the golden-lined spinefoot ( siganus lineatus ) is a species of rabbitfish .

like all rabbitfishes , it has venomous spines on the dorsal , anal , and pelvic fins .

it is reef associated fish species that inhabit waters at depths from 0 to 25 m ( 0 to 82 ft ) .

the maximum length is 43 cm ( 17 in ) .

it is a common commercially important fish in many tropical countries .

golden - lined spinefoot

also known as golden rabbitfish , golden spinefoot , gold - lined rabbitfish , gold - lined spinefoot , golden - lined rabbitfish , golden - lined spinefoot , goldenspot spinefoot , goldspot rabbitfish , goldspot spinefoot , gold - spotted spinefoot , lined spinefoot , spinefoots . found in schools over mangroves , rocky areas and seagrass beds of protected bays and lagoons . they feed on algae . length - 35cm depth - 0 - 30m widespread indo - west pacific rabbitfish are usually found in algae rich reefs . they have venomous spines in the anal fin and at both ends of the ventral fin . these can inflict extremely painful injuries .
search golden lined spinefoot and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of golden lined spinefoot given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
the ratio of two lengths , equal in value to 1 . 618033988 . . . , and given by b / a = ( b + a ) / b ; it is the reciprocal of the golden section and also equal to ( 1 + golden section ) .
a light golden - coloured treacle produced by the evaporation of cane sugar juice , used to sweeten and flavour cakes , puddings , etc .
a strait between the pacific and san francisco bay : crossed by the golden gate bridge , with a central span of 1280 m ( 4200 ft . )
any of several plovers of the genus pluvialis , such as p . apricaria of europe and asia , that have golden brown back , head , and wings
latin , siganus = a fish , rabbit fish ; by the similarity of the nose ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 25 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 0 - 20 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 25°c - 29°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 27°n - 30°s , 71°e - 171°e
indo - west pacific : maldives , laccadive archipelago , india , sri lanka , ogasawara islands ( japan ) , eastern indonesia , new guinea , australia , solomon islands , vanuatu , new caledonia and philippines ; palau and yap in micronesia . records from viet nam ( ref . 2682 ) is probably siganus guttatus .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9813 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 7 ; anal soft rays : 9 ; vertebrae : 13 . blue dorsally , silvery below ; a bright yellow spot below last few rays of dorsal fin ; a prominent blue line beside posterior margin of orbit running diagonally across cheek to corner of mouth . preopercular angle 92° - 104° ; strong scales almost completely cover cheeks ; midline of thorax scaled , not pelvic ridges . anterior nostril encircled by a very low rim , slightly expanded posteriorly . spines stout , pungent and venomous ( ref . 1419 ) .
juveniles found in mangrove areas and seagrass flats ; adults in protected waters such as lagoons and bays in the vicinity of rocky substrata or reefs . forms schools that diminish with age , down to 10 - 25 fish by adult stage , although congregations may consist of several thousand fish during spawning period . feeds by scraping encrusting algae from beach rock or pavement areas of coral reefs or by browsing on larger coarse algae . common in markets where it is sold fresh ( ref . 9813 ) .
smallest female to spawn was 23 cm , the largest 33 cm sl . spawning apparently occurs not until the fish is 2 years old .
woodland , d . j . , 1990 . revision of the fish family siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology . indo - pac . fish . ( 19 ) : 136 p . ( ref . 1419 )
) : 24 . 9 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 726 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01092 - 0 . 02895 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 12 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 6 ; tm = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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something old or long - established , esp . a hit record or song that has remained popular or is enjoying a revival
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strophedra weirana , the little beech piercer , is a moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in most of europe , except the iberian peninsula , part of the balkan peninsula , ukraine , the baltic region , finland and ireland .

the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .

adults are on wing in june .

the larvae feed on fagus species .

they attach two leaves of their host plant together with silk and feed from within .

strophedra weirana

strophedra weirana ( little beech piercer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
strophedra weirana §1 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 30 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm © chris lewis
this rather obscurely - marked species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england , and parts of wales . it is similar to
occupying beech woods , the adults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .
) , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .
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recorded in 18 ( 26 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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wingspan about 11 mm . this rather obscurely - marked species is similar to s . nitidana but is less distinctively marked than that species .
adults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .
the larva feeds on beech , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .
this species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england and parts of wales . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .
rare in leicestershire and rutland . this is only the second record for vc55 .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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ws : 10 - 12mm ; jun ; beech ( fagus sylvatica ) ; local in beech wood in s . england synonym : s . flexana ( pierce & metcalfe )


it is an elongated , eel-like fish that reaches 34 cm in length .

it is native to the north pacific ocean , from the bering sea south to oregon .

it has been found on the surface at night , attracted by the lights of fishing boats , but little is known about its daytime habits ; it may burrow in sandy and muddy bottoms during the day , emerging at dusk to feed .

quillfishes have been found in the stomachs of juvenile coho salmon , oncorhynchus kisutch , and chinook salmon , oncorhynchus tshawytscha .

the longest quillfish was nearly as long ( 82 % ) as its predator .

quillfish

finally , the bizarre quillfish is so highly modified that its relationships are obscure . more
queen danio - quillfish - species of fish starting with q - information on different types of fish . contact bruning . more
show ipa use quillfish in a sentencesee web results for quillfishsee images of quillfish–noun , plural - fish⋅es , ( especially collectively ) - fish . a fish , ptilichthys goodei , of the bering sea , having an eellike body with long , many - rayed fins . more
the quillfish , ptilichthys goodei , is a slender , elongate fish distributed along the coastline of the north pacific from oregon to the sea of japan . more
does quillfish evolve on pokemon pearl ? = in : pokemon diamond and pearl first of all , it ' s spelt qwilfish . secondly , it doesn ' t . qwilfish has no evolutions . more
the quillfish , ptilichthys goodei , is a species of perciform fish , the only species in the genus ptilichthys and family ptilichthyidae . it is an elongate eel - like fish that reaches 34 cm in length . more
facts about quillfish : annotated classification , as discussed in perciform ( fish ) : annotated classification : = . . . to 2 . 3 metres ( 7 . 5 feet ) . 5 species , in northern oceans ; littoral zone to 300 metres ( 1 , 000 feet ) ; good food fishes . more
family ptilichthyidae ( quillfish ) extremely elongated , body ending in a free fleshy point ; pelvic fins absent ; dorsal and anal fins like vanes of a feather . 1 species ( ptilichthys goodei ) , rare ; north pacific . family zaproridae ( prowfish ) a single species ( zaprora silenus ) like a shorter , deeper - bodied prickleback ; pelvic fins
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greek , ptylon = feather + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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it has been found on the surface at night , attracted by the lights of fishing boats , but little is known about its daytime habits : it is thought that it may burrow in sandy and muddy bottoms during the day , emerging at dusk to feed .
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greek , ptilon = feather + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 360 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate ; 66°n - 42°n
north pacific : japan , the sea of okhotsk , and the kuril islands to bering sea and to central oregon , usa .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 ) ; common length : 15 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 90 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 137 - 145 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 185 - 196 ; vertebrae : 236 - 240 . caudal much reduced .
found at surface at night , evidently on the bottom in deeper waters during the day ( ref . 2850 ) . buries itself in mud or sand ( ref . 2850 ) . has been recorded to be found in the stomach of a coho salmon ( ref . 6885 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 0 . 9 - 8 . 3 , mean 4 . 4 ( based on 378 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .
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a fish , ptilichthys goodei , of the bering sea , having an eellike body with long , many - rayed fins .
random house unabridged dictionary , copyright © 1997 , by random house , inc . , on infoplease .


guaianaza is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .

guaianaza is considered a synonym of the genus forsterinaria gray , 1973 .

its single species , guaianaza pronophila , is found in the neotropical realm .

guaianaza

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freitas , avl and peña c . 2006 . description of genus guianaza for
euptychia
pronophila ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with a description of the immature stages . zootaxa 1163 : 49 - 59 .
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atlantic forest ; < i > forsterinaria < / i > ; life history ; neotropics ; poaceae .
type - species : euptychia pronophila butler , 1867 . proc . zool . soc . lond . : 107 , pl . 12 , fig . 20 . [ bhl ]
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cymothoe caenis , the common glider , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .

it is found in guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , southern nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , tanzania and zambia .

the habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland .

it is a migratory species .

the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindackeria and uapaca species .

cymothoe caenis

cymothoe caenis ( the common glider ) . starting a butterfly collection . set specimens . add to favourites . the butterfly has a base colour of sandy brown . all wings have creamy white with brown . all wings have a lovely pattern .
here are 72 described species in the genus cymothoe , a group of large and magnificent butterflies commonly known as gliders . the genus is entirely afrotropical in distribution .
tom , you will find hereafter some pictures of my old collection ! from c . a . r . from r . d . c . , kivu , beni that shows you the variability of cymothoe caenis . almost all the female forms have been named . white ones are conformis , orange ones are adelina , etc . many papers have been written on c . caenis migrations , and i need to find a good one amongst these to pass you the reference . . . a + , michel
the males vary in colour , ranging from the pure white of caenis , and the deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown of fumana , to the fabulous and aptly named blood red glider sangaris .
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there are no formally recognized subspecies for this taxon , nor are there any widely used synonyms .
genus and has a huge extent of occurrence covering the entire west african and equatorial forest zone ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . in addition to having a widespread distribution , the butterfly appears to be highly adaptable to secondary habitats , and is able to utilize a wide variety of larval host - plants . this makes it particularly robust to any threats arising across its range . this is clearly a species of least concern .
while specific quantitative population records are lacking for this forest butterfly , it is known to be one of the most common and ecologically adaptable members of the genus ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species is known in most of the west african and equatorial forest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than any other member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional population explosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
. the larvae are communal and drop off the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
there are no major , immediate threats to this forest butterfly . the species is highly adaptable , and is common in secondary habitats as well as primary forest ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . hence , the main regional threats of deforestation and forest degradation do not pose a significant threat to this widespread and robust species at present .
no species - specific conservation measures are currently in place or required for this common species .
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is distributed across the forested regions of africa from guinea to congo , uganda and zambia .
his species is found mainly in secondary forest and disturbed areas of primary forest .
on sunny mornings males spend their time high in the tree tops . later in the day they descend to bask on bushes and saplings , choosing spots where dappled sunlight filters through the canopy to the understorey .
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. most of the following specimens were caught within a 2 day period in august 2014 , when the migration of this species passed through bunia , drc . most are in rough shape , but hopefully the next time they pass through i ' ll be able to nab ones in better shape . ( also , sorry for the different lighting conditions , i ' ve been working on improving this . )
i ' d also be interested to know if anyone has further information on this species ' migratory behaviour .
also a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! ! rich
also a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! !
i guess you talk about the specimen in box 3 ! it is a perfect bilateral with male on the left side and female form conformis on the right side . . . very unusual
awesome ! ! thanks for sharing those pictures ! i knew you ' d have something interesting to add .
i would say that about 50 / 55 % are form adelina ( full orange brown ) and the proportion of the other females forms is well represented in box 4 and 5 . . .
interesting . . . i don ' t remember that form being the most common when they came through bunia . on the other hand , i was ignoring any specimen that wasn ' t sufficiently different from the ones i ' d previously caught . so , my memory is probably skewed .
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larsen tb . 2005 . butterflies of west africa . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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this species is known in most of the west african and equatorialforest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than anyother member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional populationexplosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
. the larvae are communal and dropoff the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .
the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindaeckeria and uapaca species .
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the schouteden 's swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is a species of swift in the family apodidae .

it is endemic to democratic republic of the congo .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

its common name and latin binomial commemorate the belgian zoologist henri eugene schouteden .

schouteden ' s swift

schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is a species of bird in the apodidae family .
the schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is an endangered swift that is endemic to democratic republic of the congo in central africa ; where it lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and montanes .
17 cm . dark - coloured swift . appears all black in the field with medium - forked tail .
chantler , p . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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conduct field surveys in the itombwe mountains to determine its distribution more accurately and to assess its population size . once a baseline population estimate has been obtained , continue to monitor population trends . monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation within the species ' s range . ensure effective protection of itombwe forest nature reserve . increase the area of suitable habitat that has protected status .
the population is assumed to be small ( < 10 , 000 ) owing to the lack of confirmed records other than five specimens collected during 1956 - 1972 . it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 individuals , equating to 1 , 667 - 6 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 7 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining in line with the clearance and degradation of forest within the species ' s range .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this little - known species is presumed to have a small population which is almost certainly declining as its forest habitat is severely threatened . it is , therefore , classified as vulnerable .
( drc ) , where it appears to be resident . however , there are possible sightings from bwindi forest , uganda ( near the border with the drc ) ,
, which indicates that the species may have a less restricted range than previously thought ( t . butynski
the species was formerly known only from clearings in transitional and lowland forest , at low and intermediate altitudes ( c . 1 , 000 - 1 , 470 m ) , but there are now indications that it may also be found over montane forest ( up to 2 , 700 m [ t . butynski
, although this may be reduced by its recent designation as a community reserve ( a . plumptre
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e drcongo in itombwe mts , where collected from mubandakika , butokolo , bionga and kamituga ; perhaps occurs n to mt tshiaberimu , and possible sightings also from bwindi forest , in sw uganda # r .
presumed to be a highland species , mainly because was collected from butokolo at 1470 m .
female collected in feb had enlarged oocytes ; two specimens from oct did not have enlarged gonads .
vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in eastern zaire lowlands eba . still known from only five specimens . habitat within species’ range thought still to be in . . .
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sequence of genera here based on findings from recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : schoutedenapus schoutedeni . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
zairenkiitäjä
from
schoutedenapus schoutedeni ( prigogine , 1960 )
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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