the brush-tailed bettong ( bettongia penicillata ) , also known as the woylie , is an extremely rare small marsupial that belongs to the genus bettongia .

it is endemic to australia .

there are two subspecies , b. p. ogilbyi and the now extinct b. p. penicillata .

woylie

gray , 1837 ( potoroidae ) ( woylie , brush - tailed bettong ) .
as a potential disease agent involved in the recent woylie declines could be clarified .
all west australian woylies fall under the guiding hand of adrian wayne , dpaw’s woylie expert . adrian coordinates research , conservation activities and the work of kanyana’s woylie team .
a map of the historical distribution of the woylie , and the locations where the woylie is currently known from , including translocated populations . ( dbca , 2017 ) .
woylie have decline by up to 95 % since 2001 . why is a mystery .
woylie cheek - pouches are convenient for storing food and their prehensile tails carry nest materials .
p2 within the woylie remains unknown . however , it has been hypothesised from histopathological observations that when
the woylie was once hailed as one of the success stories of wildlife conservation programs . in 1996 , as a direct result of a recovery program , the woylie was removed from the threatened ( specially protected ) fauna notice under the western australian wildlife conservation act 1950 . however , a dramatic decline in woylie numbers started in 1999 and consequently , the woylie was re - listed in 2008 .
national recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) ( pdf - 1 . 22 mb )
national recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) ( doc - 2 . 21 mb )
wayne af : diagnosis of recent woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) declines in southwestern australia : progress report of the woylie conservation research project . 2008 , perth : western australia government department of environment and conservation
wayne af : diagnosis of recent woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) declines in southwestern australia : progress report of the woylie conservation research project . 2008 , western australia government department of environment and conservation : perth
( commonly known as the woylie ) for which this tick appears to have a high predilection . woylie is the aboriginal name given by the noongar people who live in the south - west corner of western australia [
the woylie is an example where continual research is needed on wildlife populations , even when we think they are in the clear . without dedicated researchers , the extent of the recent decline of the woylie would have gone unnoticed . without continual research - lead conservation of the woylie , the reasons for the decline will remain a mystery .
although their tail looks like that of other kangaroo - like animals , a woylie’s tail has one amazing difference . it can coil up like a possum’s tail to hold grasses and branches that the woylie collects to make its nest .
phenotype 2” ( p2 ) comprising trypomastigotes found in woylie id : wc2807 , wc2841 & wc2930 . mean morphological traits for
a national recovery team for the woylie was re - established in 2008 . there are a number of conservation initiatives for the woylie that are part of larger ongoing projects as well as more recent activities directed by the recovery team . these include :
kanyana kept records on all woylie pregnancies and the offsprings’ genetic lineage . despite regular messages to dec about kanyana’s growing woylie colony ( and the rising costs of housing and feeding ) , dec was firm in its decision not to allow any translocations for fear of spreading disease . the cause of the woylie decline in the wild remained unknown and the population was continuing to crash .
the woylie has shown some dramatic changes in conservation status . the iucn listed the woylie as endangered in 1982 , due to its dramatic decline . a review of the conservation status of the woylie undertaken in 1998 , lead to its status being downgraded on western australian , australian and international threatened species lists , due to its apparent recovery in response to both fox baiting and reintroductions .
with the recent woylie decline may be another similar case . however , further research is needed to investigate whether the histopathological association of
justification : the woylie has suffered a > 90 % reduction in population size over the past 10 years and the decline is continuing .
were detected from different organs of the single euthanised woylie from nar . the organs tested for the three different trypanosomes are listed in table
visitors are welcome to help us expand the meaning of woylie . fill in the form below to add your definition , example or comment .
changes in the trypanosome prevalence at the uwr and the changing woylie population status at warrup , ( which is part of the kp ) .
this is the first national recovery plan for the woylie and the third western australia recovery plan for the species . it details the woylie ' s current distribution , habitat and threats , as well as the recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure the species ' long - term survival .
bounding away in the blink of an eye , releasing a woylie into the wild is a challenging task for department of parks and wildlife officers .
woylie introductions have been made to the arid recovery reserve at roxby downs in south australia where tours / stays and options for volunteering are provided .
based on results presented here we propose the name trypanosoma vegrandis sp . nov . for this morphologically and genetically distinct species found within the woylie .
2009 , tim winton , silent country : travels through a recovering landscape , robyn davidson ( editor ) , the best australian essays 2009 , page 16 , ‘like a woylie , ’ said john dell , ‘closely related . ’ ah . of course . even i ' d heard of the woylie . but like most of my countrymen , i couldn ' t have described one for love nor money . the woylie belongs to the great treasury of marsupials that we revere and know nothing about . as i learnt that day , the boodie and the woylie are different species of bettong .
the trypanosomes of the woylie are suspected of playing a role in the recent decline of their host . an association was identified linking the intracellular stage of
found in gilbert’s potoroo , being relatively longer and thinner . the smallest length recorded in the woylie was 30 . 25 μm , while in the potoroo it was 25 . 0 μm and the widest length recorded in the woylie was 10 . 23 μm , while in the potoroo it was 15 . 4 μm [
sp . nov . genotype 2” ( g2 ) comprising trypomastigotes found in woylie id : 7225370 & k734 . mean morphological traits for each group are shown in table
on a single occasion at nar , an injured adult woylie ( origin : pp ) was captured . this woylie had lost significant body mass and was euthanized following examination by qualified veterinary staff . tissue samples were collected during autopsy and were taken from near the center of each organ before being stored in 70 % ethanol .
one of the animals at risk is the woylie . in the past five years , tens of thousands of these tiny kangaroo - like marsupials have simply dropped dead .
identified by molecular methodology for woylie id : wc2741 at nar was confirmed by microscopy in april 2012 during the hybridization and staining procedure . when the fluorescent conditions of figure
wayne a , maxwell m , nicholls p , pacioni c , reiss a , smith a , thompson rca , vellios c , ward c , wayne j : the woylie conservation research project : investigating the cause ( s ) of woylie declines in the upper warren region . 2011 , perth : western australia government department of environment and conservation
threatened species scientific committee ( 2009 ) commonwealth listing advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra .
leonie harris : researcher andrew thompson has found two parasite infestations in the woylie blood , but whether it ' s causing the death or attacking weak animals is still unclear .
] . other dissimilarities included a larger pk mean in the woylie ( 11 . 44 μm compared to 8 . 1 μm in the potoroo ) , a smaller kn and ff mean in the woylie ( 4 . 36 μm and 8 . 24 μm compared to 5 . 8 μm and 10 . 8 μm respectively in the potoroo ) [
department of environment and conservation ( 2012 ) . national recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) . perth , western australia : department of environment and conservation .
awc protects almost 10 % of the world ' s remaining woylie population . awc supports important populations of woylies within predator - proof fenced areas on karakamia , scotia , yookamurra and mt gibson sanctuaries . the karakamia population has the distinction of being the only population of woylies in western australia that has not declined in recent years . awc ecologists monitor populations of the woylie on the four sanctuaries where it occurs . awc contributes to the national woylie recovery team , and facilitates a number of research projects that are investigating the causes of population decline .
leonie harris : in five years the total woylie population dropped by 80 per cent to fewer than 10 , 000 animals , a faster decline than polar bears or the tasmanian devil .
the diet of the woylie is similar to potoroos as includes a large diversity and proportion of hypogeous fungi in its diet particularly in summer and autumn in dry sclerophyll forest in wa .
2007 , the bulletin , issues 6559 - 6566 , page 27 , it ' s a whodunit involving the woylie , the marsupial poster - child for recovery programs involving endangered animals .
with the internal organs of the woylie has altered the long term health of the host and influenced the recent decline , or is a result of other , as yet unidentified , stressors . future investigations will need to correlate the changes of woylie health ( over multiple generations and from several different populations ) with pathological results , such as haematopathology , histopathology and clinical pathology .
wayne a , maxwell m , nicholls p , pacioni c , reiss a , smith a , thompson rca , vellios c , ward c , wayne j , wilson i , williams m : the woylie conservation research project : investigating the cause ( s ) of woylie declines in the upper warren region . 2011 , western australia government department of environment and conservation : perth
woylie demographics are being researched by trapping animals and radio - telemetry has been used to monitor their survival . food resources , disease and predation have also been the focus of investigations to help identify the possible causes for the woylie decline . current evidence suggests that woylies have been predated by cats predominantly , but also foxes , and that they may have become more vulnerable to predation by some form of disease . efforts continue to verify the real causes because knowing for certain is the best way to inform how conservation and management can most effectively save the woylie .
western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) ( 2010o ) . fauna species profiles - woylie ( or brush - tailed bettong ) bettongia penicillata . available from : urltoken .
department publications and resources , including staff research publications . for research - based publications , refer to this list of public publications that have been produced as part of the woylie conservation research project .
in this study , we provide a possible temporal connection implicating t . copemani as the disease agent linked with the recent decline of the kingston indigenous woylie population within the upper warren region of western australia . the chronic association of trypanosomes with the internal organs of its host may be potentially pathogenic and adversely affect their long term fitness and coordination , making the woylie more susceptible to predation .
· the woylie subpopulations in the upper warren at least , provide evidence that potentially pathogenic parasites may be associated with the declines and that it is possible disease is making woylies more vulnerable to predation .
threats : predation by foxes and feral cats is a major cause of the decline in woylie numbers , however , there may be a disease affecting woylies which makes it easier for predators to catch them .
the woylie ( or brush - tailed bettong ) was once widespread in the south - west of wa and the rangelands of wa , nt , sa , nsw and north - western victoria . ( image :
a total of 20 trypanosomes were identified in stained blood smears from these same four woylies ( woylie id : 7199222 , 7236356 , 7225370 & k734 ) and measured . all were identified as trypomastigote forms ( figure
sp . nov . in four woylies at kws ( woylie id : 7199222 , 7236356 , 7225370 & k734 ) during the trapping sessions of september 2011 and february 2012 . these same four woylies tested negative to
pacioni c , wayne af , spencer pbs : effects of habitat fragmentation on population structure and long distance gene flow in an endangered marsupial : the woylie . j zool . 1987 , 283 : 98 - 107 .
the samples included in this study were collected as a part of the larger woylie conservation research project and its components that were variously funded by the department of parks and wildlife ( wa ) , state ( natural resource management , western australia ) and federal [ caring for our country and the australian research council ( lp 130101073 and lp 0775356 ) ] government - funded projects , and as a part of the woylie disease investigation project .
a woylie is a brush tailed bettong , scientific name : bettongia penicillata . woylies are a small brown kangaroo - like animal that weighs up to 1 . 8kg . they live in eucalypt forests and eat fungi as well as other plant material , digging shallow holes and moving more than 5 tonnes of soil per year . ‘woylie’ comes from the noongar language , meaning ‘stick - carrier’ as they carry sticks in their tails to make nests .
in these five woylies ( wc2842 during dec 2011 ; < 50 μl of blood was collected from this woylie on this occasion ) microscopy was used alone to confirm the morphological presence of two trypomastigotes on the blood slides .
liz appelt : when i do education sessions now i say to children and people ,
take a look , because you may now ever see another one . it may be the last woylie we ' ll see
.
investigation into the cause of the decline in the form of the woylie conservation research project . phase 1 of the project , predominantly based in the upper warren region of western australia , has been completed and the results reported ( see wayne , 2008 ) . the project was explorative in approach and aimed to diagnose the cause of the woylie declines . phase 2 aims to investigate and scientifically test the most likely causes of the decline identified in phase 1 .
in this report we describe the morphological polymorphism of t . copemani , which includes the different trypomastigote phenotypes from the blood of woylies . we also provide the first morphological observations and taxonomic description of trypanosomes from a new genetically diverse clade , for which we propose the name t . vegrandis . up until now this small trypanosome has only been identified by pcr from a variety of hosts , including the woylie . using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and light microscopy , we described a mixed trypanosome infection in a woylie , with both t . copemani and t . vegrandis observed . the temporal reduction of t . copemani p2 in the peripheral blood of the woylie and its ability to invade cells may suggest that this more virulent phenotype could become localised within the tissues of the host . over time , tissue degeneration of the host could result in an overall reduced fitness , making the woylie more susceptible to predation in the wild .
also during this time , kanyana received another orphaned male woylie from dec resulting from a trapping event . dec requested that kanyana also raise this woylie ( blur ) to independence . again , due to enclosure space limitations and an understanding that decs translocation policy would be short term , claire and blur were housed together , began to breed and produce healthy offspring . woylies , when content , are happy and prolific breeders . kanyana population quickly moves beyond 20 youngsters .
pacioni c , wayne af , spencer pbs : effects of habitat fragmentation on population structure and long distance gene flow in an endangered marsupial : the woylie . j zool . 2011 , 283 ( 1987 ) : 98 - 107 .
woylie – a small bettong , bettongia pencillata , of central and southern australia , having a long prehensile tail covered with black hairs on the upper surface towards the tip ; brush - tailed bettong . also woilie . [ nyungar walyu ]
conservation at perth zoo : perth zoo is part of a conservation research project which is helping to identify the causes behind the decline in woylie numbers in the south - west of western australia and to rebuild their numbers in the wild .
yes , kanyana holds regular nocturnal tours . most people will never be lucky enough to see a woylie in the wild , and a kanyana nocturnal tour provides a unique opportunity to see these fascinating animals at night while they are active .
botero a , thompson ck , peacock cs , clode pl , nicholls pk , wayne af , et al . trypanosomes genetic diversity , polyparasitism and the population decline of the critically endangered australian marsupial , the brush tailed bettong or woylie (
the woylie is currently specially protected under the western australian wildlife conservation act 1950 as threatened fauna , with a ranking of critically endangered and is also listed as endangered under the commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) .
garkaklis mj , bradley js , wooller rd ( 1998 ) the effects of woylie ( bettongia penicillata ) foraging on soil water repellency and water infiltration in heavy textured soils in southwestern australia . australian journal of ecology 23 , 492 - 496 .
] . the localisation of trypomastigotes within the internal organs of the woylie may be a very important phase for maintaining infection within the host , but as a consequence may be chronically pathogenic , adversely affecting the fitness and coordination of the host .
has had a chronic effect upon the fitness and coordination of the woylie , and has been influential during the recent declines , then it is reasonable to question whether this same parasite has inflicted similar pathological changes and tissue degeneration in its other host species .
gray , 1837 ( potoroidae ) ( woylie , brush - tailed bettong ) , of which indigenous populations are now restricted to the south - western corner of australia . investigations into rapid population declines experienced by this marsupial commenced in 2006 and are still ongoing [
the perup sanctuary is a 423 hectare predator - free enclosure in native bushland near manjimup . it was established in late 2010 as an insurance colony in case the most important woylie populations in the wild became extinct . with a good representation of the genetic diversity of the woylie it is also an excellent source for translocations to help reintroduce the woylie to areas where it is safe to do so . in just the first four years their numbers in the sanctuary increased from a founding stock of 87 adults to more than 400 , plus nearly 300 that have been translocated to three sites to help stimulate their recovery in the wild . more recently , a fenced area has been built at dryandra woodland , and woylies are one of the species that will benefit from this predator - free environment .
leonie harris : in this forest in wa ' s south - west . the unknown killer is just starting to creep in to the last healthy woylie population . a team led by adrian wayne is trapping the animals to give them health checks and then releasing them .
the woylie population has declined from 225 , 000 to between 10 , 000 – 20 , 000 in the last 15 years . predation by european foxes is the major cause of range contraction and decline of woylie populations . however , predation by feral cats is emerging as another serious threat . in western australia , woylies increased in distribution and abundance following large - scale fox - baiting during the 1980s ; however , most populations have declined again in the last decade . the most likely cause is predation by feral cats , although research is also being conducted into the potential role of disease in population decline . in the past , extensive areas occupied by the woylie were cleared for agriculture , and millions of woylies and other bettongs were killed as agricultural pests or for the fur trade in the early 20 th century .
according to a major new survey nearly 800 australian - fish , birds and plant species are headed for extinction . one of the animals at risk is the woylie . in the past five years , tens of thousands of these tiny kangaroo - like marsupials have simply dropped dead .
as the recent causes of decline are unknown , it is difficult to plan actions for the woylie recovery . as with all declining species , additional research is essential to pinpoint causes of decline . as well as controlling foxes and cats , surveillance monitoring for diseases needs to continue .
) during november and december , 2010 . uwr is predominantly publicly - owned conservation estate and state forest , managed by the department of environment and conservation ( dec ) , and supports the largest wild woylie population and two of the four indigenous genetically distinct subpopulations extant at the time [
start , a . n . , a . a . burbidge & d . armstrong ( 1995 ) . woylie recovery plan . wildlife management program . 16 . perth : western australian department of conservation and land management and south australian department of environment and natural resources . available from : urltoken .
kanyana limits human contact with its woylies to ensure the animals retain the survival instincts required of them when their back in the wild . significant time and effort goes into ‘enrichment’ of the woylie enclosures at kanyana . recently , kanyana was commended by the national zoo and aquarium association for its ‘enrichment’ programs .
] . the factors responsible for this recent and rapid decline remain unclear , with the future survival of indigenous woylies becoming increasingly uncertain . however , recent spatio - temporal population modelling has hypothesised that disease , in conjunction with predation , may have been the main contributing factors to the recent woylie population declines [
key research collaborators with the department of parks and wildlife include murdoch university , perth zoo , australian wildlife conservancy , university of western australia , james cook university , world wildlife fund and department of environment , water and natural resources . a major collaborative project with warren catchments council was completed in 2013 , with support from the federal caring for our country and wa state natural resource management programs . many university students and other partnerships and collaborations have been involved in the efforts to save the woylie . many university students , volunteers , and other partnerships and collaborations have been involved in the efforts to save the woylie .
the campaign of both intense fox bating and reintroduction into baited areas , and areas surrounded by predator proof fences was successful in the initial recovery of the woylie . from the initial three populations found in the 1970s , woylies were established in an additional 22 locations across western australia , south australia and new south wales .
hall et al . ( 1991 ) was the first edition of the woylie recovery plan and guided work between 1991 and 1993 . nelson et al . ( 1992 ) guided work in south australia . start et al . ( 1995 ) was the second edition of woylie recovery plan for the period 1994 - 2003 , written with the expectation that the species could be removed from the threatened species list within a short period of time . woylies were removed from the commonwealth and western australian threatened species lists in 1996 following an assessment of status ( start et al . 1998 ) . however , from about 2000 , woylies have suffered a significant ongoing decline and they became again the subject of conservation research and management . woylie conservation was then guided by an interim recovery plan ( freegard 2008 ) . a revised national recovery plan was finalised in 2012 ( yeatman and groom 2012 ) . this recovery plan , guided by a national recovery team , has seven recovery actions :
in 2006 , when it became apparent that declines in numbers were continuing and not isolated to a single location , the intensive woylie conservation research project began . the project is focused on an area east of manjimup where the greatest amount of information is available , but the project is also gathering information from other locations . it complements the standard fauna monitoring being undertaken through the western shield program . the project aims to determine the underlying factors responsible for the recent woylie decline in the upper warren region of south - west wa . it is also identifying management strategies required to reverse these declines . you can read more about the project in the following report –
explanation of listing , between 11 june 2009 and 4 may 2016 , the woylie was included in the epbc act list of threatened species as b . penicillata ogilbyi . between 5 may 2016 and 14 february 2018 , it was listed as b . penicillata . from 15 february 2018 , it was listed as b . penicillata ogilbyi .
] , it may be possible that trypanosomes have affected the long term health , coordination and fitness of these woylies , thus increasing their susceptibility to predation ( or to the other , as yet unidentified , stressors ) . if so , this could provide a temporal link implicating trypanosomes as the disease agent associated with the woylie decline . figure
] . however , it must be noted that due to the spatial variation of the trypanosomes infecting the kp and pp woylies within the uwr , we can no longer assume a uniform distribution of parasites throughout this region . because of these spatial differences and the incomplete spatial correspondence in this current comparison between woylie abundance and trypanosome prevalence ( figure
forty - one woylies were translocated to the perup sanctuary mainland island in october - december 2010 . in november 2012 , 161 independent woylie individuals were captured but due to trap saturation ( 80 traps x 4 nights ) an accurate estimate could not be achieved . the number is probably around 200 ( a . wayne pers . comm . ) .
recovery plan required , the species has experienced significant declines in extent of occurrence and population size since european settlement , and is currently undergoing a severe decline . while this decline may be cyclical and the woylie may naturally recover , the impact of feral predators and other threats on this cyclical process is not known ( 26 / 05 / 2009 ) .
description : the woylie is a small macropod with light brown hair and a black crest on its tail , which is 29–36 cm long . it has strong , clawed front feet which are used for digging for food and nest making . while they forage slowly , woylies are capable of rapid movement if startled and can spring away at surprising speed .
in spite of a number of captive breeding programs the reproductive behaviour of the woylie is not well - described but likely to be typical of the other rat - kangaroos with ardent males repelled by similar - sized unreceptive females until such time as they reach oestrus . nests are constructed and it is likely that male woylies regularly visit the nests of females within their home range .
threatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009w ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - jun - 2009 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 14 - feb - 2018 .
threatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009x ) . non - current commonwealth conservation advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - jun - 2009 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2016 .
the woylie is a small marsupial with greyish - brown fur on the upperparts and flanks and pale grey fur on the underside . the tail is darkly coloured with a distinctive black brush at the end ( hence the species’ common and scientific name ) . adult males grow to 36 cm ( head - body ) and 1 . 8 kg . females are slightly smaller than males .
however in 2008 , the woylie was again listed as critically endangered by the iucn . this was due to a declining rate in numbers of 25 - 95 % per annum since 2001 , leading a 90 % decline between 1999 and 2006 . estimations of total decline between 2001 and 2006 were around 70 - 80 % , equating to 8 , 000 - 15 , 000 animals .
the red fox is controlled via aerial and ground baiting in > 30 000 km 2 of conservation lands in the south - west of western australia . there is ongoing , long - term research aimed at developing operational feral cat control technology . conservation lands in the south - west of western australia with woylie subpopulations and the perup sanctuary are managed by the western australian department of environment and conservation . the south australian department of environment and natural resources manages islands in south australia with woylie subpopulations . the australian wildlife conservancy manages karakamia , yookamurra and scotia sanctuaries , plus mt gibson sanctuary ( where woylies will be reintroduced in 2014 ) . wadderin sanctuary ( 430 ha ) is managed by a local community group with assistance from wildlife research and management ltd and the shire of narambeen .
an example of one of these species is the woylie or brush - tailed bettong ( bettongia penicillata ) . with a former distribution covering large areas of arid and semi - arid northern territory , south australia , new south wales and victoria , its natural occurring populations became restricted in the 1970s to three small wheatbelt reserves in western australia – dryandra woodland , and tutanning and perup nature reserves .
kanyana now had five females and one male from tutanning for breeding . two of these females were old , hadn’t been bred in years and it was unclear whether they could breed again . to optimise the genetic diversity of the kanyana’s tutanning woylies , dpaw transferred the remaining male perth zoo woylie ( brian ) up to lesmurdie . the colony at kanyana then consisted of five females and two males
the main threats to the woylie were red foxes . one of the reasons they were able to survive in the three remaining reserve areas , was the presence of gastrolobium plants , which contain monofluoroacetate , the compound present as sodium monofluoroacetate in “1080” toxic baits . these plants both protect the woylies with cover , as well as possibly causing reduction in predators due to secondary poison when the predators eat them .
thank you for visiting international - dictionary . com , a free online dictionary with over 200 , 000 definitions of words and phrases . you are visitor 32 on this page . please help us expand the meaning of woylie by providing an alternate definition or example above . please add comments to help us improve the site . there are 3 categories for this word . this is word 278003 in our dictionary .
during the 29 months of woylie sampling at the five locations in wa , a total of 881 blood samples were collected from 262 individuals ( with these same blood samples contributing to the temporal and spatial results below ) . of these 262 individuals , 134 ( 51 . 1 % ) were sampled only once , while the remaining 128 individuals ( 48 . 9 % ) were sampled two or more times .
data gathered through population monitoring provides valuable information to assess the conservation status of the species . there are currently 42 sites throughout the south - west of wa where woylies are monitored . the majority of these sites are part of the department’s western shield animal conservation program . the program controls foxes and feral cats by baiting and monitors some of wa’s most vulnerable native animals , including the woylie , which benefit from predator control .
this temporal fluctuation of trypanosome infected woylies from the uwr between 2006 and 2012 appears to be of particular importance , as these data sets could provide the necessary link connecting trypanosomes as the chronic disease agent associated with the recent woylie decline . it has recently been identified that woylies within the same region ( kp woylies ) underwent a period of recovery between 2005 and 2008 , before suffering a second decline that began in 2009 [
this study highlights the potential negative impact of t . copemani , and its possible association with the recent decline of indigenous woylies in wa . in this study , we demonstrated the variable spatial prevalence of t . copemani among the five study sites , and the declining molecular detection of t . copemani from the peripheral blood of the woylie . the reduction in parasitaemia of t . copemani over time may indicate the transitioning of the infection from the acute to chronic phase . we also highlight that the fluctuating trypanosome prevalence of the uwr between 2006 and 2012 could have been influential during the population changes reported for one of the two indigenous populations within this region . here we add to the growing evidence that trypanosomes could have been influential during the recent declines of indigenous woylies in wa . the associated degenerative pathology from the localisation of t . copemani in the capillaries and / or cells of the internal organs may be chronically pathogenic , adversely affecting the long term fitness and coordination , and making the host more vulnerable to predation . we also highlight the necessity to continue monitoring remaining woylie populations , both in the wild and in captivity , and to more thoroughly and rigorously test the nature and strength of the association between trypanosomes and population changes of the woylie and other host species .
there is also “presumed extinct” which sounds sensible , but can be over - turned . i know of two “presumed extinct” animals that have been rediscovered in my lifetime ( the noisy scrub bird and gilbert’s pottoroo ) . and i can think of several others that were said to be “on the brink of extinction” ( e . g . , the woylie and the rock wallaby ) , whose populations recovered amost overnight thanks to fox control programs .
woylie once occupied most of the australian mainland south of the tropics including the arid and semi - arid zones of western australia , the northern territory , new south wales and victoria . however , they are now only found in two small areas : upper warren and dryandra woodland . there are also translocated populations at batalling and inside fenced areas in mt gibson , karakamia and whiteman park , and also in new south wales and south australia .
with the capillaries and / or cells of internal organs could be responsible for digestive manifestations identified from woylies of ill health . in a newspaper article from ‘the western mail’ in 1930 , mr . t . smith of kalgoorlie commented that he could assure that disease did get amongst the kangaroo rat [ woylie ] , killing them off in great numbers , with dying individuals having growths in their throats that appeared to interfere with the ability to swallow [
inconsistent detection of the parasite from the peripheral blood , as was observed in this study , would appear to coincide with transition to the chronic phase , with localisation of these trypanosomes in the capillaries and / or cells associated with the internal organs . the chronic localisation of trypanosomes has previously been demonstrated for the woylie ; a molecular analysis of three deceased individuals identified trypanosomes associated with the tissues of the internal organs , while being absent from the peripheral blood [
the declines have occurred in most known large woylie populations and are not limited to western australia . a translocated population at venus bay ( south australia ) suffered a dramatic crash in 2006 following a slow decline over the previous 12 months . this may have been a result of the restriction of emigration and subsequent resource limitation exacerbated by a series of six frosts . this suggests that the decline of this population may not be associated with the decline of the western australian populations .
the woylie favours dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands with an overstorey of jarrah ( eucalyptus marginata ) and wandoo ( e . wandoo ) . the understorey is formed by low xeric scrub or tussock grasses . in the francoise peron national park at shark bay in western australia and scotia sanctuary in western nsw , woylies and boodies co - exist through introduction and in the latter area use similar microhabitats favouring sites with 10 - 25 % canopy cover relatively high ground cover and height .
in the woylie were wider ( 6 . 16 μm compared to 4 . 2 μm in the quokka ) , had a larger pk and na mean ( 11 . 44 μm and 15 . 85 μm compared to 6 . 5 μm and 13 . 7 μm respectively in the quokka ) and a smaller kn and ff mean ( 4 . 36 μm and 8 . 24 μm compared to 5 . 9 μm and 12 . 1 μm respectively in the quokka ) [
aa , ae and at conceived and designed the tick identification study , aw , at , al , hb , ya , an , sg and km designed the broader woylie study , aw , hb , an and sg undertook field work and sample collection ae , hb , ya and aa identified collected tick specimens , ae and pc undertook morphological imaging and provided morphometric data , aa conducted genetic characterisation and drafted the manuscript with input from all co - authors . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
meanwhile , in early 2008 , june butcher identified mike and mary mccall’s property ( heron’s brook , margaret river ) as an ideal site for woylie releases . the mccall’s property won a dec land for wildlife award in 2009 which helped dec decide to allow kanyana’s woylies to head south . kanyana volunteers caught up 27 animals , checked them , microchipped them , weighed them , took blood samples and sent them to margaret river for a wonderful new life in march 2010 . this colony has now become an “insurance population” .
originally from the us , phd student krista jones received both her dvm and ms in ecology from the university of california , davis . together with collaborators at dpaw , whiteman park , and the awc , her dissertation project will investigate factors influencing pathogen transmission in the critically endangered woylie , a small marsupial . she is thrilled to join such a supportive group and be able to combine her interests in conservation , wildlife behavior , and population health , while developing new skills in social network theory , disease modeling , and parasitology .
the foraging of woylies , like the other bettongs and potoroos , alters soil structure and is likely to be beneficial to increasing the permeability of hard surfaces and the incorporation of humus into the soil . thus the extinction of this species across almost all of its range at the time of european settlement has come at a considerable cost to the dispersal and viability of now commercially important trees and the adverse compaction of soils . thus the various intensive and small - scale projects to bring the woylie back into the rangelands should be applauded for their economic sense .
the critically endangered brush - tailed bettong is reliant on the monitoring and reduction of fox populations as well as careful habitat management for its survival ( 7 ) . research is currently underway to identify possible new translocation sites ( 1 ) , and an investigation is being carried out by the woylie conservation research project to discover why all large brush - tailed bettong populations across australia dramatically declined in 2001 . predation , disease and food availability are the main areas under investigation ( 1 ) , and hopefully the findings will enable the prevention of further declines in the future .
amanda started her phd at murdoch university in 2011 , after completing her undergraduate degree in zoology and biochemistry at uwa . during her honours project at uwa she investigated fairy - wren ecology and this included some behavioural studies . she soon realised that animal behaviour was one of her main scientific interests , along with conservation of native australian animals . these interests have come together nicely in her phd – part of her work at murdoch will be to study whether toxoplasma affects the behaviour of the woylie ; a native marsupial that is now threatened due to recent population declines .
blood collected in edta tubes was used for genomic dna extraction , along with tissue samples from the single dead woylie from nar . dna was extracted from 300 μl of host blood and 10–20 mg of host tissue using the wizard® genomic dna purification kit ( cat # a1125 ) as per the protocol for whole blood extraction and animal tissue ( promega , wisconsin usa ) . dna was eluted in 60 μl of dna rehydration solution and stored at −20°c prior to use . a negative control was included in each batch of dna extractions that contained neither blood nor tissue .
here we report for the first time on the morphological diversity of trypanosomes infecting the woylie and provide the first visual evidence of a mixed infection of both t . vegrandis sp . nov and t . copemani . we also provide supporting evidence that over time , the intracellular t . copemani phenotype 2 may become localised in the tissues of woylies as the infection progresses from the active acute to chronic phase . as evidence grows , further research will be necessary to investigate whether the morphologically diverse trypanosomes of woylies have impacted on the health of their hosts during recent population declines .
adult male ( ear tag number wc27 / 41 ) was transferred from a wild population at keninup , wa ( 33 . 94s , 116 . 57e ) to nar on 11 november 2010 . keninup is a forest location close to keninup creek . the woylie died on 5 june 2012 and was taken to murdoch university for post - mortem examination . oxyurids from the caecum and colon were fixed in glycerine alcohol . the remaining caecum and contents were fixed in glycerine alcohol and nematodes were removed at a later date . these specimens have been deposited in the south australian museum .
the paruna sanctuary in the avon valley near perth is also an excellent place to see woylies . this is one of a number of sanctuaries run by the australian wildlife conservanc y that have re - introduced threatened macropods into parts of their former range . the woylie has been a particularly successful member of these re - introductions . the paruna sanctuary has visitor facilities but access is by prior arrangement . woylies have also been introduced into australian wildlife conservancy properties at scotia in new south wales and yookamura in south australia . these sanctuaries also have boodies and mala but access is only through volunteering programs .
like the boodie , the woylie was once the most widespread in the rangelands of western australia , northern territory , south australia , new south wales and north - western victoria . at the time of discovery there were three disjunct populations - a north - western , south - western and south - eastern - of which only the south - western remains with the sub - specific name of ogilbyi . from these founders , reintroductions have been made into fenced reserves in south australia , nsw and western australia . intensive fox control in the south - west has seen expansion of populations from their remnant distribution .
we thank peta clode and crystal cooper of the centre for microscopy , characterisation and analysis at the university of western australia for their help with scanning electron micrographs , craig thompson at murdoch university for providing access to the woylie gut contents , andrew thompson at murdoch university for supporting this project , leslie chisholm at the south australian museum for the loan of potoroxyuris specimens , and ian beveridge at the university of melbourne for macropoxyuris specimens . we are grateful to amanda ash and susan harrington for their constructive comments on an early draft , and to two anonymous referees for providing helpful comments on a previous version .
individual woylies were identified by either an ear tag or a permanent integrated transponder ( pit ) number to ensure that blood was only extracted once per trapping session . using a 25g × 5 / 8” needle and 1 ml syringe , 300 μl of blood was collected from the lateral caudal vein of each woylie and placed into a minicollect 1 ml edta tube ( greiner bio - one , germany ) to prevent clotting and kept at 4°c for dna extraction and pcr . after blood collection , all woylies were released at the point of capture , except for 54 woylies captured in the uwr during november and december 2010 .
they are solitary animals but nest sharing ( usually mother and young at heel ) has been recorded ( sampson 1971 , christensen and leftwich 1980 , start et al . 1995 ) . they occupy home ranges , the size of which varies between habitats , sites and according to woylie density . small home ranges ( less than 6 ha ) are generally observed at high density occurrences ( nelson 1989 in nelson et al . 1992 ; hide 2006 ) . males tend to have larger home ranges than females ( sampson 1971 , leftwich 1983 ) , although this is not always so when woylies are at higher densities ( yeatman 2010 ) .
as evident in this study , the kp woylies had very dissimilar trypanosome prevalences to its neighbouring population ( pp ) within the uwr . there are four possible reasons for the very low prevalence from the kp . firstly , the remaining kp woylies are more resistant to trypanosome infections ( and the number of woylies in this population should increase ) ; or they are all chronically infected and trypomastigotes are being maintained at molecularly undetectable levels in the peripheral blood of the host ( and number of woylies in this population should continue to decline ) . the very low prevalence of trypanosomes could be a function of woylie density and / or time since the decline ( kp woylies declined earlier than pp [
after removing the animal from the trap , a 400 μl sample of blood was collected from the lateral caudal vein using a 25g x 5 / 8” needle and 1 ml syringe . from the collected blood , 300 μl was placed into a minicollect 1 ml edta tube ( greiner bio - one , germany ) to prevent clotting and kept at 4°c for dna extraction and pcr . with the remaining blood , multiple thin blood smears were made from each woylie sampled . wet mounted slides were also collected during the february 2012 sampling at kws . after blood collection , woylies were released at the point of capture , except for eight woylies from the uwr , which were translocated to nar for release .
the woylie like most of the rat - kangaroos has a gestation period just shorter than the oestrous cycle and thus has a post - partum oestrus with mating taking place very soon after the current pouch young vacates the pouch permanently . however , if a male is not present ovulation does not occur and the female will not enter oestrus until introduced to a may . woylies show embryonic diapause and breed continuously regardless of season . pouch life is around 3 . 5 months and thus they are able to produce more than one young per year . males become sexually mature at around 13 months and females much earlier at 10 months . in captivity on a high quality diet , breeding may commence earlier and the maximal production of 3 young per year achieved but more usually two .


lyle 's flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .

it is found in cambodia , thailand , and vietnam .

it can do fairly well in some urban areas .

1 it is killed for bushmeat in parts of its range .

lyle ' s flying fox

lyle’s flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) is a medium - sized flying fox which forms large colonies high up in trees . lyle’s flying fox has a long dark muzzle , large eyes and a ring of orange fur around the neck , and bears some resemblance to a fox , hence the common name ‘flying fox’ ( 5 ) .
bbc two - lyle’s flying fox - thailand : earth ' s tropical paradise , the central heartland - in pictures . . .
farmers also pose a threat as they consider lyle’s flying fox to be a crop pest , resulting in persecution of this species ( 3 ) .
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lyle ' s flying fox is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .
the diet of lyle’s flying fox consists mainly of ripe fruit . however , this species will also feed on nectar , pollen and blossoms to ensure it gets enough energy . fruit is very low in protein and sodium , so the salivary gland of lyle’s flying fox has become specially adapted to ensure this species can extract the required nutrients ( 7 ) .
the population of lyle’s flying fox is believed to be in decline , a trend which is expected to continue due to human pressures on its environment ( 1 ) . habitat loss is a major threat to the population ( 1 ) , with deforestation and construction projects irreversibly destroying the forests that lyle’s flying fox relies on for roosting and for food ( 3 ) .
unlike other bat families , fruit bats do not hibernate . instead , lyle’s flying fox produces heat by shivering , which keeps its body temperature between 33 and 37 degrees celsius ( 6 ) .
the wings and back of lyle ' s flying fox are dark brown or black , which strongly contrast against the bright fur around the head and neck . its lower body varies from a deep dark - brown to a brighter yellow - brown . its breast and belly are black - brown , which is similar to the large flying fox ( pteropus vampyrus ) ( 3 ) .
lyle’s flying foxes are the largest bats in the world , as some species can have a wingspan of up to two metres and weigh around 1 . 5 kg .
the lyle ' s flying fox is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
lanlua , p . , sricharoenvej , s . , niyomchan , a . and chico , d . e . ( 2007 ) unique cellular structures in the parotid gland of an old world fruit bat , pteropus lylei ( lyle ' s flying fox ) . italian journal of anatomy and embryology , 112 : 179 - 90 .
lyles’s flying fox can be found in some of southeast asia’s most secluded jungles , as well as in the middle of villages or even large urban metropolises such as bangkok . the species usually roosts in temples in the middle of urban areas ( 3 ) .
unlike the majority of animals in the chiroptera order , which are nocturnal , insectivores and orient themselves using ultrasounds , lyle’s flying foxes are crepuscular , feed on fruit , flowers and nectar and use their sight to guide them while flying and to find food .
the habitat of lyle’s flying foxes is limited to thailand , cambodia , viet nam , and the yunnan province of china . even though little is known about populations within china , lyle’s flying foxes have been listed by iucn as vulnerable or one step away from being considered endangered . until recent hunting restrictions were put into place , fruit bats were considered a delicacy and were hunted legally .
hondo , e . , inoue , n . , maeda , k . , rerkamnuaychoke , w . and duengkae , p . ( 2010 ) movement of lyle ' s flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) in central thailand . journal of wildlife in thailand , 17 : 55 - 63 .
lyle’s flying fox is native to southeast asia and is found in thailand , vietnam , cambodia , malaysia , and yunnan in china . this species has been mostly documented in thailand , where at least 11 colonies have been identified , the largest containing around 3 , 000 individuals ( 1 ) .
although it is a nocturnal species , lyle’s flying fox is very sociable and noisy during the day , as this is when females suckle their young ( 5 ) . large noisy colonies are very conspicuous , but they have few natural predators and so can hang safely up in the trees all day ( 6 ) .
lyle’s flying fox’s primary sense when foraging is vision , as it lacks the echolocation abilities of insectivorous bats . it has well developed teeth which are used to chew fruit while spitting out most of the seeds and pulp ( 5 ) . some seeds are ingested , which is important for the local ecosystem as it allows for the dispersal of seeds into other areas ( 2 ) .
lyle’s flying fox , and other species of bat , have been found to harbor large reservoirs of the nipah virus . although the virus does not harm the bat , it can be deadly to humans , and there is substantial data suggesting that recent outbreaks were caused by bat to person transmission of the virus ( 8 ) .
lyle’s flying fox is listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , so trade in this species should be carefully monitored ( 4 ) . there are no known populations within protected areas in vietnam or cambodia . however , this species is protected by monks in thailand where populations roost in temple roofs ( 1 ) .
lyle’s flying foxes are the largest bats in the world , as some species can have a wingspan of up to two metres and weigh around 1 . 5 kg . they do not have tails , have a claw on the second digit of each wing and have two incisors on each maxilla . their faces are reminiscent of a small fox and , hence , its common name .
hunting still occurs in some places , but habitat degradation and destruction has also contributed to the 30 % population decline over the past 15 years ( three generations ) . in thailand and cambodia , lyle’s flying foxes are considered pests and are not protected except on temple grounds . for this reason , large , noisy colonies of lyle’s flying foxes can be found colonizing the trees over some buddhist temples in cambodia and thailand . up to 11 colonies are known to exist in thailand and the largest contains close to 3000 individuals .
lyle’s flying foxes will colonize trees in large groups , where they nest and suckle their young during the day . at night they depart to forage for food and have been known to travel 40 miles away to find food . rather than using echolocation as their insectivore cousins do , fruit bats rely on well - developed visual and olfactory senses .
in central thailand ' s forests , plains and city streets , nature lives alongside people .
fujita , m . ( 1988 ) flying foxes and economics . bats magazine , 6 : 1 . available at : urltoken
the size of fruit bats can be truly startling when first encountered at night by strangers to tropical climes and has resulted in reports of vampire bats or flying pterodactyls , but unless you’re a fruit or flower , or smell like one , you have little to fear . okay , a little fear is appropriate . over the past 10 years or so several research studies have found that fruit bats , including lyle’s flying foxes , are hosts for emerging viruses that can infect and kill livestock and
) belongs to the large family of mammalian old world fruit bats or flying foxes . the spanish name is zorro valador de lyle . as the common name suggests fruit bats live on nectar , pollen , blossoms , and fruit , and for this reason their habitats are limited to tropical and subtropical regions of the world . old world fruit bats are the largest bats in the world , with wing spans up to 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) and weighing as much as 2 . 2 pounds ( 1 . 5 kg ) . by comparison , the size of lyle’s flying foxes is about mid - sized within the fruit bat family .
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luby , s . p . et al . ( 2009 ) recurrent zoonotic transmission of nipah virus into humans , bangladesh , 2001 - 2007 . emerging infectious diseases , 15 : 1229 - 1235 .
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this species is listed on appendix ii of cites . there are no known populations within protected areas in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) or cambodia . the species is protected by monks in thailand ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) .
nothing is known from china about the ecology of this species ( smith et al . 2008 ) . in other areas , it is known to form large colonies in trees that can become stripped of leaves by the bats ' activity . it feeds in orchards and is regarded as a serious pest in thailand ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) . it occurs in mangrove forest in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) . this species travels up to 50 km between colonies ( s . bumrugsri pers . comm . ) .
in thailand the species is threatened through loss of roosting habitat , as existing trees die and are not replaced , it is also subject to hunting ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) . it is also threatened in cambodia by hunting ( p . bates pers . comm . ) .
echolocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . gland an organ that makes and secretes substances used by the body . hibernation a winter survival strategy in which an animal’s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained . while hibernating , animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer . insectivorous insect - eating . nocturnal active at night .
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hutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as vulnerable as it is estimated that a decline of over 30 % has occurred in a fifteen year time period ( three generations ) including the past and the present , and this decline is expected to continue due to increasing trade and hunting pressure and ongoing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
this species is known from yunnan in china ( smith et al . 2008 ) , extending in to cambodia , thailand , and viet nam .
the largest known colony in thailand is about 3 , 000 individuals and up to 11 colonies have been identified . there are three known colonies in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) .
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colonies inhabiting the forest roost in the tops of tall canopy trees , which they revisit year after year ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
wilson , e . d . ( 1997 ) bats in question : the smithsonian answer book ( second edition ) . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .
allen , g . m . ( 1980 ) bats : biology , behavior and folklore . harvard university , dover publications inc .
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with an isolated population in yunnan ( china ) and extending through cambodia , thailand and vietnam .
gestation lasts from 140 to 190 days and only one baby is generally born in each birth , occasionally two . the mother takes the baby right when it is born and it remains clinging to her body for several days . after this period , the baby pup remains on tree branches and holes when the mother goes out to feed .
gregarious animals , they form large colonies that come together to rest in the immense trees in the jungle . the largest known colony is in thailand , comprised of some 3000 specimens .
their populations are shrinking considerably in recent years due to direct hunting , deforestation and the progressive deterioration of their habitat . according to the iucn ( international union for the conservation of nature ) , the species has diminished by some 30 % in the last 15 years .
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one specimen was at least 20 . 4 years old when it died in captivity [ 0671 ] .
[ 0730 ] smith et al . ( 2003 ) , body mass of late quaternary mammals
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