arbacia dufresnii is a species of sea urchin of the family arbaciidae .

its armour is covered with spines .

a. dufresnii was first scientifically described in 1825 by blainville .

arbacia dufresnii

( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . 1975 . los equinoideos regulares fosiles y recíentes de chile . gayana zoolgia 35 , 5 - 189 . [ details ]
( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) david , b . , t . choné , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 [ details ]
( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of echinocidaris dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of arbacia schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv für naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]
( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors
( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of arbacia dufresni ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 580 [ details ]
( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]
( of arbacia alternans ( troschel , 1872 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . ( 1982 ) . implications of two fossil arbaciids ( echinoidea , arbaciidae ) from the pliocene of northern chile . in : lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) : echinoderms : proceedings of the international conference / tampa bay / 14 - 17 september 1981 . p . 99 . page ( s ) : 99 [ details ]
( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . 1910 . the echinoidea of the swedish south polar expedition . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen südpolar expedition 6 / 4 , 1 - 114 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 32 - 36 ; pl . 5 : figs . 1 - 3 , pl . 15 : figs 1 , 4 - 5 , 7 , 11 , 14 [ details ]
lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) troschel , f . h . ( 1872 ) . die familie der echinocidariden ( 1 ) . archiv für naturgeschichte . 38 : 293 - 356 . page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]
( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv für naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]
david , b . , t . choné , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]
( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 [ details ]
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af030828 genomic dna translation : aac38902 . 1 af030854  , af030853 genomic dna translation : aac38915 . 1 af030856  , af030855 genomic dna translation : aac38916 . 1 af030858  , af030857 genomic dna translation : aac38917 . 1
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epipomponia multipunctata is a moth in the epipyropidae family .

it is found in panama .

the foprewings are deep black , with bands of small dark blue spots .

the hindwings are uniform smoky-black .

epipomponia multipunctata

part 6 / 8 . richards , a . g . , jr . the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation . the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america . ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) . the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) . pp . 233 - 276 , plates 28 - 34 . 1941 .
h i allan hancock pacific expeditions volume s numbers 6 , 7 , 8 the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation ( plates 28 - 31 ) the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) ( plates 32 , 33 ) the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) ( plate 34 ) by a . glenn richards , jr . zoological laboratory university of pennsylvania
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volume 1 fraser , c . mcl . general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931 - 41 . 1943 .
part 1 . historical introduction , velero iii , personnel , pp 1 - 48 , plates 1 - 16 .
part 2 . geographical and biological associations , pp 49 - 258 , plates 17 - 128 .
part 3 . a ten year list of the velero iii collecting stations , pp . 259 - 432 , charts 1 - 115 .
part 1 . ziesenhenne , f . c . a new brittle star from the galapagos islands , pp 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1935 .
part 2 . myers , g . s . , and e . d . reid . description of a new blennioid fish of the genus acanthemblemaria from the pacific coast of panama . pp 7 - 10 , 1936 .
part 3 . manter , h . w . a new genus of distomes ( trematoda ) with lymphatic vessels , pp . 11 - 22 , plate 2 . 1937 .
part 4 . wilson , c . b . parasitic copepods taken during the third hancock expedition to the galapagos islands . pp 23 - 30 , plate 3 . 1937 .
part 5 . meserve , f . g . some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 31 - 90 , plates 4 - 10 . 1938 .
part 6 . gilbert , p . t . three new trematodes from the galapagos marine iguana amblyrhynchus cristatus . pp . 91 - 108 , plates 11 - 12 . 1938 .
part 7 . ginsburg , isaac . eight new species of gobioid fishes from the american pacific coast . pp . 109 - 122 . 1938 .
part 8 . hanna , g . d . , and l . g . hertlein . land and brackish water mollusca of cocos island . pp . 123 - 136 . 1938 .
part 9 . cuckler , a . c . nematode parasites of the galapagos land iguana . pp . 137 - 166 , plates 13 - 15 . 1938 .
part 10 . scott , hugh . a new species of nycteribiidae ( diptera , pupipara ) from islands in the gulf of california . pp . 167 - 172 , plate 16 . 1939 .
part 11 . clark , h . l . a remarkable new genus of sea urchin ( spatangidae ) . pp . 173 - 176 , plate 17 . 1939 .
part 12 . strong , a . m . , and l . g . hertlein . marine mollusks from panama collected by the allan hancock expedition to the galapagos islands , 1931 - 1932 . pp . 177 - 246 , plates 18 - 23 . 1939 .
part 13 . coe , w . r . revision of the nemertean fauna of the pacific coasts of north , central and northern south america . pp . 247 - 324 , plates 24 - 31 . 1940 .
part 14 . manter , h . w . digenetic trematodes of fishes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 325 - 498 , plates 32 - 50 . 1940 .
part 15 . van cleave , h . j . the acanthocephala collected by the allan hancock pacific expedition , 1934 . pp . 499 - 530 , plates 51 - 55 1940
part 16 . manter , h . w . the geographical distribution of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of the tropical american pacific . pp . 531 - 548 . 1940 .
part 1 . steere , w . c . mosses of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor . pp . 1 - 14 , plate 1 . 1936 .
part 2 . drouet , francis . myxophyceae of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 15 - 32 , plates 2 - 3 , 1936 .
part 3 . dodge , c . w . lichens of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 33 - 46 . 1936 .
part 4 . allan , w . e . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by the g . allan hancock expedition of 1936 . pp . 47 - 60 , fig . 1 . 1937 .
part 5 . cupp , e . e . , and w . e . allen . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by allan hancock pacific expedition of 1937 . pp . 61 - 100 , plates 4 - 15 , 1 map . 1938 .
part 6 . sparrow , f . k . jr . , phycomycetes recovered from soil samples collected by w . r . taylor on the allan hancock 1939 expedition . pp . 101 - 114 , plates 16 - 17 . 1940 .
part 7 / 8 . dawson , e . y . field observations on the algae of the gulf of california . a review of the genus rhodymenia with descriptions of new species . pp . 115 - 182 , plates 18 - 30 . 1941 .
part 9 . hedrick , joyce . some lichens from the american tropics collected by r . w . taylor . pp . 183 - 188 . 1942
part 10 . dawson , e . y . the marine algae of the gulf of california . pp . 189 - 454 , plates 31 - 77 . 1944 .
part 1 . hydroids of the 1934 allan hancock pacific expedition . pp . 1 - 106 , plates 1 - 15 . 1938 .
part 2 . hydroids of the 1936 and 1937 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 107 - 128 , plates 16 - 18 . 1938 .
part 3 . hydroids of the 1932 , 1933 , 1935 and 1938 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 129 - 154 , plates 19 - 21 . 1938 .
part 4 . distribution of the hydroids in the collections of the allan hancock expeditions . pp . 155 - 178 . 1939 .
part 5 . hydroids of the allan hancock pacific expeditions since march , 1938 . pp . 179 - 336 , plates 22 - 42 . 1948 .
part 1 . glassell , s . a . three new anomuran crabs from the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 6 . 1938 .
part 2 . garth , j . s . new brachyuran crabs from the galapagos islands . pp . 7 - 50 , plates 1 - 10 . 1939 .
part 3 . garth , j . s . some new species of brachyuran crabs from mexico and the central and south american mainland . pp . 51 - 128 , plates 11 - 26 . 1940 .
part 4 . schmitt , w . l . the stomatopods of the west coast of america based on collections made by the allan hancock expeditions , 1933 - 38 . pp . 129 - 226 , 33 text - figs . 1940 .
part 5 . cornwall , i . e . a new genus and species of barnacle from ecuador . pp . 227 - 232 , plate 27 . 1941 .
part 9 . hilton , w . a . pycnogonids from allan hancock expeditions . pp . 277 - 340 , plates 35 - 48 . 1942 .
part 10 . garth , j . s . the littoral brachyuran fauna of the galapagos archipelago . pp . 341 - 602 , plates 49 - 87 , 1 text fig . 1946 .
part 11 . garth , j . s . distribution studies of galapagos brachyura . pp . 603 - 638 , charts 1 - 10 . 1946 .
part 1 . cushman , j . a . and irene mcculloch . a report on some arenaceous foraminifera , pp . 1 - 114 , plates 1 - 12 . 1939 .
part 2 . lalicker , c . g . , and irene mcculloch . some textulariidae of the pacific ocean . pp . 115 - 144 , plates 13 - 16 . 1940 .
part 3 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some noniondae in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 145 - 178 , plates 17 - 20 . 1946 .
part 4 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some virgulininae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 179 - 230 , plates 21 - 28 . 1942 .
part 5 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . the species of bulimina and related genera in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 231 - 294 , plates 29 - 36 . 1948 .
part 6 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some lagendae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 295 - 364 , plates 37 - 48 . 1950 .
part 1 / 2 . aphroditidae to pisionidae . pp . 1 - 156 , plates 1 - 28 . new species of polychaetous annelids from southern california . pp . 157 - 172 , plates 29 - 30 . 1939 .
part 3 . chrysopetalidae to goniadidae , pp . 173 - 288 , plates 31 - 44 . 1940 .
part 4 . spionidae . some contributions to the biology and life history of spionidae from california , with keys to species and genera and descriptions of two new forms . pp . 289 - 324 , plates 45 - 48 . 1941 .
part 5 . pectinariidae with a review of all species from the western hemisphere . pp . 325 - 346 , plates 49 - 52 . 1941 .
part 1 . hill , alex . a new genus of brittle stars , amphicontus . pp . 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1940 .
part 2 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new ophiurans of the allan hancock pacific expeditions , pp . 7 - 60 , plates 2 - 9 . 1940 .
part 3 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii during the years 1932 to 1938 . part i . dendrochirota . pp . 61 - 196 , plates 10 - 30 . 1941 .
part 4 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new eastern pacific sea stars . pp . 197 - 224 , plates 31 - 34 . 1942 .
part 5 . clark , h . l . a report on the echini of the warmer eastern pacific , based on the collections of the velero iii . pp . 225 - 352 , plates 35 - 71 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1948 .
part 1 . seale , alvin . report on fishes from allan hancock expeditions in the california academy of sciences . pp . 1 - 46 , plates 1 - 5 . 1940 .
part 2 . reid , e . d . a new genus and species of pearl fish , family carapidae , from off gorgona island , colombia . pp . 47 - 50 , plate 6 . 1940 .
part 3 . herald , e . s . a key to the pipefishes of the pacific american coasts with descriptions of new genera and species . pp . 51 - 64 . 1940 .
part 4 . myers , g . s . , and c . b . wade . four new genera and ten new species of eels from the pacific coast of tropical america . pp . 65 - 112 , plates 7 - 16 . 1941 .
part 5 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . the pacific american atherinid fishes of the genera eurystole , nectarges , coleotropis , and melanorhinus . pp . 113 - 150 , plates 17 - 19 . 1942 .
part 6 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . new fishes of the families dactyloscopidae , microdesmidae , and antennariidae from the west coast of mexico and the galapagos islands with a brief account of the use of rotenone fish poisons in ichthyological collecting . pp . 151 - 180 , plates 20 - 23 . 1946 .
part 7 / 8 . wade , c . b . two new genera and five new species of apodal fishes from the eastern pacific . new fishes in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 181 - 238 , plates 24 - 32 . 1946 .
part 2 / 3 . polychaetous annelids from california , including the descriptions of two new genera and nine new species . pp . 239 - 310 , plates 19 - 26 . paraonidae , magelonidae , longosomidae , ctenodrilidae , and sabellariidae . pp . 311 - 390 , plates 27 - 42 . 1944 .
part 1 . dickinson , m . g . sponges of the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 252 , plates 1 - 97 . 1945 .
part 2 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii and iv during the years 1932 to 1954 . part ii . aspidochirota . pp . 253 - 352 , 9 plates . 1958 .
taylor , w . r . pacific marine algae of the allan hancock expeditions to the galapagos islands . 528 p . , 100 plates . 1945 .
part 1 . steere , w . c . the bryophyta of the allan hancock expedition of 1939 . pp . 1 - 4 . 1946 .
part 2 . gentry , h . s . land plants collected by the velero iii . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1937 - 1941 . pp . 5 - 245 , 15 plates , 3 maps . 1949 .
part 3 . dunkle , m . b . plant ecology of the channel islands of california . pp . 247 - 386 , 6 plates , 12 figs . 1950 .
volume 14 . osburn , r . c . bryozoa of the pacific coast of america .
part 3 . cyclostomata , ctenostomata , entoprocta , and addenda . pp . 612 - 841 , plates 65 - 82 . 1953 .
part 1 . hartman , olga . goniadidae , glyceridae and nephytidae . pp 1 - 181 , plates 1 - 19 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1950 .
part 2 . hyman , libbie h . some polyclad flatworms from the galapagos islands . pp . 183 - 210 . 1953 .
part 3 . hartman , olga . orbiniidae , apistobranchidae , paraonidae and longosmidae . pp . 211 - 394 , plates 20 - 44 , 1 map . 1957 .
part 1 . durham , j . w . , and j . l . barnard . stony corals of the eastern pacific collected by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 110 , plates 1 - 16 . 1952 .
volume 17 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .
part 1 . bangiales to corallinaceae subf . corallinoideae . pp . 1 - 240 , 33 plates . 1953 .
part 1 . barnard , j . l . amphipoda of the family ampeliscidae collected in the eastern pacific by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 138 , plates 1 - 38 . 1954 .
part 2 . walton , b . c . the genus pylopagurus ( crustacea : anomura ) in the pacific with descriptions of two new species . pp . 139 - 173 , plates 39 - 43 . 1954 .
part 3 . barnard , j . l . the amphipod family phoxocephalidae in the eastern pacific ocean , with analyses of other species and notes for a revision of the family . pp . 175 - 375 , plates 1 - 75 , chart 1 . 1960 .
part 1 . hartman , olga . quantitative survey of the benthos of san pedro basin , southern california . 1 preliminary results . pp 1 - 202 , plates 1 - 7 , 2 charts . 1955 .
part 1 . soot - ryen , tron . a report on the family mytilidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 1 - 176 , plates 1 - 10 , text - figs . 1 - 78 . 1955 .
part 2 . rost , helen . a report on the family arcidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 177 - 250 , plates 11 - 16 , text - figs . 79 - 95 . 1955 .
garth , j . s . brachyura of the pacific coast of america ; oxyrhyncha : majidae . 2 vols . ( 854 p . , 85 plates , 9 text - figs . ) . 1958 .
volume 22 hartman , olga , and j . l . barnard . the benthic fauna of the deep basins off southern california .
part l . introduction and preliminary report . pp . 1 - 68 , plates 1 - 2 , chart 1 . 1958 .
part 2 . systematics , summaries and results . pp . 69 - 297 , plates 1 - 19 , map . 1960 .
grau , gilbert . pectinidae of the eastern pacific . 308 pp . , 57 plates . 1959 .
haig , janet . the porcellanidae ( crustacea anomura ) of the eastern pacific . 440 p . , 41 plates , col . front . , 12 text - figs . 1960 .
hartman , olga . polychaetous annelids from california . 226 p . , 34 plates , col . front . 1961 .
volume 26 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .
part 1 . cerimiales : ceramiaceae , delesseriaceae . pp . 1 - 207 , plates 1 - 50 . 1962 .
part 1 . topography , water , and sediments , by k . o . emery and jobst hulsemann . 80 p . , 22 figs . , tables . 1963 .
part 2 . biology , by olga hartman . 424 p . , 27 figs . , tables . 1963 .
part 3 . systematics : polychaetes , by olga hartman . 93 p . 45 figs . 1963 .
part 4 . systematics : isopoda , by g . schultz . 56 p . , 15 plates . 1966 .
part 5 . systematics : amphipoda , by j . l . barnard . 166 p . , 46 plates . 1966 .
image from page 294 of
allan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]
( 1938 )
click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .
please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .
image from page 700 of
allan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]
( 1938 )
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the underworld windowskate ( fenestraja plutonia ) is a species of cartilaginous fish in the family rajidae .

it is also known as the pluto skate .

the underworld windowskate is known from patches of continental slope in the western atlantic ocean between the coasts of the southern united states and suriname .

fenestraja plutonia

the following term was not found in genome : fenestraja plutonia [ orgn ] .
external morphology of fenestraja and gurgesiella . adult male 232 mm tl . . . | download scientific diagram
figure 3 : external morphology of fenestraja and gurgesiella . adult male 232 mm tl ( zmh 119851 ) of fenestraja plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) in ( a ) dorsal and ( b ) ventral views , as well as adult male holotype 424 mm tl ( zmh 25046 ) of gurgesiella dorsalifera mceachran & compagno , 1980 in ( c ) dorsal and ( d ) ventral views .
fenestraja maceachrani ( séret 1989 ) in honor of john d . mceachran ( b . 1941 , note latinization of “mc” to “mac” ) , for his major contributions to skate and ray systematics
( of raja plutonia garman , 1881 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of breviraja plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gurgesiella plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
justification : fenestraja plutonia is a small ( to 27 cm tl ) deepwater skate known from depths of 293–1 , 024 m with a patchy distribution in the western central atlantic . virtually nothing is known of this species ' biology . no information is available on interactions with fisheries and while it is a potential bycatch of deeper water demersal trawling , its wide bathymetric range probably provides it with refuge at depth . however , at present this species cannot be assessed beyond data deficient .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
western central atlantic : recorded from north carolina to florida keys , bahamas , northeastern gulf of mexico , costa rica , colombia , venezuela , guyana and suriname ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) .
bathydemersal deepwater species reported at depths from 293–1 , 024 m ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . maximum size 27 cm total length ( tl ) , and males mature at about 23 cm tl ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . reproduction is presumably oviparous , like other skates . little else is known of the biology of this species .
no specific information is available on the bycatch of this species in any fisheries but it may be vulnerable to bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries off southern usa , in the gulf of mexico , and potentially elsewhere . there is probably some refuge for this species in deeper water beyond the depth of current fishing activities .
further surveys are required to better define the species ' distribution , depth range and biology . careful monitoring should also be undertaken should fisheries expand to greater depths in the region . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
latin , fenestra , - ae = small hole or opening in a bone + latin , raja , - ae = a fish , raja sp . ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 290 - 750 m ( ref . 28767 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 3 cm tl ( female )
first and dorsal confluent . thorns on anterior part of tail and disc are larger and more conspicuous . upper surface from pale yellowish brown to darker greyish brown , purplish brown or mouse gray . lower surface yellowish white ( ref . 6902 ) .
deep water species ( ref . 6902 ) . oviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . eggs have horn - like projections on the shell ( ref . 205 ) .
oviparous , paired eggs are laid . embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) .
mceachran , j . d . and k . a . dunn , 1998 . phylogenetic analysis of skates , a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) . copeia 1998 ( 2 ) : 271 - 290 . ( ref . 27314 )
) : 8 . 5 - 15 . 9 , mean 11 . 5 ( based on 77 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00302 ( 0 . 00137 - 0 . 00665 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
deep water species ( ref . 6902 ) . oviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . eggs have horn - like projections on the shell ( ref . 205 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of raja acanthiderma fowler , 1947 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
reports on the results of dredging , under the supervisionof ' alexander agassiz , along the atlantic coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake ,
commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xii . reports on the selachians .
( garman , 1881 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
first and dorsal confluent . thorns on anterior part of tail and disc are larger and more conspicuous . upper surface from pale yellowish brown to darker greyish brown , purplish brown or mouse gray . lower surface yellowish white
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
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atlantoraja menni 1972 atlanto , referring to distribution of a . castelnaui and a . cyclophora in southwestern atlantic ocean ; raia , latin for ray or skate
bathyraja ishiyama 1958 bathy , deep , referring to deepwater habitat of b . trachouros ; raia , latin for ray or skate
bathyraja diplotaenia ( ishiyama 1952 ) diplo , double ; taen , band or ribbon , referring to how ventral fin is divided into “double ribbons” ( i . e . , deeply notched between anterior and posterior lobes )
bathyraja eatonii ( günther 1876 ) in honor of naturalist and explorer rev . alfred edmund eaton ( 1845 - 1929 ) , who collected type
bathyraja ishiharai stehmann 2005 in honor of hajime ishihara ( b . 1950 ) , stehmann’s “skatology” colleague and friend for more than 25 years , who devoted his life’s research to chondrichthyan fishes , producing important revisions of north pacific bathyraja
bathyraja longicauda ( de buen 1959 ) longus , long ; cauda , tail , referring to long caudal region , 52 . 9 % of total length in holotype
bathyraja maccaini springer 1971 in honor of antarctic zoologist john c . mccain ( b . 1939 , note latinization of “mc” to “mac” ) , collector of the type , aboard the m / v hero in 1967 ( mccain later became a senior research scientist at the university of petroleum and minerals , dharan , saudi arabia , where he investigated the effects of oil spills in the persian gulf )
bathyraja richardsoni ( garrick 1961 ) in honor of l . r . richardson , victoria university of wellington , “for his extensive contribution to deep water research in new zealand , and especially in cook strait where the type specimen was taken”
bathyraja schroederi ( krefft 1968 ) in honor of william c . schroeder ( 1895 - 1977 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , for his outstanding contribution to the study of western atlantic elasmobranchs
bathyraja shuntovi dolganov 1985 in honor of russian zoologist vyacheslav shuntov ( b . 1937 )
bathyraja tunae stehmann 2005 in honor of m . sc . student lic . maría cristina oddone f . , nicknamed “tuna , ” the “most enthusiastic elasmobranch student” stehmann has ever met ; “the author wishes her luck in her further career , and that all her dreams may come true . ”
bathyraja tzinovskii dolganov 1983 in honor of arctic oceanographer vladimir diodorovich tzinovskiy ( b . 1964 , also spelled tzinovsky ) , p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology ( moscow ) , who collected type
bathyraja smirnovi ( soldatov & pavlenko 1915 ) in honor of “mr . smirnov , ” inspector of fishes , who collected fishes from the sea of okhotsk
brochiraja heuresa last & séret 2012 latinized from the greek heuresis ( that which is found , discovered ) , based on the ancient greek heureka ( “i have found it” ) or , in modern english , “ eureka , ” referring to its being discovered among a collection of skates the authors initially thought represented a different species , b . aenigma
brochiraja microspinifera last & mceachran 2006 micro - , small , being a dwarfed version of its larger new zealand sibling species , b . spinifera
irolita waitii ( mcculloch 1911 ) patronym not identified but clearly in honor of zoologist and museum director edgar r . waite ( 1866 - 1928 ) , who works on fishes are frequently cited by mcculloch
notoraja ishiyama 1958 etymology not explained , perhaps notos , back , referring to numerous prickles on dorsal surface , or notos , south , referring to occurrence of n . tobitukai in “southernmost regions within the seas inhabited by the northern members” of breviraja ; raia , latin for ray or skate
notoraja inusitata séret & last 2012 unusual or strange , referring to its “strange” appearance , i . e . , head and disk morphology resembling some species of sinobatis , bathyraja and insentiraja
notoraja tobitukai ( hiyama 1940 ) in honor of t . tobituka , under whose direction the trawling fishery survey collected the type
pavoraja alleni mceachran & fechhelm 1982 in honor of ichthyologist gerald r . allen ( b . 1942 ) , western australia museum ( perth ) , who furnished the authors with specimens
pavoraja pseudonitida last , mallick & yearsley 2008 pseudo - , false , i . e . , although this species may superficially resemble p . nitida , such an appearance is false
psammobatis günther 1870 psammos , sand , referring to sandy point , magellan strait , argentina , type locality of p . rudis ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray
psammobatis normani mceachran 1983 in honor of ichthyologist j . r . ( john roxborough ) norman ( 1898 - 1944 ) , british museum ( natural history ) , who first described this ray but identified it as p . scobina in 1937
pseudoraja bigelow & schroeder 1954 a pseudo - , or false , raja : authors believed lack of dorsal fin and well - developed caudal fin on p . fischeri were sufficiently distinct to forbid its placement in rajidae
pseudoraja fischeri bigelow & schroeder 1954 in honor of zoological artist e . n . fischer , for the “skillful portrayals of elasmobranchs” featured in many publications by bigelow and schroeder
rhinoraja taranetzi dolganov 1983 in honor of the “eminent expert” on fishes of the far - eastern seas of the u . s . s . r . , anatoly yakovlevich taranetz ( 1910 - 1941 ) [ often placed in bathyraja ]
cruriraja hulleyi aschliman , ebert & compagno 2010 in honor of percy alexander “butch” hulley ( b . 1941 ) , iziko south african museum , for his “pioneering” research on southern african skates ( where this skate occurs )
gurgesiella de buen 1959 etymology not explained ; probably derived from gurges , abyss , referring to deepwater habitat of g . furvescens
amblyraja frerichsi ( krefft 1968 ) in honor of th . frerichs , captain of the research vessel walther herwig , from which type was collected , for “his keen interest in deep - sea catches , which assured us many precious discoveries” ( translation )
beringraja ishihara , treloar , bor , senou & jeong 2012 bering , referring to the bering sea , where b . binoculata and b . pulchra are presumed to have originated since they are allopatrically distributed on both sides of the sea ; raia , latin for ray or skate
breviraja colesi bigelow & schroeder 1948 patronym not identified , possibly in honor of angler and amateur shark and ray biologist russell j . coles ( 1865 - ? )
dactylobatus clarkii ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in honor of robert s . clark , for his 1926 revision of european skates and rays
dentiraja whitley 1940 denti - , referring to numerous denticles embedded in skin of raja dentata ( = dentiraja lemprieri ) , i . e . , a denticulated raja
dentiraja australis ( macleay 1884 ) southern or australian , this being the first time macleay has known of a “true” skate ( i . e . , raja and its relatives ) being found in port jackson
dentiraja confusa ( last 2008 ) referring to previous confusion with two other australasian skates , d . cerva and zearaja nasuta
dentiraja endeavouri ( last 2008 ) “after the ill - fated f . i . s . endeavour , the federal fisheries survey vessel that was responsible for collecting the first specimens of this species and so many of australia’s continental shelf fishes in the early 20th century before it along with all hands was lost at sea in 1914”
dentiraja lemprieri ( richardson 1845 ) in honor of deputy assistant commissary - general f . j . lempriere , “to whose exertions the ichthyology of van diemen’s land [ tasmania ] is much indebted”
dipturus bullisi ( bigelow & schroeder 1962 ) in honor of marine biologist harvey r . bullis , jr . , for providing the batoid fishes collected during the exploratory cruises of u . s . fish and wildlife service vessels in the gulf of mexico , caribbean and along the south american coast
dipturus campbelli ( wallace 1967 ) in honor of g . g . campbell , “who was instrumental in the establishment of a marine biological research institute on the east coast of south africa”
dipturus crosnieri ( séret 1989 ) in honor of carcinologist alain crosnier ( b . 1930 ) , who initiated the deep trawling surveys off madagascar in the 1970s , and who entrusted séret with his valuable collection of madagascar skates
dipturus doutrei ( c adenat 1960 ) in honor of m . p . doutre , veterinary surgeon , labaortoire national de l’élevage et de recherches vétérinaires , dakar , senegal , and chief fisheries officer for senegal , off the coast of which this skate occurs ( note : doutre named a cod , merluccius polli cadenati , after cadenat the same year )
dipturus garricki ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in honor of j . a . f . ( jack ) garrick ( 1928 - 1999 ) , victoria university college , wellington , for his work on the elasmobranchs of new zealand
dipturus gigas ( ishiyama 1958 ) large , i . e . , being the largest member of a raja subgenus ishiyama named tengujei ( now a junior synonym of dipturus )
dipturus intermedius ( parnell 1837 ) presumably referring to its being intermediate in form between d . batis and d . oxyrinchus
dipturus olseni ( bigelow & schroeder 1951 ) in honor of yngve h . olsen , assistant editor of the authors’ “fishes of the western north atlantic” monographs , for his “excellent editorial work”
dipturus oregoni ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in recognition of the fishery explorations of the u . s . fish and wildlife service vessel oregon in the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea
leucoraja malm 1877 leukos , white , referring to pale color of l . fullonica and l . lintea ( = rajella lintea ) ; raia , latin for ray or skate
leucoraja compagnoi ( stehmann 1995 ) in honor of leonard j . v . compagno , for his “fundamental contributions to chondrichthyan systematics , mainly on sharks , and his research devoted to south african chondrichthyans”
leucoraja leucosticta ( stehmann 1971 ) leukos , white ; stiktos , spotted or blotched , referring to relatively indistinct pale blotching on upper disc in contrast to clearly defined , small circular white spots in symmetric pattern of l . circularis
leucoraja wallacei ( hulley 1970 ) in honor of j . h . wallace , oceanographic research institute ( durban ) , whose 1967 study of east coast south african rajiform fishes is a companion to wallace’s 1970 study covering the west and south coasts
neoraja stehmanni ( hulley 1972 ) in honor of skate taxonomist matthias stehmann ( b . 1943 ) , institut für seefischerei ( hamburg )
okamejei heemstrai ( mceachran & fechhelm 1982 ) in honor of ichthyologist phillip c . heemstra , rhodes university ( grahamstown ) , who furnished specimens of the new species and for being “extremely cooperative” in supplying the authors with elasmobranch material from south africa
okamejei hollandi ( jordan & richardson 1909 ) in honor of zoologist - paleontologist william j . holland ( 1848 - 1932 ) , director of the carnegie museum , for supporting the authors’ study of taiwanese fishes
okamejei schmidti ( ishiyama 1958 ) patronym not identified , presumably in honor of soviet ichthyologist petr yulievich schmidt ( 1872 - 1949 ) , who identified this skate as raja fusca ( = o . kenojei ) in 1931
orbiraja powelli ( alcock 1898 ) in honor of lt . frederick thomas powell of the indian navy , “a colleague , in the old marine survey branch of the service , of captain [ robert ] moresby , ” hydrographer , maritime surveyor and draughtsman
rajella stehmann 1970 diminutive of raja , referring to small size of type species r . fyllae
rajella bathyphila ( holt & byrne 1908 ) bathys , deep ; philios , loving , i . e . , lover of the deep , referring to its deepwater ( up to 2050 m ) habitat
rajella bigelowi ( stehmann 1978 ) in honor of the late henry b . bigelow ( 1879–1967 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , who , with william c . schroeder , wrote numerous standard - setting publications on cartilaginous fishes , especially among the rajid fauna of the western atlantic ; by resurrecting r . bathyphila , bigelow and schroeder provided the first comprehensive description and illustrations of this new species
rajella eisenhardti long & mccosker 1999 in honor of e . roy eisenhardt , director emeritus of the california academy of sciences , for “generously” assisting the authors and their colleagues
rajella kukujevi ( dolganov 1985 ) in honor of ichthyologist efim izrailevich kekuev ( b . 1947 , also spelled kukujev and kukuyev ) , atlantic scientific research institute of marine fisheries & oceanography ( atlantniro )
rostroraja ackleyi ( garman 1881 ) in honor of lieut . seth m . ackley ( 1845 - 1908 ) , united states navy , “to whose energy and enthusiasm we were indebted for much valuable assistance”
rostroraja cervigoni ( bigelow & schroeder 1964 ) in honor of ichthyologist and marine biologist fernando cervigón marcos ( b . 1930 ) , estacion de investigaciones marinas de margarita , for the opportunity to describe the venezuelan specimens
rostroraja velezi ( c hirichigno f . 1973 ) in honor of juan vélez d . , instituto del mar del perú , for his dedication to ichthyology and for collaborating with chirichigno f .
spiniraja whitley 1939 spini - , spiny , referring to how raja ogilbyi ( = s . whitleyi ) “differs from true raja in being very spiny above and below” ; raia , latin for ray or skate
spiniraja whitleyi ( iredale 1938 ) in honor of australian ichthyologist - malacologist gilbert percy whitley ( 1903 - 1975 ) , as a replacement name for the preoccupied raja scabra ogilby , which whitley had used in a recent article ; “mr . whitley’s oversight , ” wrote iredale , “is the more remarkable as he and i pride ourselves that we carefully check all of our references many times , yet even with our meticulousness errors may slip through” ; whitley later wrote that iredale “supplied a barrage of vigorous criticism”
zearaja whitley 1939 etymology not explained , perhaps zea , a kind of grain , referring to its rough disk , or an abbreviation of new zealand , referring to type locality of z . nasuta ; raia , latin for ray or skate
anacanthobatis von bonde & swart 1923 a - , without , akantha , thorn , referring to smooth skin of a . marmorata ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray
schroederobatis hulley 1973 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of william c . schroeder ( 1895 - 1977 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , co - author of type species , a . americanus ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray
sinobatis hulley 1973 sino - , of sinica ( china ) , probably referring to south china sea distribution of s . melanosoma and s . borneensis ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray
sinobatis kotlyari stehmann & weigmann 2016 in honor of alexander kotlyar ( b . 1950 ) , p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology , russian academy of sciences , who collected type in 1979 ; through his “kind assistance” the authors were able to “reconstruct and verify from his original logbook” the type locality
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .
among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .
occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .
if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .
phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .
subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .
class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .
subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .
subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .
narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .
narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .
narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .
temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )
j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile
rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013
callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .
chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .
hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .
hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .
hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous
harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .
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