stegastes redemptus , commonly known as the clarion major , clarion damselfish or clarion gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .

it is native to the tropical eastern pacific ocean , its range extending from the revillagigedo islands to the coast of baja california .

it is found on rocky reefs at depths ranging from 1 to 15 m ( 3 ft 3 in to 49 ft 3 in ) .

stegastes redemptus

the following term was not found in genome : stegastes redemptus [ orgn ] .
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stegastes redemptus ( heller and snodgrass , 1903 )
.
minden pictures stock photos - clarion damselfish ( stegastes redemptus , iucn vulnerable , socorro island , revillagigedo archipelago biosphere reserve / . . .
occurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico
occurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico | marine biodiversity records | full text
previously reported northern endpoints for holocanthus clarionensis , stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus and records of this study
allen g , robertson r , zapata f . stegastes leucorus , the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010a . available at
( of pomacentrus redemptus heller & snodgrass , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pomacanthids and pomacentrids are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit shallow rocky and coral reefs . due to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , they have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade ; these species are of great commercial interest . here we document the occurrence of one pomacanthid ( holacanthus clarionensis ) , and two pomacentrids ( stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus ) north of their reported distribution range during the 2014 warm water period in the eastern tropical eastern pacific . sightings took place at magdalena - almejas bay complex , located in the western margin of the baja california peninsula . using a series of abiotic data for the tropical eastern pacific , we created a maximum entropy model for each species and identified that high probability of occurrence at magdalena - almejas bay complex was only denoted for s . leucorus . here we report the occurrence of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus 70 km , 300 km , and 300 km north of the northernmost reported limits .
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justification : the majority of this species population is known from one location ( revillagigedo islands ) . given its association with shallow reefs , it is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km² . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found primarily in the revillagigedo islands , with occasional observations near the tip of baja california .
this species is considered to be abundant in revillagigedo islands and is rare along the continental coast . more than 95 % of the population is estimated to occur in revillagigedo islands .
this species inhabits rocky inshore reefs ( allen 1991 ) to depths of 20 m .
given its shallow - water , reef - associated habitat , and the estimation that 95 % of its population is found in one location ( revillagigedo islands ) , this species is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km 2 . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species ' restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .
there are no conservation measures known for this species . however , it is present in the revillagigedo islands marine protected area ( wpda , 2006 ) .
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dorsal rays xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; greatest body depth 1 . 9 - 2 . 0 in standard length .
head and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles overall bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail stalk .
primarily from the revillagigedo islands , with the odd straggler reaching the tip of baja california .
castro - aguirre , j . l . and balart , e . f . , 2002 . , la ictiofauna de las islas revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas , con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 153 - 170 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen iii . vertebrados - parte 2 . , fao3 : 1201 - 1813 .
heller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .
love , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .
ricker , k . e . , 1959 . , fishes collected from the revillagigedo islands during the 1954 - 1958 cruises of the
marijean .
. , univ . brit . columbia inst . fish . , mus . contrib . , 4 : 10pp .
snodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .
thomson , d . a . , findley , l . t . and kerstitch , a . n . , 2000 . , reef fishes of the sea of cortez . , university of texas press ( revised ed . ) : 353 .
victor , b . c . and wellington , g . m . , 2000 . , endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern pacific ocean . , marine ecology progress series , 205 : 241 - 248 .
walker , b . w . and baldwin , w . j . , 1964 . , provisional check list of fishes of the revillagigedo islands . , 18 pp .
wellington , g . m . and victor , b . c . , 1989 . , planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic damselfishes ( pomacentridae ) . , marine biology , 101 : 557 - 567 .
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nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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greek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 9334 ) . tropical ; 23°n - 19°n
eastern central pacific : revillagigedo islands and cabo san lucas , baja california , mexico .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9334 )
adults inhabit rocky inshore reefs ( ref . 9334 ) . omnivorous ( ref . 9334 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
allen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .
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body oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; lower gill rakers 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .
head and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail base .
body oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; gill rakers 14 - 18 ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 16 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ( rarely 12 or 14 ) ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .
dark brown , grading to lighter brown on head , with scattered noticeably paler scales on body ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; fins mainly dark brownish , except pectorals slightly yellowish ; juveniles bright blue with darker scale margins , a pair of neon - blue stripes on upper part of head and nape , black ocellated spot at base of spiny & soft dorsal junction , and small blue - edged black spot on upper surface of caudal peduncle .
northern baja california and the entire gulf of california south to acapulco on the mexican mainland , and rarely in the revillagigedos .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eupomacentrus bleeker , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of segastes ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pomacanthids ( angelfishes ) and pomacentrids ( damselfishes ) are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit rocky and coral reefs between 1 and 30 m deep ; a few species range to depths of 80 m or more ( thomson et al . ,
) report a total of 89 angelfish , and 387 damselfish species distributed around the world’s oceans . along the mexican coast , in the eastern tropical pacific , registered species of this family include four angelfishes :
due to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , angelfish and damselfish have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade , thus many species are of great commercial interest . in fact , damselfishes hold the world’s first place in such trade , while angelfishes are rated as fifth ( wabnitz et al .
) . in addition , these three species are not listed in any appendix of the convention of international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . nevertheless , at a national level the only species with a degree of vulnerability is
in this paper we document the occurrence of h clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus north of their reported range of distribution . given the ecological and economic importance of such species , this information should be taken into account for future decisions making in conservation and management subjects .
magdalena and almejas bays are located in the southwestern coast of the baja california peninsula ( fig .
) . the magdalena - almejas bay complex is one of mexico’s largest lagoon systems , recognized as a region for conservation priority due to its large fishing production , the representation of multiple habitats , significant fish and bird diversity , and for being an important breeding zone for gray whales and sea turtles ( galván - magaña et al .
) . this particular region has been widely reported to be an important transition zone ( an ecotone ) between temperate and tropical environments , and represents one of the southernmost regions still under the influence of the california current , where the outermost part of the bay is constantly influenced by upwelling events ( álvarez - borrego et al . ,
between 2010 and 2014 a total of 295 underwater ecological surveys were conducted as part of a major monitoring program of no - take marine reserves and fishing grounds in the area . fish assemblages in five monitoring sites were surveyed using belt transects ( 30 × 2 m ) , where richness and abundances were estimated by reefcheck california certified scuba divers . sampling effort for each year and monitoring site is presented in table
we used the maximum entropy software maxent ver . 3 . 3 . 3 k ( phillips
) to develop an ecological niche model of the species on the basis of occurrence records and on yearly average , annual range , maximum and minimum surface values of a series of oceanographic factors ( 9 × 9 km pixel resolution ) . temperature ( °c ) , chlorophyll a concentration ( mg / m
) , and google earth , respectively . the modeling area was defined considering the known geographic range of the species , from 39 . 5°n to −10 . 5°s of latitude , and from −130 . 5°w to −77°w of longitude for
; and from 27°n to 17°n of latitude , and from −116 . 5°w to −105°w of longitude for
. for modeling , in maxent we used a maximum iteration value of 1000 and the logistic output to evaluate probability of occurrence of the species in each pixel in a scale of 0 to 1 representing the suitability of each pixel , being 0 unsuitable and 1 very suitable . by consensus , values of 0 . 5 and higher represent presence of the species at that pixel ( peterson
) . model accuracy was determined with the area under the curve ( auc ) of the threshold independent receiver operating characteristic analysis ( roc ) . occurrence data were randomly partitioned into 75 % for training and 25 % for testing ( franklin ,
based on the revised literature and consulted online collections we identified known locations where these species are distributed ( fig .
summed 88 occurrence records , of which 68 % belong to the revillagigedo islands ( mexican pacific ) , 25 % to the gulf of california and less than 5 % to islands above the 25°n ( south - californian pacific ) .
had 68 occurrence records , 75 % to revillagigedo islands , 19 . 11 % in the gulf of california and 5 . 8 in insular environments north of 25°n .
had the highest number of records ( 358 ) , with 9 % in the galapagos islands , 66 % in the central american pacific , 19 % in the mexican pacific , and 5 % in the gulf of california .
distribution of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus according to information of the gif , obis , fishbase , and vernet databases
is off the coasts of baja california sur , south of almejas bay ( 24 . 25° n ) , while both
have been recorded as far north as los cabos ( 23° n ; fig .
) , with extreme coordinates at 24 . 55777° n , 112 . 10414° w at magdalena bay . no specimens of any of these species were reported during the monitorings from 2010 to 2013 ( 201 transects ) , and were only recorded in 2014 ( fig .
was the most abundant , with mean densities of 0 . 125 ± 0 . 125 ind / census , whilst
niche models had a good performance according to the auc , whose values in all three models were > 0 . 9 ; considering that a random prediction has an auc = 0 . 5 . the species potential distribution maps ( fig .
at revillagigedo islands , where important populations are known to exist , and also where the majority of specimens with commercial purpose are extracted .
also presented high probabilities at revillagigedo islands . at magdalena bay , the place of new records , the presence probability values for the three species were below 0 . 5 , denoting there are not ideal conditions for species occurrence / or establishing .
potential distribution at baja california’s coast of h . clarionensis ( a ) , s . acapulcoensis ( b ) and s . leucorus ( c ) according to the maxent model . 1 ) probability of occurrence ; 2 ) presence - absence based on probability of occurrence values of 0 . 5 or higher . asterisk indicates new records
at bahia magdalena . presence of these species in the northern limit of the tropical eastern pacific province and previous records in pacific islands might indicate a tendency in which tropical fish species are extending their ranges towards temperate environments . this tendency , also reported for species in the gulf of california ( gonzález - cuéllar
) , might be explained by the warm water intrusions into northern regions reported for 2014 ( peterson et al .
) . nevertheless , the potential niche is determined by a series of biotic ( e . g . , food availability , predator abundance , competition ) and abiotic ( e . g . , temperature , depth , salinity ) factors , which allow a species to maintain a stable population ( peterson et al . ,
) . even though coast bathymetry and coast type requirements were met , other factors such as temperature , food availability and competition with native species may not allow these species to increment their abundances , and establish viable populations .
in conclusion , the results of this paper extend the currently known distribution northern endpoints for h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus . low densities along with the absence of juveniles suggest that their reproductive populations have not established in magdalena - almejas bay complex . nevertheless , currently rising temperatures and the confirmation of positive temperature anomalies during the possible 2015 el niño event might promote their establishment .
we thank roger romero , ernesto romero , norberto estala , raul romero , daniel valdez , ulises gomez , alberto de la toba , christian alducin , and alfonso romero for their support and participation in the monitoring of this work . members of the fishing cooperative “magdalena” provided invaluable help in the field .
this study was funded by david and lucile packard foundation and walton family foundation .
authors do not wish to share data used in this project , as it represents a subset of databases of private - owned ( by fishers ) no - take marine reserves . nevertheless , data may be available upon contact of the main author , ahv .
ahv and fjfrm performed field surveys , smmm performed the maxent models , and jcvd managed the database and performed other analysis . all authors contributed equally to writing the paper . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (
) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (
) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
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vulnerable ( vu ) species are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
as of september 2016 , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) lists 1245 vulnerable fish species . [ 1 ] 8 . 1 % of all evaluated fish species are listed as vulnerable . the iucn also lists eight fish subspecies as vulnerable .
of the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the iucn , 18 species subpopulations have been assessed as vulnerable .
for a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the iucn designed to reflect
a high risk of extinction in the wild
. endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species , and are listed separately . see : list of endangered fishes , list of critically endangered fishes . vulnerable , endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the iucn .
additionally 3191 fish species ( 21 % of those evaluated ) are listed as data deficient , meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status . as these species typically have small distributions and / or populations , they are intrinsically likely to be threatened , according to the iucn . [ 2 ] while the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa , the iucn notes that it may be appropriate to give them
the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .
[ 3 ]
this is a complete list of vulnerable fish species and subspecies evaluated by the iucn . species and subspecies which have vulnerable subpopulations ( or stocks ) are indicated .
chondrichthyes includes sharks , rays , skates , and sawfish . there are 121 species and eight subpopulations of cartilaginous fish assessed as vulnerable .
there are 74 species and one subpopulation in the order rajiformes assessed as vulnerable .
there are 1114 species , eight subspecies , and four subpopulations of ray - finned fish assessed as vulnerable .
cypriniformes includes carps , minnows , loaches and relatives . there are 298 species and one subspecies in the order cypriniformes assessed as vulnerable .
there are 405 species , one subspecies , and one subpopulation in the order perciformes assessed as vulnerable .
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the streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolatus ) is a species of finch in the fringillidae family .

it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zambia .

the streaky seedeater was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .

the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the streaky seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra .

streaky seedeater

streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus ( formerly ; crithagra striolata , protonym ; pyrrhula striolata ) , also known as the streaky seed - eater , streaky serin , and the yellow - browed seedeater , photographed at ngorongoro conservation area , tanzania ( africa ) .
response : this is a streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus , a passerine species that is a member of the fringillidae family ( the finches & hawaiian honeycreepers ) . this species is distinguished from the similar stripe - breasted and streaky - headed seedeaters by the pale sides of its face and the dark malar stripe .
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
streaky seedeater
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clement , p . ( 2018 ) . streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , marc de bont , mkennewell , keith and lynn youngs , pascal vagner , paul clarke , keith blomerley , daniêl jimenez .
paul van giersbergen , petemorris , lars petersson , marco valentini , buchert , lemellmichel , holger teichmann , veronika patrovska vernerova , james kashangaki , yvonne stevens , rory nefdt , josep del hoyo , stefan helming , morten venas , ken havard , rafael merchante , michaelp , nik borrow , guy poisson , arthur grosset , frank sandvoss , david beadle , juan gonzalez valdivieso , billonneau jean claude .
halai and simen , 8000–10 , 000 feet [ c . 2440–3050 m ] , ethiopia
race whytii distinctive , and sometimes treated as a separate species , but appears to differ only in the strong yellow wash to the pale colours on the head , wings and especially throat ; reported smaller size in hbw not noticeable in specimens , and limited evidence from dna analysis indicates close relationship between nominate and whytii . proposed race affinis ( described from mt kilimanjaro , in n tanzania ) synonymized with nominate . three subspecies recognized .
– eritrea , ethiopia and extreme se south sudan s to w & c kenya and n tanzania .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1907 ) – e drcongo , sw uganda , rwanda and burundi .
13·5–15 cm ; 18–26·5 g . medium - sized , heavily streaked finch with long , slightly notched tail . nominate race has forehead to crown brown , finely . . .
song variable , a series of clear , downslurred whistles ,
tway , tway , tsitsi - peeew , tsiway - tslo . . .
lower montane to submontane open country and woodland edge and clearings , moist secondary evergreen . . .
breeds in all months , mostly apr–aug and oct–jan , at higher altitudes ( above 2200 m ) apr–jul ; up to three broods . . . .
resident ; some short - distance and random movements in non - breeding season in apr–may and aug . . .
, sometimes treated as a full species , is a restricted - range taxon : present in tanzania - malawi mountains eba . common to locally . . .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
apparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or very common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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question : this amazing photograph captures a common species throughout tropical areas of africa . this species is a close relative of a bird that is commonly kept as a pet in many households . can you name this species ?
this african mystery bird species is placed into the same genus as the canary , serinus canaria .
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra striolata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
house finch alights in front of cornell lab feederwatch cam – nov . 13 , 2017
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platylesches affinissima , the bashful hopper or affinity hopper , is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family .

it is found in senegal , the gambia , guinea , sierra leone , ghana , nigeria , the republic of the congo , tanzania , malawi , north-western zambia , mozambique and eastern zimbabwe .

the habitat consists of guinea savanna .

adults feed from the flowers of trees and shrubs .

they are on wing year round , but are most common from may to august .

platylesches affinissima

children platylesches dolomitica , platylesches langa , platylesches picanini , platylesches robusta subsp . robusta , platylesches shona , platylesches affinissima , platylesches ayresii , platylesches galesa , platylesches moritili , platylesches neba , platylesches tina
platylesches affinissima strand , 1920 ; arch . naturgesch . 86 , a , ( 7 ) : 164
platylesches affinissima ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 14 ( text ) ; [ afrl ]
platylesches robustus neave , 1910 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1910 : 83
platylesches shona evans , 1937 ; cat . african hesp . brit . mus . : 169
platylesches ayresii ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 13 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches chamaeleon ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 14 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches galesa ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 15 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches picanini ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 17 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches robustus ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 18 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches tina ; [ bk ] : 431 , pl . 63 , f . 852 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches tina evans , 1937 ; cat . african hesp . brit . mus . : 170 ; tl : malawi
platylesches holland , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 ( 1 ) : 72 ; ts : parnara ( ? ) picanini holland
platylesches moritili ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 16 ; [ bk ] : 430 , pl . 63 , f . 851 ; [ afrl ]
platylesches - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
pamphila ayresii trimen , 1889 ; s . a . butt . 3 : 321
parnara batangae holland , 1894 ; ent . news 5 ( 3 ) : 92 ; tl : batanga , german west africa
pamphila chamaeleon mabille , 1891 ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 35 ( 18 ) : clxxix ; tl : sierra leone
hesperia neba hewitson , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 19 ( 109 ) : 84
parnara ( ? ) picanini holland , 1894 ; ent . news 5 ( 3 ) : 91
transvaal , rhodesia , malawi , tanzania - s . kenya . see [ maps ]
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on two collection of lepidoptera sent by h . h . johnston , esq . , c . b . , from british central africa
wallengren , 1857 kafferlandets dag - fjärilar , insamlade åren 1838 - 1845 af j . a . wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j . a . wahlberg k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 2 ( 4 ) : 1 - 55
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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vári , l . , kroon , d . m . , & krüger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .


the batrachia are a clade of amphibians that includes frogs and salamanders , as well as the extinct allocaudates , but not caecilians .

the name batrachia was first used by french zoologist pierre andré latreille in 1800 to refer to frogs , but has more recently been defined in a phylogenetic sense as a node-based taxon that includes the last common ancestor of frogs and salamanders and all of its descendants .

the idea that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other than either is to caecilians is strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence , but an alternative hypothesis exists in which salamanders and caecilians are each other 's closest relatives as part of a clade called the procera , with frogs positioned as the sister taxon of this group .

batrachia

batrachia in the century dictionary , the century co . , new york , 1911
catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum .
‘this clade is also referred to as batrachia and is placed in superorder salientia . ’
catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . ,
‘for example , batrachia and gymnophiona are sister taxa within the ancestral taxon , amphibia ( or ‘lissamphibia’ in many systems ) . ’
details - catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . , - biodiversity heritage library
‘maximum parsimony analysis of this latter data set also recovered monophyly of living amphibians and favored a frog + salamander ( batrachia ) relationship . ’
what made you want to look up batrachia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
a taxonomic superorder within the subclass lissamphibia – since the late 20th century batrachia has denoted both tailed and tailless amphibia : the frogs , toads , salamanders and various extinct forms , but has excluded the caecilians .
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british museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology . boulenger , george albert , 1858 - 1937
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reflexive pronouns are used : person singular plural 1st 2nd 3rd masculine 3rd feminine 3rd neuter general myself yourself himself herself itself oneself ourselves yourselves themselves th . . .
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after milner , 1994 , laurin & reisz , 1997 , and frost et al . , 2006
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
frost , d . r . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de sá , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . , 2006 : the amphibian tree of life . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : # 297 , pp . 1 - 370
laurin , m . & reisz , r . r . , 1997 : a new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny . 9 - 59 in sumida , s . s . & martin , k . l . m . , 1997 : amniote origins : completing the transition to land . –academic press , san diego , 1997 , pp . x - 510
milner , a . r . , 1994 : late triassic and jurassic amphibians : fossil record and phylogeny . 5 - 23 in fraser , n . c . & sues , h . - d . 1994 : in the shadow of the dinosaurs . –cambridge university press , new york . 1994


chaetolopha leucophragma is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in australia ( queensland , new south wales , victoria and tasmania ) .

the wings are brown with three pale zigzag lines across the forewings and a white dash near the apex .

the hindwings are paler brown with a dark zigzag line .

the larvae probably feed on polypodiophyta species .

chaetolopha leucophragma

a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .
a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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( photo : courtesy of dr david g . hewitt , melbourne , victoria )
the adult moth has brown wings , with three pale zigzag lines across each forewing , and a white dash near each wingtip . the hindwings are paler brown , and have a zigzag dark line across each one .
, melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 11 . 35 , pp . 67 , 377 .
series 2 , volume 5 , part 4 ( 1890 ) , p . 818 ,
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e652588e - ef56 - 49e9 - b7b4 - 039ce47b1508
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecdd6acb - c258 - 471d - 9bc2 - a7d91529d10b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d03ed600 - 26e6 - 4a19 - bdbe - ab8277e605e4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 504146
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, where a holotype was indicated in the original description . descriptions of the genera
, as well as keys to the species of both genera , are provided . all the known species are redescribed , the new ones are described , and all species are illustrated . fern feeding in australian lepidoptera and vertical distribution of species of
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