the red hake or squirrel hake , urophycis chuss , is a phycid hake of the genus urophycis , found in the atlantic ocean at depths between 10 and 500 m .

it grows to about 30 in ( 75 cm ) and 7 lb ( 3.2 kg ) .

red hake are edible , and are sought out by recreational fisherman as a gamefish .

red hake

red hake prefer soft sand or muddy bottom , and feed primarily on crustaceans and rock crabs , as well as fish such as haddock , silver hake , sea robins , mackerel and small red hake . primary predators of red hake include spiny dogfish , cod , goosefish , and silver hake .
table 5 . 2 msy - based reference points for the northern red hake stock .
) . based on this , the southern red hake stock is not in an overfished condition .
table 5 . 3 recreational and commercial landings of southern red hake ( thousand metric tons ) .
brodziak , j . 2001 . status of fisheries resources off of northeastern united states – red hake . urltoken
red hake migrate seasonally , preferring temperatures between 5 and 12° c ( 41 - 54° f ) ( grosslein and azarovitz 1982 ) .
this reduction is required because the northern red hake fishery is projected to have reached or exceeded 37 . 9 percent of the total allowable landings .
the northern red hake commercial possession limit is reduced from 3 , 000 lbs per trip to 400 lbs per trip . effective immediately , federally permitted vessels may not possess on board or land more than 400 lb of northern red hake per trip for the remainder of the 2017 fishing year ( i . e . , through april 30 , 2018 ) .
[ 47 ] landings of red hake at new bedford from the nantucket shoals region , mostly used in this way , were about 5 , 600 , 000 pounds in 1947 .
the red hake can be found from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . they are a member of the cod family and as such possess a distinctive barbel on their chin . red hake vary in color depending upon their environment , but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .
red hake , urophycis chuss , is a demersal gadoid species distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . red hake are separated into northern and southern stocks for management purposes . the northern stock is defined as the gulf of maine to northern georges bank region , while the southern stock is defined as the southern georges bank to mid - atlantic bight region ( figure 5 . 1 ) . both red hake stocks were last assessed in the fall of 1990 .
hake is noted for its long , slender body and visible front teeth . only buy fish that are longer than 50cm with bright eyes and red gills . hake fillets should have firm white flesh with no discolouration , blemishing or bruising .
on the southwest part of georges bank , in late june 1951 , but only 51 white hake . reported landings also , in pounds , for 1945 , were about 100 times as great for red as for white hake from the nantucket grounds , whence all the little hake are brought in for the trash fish industry . and the discrepancy is greater still in numbers , for the white hake are much the heavier of the two , individually . red hake also predominate over white among the hake landed in new york and to the southward , as is illustrated by the catch statistics for 1947 .
the primary fishing gear used to catch red hake is the otter trawl . recreational catches , taken almost exclusively from the southern stock , have been of minor importance and have been negligible in recent years . in 2000 , the new england fisheries management council implemented amendment 12 to the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) , and placed red hake into the “small mesh multispecies” management unit , along with silver hake and offshore hake . this amendment set retention limits based on net mesh size , adopted overfishing definitions for the northern and southern red hake stocks , identified essential fish habitat for all life stages , and set requirements for fishing gear ( nefmc 2000 ) . the survey indices used in this document differ from previous assessments in that vessel and door conversion coefficients have been incorporated ( nefsc 1991 ) .
tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .
during the spring and summer months , red hake move into shallower waters to spawn , and during the winter months move offshore to deep waters in the gulf of maine and the edge of the continental shelf along southern new england and georges bank .
bank . but this would give a wholly false picture of the actual situation , because most of the red hake that are caught on these grounds are thrown overboard because they are too small to be worth gutting and icing under present market conditions .
red hake ( urophycis chuss ) these fish have a tall first dorsal fin followed by a much longer second dorsal fin , and long narrow ventral fins . they are reddish - brown on top and yellowish - white on the belly . they have a small barbel on their chin . the maximum length for red hakes is 20
( 50 cm ) , but they commonly grow no larger than 16
( 40 cm ) .
it has only been since 1944 that the landings of white hake and of red ( i . e . , squirrel ) hake have been reported separately . taken at their face value , these would point to the white hake as by far the more plentiful member of the pair throughout the inner parts of the gulf as a whole , and on georges bank . in 1945 , for example ,
dealers issued federal dealer permits for small - mesh multispecies may not purchase more than 400 lbs of northern red hake per trip from federally permitted vessels for trips started after august 7 , 2017 . federally permitted dealers must continue to report all fish purchased from any vessel .
red hake are rarely known to attain weights exceeding 6 or 7 pounds , so this particular fish can truly be considered a monster hake . white hake on the other hand are very similar looking and known to attain weights of as much as 40 pounds . since the two species are so similar and the weight of the fish watson caught was more in the white hake range , marine fisheries biologists diligently examined the fish to confirm its identification and its world record status .
steiner , w . w . , j . j . luczkovich , and b . l . olla . 1982 . activity , shelter usage , growth and recruitment of juvenile red hake urophycis chuss . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 7 : 125 - 135 .
the 2003 - 2005 average fish weight of 0 . 068 kg was about half of the acceptable individual fish weight reference point , however the 2003 - 2005 recruitment index of 5 . 68 red hake less than 25 cm length per tow was above 4 . 07 , the median value
division of fish and wildlife marine fisheries biologists first examined the fish and counted scale rows and the gill rakers on the upper portion of the first gill arch , which are both reported to be valid diagnostic characters . the initial examination showed the fish to be a red hake . the identification was then confirmed by ichthyologists at the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia who x - rayed the specimen to determine the number of abdominal vertebrae , another diagnostic character . this too identified the fish as a red hake and it has been added to the academy ' s extensive fish collection .
, corresponding to the increase in landings by distant water fleets . during 1967 to 1983 , the survey index fluctuated without trend , and has since declined despite very low landings since the early 1980s . in 2005 , the stock biomass index for southern red hake was 0 . 78 kg per tow
in 1998 the overfishing definition review panel ( applegate et al . 1998 ) concluded that msy and f reference points could not be determined for southern red hake because the time series of landings and survey biomass indices did not include a period of stable landings at high biomass levels . the panel noted that discarding could be significant , especially in the scallop and trawl fisheries . habitat destruction was also thought to be prohibiting stock recovery since juveniles rely on intact scallop beds for shelter . however , in recent years the scallop stock has been recovering , but red hake biomass indices have not increased .
few fishermen target red hake when they go fishing . they do not put up a fight when hooked , do not grow that large , and have a meat that deteriorates quickly if not properly handled . mostly , they are considered just one of the neat species that make up the
by - catch
when fishing for cod , haddock , or pollock . if you were to actively fish for red hake , you would find that they will accept many different kinds of bait . clam is probably the most popular but seaworms , shrimp , and chunks of herring or mackerel will also take them . in fact , those that fish at night ( when they feed most actively ) with chunks of herring on a simple dropper rig will find very good results . you want to fish wrecks and other areas of heavy structure with an 8 - 16 ounce lead sinker to hold bottom . due to the sloth - like nature of these fish , articial lures are pretty much useless . although possible to snag one on a jig , this is the exception , rather than the rule . when it comes to fishing for red hake , you are far better off to stick with the still - fishing bait approach . fishing for red hake is only moderately important for commercial fisherman , making up a portion of the by - catch that is typically ground up for fish meal . here on the south shore of massachusetts , a fair number of red hake are caught by charter and party boats that take passengers out on all - day cod trips . the flesh of the red hake is white , flaky , and with a delicate sweetness that loses much of its flavor when repeatedy frozen and thawed . it is often used in chowders and is best fresh . the meat is softer than cod or haddock and turns rather rubbery and tasteless if not handled properly .
hake is particularly loved in spain , where it is often grilled or baked and served with chorizo , paprika or garlic . try geoffrey smeddle ' s roast hake with chorizo , chickpeas and coriander . in fact , each region in spain seems to have its own hake dish . in basque country , it is often partnered with clams ; in galicia with garlic , tomato and onion ; in catalunya , it is often served with potato in a stew . paul aussignac pan - fries his hake and serves it with a red pepper relish .
on the south shore , silver hake move inshore in numbers in the fall .
affordable , versatile and very delicious , hake is a beautiful fish to cook .
typically , hake is sold fresh or frozen but is occasionally sold salted or smoked .
silver hake have an overall silver iridescent color on their sides with some light brown relections mixed in . color is slightly darker above and nearly pure white on the underside . fins are silver tinged with light brown . silver hake have two dorsal fins . the first being almost a perfect triangle , the second dorsal being about four times greater in size . athough a member of the cod family , they do not possess the distinctive barbel on their chin that is common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , but not as eel - like in appearance as the red hake . it also does not share the red hakes long ventral fins . scales are very small and the head is relatively compressed . however , the mouth is large and filled with very sharp needle - like teeth .
) . annual landings then declined sharply to 12 , 900 mt in 1970 , increased to 76 , 400 mt in 1972 , and then declined steadily with increased restrictions on distant - water fishing effort . prior to implementation of the magnuson fisheries conservation and management act ( mfcma ) in 1977 , distant - water fleets accounted for approximately 80 - 90 % of the total landings from both stocks . between 1977 and 1986 , landings generally declined due to restrictions placed on distant water fleets , and foreign landings ceased in 1987 ( brodziak 2001 ) . red hake landings continued to decline afterwards , and averaged only 1 , 100 mt per year during 1996 - 2005 . in 2005 , total red hake landings were a historic low of 300 mt
from 2012 to 2015 , u . s . landings of silver hake decreased ~ 15 %
no doubt the eggs of the white hake are bouyant like those of the squirrel hake ( p . 225 ) , but few wholly ripe females , no eggs naturally spawned , or young larvae have been seen yet .
northern red hake landings and nefsc autumn survey biomass indices were relatively high until the mid - 1970s when the distant water fishery was at its maximum . landings have since declined to a historical low in 2005 . in 2005 , the exploitation index was well below the f msy proxy of 0 . 65 and the 3 - year average biomass index remained above the ½ b msy proxy , indicating that the stock is not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .
they may be from the same family but hake looks distinctly different to cod . hake are streamlined and fierce with distinctive ( and slightly scary ) pointed teeth and a silvery belly . despite its aggressive appearance , the flesh of the hake is a dream – firm , flaky and pale with a subtle flavour that is not dissimilar to cod .
the southern red hake stock is considered to be in an overfished condition when the three - year moving average weight per individual fish in the nmfs autumn survey falls below the 25th percentile of the 1963 - 1997 average of 0 . 12 kg and when the three - year moving average of the abundance of immature fish less than 25 cm in the fall survey is below the 1963 - 1997 median value of 4 . 07 immature fish per tow ( table 5 . 4 ) .
we were equally ignorant of the spawning and early stages of the squirrel hake up to the summer of 1912 . but we trawled squirrel hake with running spawn and milt in ipswich bay in that july , fertilized the eggs on board the
one of the reasons hake is so popular among chefs and home cooks is that it carries a subtle yet sweet flavour . hake , like most other white fish , can be paired with flavours as diverse as bacon , horseradish and coconut .
red hake vary in color depending upon their environment but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath . a member of the cod family , they possess the distinctive barbel on their chin , common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , with the first dorsal fin triangular in shape but the second dorsal and anal fins are long and continous like an eel , but not connected to the tail fin . it is best distinguished from other species by it ' s abnormally long ventral fins that begin at their throat and run half the length of their body . scales are very small , giving the fish a slippery feel similar to an eel . the head is relatively small but the mouth is compartitively large and filled with small , harmless teeth .
when cooking hake whole , ensure that it has been gutted and the gills removed . roasting is a superb way to cook a whole hake but it can also be barbecued , cooked en papillote or poached . when cooked in the oven , it should be covered with either a tight - fitting lid or wrapped in foil . the flesh of hake absorbs flavours brilliantly so if you’re roasting hake , add a generous amount of flavouring to the cavity and into slashed flesh before cooking to add flavour .
, and thus identified the eggs . since then large numbers of squirrel - hake eggs have been hatched artificially at the gloucester hatchery .
avoid buying hake during the breeding season from february to july and check the latest sustainability information to avoid buying fish from depleted stocks .
silver hake , a . k . a .
whiting ,
is one of several similar hake and whiting species that inhabit cold and temperate waters on both the northern and southern hemispheres . most species are identified by their geographic origin and quality among species varies significantly . similar to cod and haddock , silver hake has a softer flesh and less flakes . among hake and whiting species , silver hake has one of the firmer meats . raw flesh should appear a translucent white with a watery appearance and when cooked , coloration ranges from pure white to off - white . peak season for fresh silver hake is summer and fall . freshness of the fish can be determined by the durability of the fillet . avoid purchasing fillets that have a dull , brown , or dry appearance . because it spoils quickly , silver hake is often used for frozen , value - added seafood products , and properly handled fresh silver hake has a shelf - life of up to five days . the flavourful fish has a high degree of culinary versatility at a noticeably lower price point than its atlantic cod and haddock counterparts .
silver hake reach sexual maturity between ages two and three , and can live up to 14 years . recently , however , most silver hake observed in us waters are not much older than six . they grow up to 28 inches in length and weigh up to five pounds .
undoubtedly were either white hake or squirrel hake . but the simple post anal pigment band , short , stocky bodies , and fan - like ventrals of the younger stages pictured by , him under this same name ( pl . 7 , figs . 1 - 4 ) suggest that they were rockling .
remarks : the species was formerly confused with the white hake , u . tenuis , but musick ( 1973 , 1974 ) confirmed differences in morphometry , distribution , and life history of the two species . markle et al . ( 1982 ) compared other life history traits of the 2 sibling hake species .
bivalve mollusks , and neither large mollusks nor echinoderms have ever been found in a hake , so far as we know . the stomach contents so far recorded
[ 38 ] about 13 , 000 pounds of white hake were reported from maryland in 1947 , about 65 , 000 pounds from virginia , and about 4 , 000 pounds from north carolina , with no reds . but we suspect that reds were actually included as well as whites , and spotted hake also .
the ventral fins of the squirrel hake overlap the vent as a rule , whereas those of the white hake fall short of it , but this is not invariably the case , as already remarked ( p . 222 ) , for we have seen squirrel hakes in which the ventrals , did not reach to the vent . furthermore , the filamentous part of the third ray of the first dorsal fin is much longer ( if undamaged ) in the squirrel than in the white hake , i . e . , three to five times as long as the rest of the fin , and the nose is blunter . the color , too , is of some value in identifying these species , for while the squirrel hake is almost always reddish brown , the white hake has a decidedly purplish lustre when fresh caught .
have found little hake hiding in the mantle cavities of scallops in 20 fathoms off new york , and scallop fishermen have informed us that they often find little hake in the scallops that they dredge off the coast of maine . both of the common species of hake are known to use this curious refuge ( they do not feed on the scallops but merely use their shells as hiding places ) , but most of the specimens so taken have proved to be squirrel hake . and the latter adopts this form of commensalism so commonly that welsh records as many as 27 taken from 59 scallops in one haul of a scallop dredge , and 11 hake from 9 scallops in another haul , besides many others not counted off southern new england , new york , and new jersey during the summer and autumn of 1913 .
the mid - water trawls that target silver hake result in little bycatch , fishwatch reported in 2015 . silver hake are part of the small - mesh multispecies fishery in the united states , which can unintentionally catch squid , atlantic butterfish , and atlantic mackerel . overall , seafood watch called bycatch a moderate conservation concern in the fishery .
~ 45 % of global landings of silver hake meet a seafood watch
good alternative ( yellow )
rating ( ~ 99 % of u . s . landings )
figure 108 . —young stages of either white hake of squirrel hake . a , larva , 2 . 2 mm . ; b , larva , 6 . 2 mm . c , larva , 9 mm . ; d , young fry , 40 mm . silvery still , and living at the surface of the water . specimens collected off woods hole .
noaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council manage the silver hake fishery in the us under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) for small mesh multispecies . as vessels participating in this fishery use small mesh to target silver hake and other species , the fishery is managed as a series of exemptions under northeast multispecies fmp . the fmp establishes :
the localities where we have found eggs , provisionally identified as squirrel hake ( fig . 109 ) , show that it spawns all around the gulf from cape cod to nova scotia . and despite its rather deepwater habitat and preference for soft bottom , most of these egg stations have been in shoal water near the coast ; a haul in the eastern basin which yielded both squirrel hake and silver hake eggs ( p . 178 ) has been the only exception . this , of course , points to a movement from the basins into shoaler water for spawning .
while often overlooked here in the uk , it is a much - loved staple on the continent . europe’s biggest consumers of hake are spain – they get through around 6kg per year , per person . hake can be caught all around the world , but most commonly in the atlantic and north pacific from november to march , with the european variety being the most prized .
the spatial distribution of silver hake is highly correlated with the position of the gulf stream . changes in distribution are in response to changes in temperature on the continental shelf , which responds to circulation of the north / south paths of the gulf stream . silver hake shift geographically to remain within their preferred temperature range , and the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards
the squirrel hake resembles its larger relative , the white hake ( p . 221 ) so closely that the one is often taken for the other . the number of scales affords the most reliable means of identification , those of the squirrel being much larger relatively than those of the white , and arranged in only about 100 to 110 oblique cross rows along the side from gill opening to base of caudal fin , and in about 9 longitudinal rows on the upper part of the sides between lateral line and dorsal fin , as against about 140 transverse rows and about 12 longitudinal rows in the white hake ( p . 222 ) . also , the upper jaw ( maxillary bone ) reaches back only as far as the rear edges of the pupil in the squirrel hake , but as far as the rear edge of the eye in the white hake ( p . 222 ) , and this difference can be relied upon , even for very small fish .
slightly larger hake of both species , up to 8 to 12 inches long , are not only plentiful offshore , but are rather common close inshore in a fathom or two of water , in harbors , and even well up estuaries . the larger fish usually keep to deeper water , especially in summer , when hake of marketable sizes are most plentiful below 20 fathoms and when only a few large ones are caught in less than 10 fathoms of water . but this rule , like most others , has its exceptions . for instance , we once saw a white hake of about 8 pounds caught from a float in northeast harbor , maine , in about 10 feet of water , in july ( in 1922 ) . on the other hand , hake of both the species in question are to be caught in the deepest parts of the gulf , and white hake have been taken down to 545 fathoms at least , on the offshore slope of georges bank .
both the white hake and the squirrel hake are exclusively american , occurring in continental waters from the gulf of st . lawrence and the southern part of the grand bank of newfoundland southward to the middle atlantic states . the squirrel , though common as far south as chesapeake bay , has not been reported from farther south than virginia . but the white hake is known off north carolina ( we have seen a 30 inch specimen that was trawled off bodie i . , north carolina , lat . 35° 52 ' n . , long . 74° 51 ' w . in 70 fathoms by the
such as alewives , butterfish , cunners , eels , flatfishes , tautog , herring , mackerel , menhaden , launce , silversides , silver hake , sculpins , sea robins , smelt , and tomcod .
as of february 2018 , there is one fishery improvement project for silver hake in new england , with volume being ~ 85 % of u . s . landings and ~ 35 % of global landings
silver hake are migratory and also move up through the water column to feed . they are mainly fished using small - mesh multispecies trawlers . in some areas , fishermen use modified gear to catch silver hake , which reduces contact with the seafloor . the fish prefer resting on sandy and muddy ocean bottoms during the day , a habitat that isn’t heavily impacted by bottom trawls , according to seafood watch .
fisheries and oceans canada ( dfo ) manage the silver hake fishery in canada . dfo conducts research surveys and based on the results of those surveys , sets annual total allowable catch ( tac ) limits .
at the present time ( as represented by 1946 and 1947 ) 4 to 5 times as much hake is marketed in maine and massachusetts in the form of fresh and frozen fillets as is marketed there salted , some are used for fish cakes , and a very small part [ 45 ] as smoked fillets . hake sounds ( swim bladders ) , especially of those that are caught off nova scotia in deep water , are also used to make isinglass , [ 46 ] and increasing amounts of small squirrel hake brought in from nantucket shoals , are utilized from year to year in the trash - fish industries . [ 47 ]
there are numerous ways to cook hake fillets . popular options are pan - frying in a little lemon juice and butter , braising with herbs and aromatics or poaching in fish stock , wine and lemon juice . they can be steamed or roasted too . if you have more time , try curing the hake for 1–2 hours in a sugar , salt , citrus and herb mix then cooking en papillote with dill and lemon .
[ 33 ] contrib . canadian biol . , ( 1914 - 1915 ) 1916 , p . 87 . unfortunately , hake scales do not show the yearly growth zones as clearly as cod and haddock scales do .
silver hake are fast swimmers with large , sharp teeth . they are voracious predators , feeding on fish , crustaceans , and squid , and are important to the northwestern atlantic as both a predator and prey species .
) are hooked on pieces of herring . but they also take clams on the hook greedily enough . in the northeastern part of the gulf of maine hake feed far enough off bottom to capture the pelagic euphausiid shrimps (
on the other hand , inquiries of fishermen , corroborated by our own experience , point to the white hake as the more plentiful of the two in the basin of our gulf at depths greater than 40 to 50 fathoms . the
[ 26 ] the youngest stages of the two species are so much alike that in most cases we have been forced to list them simply as
hake ,
awaiting more critical examination than we have been able to give them .
hake are plentiful in the so - called south channel also , and on the northwest slope of georges bank , whence about 2 , 000 , 000 pounds were landed in 1919 , about 1 , 500 , 000 pounds in 1947 . and it has long been known that there is an abundance of hake at depths greater than 60 to 70 fathoms all along the southern slope of georges bank . long - line fishermen , too , have told us that while it was unusual to hook a hake on the shoaler parts of georges , many were caught wherever the line was run off into deeper water on the northwest face of the bank ; i . e . , onto soft bottom . and this is borne out by the statistics of the catches , for the good trawling grounds on georges bank yield far fewer hake of marketable size than the inner parts of the gulf do , if the year 1945 can be taken as representative . [ 35 ]
sundry small grounds outside the islands from penobscot bay to cape elizabeth and all along the western side of the gulf , also yield good numbers of hakes , especially near boon island ; the vicinity of the isles of shoals , a famous hake ground for small boat fishermen ; ipswich bay ; the lower slopes of jeffreys and stellwagen banks ; also the deeper parts of massachusetts bay , which yielded 750 , 000 pounds in 1919 when the demand for hake was better than it is now .
, march 2 , 1931 , had small mackerel , flounders , crabs , and squid in their stomachs . and we have seen squirrel hake caught off northern new jersey with their bellies distended with launce , and with launce hanging from their mouths .
hake , indeed , are so widespread on the lower slopes of all the banks and ledges in the inner parts of the gulf , as well as on the mud floors between them , that rich [ 34 ] listed 119 named grounds in the western side of the gulf as good haking bottoms . hake , with flounders , rosefish , and silver hake are practically the only commercially valuable fish one is likely to catch on the floors of the deep basins and channels of the gulf ; and a catch of 2 , 880 of them with 580 cusk , but no cod or haddock , by long - line fishing 15 miles southeast of monhegan on june 24 to 25 , 1913 , will illustrate how completely they may monopolize suitable bottoms .
except for in and offshore movements , hake are resident throughout the year in the open gulf of maine wherever they are found , once they have taken to the bottom . and they appear to be much more stationary than either cod or haddock .
because silver hake shift geographically , the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards within their preferred temperature range . the change in temperature on the continental shelf also changes ocean circulation and overall temperatures , and ultimately the path of the gulf stream , which may further affect populations and migrations . spawning is also affected by temperature , with fluctuations influencing spawning peaks and juvenile growth . research is needed to further understand the long - term impacts of global climate change on silver hake populations .
roughly two - thirds of the poundage of hake that is landed in maine and massachusetts are caught in otter trawls nowadays , roughly one - fifth in gill nets , and only a little more than one - eighth on long lines . [ 48 ]
silver hake are found in the atlantic ocean from south carolina in the united states to newfoundland in canada . they are primarily targeted in the u . s . atlantic . there are two silver hake stocks : a northern one in the gulf of maine and northern georges bank , and one in southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight coastal region . a seafood watch report from 2016 noted that , according to the most recent assessment , both stocks are not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .
the squirrel hake does not grow so large as the white hake , seldom reaching a greater length than 30 inches ( the largest of 780 bay of fundy fish measured by craigie was about 27 inches long ) , or a greater weight than 6 to 7 pounds , and the average of those caught will not run above 1 to 3 pounds . in fact , a fish as heavy as 5 pounds is exceptional . females are both longer and heavier than males of the same age ( p . 226 ) .
[ 35 ] landings of hake in 1945 were about 414 , 000 pounds for georges bank ; about 12 , 700 , 000 pounds for the inner parts of the gulf by united states fishermen and about 9 , 140 , 000 pounds by canadian fishermen .
silver hake are widely distributed and are found throughout the northwest atlantic ocean from newfoundland to south carolina . two stocks have been identified in the united states – a northern stock inhabiting the waters of the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock inhabiting the waters of southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight . silver hake are nocturnal predators and spend their days resting on sandy , muddy , and pebbly ocean floors . from dusk to midnight , they will move up in the water column to feed .
both of these hake haunt soft bottom chiefly , few being caught on the gravelly or shelly grounds that are so prolific of cod and haddock , or on rocky grounds . and it has been our experience that the whites are the more strictly mud fish of the pair .
hake is a white fish which is rather grandly referred to as ‘the king of the fish’ by the spanish . it makes a good alternative choice to other white fish such as cod or haddock . due to its firm flesh , hake can be prepared in many ways from barbecuing whole to pan - frying the fillets . to check that it is cooked , the delicate flesh should feel firm to the touch and appear opaque . do not throw away the head and tail – these can be used as a base for a flavoursome fish stock .
) , amphipods , and other small crustacea which they find on the bottom are their chief dependence at most times and in most places . they also feed as greedily on squid as others of the cod tribe do , and a variety of small fish have been found in hake stomachs at woods hole
slows the growth of any fish ) probably does not take place until they have passed their third birthday . nothing definite is known of the rate of growth of the white hake , but it is fair to assume that it grows faster than the squirrel , to attain its greater length and weight .
in the united states , silver hake are managed by noaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan for small - mesh species . measures include permitting requirements , a cap on groundfish bycatch as well as seasonal and spatial limitations . seafood watch called the management effective .
silver hake are managed as two stocks in the northwest atlantic – a northern stock that ranges from the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock that ranges from southern georges bank to cape hatteras . according to a 2014 stock assessment neither the northern nor southern stock are overfished nor subject to overfishing .
probably the explanation is that the adults , being cool water fish , are barred from the shallows in summer by high temperature along the coasts of massachusetts and of west - central maine , but that the low summer temperature of passamaquoddy bay allows large hake to summer there , as well as small . their reported withdrawal from
the hakes are such dull and inactive fish that they are of no special interest to the angler . but a good many fair - sized ones are caught hand - lining from party boats , for they bite readily , and small hake are caught from small boats in harbors and bays , along the maine coast especially .
) encysted in the wall of its body cavity , having no doubt penetrated the hake ' s stomach after it had been swallowed . ( sumner , osburn , and cole , bull . u . s . bur . of fish . , vol . 31 , pt . 2 , 1913 , p . 768 ) .
more research is also needed in relation to silver hake migrations , biology , and population dynamics . habitat studies typically include location , depth , temperature , and sometimes salinity levels . future habitat studies should also include bottom type as a habitat consideration . food habits analysis is needed to determine predator - prey relationships , distribution , and abundance .
herrick [ 31 ] has given an interesting account of the perceptions of squirrel hake kept in a tank at woods hole , where they proved to have keen sight ( though less so than pollock ) and usually caught bits of meat before these had sunk . but it seems that it was only while food was in motion that the fish recognized it by sight , and that they depend chiefly on the sense of touch for their livelihood . they exercised this by swimming close to bottom with the sensitive tips of the ventral fins dragging the ground . when a hake touched a fragment of clam in this way it immediately snapped it up , but not otherwise . and they paid no attention whatever to live clams in their shells , though they often brushed over them . these observations , applied to the conditions under which hake actually live , suggests that they recognize shrimps , crabs , and other foods by their ventral feelers , and that they snap up their victims as these dart ahead , when the feelers drag over them .
ever since 1616 , when capt . john smith [ 30 ] wrote
hake you may have when the cod failes in summer , if you will fish in the night ,
it has been common knowledge that they bite best after dark , from which it is fair to assume they do most of their foraging between sunset and sunrise .
the newly hatched larvae have not been described . older fry ( identity established either as white hake or squirrel hake by comparison with young fry that have been reared in the hatchery by louella e . cable ) already show the long , slender ventral fins , the short first dorsal but long second dorsal , and the tapering body form , characteristic of the adults . these little hakes , greenish blue on the back , with silvery sides , are separable from rockling fry by their more slender form , and by their scattered pigment . older stages are separable from rocklings by their two well developed dorsal fins , while their silvery sides mark them at a glance from the dull colored fry of the cusk . [ 32 ]
, for example , trawled about 700 white hake in the deep basins off cape cod , west of jeffreys ledge and off mount desert , in august 1936 , but only a scattering of squirrel hake . this appears to apply equally to the deeper holes in massachusetts bay at depths greater than 30 fathoms or so ( both storer and goode and bean spoke of the
white
as the more common of the two there ) , also to the bay of fundy region in general , including passamaquoddy bay , according to huntsman . and nearly all of the hakes that have been listed by name from the more easterly of the nova scotian banks , or from the southern part of the grand banks in the annual reports of the newfoundland department of natural resources , have been the white (
the hakes are soft - meated and have rather poor keeping qualities , but both the white and the squirrel hake are readily absorbed by the fish markets if they are large enough , and great numbers of small squirrel hake are now used for mink and poultry feed . a quarter of a century ago the yearly catch in the gulf ran between 20 and 35 million pounds , and it has been much the same of late years ( 1941 - 1946 ) , with yearly landings by canadian and united states fishermen of between 19 and 30 million pounds . in 1946 , which may serve as representative , canadian fishermen landed about 2 , 100 , 000 pounds in outer nova scotian ports ( cape sable to cape north ) , about 4 , 800 , 000 pounds along the southern shore of the gulf of st . lawrence .
the rate of growth during the first few months cannot be stated until many more young fry have been measured and identified as the one species or as the other . it is probable that two year classes are represented among the fry that are caught along shore in summer . some of the smaller ones ( 2 to 3 inches long ) may be from the earliest spawned eggs of that same season , but other squirrel hake of 2
hake are very common fish in our gulf , where the two species , white and squirrel , are caught side by side regularly . in the bay of fundy there are so few toward the head that stragglers are caught , or none at all , but they are plentiful enough toward the mouth where , for example , about 6 , 400 , 000 pounds were landed on the nova scotian side by canadian fishermen in 1944 , and about 8 , 200 , 000 pounds in 1946 , while the yearly catch on the new brunswick side is about 500 , 000 to 600 , 000 pounds . other centers of abundance for them inshore are along the coast of maine between machias and mount desert island , in frenchman ' s bay ( formerly the site of an important hake fishery ) , the ground known locally as the
grumpy
near isle au haut , and off penobscot bay .
passamaquoddy bay in autumn may be in avoidance of extreme winter chilling . but we should remind the reader that failure to catch fish on hook and line in the cold season of the year ( it is in this way that hakes are caught in the passamaquoddy region ) does not necessarily mean that they have departed . the hake may have stopped biting , as every fisherman knows by experience . the evidence of otter trawl catches is much more reliable in this respect , for ground fishes in general .
there is nothing in the statistical picture to suggest that hake of either species fluctuate very widely in abundance in our gulf from year to year , for the ups and downs in the amounts caught are not greater than can be charged to market conditions . neither has any attempt been made to estimate the periodic variations in the relative abundance of different year classes . earlier characterizations of the numbers of the two hakes in our waters have been in relative terms , ranging from
common
to
in immense numbers .
at the other extreme , all of the hakes living around the inner slopes of the gulf at depths less than 50 fathoms experience temperatures as low as 35° to 37° f . in late winter and early spring ; as low as 33° to 34° locally if they are living as shoal as 20 fathoms , which many of them do . but the fact that the bottom temperatures at the particular stations on the grand banks ( all on the southern part ) where white hake have been reported by the newfoundland fisheries research commission have all been between about 42° and about 33° f . ( 5 . 5° c . and 0 . 6° c . ) , and that they were not taken on other parts of the bank where the bottom is colder , suggests that they tend to avoid regions where the temperature is as low as 32° f . or lower . and this finds some corroboration in the report ( see p . 228 ) that hake tend to withdraw in autumn from passamaquoddy bay , where the water chills at least as low as 32° at some time during some winters .
the squirrel hake is reddish , muddy , or olive brown on sides and back , darkest above ; sometimes almost black , sometimes more or less mottled , and sometimes plain , with pale lateral line . the lower part of its sides usually are washed with yellowish , and sometimes marked with dusky dots . its belly and the lower parts of the sides , of its head are pure white , grayish , or yellowish ; its dorsal , caudal , and anal fins are of the same color as the back except that the anal is pale at the base . the ventral fins are very pale pinkish or yellowish .
the temperatures in which hakes of different ages are found cover the entire range proper to the gulf except perhaps the very lowest . at the one extreme many of the youngest fry that are seen swimming at the surface in the west central part of the gulf in summer are in water as warm as 68° to 70° f . , while young hake are in still higher temperatures west and south from cape cod if they are at the surface . and the somewhat larger fry found on our beaches a little below tide mark may be in water as warm as 60° locally . but the great majority of the hakes living deeper are in water at least as cool as 50° throughout their later lives , most of them in temperatures lower than 45° f .
silver hake have been observed at temperatures ranging from 36 - 63° f ( 2 - 17° c ) and are commonly found between 45 - 50° f ( 7 - 10° c ) . they are found at depths ranging from 36 - 1 , 640 feet ( 11 - 500 meters ) with older , larger whiting preferring deeper waters . the fish will migrate in response to seasonal changes in water temperatures , moving into shallow , warmer waters in the spring where they will spawn in the late spring and early summer months . during the summer , portions of both the northern and southern stocks can be found on georges bank . as the water temperature cools in the autumn months , whiting will move offshore into deeper waters . during winter , fish in the northern stock will move to deep basins in the gulf of maine while the southern stock will move to the outer continental shelf and slope waters .


xanthotaenia is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family nymphalidae .

its single species is xanthotaenia busiris , the yellow-banded nymph .

they can be identified by a yellow strip along their forewings .

xanthotaenia

xanthotaenia busiris ( westwood , 1858 ) = clerome ( xanthotaenia ) busiris westwood , 1858 .
xanthotaenia obscura butler , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 20 : 54 ; tl : nias
xanthotaenia busiris is the only member of its genus . it is found in myanmar , thailand , malaysia , sumatra and borneo .
? xanthotaenia busiris batuensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 300 ; tl : batu is .
xanthotaenia westwood , 1858 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 6 ) : 187 ; ts : clerome busiris westwood
xanthotaenia polychroma hagen , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 ( 13 ) : 201 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : mentawej
parin , n . v . , 1992 . pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - new species from the saya de malha bank . j . ichthyol . 32 ( 7 ) : 128 - 131 . ( ref . 41477 )
penz , c . , devries , p . j . & kirton , l . 2006 early stages of xanthotaenia busiris ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) , and the first report of a larval anal comb in the nymphalidae . malayan nature journal 59 , 51 - 61 .
research by peňa & wahlberg , released in 2008 , using molecular evidence to trace the butterfly ' s ancestry , implies that that the genus xanthotaenia should be placed in the ' primitive ' satyrine tribe zetherini , indicating that it is closely allied to neorina , penthema , ethope and callarge .
xanthotaenia busiris is semi - crepuscular in behaviour , and is normally only active up until about mid - morning . it can however sometimes be disturbed later in the day - its presence being given away as it flies , by a flash of bright yellow from the bar across the upper forewings .
xanthotaenia busiris ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 827 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 139 , f . 11 ; [ bor ] , 494 ; [ bmp ] : 126 , pl . 15 , f . 24 , pl . 63 , f . 18 - 19 ( larva ) , 20 ( pupa )
xanthotaenia has traditionally been placed in amathusiini , but eliot ( in corbet et al . 1992 ) pointed out that the larval stages clearly place it among traditional satyrines . penz et al . ( 2006 ) published a formal description of the immature stages and corroborated this perspective . molecular evidence ( peña & wahlberg 2008 ; wahlberg & brower , unpubl . ) imply that the genus is allied to the basal zetherina .
this large forest - dwelling species was for many years considered to be a member of the former subfamily amathusiinae . that subfamily no longer exists , taxonomists having decided to relegate it to the level of a tribe of the morphinae ( now the morphini , a tribe of the satyrinae ) . eliot however was convinced that the butterfly was neither an amathusiine or a morphiine , pointing out that the larval stages had more in common with the traditional satyrinae .
the uncertainties were finally cleared up in 2006 , when penz et al published a formal description of the immature stages which corroborated this view . they also provided evidence that the caterpillar possesses an ' anal comb ' - a structure normally only found in the hesperiidae and certain moth families , which is used to catapult the larval droppings away from the feeding site .
this species is found in primary rainforest , at elevations between about 100 - 300 metres .
the caterpillar is smooth , green , and has head horns and a pair of caudal prongs . the foodplant is rattan palm calamus ( arecaceae ) .
both sexes seem to spend most of their lives skulking at ground level among the undergrowth , and are usually seen in the vicinity of stands of ginger ( zingiberaceae ) , often in company with the amathusiine faunis canens .
all photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
a monotypic genus of southeast asia . this relatively large satyrine has a conspicuous yellow band across the distal third of its forewing . adults frequent the forest floor and are often found associated with rotting fruits . larvae feed on
corbet as , pendlebury hm , and eliot jn . 1992 . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . malayan nature society , kuala lumpur .
peña , c . & wahlberg , n . 2008 prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies . biology letters ( royal society ) 4 , 274 - 278 .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
. yellow - banded nymph . version 10 march 2009 ( under construction ) .
each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
notes on amathusiidae , brassolidae , morphidae , etc . , with descriptions of new forms
westwood , 1858 on the oriental species of butterflies related to the genus morpho trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 5 ) : 158 - 160 ( 1857 ) , ( 6 ) : 161 - 189
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
greek , pseudes = false + greek , thrix , - ichos = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 ; anal soft rays : 13 ; vertebrae : 49 . head pointed . body beam - like . mouth small . upper jaw protrusible ; protruding slightly beyond the lower one when mouth is closed . interorbital space is very narrow ; just less than 1 / 3 of eye diameter . branchiostegal rays 6 . gill rakers spinelike , 4 + 1 + 8 . caudal fin rays 8 - 10 ( ref . 41477 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
marine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical , preferred ?
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
urltoken is a brazilian scientific electronic library ( iheringia , revista brasileira de entomologia , zoologia . . . )
to sign my photos of flat - faced longhorned beetles . of course , it is possible for any site to create a link towards any page of urltoken or for any publication to cite a resource without express authorization . for any question about rights of reproduction and use , contact me ! how to quote this website ?
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
viereck , h . l . 1925 . a preliminary revision of the campopleginae in the canadian national collection , ottawa . canadian entomologist . 57 : 176 - 181 , 198 - 204 , 223 - 228 , 296 - 303 .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , non - commercial , no derivative works cc by - nc - nd licence .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
termens of both wings are prominently scalloped . the hindwing is more strongly toothed at vein 4 .
, the wings are dark brown . on the forewing , there is a series of pale bluish submarginal spots , becoming larger in subapical area and then smaller again along the costal border . in the male , the subapical spots are closer to the apex than in the female . the hindwing is reddish brown with rather pale postdiscal spots .
the wings are strongly mottled brown . at the apex of the forewing , there is a ` thumb - print’ ( a triangular area in a lighter shade ) of varying prominence among specimens . a white spot can be found in the centre of the costa on the hindwing , but this can be absent or inconspicuous in certain specimens .
the common palmfly is the most widespread species of its genus in the indo - australian region . locally , it is also a rather common species with widespread occurrence across multiple habitats . typically the adults are shade - loving , and usually sighted flying along the edge of vegetated area and in the vicinity of a clump of palm trees . the adults have the habit of puddling and visiting flowers for mineral and energy intakes .
the early stages of the common palmfly is polyphagous and feed on the leaves of a number of host plants in the arecaceae ( palmae ) family . thus far , four of them are fully identified and listed above .
the eggs of the common palmfly are laid singly on a leaf blade of the host palm tree , typically on the underside . each
egg is almost spherical with a slightly protruding top ( diameter : 1 . 3 - 1 . 4mm ) . the egg is initially white when freshly hatched but turns yellow on the following day . the surface is faintly and irregularly reticulated .
two views of a mature egg of the common palmfly . note the clearly visible head and body setae of the caterpillar .
the egg takes about 4 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 3mm . its cylindrical body is
pale yellowish . the large head capsule is black in color and has three pairs of prominent protuberances lining the perimeter with the apical pair being the largest and longest . each protuberance ends with a thick setae bearing a transparent droplet at its tip . rows of fine setae , also bearing terminal droplets , run along the length of the body dorso - laterally and laterally . a pair of long pale - yellow processes occur at the posterior end of the body , each of which ends with a drop - bearing black setae .
two views of a newly hatched caterpillar near the empty egg shell , length : 3mm .
once the newly hatched moves on to feed on the young leaves , its body starts to take on a green undertone . several contrasting bands , yellow in color and of varying widths , adorn the body surface dorsally and laterally .
two views of 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 5 . 5mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 2nd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
the body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is similarly marked as in the late 1st instar . the most obvious change is in the head capsule where the three pairs of protuberances becomes longer and the setae they bear shorter . the apical pair also takes on a few short side branches . small pale yellow patches appear laterally and apically on the head capsule . the pair of anal processes are longer proportionately and mostly black in coloration . numerous short fine setae cover the body surface . of the several yellowish bands running lengthwise , the dorso - lateral pair running up to the upperside of the anal processes becomes the most prominent of all . this instar lasts about 4 days with the body length reaching up to 10 . 5mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .
head capsules : 1st instar ( left ) and 2nd instar ( right ) .
the 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar with the only obvious change being in the appearance of the head capsule . now the ground colour of the head capsule is yellow except for two lateral reddish brown patches running vertically from the apical pair of protuberances , which are also reddish brown in color . the other protuberances turn yellowish with their short terminal setae still brown to black in color . this instar takes about 4 days to complete with body length reaching about 16 - 17mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 3rd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
retaining very much the same body features from the earlier two instars , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionally longer apical protuberances on the head capsule and the anal processes being mostly yellowish to pinkish in coloration . this instar lasts 3 . 5 to 4 days with the body length reaching about 26mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 4th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
head capsules : 3rd instar ( left ) and 4th instar ( right ) .
the 5th and final instar brings about another change in the appearance of the head capsule . now white patches cover the frontal and middle area , stretching up into the apical protuberances . the long and slender anal processes are mostly pinkish in coloration .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 5th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
the 5th instar lasts for 3 . 5 - 4 days , and the body length reaches up to 40mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , its body becomes shortened but with essentially no change in body color . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on the underside of leaf blade where the caterpillar spins a silk pad to which it attaches its graspers and then rests in a head - down posture .
pre - pupatory larva at three time points . left : early stage ; middle : mid - way , right : late stage with the onset of pupation only minutes away .
pupation takes place 1 day after the caterpillar assumes the haed - down posture .
the green pupa has yellowish strips running on the dorsum of the thorax , dorso - laterally and laterally on the abdomen and the leading edges of the wing case . these yellow strips are outlined in pink . the pupa also has a pair of short cephalic horns , and its dorsum is angled at the thorax .
after about 6 - 6 . 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the pupa is mostly black at this point . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case . it then perches on the pupal case or nearby to expand and dry its wings before taking its first flight .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula , a . s . corbet and h . m . pendlebury , 4th edition , the malayan nature society .
a photographic monograph on hong kong butterflies , volume 1 , hong kong lepidopterists’ society .
the winds have shifted and now the prevailing winds are coming from a north - easterly direction , usually bringing heavy rains to many parts of south - east asia . the monsoon months traditionally brings closure to many activities in nature areas in malaysia , where the national parks and nature reserves are closed for the safety of visitors . i recall being shown the flood level at endau - rompin national park in malaysia , where the debris from a recent flood clearly indicated the water line before the water receded . nothing out of the ordinary , except that the debris line was about two - thirds up a line of trees that was about 15m high !
the 11th month of the year , november always brings happy anticipation of the christmas holiday season . indeed , cheery and glittering decorations are already up in many shopping malls in singapore . in multi - cultural singapore , november 2010 also saw the celebration of deepavali and hari raya haji by the hindu and muslim communities respectively .
) . the english common name of the butterfly is rather curious , as “tawny” often refers to a “warm sandy colour” which the species displays very little of . perhaps the pale buff submarginal border on the upperside of the hindwing is distinctive enough to give the butterfly a ‘tawny’ descriptor .
another unique feature of this species is its scientific name . it is one of only a handful of butterfly species to share the name of mammals and in this case , a specific genus of the big cats , panthera . a rather interesting reference , since the butterfly bears no resemblance in any way to the famous carnivorous and predatory cats .
the tawny palmfly is a forest denizen , where it skulks close to the forest floor in well - shaded localities . it is usually very skittish and flies off the moment it senses any movement towards it . the species is best observed when feeding on the ripened fruits of the singapore rhododendron ( melastoma malabathricum ) – when it is less skittish and allows an observer to move in closer to it .
it doesn’t fly rapidly but displays an erratic flight when flying around , searching for food sources or moving around its preferred habitats . very often , it stops and perches on the upper surfaces of leaves with its wings folded upright . in the field , we have , thus far , not encountered an individual sunbathing with its wings opened flat before .
the tawny palmfly is dark brown above and the hindwing has a pale buff border bearing a series of white - centred black submarginal spots . the underside bears the usual reddish - brown striations of the genus elymnias ( collectively called the palmflies ) which helps to camouflage the butterfly when settled amongst the forest litter .
the female of this species makes an interesting audible clicking sound with its hindwings when it flutters about its host plant laying eggs . the caterpillar of this species feeds on a variety of palms found in the forests .
although it is a species that is primarily found in forested areas , and in particular , in habitats where various species of palmae grow , it has also been observed with regularity at urban parks and gardens as well . sometimes it flies in the company of its closely related species , the common palmfly .
, the forewings are orangey brown with a series of white spots in a broad black apical border . the hindwings have a narrow dark border and a few black spots featured at both the cell edge and end - cell . in form
, the hindwings are almost white throughout . the male has a subtornal brand on the hindwing just below vein 3 .
, the wings are similarly marked as per the upperside but with apical border orangey brown on the forewing , and wing margins marked with a series of prominent and white marginal spots .
being the more common of the two . this species is typically found where its host plants are cultivated . such locations include hortpark , butterfly trails , butterfly gardens in schools and housing estates and even certain park connectors . the adults typically visits flowers in the vicinity of its host plant and has a fondness for sap exuded by
a plain tiger perching on a fern frond in a closed - wing pose .
local host plants for the plain tiger : giant milkweed ( left ) and blood flower ( right ) .
the eggs of the plain tiger are laid singly on the leaf of the host plant , typically on the underside . t
he milky white egg is shaped somewhat like a bullet - head ( diameter : 0 . 95mm , height : 1 . 3mm ) . the egg surface is ribbed with ridges running longitudinally . the micropyle sits atop .
the egg takes about 2 . 5 - 3 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 2 . 2mm . its cylindrical body is
mostly white with a yellowish undertone , and has a fair number of short fine setae . the large head capsule is black in color and there is a small black patch at the posterior end . a pair of short sub - dorsal protuberances can be found on each of the following four segments : 1st and 2nd thoracic segments , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments . of these , the prothoracic pair is black in color and the remaining pairs in orangey brown . the thoracic legs and prolegs are all black in color .
once the newly hatched moves on to feed on leaf lamina over the next few hours , its body starts to take on a green undertone . the growth is rather rapid with the body length doubling to about 4 . 5mm in 1 . 5 day , and after just 1 . 5 to 2 days from hatching , it moults to the 2nd instar .
towards the final hours of the 1st instar , the last three pairs of protuberances turn dark brown and pairs of oval - shaped yellow spots appear on the dorsum from the 2nd thoracic segment to the 8th abdominal segment .
two views of a 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 4 . 3mm .
the body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is whitish in ground color . one obvious change is the lengthening of those black protuberances on the 2nd thoracic segment , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments the pair of protuberances on the 1st thoracic segment remains subdued in size . a diffused yellow band runs sub - spiracularly .
the subdorsal paired yellow spots are embedded in dark patches which extend laterally to the subspiracular yellow band .
noteworthy is that there is only one ( rather than two ) elongated yellow dorsal spot on the 9th abdominal segment . the black head capsule now has a triangular white patch on the frons and a prominent white arch . this instar lasts only 1 to 1 . 5 days with the body length reaching 9mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 5 . 7mm
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 8 . 5mm
the 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar , one obvious change is in the three pairs of processes which are proportionately longer . the head capsule also has an outer white arch at the rear periphery . this instar takes about 1 - 1 . 5 days to complete with body length reaching about 12mm .
retaining very much the same body features from the previous instar , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionately longer processes , with the mesothoracic pair the longest and having a strong tendency to flex forward . this instar lasts 2 days with the body length reaching about 21mm .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 12mm .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 16mm .
the 5th and final instar appears similar to the previous two instars but again with proportionately longer and filamentous processes , particularly so for the mesothoracic pair . all six processes now have a crimson coloration at the basal portion .
two views of a 5th instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 26mm .
two views of a 5th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 39mm .
the 5th instar lasts for 2 - 3 days , and the body length reaches up to 42mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , and its body becomes shortened and decolorized , most notably in the yellow and crimson coloration . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on a branch / stem or a leaf underside , where the caterpillar spins a silk pad from which it soon hangs vertically to take on the pre - pupatory pose .
pupation takes place about 0 . 75 days after the caterpillar assumes the hanging posture .
the barrel - shaped pupa suspends itself from the silk pad with no supporting silk girdle . the pupa could be green , pink even white in coloration . it has a median transverse line marked with a series of black spots and an outer series of yellow spots .
after about 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the prominent white spots on the forewing upperside also become discernible . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case .
to conservation ecologists or purist nature enthusiasts and you may get a bit more than just raised eyebrows – experience has shown that there have been passionate objections and heated arguments about this . there are , of course , valid causes for concern , but the other side of the argument also has pertinent points favouring re - introductions .
for those who may not be aware , re - introduction is the intentional and deliberate release of species back into the wild . these species are either bred , or captured and released from other areas where the species still exists . in various taxonomic groups , it usually involves species that are critically endangered or extinct in the wild . technically , re - introduction usually involves the returning of species into locations or regions where they were previously found or recorded with a fair measure of confidence , but are now extinct . hence some practitioners of re - introduction programmes prefer to call it “re - establishment” .
re - introduction programmes have been more predominantly focused on mammals and vertebrates like birds and occasionally amphibians . there are some well - known programmes since the early 1980′s where biologists have studied the impacts of re - introducing a species into the habitat it once existed in .
habitat and preferred localities that the butterfly can survive and thrive – those species which survive in the forested areas which are protected are more likely to be sustainable .
larger and more robust species that are easier to be bred and withstand environmental pollution .
its early stages and whether the caterpillars may cause other species ( even besides butterflies ) to be affected by their presence .
whether the intentional cultivation of the host plant may affect the floral ecological balance .
there have been several successes of butterfly re - introduction programmes in the west , in particular , two examples being the karner blue ( lycaeides melissa samuelis ) in ohio , usa and the large blue ( phengaris arion ) butterfly which was declared extinct in the uk in 1979 , but has been successfully re - introduced .
it is not known whether there have been any similar re - introduction programmes in southeast asia , nor any research papers done to document if there have been any successes . thus far , internet searches have delivered only reports of butterfly re - introductions from western countries .
from those checklists , a selection of e . g . 5 - 6 species could be done , and studies conducted on populations of these species where they still exist . the nearest populations of some of these species would be a mere hour’s drive up north into the malaysian state of johor .
once observations and reports are made of these species in their natural habitats and general behaviour and habits of the species , host plants , early stages and so on , the search for possibly similar habitats be made in singapore , where the species could be re - introduced . one premise that should be established would be the availability of the caterpillar host plant in singapore , its abundance , and extent of spread across the island . care must be taken , of course , that the host plant is already native to the singapore flora checklist and not to introduce an exotic species of plant to singapore .
prior to the re - introduction programme , the host plant must be cultivated , perhaps under the national parks board’s supervision , at locations like singapore’s urban parks , gardens , park connectors and so on , where the cultivation of the plants can be supervised and observed .
once there is enough critical mass of the host plant ( that is , assuming that the plant is not common in the first instance ) , then the import of pupae or wild - captured males and females of the target species is released into the wild . unlike mammals , there is no need to ‘train’ the released butterflies to hunt or adapt to its new surroundings .
it has always been a subject of debate , whether human intervention is advisable where the survival of a species is concerned . they may have gone extinct for a good reason , and bringing them back into the environment may not necessarily be a good thing . however , one can always argue that a species has gone extinct , precisely because of human intervention in the first instance ( like development , land clearing , removal of a plant species , pollution in the environment , and so on ) . hence where humans have been the cause for the extirpation of a species , it would only be right that humans make amends to bring the species back .
the debate will not ever end , as there will always be proponents on both sides , extolling the pros and cons of whether to re - introduce a species , or not . as a supporter of butterfly re - introduction , i would personally recommend that further observations and studies continue to be carried out before a pilot scheme for a re - introduction be attempted .
– re - introduction case studies from around the globe : edited by pritpal s . soorae – © 2008 iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group
– not quite yet the number of spartans who made history under king leonidas at the battle of thermopylae . but that’s the number of articles on this blog with this post , chugging along with at least an article a week , sometimes more , for the past three years .
it is now 11 nov 2010 , and this blog has soldiered on since it was set up on 16 aug 2007 and the first articles on our beloved butterflies started on 5 nov 2007 . since then , we have produced articles of interest about butterflies , ranging from behaviour and ecology , early stages , conservation , photography , travelogues and so on . in a manner of speaking , we can now celebrate our third anniversary of this butterflies of singapore blog .
i would like to thank my fellow members at butterflycircle , many of whom had written articles for this blog , or have been willing to share their photographic works of butterflies . in particular , my sincere thanks to horace tan , who has written some of the most engaging and informative articles on the early stages of singapore’s butterflies available to date – complete from egg to eclosion and many with amazing video clips of the butterflies’ moulting , pupation and eclosion .
we hope that this blog will be able to continue in the years to come as we endeavour to share and learn more about our beloved flying jewels in singapore and beyond our shores . this is our contribution to biodiversity conservation and education in singapore and for all and sundry to learn and enjoy the articles .
there have been a couple of unkind individuals who have criticised and trivialised the articles and even the recent field guide that was a culmination of years of effort and the combined work of many butterflycircle members . to these unhappy individuals , we can only express our sympathy , as it merely reflects their childish behaviour and unfortunate upbringing that they seek only to destroy the work that others have done .
we would urge them to make peace with whatever unhappiness that they have in their lives , and channel their energies to do their own part in promoting the appreciation of butterflies and spend their time more productively , instead of making unsavoury remarks from the sidelines – which only undermines their own credibility and wins them no respect from the nature community in singapore .
we are , however , encouraged by the growing membership in butterflycircle , and with more mature and sincere individuals who are able to contribute productively in this hobby and past - time pursuit that has yielded happy times and pleasant memories out in the field together .
we also wish to thank all the guests and readers of this blog , most of whom had left complimentary comments and cheery well - wishes on the blog’s articles . we are encouraged and happy to know that our efforts are not in vain , as there are many readers from singapore and all over the world who appreciate , and have benefited from our work .
with that , please join us in the journey ahead , as we continue to do our work in butterfly conservation , learning and sharing on this blog . for our work is never finished and there are more and more things to learn in the years to come . happy 3rd birthday to the butterflies of singapore blog !


amblyraja taaf , the whiteleg skate or thorny skate , is a little-known skate found at depths ranging from 150 to 600 meters .

the whiteleg skate has been located off crozet and kerguelen islands .

other specimens have been found off the coast of south africa and madagascar but may be unrepresentative of the skate 's native regions .

because of the limited knowledge of its biology and extent of capture in fisheries , this species is assessed as data deficient .

amblyraja taaf

citation :
whiteleg skates , amblyraja taaf ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 6 / 1 / 2013 11 : 47 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
research amblyraja taaf » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
thought to be widespread in the indian antarctic ocean at depths of 150 to 600 m , though may be found at greater depths ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . dulvy and reynolds ( 2002 ) give a minimum depth of 320 m and a maximum of 350 m , with a latitudinal range of two degrees . maximum size is reportedly 90 cm total length ( tl ) and size at birth is about 17 cm tl ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . diet appears to be wide ranging from polycheates and crustaceans , to teleosts ( meissner 1987 ) . amblyraja taaf is reported to display sexual dimorphism ( meissner 1987 ) , with males in general being larger than the females . fecundity is unknown for this species .
antarctic and southern indian ocean : known from just south of the crozet and kerguelen islands and well south of south africa and madagascar ( stehmann and bürkel 1990 , compagno and ebert 2007 ) . southeast atlantic ocean : the south african records of a . taaf may prove to be of strays from its known range in sub - antarctic seas ( compagno and ebert 2007 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
notarbartolo di sciara , g . & valenti , s . v . ( shark red list authority )
, forms the bulk of bycatch of the patagonian toothfish fishery in the crozet islands eez . bycatch of rajids (
) in this fishery reported to commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources ( ccamlr ) ranged from nothing in 1998 / 1999 , increasing to 95 to 91 t in 2002 - 2004 and to 163 t in 2005 / 2006 ( ccamlr 2006 ) .
actual bycatch levels are likely much greater though as a result of illegal , unreported and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing for patagonian toothfish throughout the area . most iuu fishing is thought to have occurred in the indian ocean sector around crozet , heard , kerguelen and prince edward islands ( lack and sant 2001 ) . increased surveillance within the eez of these states in recent years means that iuu fishing now occurs mainly outside the eez .
this species probably has limiting life - history characteristics similar to other deepwater skates , making it vulnerable to population depletion . current levels of exploitation may therefore be unsustainable .
none in place . the ccamlr working group recommend that , where possible , all rajids should be cut from the line while still in the water , except on the request of observers , and that areas with high bycatch rates should be avoided by patagonian toothfish fisheries . information is required to better define the distribution and the impact of fisheries across the species ' entire range .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a new species of ray ( rajidae , batoidei ) from the indian ocean sector of the antarctic .
( meissner , 1987 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
90 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . ) )
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .
start or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !
help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .
with your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .
deep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm
~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < °° > - <
for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
view an interactive map to identify other ports managed by suffolk coastal as well as sites where philis is available .
suffolk coastal port health authority 70 shed , oysterbed road , the dock felixstowe , suffolk ip11 4an telephone : 01394 613330 fax : 01394 613331 email : port . health @ urltoken
office hours : monday to thursday 6 . 30am to 10 . 00pm , friday - 6 . 30am to 9 : 30pm , saturdays and sundays - 6 . 30am to 2 . 30pm
for full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
the scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .