ' s flying frog or the abah river flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) is a moss frog found at least from the malay peninsula into western indonesia . it is named for the biologist , alfred r . wallace , who collected the first specimen to be formally identified .
wallace ' s flying frogs mate during the rainy season . they gather in large groups called armies .
pakcenter , * . 1999 .
wallace ' s flying frog
( on - line ) . accessed november 12 , 1999 at urltoken .
1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel prêtre . image in public domain .
tiny but colorful wallace’s flying frogs are bright green with yellow sides . they can grow up to four inches .
where do they live ? wallace’s flying frogs live in the tropical rain forests of malaysia and borneo . wallace’s flying frogs stay in the trees almost all the time . they only come to the ground to mate and lay eggs .
subscribe for more bbc highlights : urltoken more about this programme : urltoken bill watches wallace ' s flying frog - with feet as parachutes - falling with style .
wallace ' s flying frog spends its time in the trees where it can glide in the air due to the adaptations of its extremely webbed feet and skin folds along side of the body .
the webbing of the feet and skin folds helps catch the air like a small sail thus giving the ability to glide . this species has the ability to glide up to 50 ft . wallace ' s flying frog
wallace ' s flying frogs are arboreal animals ( adapted to the life in the treetops ) . they move to the ground only to reproduce and lay eggs .
wallace ' s flying frog does not fly - it glides through the air to escape from predators such as large snakes . this animal is able to travel distance of 50 feet and safely land on another branch or tree . wallace ' s flying frog glides diagonally ( at the angle of less than 45 degrees ) and gets closer to the ground with each gliding session . this type of movement is also known as
parachuting
.
wallace ' s flying frog has extremely large feet with fully webbed toes and fingers . toe pads are oversized and disc - shaped . flap of loose skin ( on the sides of the body ) stretches between the limbs .
wallace ' s flying frog is brightly green colored . lateral sides of the body , thighs , toes and snout are covered with yellow patches . throat and belly are white or pale yellow colored . skin is smooth or slightly granulated .
also known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .
the overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .
unusual feet and flap of skin serve as a parachute which facilitates movement through the air . soft , disc - like pads ensure gentle landing . wallace flying frog also uses large pads to stick to the surface of trees .
wallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .
a vanishing resource wallace’s flying frogs prefer breeding and laying eggs in the smelly wallowing holes of the asian rhinoceros . however , the asian rhinoceros is almost extinct . this may harm the population of these frogs .
wallace ' s flying frogs have external fertilization . female lays eggs into the foam and waits for male to cover them with sperm . foamy nests are then attached to the branches above the shallow pools of water .
the wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .
females usually lay eggs above the wallowing holes of asian rhinoceros . unfortunately , asian rhinoceros are on the brink of extinction which means that survival of remaining wallace ' s flying frogs in the wild may be questioned also .
episode 2 of david attenborough’s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind – the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace’s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .
its back is bright shiny green and the underside is white to pale yellow . the upper sides of the inside toes , as well as the outer parts of the toe and finger webbing , are brilliant yellow . the base of the webs and one flank spot per side are jet black . overall , this frog looks much like the green flying frog ( r . reinwardtii ) and r . kio , which even if full grown do not reach the size of wallace ' s flying frog , though , and have more orange web fringes .
a moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by václav gvoždík , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .
the most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .
tapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor’s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .
this is the flying frog of borneo , mentioned by evolutionary biologist alfred russel wallace in his 19th century book on the malay archipelago . this emerald green frog is easy to recognize : the big eyes are pale yellow ; the hands and feet are huge and appear oversized . there is bright yellow color along arms and legs , contrasting with the black webbing . fingers and toes terminate in large adhesive pads .
a master falconer shows how his bird protects valuable u . s . crops ( hbo )
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
do they really fly ? when a predator threatens them or when they are looking for prey , wallace’s flying frogs will leap from a branch . the membranes ( thin layer of skin ) between their toes and the loose skin flaps on their sides help them glide , sometimes 50 feet or more . their toe pads help provide a soft landing , and also help them stick to tree trunks .
size of adults : up to 90 mm in males , 100 mm snout - vent length in females . the largest tree frog on borneo .
holotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from günther ( 1876 ) .
hertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .
byrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .
little is known about the habits of this frog because it lives high up in the canopy of primary lowland rainforest . it comes down from the trees to reproduce in forest ponds such as pig wallows .
wallace’s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they’re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin – winglets , if you like – on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .
the outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini’s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .
makes a long , low final approach to the ground in order to slow down and make a smooth landing . special bones help the frog snugly press the tiny suction pads on feet and toes against the surface of a tree , giving it a firm grip for landing .
episode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .
grosjean , s . , delorme , m . , dubois , a . & ohler , a . 2008 . evolution of reproduction in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia , anura ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 462 , 169 - 176 .
- . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , schneider , c . j . & pethiyagoda , r . 2007 . new species amongst sri lanka’s extinct shrub frogs ( amphibia : rhacophoridae : philautus ) . zootaxa 1397 , 1 - 15 .
this flying frog is about 90 - 100 mm in total length , with distinct large eyes . the tympanum is prominent , at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the eye diameter . snout is rounded and is not projected outward . head is as broad as it is long , sometimes slightly broader . finger tips are expanded into large , oval discs with third finger wider than tympanum ( berry 1975 ) . hands and feet are fully webbed . toes discs are smaller than finger discs . there is an oval inner metatarsal tubercle present while the outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . no supratympanic fold is present ( berry 1975 ) .
images of the juvenile and the perching adult © kurt - hock ping guek . metamorphs and juveniles look dramatically different from the adults . note that the webbing in the juvenile appears less extensive than the hand webbing of the adult . this might indicate a different microhabitat and different predation pressure in juveniles . flying adult from below by © ch ' ien lee .
records from northern thailand , lao people ' s democratic republic , viet nam and china are tentatively referred to rhacophorus reinwardtii for the purposes of this assessment , but further taxonomic work is needed . previously , r . maximus , r . dennysii and r . feae were considered to be subspecies of r . nigropalmatus .
a nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .
rhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group – december 2008 – this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .
haas , a . , hertwig , s . t . , krings , w . , braskamp , e . , dehling , j . m . , min , p . y . , jankowski , a . , schweizer , m . & das , i . 2012 . description of three rhacophorus tadpoles ( lissamphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from sarawak , malaysia ( borneo ) . zootaxa 3328 , 1 - 19 .
the latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and václav gvoždík ] . t . asperum – patterned in brownish and pale blotches – superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .
external appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as ‘flying frogs’ , it has to be said that the vast majority look – to those unenlightened in anuran diversity – like standard ‘treefrogs’ . they’re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .
then there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that’s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .
this strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species – most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa – large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn’t just that the frogs ‘choose’ to nest in the same place – males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity – technically , it’s simultaneous polyandry – assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it’s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]
the great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being ‘lost’ on a regular and worrying basis – we don’t talk of a ‘global amphibian crisis’ for nothing .
this flying frog is about 90 - 100 mm in total length , with distinct large eyes . the tympanum is prominent , at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the eye diameter . snout is rounded and is not projected outward . head is as broad as it is long , sometimes slightly broader . finger tips are expanded into large , oval discs with third finger wider than tympanum ( berry 1975 ) . hands and feet are fully webbed . toes discs are smaller than finger discs . there is an oval inner metatarsal tubercle present while the outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . no supratympanic fold is present ( berry 1975 ) . skin is smooth or finely granulated above , coarsely granulated below except smooth on the throat . a broad flap of skin on outer edge of forearm and tarsus , and another is at the heel and above the vent . a narrow flap on the inner edge of the arm is present ( berry 1975 ) . body color is shiny green with minute white markings and a couple large white patches on the thighs . the flanks , the inside of the thighs , and the undersurfaces of the body are yellow . the interdigital membranes are jet black at the base . these membranes are yellow and veined with black towards the border . the upper surfaces of toes on to four are yellow . ventral surface of the head and body is whitish ( berry 1975 ) .
a really interesting thing that’s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .
- . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de sá , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . 2006 . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 297 , 1 - 370 .
finally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that –it ' s presumed – are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .
when threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .
they are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .
we tried amazon key . the strangers it let in our door wasn ' t the worst part .
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mating takes place on the ground , during the night . females produce liquid substance and stir it with hind legs until it becomes foamy .
when embryonic development completes , foamy nests fall apart and tadpoles fall directly into the water where they can finish metamorphosis and turn into adult frogs .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is known from mainland southeast asia with certainty from the thai - malay peninsula from ranong south to endau - rompin ( taylor , 1962 and berry , 1975 ) , from borneo from eastern sabah south to southeastern kalimantan and west to central sarawak , and also from sumatra , in indonesia . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it occurs up to 600m asl .
it is generally a rarely encountered species ; this is because it is only seen when it comes down from the trees to its breeding aggregations where it can be locally common ( grandison , 1972 and dring , 1979 ) .
it is found typically in primary evergreen rainforest , but it has also been found in old shifting cultivation , but not in open areas . breeding aggregations form in vegetation near forest pools , descending from higher strata in the forest to breed at rain pools , and also animal wallows , and usually egg masses are attached to low vegetation overhanging these pools .
deforestation and further degradation of rainforest habitat constitute the most significant threats . there is small - scale pet trade of this species , but this is not considered a threat .
it occurs in a number of protected areas . safeguarding the integrity of protected areas is a primary objective .
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berry , p . y . ( 1975 ) . the amphibian fauna of peninsular malaysia . tropical press , kuala lumpur .
jurgen , f . , richter , c . , and jacob , u . ( 1988 ) . atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium . tfh publications , neptune , n . j .
habitat ranges from trees , bushes , palms , etc . in primary rain forests and logged rain forests . can be found at elevations ranging from 700 to 1800 feet ( berry 1975 ) .
before mating , the female produces a fluid that she beats into a foam with her hind legs . she then lays her eggs in this bubble nest , at the same time the male fertilizes the eggs with his sperm . the egg nest is then hung over a source of water . when the embryos inside the eggs have developed into tadpoles , the nest falls apart . the young fall into the water and begin life as tadpoles . it is important that the tadpoles don ' t drop onto dry surface , if so the tadpoles will simply dry out and die ( pakcenter 1999 ) .
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
reproduction : female produces fluid and converts it into a foam nest by the beating action of her hind legs . she then lays her eggs into the foam nest and at that time the male fertilizes these eggs . the nest is made on branches or leaves above the water . when the embryos inside the eggs have developed into tadpoles , the nest deteriorates and the larvae drop into the water . larvae live in the water until metamorphosis is completed ( richter & jacob 1988 ) .
are large , its limbs are very long , and its fingers and toes are webbed right to the tips . together with a fringe of skin stretching between the limbs , this
can parachute to the forest floor from high in the trees where it is normally found .
( amphibia , anura ) : identity of red - webbed forms and description of a new species from assam .
. version of 2005 - jun - 29 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 22 .
. version of 2003 - apr - 12 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 22 .
van dijk , p . p . ; iskandar , d . & inger , r .
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according to inger & stuebing ( 2005 ) the tadpole grows up to 50 mm in total length . it has a conspicuously spotted tail and a grayish color on head and trunk . tadpoles are most often found in turbid , muddy water , as it is characteristic for pig and rhino wallows . tadpoles hatch from a foam nest attached to overhanging vegetation or to the mud banks .
cladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .
and , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that – for example – 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .
it has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by σ64 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
specialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don’t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous – that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]
frogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
those philautus eggs , by the way , don’t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .
while ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species “deposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor” ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute – frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .
rhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0
montage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .
polypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0
the eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .
foam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .
amazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .
finally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of
, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( günther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura
. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the ‘truth’ and . . . sadly ,
century discovery and the present . don’t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .
finally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they’re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work – scarcely any of which is cited in the article you’re reading now – has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional ‘genera’ being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .
channing , a . 2001 . amphibians of central and southern africa . cornell university press , ithaca and london .
günther , a . 1876 . note on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 17 , 377 - 380 .
inger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .
meegaskumbura , m . , bossuyt , f . , pethiyagoda , r . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , bahir , m . , milinkovitch , m . c . & schneider , c . j . 2002 . sri lanka : an amphibian hotspot . science 298 , 379 .
nodzenski , e . & inger , r . f . 1990 . uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent - dwelling tadpoles . copeia 1990 , 1047 - 1054 .
pyron , a . r . & wiens , j . j . 2011 . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 , 543 - 583 .
vassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .
darren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !
discover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .
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would this diet “bug” you ? these frogs eat only insects , and at the zoo , they are fed crickets .
don abbey ( author ) , michigan state university , james harding ( editor ) , michigan state university .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
to cite this page : abbey , d . 2000 .
rhacophorus nigropalmatus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
skin is smooth or finely granulated above , coarsely granulated below except smooth on the throat . a broad flap of skin on outer edge of forearm and tarsus , and another is at the heel and above the vent . a narrow flap on the inner edge of the arm is present ( berry 1975 ) .
body color is shiny green with minute white markings and a couple large white patches on the thighs . the flanks , the inside of the thighs , and the undersurfaces of the body are yellow . the interdigital membranes are jet black at the base . these membranes are yellow and veined with black towards the border . the upper surfaces of toes on to four are yellow . ventral surface of the head and body is whitish ( berry 1975 ) .
jurgen , f . , richter , c . , and jacob , u . ( 1988 ) .
sunny shah and rachna tiwari ( sunnys at uclink . berkeley . edu ) , amphibiaweb
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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the wels catfish ( / ˈwɛls / or / ˈvɛls / ; silurus glanis ) , also called sheatfish , is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central , southern , and eastern europe , in the basins of the baltic , black , and caspian seas .

it has been introduced to western europe as a sport fish and is now found from the united kingdom all the way east to kazakhstan and china and south to greece and turkey .

it is a scaleless freshwater fish recognizable by its broad , flat head and wide mouth .

wels catfish can live for at least fifty years .

wels catfish

a wels catfish attacks jeremy wade , giving him the information he was after : will a wels catfish attack a human ? apparently so .
regardless , ferrari ' s fish is one of the biggest wels catfish recorded in recent history .
for more information about catfish species and groups , see bullhead ; candiru ; corydoras ; electric catfish ; madtom ; wels . the catfish is also important in aquaculture .
the wels catfish was put in a sling and weighed out at 280 pounds . photo is from the sportex italia facebook page
recently , wels catfish have been spotted in non - native habitats lunging out of the water to grab pigeons on land .
britton jr , pegg j , sedwick r , page r . investigating the catch returns and growth rate of wels catfish ,
but if there ' s an epicenter of wels catfishing , it is surely northern spain ' s river ebro . wels catfish were introduced here in 1974 and promptly went wild , growing at a phenomenal rate .
jeremy wade shows just how deadly the monstrous wels catfish can be . whatever goes into that mouth is not coming back out !
dino ferrari hooked the huge wels catfish , which was 2 . 67m in length , last week in the po delta in italy
mr ferrari ( pictured ) poses with his monster catch . wels catfish can grow as long as 13ft and weigh up to 62st
according to fish biologist and national geographic explorer zeb hogan , the animal is a wels catfish , the largest freshwater fish in europe .
dino ferrari hooked the huge wels catfish , which was 2 . 67m in length , last week in the po delta in italy .
a wels natural diet consists of crayfish , frogs , fish , small mammals and ducklings .
one of the largest - living catfish species , the wels catfish has been recorded at a 5 metre length , although this record is doubtful and sightings today of fish this size are rare .
voracious predatory habits make the wels catfish a serious threat to populations of native vertebrates . water quality may also be reduced through drastic trophic alterations .
after weighing the wels catfish , dino and dario ferrari released the beast back into the po delta . photo is from the sportex italia facebook page
market - size usda 103 catfish ready for harvest . this new variety grows faster than other catfish .
walking catfish - [ clarias batrachus - also hybrids with c . gareipinus , north african sharptooth catfish ]
wels catfish are one of the few large species of freshwater fish that aren ' t endangered , hogan says . ( learn more about megafish . )
many other eurasian invaders arrived in ballast water , but the wels is more likely to arrive by another route . federal regulations do nothing to prevent shipping wels into the country , meaning there is no legal means of preventing wels catfish from arriving in the u . s . for use in the pet trade , fish farms , or live food markets .
any wels catfish bigger than 6 . 5 feet is considered extremely rare . this one was 8 . 8 feet . photo from the sportex italia facebook page
wels catfish can be distinguished from other european catfish by 6 long barbels under the lower jaw , a scaleless mucous - coated elongated body and very small dorsal fin ( britton et al . , 2010 ) .
the wels catfish can live for thirty years and live off annelid worms , gastropods , insects , crustaceans and fish including other catfish ; the larger ones also eat frogs , mice , rats , and even ducks .
local concern : voracious predatory habits make the wels catfish a serious threat to populations of native vertebrates . water quality may also be reduced through drastic trophic alterations .
the wels catfish , also called sheatfish , is native to wide areas of central , southern , and eastern europe , and near the baltic and caspian seas .
the opinions of fishermen on the wels are diverse . many are excited about the growing population and are upgrading their equipment - - in order to catch the wels catfish , you need an extremely heavy fishing rod and large pieces of bait . but many traditional fishermen hate the wels . as soon as it appears on the scene , populations of native species seem to drop .
a large , brown catfish , differing from most other catfish by having a long , eel - like tail .
wels catfish look extremely different to any other coarse fish found within the uk , their elongated body , large head , small eyes and six whiskers are a sure sign of a catfish . wels have a mottled creamy colouring of olive and bronze which covers most of the fish except for its underside which is pale yellow or white .
there is a large and growing ornamental fish trade , with hundreds of species of catfish , especially the genus corydoras , being a popular component of many aquariums . these are commonly known as cory ' s . other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are armored suckermouth catfish , banjo catfish , talking catfish , and long - whiskered catfish .
the british record fish committee unfortunately stopped accepting record claims for wels catfish and closed the record list ( see above ) , this followed a period of illegal fish smuggling into england from mainland europe , during which some claims were submitted citing fisheries with no known history of wels catfish being present . the european record for the wels catfish is 316lb 8oz ( that’s an incredible 144kg & 2 . 78m long ) , ironically caught from the river po in italy where they were also introduced as an alien species .
rod manufacturer sportex italia , which sponsors mr ferrari , claimed that the 2 . 67m wels catfish was a world record size to be caught with its torpedo spinning rod .
according to a british wels catfish website , they have hundreds “velcro - like teeth” used to hold prey before passing food to “crushing pads” at the back of the throat .
the wels catfish , which can reach nine feet long and weigh more than 200 pounds , is one of seven animals were recently added to michigan’s list of prohibited species .
walking catfish has been introduced in the freshwaters of florida , with these voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there .
the wels catfish s . glanis is part of the family siluridae , a group of freshwater fish native to europe , asia and africa . there are 100 species from 12 genera in the family . there are 18 silurus species , of which two are native to europe : wels catfish and aristotles catfish ( s . aristotelis ) . wels catfish is the largest fish out of the order siluriformes and can attain a maximum length of 500 cm , although it more commonly reaches 300 cm . it is the largest - bodied european freshwater fish ( copp et al . , 2009 ) .
catfishes range in size from a few inches to a few feet . the one ferrari caught is reportedly a wels catfish , which can get up to 15 feet long , making this 8 . 75 - foot long catfish barely above average . we ' re seeing reports that the biggest wels could be anywhere from more than 300 pounds up to 660 .
the wels catfish is the second - largest freshwater fish in its region , ranking behind the beluga sturgeon . the largest beluga sturgeon on record is reportedly 3 , 463 pounds .
wels catfish are aggressive predators , however , and they ' ll eat pretty much anything they can fit in their cavernous maws . other popular baits include live and dead carp .
recently , another newcomer has emerged in the rhine : the goby , hardly the size of a finger , was first found in the river in 2008 and has expanded similarly to the wels catfish . the rhine fishermen society is calling it
one of the most dramatic changes in the rhine fauna that has ever been documented .
the wels catfish love gobies . the tiny creatures like hanging out on the riverbed , making easy prey for predator fish . whether the goby is partially responsible for the wels catfish expansion is still unclear .
↑ catfish billy ' s big cat diaries . 2007 . exploring the catfish ' s senses retrieved january 4 , 2007 .
blue catfish - [ ictalurus furcatus ] the largest mississippi catfish and the second best north american catfish for eating , after the closely related channel catfish . details & cooking . illustration by u . s . fish and wildlife service = public domain .
italian fisherman dino ferrari with his 280 - pound wels catfish from the po delta . it might be a world record on rod and reel . photo from the sportex italia facebook page
the po river and delta are known for massive wels catfish , but anything bigger than 6 . 5 feet is considered extremely rare , and this one measured 8 . 8 feet .
it was found in the po delta , which is known for having the perfect living conditions for giant wels to flourish .
but mr feltham , 52 , said he was now convinced that nessie was a wels catfish - a giant fearsome fish that can grow as long as 13ft and up to 62 stone .
virtually all wels catfishing in europe is catch - and - release , and a fish this size will almost never be kept .
the wels catfish was introduced to britain , italy , spain , greece and some other countries during the last century . the species has flourished in the warm lakes and rivers of southern europe . the river danube , river po in italy and the river ebro in spain are famous for huge wels catfish , which grow up to 2 metres . these habitats contain plenty of food and lack natural predators .
catfish are raised in warm climates , are inexpensive , and are safe food for the local grocers . the most popular catfish in florida is the channel fish ; the second most desired is the white catfish .
catfish have a sweet , mild flesh which makes them important as food fish throughout the world . blue catfish and bullheads ( ictalurids ) are cultivated in north america ( especially in the deep south , with mississippi being the largest domestic catfish producer . airbreathing catfish ( clariids ) and shark catfish ( pangasiidae ) are heavily cultured in africa and asia .
, sheatfish or wels catfish , is native to eastern europe and asia . it has been introduced to several other areas including germany , france , spain , england , greece , turkey and the netherlands .
wels catfish are carriers of viral pathogens ; spring viraemia of carp ( svc ) and european sheatfish virus ( esv ) , which may adversely impact native fish including salmonids and amphibians . wels catfish are also hosts of specialist parasites such as trichodina siluri , myxobolus miyarii , leptorhynchoides plagicephalus and pseudotracheliastes stellifer which may be detrimental to native fish survival ( copp et al . 2009 ; copp et al . 2010 ) .
britton jr , pegg j , 2007 . investigating the catch returns and growth rate of wels catfish ( siluris glanis ) , using mark - recapture . fisheries management and ecology , 14 : 263 - 268 .
the u . k . mirror reported that ferrari ' s fish could possibly be the world ' s biggest wels catfish caught with a rod and reel , though records of this sort are difficult to confirm .
wels , large , voracious catfish of the family siluridae , native to large rivers and lakes from central europe to western asia . one of the largest catfishes , as well as one of the largest of european freshwater fishes , the wels attains a length of about 4 . 5 m ( 15 feet ) and a weight of 300 kg ( 660…
↑ catfish billy ' s big cat diaries . 2007 . exploring the catfish ' s senses . big cat diaries retrieved january 11 , 2007 .
this large and powerful fish is becoming more popular with international anglers as internet tales and photographs of monster wels keep trickling out of europe .
wels catfish have an elongated scaleless body , a large head , tiny eyes , and a powerful forebody with a laterally compressed tail . the cavernous mouth has hundreds of rows of very small , gripping teeth on both its top and bottom jaws . the wels catfish has six barbules : those on the upper jaw are carried straight in front to detect prey , whilst the four shorter ones on the lower jaw hang straight down .
unlike earlier invaders , the wels is a top predator that eats other fish and even birds . type “catfish eats pigeons” into a search engine if you want proof . in their native waters large specimens have become scarce .
in the uk , wels catfish are non - native and therefore require an ilfa ( introduction of live fish act ) license for introduction as part of regulatory legislation control and enforcement . according to hickley and chare ( 2004 ) , recreational fishing and aquaculture are the predominant introductory pathways for s . glanis . unregulated activities , both intentional and accidental , from recreational fishing and flooding spates from lakes are of concern with recent reports of wels catfish in river great ouse and river thames in the uk from the catfish conservation group .
the cannibalistic wels catfish , also known as the sheatfish , is native to europe and can grow as long as 13ft and up to 62st - but it is exceedingly rare to catch one that is over two metres long .
in the 1860’s , in anticipation of the possible use of wels catfish to feed the masses ,
the times
newspaper suggested that the fish was
the most important animal introduction since the bringing of the turkey
, describing the flesh as
veal with a rich eel - like flavour , superior to salmon .
however , the use of the wels catfish as a food source does not appear to have been as successful as was anticipated .
the wels catfish never played much of a role in our waters ,
staas says .
that has changed .
he suspects human activity may be behind the boom , in the form of uncontrolled releases . manuel lankau , biologist with the westphalia fishermen ' s association , agrees .
it ' s highly possible that the wels catfish has spread because of fish stocking policies , and that in recent years the diverse populations have coalesced .
catfish , which have a sweet , mild flesh , are important as food fish throughout the world . ictalurids are cultivated in north america ( especially in the deep south , with mississippi being the largest domestic catfish producer ) . [ 25 ] in the southeastern united states , catfish are an extremely popular food . the fish , mostly channel catfish and blue catfish , are found in most waterways in the region . a favorite catfish dish is breaded with cornmeal and fried .
nothing is known about home range sizes or patterns of movement in these catfish .
catfish can become very tired after a lengthy battle , always ensure that the catfish is fully rested before its release . to do this , suspend the catfish in the water until it has recovered enough to swim away under its own steam .
catfish have well developed sensory organs , with many such organs covering their bodies .
a post about the biggest catfish records has been well - liked by readers .
they also eat other catfish and may have eaten breeding females over time .
wels catfish have been known to grow up to 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) long and reach sizes of 300 to 660 pounds , depending on the source . they can live for decades , possibly as long as 80 years .
a very strong rod is required when in pursuit of wels catfish , a rod with a 3lb test curve or above is highly recommended , although a heavy duty carp rod of 2 3 / 4 lb would be sufficient for small cats .
for all those crazy guys who go ‘noodling’ for catfish and stick their arms down the fish’s throat ! ! this would be ‘all the catfish you can eat . ’
as a starting point you can aim to look for likely features that the catfish may inhabit or patrol , such as their lairs ( see habitat ) but it is known that catfish will actively hunt and will follow both scent trails and transmissions from injured fish . so providing that your baits are well presented and attractive to the catfish , there is a good chance that a hungry wels will find your bait .
catfish range in size and behaviour from the heaviest , the giant mekong catfish in southeast asia and the longest , the wels catfish of eurasia . the average size of the species is about 1 . 2 metres to 1 . 6 metres , and fish more than 2 metres are very rare . the largest specimens on record measure more than 2 . 5 metres in length and sometimes exceed 100 kilograms in weight .
this opportunity is greater than ever before . the population of wels catfish , also known as sheatfish , is rapidly expanding in germany . the fish can grow up to be three meters ( 10 feet ) long , weigh up to 150 kilograms ( 330 pounds ) and live as long as 80 years . fishermen say the wels population has been increasing at a swift pace , and researchers are puzzled by the sudden boom .
the addition of wels catfish in recreational catch and release fisheries is likely to have a beneficial revenue effect . however , consideration must be given to the economic costs that are likely to arise from management control policies with the removal of s . glanis from unlicensed waters ; monitoring , removal costs and challenges in recapturing demersal species . removal of wels catfish from unlicensed lakes appears to be a priority for the environment agency in england and wales , although how successful these measures are in practice has yet to be ascertained .
wels catfish are rumored to reach 15 feet and upwards of 600 pounds . bringing them to shore is hot work . yes , this woman is topless . maybe she was sunbathing when the fish hit ( europeans see these things differently than we do ) .
many species of catfish in the wild spawn once a year , with sexual maturity reached from three to five years . in catfish farms , the average time for maturity decreases .
oh , and i wanted to add : the wels in england ( where they were also introduced by man ) are only very very small compared to those at continental europe . this is probably a result of the climate , as its growth is highly dependent from temperature . the english record from 1997 was only a meager wels of 62lb ( 28 . 123 kilo’s ) , and this is already exceptional big for england . so it is hard to imagine that there were any serious injuries caused by english wels .
italian fisherman dino ferrari , an expert at catching big wels catfish , outdid himself on thursday when he landed an enormous 280 - pounder in the po delta , a part of the famous po river , the longest river in italy at more than 400 miles .
poster - pm - 9350 wels catfish european freshwater silurus glanis showing whiskers pat morris please note that prints are for personal display purposes only and may not be reproduced in anyway . contact details : prints @ urltoken tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 8672 2067
the wels catfish was first successfully introduced into the uk over 130 years ago by the duke of bedford who stocked 70 of them into his now famous lakes at woburn abbey in bedfordshire . we still consider wels catfish as rarities in britain , although their distribution is increasing every year and there are now catfish waters in nearly every county in england . for a time it was certainly true that the majority of the uk waters were within 50 miles of woburn abbey , however there was a big increase in numbers of catfish coming into the uk in the late 1990s when fish farmers and dealers starting importing cats from mainland europe with the vast majority of those coming from croatia . since then as fisheries have matured and stocks have been managed this had led to a steady if not huge availability of catfish to those looking to increase existing stocks or introduce cats into their waters for the first time . there are now over 500 licenced waters in the uk and possibly as many as 100 unlicensed you should never be too far away from a water containing wels catfish .
an enormous catfish weighing 20 stone has been caught in italy using only a fishing rod .
we have an exclusive specimen carp lake with carp in excess of 37lb , a dedicated catfish lake with catfish to 40lb + and a small pleasure lake for day tickets and matches .
bright agrotech holds tc in the highest regard and refers to her on all matters catfish .
bullheads are a variety of american freshwater catfish that inhabits slow moving backwaters with soft bottoms . they differ from most catfish in having squared off tails and being relatively small in size .
the catfish lake started off with over 100 wels catfish but over the last couple of years the carp population has greatly increased so now the lake has become a good alternative to the top lake . the biggest catfish to be landed during 2016 was just short of 40lb but that is by no means the biggest catfish in the lake . the carp run to 20lb and can prove to be good sport during the day when fishing for the catfish can be tricky . for anyone looking to catch both , carp and catfish then this lake is perfect . most methods work for the catfish but worms at night and lots of halibut pellets during the day has proved to be the winning methods . if fishing for carp use smaller halibuts or fishmeal boilies and you will stand a good chance of catching both carp and catfish . we feed the carp and catfish on a mix of haibut pellets , wheat , barley and maize . fishing is by advanced booking only by calling or texting our booking line on
wels catfish are native to eastern europe but were introduced to italy and spain in the 1970s by anglers . the fish have flourished in southern europe , enjoying a respite from natural predators , an abundance of prey , and warmer water , which helps them grow faster .
the wels catfish is originally from the eastern countries in europe and until recently thought to originate no further west than germany . however , they have recently been re - classified when fossilised remains of one were discovered in belgium . their near neighbours in france are still arguing amongst themselves to some extent as to whether catfish had inhabited some of their eastern rivers previously !
few anglers venture into eastern europe where commercial fishing is rife but this is where wels catfish are indigenous and with a lot of research and perseverance good catfishing can be found . large catfish exist in the rivers volga , ural , dneiper and don in russia , the danube in hungary , and romania , and the huge vranov reservoir system in the czech republic .
this is why michigan recently took the precaution of listing wels catfish as a prohibited species . the designation prohibits possession and transport of live animals . for more details on invasive species law see the fact sheet produced in cooperation with michigan sea grant and michigan state university extension .
the back of the catfish ' s eyes are coated with a layer of crystals that reflect light allowing for excellent vision . this allows the catfish to be an astute hunter . [ 19 ]
catfish have no scales . all catfish , except members of electric catfish family , possess a strong , hollow , bony leading ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins , through which a stinging protein can be delivered if the fish is irritated . in members of the family plotosidae ( eeltail catfish ) and of the genus heteropneustes ( sri lanka stinging catfish ) , this protein is so strong it can put a human being in hospital if they are unfortunate enough to receive a sting .
and for a legitimate shot at a 200 - pound catfish , it ' s no wonder .
the wels catfish lays 25 , 000 eggs in one clutch . after three years , the young fish are ready to breed , and after another three years they typically grow to be a meter long . while the fish naturally spawns only once every 10 years , the summer temperatures in the rhine apparently increase the capacity to breed each year . still lankau , the biologist , says he wouldn ' t call the fish a menace .
the wels catfish will not deprive itself of its own basic food source by eating up all the other fish ,
he says .
in asia , many catfish species are important food fish . several walking catfish ( clariidae ) and shark catfish ( pangasiidae ) species are heavily cultured in africa and asia . exports of one particular shark catfish species from vietnam , pangasius bocourti , has met with pressures from the u . s . catfish industry . in 2003 , the u . s . congress passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish . [ 27 ] as a result , the vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the u . s . as
basa fish .
the mirror and nt news reported that the biggest wels catfish ever recorded was a 9 . 1 - footer from the po delta , but they differ on its weight - - one reporting it as 308 pounds , the other as 317 pounds . the method of that catch is uncertain .
sometimes you just get lucky with the experimental items , but we found 10 secret ( and proven ) catfish baits you didn’t know about that have the staying power to attract catfish time after time .
the large wide mouth of the wels catfish contains hundreds of small teeth that feel like velcro to the touch , these are used to move food and prey to the rear of the throat , where crushing pads crush the food prior to swallowing . surrounding their mouths catfish have six whiskers , two on the upper jaw which are used for detecting prey and four whiskers on the lower jaw .
the heaviest catfish are mekong giant catfish ( pangasianodon gigas ) which can reach 9 feet and over 600 pounds . unfortunately they are currently listed as critically endangered and should not be fished or eaten . the longest is the eurasian wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) which can reach nearly 10 feet and 330 pounds . this fish is common in central , southern and eastern europe , in the baltic region and the caspian sea . it is currently iuc red listed as lc ( least concern ) .
the enormous wels catfish is rapidly expanding in german waters . the fish can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh over 300 pounds , making recreational fishermen excited about the prospects of catching one . while biologists aren ' t yet calling the fish pests , they are puzzled by the boom .
with fish this size , it ' s no wonder that tales of man - eating catfish abound .
catfish are a tasty choice and are definitely worth considering if you plan on raising a food fish .
another admirable quality is that catfish are hardy , and thrive at convenient temperatures ; a system that stays around 60 - 70 degrees is ideal , and catfish will keep eating to at temperature of 55 .
wels catfish often lay in quiet , dark lairs until ready to feed : overhanging trees , weed beds , lilies and hollows under the bank or on a lake or river bed provide ideal locations . they inhabit rivers and large lakes and ponds where they occupy both a scavenger and apex predator role .
there are lot ' s of possibilities when you are choosing a fish for your system . catfish are a great fish and might just be your perfect match . let ' s talk about catfish in aquaponics .
< h2 > wels world record < / h2 > < strong > all - tackle record : < / strong > 134 . 97 kilograms ( 297 pounds , 9 ounces ) , river po , italy
wels catfish reach sexual maturity between 3 & 5 years of age and tend to spawn when water temperatures reach a consistent 18 - 20 degrees , normally between may & july . as soon as the water is warm enough , the male catfish will find a quiet area where he can pack and smooth down the lake bed in order to build a nest , once built he will wait for a female to visit .
movie showing european catfish displaying beaching behavior to capture land birds , with two successful and two unsuccessful attacks .
the behavior of the catfish when hunting pigeons is highlighted in the study , published on dec . 5 .
an italian angler made the catch of his life this week , hauling in a 280 - pound catfish from the po river ( above , the angler can be seen catching a slightly smaller catfish in 2013 ) .
a catfish ' s sex can be identified by looking at its genitals , two openings are present on the belly of the catfish , the anus and the genital opening . the opening towards the head is the anus , while the opening towards the tail is the genital opening . male catfish have a genital opening that is raised and pointed in appearance , whilst the female catfish have a genital opening that is rounder and shorter .
catfish have excellent hearing and anglers sometimes use a clonk on large waters ( a clonk is a wooden stick used to hit the water ) as the sound vibrations can be effective in luring catfish into an area .
though the most common catfish – channel , blue and flathead catfish – have varied preferences in their natural diets , they are all opportunistic feeders . this means that if bait is enticing enough , they will not discriminate .
there are more than two thousand species of catfish to be found in the world today . the smallest is fully - grown at 20 mm . the largest is reputed to attain a length of more than five metres . this fish is the european wels catfish , silurus glanis , is one of the world ' s largest freshwater fish and is the largest freshwater fish in europe . it can be found throughout europe and into asia .
another reason for introductions is as a biocontrol agent for controlling cyprinid fish . s . glanis was introduced to netherlands from hungary for this purpose . wels catfish occur in the flemish part of belgium . simoens et al . ( 2002 ) report that in lake schulen in flanders , large wels catfish which had been illegally introduced by anglers had successfully reproduced . introductions to rivers in spain have resulted in abundant populations in four river basins , where catfish can reach large sizes > 1 m ( carol . et al . , 2009 ) . according to linhart et al . ( 2002 ) , s . glanis has been farmed historically in austria , bulgaria , croatia , germany , france , hungary , greece , macedonia , poland , the czech republic and romania .
gottfriend s . has been fishing for 40 years in the sieg , a tributary of the rhine in the western state of north rhine - westphalia . he shrugs as he points to an empty bucket .
you used to always find trout here , but the wels catfish is wiping everything out ,
he says . his fishermen ' s association this year got rid of all its closed seasons for catching the catfish , calling on its members to target the fish and not throw them back in the water . but that ' s not always easy . gottfried s . recently had to call in the help of a local farmer to help an exhausted fisherman pull a giant wels catfish out of the water . they needed a tractor to get the job done .
catfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest , the mekong giant catfish in southeast asia , and the longest , the wels catfish of eurasia , to detritivores ( species that eat dead material on the bottom ) , and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru , vandellia cirrhosa , which are known to attack humans ( by entering the urethra of humans ) . members of most madtom species are no more than five inches ( 12 . 7 cm ) long ; some are less than two in . ( 5 cm ) long .
jeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .
it was 3 o ' clock in the morning when the wels catfish bit . peter neumann fought with the beast for a full hour before he finally released the hook from the enormous mouth and threw the fish back into the rhine river .
what would you do with such a huge animal ?
asks neumann , an expert on the wels catfish , a large species found across europe . they don ' t taste particularly good , and they generally have very little usable meat . but catching the fish as a sport is becoming more and more popular . many anglers are discovering the opportunity to snag some of the impressive specimen right in their own backyard .
researchers captured a video of the catfish attacking the pigeons on the tarn . pigeons gather along the gravel to clean and bathe as the catfish - - measuring three to five feet long - - patrol the waters edge , according to discover magazine . when the catfish hunt the pigeons , they temporarily strand themselves on land for a few seconds .
the wels catfish , although predatory has never been demonstrated to have a detrimental impact on other species of fish in uk waters . at the time of writing there are over 500 licenced catfish waters in the uk , out of which only a handful of waters are known to have become dominated by cats and these tend to be commercial waters . just like pike , it’s felt that where waters are left to find their own balance this will even itself out fairly quickly and the cats will start to control their own numbers . the reality with commercial type waters is the cats are usually well managed . the ccg have helped one or two waters out by finding new homes for these catfish often creating new catfish fisheries in the process . catfish are a positive help in fisheries in control of sick / dead fish and have the advantage of preying on crayfish , so in waters plagued by crayfish catfish can help keep them under control .
catfish are predatory but also scavengers and will eat most baits as well as most small animals and birds .
if you want to thank aleece for her wonderful advice , check out her website and read up on channel catfish .
) , with a maximum length and weight of 1 . 5 metres and 68 kilograms , and the channel catfish (
kazakhstan in asia introduced catfish in to the river ili sytem the mid 20th century and these have now attained huge proportions with fish of over 100kg captured every season . the mighty syr darya to the west has a natural catfish population as well as perhaps the biggest catfish to be caught anywhere . life ' s just too short for the avid cat fisher !
catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another . catfish are most diverse in tropical south america , asia and africa with one family native to north america and one family in europe . more than half of all catfish species live in the americas . they are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in madagascar , australia , and new guinea .
they may be brutishly ugly , but that hasn ' t stopped the wels catfish from becoming one of the most sought - after gamefish in europe , and north american anglers are starting to take notice as well .
oh yeah , we ' re seeing more americans and canadians coming over for a chance to catch these fish ,
says bunn .
estimated aggregations size averaged 25 adults wels catfish and ranged from 15 to 44 adults among the 17 surveys . the groups were mainly composed of 120 - cm long individuals , followed by some 210 - cm long individuals and few 170 - cm long individuals ( a 60 - cm long individual , observed at a few occasions , was not used for the subsequent estimation of aggregation biomass , density and excretion ) . estimated body - length distribution was computed as followed : 66 % 120 cm tl , 14 % 170 cm tl and 20 % 210 cm tl . total biomass of the aggregation was estimated assuming a sex ratio of 1∶1 and using the length - weight relationships for females and males wels catfish (
it should come as no surprise that a eurasian catfish known for its healthy appetite , giant size and eel - like tail might pose a threat to native species in the great lakes region if it is introduced to local waters . the wels catfish is a creature of legend in its home waters around the black and caspian seas and west to germany , and before the action of the natural resources commission little could have prevented it from becoming a reality in the great lakes .
its native area is the same region that produced successful great lakes invaders including zebra mussels , quagga mussels , round goby , and spiny water flea so there is little doubt that the wels can thrive in a climate similar to ours .
still , it’s not every week you see such big creatures or hear a cool fish tale . cnn reports that ( after a flurry of photos to prove it was real ) ferrari released the fish back into the water . the wels catfish can live for decades , though , so maybe we’ll see the same one resurface at a record - breaking size .
like their namesake feline companions , catfish are hunting pigeons as prey in a development scientists are calling evidence of adaptive behavior .
↑ k . sutton , 2007 . understanding catfish senses . game and fish magazine online . retrieved january 11 , 2007 .
↑ mississippi state university extension service . 2006 . aquaculture : catfish . msucares . com . retrieved january 3 , 2007 .
spawning habits vary between catfish species . catfish such as the channel catfish , the blue catfish and the white catfish are nest builders . spawning occurs mostly in rivers and streams in the spring and early summer when waters warm to 70 to 85 degrees fahrenheit . catfish also will spawn in larger lakes where suitable habitat is available . eggs are deposited in nests secluded under banks or logs or over open bottom . the male chooses the nesting site , often a natural cavern or hole , clears the nest and guards the eggs and young . a female may lay 2 , 000 to 21 , 000 eggs that hatch in 6 to 10 days depending on water temperature . males protect the fry until they leave the nest in about a week .
the white catfish ( ameiurus catus ) eat fish as their major food , but they also eat larval aquatic insects , small crustaceans , fish eggs and aquatic plants . they may feed at night , but are not as nocturnal as other catfish .
unless you live in antarctica , the only continent they aren’t known to inhabit , there is a species of catfish nearby .
these characteristics , coupled with their prolific distribution , make catfish one of the most popular recreational game fish in the world .
there are dozens of ways to cook catfish , and even if you overcook them , they just get a bit dense .
in the united states , catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names , such as
mud cat
,
polliwogs
, or
chuckleheads
. these nicknames are not standardized , so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname
chucklehead
, while in another state or region , that nickname refers to the blue catfish .
regardless , the meager figures that do exist document an impressive development . in the 1980s there were few reports of wels catfish catches . in 1996 there were 656 kilograms registered , a figure that jumped to 1 , 282 kilos the next year . the most recent figures come from 2010 , when fishermen caught more than 14 tons of the fish from the rhine .
catfish include bony - plated types and also smooth , naked types , but they do not have scales . not all catfish families have prominent barbels ; what defines a fish as being in the order siluriformes are certain features of the skull and swimbladder .
the colouration of wels varies greatly between individuals : usually with the back being fairly dark olive green to blue - black , giving way to paler flanks sometimes rusty in colour . this base colour is marbled with dark blotches and spots and gives way to a creamy yellow belly : providing near perfect camouflage for both stealth and low - level attack . the wels catfish is also seen in bright colours , ranging from bright orange and yellows , to albino looking forms with red eyes , whilst others grow almost entirely blue / black in colour . the fins are dark , ranging from red - brown to brown - violet .
appearance : catfish are easily identified with long slender bodies , broad heads , wide mouths and long slender barbels . the wels catfish has two long barbels on the upper jaw and four shorter barbels on the lower jaw . these barbels are used to hunt and detect prey . the body is dark brown to black in colour with a soft yellow to white belly . the anal fin is long ( usually the half the length of the body ) and finishes right at the base of the tail fin .
syväranta j , cucherousset j , kopp d , crivelli a , céréghino r . dietary breadth and trophic position of introduced european catfish
there are some 2200 species of catfish in as many as 40 families and many genera . the greatest number of species is found central and south america ( including one recently discovered in mexico that may have been around since dinosaur days ) . some catfish are ocean fish but most live in fresh water . catfish do not have scales but some species are covered with overlapping armor plates .
swimming in the reservoir is now forbidden because it is feared another similar man - eating catfish is still lurking in the waters .
catfishes ( order siluriformes ) are a diverse group of ray - finned fish . named for their prominent barbels , which resemble a cat ' s whiskers , catfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest and longest , the mekong giant catfish from southeast asia and the second longest , the wels catfish of eurasia , to detritivores ( species that eat dead material on the bottom ) , and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru , vandellia cirrhosa . there are armour - plated types and there are also naked types , neither having scales . despite their name , not all catfish have prominent barbel . members of the siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder . catfish are of considerable commercial importance ; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food . many of the smaller species , particularly the genus corydoras , are important in the aquarium hobby . many catfish are nocturnal , but others ( many auchenipteridae ) are crepuscular or diurnal ( most loricariidae or callichthyidae for example ) .
there is a risk that wels catfish may impact on native fauna for a number of reasons . firstly they may increase competition for habitats of native fish , including the critically endangered eel ( anguilla anguilla ) . however , martino et al . ( 2011 ) reported that in the camargue in southern france , s . glanis consumption was not a threat to eel distribution , as their diet was mainly omnivorous . secondly , catfish are opportunistic foragers , able to switch their feeding to the most suitable resource available .
no one knows just how large this european behemoth actually grows , but accounts dating back hundreds of years tell of giant water monsters eating peasants unfortunate enough to fall in the water . these days wels are best - known as a trophy angling prizes .
i recommend getting local channel catfish fingerlings ( any state that has fish farms that sell fish for stocking farm ponds are likely to have some sort of catfish to sell for the local climate and that is where i would recommend getting stock normally . )
this species requires temperatures of 25 - 28ºc for optimal growth , food assimilation and breeding ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . however , there are reports of wels catfish breeding in some lakes in southern england at present temperatures ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . establishment success in france has been restricted by cold winter temperatures of < 10ºc ( david , 2006 ) .
although the genetic structure and phylogeography have been studied in its native range , there is little information known about genetic characteristics of s . glanis in its introduced range ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . information regarding wels catfish nuclear and mitochondrial genome is sparse . the mitochondrial genome has 16 , 526 base pairs containing 37 genes , of which 13 genes are for protein synthesis , 22 trnas and 2rrnas , and a control region which functions in the same way as other vertebrate mtdnas . from phylogenetic analysis it seems likely that wels catfish represent an early diversification of siluriformes ( vittas et al . , 2011 ) . s . glanis has fewer alleles than s . aristotelis and s . triostegus but similar observed and expected heterozygosities ( krieg et al . , 1999 ) .
the natural resources commission took the step of adding wels and six other species to the list effective nov . 6 . other species put on the prohibited list were the stone moroko , zander , killer shrimp , yabby , golden mussel and red swamp crayfish .
kirsten pohlmann , , frank w . grasso , thomas breithaupt . 2001 . tracking wakes : the nocturnal predatory strategy of piscivorous catfish .
catfish are very diverse , ranking second or third in diversity among orders of vertebrates , with almost 3 , 000 known species . [ 1 ] about one in every ten species of fish , and one in every 20 vertebrates , is a catfish . [ 2 ]
the madtoms of e north american streams have brightly colored patterns , but the majority of catfish are dull - colored . [ 8 ]
alp a , kara c , üçkardeş f , carol j , garcía - berthou e . age and growth of the european catfish (
if you want to see a man eating catfish , just drop by the local knights of columbus council hall any friday during lent .
in places where non - native wels were introduced they can weigh in at over 200 pounds . the river po recently produced the igfa all - tackle record of 297 pounds , 9 ounces . this proves that these cats can thrive outside of their home range .


epermenia commonella is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 1968 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

epermenia commonella

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