locusta migratoria migratorioides , commonly known as the african migratory locust , is a subspecies of the migratory locust ( l. migratoria ) in the family acrididae .

it occurs in most of africa south of the sahara desert , but its main breeding ground , and the original source of most plagues , is on the floodplains of the niger river in west africa .

much of the time this locust adopts a solitary lifestyle , but under certain conditions it becomes gregarious ; the young nymphs , known as hoppers , form bands that move together and the adult insects form swarms that may reach plague proportions .

plagues of this locust took place from 1891 to 1903 and again from 1928 to 1941 .

after many years without outbreaks of the insects , further plagues occurred in the last two decades of the twentieth century .

african migratory locust

3 . taxonomy scientific name migratory locust : locusta migratoria tree locust : anacridium melanorhodon family : acrididae order : orthoptera 2 . tree locust1 . migratory locust tree locust migratory locust
objectives : to maintain on an international basis the preventive control of the african migratory locust and to extend such control to other species of migratory acrididae .
in 1988 , african migratory locusts crossed the atlantic ocean and reached the american continent . but unlike migratory birds , which are capable of active navigation , the migratory locusts are mainly drifted by the wind .
the responses of the african migratory locust locusta migratoria migratorioides r . & f . to the chemical composition of the soil at oviposition .
fig . 2 . distribution range of african migratory locust : outbreak area = red , invasion area = blue ; distribution range of tree locust = yellow .
2 ) the organisation shall undertake research on the african migratory locust in order to determine the ecological factors involved in its multiplication and behaviour .
spread of a migratory locust plague in madagascar . pp . 242 . in :
plague and recession periods of the desert locust and of the malagasy migratory locust , 1880 - 2000 .
price re & brown hd ( 1992 ) . incubation and overwintering in the egg stage of the african migratory locust on the highveld of south africa .
the responses of the african migratory locust locusta migratoria migratorioides r . & f . to the chemical composition of the soil at oviposition . - pubmed - ncbi
migratory locust is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .
recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . are preventative actions possible ?
5 ) the organisation may , subject to prior approval by the council , extend its operations to any other outbreak areas of the african migratory locust that may be recognized .
( c ) investigation of the conditions of life and of the habits of the african migratory locust , in order to define the factors determining the multiplication and phase transformations .
are preventive actions possible ? recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . . .
, the most important and widely distributed sub - species of migratory locust in caucasus and central asia .
( pdf ) recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . are preventative actions possible ?
( 1 ) the council shall undertake research on the african migratory locust and determine adequate methods for its control ; for these purposes it may employ such persons or organizations as it may choose .
economic importance : at low population densities , the migratory locust is a minor pest . although permanently solitariform in the eastern mediterranean , the behavior of occasional crowded populations is reminiscent of its gregariform subspecies , the african migratory locust , locusta migratoria migratorioides ( reiche and fairmaire ) , with which it can hybridize .
descamps , m . , mezzadri , d . : preliminary study of a focus of gregarization of the african migratory locust in the sudan area ( sikasso region , mali ) [ in french ] . locusta
convention regarding the supervision and preventive control of the african migratory locust , paris , may 15 , 1952 . cmd . 8820 . ( london : h . m . s . o . , 1952 . )
1 ) an international administrative council for the surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the
council
) is hereby established consisting of representatives designated by the contracting governments .
the convention on migratory species ( the bonn convention ) which provides for agreements between states to co - operate on the protection of species such as migratory raptors and waterbirds .
3 . east african region—ethiopia , djibouti , somali republic , sudan , kenya , tanzania and uganda .
a service provided by the locust and other migratory pests group to monitor the world - wide locust situation and keep affected countries and donors informed of expected developments .
1 ) the organisation shall exercise continuous surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust in the outbreak area already recognized on the niger . such control operations shall include in particular the destruction of all concentrations of this locust which threaten to develop into incipient bands and swarms .
our research group uses two different species of migratory locusts : the european migratory locust locusta migratoria and the african schistocerca gregaria . both are quite big animals with easily accessible neuromuscular structures . they are simple to handle and to breed and can be easily stimulated to move . due to the animals ' size their observation does not require considerable implementations .
predation impact of cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) on migratory locust ( locusta migratoria capito ) and red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) in south and southwest regions of madagascar .
( 1 ) an international administrative council for the supervision and preventive control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the
council
) is hereby established consisting of representatives designated by the contracting governments or the participating authorities , or both .
summary of provisions : ( a ) an international african locust organization ( art . 1 ) and an international administrative council for the surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust established ( art . 2 ) ; ( b ) the organization to maintain constant surveillance and control in the recognized outbreak area on the niger , to undertake research into the ecology of the locust and to develop the most economical methods of control ( art . 3 ) .
by this convention there is established an organisation called “the international african locust organisation
or in french
l ' organisation internationale contre le criquet migrateur africain
.
proceedings of the 10th sarccus subcommittee for migratory pest control , windhoek , namibia 2 - 6 june 1997 .
this presentation about wild locust ( migratory locust ) . this ppt discuss the topic about taxonomy , life stages , life history , damage and controls contact email : mzeeshan _ 93 @ urltoken
( 3 ) at the request of any participating authority whose territory is affected by the spreading beyond the outbreak areas of an invasion of the african migratory locust , the council shall assist in any measures that may become necessary for the destruction of swarms at the earliest possible stage .
. some pictures of the recent migratory locust invasion in madagascar . swarms : a , b , c d , f ( photos m . lecoq ) and
proceedings of the 7th sarccus subcommitteee for migratory pest control , mbabane , swaziland . 6 - 9th june , 1994 .
. nationality , south african . schooling , durban and pretoria , qualifications : b . sc ( hons ) degree , rhodes university , grahamstown ( 1955 ) ; d . sc degree , university of stellenbosch ( 1964 ) . lifelong career as entomologist , specialising in locust and grasshopper research . internationally known acridologist specialising in southern african and madagascar locust management problems .
5 . west african region—chad , dahomey , cameroun , gambia , ivory coast , mali , mauritania , niger , senegal and upper volta .
native to australia , the migratory locust is a large , heavily built insect . its colour ranges from green or brown when solitary to straw - coloured when swarming .
barnes , o . l . : effects of food plants on the lesser migratory grasshopper . j . econ . ent .
there are three other plague species of locust in africa south of the sahara : the african migratory locust , the red locust and the brown locust . all these species have one important difference in common from the desert locust . whereas the desert locust can form large populations leading to plagues in several geographically separate parts of its distribution , the other african species have been shown to have more restricted outbreak areas . this knowledge has been used to prevent further plagues in the first two species by siting control organisations in or near the outbreak areas . these organisations have kept populations small and restricted . figure 7 compares the annual fluctuations in the number of countries infested from 18871 970 .
( 2 ) the council shall exercise supervision and preventive control in outbreak areas already recognized or which will be recognized ; for this purpose one or more international services for the control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the
services
) shall be created under the direction of the council .
migratory locusts are the world’s most widespread locust species , and are found throughout africa , asia and australia . in australia , they are found primarily in queensland’s central highlands , though smaller populations are found as far south as northern new south wales . swarms of migratory locusts damage pasture and crops .
owing to the seasonal nature of locust outbreaks , control is undertaken by temporary staff . the low human population density , unoccupied farms and a vast breeding area of a quarter million square kilometres contribute to the fact that locusts can breed and mature unnoticed . furthermore , the development of irrigation areas close to the traditional breeding grounds of the brown locust and the african migratory locust has created a situation in which crop farmers also have problems with locust swarms .
the migratory locust is the most widespread locust species . they use to be common in europe but have died out and are currently found in africa , asia and australia . migratory locusts go through two phases : the solitary phase and the migratory phase . solitary larvae are green or brown and adults are brown with green markings , depending on the vegetation it feeds on . its wings are completely transparent . they often seek heated areas and colonize in steppes and savannahs with little or no tree cover . when stimulated , they change to the migratory phase . gregarious ( or migratory ) larvae are yellow with orange colors on their body covered by black spots . as adults they are brownish with yellow markings and are smaller than the solitary adults .
although the desert locust is considered to be the most important species of locust due to its ability to migrate over large distances and rapidly increase its numbers , there are several other important species of locusts throughout the world : ◦ african migratory locust ( locusta migratoria migratorioides ) - africa ; ◦ oriental migratory locust ( locusta migratoria manilensis ) - south - east asia ; ◦ red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) - eastern africa ; ◦ brown locust ( locustana pardalina ) - southern africa ; ◦ italian locust ( calliptamus italicus ) , from western europe to central asia ; ◦ moroccan locust ( dociostaurus maroccanus ) - north - west africa to asia ; ◦ bombay locust ( nomadacris succincta ) - south - west to south - east asia ; ◦ australian plague locust ( chortoicetes terminifera ) - australia ; ◦ tree locusts ( anacridium sp . ) - africa , mediterranean , near east .
there are 7 permanent habitat areas of migratory locust in the russian federation and in central asia countries , and the most active are balkhash - alakol lakes , amu darya river and , more recently northern caspian and dagestan regions . the migratory locust is a rather strict oligophagous , preferring wild grasses ( e . g . reed , couch - grass ) .
served as founder member on the southern african migratory pest control subcommittee of sadc / sarccus ( 1970 - 1997 ) . associate member transvaal museum ( 1987 - ) . since 1995 serving on fao pesticide referee group meetings in rome . technical advisor on locust trial protocols to the registrar of agricultural remedies ( act 36 / 1947 ) and scientific advisor on locust policy committee to the south african and mozambican national departments of agriculture and fisheries . invited guest speaker on numerous occasions at congresses , seminars and regional organisations like sadc / sarccus .
the main migrant pests which threaten food crops , are three species of locusts ( brown locust , african migratory locust , and red locust ) , a moth caterpillar - the african armyworm , and red - billed quelea birds . control of these pests before they become a serious problem is the major management strategy . another is to establish the current distribution and pest status , especially in the case of armyworm where the sudden appearance , rapid development and disappearance of the insect calls for quick action , so that the necessary preventive action can be taken immediately . effective cross - border communication is vital to containing outbreaks .
krall s ( 1994 ) importance of locusts and grasshoppers for african agriculture and methods for determining crop losses . in krall s , wilps h ( eds ) new trends in locust control . roßdorf : tz - verl - ges
waloff z ( 1976 ) some temporal characteristics of desert locust plagues . anti - locust memoir no . 13 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk .
bullen ft ( 1969 ) the distnbution of the damage potential of the desert locust ( schistocerca gregaria forsk ) j . anti - locust memoir 10 , anti - locust research centre , london
the israeli migratory locust population is similar to another population that is established in irrigated localities in central arabia . solitariform l . migratoria may occur in low numbers on field crops and grasses during summer and autumn in israel , disappearing in winter .
waloff , z . : the upsurges and recessions of the desert locust plague : an historical survey . anti - locust mem .
waloff z ( 1966 ) the upsurges and recessions of the desert locust plague : an historical survey . anti - locust memoir no . 8 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk .
south africa ' s international obligations stem , in the first instance , from its responsibility to neighbouring states . swarms of migratory locusts , particularly the brown locust , are endemic to the arid regions of south africa and could cause crop and pasture losses in neighbouring states . should such a situation occur , south africa would have no alternative but to take preventative measures in the interest of maintaining its relations and fostering economic co - operation with other southern african countries .
few studies have examined the impacts of anti - locust insecticides on the african environment . however , it has been ascertained through studies in mali , sudan , morocco , and senegal that have determined that terrestrial and aquatic life could , depending on the insecticide , be adversely affected .
provincial conservation authorities and departments of agriculture must assist with the management of the locust problem by monitoring and reporting locust outbreaks within their regions .
krall s . , herok c . ( 1997 ) economics of desert locust control . in : new strategies in locust control . birkhäuser basel
( en ) since 1997 , madagascar suffers from a major invasion of the migratory locust that developed from the outbreak area located in the southwest of the country . significant outbreaks of the red locust also required many control measures . since 1998 the responsibility of the control operations was transferred from the department of plant protection to the
national committee for locust control
. . . [ show full abstract ]
north african winter . a cold 1988 - 1989 winter in north africa stopped the expected eastward movement of swarms along the mediterranean coast before they could turn south with northerly spring winds to the breeding areas of the northern sahel .
locust control in africa has been the focus of considerable controversy over the last 15 yean . many aspects were called into question following the last large plagues of 1987 - 88 ( desert locust ) and 1996 - 2000 ( malagasy migratory locust ) , starting with the hitherto recommended preventive strategy , along with the environmental impact of insecticides used , and even the real socioeconomic . . . [ show full abstract ]
migratory locust is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .
showler , a . t . 1995a . desert locust control , public health , and environmental sustainability in north africa , pp . 217 - 239 . in w . d . swearingen & a . bencherifa [ eds . ] , the north african environment at risk . westview press , boulder , co .
the group termed
migratory locusts
consists of only about 10 species within the 20000 species of locusts worldwide . so they comprise only a small minority of locusts , but of course an important one .
the term
migratory locust
does not indicate a systematic but a biological description . consequently , a great variety of more or less related species were labelled with this term . the common denominator of these species is their ability to form large swarms and to override large distances .
4 ) the organisation may also be entrusted with surveillance , research and preventive control relating to all other species of migratory acrididae of which bands or swarms may be formed in the outbreak area on the niger .
heifetz , y . , applebaum , s . w . , and popov , g . b . 1994 . phase characteristics of the israeli population of the migratory locust , locusta migratoria ( l . ) ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . journal of orthoptera research 2 : 15 - 20 .
table 2 : year wise locust upsurge data of india from 1963 to 2012 .
accepted scientific research methodology must be adhered to in locust - control research programmes .
monitoring of the locust situation should be done by all states within the sadc .
brown hd & kieser me ( 1997 ) . locust control with deltamethrin . in
diallo d . ( eds ) . new strategies in locust control . birkhäuser ,
joffe s . 1995 . desert locust management : a time for change . world
peveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust
popov g . b . 1997 . atlas of desert locust breeding habitats . food
ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust control . birkhäuser ,
( serville ) , in tanganyika and northern rhodesia . anti - locust bull .
the discovery of ‘outbreak areas’ of several species of locusts , and the influence of these discoveries on the setting up and organization of preventive control , have been described by uvarov 1 . for the african migratory locust , locusta migratoria migratorioides ( r . and f . ) , the outbreak area , first indicated by lean 2 , was defined in detail at the fifth international anti - locust conference 3 in 1938 . it has since been assumed that outbreaks of this species originate in this circumscribed area in which both population - increases and phase - transformation occur . on the basis of this information , a permanent international preventive control organization was formed 4 .
known for introducing innovative field management technologies for locust control in southern africa , compatible with global priorities . has field experience with 5 locusts ( ie . brown locust ,
locust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of the ministry of agriculture in locust affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units . there are also several regional locust organizations that assist with survey and control operations . during times of outbreaks and plagues , external assistance from the donor community and other international organizations is usually required .
solitarious adult occur at low density or individually , starts flying after dusk on warm evening and can migrate long distances during night . during day time they fly or flush only when disturbed and fly low , settle quickly , eats it own weight of food per day ( about 2 . 5 gm ) and are generally bigger than its gregarious counterparts . the desert locust has no fixed or static outbreak area where a swarming population can be observed and controlled , as in the case of the red locust and the african migratory locust . on the contrary , the desert locust is able to breed , when suitable conditions prevail , in any part of its distribution area . the desert locust is one of the most difficult insects to control on a national basis due to the vastness of its distribution area , pronounced adaptability to utilize wide range of environmental conditions , migratory nature and the potential ability of swarms to fly thousands of kilometers , and the speed at which they can move from one part to another . thus the presence of swarms in any country is a threat to other countries , even though these countries may be thousands of kilometers away from the source of invasion . this fact calls for the importance of international cooperation in desert locust control .
regular outbreaks of migrant pests annually threaten the food security of the member countries of the southern african development community ( sadc ) , such as angola , botswana , drc , lesotho , namibia , malawi , mozambique , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia and zimbabwe .
a gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria .
desert locust threat in the sahel 2012 - informal donors ' meeting presentatio . . .
parties involved in locust control can be held liable for damage caused by control operations .
steedman a ( ed ) ( 1990 ) locust handbook . chatham : natural resources institute
fao . 1994 . desert locust guidelines ( five volumes ) . rome : fao .
ferent from that of the desert locust ( fig . 2 ) ( see lecoq 1995
krall s . , wilps h . 1994 . new trends in locust control . deutsche
roffey , j . : the build up of the present desert locust plague . pans
the desert locust remains a major threat for food safety and social stability , in particular for many rural populations living from an agriculture at high climatic risk . to control the invasions represents a high cost for the affected countries , the international community and a threat for the environment . fao and its locust and others migratory pests group play , at the international level , an . . . [ show full abstract ]
has worked in the field in 13 different african countries and additionally in madagascar . 40 publications to date , encompassing taxonomy , biology , ecology , chemical control , product evaluation , alternative control strategies ( baiting & use of bio - insecticides ) , mapping and forecasting locust outbreaks . technology transfer and dissemination of locust management information carried out on behalf of fao , sadc / sarccus , usaid , gtz and danida international organisations , serving as training facilitator in botswana , mozambique and namibia . has carried out consultancies for botswana , namibia , south african and malagasy governments together with numerous multi - national chemical companies . earlier experience for doctoral project included biological control and integrated pest management of wheat aphids in cereal crops in the free state province .
competing pressures . outbreaks of the senegalese grasshopper across the sahel compounded the challenges posed by the desert locust plague . the sahel is periodically threatened by drought and pests , and conservation of its subsistence agriculture was imperative . similarly , north african national economies depend heavily on agricultural production ; the locust plague placed their subsistence and valuable export crops at risk . also , because north africa did not harbor major breeding areas , efforts were aimed at crop protection there .
control in north africa . swarms were controlled in north africa before they could breed and move on to the sahel . north african countries had more resources for locust control than most other locust affected countries and did not experience simultaneous grasshopper outbreaks . in the fall of 1988 alone , about one million ha were sprayed in morocco ; by november up to 81 , 0000 ha were being treated per day . algerian and tunisian control operations eliminated those swarms that escaped .
locust swarm in southern spain , autumn 2004 . picture provided by alvaro molina , spain .
symmons p ( 1992 ) strategies to combat the desert locust . crop protection 11 : 206–212
fao 1968 . desert locust project . final report . report no . fao / sf :
herok c . a . , krall s . 1995 . economics of desert locust control .
management of the desert locust . pp . 19 . in : aaai ( ed . )
strategy for the control of the desert locust . pp . 467 - 473 . in :
( 2 ) the authorities of any other territory in africa affected by the african migratory locust may be invited jointly by the signatory governments to become a participating authority by an invitation addressed through the diplomatic channel to the government responsible for the international relations of the said territory . if the said government accepts the invitation , it shall accede to the present convention so far as concerns the aforesaid territory by means of a notification addressed to the government of the french republic and the said government shall become a party to the present convention and the appropriate authorities of the aforementioned territory shall become a participating authority as from the date of receipt of that notification .
a pronounced desert locust outbreak began in late 1992 along the red sea coastal plains of sudan and eritrea following several years of drought . swarms that escaped control moved across the red sea to the tihama region of yemen and saudi arabia where breeding conditions also were favorable . during the next three months , desert locust populations increased on both sides of the red sea coast and swarms then moved to southeastern egypt . swarms from the red sea coastal lowlands moved to and bred in saudi arabia ' s interior . in may and june , 1993 , locust populations in eritrea , sudan , and yemen developed into a serious outbreak , and swarms from sudan ' s coast moved to the interior of that country where breeding continued . to complicate matters , there were concurrent outbreaks of african migratory locusts in ethiopia and northern somalia , and tree locusts in sudan and eritrea .
price re & brown hd ( 1997 ) . locust control by means of selective baiting . in
brown hd ( 1997 ) . the reappearance of the red locust in southern africa during 1996 .
there are basically four approaches to locust control , not all of which are desirable or practical .
in : krall s . , wilps h . ( eds ) new trends in locust control :
krall s . , herok c . , 1997 . economics of desert locust control . pp .
krall s . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . 1997 . new strategies in locust
s . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust
symmons p . 1997 . desert locust control strategies . pp . 445 - 452 . in :
rainey rc ( 1963 ) meteorology and the migration of desert locusts . applications of synoptic meteorology in locust control . anti - locust memoir no . 7 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk , and wmo technical note . no . 54 . world meteorological organization , geneva , switzerland .
figure 1 : the invasion and recession areas of the desert locust ( after waloff , 1966 ) .
krall s . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust
desert locust threat to agricultural development and food security and fao / international role in its . . .
uvarov bp ( 1937 ) biological and ecological basis of locust phases and their practical application . proceedings 4th international locust conference , cairo , 1936 , appendix 7 . government press , bulâq , cairo , egypt .
2 . 6 any person who executes locust control must be in possession of a certificate issued by the national department of agriculture , which certifies that he / she has successfully completed a course in locust control .
locust swarms can vary from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres . there can be at least 40 million and sometimes as many as 80 million locust adults in each square kilometre of swarm .
the migratory locust is mainly graminivorous , occupying the grass cover near the ground . river , lake and sea banks with plantings of reeds and sedges , particularly phragmites communis , form its main habitat . such regions are often surrounded by steppe and desert areas . most outbreak areas are in the deltas of rivers flowing into the black , caspian and aral seas and into lake balkash , the danube delta being the most westerly one for this sub - species . it is known to fly at night . most migratory flights are local and oviposition takes place in same general area but occasionally , depending on weather conditions , massive movement of swarms occurs , spreading over hundreds of kilometres into the surrounding territories .
tsyplenkov e . p . 1970 . locust pests in the ussr . leningrad : kolos . 272 pp .
locust control should support sustainable agriculture and therefore take into account the environment , human resources and economic constraints .
decisions on locust - management procedures must be made as close as possible to the beneficiaries and affected parties .
fig . 1 . distribution range of desert locust : green = recession area , yellow = outbreak area .
studies on insect growth regulators for locust control , especially diflubenzuron ( dimilin ) , are being carried out .
gunn , d . l . : the biological background of locust control . ann . rev . ent .
vesey - fitzgerald , d . f . : the vegetation of the outbreak areas of the red locust ,
there have been attempts to characterize crop losses due to locusts on national or regional levels based upon hard cash harvest profits , then to arrive at the conclusion that losses are not important enough to warrant control operations . analysis of cash economics , however , is incomplete without reflecting upon the inestimable value of the subsistence farmer and the subsistence agrarian society , ramifications of damage to pastureland and fodder ( e . g . , defoliation of fodder trees ) , and the expense of additional food aid from the international donor community . care must also be taken to avoid separating the cost of locust damage from other factors that are often associated with , or even linked to , locust inflicted injury . such factors ( e . g . , drought , striga , stalkborers , grasshoppers , concurrent outbreaks of other locusts [ e . g . , african migratory , tree , and moroccan locusts ] , armyworm , and quelea birds ) compound or are compounded by locust damage ( showler 1995c ) .
a general descriptive chronology of locust movements is presented ( it is too cumbersome to provide such a chronology for the 1986 - 1989 plague ) in the following paragraphs to illustrate some ways in which locust population dynamics work .
according to article 8 of the agricultural pests act of 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) , the minister of agriculture can , with funding provided by parliament , adopt certain measures to control migratory locusts , hoppers and eggs . the minister delegated these functions to officials in his department in 1985 .
the agricultural pests act , 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) should be reviewed and amended in order to facilitate the implementation of the proposed policy , enable the publication of control measures ( annexure a ) , and incorporate the control of other migratory pests to give protection to all relevant parties .
controlling desert locust outbreaks and plagues with insecticides can , of course , pose environmental hazards . in particular , reactive campaigns are neither economically desirable nor environmentally advisable . insecticide applications occur throughout a gradient of ecosystems : xeric desert , lush coastal hills , fertile mediterranean flatlands , wetlands , islands , mountains , steppes , wadis ( riverbeds ) , and oases . habitat destruction for african flora and fauna from overgrazing , deforestation , and other unsustainable practices has caused ecological disruption that could be compounded by massive emergency insecticide applications . some environments are particularly vulnerable to the introduction of toxins , especially coastal wetlands , wadis , and oases which provide critical habitats for migratory avian species in addition to more stationary indigenous species . wildlife is at risk because it cannot be excluded from sprayed areas .
11 . it may also be noted that after the upsurge of 1978 the frequency of upsurges is declining and the period when the desert locust population did not increase to such level as to warrant any control increasing from 1 year to seven years . the upsurges during 1986 to 1990 , 1993 and in 1997 may have developed from swarm incursion from the west when the desert locust infestations were present in middle east and african countries and that india lies on the last lag of eastern breeding ground . these upsurges were promptly controlled by using organo - chlorine and organo - phosphate insecticides .
aelga ' s regional training courses generally involve an appropriate mixture of foreign ( non - african instructors ) and african experts to teach trainees from a variety of countries in a particular region . for example , in the fall of 1995 , aelga held a regional training with the international center for insect physiology and ecology ( icipe ) in nairobi , kenya , for two scientists from each of the following countries : egypt , tanzania , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , somalia , uganda , yemen , and sudan . the course , on how to explore for , isolate , characterize , rear , formulate , and develop regulations for biological control agents , involved trainers from canada , the usa , kenya , and icipe .
a gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria . | journal of experimental biology
management of the locust problem must be transparent and the parties involved in the management process must be held accountable .
driver supervisors must attend the official training programme before they may be employed for the locust - control programme . only pesticides registered under act no . 36 of 1947 and approved application equipment are used for locust - control operations .
the commando or a similar system must be maintained and upgraded according to policy guidelines for controlling the locust problem .
regional depots should be autonomous regarding the technology and administration at their disposal to implement effective locust - control measures .
desert locust forecasting . pp . 27 - 36 . in : krall s . , peveling r . , ba
ill - defined responsibilities . some sahelian countries showed little capacity for intervening in their remote northern breeding areas , arguing that breeding did not immediately threaten their own crops . such breeding , however , did pose an immediate threat to neighboring countries . adjacent countries , however , usually were not allowed to conduct cross - border survey and control operations . in particular , north african concerns for their high value cash crops arose from vulnerability to locust invasions emanating from breeding areas in the sahel .
the current role of organised agriculture is limited to the nomination of three individuals in a locust district , of whom one is appointed by the executive officer as district locust control officer ( dlco ) for a period of three years .
the national monitoring system and database regarding the occurrence of locusts and size of swarms in south africa are managed by the district locust - control officers . the information collected is analysed in south africa by the plant protection research institute of the agricultural research council and sent to neighbouring states within the southern african development community ( sadc ) . an early warning system is being developed jointly by the university of the witwatersrand and the institute for climate , soil and water of the agricultural research council .
as a rule , the migration of l . migratoria is more limited than that of the desert locust , schistocerca gregaria ( forskal ) . isolated migratory locusts fly at night , whereas crowded adults fly mainly by day . isolated locusts have 1 - 2 more larval instars than individuals in crowded populations , but this does not prolong their development , which is more rapid than when crowded . in consequence locusts in crowded populations raise fewer generations .
- food security program in madagascar ) . this map of the southern part of the island depicts areas that received locust
nymph bands are the best targets for ground spraying using agricultural chemicals . migratory locusts readily form nymph bands , which can best be seen early morning and late afternoon from the air or from raised areas . large nymph bands can be sprayed with boom sprays . isolated and small areas can be sprayed using misting machines or knapsack sprayers .
one of the two major forms of migratory locusts . the swarms can only form into a swarm when the animals are in their
gregarious
phase . normally , the locusts live
solitarily
and only meet by accident or when searching a mate . but certain conditions lead to an outbreak and a formation of such large swa
other countries do not pass on timely information about locust activities . in most cases , cross border operations are not permitted . for example , it is very unlikely that mali or niger would allow the crop protection service of algeria to operate within their border ( though this has occurred nonetheless when algeria conducted control operations just inside the malian border during the 1986 - 1989 plague . one the other hand , regional locust survey and control organizations are allowed to operate wherever they are invited ( within their mandate countries ) . the force maghrebine , composed of north african and mauritanian teams , has carried out survey and control in mali .
one of the mandates of the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) of the united nations is to provide information on the general locust situation to all interested countries and to give timely warnings and forecasts to those countries in danger of invasion . therefore , fao operates a centralized desert locust information service within the locust group at fao headquarters , rome , italy . all locust affected countries transmit locust data to fao who in turn analyze this information in conjunction with weather and habitat data and satellite imagery in order to assess the current locust situation , provide forecasts up to six weeks in advance and issue warnings on an ad - hoc basis . fao prepares monthly bulletins and periodic updates summarizing the locust situation and forecasting migration and breeding on a country by country basis . these are distributed by email , fax , and post . all locust information is archived at fao headquarters and some of this is available on the internet . furthermore , fao provides training and prepares publications on various aspects of locusts . fao undertakes field assessment missions and coordinates survey and control operations as well as assistance during locust plagues .
the sterile insect technique has successfully eradicated tse - tse fly from zanzibar and successfully applied against a number of other fruit fly , moth and screwworm pests . this technology could not be applied for desert locust control due to the life cycle of the desert locust , its vast breeding ground areas and its ability to migrate long distances . the biopesticide developed from entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium acridum used for desert locust particularly hopper control in africa and australia has not been used in india for locust control .
you are going to email the following a gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria .
b ) to invite any individual or representative of an anti - locust research organisation to attend its meetings as a consultant .
magor ji , ceccato p , dobson h . m , pender j , ritchie l et al . ( 2007 ) preparedness to prevent desert locust plagues in the central region : an historical review . desert locust technical series , no . 35 .
locust outbreaks must be reported in accordance with the agricultural pests act , 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) .
although the national department of agriculture has a responsibility in terms of locust control , it remains the responsibility of the land user to report locust concentrations and to be of assistance during control operations , as stipulated by act no . 36 of 1983 .
all parties must participate in controlling the locust problem to avoid conflict between agriculturists and the general public or the conservation community .
gunn , d . l . , symmons , p . m . : forcasting locust outbreaks . nature ( lond . )
with or without national or regional control organizations , outbreaks became less frequent in many regions or disappeared altogether , because agricultural development destroyed the locusts ' breeding habitats . in china , this breeding habitat was eliminated after a massive engineering scheme to reclaim the flood plain between the yellow and yangtze rivers for irrigated cropping ( chen et al . , 1981 ; farrow , 1984 ) . however , routine monitoring of this region for migratory locust is still carried out . in southern mindanao , transmigration and the development of multi - cropping systems also led to the demise of the grassland habitats of migratory locust in cotobato ( roffey , 1972 ; farrow , 1974a ) . similar developments occurred in other areas , like the central niger flood plain and the deltas of the volga and danube rivers . nevertheless , outbreaks of l . migratoria have continued to arise unpredictably at widely separated locations as a result of other human activities that encourage the formation of grasslands .
plagues of desert locust , schistocerca gregaria ( förskal ) , have been recognized as a threat to agricultural production in africa and western asia for thousands of years . locust scourges are referred to in the christian bible and the islamic koran , and in some places , locust plagues have been held responsible for epidemics of human pathogens , such as cholera ( this is because of the massive quantities of decomposing locust cadavers that would accumulate on beaches after swarms flew out to sea and drowned ) . published accounts of locust invasions in north africa date back to about ad 811 , but more precise records were apparently not kept until the twentieth century ( showler 1993 ) . since then , it is known that desert locust plagues have occurred sporadically up until the present .
. . . most recent largescale outbreaks of it occurred in 1986 - 1989 and in 2003 - 2005 , mostly on the african continent [ 4 ] . current locust control operations are mainly based on organophosphorus pesticides as a result of the banning of organochlorines [ 5 ] . the widespread use of such synthetic pesticides has considerable drawbacks , such as the development of insect resistance to insecticides , increased costs , handling hazards , concerns about insecticide residues , and great threats to both human and environmental health [ 6 ] . . . .
a locust outbreak or upsurge is the vaguely defined transition from the innocuous solitary phase to the plague stage which can be localized or cross - regional . during plagues , locust swarms and bands are found on an interregional scale and originate from a number of breeding areas as part of a widespread but interrelated locust breeding and migrating dynamic that can continue for years ( showler 1995b ) .
5 . information on desert locust migration was not made available to neighboring countries as most of them were not on good terms .
this document should be used by all interested parties as the accepted policy for the management of the locust problem in south africa .
herok c . krall s ( 1995 ) economics of desert locust control . roßdorf : tz - verl - ges , 70 pp
a - countries where locust survey and / or control were limited by armed conflict . b - some areas inaccessible because of land mines . c - eritrea was not independent from ethiopia in the 1980s . d - locust invasions occurred but were not sprayed .
chitin is the most important constituent of the cuticle or exoskeleton of the desert locust . the production of chitin is a continuous process and increases throughout the life of a desert locust , varying from about 1 . 7 % ( of fresh weight of a locust ) during the hopper stage to 2 . 2 % in the young adult and 4 % in a two month old adult .
the red locust is found in the sahara desert in africa . they are also known as the ' criquet nomade ' because of its seasonal movement and called the red locust because of the color of its hind wings . the overall color of the red locust is beige and brown . they are never green . red locusts have several clear brown bands on its body . often mistaken for the bird locust , they seek moisture rich environments in seasonal flood plains and grassy lowlands . during swarming , they slowly fly with the wind during daylight hours . the female red locust can produce 70 - 90 eggs that are laid at night in sandy soil .
during pre - independence days , each of the princely states and provinces in india had a different administrative set up of its own and it was not possible to put up a common front against locust . there was no coordinated policy or a central coordination organization to destroy locusts , though sporadic attempts were made in restricted areas in a few states or provinces . there was no joint or concerted anti - locust action by all concerned and heavy losses to crops and other vegetation , leading or contributing to serious famines resulted . following the desert locust plague of 1926 - 31 the imperial council of agricultural research sponsored a scheme of research on the desert locust in 1931 . after the termination of the locust scheme in 1939 , the govt . of india established a permanent locust warning organisation with a nucleus staff under the supervision of the then imperial entomologist to the govt . of india . the main functions of the then locust warning organisation were to survey the locust habitats in the desert , issue warning to the states likely to be affected by locusts and to assist them in carrying out control operation in the event of the locust attack . locust control at that time was entirely the responsibility of the local governments even in the desert areas . in october 1946 , with the establishment of the directorate of plant protection , quarantine and storage under the ministry of agriculture , government of india , at new delhi , the locust warning organization was strengthened .
upsurges are periods in which a widespread and very large increase in locust numbers initiates contemporaneous outbreaks followed by two or more successive seasons of transiens - to - gregarious breeding that occupies an expanding area in complementary breeding areas in the same or neighbouring desert locust regions .
the cycles in which locust swarms occur in pest proportions vary between seven and 11 years ( average eight years ) . swarm - free seasons may , however , occur during this period . during the dormant periods , locust populations may , however , erupt sporadically .
the policy committee realises that locust control in south africa must be executed cost effectively , with dedication and in an environmentally responsible way .
lea , a . : natural regulation and artificical control of brown locust numbers . j . ent . soc . s . afr .
pedgley , d . e . , symmons , p . m . : weather and the locust upsurge . weather ( lond . )
simpson sj ( 1999 ) a behavioural analysis of phase change in the desert locust . biol rev camb philos soc 74 : 461 - 480
fao ( 2001d ) appendices by k cressman & hm dobson . desert locust guidelines , vol . 7 . fao , rome , italy .
van huis a ( 1994 ) can we combat the desert locust successfully0 proc seminar wageningen , netherlands , 6 - 11 dec 1993 . 11–17
pedgley , d . ( ed ) . 1981 . desert locust forecasting manual . london : centre for overseas pest research . 268 pp .
steedman , a . ( ed ) . 1990 . locust handbook ( 3rd edition ) . chatham : natural resources institute . 204 pp .
globally , about 64 countries representing 20 % of land surface ( approximately 30 million square kilometers ) is subject to ravages of the desert locust during plague period . during recession when desert locust population occurs at low densities infestation is confined to 16 million square kilometers arid areas in 30 countries of north africa , middle east and northwest india . these countries were subjected to periodical invasions of locust swarms which attacked almost all varieties of natural and cultivated vegetation often resulting in famines and immense economic losses . locust invasions are dramatic , sudden , cover large areas in a short period and almost all green in their path is destroyed . it is the destructive potential which is dreaded as locusts come so suddenly in such large numbers and swarm across international boundaries and due to this reason locust invasion attract so much public attention and cause international concern . locusts are invertebrate animals with highly migratory habits , marked polymorphism and voracious feeding behavior . they are able to take rapid advantage of the climate and geography can survive in temperature range from 0 degree to 60 degree and can speed up or slow down their life cycle .
a service provided by the plant production and protection division ( agp ) to monitor locust situations in caucasus and central asia and keep partners informed .
a desert locust swarm can be 460 square miles in size and pack between 40 and 80 million locusts into less than half a square mile .


protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse .

it was roughly the size of a modern donkey .

fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the late miocene and early pliocene , from about 14 ma to 6 ma .

analysis of protohippus '' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus calippus .

species include : p. vetus p. perditus p. supremus ( also p. simus ) p. gidleyi

protohippus

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late 19th century ; earliest use found in proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . from scientific latin protohippus from proto - + ancient greek ἵππος horse .
a genus of three - toed quadrupeds related to the ancestors of the modern horse , known from north american fossil remains of the late miocene and early pliocene epochs ; ( also protohippus ) an animal of this genus .
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gidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y pliometanastes sp .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y dinohippus mexicanus ( lance , 1950 ) .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y el xenarthra , megalonychidae , pliometanastes cf .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y los xenarthra , pampatheriidae , scirrohterium sp .
( mammalia , perissodacfyla , equidae ) from the miocene ( barstovian - early hemphillian ) of the gulf coastal plain .
primer registro fosil de pliometanastes sp . ( mammalia , xenarthra , megalonychidae ) para el mioceno superior de costa rica , america central . una nueva pista en la comprension del pre - gabi
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full reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89
a genus of fossil horses from the lower pliocene . they had three toes on each foot , the lateral ones being small


the dsinezumi shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , also known as the japanese white-toothed shrew , is a species of musk shrew found in japan and on korea 's jeju island .

it is widespread , and considered to be of " least concern " by the iucn .

there has been a successful effort to breed c. dsinezumi as a laboratory animal .

dsinezumi shrew

the domestication of crocidura dsinezumi as a new laboratory animal . - pubmed - ncbi
manuel ruedi , tiziano maddalena , peter vogel , y . obara ; systematic and biogeographic relationships of the japanese white - toothed shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 74 , issue 3 , 20 august 1993 , pages 535–543 , urltoken
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dsinezumi shrew
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the dsinezumi shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , a small insectivore , has been bred for the first time as a laboratory animal . the original animals were captured using sherman ' s live traps and transferred into wooden cages . after several generations they were housed in plastic cages . their diet consisted of trout pellets , cat food , and water provided ad libitum . monogamous pairs were housed together for 2 - 3 weeks for mating , and the male was separated from the female during delivery and nursing . in captivity , the reproductive activity was observed throughout the year and the gestation period was estimated at 28 - 30 days with a litter size of between 1 and 4 pups . pups grew very rapidly , and reached adult body size ( mean : male , 9 . 7 g ; female , 8 . 3 g ) and sexual maturation at 6 - 8 weeks of age . the reproductive life was estimated at one and a half years , while the longevity was approximately 2 years .
comments : the spelling of the name was clarified by corbet ( 1978b ) and motokawa ( 1999 ) ; dsinezumi was placed on the official list of specific names ; see the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( 1983 ) . includes chisai , but not quelpartis and orii ; see corbet ( 1978c ) and iwasa et al . ( 2001 ) . the taxon hosletti described by jameson and jones ( 1977 ) from taiwan is now included in c . shantungensis ( see jiang and hoffmann , 2001 ) . geographic variation of japanese populations studied by motok . . .
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justification : listed as least concern as the species is common and widespread , and there are no major threats .
this species is endemic to japan . it is found on honshu , shikoku , kyushu , mishima island , oki islands , sado island , izu islands , tane island , yaku island , nakanoshima island ( tokara islands ) , okinoshima island ( fukuoka prefecture ) and other small islands in japan . populations on hokkaido and cheju island ( republic of korea ) are introduced from northern honshu and northern kyushu , respectively ( ohdachi et al . 2004 ) . it occurs from sea level up to less than 1 , 000 m asl .
it is found along river banks , waterfronts , and in bushes around cultivated lands at low - lying elevations ( abe et al . 2005 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40627a115176222 .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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japan . honshu , shikoku , kyushu and several adjacent islands : sadogashima , awashima , oki islands , izu islands ( toshima , niijima , and shikinejima is . ) , mishima , goto islands , osumi islands ( yakushima , tanegashima , and kuchinoerabujima is . ) , tokara islands ( kuchinoshima and nakanoshima is .
river banks , bushes around cultivated fields in lowland and low montane regions ( < 1780m alt . )
cheju is . ( south korea ) . dna sequence data suggested that the origin of the cheju population is somewhere in western japan .
ohdachi et al . ( eds ) ( 2009 ) the wild mammals of japan . shokado , kyoto .
ohdachi et a . ( 2004 ) molecular phylogenetics of crocidura shrews ( insectivora ) in east and central asia . j mammal . 85 , 396 - 403 .
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ohno k 1 , niwa y , kato s , koyasu k , oda s , kondo k .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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acanthophila silvania is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in russia , where it is known only from the southern part of primorsky krai .

the wingspan is 11.5-12 mm .

the forewings are dark grey with a light grey oblique line at three-fourths of the wing length and four blackish spots , found at the middle and end of the cell , at one-fourth and at the middle of the anal fold .

there are also three spots at the middle of the wing .

these are edged by light scales .

the apex and termen are outlined by blackish scales at first , and by whitish scales further on .

the hindwings are grey .

acanthophila silvania

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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word silvania . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word silvania and , of course , silvania synonyms and on the right images related to the word silvania .
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sacullus with lobe on ventral margin at the middle . aedeagus with 3 cornuti : o
apices of right and left dorsal cornuti are level with one another ( figs 3 , 4 ) . .
euparal , m . ponomarenko ) , same locality , 15 , 21 . vii 1990
on the upper margin ; third segment with narrow whitish stroke on the upper margin .
the base of right cornuti . pair of right cornuti with common base , arising from near
ix and viii segments almost 2 times longer than length of papillae anales . papillae
vinculum , and by aedeagus with four cornuti in male genitalia . in female genitalia
shorter , needle - like and straight . lateral left cornutus slightly sinuous , thicker and
grey on outer and inner sides without whitish scales at the top of every segment .
[ tibet ] ) ; li , 2002 : 378 , fig . 429 ; pl
upper margin ; third segment dark grey basally only and whitish distally . thorax and
trudy an lithuanian ssr 2 ( 74 ) : 77 - 86 . ( in
, emel & apos ; yanov , i . m . 1984 . [ rev
in : karsholt , o . & razowski , j . ( eds ) .
in : wytsman , p . ( ed . ) . genera insectorum . bruxelles , 184 :
in : lerh , p . a . ( ed . ) . opredelitel’ nasekom
nauka publ . leningrad 4 ( 2 ) : 659 - 748 ( in russian ) .
. . . diagnosis . the wingspan 14 - 16 mm ; the forewing grey with longitudinal dark - grey strokes ; right cucullus with the strong sclerotized processes , arising from its outer 2 surface , and uncus evenly narrowed distally in the male genitalia ( figs 1 , 2 ) ; ovipositor short , viii sternite sclerotized beyond the ostium and signum emarginated on the anterior and posterior margins in the female genitalia ( figs 3 , 4 ) ( ponomarenko , 1989 ; 1999 ) . material . . . .
gelechiid fauna of baengnyeongdo , daecheongdo , and yeonpyeongdo in the west sea near north korea , wi . . .
in the faunistic survey on three islands ( baengnyeongdo , decheongdo , and yeonpyeongdo ) in the northern west sea of the korean peninsula , 37 species of gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) are recognized . of them , anarsia asymmetrodes park , sp . nov . and aristotelia nesiotatos park , sp . nov . are described as new to science and stenolechia kodamai okada is reported for the first time in korea .
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the tacarcuna wood quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) is a species of bird in the family odontophoridae .

it is found in colombia and panama .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

tacarcuna wood quail

nobody uploaded sound recordings for tacarcuna wood - quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) yet .
1994 ) . however , these threats are probably not yet factors within this species ' s altitudinal range . completion of the pan - american highway link through darién could lead to severe , long - term damage to forest on the tacarcuna ridge
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
24 cm . plump , brown - and - white forest partridge . brown upperparts vermiculated black . more buffy on hindneck . black crown and crest lightly spotted white . white supercilium , throat and chest with black band on lower throat . rest of underparts buff - brown mottled black .
the very small range of this species renders it susceptible to stochastic events and human activities , and hence the species qualifies as vulnerable .
the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation are not yet major issues in this species ' s altitudinal range ; therefore it is suspected that the population is stable within its small range .
map remaining habitat and assess the extent and rate of encroaching habitat loss . when the security situation permits , conduct a complete population and distributional survey to assess its status . study the species ' s habitat preferences . assess the impact of completion of the pan - american highway . improve active protection of darién national park . protect occupied habitat in colombia .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : odontophorus dialeucos . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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american ornithologists ' union ' s
list of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area
( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2005 . 05 . 23 , website ( version 23 - may - 05 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .