flat-backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , more commonly known as the flat-tailed tortoise , is a turtle that belongs to the testudinidae family .

the various common names for this small tortoise usually refer to the noticeably flattened nature of its oblong upper-shell or its tail .

the flat-backed spider tortoise is endemic to the west coast of madagascar , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers .

due to the specifications of its habitat , the flat-backed spider tortoise is classified as critically endangered on the iucn red list .

flat - backed spider tortoise

flat - backed spider tortoise , kapidolo , madagascar flat - shelled tortoise , malagasy flat - tailed tortoise .
flat - backed spider tortoise at philadelphia zoo . mark pellegrini | turtles | pinterest | tortoise , zoos and reptiles
the avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , near morondava , madagascar .
the avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , nera morondava , madagascar .
intro photo of a flat - backed spider tortoise by antony stanley on flickr ( creative commons attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ) .
the spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) is a species of tortoise in the testudinidae family .
the diet of the flat - shelled spider tortoise consists of fallen fruits from trees , and the shoots and leaves of bushes ( 4 ) .
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the pancake tortoise ( malacochersus tornieri ) is a flat - shelled tortoise native to tanzania and kenya . its name is derived from the flat shape of its shell . it is the only member of the genus malacochersus .
the madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is only found in the deciduous forests and woodlands of the south western coast of madigascar , and is one of the world ' s rarest tortoise species . it inhabits these same areas with it ' s only close relative , the malagasy spider tortoise , ( pyxis arachnoides ) . the climate in these tortoise ' s range can vary greatly from below 45 degrees f , to over 100 degrees f . at the extreme ends of these temperature ranges the tortoises become very inactive .
the flat - shelled spider tortoise has proven difficult to breed in captivity ( 2 ) . thus , creating an effective and sustainable captive - breeding programme to supply demand or to fuel reintroduction efforts would appear difficult . the flat - shelled spider tortoise was raised from appendix ii to appendix i of cites in 2003 , banning all international trade in wild - caught specimens ( 3 ) , which is thought to have been largely successful , although some illegal collection from the forest is still suspected to continue ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
during my research , it became clear to me that all of the tortoises that are endemic to madagascar are at risk of becoming extinct : the ploughshare , radiated , spider ( shown below ) , and flat - tailed species .
* remember , each tortoise order comes with a free starter sample of the same tortoise diet your tortoise has been raised on - to order larger quantities , see the lower left side of this page . *
this film introduces the precarious future of madagascar ' s unique turtles and tortoises and their habitats . it is a summary of the iucn red list meeting that took place in madagascar to reclassify all five of the endemic turtles and tortoises : the spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) , radiated tortoise ( astrochelys radiata ) , flat - tailed tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , and the madagascar big - headed turtle ( erymnochelys madagascariensis ) . included are interviews with many of the world ' s leading turtle and tortoise biologists : peter pritchard , jim juvik , rick hudson , anders rhodin , and russell mittermeier , to name a few .
when setting up madigascar spider tortoises , providing a humidity level above 70 % is recommended . also called the malagasy flat - tailed tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is a very shy and sensitive species . if keeping several spider tortoises together , special attention must be given to insure that enclosures provide sight line breaks as well as other opportunities to find separation , as this is an easily stressed species . a uvb basking area with temperatures in the low to upper 90s - at the opposite habitat end from a hide box containing high humidity ; and for adults , a clean water dish is important ; for juveniles , every other day soaking is the key . deeper substrate allows spider tortoises to dig in and hide easily . spider tortoises are very sensitive to exotic pathogens so keeping them separate from other species is a must .
as stated in david shukman ' s report , a ploughshare tortoise over 30 years old was offered for $ 37 , 900 , a 10 - year - old tortoise was priced at $ 14 , 200 and an 8 - month - old baby tortoise was $ 1400 .
the madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise ' s diet should contain : various , fruits and vegetables , dark leafy greens , dandelions , clover , and many keepers report mushrooms are a favorite . other favorites include : melons , berries , cactus and peppers . a calcium supplement is required , and cuttlefish bone is often provided as well . our juveniles are given a mix of pellets , greens , fruits and calcium supplement .
in 1777 , a radiated tortoise was given as a gift to to the royal family of the island nation of tonga by explorer james cook . this tortoise lived there for 188 years .
under law , the critically endangered spider tortoise is fairly well protected . it is a protected species in madagascar , which prohibits its consumption ( 2 ) , and its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) is supposed to prohibit any international commercial trade in this species ( 3 ) . the spider tortoise ' s occurrence in two protected areas ( lake tsimanampetsotsa national park and cap sainte - marie special reserve ) also offers its habitat some much needed protection ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the need for a specific conservation action plan has been raised , in addition to stricter measures to protect its habitat and education programmes to try and protect this tortoise from hunting ( 1 ) . these measures , in addition to ensuring that populations of all subspecies are represented within protected areas ( 1 ) , are essential if the long - term survival of the spider tortoise is to be assured .
the iucn red list of threatened species states the ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , also known as madagascar tortoise , angonoka , and madagascar angulated tortoise is
currently estimated to possibly be as low as 400 individuals , of which 200 adults ( g . pedrono pers . comm . , 2008 ) .
the greatest threats facing the pancake tortoise are habitat destruction and its over - exploitation by the pet trade .
juvenile madigascar flat shelled spider tortoises have striped patterns of black brown and yellow stripes on the tops and sides of their shells . adults ( reaching just over 5 inches ) develop variable , yet beautiful sunburst patterns of golden yellow extending out from the center of each dorsal scute . as personable as they are attractive , captive raised madigascar spider tortoises are captivating , and very rewarding to keep . this species ' status was evaluated and judged to be critically endangered . their forest habitat is disappearing at 4 - 5 % each year . add to this , intense pressure from interaction with man on several levels , and the future of madigascar spider tortoises in the wild is very bleak . many years of hard work by a few american breeders has paid off , making a handful of these fascinating little tortoises available to keepers .
the pancake tortoise has been bred in captivity and is now the subject of a coordinated breeding programme in european zoos .
. the species has a golden brown shell and skin . adults are much smaller than their relatives the asian forest tortoise (
leuteritz , t . & walker , r . ( madagascar tortoise and freshwater turtle red list workshop ) ( 2008 ) .
kirkpatrick , d . t . an overview of the natural history of the pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri ( february 2007 ) .
the bush pig , a swine species introduced by humans , and preys on both the eggs and young of the ploughshare tortoise .
banned the import of the pancake tortoise in 1988 , but trade with eu members continues , with several countries having reported importing the species .
young , r . p . , toto volahy , a . , bourou , r . , lewis , r . , durbin , j . and fa , j . e . ( 2008 ) estimating the population of the endangered flat - tailed tortoise pyxis planicauda in the deciduous , dry forest of western madagascar : a monitoring baseline . oryx , 42 ( 2 ) : 252 - 258 .
connor , m . j . ( 1992 ) pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri . tortuga gazette , 28 ( 11 ) : 1 - 3 .
original file name : flat - tailed _ tortoise _ pyxis _ planicanda _ 2390px . jpg resolution : 2390x1942 file size : 2483707 bytes date : 2006 : 09 : 16 11 : 15 : 01 camera : e8700 ( nikon ) f number : f / 2 . 8 exposure : 10 / 18 sec focal length : 712 / 10 upload time : 2007 : 11 : 03 11 : 58 : 38
the spider tortoise is found only in the arid regions of the coastal areas of south - western madagascar , where it is distributed from the coast to between 10 and 50 kilometres inland ( 1 ) . the three subspecies occupy different parts of this range , with pyxis arachnoides brygooi being the most northern subspecies , pyxis arachnoides arachnoids occupying the central part of the range , and pyxis arachnoides oblonga being the most southern subspecies ( 1 ) .
this article incorporates text from the arkive fact - file
pancake tortoise
under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license and the gfdl .
while the shell bones of most other tortoises are solid , the pancake tortoise has shell bones with many openings , making it lighter and more agile than other tortoises .
infobarrel author tanocalvenoa added ,
tortoises typically take at least ten years to reach full size , so this tortoise was most likely at least 200 years old .
the flat - shelled spider tortoise is active only during the hot / rainy season ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , from december until around march ( 6 ) , and is most active during and after rains ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . during the cooler dry season , this species buries itself and lies dormant in the leaf litter of the forest floor ( a period known as aestivation ) ( 4 ) . breeding occurs during the hot / rainy season , and is followed a month later by egg - laying ( 5 ) . females may produce up to three clutches a year ( 5 ) , each containing only one , relatively large egg ( 4 ) . hatching is timed with the return of the rainy season the following december ( 5 ) .
the majority of the flat - shelled tortoise’s range now occurs within the recently designated menabe antimena protected area , which offers some hope that a significant proportion of its remaining habitat will be preserved ( 6 ) . other protected areas of forest occur within this species’ range , such as the special andranomena forest reserve and private analabe reserve , but regulations are believed to have been rarely enforced and the precise status of the species in these areas is currently unknown ( 2 ) .
espenshade , william h . ; buskirk , james . manouria impressa ( günther 1882 ) : a summary of known & anecdotal information . . california turtle & tortoise club .
since this tortoise could easily be torn apart by predators , it must rely on its speed and flexibility to escape from dangerous situations , rather than withdrawing into its shell .
its bizarre , flattened , pancake - like profile makes this tortoise a sought - after animal in zoological and private collections , leading to its over - exploitation in the wild .
günther a ( 1882 ) .
description of a new species of tortoise ( geoemyda impressa ) from siam
. proc . zool . soc . london 1882 : 343 - 346 .
sadly , based on their population viability analysis ( pedrono et al . 2004 ) , the ploughshare tortoise is
at extreme risk of extinction in the wild within 10 to 15 years .
according to the durrell wildlife conservation trust ( who has been fighting to save this critically endangered tortoise for over 26 years ) , there is high demand for ploughshare tortoises as unique and exotic pets .
herbivorous ( plant - eating ) ; various fruits ( e . g . plums , peaches , strawberries , apples with skin , kiwi , starfruits , papayas , mangos , tomatos , etc ) , carrots , mushrooms , beans , peas , grass , veggies , lettuces , flowers , dark leafy greens ( e . g . dandelions , mustards , collards , turnips , kales ) , box turtle & tortoise food , tortoise formula
in 1981 , kenya banned the export of the pancake tortoise unless given written permission by the minister for the environment and natural resources . tanzania protects this species under the wildlife conservation ( national game ) order , 1974 ,
given the low reproductive rate of this tortoise , populations that have been harvested may take a long time to recover . commercial development diminishes the amount of suitable habitat for pancake tortoises , which already is neither common nor extensive .
according to the smithsonian national zoological park , radiated tortoises are not only being illegal sold as exotic pets , but are being consumed , particularly in china . it is somehow believed that eating a radiated tortoise will have an aphrodisiac effect .
this tortoise inhabits arid to semi - arid areas , typically in areas of sandy soil and where the vegetation is dominated by succulents and thorny shrubs ( 2 ) . it is sometimes found among sand dunes near the sea , where there is very little vegetation ( 2 ) .
aestivation period of dormancy , usually occurring in hot , dry periods , analogous to hibernation in winter . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scute one of the large keratinous scales on the carapace ( the top shell of a turtle or tortoise ) .
most activity occurs during the morning hours or in the late afternoon and early evening . the diet primarily consists of dry grasses and vegetation . the pancake tortoise is a fast and agile climber , and is rarely found far from its rocky home so that , if disturbed , it can make a dash for the nearest rock crevice .
very little is known about the life cycle of this endangered tortoise , which is believed to live for up to 70 years . the remaining tortoises are found only in south western madagascar , where they inhabit the spiny vegetation of the sandy coastal areas . here they feed on young leaves , insect larvae , and even the droppings of larger animals .
the range of ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) is already extremely small . i found a creative commons map ( dated 31 october 2011 ) and shown at right . according to the iucn red list , they are only found in the baly bay region ( over an area of approximately 700 km² , but only 66 km² of this is considered suitable habitat ) .
the various english common names for this small tortoise generally refer to the noticeably flattened nature of either its oblong upper shell ( carapace ) or its tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the carapace is distinctively patterned , with each scute having a light brown to yellow centre surrounded by a wide , dark brown to black border . in older tortoises , an additional yellow border may surround this dark border ( 4 ) . yellow rays extend outward from the centre of the scutes , across the dark border . the scutes around the perimeter of the shell ( marginals ) are dark with a yellow band ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the lower shell ( plastron ) is yellow with scattered dark spots or rays along the sides ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the limbs range from yellow to brown in colour , and large yellow scales cover the hind legs ( 2 ) . by contrast , the head ranges from dark brown to black , with some variable yellow markings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
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genes and function . ( journal , magazine , 1997 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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the turtle lives ' twixt plated decks which practically conceal its sex i think it clever of the turtle in such a fix to be so fertile . - ogden nash
turtles are reptiles whose protection comes from a shell . the shell is composed of hard , bone plates covered by scutes . the scutes are made of keratin , the primary substance in hair , nails and hooves of other animals . the pigment melanin , present in the scutes , may form intricate designs and brightly colored patterns in some species .
although the scutes form the familiar outer layer of the shell , it is the bony layer underneath which actually provides the shape , support and protective qualities of the turtle shell . the inner layer of bone is fused with the usual bony structures associated with all vertebrates , v the vertebral column and ribs . the vertebrae are particularly interesting for the modifications that have occurred . the vertebrae of the neck and tail are small , allowing for a high degree of flexiblility , while the vertebrae of the central portion of the vertebral column are enormously elongated and inflexible , fused with the bony layer of the shell , acting as a support for the carapace .
there are many health implications associated with shell anatomy . for instance , if the outer keratin is breached by infection or injury , the turtle can lose its protection and infection can proceed into the bony layer and the body cavity , threatening the turtle ' s life . another example is that the rigid shell prevents motion of the ribs . because of this , turtles lack the diaphragm that allows other animals to cough . if fluid enters the lungs ( which are located just under the carapace ) pneumonia presents deadly dangers since the turtle will not be able to easily rid itself of the fluid , and infection is likely .
although the shell provides excellent protection from many predators , it can also make the turtle vulnerable to health problems if it is not given good care in captivity .
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pyxis arachnoides ssp . - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from a low of 43 f ( 6 c ) to a high of 108 f ( 42 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 92 f ( 33 c ) and average relative humidity is 78 % . they seem to prefer temperatures in the low 80 ' s . ( 27 to 29 c )
pyxis planicauda - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from 48 f ( 9 c ) to 102 f ( 39 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 90 f ( 32 c ) and average relative humidity is 77 % . this species seems to be active at lower temperatures than arachnoides . i have observed normal feeding behavior in temperatures as low as the upper 50 ' s ( 14 c ) . as the temperature approaches the mid 80 ' s ( 29 c ) this species becomes less active and may seek shelter .
both species are most active in the morning shortly after sunrise , later seeking out shade and remaining inactive until late in the afternoon or the next morning .
these tortoises do not seem to have very great space requirements . i successfully maintain up to 14 adult specimens in a 3 ' x 6 ' ( 0 . 9 m x 2 . 75 m ) neodesha tub .
both species like to dig into their substrate for security . i maintain my specimens in 3
to 4
( 75 mm to 100 mm ) deep cypress or eucalyptus mulch .
· feed any and all types of fruits and vegetables diced into ¼
( 6 mm ) cubes and mixed with assorted greens . suggestions are : cucumbers , tomatoes , green and yellow squash , apples , melons of all types , peppers , carrots ( grated ) , peaches , pears , berries of any kind , sweet potatoes ( microwave to soften ) , opuntia cactus fruits , mushrooms , radicchio , kale , escarole , any types of lettuces , various types of flowers , and plant leaves ( experiment ) . make the above into a salad and mix it all together and offer it daily ( with herptevite and repcal added a couple of times weekly ) . as noted above , these tortoises are most active in the morning , so i feed them the salad mixture then . i leave large leaves of kale and escarole in the tubs constantly so they can browse on them when the salad gets eaten .
special addition for planicauda - chopped or halved mushrooms are a real favorite with this species . for this reason , i recommend making the salad mix for this species with a high mushroom content . i have also observed planicauda occasionally feeding on slugs .
endemic to the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers ( 4 ) .
confined to lowland fragments of dry , deciduous forest , found only on the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
authenticated ( 27 / 10 / 08 ) by dr richard young , conservation biologist , durrell wildlife conservation trust . urltoken
cites . ( 2002 ) consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii , proposal 55 . twelfth meeting of the conference of the parties , santiago , chile . available at : urltoken
ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( 1997 ) turtles of the world . eti information systems ltd , netherlands .
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5 . pricing : 1 or more : $ 1 , 295 . 00 / ea .
5 . pricing : 1 or more : $ 1 , 495 . 00 / ea .
it does not seem to have very great space requirements . cage does not need to be high since it does not climb much . ( e . g . wooden terrarium , glass terrarium )
cypress or eucalyptus mulch , moss ( e . g . forest bed , forest moss ) , barks ( e . g . repti bark , coconut bark ) since it digs , the depth of substrate should be at least 2
- 4
daytime ( diurnal ) ; 12 - 14 hours each day with direct natural sunlight or uv lamp ( e . g . reptisun 5 . 0 , uv heat bulb )
30 - 35 ¢xc - - basking spot ( e . g . basking spot lamp ) 22 - 26 ¢xc - - cooler area ( e . g . daylight blue bulb ) 19 - 24 ¢xc - - at night ( e . g . nightlight red bulb , infrared heat lamp , ceramic heat emitter )
a large shallow water dish ( e . g . rock water dish ) should be available for soaking and drinking all the time .
optional . possibllites include caves ( e . g . habba hut , heat cave ) , etc
. its behavior is little known ; diet in the wild may consist largely of mushrooms , although bamboo shoots are also eaten . the species is known for being difficult to keep alive in captivity ; although its status in the wild is uncertain , it is eaten widely by local people and little captive breeding has occurred .
fritz u , havaš p ( 2007 ) . checklist of chelonians of the world . website .
phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . key : † = extinct .
phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . extinct turtles not included .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 22 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
continent : indian - ocean distribution : madagascar ( along the s coast from the mahajamba river southward around cape sainte - marie almost to fort - dauphin ) type locality : unknown ; designated as
soalara ( baie de saint - augustin ) , sud - ouest de madagascar
by bour 1978 : 153 .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
the earliest information on populations comes from bour ( 1981 ) , who anecdotally stated that p . arachnoides was localized but not rare . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 2000 ) estimate that there were more than ten populations and that the area of distribution could cover more than 2 , 000 km . jesu and schimmenti ( 1995 ) who undertook the first quantitative estimate of population density reported approximately three individuals per ha . walker et al . ( 2008 ) report densities of 4 . 63 and 2 . 08 tortoises per ha in the wet and dry seasons respectively . both these studies were on p . a . arachnoides . a rough total estimate of 2 - 3 million animals was recorded by pedrono ( 2008 ) . hinge mobility of the three subspecies decreases from south to north ( glaw and vences 1994 , walker et al . 2008 ) : p . a . oblonga - plastron with black markings on scutes and anterior lobe will close completely to touch carapace ( mobile ) . p . a . arachnoides - plastron totally devoid of markings and anterior lobe will close partially but not touch carapace ( less mobile ) . p . a . brygooi - plastron totally devoid of markings but anterior lobe will not close fully to touch carapace ( rigid ) .
it is endemic to madagascar and is one of only two species in the genus pyxis .
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, from 100 to 6 , 000 feet ( 30 to 1800 metres ) above sea level .
pancake tortoises live in isolated colonies , with many individuals sharing the same kopje , or even crevice .
males fight for access to females during the mating season , in january and february , with large males tending to get the most chances to mate .
nesting in the wild seems to occur in july and august , although clutches are produced year - round in captivity . the female digs a nest cavity about 7 . 5 to 10
usually only one egg is laid at a time , but a female can lay multiple eggs over the course of a single season , with eggs appearing every four to eight weeks .
tortoises in kenya are threatened by clearance of thorn scrub for conversion to agriculture and in tanzania by over - grazing of goats and cattle .
cites quotas also limit the number of these animals that can be exported from tanzania , although violations of these quotas are thought to occur . the
turtles of the world ( cd - rom ) , by ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( february 2007 ) .
cites : consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii ( pdf ) , prop . 11 . 39 ( february 2007 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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on june 24th , 2015 , bbc ' s science editor , david shukman published his investigation of the drastic measures taken to save critically endangered tortoises in madagascar .
defacing the shells of these gorgeous creatures who have become the target of poachers because their gold and black shells are fetching big money on the international black market .
© hans hillewaert / cc - by - sa - 4 . 0 , via wikimedia commons
the region where this illegal pet trading has been discovered is south - east asia . these precious creatures are sold predominantly in thailand , malaysia , and indonesia .
credit : frank vassen on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 generic
a 2005 population and habitat viability analysis predicted they would reach extinction ( at various times ) , with most estimates clustering around 45 years into the future ( randriamahazo et al . 2007 ) .
it all reminds of my article rhino horn : the most expensive placebo . it ' s tragic that traditional doctors in asia buy the shells of baby tortoises . they use them in
medicinal
concoctions that allegedly enhances the sexual performance of men .
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today , the ploughshare and radiated tortoises appear to be the most critically endangered .
in a 2013 livescience article by douglas main titled poaching pushes 2 madagascar tortoises to brink , i learned that the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) stated ,
more than 1 , 000 radiated and ploughshare tortoises have been confiscated from smugglers in the first three months of 2013 alone .
according to interpol , only 10 percent of smuggled wildlife is actually seized , suggesting that over 2000 animals have entered the illegal trade into asia alone . if trade level persists , it will likely lead this species to extinction .
gailhampshire ( gails _ pictures on flickr ) / cc - by - 2 . 0
ever since madagascar ' s political crises began in 2009 , law enforcement and other public measures have become eroded .
it was once considered taboo to harm these tortoises , but with increasing levels of drought and poverty , this tradition has been forgone .
it astounded me that wcs stated
illegal poaching and smuggling has increased at least tenfold
in the last five or six years .
and upon further research , i discovered in a 2011 bbc article by hannah mcneish , that poachers will roam villages ( armed with guns and machetes ) in groups of up to 100 while they collect thousands of tortoises .
tsilavo rafeliarisoa , a conservationist , explained :
when a gang of poachers with guns and machetes come and take tortoises , the villagers are defenseless .
perhaps more shocking was the revelation that more people are eating tortoises because of rising food costs . apparently , according to mcneish ' s article :
it has become a favourite snack in southern towns such as tsiombe and beloka , even among government officials who ought to be at the forefront of campaigns to save the reptiles from extinction .
by derfel73 ; visionholder et al . [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons
although these tortoises live an exceptionally long time , they also have a relatively slow rate of reproduction .
uncontrolled fires ( used to clear brush for agricultural uses ) has also destroyed much of the habitat these tortoises need .
the turtle conservancy published the following video in 2014 . it is the most comprehensive video i could find which summarized the iucn red list meeting ( 2007 - 2008 ) hosted in madagascar and dedicated to the survival of these rare and precious tortoises .
the latest in animal rights , heart warming stories , fun upcoming events and more .
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evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .
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prorella leucata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found from california through colorado , maine , montana , oregon and utah to british columbia .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the wings are pale creamy , blotched with blackish along the costa .

of these patches , a rectangular , pre-apical one and a median one just interior to the discal spot are the most prominent .

adults are on wing from june to september .

prorella leucata

prorella leucata genus geometridae small prorella leucata moth on warming itself on a building on antelope island . © carol davis , 9 - 13 - 2009 home - moths of utah other home - amazing nature
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
compare to others on the archived photos of living moths and pinned plates of moth photographers group .
classification of the geometrina of north america , with descriptions of new genera and species george d . hulst . 1896 . transactions of the american entomological society 23 : 245 - 386 .
lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) of colorado national monument ( u . s . geological survey )
contributed by maury j . heiman on 16 september , 2009 - 12 : 36am last updated 5 april , 2014 - 2 : 44pm
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o'higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .

the length of the forewings is about 7 – 8.5 mm for males and 7 – 10.5 mm for females .

eupithecia sibylla

sibylla rubens studied voice ( concert and opera ) at the staatliche musikhochschule in trossingen and at the hochschule für musik in frankfurt and in master classes with edith mathis .
sibylla schwarz , also known as sibylle schwartz [ in ] ( 14 february 1621 in greifswald – 31 july 1638 in greifswald ) was a german poet of the baroque era .
vargas , h . a . ; l . e . parra ; h . e . vargas & d . e . bobadilla . 2002 . aspectos biológicos de eupithecia sibylla buttler 1882 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . gayana 66 : 103 _ 106 . [ links ]
168 sibylla is a large main - belt asteroid , discovered by canadian - american astronomer j . c . watson on september 28 , 1876 . based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a c - type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 sibylla is a cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main - belt asteroids .
herbulot , c . 2001 . on neotropical eupithecia . spixiana 24 : 196 . [ links ]
the eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3
etymology . eupithecia landryi is named in honor of dr . bernard landry by his outstanding contributions on lepidoptera of the galapagos islands , ecuador .
rindge , f . h . 1991 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) ii . american museum novitates 3020 : 1 _ 14 . [ links ]
eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 was until recently the only species of this genus known for the coastal valleys of the arica province , northern chile . in march 2009 , male and female of an undescribed species of eupithecia were collected at light . thus , the purpose of this work is to present a description of the adults of this new species .
rindge , f . h . 1987 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 186 : 269 _ 363 . [ links ]
uma nova espécie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) do vale de azapa , norte do chile . macho e fêmea de uma nova espécie de eupithecia curtis da província de arica , chile são descritos e ilustrados . a espécie é comparada com e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , da mesma localidade , e e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , das ilhas galápagos , equador .
larvae of eupithecia are generally phytophagous . however , many endemic species may be ambush predators in the hawaiian islands ( montgomery 1982 ) . host plants have been mentioned for only six chilean eupithecia , including the families chenopodiaceae , fabaceae and gunneraceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 ; parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ; vargas & parra 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ; vargas et al . 2002 ) .
a new species of eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from the azapa valley , northern chile . male and female adults of a new species of eupithecia curtis from the arica province , chile are described and illustrated . the species is compared with e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , from the same locality , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador .
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2002 . notas sobre eupithecia atacama ( vojnits ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . idesia 20 : 27 _ 33 . [ links ]
the eupithecia species of the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile are still poorly known and it is possible that other undescribed species may occur in this area . eupithecia landryi is known only from the type locality , the azapa valley . additional fieldwork along the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile is necessary for a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of the geometrid moths of this very interesting ecosystem .
eupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o ' higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile . the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .
montgomery , s . l . 1982 . biogeography of the moth genus eupithecia in oceania and the evolution of the ambush predation in hawaiian caterpillars ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . entomologia generalis 8 : 27 _ 34 . [ links ]
eupithecia curtis , 1825 is a diverse and widespread genus of geometridae with more than 1300 described species ( scoble 1999 ; herbulot 2001 ) . more than 60 species have been reported for the chilean fauna ( herbulot 2001 ) , but only four occur in the northernmost desert ( rindge 1987 , 1991 ; vargas & parra 2004 , 2005 ) . vojnits ( 1985 ) proposed three chilean genera , which were subsequently synonymised with eupithecia by rindge ( 1987 ) . rindge ( 1987 , 1991 ) divided the chilean species into two sections mostly based on the morphology of the sclerites of the male eighth segment . however , additional efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of eupithecia .
one of the main scenes of the play is the visit of nero at the oracle of delphi to take the oracle by sibylla , priestess of the oracle , and the reactions of the latter . this work , unlike his first one , the
dithyramb of rose
, is a complete tragedy , in terms of genre and structure : with distinct and complete parts both in the dialogue and chorus parts as well as in the plot and characters . the messages of the time for resistance against the oncoming storm and the pursuit of freedom and human dignity through struggle that the work depicts are portrayed through a dense dramaturgical and finely processed storyline of symbolic relations , influences and elements of ancient drama . a vast number of structures and textual ( vocative or expressive ) sequences can be found in
sibylla
all of which can be attributed to ancient tragedy ( for instance the way that the landscape of delphi is depicted is similar to certain tragedies on the same topic ) .
landry , b . & f . h . rindge . 1995 . additions to the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) of the galapagos islands , ecuador , including a new species of eupithecia . american museum novitates 3118 : 1 _ 10 . [ links ]
parra , l . e . & h . ibarra - vidal . 2002 . a new species of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) of juan fernández islands . annals of the entomological society of america 95 : 9 _ 15 . [ links ]
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2004 . una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) del extremo norte de chile . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 485 _ 490 . [ links ]
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2005 . descripción de una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) de la pampa del tamarugal , chile . neotropical entomology 34 : 215 _ 219 . [ links ]
sibylla sambetha ( or simply portrait of a young woman ) is a small oil on oak panel painting by hans memling , completed in 1480 and still in its original frame . it is now in the hans memling museum at the old st . john ' s hospital in bruges and shows a young woman who is not pretty , but nonetheless elegant and well dressed . she is set against a black background and looks out of the picture as if she is at a window . her hands are folded and rest on the lower border of the brown marbled frame , in an early and effective example of trompe - l ' œil .
ibarra - vidal , h . & l . e . parra . 1993 . descripción de los estados preimaginales y aspectos de la historia natural de eupithecia horismoides rindge 1987 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , perforados del pecíolo del pangue ( gunnera tinctoria ) . revista chilena de entomología 20 : 35 _ 41 . [ links ]
eupithecia robinsoni sp . nov . is described from the juan fernández islands . this species is associated with gunnera peltata phil . the egg , larva , pupa , adult , and genitalia are described and illustrated . preliminary results of the natural history of this species are given and compared with biology of e . horismoides rindge , 1987 .
the play expresses personal ideas of sikelianos , similar to the ideas of his time , expressed through the theatrical garb of ancient tragedy and the elements that are traditionally used in tragedies ( religious , psychological and other ) . what is important for the understanding of the play are the concepts of the
mantosyni
( the art of oracle as an inner power , spiritually superior to the other inner powers of every man ) a property that sibylla has as a mythical figure and symbol and also the concept of the combination of the apollonian and the dionysian element ( the individual , logic - wise , prophetic , cult of apollo in connection with the collective , bacchic - frenzied , ecstatic , joyful worship of dionysus , cults that were in stark contrast before the advent of dionysus in delphi ) .
. . . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son endémicas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fernández ( rindge 1987 ) . por otro lado , la información biológica de las diferentes especies chilenas es escasa , solamente se tienen antecedentes sobre cuatro de ellas : e . horismoides rindge y e . robinsoni parra & ibarra - vidal , ambas asociadas a gunneraceae , e . atacama ( vojnits ) , asociada a especies de chenopodiaceae , y e . sibylla , cuyas larvas son antófagas sobre fabaceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 , vargas & parra 2002 ) . mediante muestreos tendientes a determinar la diversidad de lepidópteros asociados a yaro , acacia macracantha humb . . . .
. . . en chile esta familia se encuentra representada por más de 450 especies distribuidas en las subfamilias archierinae , ennominae , geometrinae y larentiinae ( parra 1995 ) . eupithecia curtis es uno de los géneros más diversos de la subfamilia larentiinae con más de 1 . 300 especies descritas ( scoble 1999 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) , y es probablemente el género más ampliamente distribuido . se encuentra bien representado en el neotrópico por 352 especies ; sin embargo , es escaso en australia con solo dos especies y está ausente de nueva zelandia ( herbulot 2001 ) . . . .
. . . sin embargo , a pesar de estas características externas de los imagos , las armaduras genitales de ambos sexos entregan caracteres específicos que permiten discriminar claramente una especie de otra ( rindge 1987 , bolte 1990 ) . las especies de eupithecia de chile fueron revisadas por rindge ( 1987 ) , y posteriormente se han efectuado algunas adiciones ( rindge 1991 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son endémicas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fernández ( rindge 1987 ) . . . .
remarks . eupithecia landryi is the second species of eupithecia described from the coastal valleys of the northern desert of chile . morphology of the male genitalia of e . landryi is strikingly similar to that of e . yubitzae , the other species of the genus recorded in the area , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge , 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador ( landry & rindge 1995 ) . this morphological pattern , characterized by a short and pointed uncus , valvae narrowing distally , long and digitiform papillae , and vesica with at least one cornutus longer than the half of the aedeagus , may indicate a possible phylogenetic relationship among these species . however , some morphological features of the male genitalia allow to separate e landryi from e . galapagosata and e . yubitzae : a reduced number of cornuti , and the shape of the larger cornutus . on the other hand , morphology of the female genitalia of e . landryi is also similar to that of e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata . however , in e . landryi the corpus bursae and the appendix bursae are membranous , and the appendix bursae arises from the lateroposterior area of the corpus bursae , while in e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata the corpus bursae is sclerotized basally , and the appendix bursae , which is sclerotized , arises distally in the corpus bursae .
the native tree schinus molle ( anacardiacae ) is reported for the first time as a host plant for larvae of the little known geometrid moth eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) in the atacama desert of northern chile , based on morphology and dna barcodes . this discovery importantly expands the host range of e . yubitzae , as previous records were restricted to fabaceae trees . larvae were previously known as florivorous , while these were found to be folivorous on s . molle . furthermore , host - associated cryptic larval polychromatism was detected , as larvae collected on s . molle were found to be mostly pale green , contrasting with the dark yellow ground color of the larvae typically collected on fabaceous host plants .
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departamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agronómicas , universidad de tarapacá , casilla 6 - d , arica , chile . havargas @ urltoken
type material will be deposited in the museo nacional de historia natural de santiago ( mnnc ) , santiago , chile .
type material . holotype male . chile , arica : azapa , arica , chile ; march 2009 ; h . a . vargas coll . ( mnnc ) . paratype : one female , same data as holotype ( mnnc ) .
diagnosis . small geometrid moth ( 5 . 9 mm forewing length in the holotype ) with filiform antennae , male with a tuft of elongated , white scales on the ventral surface of the forewing arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and anal veins ; sternite viii composed by two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round ; male genitalia with vesica bearing two cornuti , the largest cornutus elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; female genitalia characterized by the presence of two groups of the spine - like signa : one proximal with bigger spine - like signa and another distal with shorter signa .
male ( fig . 1 ) . head . front , vertex and occiput light reddish brown ; labial palpi pale brown with scattered dark brown scales , long around 1 . 5 times eye diameter ; antennae filiform , dorsal surface with transversal stripes of scales pale brown and dark brown alternate , ventral surface ciliate ; chaetosema a narrow transverse stripe between vertex and occiput . thorax light reddish brown dorsally with dark brown scales scattered , pale brown laterally . legs yellowish brown with dark brown scales mostly concentrated on the tibia and tarsus , tibiae of middle and hindlegs with one and two pairs of yellowish brown spines , respectively . forewing ( 5 . 9 mm length in the holotype ) : dorsal surface reddish brown with dark brown scales scattered ; ventral surface pale brown with dark brown and light reddish brown scales , a tuft of elongated , white scales arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and the anal veins . hindwing : dorsal color pattern similar to forewing , with a marked basal depression near costal margin for receiving the tuft of the forewing ; ventral color pattern as that of the forewing . abdomen mostly light reddish brown with pale brown and dark brown scales scattered ; tergite viii ( fig . 4 ) with lateral margins broadly concave , posterior margin round ; sternite viii ( fig . 5 ) composed of two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round .
male genitalia ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . uncus short , pointed apex ; tegumen and saccus straight ; juxta ellipsoid basally , with striking lateral constrictions , distal margin broadly concave ; transtilla well developed ; papillae digitiform , elongated , with small setae distally ; valva broad basally , straight toward the apex ; costa not reaching the distal end of the valva , saccular area with a fold at base . aedeagus cylindrical , about 2 / 3 the length of the valva ; vesica with two cornuti , one of them with approximately 3 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; the other cornutus with approximately 1 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , cylindrical and straight .
female . similar to male . forewing without tuft of scales on the ventral surface . hindwing without a marked basal depression near costal margin on the dorsal surface .
female genitalia ( fig . 6 ) . antrum broad , membranous ; ductus bursae straight , membranous , about 1 / 3 the length of the antrum ; corpus bursae elongated , membranous , with two groups of spine - like signa , one proximal with large signa , and the other distal with smaller signa ; appendix bursae membranous , cylindrical , twice the length of the ductus bursae , arising from the right lateroposterior area ; ductus seminalis arising at apex of the appendix bursae ; sterigma not differentiated ; anterior apophyses straight and long , with a posterior projection at base ; posterior apophyses straight and elongated , reaching the anterior margin of tergite viii .
scoble , m . j . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . victoria , csiro publishing , xxv + 1016 p . [ links ]
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photometric observations of this asteroid made at the torino observatory in italy during 1990–1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23 . 82 ± 0 . 004 hours .
the length of the forewings is about 7–8 . 5 mm for males and 7–10 . 5 mm for females . the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell . the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin .
the woman ' s identity is lost . there have been a number of attempts to associate her with a historical person , including in the 19th century , as willem moreel ' s daughter mary . willem moreel was a magistrate of bruges who commissioned from memling a portrait diptych and , later , a triptych for the church of saint james at bruges which he had founded . but any identities have in turn been rejected ; in the case of mary moreel , she would have been too young in 1480 to be the woman portrayed .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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construcción de riesgo de incendios forestales en la interfaz urbana - forestal de las comunas del área metropolitana de concepción ( amc ) . proyecto vrid
the genus psilaspilates butler , 1893 is redefined and its species are taxonomically revised and described . the species are as follows : p . catillata ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) comb . nov . , p . cautinaria sp . nov . , p . ceres ( butler , 1882 ) , p . concepcionenesis parra sp . nov . , p . obscura parra sp . nov . , p . signistriata ( butler , 1882 ) , and p . stygiana ( butler , 1882 ) comb . nov . keys and distribution . . . [ show full abstract ]
the genus ennada blanchard , 1852 is reviewed and redefined . a coniform signum in the genitalia of the female and androconium in the basal third of the costa of the valvae in the male genitalia constitute diagnostic characters for the genus . the genera phyllia blanchard 1852 and anchiphyllia butler 1893 are junior synonyms of ennada . the following species are included : e . flavaria blanchard . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomy and biological antecedents of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild 1895 ) ( lepidoptera : saturnii . . .
the egg , larvae , pupae , and imago of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild ) , an insect that defoliates native nothofagus obliqua mirb . ( oerst . ) , are described . m . mirabilis distributes between 35° and 47°s in chile and neuquén , argentina . aspects of the life cycle associated with the duration of different stages of development are given . immature stages , the imago , and the genitalia are illustrated .