tellina tenuis , the thin tellin , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family tellinidae .

it is found off the coasts of north west europe and in the mediterranean sea where it lives buried in sandy sediments .

bivalves are molluscs with a body compressed between two usually similar shell valves joined by an elastic ligament .

there are teeth at the edge of the shell and the animal has a muscular foot , gills , siphons , mouth and gut and is surrounded by a mantle inside the shell .

tellina tenuis

scientific synonyms and common names tellina tenuis da costa , 1778 tellina exigua poli , 1791 tellina polita pulteney , 1799 non tellina polita poli , 1795 non tellina polita spengler , 1798 tellina exigua var . alba costa o . g . , 1830 tellina exigua var . flavescens costa o . g . , 1830 tellina hyalina deshayes , 1835 non tellina hyalina gmelin , 1791 tellina exigua deshayes , 1835 non tellina exigua gmelin , 1791 tellina tenuis var . angusta philippi , 1836 non tellina angusta gmelin , 1791 macoma commutata monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . flavida monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . pudibunda monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . albida monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . major monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . minor monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . aurantia monterosato , 1884 tellina tenuis var . aita de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . browni de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . jeffreysi de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . brevior b . d . d . , 1886 tellina bourguignati locard , 1886 tellina tenuis var . maxima b . d . d . , 1886 tellina tenuis var . minuta b . d . d . , 1886 tellina carnaria sensu von born , 1780 non linné , 1758 tellina incarnata sensu chemnitz , 1782 non linné , 1758 tellina planata sensu pennant , 1777 non linné , 1758 tellina tenuis sensu auct . non da costa , 1778 tellina exilis sensu brusina , 1866 non lamarck , 1818 angulus tenuis
worms - world register of marine species - tellina tenuis var . angusta philippi , 1836
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tellina tenuis
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in kames bay the density of tellina tenuis falls in a progressive manner from l . w . m . to h . w . m .
distribution tellina tenuis was found in both periods in the western near - coastal zone . in addition , the species was also observed in . . .
the size - frequency curves and density of tellina tenuis in the other bays at l . w . m . correspond with those of half - tide in kames bay .
the present paper deals with the results of investigations into certain phases in the life - history of the bivalve mollusc tellina tenuis carried out during the autumn of 1926 and 1927 .
the tellina tenuis population in kames bay seems to be composed of four year - groups , one of which is almost unrepresented . collections from neighbouring bays indicate that older groups may be present .
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tellina crassa
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tellina pulchella
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tellina squalida
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dekker , r and beukema , j . j 1999 . relations of summer and winter temperatures with dynamics and growth of two bivalves , tellina tenuis and abra tenuis , on the northern edge of their intertidal distribution . journal of sea research , vol . 42 , issue . 3 , p . 207 .
holme , n . a . 1950 . population - dispersion in tellina tenuis da costa . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 29 , issue . 02 , p . 267 .
barnett , peter r . o . 1985 . the effect of temperature on the growth of planktonic larvae of tellina tenuis da costa . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 89 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .
ansell , alan d . and trevallion , ann 1967 . studies on tellina tenuis da costa i . seasonal growth and biochemical cycle . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 1 , issue . 2 , p . 220 .
mcintyre , a . d . 1970 . the range of biomass in intertidal sand , with special reference to the bivalve tellina tenuis . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 50 , issue . 03 , p . 561 .
the two closely related species , t . tenuis and t . fabula , are both plentiful in kames bay , but their range is not coincident .
buchanan , j . s . 1978 . cytological studies on a new species of rickettsia found in association with a phage in the digestive gland of the marine bivalve mollusc , tellina tenuis ( da costa ) . journal of fish diseases , vol . 1 , issue . 1 , p . 27 .
young tellina tenuis , passing the 2 - mm . sieve but retained by the 1 - mm . sieve , were found in kames bay in august , chiefly below l . w . m . , but in october plentifully distributed up to half - tide and in lesser numbers higher up the shore .
in kames bay tellina tenuis ranges from a little below h . w . m . to depths of about 4 fm . the maximum concentration of about 1000 per sq . m . is found at l . w . m . springs and the numbers decrease to zero at h . w . m . and 4 fm .
distribution tellina tenuis was found in both periods in the western near - coastal zone . in addition , the species was also observed in the area of the hinder banks , but only in the 1994 - 2001 period . the frequency of occurrence in both periods was relatively low and the species never reached high density levels ( maximum 30 ind . / m2 ) . [ details ]
habitat tellina tenuis occurs in a wide range of sediments : median grain size of 150 to 500 μm . the main restrictive factor appears to be the mud content : the species only occurs in sediments with a mud content < 20 % . the relative occurrence of 10 % in sediments with a mud content of 40 - 50 % is considered an outlier and hence seen as unreliable . [ details ]
the dispersion of tellina tenuis da costa in the laboratory was analysed by the clark and evans nearest - neighbour test and by the kolmogorov - smirnov one - sample test . the dispersion was random , with a slight tendency toward aggregation that was independent of density . in the field , the dispersion was analysed by the clark and evans nearest - neighbour test and by the x 2 approximation to fisher ' s coefficient of dispersion . the dispersion was again random , this time with a slight tendency toward spacing out that was independent of density . the tendency toward aggregation displayed in the laboratory was independent of the dispersion pattern shown at the start of the experiment , and also unaffected by the edge of the container . the apparent randomness suggests that t . tenuis is primarily a suspension feeder , but may be a deposit feeder under certain environmental conditions .
prediction of safe levels of effluent discharge have in the past been largely based on the results of short term acute toxicity tests ( lc 5 0 s ) . such tests are usually carried out in unnatural experimental conditions , and in consequence the results are of only limited value . there is a need to enlarge the concept of the routine bioassay test to include quantitative measurement of the effects of pollutants on behaviour , physiology and metabolism . this paper describes a simple rapid bioassay test in which the effect of pollutants on the burrowing of the bivalve tellina tenuis has been used as a quantitative measure of pollutant effect .
description a thin , strongly flattened shell with an irregular oval shape . front edge broadly rounded , back edge tapering in a clear angle . the back is somewhat less acuminate than in the tellina fabula . the shell surface is practically smooth with only fine growth lines . measures up to 30 mm long . the colour varies from white with dark colour bands to pinkish red . [ details ]
the thin tellin is a species which regularly washes ashore . you usually find both valves still attached to one another . the connecting ligament between the two shell halves is namely very strong . the thin tellin is reasonably easy to find on the sand thanks to its pink to orange color . this colorful shellfish usually lives hidden in the sea bottom , where it ' s difficult to find despite its color . for food and oxygen , it extends its siphons out of the sand and filters the water . the thin tellin closely resembles the baltic tellin but is more delicate , flatter and lighter .
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ovate , posterior shortened , wedge - shaped and curves to the right when viewed from dorsal side . anterior gently sloping and broadly curved at anterior margin .
prominent mid - brown band extending less than a third the way to the posterior margin .
2 cardinals in each valve . in lv anterior bifid , posterior very weak . in rv posterior bifid . 2 laterals in rv , anterior short but prominent , posterior small , below nymph plate . 1 short posterior lateral in lv .
pallial sinus very deep , extends upwards and almost to anterior adductor and is confluent with the pallial line . cruciform muscle scars visible .
white / pink / orange / yellow external colouration more intense and covering more of the shell .
a burrower in sand and silty sand . lives from the mid intertidal to approximately 10m . widely distributed around all coasts .
but lacks the scissulate sculpture , is not so narrow and less acute posteriorly .
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m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
just behind the midline directed inwards and backwards , almost touching . approximately oval in outline with the
white , pink , rose , orange or yellow in colour and various shades of each , normally in irregular bands , exceptionally each valve may be differently coloured .
is transparent , glossy . inside of shell coloured like the outside but normally fainter .
a deep burrower in sand or mud . this habit has had effect in developing a powerful
inhabits fine sand generally from about the middle of the intertidal zone to a depth of a few metres . it sometimes occurs in very large populations , particularly near low water - mark , where it may be the most abundant macro - invertebrate , its numbers steadily decreasing up the beach , where the sands dry out appreciably at low tide , or as coarse sand is met . the depth to which the animal burrows depends on the state of the tide and may be 10 . 16 - 12 . 7 cm , when the tide is out but less at high tide .
haas , f . , 1926 . lamellibranchia . in grimpe , g . & wagner , e . : die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee .
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poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1993 . european seashells . vol . ii . 221 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
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philippi r . a . ( 1836 ) . enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium , quae in itinere suo observavit . vol . 1 . schropp , berlin [ berolini ] : xiv + 267 p . , pl . 1 - 12 , available online at urltoken ; = article & id ; = 355 & itemid ; = 167 page ( s ) : 27 [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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da costa e . m . ( 1778 ) . historia naturalis testaceorum britanniae , or , the british conchology . london : millan , white , elmsley & robson . xii + 254 + viii pp . 17 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 210 - 211 [ details ]
description a thin , strongly flattened shell with an irregular oval shape . front edge broadly rounded , back edge tapering in a clear . . .
long term trends in the macrobenthos of the belgian continental shelf ( macrobel ) .
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ardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 52 [ details ]
zamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des côtes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammbô . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
van zweeden , c . ; van asch , m . ; van den ende , d . ; troost , k . ( 2013 ) . het kokkelbestand in de nederlandse kustwateren in 2013 . imares wageningen report , c115 / 13 . imares wageningen ur : ijmuiden . 46 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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in the exe estuary is shown to be uniformly distributed , indicating a significant degree of ‘over - dispersion’ .
area it is shown that fewer individuals than would be expected occur less than 1 in . from their nearest neighbour , and none occurs closer than 0·6 in .
when the population density was artificially increased on the shore the same characteristic spacing was found at a moderate density , but not at a rather higher density .
it is suggested that spacing is correlated with the foraging activities of the inhalent siphon on the soil surface .
very dense populations have been found by stephen in other areas , indicating that the size of the ‘territory’ does not limit density . his results show no evidence of the same phenomena as observed in the exe .
studies on the scottish marine fauna . additional observations on the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the tidal zone
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the size - frequency distribution shows a regular gradation from the lower to the higher levels . at l . w . m . and below individuals of small size predominate , while at h . w . m . they are proportionately few .
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simpson , r . : physical and biotic factors limiting the distribution and abundance of littoral molluscs on macquarie island ( sub antarctica ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .
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speakman , j . n . and p . a . krenkel : quantification of the effects of rate of change on aquatic biota . wat . res .
tebble , n . : british bivalve seashells , 212 pp . london : trustees of the british museum ( n . h . ) 1966
k . v . singarajah , john moyse , e . w . knight - jones
richard w . eppley , robert w . holmes , john d . h . strickland


brasilennea arethusae is a fossil species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family cerionidae , from the paleocene itaboraí basin , brazil .

brasilennea arethusae is the largest species in the genus brasilennea .

it was one of the first fossils found in itaboraí basin and its name makes reference to the fact that it is a terrestrial species : the name is in honor of arethusa , a sylvan nymph and one of the hesperides from greek mythology .

brasilennea arethusae

how can i put and write and define brasilennea arethusae in a sentence and how is the word brasilennea arethusae used in a sentence and examples ? 用brasilennea arethusae造句 , 用brasilennea arethusae造句 , 用brasilennea arethusae造句 , brasilennea arethusae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
clade panpulmonata clade eupulmonata clade stylommatophora informal group sigmurethra | superfamilia = urocoptoidea | familia = cerionidae | genus = { extinct } brasilennea | species = { extinct } b . arethusae | binomial = brasilennea arethusae | binomial _ authority = maury , 1935 | synonyms = } } brasilennea arethusae is a fossil species of air - breathing . . .
brasilennea arethusae var . minor trindade , 1956 : 18 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1e , 2e ) .
stylommatophora family cerionidae genus brasilennea maury , 1935 ( figs . 3 - 26 )

' brasilennea arethusae
' is a fossil species of air - breathing land snail , a arethusa , a sylvan nymph and one of the hesperides from greek mythology .
brasilennea arethusae maury , 1935 : 4 - 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ; salvador et al . 2011 : 445 - 447 , fig . 1 , a - g , l .
brasilennea guttula salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 1 - 4 ) .
included species : b . arethusae maury , 1935 ; b . guttula salvador & simone , 2012 ; b . minor trindade , 1956 .
- following salvador et al . ( 2011 ) , the genus brasilennea is considered a cerionidae , not a streptaxidae ;
b . arethusae usually has stronger ribs ( and fewer per whorl ) than other brasilennea species . quensen & woodruff ( 1997 ) attribute such strong ribs to protection against predators in cerion röding , 1798 ; the ribs strengthen the shell structure and make it harder for predators ( in this case , crabs ) to crush it . however , b . arethusae ' s possible predators are unknown : there is no record of crabs in itaboraí or other possible predators known for crushing shells , such as beetles ( symondson , 2004 ) ; still , some small mammals , also potential predators ( allen , 2004 ) , do occur in itaboraí , but possibly not in the same sequence as the brasilennea ( bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . in any case , the shell of b . arethusae would be more resistant to predation due to its strong ribs .
etymology : maury ( 1935 ) considered the newfound species very similar to the african genus ennea and thus named the new genus brasilennea , meaning
brazilian ennea
.
shell shape , structure and sculpture : in respect to the general shell shape , brasilennea strongly resembles the typical cerionidae : a thick , pupiform and multispiral shell , with acuminated apex ( triphasic sensu gould , 1989 ) , hollow columella ( at least in first whorls ) , and the shape , placement and size of aperture ( schileyko , 1999b ) . also , b . arethusae has strong and regularlyspaced ribs that become less oblique towards the shell aperture , as commonly seen in cerionids ( schileyko , 1999b ) . the ribs in the other brasilennea species are weaker , but still raised and well - marked .
discussion : b . minor was originally described as a smaller sympatric variety of b . arethusae by trindade ( 1956 ) , but it was lately elevated to the category of species by brito ( 1967 ) , using the sympatry as one of the reasons for such . b . minor specimens are smaller than the smallest specimen of b . arethusae , showing no overlapping in size distribution . b . minor shows a smaller number of whorls than the other brasilennea species : usually 9 ( 8 or 10 whorls are not uncommon ) . the whorls of b . minor are more convex and its shell is weaker and thinner than the other species . it has a greater number of ribs and they are also weaker . the basal furrow in the body whorl is more weakly marked . b . minor also shows some variation in shell shape besides whorl number as , for example , thinner and more elongated specimens ( fig . 25 ) ; however , in a broader sense , this variation seems to be less than what is seen in b . arethusae .
os calcários da bacia de itaboraí ( paleoceno médio ) , rio de janeiro , brasil , abrigam uma rica fauna de gastrópodes pulmonados do paleoceno médio , tanto terrestres quanto dulciaquícolas . no presente trabalho realiza - se uma extensiva revisão taxonômica dessa paleofauna . duas novas espécies , eoborus fusiforme e gastrocopta itaboraiensis , são descritas , assim como um novo gênero , cortana . a classificação revisada encontra - se do seguinte modo : austrodiscus lopesi ( charopidae ) ; biomphalaria itaboraiensis ( planorbidae ) ;
brachypodella
britoi ( urocoptidae ) ; brasilennea arethusae , brasilennea guttula , brasilennea minor ( cerionidae ) ; bulimulus fazendicus , bulimulus trindadeae , cortana carvalhoi , cyclodontina coelhoi , itaborahia lamegoi , leiostracus ferreirai , plagiodontes aff . dentatus ( orthalicidae ) ; cecilioides sommeri ( ferussaciidae ) ; eoborus rotundus , eoborus sanctijosephi , eoborus fusiforme ( strophocheilidae ) ; gastrocopta mezzalirai , gastrocopta itaboraiensis ( gastrocoptidae ) ; temesa magalhaesi ( clausiliidae ) . a espécie strobilopsis mauryae foi considerada sinônimo de brasilennea arethusae ; bulimulus sommeri sinônimo de itaborahia lamegoi ; e vorticifex fluminensis sinônimo de eoborus sanctijosephi . a bacia conta com os registros fósseis mais antigos das famílias orthalicidae , gastrocoptidae , ferussaciidae e strophocheilidae . além disso , os registros de itaboraí das famílias charopidae , clausiliidae , cerionidae , e urocoptidae estão entre os mais antigos do mundo e , dentre esses , os de cerionidae , clausiliidae e urocoptidae merecem destaque por estarem bem afastados das distribuições atuais das famílias . ademais , os registros de itaboraí são os mais antigos para os gêneros austrodiscus , brachypodella , bulimulus , cecilioides , cyclodontina , eoborus , gastrocopta , leiostracus , plagiodontes e temesa . há três gêneros endêmicos na bacia : brasilennea , cortana e itaborahia . discussões adicionais sobre paleobiogeografia e evolução dessa paleofauna são oferecidas .
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality . the precise stratigraphic occurrence can ' t be assessed ; probably sequence s1 , the same sequence of occurrence of the other brasilennea species ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . 2006 ) .
diagnosis : shell bigger than other species . greatest width in central portion of shell . sculptured by stronger whorls , usually in lesser quantity . in some specimens , weaker ribs , in greater quantity ( similar to the other brasilennea species ) , may also occur in some specimens .
discussion : b . guttula is smaller than b . arethusae but larger than b . minor , and has more whorls than both ( b . guttula has 14 , while b . arethusae has 10 - 11 and b . minor has 8 - 9 ) . the most striking difference , however , is its
water drop
shape , i . e . , an acuminate spire ( the other species have wide , dome - shaped first whorls ) . regarding the other typical features of the genus , b . guttula shares all of them : the shell strength , the smooth protoconch , the sculpture pattern , the suture pattern and the most prominent feature of the genus , the two furrows on the body whorl . nevertheless , the holotype ( the only specimen known ) has the last portion of the body whorl broken , so for now there is no clue indicating if the peristome has a doubled aspect or if there was a parietal lamella and / or a columellar lamella as in the other two brasilennea species .
salvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . & simone , l . r . l . 2011 . rewriting the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies , 77 : 445 - 447 . [ links ]
there are 20 species in the itaborahian fauna ( including four entirely new species ; marked in bold on the list below ) , which is a fair amount of diversity . almost all of them are land snails , with the exception of the freshwater biomphalaria species . the genera brasilennea , cortana and itaborahia are endemic to the basin .
salvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . ; simone , l . r . l . 2011 . re - writing the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 445 - 447 . [ pdf ]
therefore , here we propose that the specimens previously classified as s . mauryae are in fact juveniles of b . arethusae ( or fragments of it , namely the top of the spire ) . besides all the characters of the supposed specimens of s . mauryae being identical to what is found in the top region of the shell of b . arethusae ( like sculpture pattern , aperture shape , umbilicus shape , absence of teeth and lamellae etc . ) , they do not present a single character that could allow their classification as strobilopsids , such as long parietal lamellae , greatly extending themselves towards the shell ' s interior , and a thickened and reflected lip ( schileyko , 1998a ) . moreover , no deflection of the peristome was detected in the specimens identifiable as s . mauryae , another necessary character for confirming the generic attribution .
cerionidae : this family was not officially present in the basin until the recent revision of the genus brasilennea by salvador et al . ( 2011 ) , as it was previously classified in streptaxidae . there are three brasilennea species in itaboraí , which together consist on the second oldest record of cerionidae . the oldest is a probable cerion , named c . acherontis , from the upper cretaceous of montana , usa ( roth & hartman , 1998 ) . even if itaboraí ' s record is not the oldest , its location is very interesting , for the basin is greatly removed from the family ' s recent distribution : the islands of florida and the caribbean islands ( fig . 98 ) . despite the absence of recent cerionids in south america , it can be seen that the family ' s distribution included this area in the beginning of the cenozoic . it is even possible that , at that time , cerionidae had a more ample distribution , occurring from northwestern usa ( c . acherontis ) to rio de janeiro ( brasilennea ) .
salvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . ; simone , l . r . l . 2011 . rewriting the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian palaeocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 445–447 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyr021
salvador r . b . , rowson b . & simone l . r . l . ( 2011 ) . re - writing the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies . 77 : 445 - 447 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
important characters in the familiar allocation of b . britoi are : the conical - turriform shell shape , sculpture pattern and the body whorl detached from previous whorl , very common in urocoptidae ( schileyko , 1999a ) . the original illustration of ferreira & coelho ( 1971 : p . 471 , fig . 8 ) shows the body whorl greatly detached from the previous one . however , this degree of detachment is not seen in the specimens - the body whorl is only slightly detached ( fig . 88 ) . brachypodella britoi , as brasilennea arethusae , has few ribs per whorl , but they are raised and strong . quensen & woodruff ( 1997 ) relates these ribs to a greater protection against shell - breaking predators in cerion röding , 1798 . unfortunately , there is no known malacophagous predator in itaboraí in sequence s1 .
discussion : in the original description of e . sanctijosephi , the specific epithet had a hyphen , which has reappeared in some recent works , but must be omitted obeying the iczn ( 1999 ) rules ( articles 11 . 2 and 32 . 5 . 2 . 4 . 1 ) . e . sanctijosephi is certainly the largest pulmonate in itaboraí basin and the second species with the most numerous record ( the first is brasilennea arethusae ) . e . sanctijosephi differs from e . rotundus salvador & simone , 2012 by its larger size , conic shell , oval aperture , less reflected peristome and the way in which the upper palatal region of outer lip meets with the preceding whorl accompanying its outline . also , it differs from e . fusiforme sp . nov . by its much larger size , conic shell , less acuminated spire , slightly convex whorls and orthocline aperture .
discussion : b . arethusae is the type species of the genus by original designation and monotypy ( maury , 1935 ) . it is larger than the other species , presenting usually 11 whorls , though a few specimens have 10 whorls . a single specimen has 9 whorls ( fig . 13 ) , but it seems to be anomalous , since it also shows a slightly different shell shape , with the lip largely reflected and without the doubled aspect , and does not have the parietal lamella . the shell shape can vary slightly in the last whorls , which can be thinner and present the aperture more centrally located ( notably in the holotype , figs . 10 - 11 ) . in the same manner , the ribs in some specimens ( ~ 40 % ) can be weaker and more abundant ( figs . 10 - 12 ) , like those of other brasilennea species .
therefore , during the beginning of the cenozoic , it seems likely that the morphological variation in the shells of cerionidae would be greater , as shown by brasilennea . this would not be a complete surprise , since the family ' s ancestral stock may have also originated the urocoptidae as suggested by uit de weerd ( 2008 ) , a family with great morphological variation ( schileyko , 1999a ) .
spiral furrows on body whorl : the furrows in brasilennea ' s body whorl are well - marked and deeply set and comprise the most striking diagnostic feature of the genus . this feature is not known in cerionidae , but some urocoptids do show a single furrow in their body whorl ( schileyko , 1999a ) , such as in the genera apoma beck , 1837 , brachypodella beck , 1837 , mychostoma albers , 1850 and spirostemma pilsbry & vanatta , 1898 .
ferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) described strobilops mauryae ( figs . 14 - 15 ) , stating that it could be taken for fragments of b . arethusae and also that maury ( 1935 ) had committed such error when defining the paratype of b . arethusae ( amnh , 24239 ; fig . 16 ) as a juvenile . ferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) gave the key character to place their specimens in the genus strobilops pilsbry , 1893 : a tooth ( or
well - developed basal fold
) in the aperture ' s basal region . teeth and lamellae are typical of the family strobilopsidae , which , for many authors , contain only the genus strobilops , and are essential to the family ' s taxonomy ( schileyko , 1998a ) . in the illustration of s . mauryae presented by ferreira & coelho ( 1971 : 469 , fig . 6 ) , such tooth can be clearly seen . however , examining the type material , we saw that only the holotype ( figs . 14 - 15 ) presented such tooth . further examination revealed that the supposed tooth was in fact a grain of sediment attached to the shell .
brasilennea arethusae maury , 1935 : 4 ( figs . 1 - 5 ) ; oliveira , 1936 : 4 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; paula couto , 1949 : 11 ; magalhães & mezzalira , 1953 : 221 ( pl . 64 , fig . 262 , 262º ) ; trindade , 1956 : 15 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1c , 2c ) ; zilch in wenz , 1959 - 60 : 578 ( fig . 2025 ) ; brito , 1967 : 18 ( pl . 3 , fig . 6 ) ; jaeckel , 1969 : 822 ; parodiz , 1969 : 186 ( pl . 19 , figs . 3 , 12 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 396 ( pl . 1 , fig . 9 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ( pl . 15 , fig . 430 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 74 ) ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ( fig . 1a - g , l ) ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 5 - 6 ) .
aperture , peristome and lamellae : the basic shape of brasilennea ' s aperture is the same as in cerionidae , especially when considered together with the complete peristome , virtually straight parietally , and its duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forwards , away from the lip , for a couple of millimeters ) . the apertural dentition is also very similar to the typical cerionidae , with a single , strong median parietal lamella reaching the peristome and also a spiral columellar lamella .
brasilennea minor : brito , 1967 : 19 ( pl . 3 , figs . 7 , 8 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 ( pl . 1 , fig . 10 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ( pl . 15 , fig . 431 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 60 ( fig . 75 ) ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ( fig . 1h - k ) ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 7 - 8 ) .
brasilennea maury , 1935 : 3 ; oliveira , 1936 : 4 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; magalhães & mezzalira , 1953 : 221 ; trindade , 1956 : 15 ; zilch in wenz , 1959 - 60 : 578 ; brito , 1967 : 18 ; jaeckel , 1969 : 822 ; parodiz , 1969 : 186 ; palma & brito , 1974 : 396 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 .
discussion : brasilennea was originally placed in the family streptaxidae . however , due to many morphological characters shared with cerionidae , and also to the fact that the similarities shared with streptaxidae were superficial , the genus was recently transferred to cerionidae by salvador et al . ( 2011 ) . since this topic was well explored elsewhere , it will not be discussed here ; instead we present only the formal diagnosis and description and limit ourselves to comparisons with other cerionidae ( and urocoptidae , when informative , since these two families were deemed sister taxa by uit de weerd , 2008 ) .
maury , c . j . ( 1935 ) . new genera and new species of fossil terrestrial mollusca from brazil . american museum novitates . 764 : 1 - 15 . , available online at urltoken ; = y page ( s ) : 4 - 6 , figs 1 - 5 [ details ]
( of strobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 † ) ferreira , c . s . ; coelho , a . c . s . ( 1971 ) . novos gastrópodes pulmonados da bacia calcária de são josé de itaboraí , rj , brasil . geocronologia . anais da academia brasileira de ciências . 43 ( supl . ) : 463 - 472 . page ( s ) : 469 , fig . 6 [ details ]
( of strobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 † ) salvador , r . b . ; simone , l . r . l . ( 2013 ) . taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of itaboraí basin ( paleocene ) , brazil . papéis avulsos de zoologia . 53 ( 2 ) : 5 - 46 . page ( s ) : 9 - 11 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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maury ( 1935 : 6 ) considered the horizon from which this species was collected as
probably miocene , but possibly as young as pliocene .
salvador et al . ( 2011 : 445 ) report the itaborai limestones to be of paleocene age .
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urltoken
i museu de zoologia , universidade de são paulo . caixa postal 42 . 494 , 04218 - 970 , são paulo , sp , brasil ii e - mail : salvador . rodrigo . b @ urltoken iii e - mails : lrsimone @ urltoken , lrlsimone @ urltoken
key - words : itaboraí ; middle paleocene ; mollusca ; pulmonata ; rio de janeiro .
palavras - chave : itaboraí ; mollusca ; paleoceno médio ; pulmonata ; rio de janeiro .
itaboraí basin is located in the municipality of itaboraí ( fig . 1 ) , rio de janeiro state , brazil , and is one of the smallest basins in the country : it has an elliptical shape , with ~ 1 , 400 m in its biggest axis , ~ 500 m in the smallest and ~ 125 m of maximum depth ( rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . despite its small size , itaboraí basin houses an astounding fossil record in its limestones .
these limestones started to be explored in 1933 for the production of cement , and fossils were found there almost as soon as the excavations had begun . the first fossils discovered were the gastropods , but , as excavations proceeded , many other were found , including plants , mammals , reptiles , birds , palynomorphs , coprolites and , of course , more mollusks ( maury , 1929 , 1935 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . these fossils alongside the basin ' s geology were studied almost exclusively by researchers of two institutions from rio de janeiro : the museu nacional ( national museum ) and the divisão de geologia e mineralogia of the departamento nacional de produção mineral ( division of geology and mineralogy of the national department of mineral production ) .
the exploration lasted until 1984 , at which point the vast majority of itaboraí ' s outcrops were already destroyed by the quarrying , and little of its limestone remained . after the limestone extraction ceased , the quarry was abandoned and a lake formed in the basin , leaving the few remaining outcrops underwater ( bergqvist et al . , 2008 ) . therefore , it is currently hard to obtain new fossil specimens from itaboraí , as they can only be found in a few restricted sites above water level . as such , any posterior work depended heavily upon data from the literature and museum specimens ( e . g . , medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . still , itaboraí is a very important fossiliferous site and on december 12 , 1985 a park was created for its preservation , called parque paleontológico de são josé de itaboraí ( beltrão et al . , 2001 ; bergqvist et al . , 2008 ) .
according to the last works that listed the fossil mollusks from itaboraí , there are 18 ( simone & mezzalira , 1994 ) or 17 species ( bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) in the basin . three more ( two new species and a new occurrence ) were added to this list by salvador & simone ( 2012 ) . in any case , up to this moment the studies dealing with itaboraí basin ' s molluscan fauna consist almost exclusively of the original descriptions ; no taxonomic revision under a larger scope has been so far produced . as such , many taxonomic problems and inconsistencies have been readily identified , most stemming from the fact that the original descriptions were overly based on comparisons with european genera and species . therefore , this work intends to review the taxonomy of the entire itaborahian molluscan fauna . as the original descriptions ( with the exception of maury , 1935 ) are too brief and incomplete , we expand and complement them , figuring all type material and other well - preserved specimens , and offering a proper diagnosis for each taxon . additionally , two new species , previously misidentified , were found in museum collections and are described herein .
itaboraí basin is a small tectonic depression dating from the mesozoic , probably related to the tectonic activities during the separation of gondwana ; it rests on a pre - cambrian crystalline basement , over the brazilian southeastern continental rift ( beurlen & sommer , 1954 ; rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; rodrigues francisco , 1989 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; sant ' anna & riccomini , 2001 ; sant ' anna et al . , 2004 ) . the basin was then filled by carbonatic sediments during the paleocene ( rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . the resulting limestones were named
itaboraí formation
by oliveira ( 1956 ) , but this name was almost never used afterwards ; the majority of authors prefer simply
itaboraí basin
. we follow this practice here .
the first work dealing with the basin ' s geology ( leinz , 1938 ) defined three rock horizons : laminated limestone , gray limestone and eluvial sediment . this definition still remains basically valid , having received only posterior refinements . the most up - to - date geological profile ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) defines and names two stratigraphic sequences for the basin ' s paleocene limestones : sequence s1 lies at the bottom , directly above the pre - cambrian rocks ; and sequence s2 consists of sediments that filled fissures opened in s1 by water activity .
sequence s1 is composed of an intercalation of carbonatic rocks of chemical and detrital origins . the chemically originated rocks ( named facies a ) are mainly travertine , linked to hydrothermal activity inside the basin . the grey detrital limestones ( facies b ) are the product of gravitational and hydrodynamic fluxes towards the basin ' s interior and contain all known fossil mollusks as well as some plant , reptilian and mammalian remains . facies c is composed of oolitic - pisolitic limestone , being associated to facies a .
sequence s2 is also carbonatic and the result of torrent and gravitational flows . its clastic rocks contain the bulk of the basin ' s fossil vertebrate fauna as well as plants and palynomorphs . a third sequence , named s3 , is composed of conglomerates and was deposited on top of the others much later , in the eocene - oligocene . it harbors reptilian and mammalian fossils .
after much disagreement about itaboraí basin ' s age , the mammalian fossils allowed the correlation with the upper paleocene fauna of rio chico formation , argentina ( paula couto , 1952 ) . it is currently agreed that both sequences s1 and s2 belong to a time interval ranging from the end of the lower paleocene to the beginning of the upper paleocene ( from about 59 to 57 ma , according to bergqvist et al . 2006 ) , which has been informally named
middle paleocene
( marshall , 1985 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . sequence s1 is younger , of itaborahian age ( according to the nomenclature of the south american land mammalian age ) , while s2 is partly itaborahian and partly riochican ( bergqvist & ribeiro , 1998 ) .
institutional abbreviations : amnh : american museum of natural history , new york , usa . dgm : divisão de geologia e mineralogia ( recently transformed into the mct ) , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mct : museu de ciências da terra , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mnrj : museu nacional , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mzsp : museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , são paulo , sp , brazil .
examined material : the material from itaboraí analyzed here ( 79 lots ; 322 specimens ) includes all the types and is housed in the collections of the above mentioned institutions . unfortunately , the holotypes of two species ( austrodiscus lopesi and biomphalaria itaboraiensis ) are lost , i . e . they could not be located in the museums that housed them , respectively mnrj and dgm . only the reasonably well - preserved specimens , i . e . those useful for analysis , were included . the specimens in bad preservational state , including internal molds , were mostly excluded . since most of the basin ' s outcrops are gone and further explorations commonly do not result in good material , all the specimens presented here are from museum collections . in large part , this is the same material used in the species ' original descriptions , but it also contains specimens from later collecting .
shell terminology and measures : we follow here the terminology of moore et al . ( 1952 ) and cox ( 1955 ) for molluscan shells and their structures . additionally , we follow breure ( 1979 ; p . 10 , figs . 1 - 7 ) for the terminology of whorl convexity and the umbilicus and tillier ( 1989 ; p . 7 , fig . 1c ) for the terminology of the peristome regions ( fig . 2 ) . all shell measures presented here ( fig . 2 ) are in accordance with moore et al . ( 1952 ) : h = shell length ( or height ) ; d = greatest width ( or diameter ) of shell ; s = spire length ( without the aperture ) ; h = aperture height ; d = aperture width ; θ ' = spire angle ( the
mean spire angle
sensu moore , 1960 , approximated to the closest multiple of five ) . all measures were taken with a digital caliper or , in the case of microgastropods ( smaller than 5 mm ) , with the aid of coreldraw ® graphics suit x5 . unfortunately , not every shell is well - preserved or even completely preserved and thus some measures could not be precisely taken or taken at all ( such imprecise measures are indicated by italicized numbers ) . when specimens are abundant , the mean and standard deviation is presented . the whorl counting method follows janssen ( 2007 ) , i . e . , excluding the semicircular nucleus of the protoconch , and thus the total number of whorls can vary a little ( ¼ to ½ whorl ) when compared to other works .
nomenclatural update : here we follow the work of bouchet et al . ( 2005 ) for the nomenclature of families and sub - families , with the addition of the more recent work of uit de weerd ( 2008 ) with the urocoptoidea . therefore , a few nomenclatural changes had to be made in the classic literature of itaborahian molluscan fauna : ( 1 ) the family bulimulidae is now considered a subfamily of orthalicidae ; ( 2 ) likewise , odontostomidae is now considered a subfamily of orthalicidae ; ( 3 ) the family megalobulimidae is now considered a subfamily of strophocheilidae .
we also follow the works of schileyko ( 1998a , 1998b , 1999a , 1999b , 2000 , 2001 ) , which offers the description and diagnosis of families , subfamilies and genera based on morphological characters . other works , dealing more specifically with one or other taxon , were also followed ; among these , the works of breure ( 1978 , 1979 ) on the bulimulinae stand out .
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from itaboraí basin : limestone sequence s1 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .
diagnosis : shell pupiform ( expect for b . guttula : spire sharply acuminated ) . ribs regularly spaced . greatest width in central portion of shell length . body whorl with two well - marked spiral furrows , one central and the other basal . peristome complete , well - marked and with duplicated aspect . single and strong median parietal lamella , reaching the peristome . columellar lamella present .
re - description : shell dextral , pupiform ( expect for b . guttula : spire sharply acuminated ) , with greatest width in central portion of shell length . columella hollow , at least in first whorls . whorls flat to slightly convex . suture well - marked , linear , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis , becoming more oblique towards last whorls . shell sculptured by well - defined and raised ribs , regularly spaced , becoming less oblique towards last whorls . first two to three whorls ( protoconch ) smooth ; transition to teleoconch clear . body whorl with two well - marked spiral furrows ( one central and the other basal ) , that can be seen as two parallel folds in shell ' s inner surface . aperture large , approximately semicircular , with parietal and columellar lips straight ; other lip regions rounded . peristome complete , well - marked , virtually straight parietally , with duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forward ) . single and strong median parietal lamella reaching peristome . columellar lamella present . umbilicus narrow .
strobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 469 ( fig . 6 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 .
strobilopsis mauryae : simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 49 ( pl . 14 , fig . 413 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 60 ( fig . 76 ) . ( error )
paratypes : amnh 24238 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 12 ) , 24239 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 16 ) .
type locality : limestones of parque paleontológico de são josé de itaboraí , rio de janeiro , brazil . park ' s center coordinates : 22º50 ' 20
s , 42º52 ' 30
w .
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality : sequence s1 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .
etymology : due to the terrestrial habits of the species , maury ( 1935 ) dedicated it to arethusa ( sometimes also spelled arethousa ) , a nymph from greek mythology . there are mentions to two nymphs of such name in the myths : one is a nereid ( or even a goddess of springs ) while the other is one of the hesperides ( kerényi , 1951 ) . maury did not specify which one she was referring to , stating only that it was a
sylvan nymph
. thus , the name probably refers to the latter since the previous is a water - related being .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : 11 whorls ; h = 23 . 6 ; d = 13 . 2 ; s = 15 . 9 ; h = 7 . 5 ; d = 6 . 1 . paratypes : amnh 24238 : 11 whorls ; d = 12 . 6 ; s = 15 . 8 . amnh 24239 ( juvenile ) : 6 or 7 whorls ( shell apex covered by sediment ) ; h = 4 . 1 ; d = 7 . 7 ; s = 1 . 8 ; d = 3 . 2 . mean ( n = 35 ) : 11 whorls ( eventually 10 ) ; h = 21 . 6 ± 2 . 2 ( max 24 . 9 ; min 17 . 3 ) ; d = 11 . 6 ± 1 . 2 ( max 14 . 4 ; min 9 . 4 ) ; s = 14 . 9 ± 1 . 7 ; h = 6 . 9 ± 0 . 9 ( max 7 . 8 ; min 5 . 2 ) ; d = 5 . 5 ± 1 . 0 ( max 6 . 9 ; min 3 . 2 ) .
examined material : types . dgm 4222 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4998 - i ( 8 specimens ) , 5002 - i ( 25 specimens ) , unnumbered ( 7 specimens ) ; mnrj 3346 - i ( 2 specimens ) , 3348 - i ( 2 specimens ) , 4338 - i ( 5 specimens ) ; mzsp 86321 ( 20 specimens ) , 86322 ( 1 specimens ) , 86324 ( 4 specimens ) . type material of strobilops mauryae : mnrj 5020 - i ( holotype ) , 5021 - i ( paratype , 4 specimens ) .
holotype : mct 6940 - i ( examined ; figs . 17 - 21 ) .
etymology : the name refers to the species ' intriguing shell shaped as a water drop .
diagnosis : outline shaped like water drop ( spire sharply acuminate ) instead of pupiform . greatest width on body whorl . larger number of whorls ( about 14 ) .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : 14 whorls ; h = 13 . 6 ( aperture broken ) ; d = 6 . 5 ; s = 11 . 3 .
diagnosis : shell small ( smallest species in genus ) . greatest width in central portion of shell . profile of whorls slightly convex . sculptured by large number fine ribs . basal furrow in body whorl more weakly marked .
re - description : shell small , multispiral , pupiform , with acuminated apex . greatest width in central portion of shell ; diameter ~ ½ shell length . spire angle ~ 45º . protoconch dome shaped , blunt , smooth ; transition to teleoconch clear . columella hollow ( at least on first whorls ) . profile of whorls slightly convex . suture well - marked , linear , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis , becoming more oblique towards last whorls . sculptured by fine and raised ribs , regularly distributed , becoming less oblique towards last whorls , and in large numbers ( ~ 70 on penultimate whorl ) . body whorl with two spiral furrows , one central and the other basal , placed equidistantly from the upper furrow and the bottom of the shell ; basal furrow more weakly marked than the upper one . aperture large , orthocline , approximately semicircular ( parietal and columellar lips straight , others rounded ) ; ~ ⅓ shell length . peristome complete and well - marked , with duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forwards away from the lip for a couple of millimeters ) . single and strong median parietal lamella , reaching the peristome and extending itself towards shell ' s interior up until ~ ¼ of body whorl . columellar spiral lamella extending itself towards interior . body whorl ~ ½ shell length . umbilicus narrow .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : 9 whorls ; h = 9 . 0 ; d = 5 . 0 ; s = 6 . 3 ; d = 2 . 1 . mean ( n = 16 ) : 9 whorls ( eventually 8 or 10 ) ; h = 11 . 6 ± 1 . 9 ( max 14 . 9 ; min 8 . 4 ) ; d = 5 . 8 ± 0 . 6 ( max 6 . 7 ; min 4 . 8 ) ; s = 7 . 9 ± 1 . 2 ; h = 3 . 6 ± 0 . 2 ( max 3 . 9 ; min 3 . 2 ) ; d = 3 . 2 ± 0 . 4 ( max 4 . 0 ; min 2 . 5 ) .
examined material : holotype . dgm 4224 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4999 - i ( 9 specimens ) , unnumbered ( 1 specimen ) ; mnrj 3346 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4338 - i ( 2 specimens ) ; mzsp 86323 ( 2 specimens ) .
austrodiscus lopesi ferreira & coelho , 1989 : 193 ( figs . 1 - 2 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 417 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 .
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality . there is no information in the literature about which sequence this species occurs .
etymology : species dedicated to the zoologist dr . hugo s . lopes ( instituto oswaldo cruz , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .
discussion : the genus austrodiscus parodiz , 1957 is normally allocated to the family endodontidae ( schileyko , 2001 ) , a family endemic to the pacific islands ( solem , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 ) . schileyko ( 2001 ) still considers that endodontidae contains some species in south america and on saint helena island , but other authors state that these species actually belong to charopidae , a family with a broader distribution : the americas , the pacific islands , oceania southern africa and saint helena island ( solem , 1981 ; fonseca & thomé , 1993 ) . it has been a common practice in revisionary work dealing with the supposed american endodontids to reallocate them in charopidae , as in fonseca & thomé ( 1993 ) , who dealt specifically with austrodiscus . such resolution is here adopted .
all type material of austrodiscus lopesi ( totaling 9 specimens , according to ferreira & coelho , 1989 ) has disappeared ; it could not be found in the museum ' s collection ( mnrj ) or in the records of lent material ( since it is common practice in this institution not to lend type material ) . unfortunately , no additional material exists .
ferreira & coelho ( 1989 ) , when describing the species , decided for its placement in the genus austrodiscus due to its smooth protoconch . however , this character was contested for the genus by fonseca & thomé ( 1993 ) , who stated that the protoconch is sculptured . however , this character cannot be confirmed only by the illustration in the species original description . without having the type material , it is impossible to conduct a proper taxonomic revision and thus the allocation of a . lopesi in the genus austrodiscus could not be confirmed or contested . as such , the only alteration proposed here is the change in a . lopesi ' s familiar allocation , transferring it from endodontidae to charopidae .
family clausiliidae subfamily neniinae genus temesa h . & a . adams , 1855 temesa magalhaesi ( trindade , 1953 ) comb . nov . ( figs . 27 - 33 )
clausilia magalhaesi trindade , 1953 : 40 ( fig . 1 ) ; brito , 1967 : 14 ( pl . 3 , figs . 4 , 5 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 ( pl . 1 , fig . 6 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 14 , fig . 414 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 71 ) .
etymology : species dedicated to prof . júlio de magalhães ( faculdade nacional de filosofia , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .
diagnosis : shell cylindrical - fusiform , broad and robust , with acuminated apex . ribs very thin and weak . parietal lamella high , vertical ; apparently the single lamella present .
re - description : shell medium - sized , sinistral , multispiral , thin ( but broad for genus ) , cylindricalfusiform , with acuminated apex . greatest width in central portion of shell ( antepenultimate whorl ) ; diameter ~ ⅓ shell length . spire angle ~ 20º . protoconch flattened , blunt , smooth . profile of whorls slightly convex , eventually flat . suture well - marked , oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis . sculptured by fine ribs ( ~ 85 on penultimate whorl ) , oblique to columellar axis . body whorl not thinned , adnate to the spire . peristome weakly reflected , supposedly complete . parietal lamella high , vertical , median , reaching the peristome and extending itself towards interior . apparently without other teeth and / or lamellae .
mean measures ( in mm ; n = 4 ) : 10 whorls ( eventually 11 ) ; d = 5 . 1 ± 0 . 2 ( min 4 . 8 ; max 5 . 3 ) .
discussion : the only clausiliid from itaboraí basin was originally placed in the genus clausilia dreparnaud , 1805 . however , clausilia is a recent genus from central europe , of the european subfamily clausiliinae . due to this biogeographical incongruence and additional morphological characters , here we opted for the reallocation of c . magalhaesi in a genus of neniinae , a strictly latin american subfamily ( schileyko , 2000 ) . it is also important to emphasize that all latin american species of clausilia have been reallocated in genera of neniinae ( schileyko , 2000 ) .
there is only a single recent clausiliid in brazil , nenia orbignyi ancey , 1892 , in the state of mato grosso ( simone , 2006 ) , despite nenia h . & a . adams , 1855 being a caribbean - endemic genus ( loosjes & loosjes - van bemmel , 1966 ) . moreover , schileyko ( 2000 ) restricted the genus to a single species , n . tridens ( chemnitz , 1786 ) , from puerto rico . as such , the most obvious choice for the generic reallocation of c . magalhaesi would perhaps be the genus nenia , which supposedly occurs in brazil . however , due to doubts regarding the classification of the brazilian species n . orbignyi and also to the astounding similarity of the itaborahian fossil to the recent south - american genus temesa h . & a . adams , 1855 , c . magalhaesi is here reallocated to this later genus . despite being absent in brazil , temesa occurs in various neighboring countries : peru , bolivia , colombia , and , with some doubt , in argentina ( loosjes & loosjes - van bemmel , 1966 ; schileyko , 2000 ; nordsieck , 2005 ) .
the decision for the reallocation in temesa is due to a vast array of shared morphological characters : cylindrical - fusiform and thin shell , spire with acuminated apex , protoconch present ( i . e . , non - decollated ) , number of whorls ( 10 or 11 ) , body whorl not thinned and adnate to the spire , peristome weakly deflected , absence of lamellae or teeth in the aperture ( besides the parietal lamella ) . usually , the lamellae of temesa species cannot be seen in the aperture ; they can be found in the inner portion of shell . unfortunately , the presence of additional lamellae could not be assessed in this fossil due to the specimens ' state of preservation : there is not even one specimen with an intact aperture , only one has part of the aperture preserved ( figs . 28 - 33 ) . however , to discover if the other lamellae are present or not , it would be necessary to break the aperture and part of the body whorl and , due to the small number of specimens , this course of action was discarded .
temesa magalhaesi differs from the other species in the genus mainly by its broader and more robust shell and the spire apex sharply acuminated . the genus does not possess the clausilial apparatus , a typical structure in the family ; however , such structure is not often preserved in the fossil record .
family ferussaciidae genus cecilioides férussac , 1814 cecilioides sommeri ( ferreira & coelho , 1971 ) comb . nov . ( figs . 34 - 35 )
carychium sommeri ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 467 ( fig . 4 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 391 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 49 ( pl . 14 , fig . 405 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 70 ) .
holotype : mnrj 5016 - i ( xamined ; figs . 34 - 35 ) .
etymology : species dedicated to prof . friedrich w . sommer ( divisão de geologia e mineralogia do departamento nacional de produção mineral , dnpm , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .
diagnosis : shell oval . aperture sub - oval . peristome reflected , slightly thickened .
re - description : shell diminutive , oval , smooth , with blunt spire apex ; 6 whorls ( eventually 5 ) . greatest width on body whorl ; width ~ ½ shell length . spire angle ~ 50º . protoconch smooth , blunt , broad , domeshaped . profile of whorls flattened . suture weakly marked , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis . aperture small , orthocline , sub - oval ; ~ 2 / 5 shell length . teeth or lamellae absent . peristome reflected , slightly thickened . body whorl ~ ½ shell length . umbilicus imperforated .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : 6 whorls ; h = 2 . 6 ; d = 1 . 3 ; s = 1 . 5 ; h = 1 . 0 ; d = 0 . 8 .
discussion : the species was originally described in the genus carychium , a holartic genus and one of the few exclusively terrestrial animals of the family ellobiidae ( morton , 1955 ; barker , 2001 ) . the apertural dentition is conspicuous in the family ( martins , 1996 ) and was the single character used by ferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) in their original classification . these authors stated that the species presented a
greatly evident
single columellar tooth . in the original illustration presented by them ( ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 468 , fig . 4 ) , such tooth can be clearly seen . however , after examining the type specimens , only the holotype seemed to possess this tooth . further examination under stereomicroscope revealed that the supposed tooth was in fact a grain of sediment placed in such a manner that a quick glance could take it for an actual shell structure . after this grain was removed , a toothless aperture was revealed . therefore , the original classification of this species in that genus , done exclusively due to the apertural dentition , is mistaken . in the absence of such dentition , we propose here the reallocation in the family ferussaciidae .
cecilioides consobrina ( orbigny , 1841 ) . the two species of geostilbia , g . gundlachi ( pfeiffer , 1850 ) and g . blandiana crosse , 1886 , were both previously classified in the genus cecilioides ( morretes , 1949 ; salgado & coelho , 2003 ) . we propose here that the itaborahian species is reallocated in the genus cecilioides .
the oval shell shape of cecilioides sommeri is very similar to the norm in this genus and is especially similar to c . consobrina due to the more cylindrical shell and to the aperture less elongated in the upper palatal region . meanwhile , geostilbia species show more acuminated spires , giving a more conical aspect to their shells . c . sommeri differs from the other species in the genus by the sub - oval aperture and by the reflected and lightly thickened peristome . such characters are not uncommon in the family , occurring in some species of the european genus ferussacia risso , 1826 ; however , the latter show more acuminated spires and much larger sizes .
family orthalicidae subfamily bulimulinae genus bulimulus leach , 1814 bulimulus fazendicus maury , 1935 ( figs . 36 - 37 )
bulimulus fazendicus maury , 1935 : 7 ( figs . 10 , 11 ) ; oliveira , 1936 : 5 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; magal hães & mezzalira , 1953 : 218 ( pl . 64 , fig . 257 ) ; trindade , 1956 : 14 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1d , 2d ) ; brito , 1967 : 16 ( pl . 2 , fig . 1 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 393 ( pl . 1 , fig . 3 ) ; breure , 1979 : 137 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 420 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 57 ( fig . 64 ) .
bulimulus ( sensu lato ) fazendicus : parodiz , 1969 : 182 . itaborahia fazendicus : breure , 1978 : 237 .
paratype : amnh 24242 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 37 ) .
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality : sequences s1 and s2 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .
etymology : reference to place of discovery , the then called fazenda são josé , of which itaboraí basin was a part .
diagnosis : shell small , narrow . spire high . profile of whorls flat . aperture small and narrow , elliptical and slightly trapezoid .
re - description : shell small , conical - oval , narrow , with acuminated apex . spire high ; 8 whorls . shell smooth , except for growth lines . greatest width on body whorl ; width ~ ½ shell length . spire angle ~ 55º . protoconch apparently smooth ; transition to teleoconch not clear . suture well - marked , slightly oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis . profile of whorls flat . aperture small and narrow , orthocline , elliptical and slightly trapezoid ; ~ ⅓ shell length . lamellae or teeth absent . peristome thin , weakly reflected ( only in the columellar region ) . body whorl ~ ⅓ shell length . umbilicus narrow , partially covered by the lip .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : 8 whorls ; h = 16 . 4 ; d = 9 . 1 ; s = 10 . 5 ; h = 6 . 1 ; d = 5 . 1 . paratype : 8 whorls ; h = 16 . 3 ; d = 9 . 1 ; s = 10 . 6 ; h = 6 . 1 ; d = 5 . 5 .
examined material : types . dgm unnumbered ( 8 specimens ) ; mnrj 4339 - i ( 4 specimens ) ; mzsp 86326 ( 1 specimen ) .
discussion : protoconch sculptural pattern is an important character in bulimulinae taxonomy ( breure , 1978 , 1979 ; schileyko , 1999a ) . the shell of bulimulus fazendicus is completely smooth , including the protoconch . this could be a diagnostic feature of this species but could also be a preservation artifact , since this kind of sculpture is very delicate and can be easily erased during fossil diagenesis . this same statement is valid for the others orthalicids from itaboraí . maury ( 1935 ) comments that one specimen showed vertical ribs on the second or third whorl and breure ( 1978 ) says that the protoconch of b . fazendicus shows vertical ribs ; however , this character could not be confirmed .
maury ( 1935 ) , citing a personal communication from henry a . pilsbry , stated that b . fazendicus does not seem to be closely related to any other bulimulus species . however , b . fazendicus is very similar to highspired species that also present a narrow aperture such as b . felipponei marshall , 1930 . b . fazendicus differs from the other species by its slightly flattened whorls , suture more weakly marked and trapezoid aperture ( broader than tall ) .
bulimulus trindadeae ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 470 ( fig . 7 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 394 ; breure , 1979 : 137 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 424 ) .
itaborahia trindadeae : bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 58 ( fig . 69 ) .
holotype : mnrj 5022 - i ( examined ; figs . 38 - 39 ) .
etymology : species dedicated to prof . nicéa m . trindade ( faculdade nacional de filosofia , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .
diagnosis : shell small , conical , narrow . spire high . aperture elliptical , tall and narrow .
re - description : shell small , conical , narrow . spire high . shell smooth , except for growth lines . greatest width ( supposedly ) on body whorl ; width ~ ⅓ shell length . spire angle ~ 35º . protoconch blunt , apparently smooth ; transition to teleoconch unclear . profile of whorls slightly convex . suture well - marked , oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis ; less oblique on first whorls . aperture supposed elliptical , tall and narrow , orthocline ; ~ 2 / 5 shell length .
measures ( in mm ) : holotype : probably 6 whorls ; h = 9 . 4 ; d = 3 . 3 ; s = 5 . 4 . paratype : probably 6 whorls ; h = 5 . 6 ; d = 2 . 6 .
discussion : the few specimens of b . trindadeae are in a bad state of preservation , including the type specimens : the apertures are broken or completely covered by sediment . it is impossible to even tell if a shell is an adult or not and , therefore , the precise number of whorls could not be counted . in the same manner , it is impossible to confirm the presence of teeth or lamellae . however , as stated below , there is a set of characters that guarantees its validity as a distinct species .


condica punctifera is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in southern florida and on the bahamas , cuba , jamaica , hispaniola and puerto rico .

the wingspan is 27 mm .

adults are brown with a large reniform spot which is often accented with gray-white in the lower half .

there is also a black basal dash .

the hindwings are suffused with black-brown .

condica punctifera

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home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » owlet moths and kin ( noctuoidea ) » owlet moths ( noctuidae ) » condicinae » condicini » condica » condica punctifera - hodges # 9701 . 1 ( condica punctifera )
celaena punctifera walker , [ 1857 ] 1856 , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 10 : 263 .
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celaena semifurca walker , 1857 , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 11 : 732 .
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epermenia meyi is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 2004 .

it is found in ethiopia , kenya and malawi .

epermenia meyi

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holotype ♂ , type no . 00401729 , genitalia slide gaedike 3339♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 6♂ , 6♀ , zmuc , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7004♂ , nmk ; paratypes 2♂ , 5♀ , sdei , rmca , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , rmca ent 000003212 , rmca ; paratypes 18♂ , 12♀ , rmca , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 4960♂ , zmhb ; paratypes 6♂ , 2♀ , zmhb , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 4923♂ , mnhn ; paratypes 7♂ , 4♀ , mnhn , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; 32 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , sdei , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , sdei , nhmo , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , zmhb ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 7528♂ , 7527♀ , zmhb , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7047♂ , rmca ent 000003199 , rmca ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , 1 specimen without abdomen , rmca , sdei , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 6♂ , nmk , sdei , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 705♂ , rmca ent 000003247 , rmca ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , 2 specimens without abdomen , rmca , zsm , sdei , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide geometridae 17533♀ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ ( not ♂ as stated in the original description , see bartsch & berg 2012 : 31 ) , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide petersen 2226♂ , sdei ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5988♂ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7910♂ , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5986♂ , zsm , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7911♂ , zsm ; praatypes 6♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 5991 , 5987 , 5989 , 5990 , zsm , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 6011♂ , zmuc ; paratypes genitalia slides gaedike 6186♂ , derra 6405♂ , 6406♂ , zmuc , sdei , coll . derra .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 2013♂ , zsm ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 2483♂ , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; paratypes 6♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 7934 , 7959 , 7931 , sdei , coll . stübner .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 8083♂ , zmhb ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5994♂ , sdei .
holotype ♂ , lnk ; paratypes 7♂ , 1 specimen , lnk , sdei .
holotype ♂ , zmuh ; paratypes 2x11 , genitalia slide gaedike 5978♂ , zmuh , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; paratypes 11♂ , genitalia slides gaedike 7923♂ , 7953♂ , 7954♂ , sdei , coll . stübner .
holotype ♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 5♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 8085♂ , 7908♀ , 7909♂ , derra 5173♂ [ lost ] , sdei , zmuc , zmuh .
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new or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera : epermenioidea ) | förderverein des deutschen entomologischen instituts e . v .
contributions to entomology , volume 63 , issue 1 , p . 149 - 168 ( 2013 )