bicyclus dekeyseri , the western scalloped bush brown , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in guinea , liberia , ivory coast and ghana .

the habitat consists of deep forests .

bicyclus dekeyseri

mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348
bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79
bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101
bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902
bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788
bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104
bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071
bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791
bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908
bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783
bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068
bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164
bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440
bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442
bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103
bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445
bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447
bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108
bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796
bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073
bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076
= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )
bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629
bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166
bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85
bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja
bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]
dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson
w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]
hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550
ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099
mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256
s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]
idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast
kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]
mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509
mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon
c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8
senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]
gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria
burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po
zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]
moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]
rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )
e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34
mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32
mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228
mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes
w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake
brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97
w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii
mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po
smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906
mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon
e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]
mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2
mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast
mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28
mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar
ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]
mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4
zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]
burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )
mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi
rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]
mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]
kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .
anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603
mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara
sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]
n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]
senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]
w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia
mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile
mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia
funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50
guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni
mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe
nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar
guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m
mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde
mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons
mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake
mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110
mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo
mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari
mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo
mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa
mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8
mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon
mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo
mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen
mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun
mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung
zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1
results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff
die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,
neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more


the capuchinbird or calfbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is a large passerine bird of the family cotingidae .

it is monotypic within the genus perissocephalus .

it is found in humid forests ( up to 1,400 metres ( 4,600 ft ) but mostly below 600 m ) in north-eastern south america , almost entirely north of the amazon river and east of rio negro ( colombia , venezuela , brazil and the guianas ) .

capuchinbird

capuchinbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is a species of bird in the cotingidae family .
status : the capuchinbird is categorized as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .
eduard solà selected
capuchinbird
to show in overview on
perissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )
.
notes : the bizarre call of the capuchinbird ( or calfbird ) ( perissocephalus tricolor ) in the forest of guyana . more info
restall ( 2006 ) et al . suggested that capuchinbird may
recall a small black vulture [ coragyps atratus ] with its bare head and uniform mantle
.
wthin its range capuchinbird is essentially unmistakable . the combination of its
cowled
head , large size , and ochraceous brown coloration contribute to a strange but unique appearance .
the capuchinbird or calfbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is found in humid forests in north - eastern south america , almost entirely north of the amazon river and east of rio negro .
the capuchinbird ' s
song
is so un - birdlike it is difficult to imagine the birds producing these sounds . this video captures one male singing — notice his stiff upright posture , his inflating and deflating body , and especially the odd tuft of feathers he is displaying near his tail . the origin of . . . read more »
communication : the call of the capuchinbird is very similar to the lowing of a calf , giving them the common name of calfbird . inhaled air is stored in sacks on either side of the neck . when the bird is finished breathing in , it will lean back and “moo” with feathers fluffed out around the bare head . the call is loud and carries for long distances .
capuchinbird is a large , odd looking bird with a short tail , bald blue gray head and a heavy bill . the plumage is mostly ochre brown , darker on the rump , and is reddish chestnut on the belly . the undertail coverts , which are orange rufous , are long and curled in the male , and are capable of being raised out like globular orangish
tail lights
during lekking displays . the undertail coverts of females , however , are not lengthened . the wings and tail are blackish , with white underwing coverts .
the capuchinbird is a thick - set bird with a relatively heavy bill ; its plumage is overall rich brown , approaching orange on the belly and undertail coverts , and the remiges and short tail are black . the most distinctive feature is its bare , almost vulture - like head covered in dull blue skin . juveniles resemble adults , with the exception of some downy feathers on the head . they gather in leks where they
sing
. the
song
is very odd and difficult to describe accurately , although some have compared it to the distant sound of a chainsaw or ( as indicated by its alternative name calfbird ) a cow mooing . they eat mainly fruits and insects .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
a bird in a lek , repeated in slow motion , followed by a view of the habitat with calls of this species on the background .
first a dorsal , then a frontal , and then a ventral view of a bird in a lek , all of them partly concealed by vegetation .
a close - up of a bird on a branch , preening , ejecting a corn grain and eating it again .
pieter de groot boersma , david ascanio , josep del hoyo , thore noernberg .
carlos gussoni , anselmo d affonseca , dubi shapiro , thore noernberg , tomasz doroń , richardgreenhalgh031 , elias neideck , mark andrews .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : perissocephalus tricolor . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
capuchbird seen a leck in the la escalara area , near las claritas , venezuela . january 2011
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 152 side a track 26 seq . b )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 152 side a track 26 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 13 side b track 4 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 13 side b track 7 seq . a )
distance to mic . 60m . natural vocalisations of at least three birds from group of 6 + at ' lek ' , very near start of sentier la fumee .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
the peace of the vast guyanan jungle is abruptly broken with the dawn chorus of male capuchinbirds , one of the most bizarre birds in south america . the singing male bows forward , then suddenly stretches to his full length , raising a monk - like cowl of feathers around his naked blue - gray head . the . . . read more »
webcams and videos are hosted by third parties . in exchange , you may periodically see 30 - second advertisements . birdnote does not endorse any of the products , services , or causes on third - party pages . all webcams have seasonal changes and may be down for hours , weeks , or months at a time . if this one is not active , please check our video or webcam gallery for more .
check out this handsome fella . notice how his eyes methodically search his surroundings as he slowly moves his head . published on nov 26 , 2015 . read more »
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
description : capuchinbirds , also known as calfbirds ( due to the sound of their call ) have an unmistakable and odd appearance . most of the head is featherless , making the head look too small for its body . the skin on the crown and face is a pale bluish gray . the body is mainly cinnamon brown , getting brighter on the lower underparts . wings are dusky with white underwing coverts . the tail is black .
size : a fairly large bird , males reach around 14 inches ( 35 . 5 cm ) in length and 12 . 7 ounces ( 360 gr ) in weight ; females grow to be about 13 . 5 inches ( 34 . 5 cm ) long and 11 . 3 ounces ( 319 gr ) in weight .
behavior : when not in leks , capuchinbirds are quite solitary . they can be seen in various levels of the forest , although they are most commonly found in the subcanopy and middle levels . when males lek , as many as eight may gather in understory trees – usually a dominant male and his subordinates . they display by emitting a loud call . somewhat “synchronized” moo - calls by two males in close proximity to each other are often heard .
diet : their diet consists mainly of fruit , but large insects are also consumed .
reproduction : nest is a small open cup made out of twigs . it is usually built 10 - 20 feet ( 3 - 6 m ) above ground in an understory tree . clutch size is one egg that is incubated for about 26 - 27 days . the female incubates the eggs , feeds the chicks and tends the nest .
habitat / range : it is found in brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , suriname , and venezuela . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .
please enter your e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .
a ridiculous amount of coffee was consumed in the process of building this project . please consider adding some fuel if you ' d like to keep it going !
adult : sexes similar , although the male is larger ( see measurements ) and has longer undertail coverts . large , bulky , with short tail , heavy bill , and bare crown . upperparts generally dill cinnamon . feathers on the back of the head dense and upright standing , forming a prominent cowl , and imparting a
hunchbacked
appearance . uppertail coverts blackish with dull cinnamon tips . remiges blackish , outer webs of the tertials with brownish fringes . rectrices black . underparts deeper cinnamon , especially from the breast to the vent . undertail coverts of male long and orange rufous ; undertail coverts short in female . underwing coverts creamy white .
juvenile : similar to adult , but has sparse down on the bare areas of the head .
little information . molt apparently is very protracted , and may extend over as many as 220 days ( snow 1976 ) . in guyana molt is initiated in march - july , but in other regions the timing of molt is less well defined ( kirwan and green 2011 ) .
wing length : mean 217 . 3 mm ( range 210 - 232 mm ) ; mean wing length of live individuals , 225 . 0 mm ( n = 5 )
tail length : mean 103 . 2 mm ( range 100 - 107 mm )
tarsus length : mean 43 . 1 mm ( range 41 - 45 mm )
culmen length : mean 35 . 7 mm ( range 32 - 38 mm )
wing length : mean 203 . 1 mm ( range 197 - 210 mm ) ; mean wing length of live individuals , 221 . 5 mm ( n = 6 )
tail length : mean 100 . 2 mm ( range 96 - 104 mm )
tarsus length : mean 40 . 0 mm ( range 38 - 42 mm )
mass : male , mean 360 . 0 g ( range 320 - 395 g , n = 5 ; snow 1982 )
del hoyo , j . elliott , a . & christie , d . ( editors ) . ( 2004 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 : cotingas to pipits and wagtails . lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 87334 - 69 - 5
eduard solà added the catalan common name
ocell caputxí
to
perissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )
.
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
härkäkotinga
from
perissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )
as trusted .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
this article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .
this article is part of project cotingidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cotinga , including made - up species .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
it is a thickset bird with a relatively heavy bill . the plumage is mainly a rich brown – turning orangy on the belly and undertail coverts – and the remiges ( flight feathers - typically only visible in flight ) and its short tail is black .
its most distinctive feature is its bare , almost vulture - like head that is covered in dull blue skin .
males gather in leks ( competitive mating displays ) , where they
sing
to attract females .
their song has been compared to the distant sound of a chainsaw or a cow mooing .
for updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )
please note : the articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers . please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions . thank you .
beautyofbirds strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . thank you !
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .


melipona scutellaris is a eusocial stingless bee species of the order hymenoptera and the genus melipona .

it is considered to be the reared melipona species with the largest distribution in the north and northeast regions of brazil , with records from rio grande do norte down to bahia .

its common name , uruçu , comes from the tupi " eiru su " , which in this indigenous language means " big bee " .

their honey is highly desirable and the materials they create for nests have been proven to be a promising source of antibiofilm agents and to present selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells .

melipona scutellaris

antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee melipona scutellaris geopropolis . - pubmed - ncbi
sexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris .
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication
sexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris . - pubmed - ncbi
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | apidologie
this study evaluated the gastroprotective activity of eegp from melipona scutellaris , as well as the possible action mechanisms involved .
best matched melipona scutellaris contigs from blastn analysis . the melipona contig id is the access number in genbank . only sequences that matched the insect sequence are shown .
geopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1β and tnf - α .
a –sem of melipona scutellaris larvae head . b –immunohistochemistry of melipona scutellaris larvae ( head circled ) , negative control ( haematoxylin & eosin staining– 4x ) . c—zoomed mandibular region spotted in a . d –mscuobp8 was detected by specific staining of larvae tegument in the mandibular region ( 40x ) , comparatively to c . sem—scanning electron microscopy ; mscuobp8 – melipona scutellaris odorant binding protein .
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | stefan jarau - urltoken
the sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive .
the aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of melipona scutellaris geopropolis ( stingless bee ) using different models of nociception .
recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance | apidologie
geopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1β and tnf - α . - pubmed - ncbi
a study of a brazilian species - melipona scutellaris - found that some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen bee .
the sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive . - pubmed - ncbi
m . g . da cunha , m . franchin , l . c . c . galvão et al . , “apolar bioactive fraction of melipona scutellaris geopropolis on
transcript distribution of the best matches of the melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . the best matches were listed based on the insect species without considering e - values .
in this work , the ddrt - pcr technique was used to study differential gene expression profiles during post - embryonic development of melipona scutellaris . the differentially expressed cdna fragments detected were cloned , sequenced and analyzed by comparison using public databases . the results reported here are the first pieces of evidence of differential gene expression profiles in melipona scutellaris during its ontogenetic development .
this reproductive tug - of - war between workers and queens isn ' t unique to melipona scutellaris . a 2013 study on honeybees ( apis mellifera ) found evidence of a similar conflict .
key words : melipona , microsatellites , polygyny , queen number , social structure .
kerr w . e . , rocha r . ( 1988 ) comunicação em melipona rufiventris e melipona compressipes , cienc . cult . 40 , 1200 - 1203 .
the study focused on melipona scutellaris a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , found throughout the atlantic rainforest . colonies contain around 1 , 500 workers and are headed by one single - mated queen .
carvalho - zilse g and kerr we ( 2004 ) natural substitutions of queens and flight distance of males in tiuba ( melipona compressipes fasciculata smith , 1854 ) and uruçu ( melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 ) ( apidae , meliponini ) . acta amazon 34 : 649 - 652 . [ links ]
transcript distribution of melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . protein functions were assigned based on homology with drosophila genes . ( a ) biological process . ( b ) molecular function . ( c ) cell component .
alves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm et al ( 2009 ) the queen is dead–long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stingless bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102–4111
oliveira mhcc , leal mca , almeida mg and coelho mp . 1986 . criação e preservação da abelha melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 , no nordeste brasileiro . cad omega 2 : 195 - 211 . [ links ]
kerr we , jungnickel h , morgan ed . workers of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds . apidologie . 2004 ; 35 ( 6 ) : 611–8 .
hrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113
table s3 - monthly contribution of queens to progeny constitution in polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .
therefore , in order to aggregate scientific value to the geopropolis , this study aims at evaluating the gastroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) from melipona scutellaris and at investigating the possible mechanisms of action .
cortopassi - laurino m & montenegro - de - aquino h . 2000 . forrageamento na abelha urušu ( melipona scutellaris ) . in : anais do xii congresso brasileiro de apicultura , florianˇpolis . p . c - 022 .
biesmeijer , k . ( 1999 ) . the organization of foraging in melipona stingless bees . pegone summer : 11 - 12 [ 11 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , citation )
alves rmo , carvalho cal and souza ba . 2005 . ninhos de melipona scutellaris l . em coqueiros na região do litoral norte e metropolitana do estado da bahia . mensagem doce 83 : 10 - 13 . [ links ]
melipona quadrifasciata is a highly eusocial bee , making communication imperative for the survival of the colony .
manejo e manipulação artificial de colônias de melipona quadrifasciata lep . ( apidae : meliponinae )
table s2 - inferred genotypes of queens and drones from monogynous and polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .
melipona scutellaris is a stingless bee found in northeastern brazil . populations of this bee have decreased substantially as a consequence of human activity ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) and studies of this species are important for its maintenance .
bee colonies are renowned for their high levels of cooperation , but a study of a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , known as melipona scutellaris , found some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen .
kerr ; nielsen ( 1966 ) .
evidences that genetically determined melipona queens can become workers
.
jarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 : 81 - 91
the occurrence of m . scutellaris was recorded in 102 municipalities of bahia , from a total of 417 , corresponding to 24 . 5 % . the climate , elevation range and geographic coordinate data for the natural distribution of m . scutellaris in bahia are summarized in table i .
nunes la , costa - pinto mff , carneiro pls , pereira dg and waldschmidt am . 2007 . divergência genética em melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : meliponina ) com base em caracteres morfológicos . biosci j 23 : 1 - 9 . [ links ]
pierrot , l . m . & schlindwein , c . ( 2003 ) . variation in daily flight activity and foraging patterns of uruçu - melipona scutellaris latreille ( apidae , meliponini ) . rev . bras . zool . 20 ( 4 ) : 565 - 571 [ 569 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , flight activity , citation )
jarau , s . , hrncir , m . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 ( 1 ) : 81 - 91 [ 87 , 88 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , citation ; as melipona fasciata , flight range , citation )
imperatriz - fonseca vl , cortopassi laurino m and koedam d . 2007 . a distribuição geográfica da abelha uruçu ( melipona scutellaris , latreille , 1881 ) , ( apidae - meliponinae ) . ( available at : < urltoken > [ links ] ) .
kerr we . 1950 . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics 35 : 143 - 152 .
hrncir m . , jarau s . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication , apidologie 31 , 93 - 113 [ edp sciences ] .
hrncir , m . jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113 [ 94 , 106 , 109 , 110 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound pulse , scent beacon , citation )
behavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz
for a better evaluation of the model using apis mellifera in toxicology studies with insecticides , the oral acute toxicity of the insecticide fipronil against the stingless bee melipona scutellaris was determined . the results showed that fipronil was highly toxic to m . scutellaris , with a calculated lc 50 ( 48 h ) value of 0 . 011 ng a . i . / μl of sucrose solution and an estimated oral ld 50 ( 48 h ) of 0 . 6 ng a . i . / bee . our results showed that m . scutellaris bee is more sensitive to fipronil than the model specie a . mellifera .
citation : carvalho wjd , fujimura pt , bonetti am , goulart lr , cloonan k , da silva nm , et al . ( 2017 ) characterization of antennal sensilla , larvae morphology and olfactory genes of melipona scutellaris stingless bee . plos one 12 ( 4 ) : e0174857 . urltoken
schwarz hf . 1932 . the genus melipona . bull am mus nat hist 63 : 402 - 403 . [ links ]
kerr we . evolution of the mechanism of caste determination in the genus melipona . evolution . 1950 ; 1 : 7–13 .
the organization of foraging in stingless bees of genus melipona : an individual - oriented approach [ ph . d . thesis ]
melipona quadrifasciata is commonly used in agriculture in south america , but wild bees are feeling the effects of deforestation and pesticides .
differentiation of melipona quadrifasciata l . ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponini ) subspecies using cytochrome b pcr - rflp patterns
jarau s . , hrncir m . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bee , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance , apidologie 31 , 81 - 91 [ edp sciences ] .
table s1 - allelic frequencies and observed ( h o ) and expected ( h e ) heterozygosities in colonies of melipona bicolor .
martins scs ; albuquerque lmb ; matos jhg ; silva gc & pereira ajb . 1997 . atividade antibacteriana em méis de abelhas africanizadas ( apis mellifica ) e nativas ( melipona scutellaris , m . subnitida e scaptotrigona bipunctata ) no estado do ceará . higiene alimentar , v . 52 , p . 50 - 53
therefore , the aim of this study was to identify the differential expression of genes in pupae of white eyed workers , queens and intercastes of m . scutellaris by ddrt - pcr .
moure , j . s . ( 1971 ) . notas sobre algumas espécies duvidosas de melipona ( hymenoptera - apidae ) . arq . mus . nac . ( rio j . ) 54 : 193 - 201 [ 198 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , taxonomic note )
nates - parra , g . ( 1995 ) . las abejas sin aguijon del genero melipona ( hymenoptera : meliponinae ) en colombia . bol . mus . ent . valle 3 ( 2 ) : 21 - 33 [ 24 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , list )
alves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm , santos - filho ps , nogueira - neto p , billen j and wenseleers t ( 2009 ) the queen is dead - long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stinglees bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102 - 4111 . [ links ]
kerr we . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics . 1950 ; 35 ( 2 ) : 143–52 . pmid : 17247339
. . . the results indicate a convergence between odour patterns in mixed - colony individuals . this may explain how intruders can stay in the invaded nest ( trigona pallens workers in trigona fulviventris nest and vice versa : caliari et al . , 2007 ; melipona rufiventris workers in a melipona scutellaris colony : pianaro et al . , 2007 ) . although stingless bees are the most diverse group of social bees , little is known about the nestmate recognition process . . . .
studies conducted in pernambuco showed the relationship between m . scutellaris and the humid forest whose conditions are ideal for the bees to build their nests ( lamartine 1962 , m . g . almeida , unpublished data ) . in bahia , alves et al . ( 2005 ) observed the nest building adaptation of m . scutellaris in coconut tree hollows located in the state ' s coastal region .
nieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 133 - 145 [ 133 - 145 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , dance , sound )
roubik , d . w . ( 1981 ) . a natural mixed colony of melipona ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . j . kansas entomol . soc . 54 ( 2 ) : 263 - 268 [ 263 - 268 ] ( as melipona fasciata , mixed colony , geographic record )
wax constituents produced by worker bees and the chemistry of the nest batumen ( mixture of wax , mud , and floral materials ) in a melipona scutellaris colony changed when it was invaded by melipona rufiventris workers . gas chromatography / mass spectrometry analyses showed that after invasion , the m . scutellaris workers of the invaded colony produced waxes with higher relative abundance of triacontanyl acetate and decreased the amounts of n - alkanes and n - 9 - alkenes . on the other hand , waxes from m . rufiventris workers displayed few changes . the change in the composition of the m . scutellaris waxes chemically differentiates that species from the m . rufiventris invader workers . comparative analyses of batumens samples from pure and invaded colonies revealed greater amounts of terpenes and phenolic derivatives in the batumen from the invaded colony . this is the first report on the chemical characterization of batumens from stingless bees .
we have compared gene expression , using the differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) technique , by means of mrna profile in melipona scutellaris during ontogenetic postembryonic development , in adult worker , and in both natural and juvenile hormone iii - induced adult queen . six , out of the nine ests described here , presented differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of melipona scutellaris are regulated in these stages . the combination ht11g - ap05 revealed in l1 and l2 a product which matches to thioredoxin reductase protein domain in the clostridium sporogenes , an important protein during cellular oxidoreduction processes . this study represents the first molecular evidence of differential gene expression profiles toward a description of the genetic developmental traits in the genus melipona .
denise alves , dr tom wenseleers , and their co - authors carried out a genetic study of nearly 600 males from 45 colonies to discover the parentage of the worker population . their results showed that 22 . 89 % of melipona scutellaris males are sons of the workers rather than the queen , demonstrating an on - going conflict for reproduction .
the data obtained demonstrate a wide elevation distribution of m . scutellaris in the state , with occurrences from the sea level on the coast to the heights of chapada diamantina ( fig . 3 ) .
nunes et al . ( 2007 ) used morphometric characters of the wings and observed the existence of phenotypic genetic variation in m . scutellaris populations at different elevations . molecular studies using the rapd technique conducted by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) with m . scutellaris specimens confirmed that , despite being visually different , the species found in the entire state of bahia is m . scutellaris , with the same number of chromosomes and similar genetic characteristics . however , there is the formation of distinct groups due to a lack of gene flow among all populations , thus creating genetic distances .
stefan jarau , michael hrncir , ronaldo zucchi , friedrich barth . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie , springer verlag ( germany ) , 2000 , 31 ( 1 ) , pp . 81 - 91 . < 10 . 1051 / apido : 2000108 > .
the two stingless bee species melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata recruit nestmates to a rich foraging site . we tested this with feeders up to 140 m away from the hive . foragers of m . scutellaris communicated direction ( up to 140 m ) more accurately than distance ( up to 30 m ) whereas those of m . quadrifasciata communicated direction only up to 30 m and distance up to 40 m . our data indicate that in both species recruitment is divided into two temporal phases . whereas in an initial phase alarmed nestmates search for food at random , bees leaving the hive in the following phase are obviously provided with information about its specific location . as a consequence after 35 minutes ( m . scutellaris ) and 85 minutes ( m . quadrifasciata ) , respectively , significantly more newcomers arrive at the feeder than at an identical control feeder . the differences found in the recruitment success of m . scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata are discussed in regard to the different demands of their natural habitats .
figure 2 : daily frequency of returning melipona asilvai foragers during the 38 days of observations . ( a ) dry season and ( b ) rainy season .
camargo ca ( 1972 ) mating of the social bee melipona quadrifasciata under controlled conditions . j kansas entomol soc 45 : 520 - 523 . [ links ]
kerr w . e . ( 1994 ) communication among melipona workers ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . insect behav . 7 , 123 - 128 .
schwarz , h . f . ( 1932 ) . the genus melipona the type genus of the meliponidae or stingless bees . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 63 ( 4 ) : 231 - 460 [ 381 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 396 ] ( as melipona fasciata paraensis , partim : bees from panamá , junior synonym melipona fasciata panamica : cockerell , 1919 , 1920 , lutz & cockerell , 1920 , synonymy , notes on type )
nieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location by the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 47 - 58 [ 43 - 58 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , pheromone , recruitment )
heard , t . a . ( 1999 ) . the role of stingless bees in crop pollination . annu . rev . entomol . 44 : 183 - 206 [ 186 , 197 ] ( as melipona panamica , flight range - citation ; as melipona fasciata , pollination : gustavia superba ( lecythidaceae ) , pollen , citation )
this study aimed at identifying the areas of natural occurrence of m . scutellaris l . ( apidae : meliponina ) in the state of bahia , brazil , providing background information for future conservation and management strategies for the species .
six of the nine ests described here were differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of m . scutellaris could be regulated in these stages .
nieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , rangel , j . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2003 ) . effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 : 87 - 94 [ 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , sound pulses , food source distance , citation )
nieh j . c . , contrera f . a . l . , rangel j . , imperatriz - fonseca v . l . ( 2003c ) effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 , 87 - 94 .
the possibility of contamination with human material during sample manipulation of m . scutellaris was discarded because the technique was rigorously followed and , beyond this , of the only two m . scutellaris ests , b03 and b04 , that had similarity with the groupun . 6210 and group1 . 45 , respectively , in the apis genome assembly version 2 . 0 , the b03 ( which matched human ) showed highly conserved among bees , with e - value = 1e - 22 . melipona sequences that didn ' t have conclusive matches with the ones deposited in databases were obtained in this study and they could represent genes not yet described .
biesmeijer , j . c . & ermers , m . c . w . ( 1999 ) . social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 : 129 - 140 [ 138 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , pulse sound , citation )
nascimento m , fernandes - salomão t , martins g . estudos moleculares e morfológicos em abelhas do gênero melipona ( hymenoptera ) . entomobrasilis . 2013 ; 6 : 64–7 .
figure 1 : relationship between temperature ( a ) and humidity ( b ) and the number of returning melipona asilvai bees ( ● dry season ; □ rainy season ) .
nogueira , juliano ; et al . ( 2014 ) .
conservation study of an endangered stingless bee ( melipona capixaba—hymenoptera : apidae ) with restricted distribution in brazil
.
moure , j . s . & j . m . f . camargo ( 1994 ) . melipona ( michmelia ) capixaba , uma nova espécie de meliponinae ( hymenoptera , apidae ) do sudeste do brasil . rev . bras . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 289 - 296 [ 295 ] ( as melipona panamica , taxonomic note )
interestingly , topical treatment of pre - defecating larvae of the diploid male ( 2n ) of m . scutellaris with jh iii induced development of queen phenotype , i . e . , queen - like males ( qlms ) . despite their queen - like phenotype , qlm antenna resembled male antennae in having 11 flagellomeres and lacking sensilla basiconica [ 18 ] . it may suggest that either development of sensilla basiconica is not under jh iii control or these sensilla are not relevant for jh iii reception [ 48 ] . undoubtedly , m . scutellaris workers are morphologically more similar to males than to queens . additionally , m . scutellaris workers and males share similar cuticular hydrocarbon composition . these similarities are also observed in m . quadrifasciata [ 49 , 50 ] . however , we found that workers of m . scutellaris are more similar to queens in terms of antennal sensilla composition and number of flagellomeres , as previously reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] .
inoue , t . , roubik , d . w . & suka , t . ( 1999 ) . nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) . insectes soc . 46 : 208 - 218 [ 208 - 218 ] ( as melipona panamica , nestmate recognition , worker oviposition , labor division , guard workers behavior )
according to a 2009 study published in molecular ecology , worker bees within the species melipona scutellaris , a stingless brazilian bee , will reproduce behind the queen ' s back . the study , which examined the lineage of 600 males across 45 colonies , found that nearly a quarter of the bees were sons of workers rather than the queen . rather than cooperating , the workers were instead in conflict with their queen .
nieh , j . c . , ramírez , s . & nogueira - neto , p . ( 2003 ) . multi - source odor - marking of food by a stingless bee , melipona mandacaia . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 54 : 578 - 586 [ 579 , 585 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , anal droplet )
data on the preferred foraging times and identification of pollen collected by stingless bees has led to further insights into the bees’ behavioral and ecological habits , thus enabling the analysis of the honey produced which in turn will facilitate quality control of this product . present study reveals the foraging times and food preferences of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : apidae ) together with a physicochemical evaluation of the honey produced by this bee . m . scutellaris tended to be more active in the morning during the winter , visited a wide variety of plants in their search for food , and produced a good quality honey . in winter the bees showed generalist behavior foraging many different plants .
vieira et al . ( 2006 ) have identified by ddrt - pcr technique the differential expression of genes in m . scutellaris after topical application of jh iii in larvae , demonstrating the efficacy of this technique to evalúate transcriptional profiles in this species .
flight distance data were taken from publications which used mark - recapture methods . roubik & aluja ( 1983 ) used a magnetic recapture method and through regression analysis concluded that the maximum flight distance for workers of cephalotrigona capitata was 1 , 650 m . in melipona marginata , maximum flight distance is 800 m . ( wille , 1983 ) . kerr ( 1987 ) recorded a flight distance of 2 , 000 m for melipona quadrifasciata ; 840 m for trigona spinipes ; 2 , 470 m for melipona compressipes ; and 540 m for plebeia droryana .
marcelo fidelis marques mendes ; et al . ( 2007 ) .
intra - populational variability of melipona tquadrifasciata lepeletier , 1836 ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) using relative warp analysis
.
jarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2005 ) morphology and structure of the tarsal glands of the stingless bee melipona seminigra . naturwissenschaften 92 : 147 - 150
nieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1998 ) . potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 387 - 399 [ 387 - 399 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , recruitment , communication , distance , height , sound pulses )
an est found in the fat body of m . scutellaris was similar to a putative farnesoic acid o - methyl - transferase ( famet ) . this putative enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of methylfarnesoate from farnesoic acid in the biosynthetic pathway of juvenile hormone in the corpora allata . vieira et al . ( 2008 ) found that famet of m . scutellaris ( msfamet ) has different expression levels in castes , suggesting that this enzyme may be associated with the metabolism of juvenile hormone in this stingless bee . these findings suggest either that this enzyme is ambiguous in melipona and can participate in other biochemical pathways or that it is not specific for juvenile hormone synthesis . although no ests encoding for enzymes that degrade juvenile hormone were detected in the m . scutellaris fat body , rt - pcr and qpcr detected mrnas for juvenile hormone esterase and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase ( data not shown ) , which confirms the expression of these genes in this fat body .
aguilar , i , & briceño , d . ( 2002 ) . sounds in melipona costaricensis ( apidae : meliponini ) : effect of sugar concentration and nectar source distance . apidologie 33 : 375 - 388 [ 376 , 378 , 382 , 384 , 385 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source height , behavior , sugar concentration , citation )
aguilar , i . & sommeijer , m . ( 2001 ) . the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioral observations concerning the location of food sources . apidologie 32 : 37 - 48 [ 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , recruitment , anal excretion , citation )
hrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13 [ 4 , 10 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent marks , citation )
the geopropolis from melipona scutellaris bee species , popularly known as “uruçu” and found in northeastern brazil , has been the focus of our research . studies have shown that geopropolis has antinociceptive and anti - inflammatory properties , besides antimicrobial activity against different types of bacteria . in addition , studies on the chemical profile of geopropolis revealed absence of flavonoid and phenolic acids commonly found in propolis from apis mellifera and presence of benzophenones [ 13 – 16 ] .
van veen jw . cell provisioning and oviposition in melipona beecheii ( apidae , meliponinae ) , with a note on caste determination . apidologie . 2000 ; 31 ( 3 ) : 411–9 .
rossini , as . 1989 . caracterização das mudas ontogenéticas e biometria dos corpora allata de melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lep . ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . dissertação de mestrado , ibcr - unesp .
velthuis hhw , de vries h and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2006 ) the polygyny of melipona bicolor : scramble competition among queens . apidologie 37 : 222 - 239 . [ links ]
nieh j . c . ( 1998a ) the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 133 - 145 [ crossref ] .
considering the elevation variation in localities with m . scutellaris records , three distinct groups of populations of the species can be separated in the state of bahia as proposed by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) ( table iii ) .
sensilla basiconica were found in almost all female flagellomeres ( figs 1e , 1f and 2d ) , however these sensilla were not found in males of m . scutellaris ( table 1 ) , in agreement with what has been found with other tribe of bees , including meliponini [ 18 , 35 , 45 ] . in m . scutellaris , we found that sensilla basiconica was more numerous in workers than in queens ( table 2 ) , in contrast to what ravaiano and collaborators reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] . it has been reported that sensilla basiconica detect cuticular hydrocarbon in ants , thus allowing identification of individuals within the colony and food source recognition [ 34 ] . therefore , we assume that this class of sensilla plays a similar role in m . scutellaris .
tóth , e . , queller , d . c . , dollin , a . & strassmann , j . e . ( 2004 ) . conflict over male parentage in stingless bees . insectes soc . 51 : 1 - 11 [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , partim [ citation of inoue et al . , 1999 ] , worker ovary development , male production , nest population , oviposition behavior , citation ; as melipona panamica , nest population , taxonomic note , citation ; as melipona rufiventris , note )
ramalho , m . , kleinert - giovannini , a . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 1990 ) . important bee plants for stingless bees ( melipona and trigonini ) and africanized honeybees ( apis mellifera ) in neotropical habitats : a review . apidologie 21 : 469 - 488 [ 473 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , habitat , citation )
we tested 18 primer combinations , an example of m . scutellaris expression profile obtained in a polyacrylamide gel is shown in figure 1 . we could verify differences of intensity in fragments during larval stages and also , bands exclusively found only in one of the samples .
roubik d . w . , aluja m . ( 1983 ) flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest , j . kans . entomol . soc . 56 , 217 - 222 .
a abelha melipona scutellaris é considerada a espécie criada de meliponíneo com maior distribuição no norte e nordeste do brasil , com ocorrência registradas desde o estado do grande do norte até o estado da bahia . considerando a importância desta espécie na geração de renda para agricultura familiar e na manutenção de áreas com vegetação natural , este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribuição de colônias naturais de m . scutellaris no estado da bahia . informações de literatura , entrevistas com meliponicultores e expedições foram realizadas para confirmar a ocorrência natural da espécie . um total de 102 municípios apresentou registro de m . scutellaris , cuja ocorrência foi observada em áreas desde o nível do mar até 1 . 200 metros de altitude . a ocorrência desta espécie no estado da bahia é considerada como restrita a municípios da área costeira e da chapada diamantina , onde existem matas úmidas . dados de coordenadas geográficas , altitude , clima e vegetação foram obtidos , possibilitando elaborar o mapa da área de ocorrência , subsidiando políticas de conservação e manejo da espécie .
for centuries these bees have been cultivated all over the country , especially in the north and northeast that are the birthplace of the first two domestic species : melipona compressipes fasciculata and melipona scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) . the latter popularly known as
uruçu
of the northeast is one the best known species biologically , especially due to its peculiar mechanism of determination of castes , as a consequence of its genetic - feeding interaction , which is different from the pattern presented by other apidae . it is found from bahia to rio grande do norte , mainly in
zona da mata
( forest zone ) ( carvalho , 2001 ) .
nesse estudo nós usamos a técnica de differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) para comparamos o perfil de mrna em melipona scutellaris durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético pós - embrionário e em operárias adultas , rainha natural e induzida pelo hormônio juvenil iii . fragmentos diferencialmente expressos foram detectados usando as seguintes combinações de primers : ht11g - ap05 ; ht11c - ap05 ; ht11g - opf12 ; ht11g - opa16 . dos 9 ests descrito nesse trabalho , 6 tiveram expressão diferencial nas fases de larva l1 e l2 , sugerindo serem mecanismos chave no regulação do desenvolvimento larval em melipona . a combinação ht11g - ap05 revelou em l1 e l2 um produto com similaridade à proteína tioredoxina redutase de clostridium sporogenes , uma proteína importante durante os processos de oxidoredução . esse estudo representa as primeiras evidências moleculares do perfil de expressão durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético em abelhas do gênero melipona .
in queenright colonies of stingless bees of the genus melipona , workers recognize , attack , and kill young virgin queens . for melipona scutellaris , we observed that virgin queens were executed when they were between 5 and 9 days old , while newly emerged queens were not attacked . the faster movements of old virgin in relation to newly emerged might be responsible for attacks . it has been also hypothesized that cuticular hydrocarbons are the source of the signal used by workers to recognize virgin queens . we investigated whether newly emerged , 8 days old virgin and physogastric queens of m . scutellaris have different cuticular hydrocarbon profiles . cuticular hydrocarbons of three ages were compared using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles varied by reproductive status and age . changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons in virgin queens during aging suggest that these compounds , together with change in movement , may play a role in the recognition of virgin queens by workers prior to regicide .
nieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1995 ) . a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 : 63 - 70 [ 63 - 70 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , nest population , geographic record , altitudinal record , sound , zigzag flight )
roubik , d . w . & aluja , m . ( 1983 ) . flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest . j . kansas entomol . soc . 56 ( 2 ) : 217 - 222 [ 217 - 222 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , geographic record , nesting site : tree cavities , behavior , flight range , nest population , foraging activity )
wilms w . , wiechers b . ( 1997 ) floral resource partitioning between native melipona bees and the introduced africanized honey bee in the brazilian atlantic rain forest , apidologie 28 , 339 - 355 .
geopropolis is a type of propolis containing resin , wax , and soil , collected by threatened stingless bee species native to tropical countries and used in folk medicine . however , studies concerning the biological activity and chemical composition of geopropolis are scarce . in this study , we evaluated the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) collected by melipona scutellaris and its bioactive fraction against important clinical microorganisms as well as their in vitro cytotoxicity and chemical profile .
. . . like other stingless bees , the cycle of melipona colonies is perennial ( michener , 2000 ) . chc profiles have been studied in m . quadrifasciata ( abdalla et al . , 2003 ) , mixed colonies of m . rufiventris and m . scutellaris ( pianaro et al . , 2007 ) , m . scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 2004 ) , and m . marginata ( ferreira - caliman et al . , 2010 ) . reports on other stingless bees demonstrated differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles , and the ability of guard bees to discriminate nestmates and non - nestmates ( scaptotrigona bipunctata : jungnickel et al . , 2004 ; frieseomellitta varia : nunes et al . , 2008nunes et al . , , 2011 ) . . . .
bego lr ( 1989 ) behavioral interactions among queens of the polygynic stingless bee melipona bicolor bicolor lepeletier ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j med biol res 22 : 587 - 596 . [ links ]
jarau s , van veen j , aguilar i , ayasse m ( 2009 ) virgin queen execution in the stingless bee melipona beecheii : the sign stimulus for worker attacks . apidologie 40 : 496 - 507
hrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2003 ) a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) uses optic flow to estimate flight distances . j comp physiol a 189 : 761 - 768
lima - verde l and freitas bm . 2002 . occurrence and biogeographic aspects of melipona quinquefasciata in ne - brazil ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j biol 62 : 479 - 486 . [ links ]
sakagami sf , oniki y ( 1963 ) behaviour studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz j fac sci hokkaido univ ser vi zool 15 : 300–318
velthuis hhw , roeling a and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) repartition of reproduction among queens in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor . proc exp appl entomol 12 : 45 - 49 . [ links ]
chinh tx , grob gbj , meeuwsen fjaj and sommeijer mj ( 2003 ) patterns of male production in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . apidologie 34 : 161 - 170 . [ links ]
biesmeijer , j . c . , nieuwstadt , m . g . l . , lukács , s . & sommeijer , m . j . ( 1998 ) . the role of internal and external information in foraging decisions of melipona workers ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 42 : 107 - 116 [ 114 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , artificial feeding , training experiments , recruitment , citation )
bonetti am , kerr we , matusita sh . effects of juvenile hormones i , ii and iii , in single and fractionated dosage in melipona bees . rev bras biol . 1995 ; 55 : 113–20 . pmid : 8729273
sakagami , shoichi ( 1965 ) .
behavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . ：ⅴ . melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lepeletier ( with 7 text - figures and 1 table )
.
waldschmidt am , salomão tmf , barros eg and campos lao ( 1997 ) extraction of genomic dna from melipona quadrifasciata ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponinae ) . braz j genet 20 : 421 - 423 . [ links ]
hrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . ii . dependence on sugar concentration . j comp physiol a 190 : 549 - 560
hrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j . comp . physiol . a . sens . neural behav . physiol . 190 : 539 - 548 [ 547 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source distance , citation )
strassmann , j . ( 2001 ) . the rarity of multiple mating by females in the social hymenoptera . insectes soc . 48 : 1 - 13 [ 7 ] ( as melipona panamica , mating frequency , citation )
honeybees are the most known type of bee . several species exist including ? honeybees live for ? years and have a queen . new queens are also born at specific times and can start a new colony on their own ( swarming ) , taking with them a part of the colony ' s members . stingless bees ( ie melipona beecheeii , . . . ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] are quite similar to honeybees but differ in the structure of their hive . they also make a lot less honey ( generally > 1kg per year per hive ( and some even only a few cm³ of honey per year per hive ) , as opposed to 75kg per year per hive that honeybees produce ) . some species though still make fair amounts of honey , ie melipona scutellaris and melipona compressipes produce upto 8l of honey per year . it should also be taken into account that the honey is quite different ( called
bush honey
) .
hrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j comp physiol a 190 : 539 - 548
wille , a . ( 1983 ) . biology of the stingless bees . ann . rev . entomol . 28 : 41 - 64 [ 51 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , mixed colony - citation )
inoue t . , roubik d . w . , suka t . ( 1999 ) nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) , insectes soc . 46 , 208 - 218 [ crossref ] .
in conclusion , we have identified 1728 ests from the fat body of m . scutellaris . in silico analysis of these ests has provided new insights into the physiological roles of this tissue in phenomena such as innate immunity , cellular proliferation , resistance to insecticides and environmental stress , and caste differentiation in stingless bees .
a . o . fidalgo and a . m . p . kleinert , “floral preferences and climate influence in nectar and pollen foraging by melipona rufiventris lepeletier ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) in ubatuba , são paulo state , brazil , ”
koedam d , cepeda oi and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2007 ) egg laying and oophagy by reproductive workers in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) . apidologie 38 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]
sommeijer mj , chinh tx and meeuwsen fjaj ( 1999 ) behavioral data on the production of males by workers in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . insectes soc 46 : 92 - 93 . [ links ]
hrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra friese 1903 . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13
smith , b . h . & roubik , d . w . ( 1983 ) . mandibular glands of stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) : chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species of melipona . j . chem . ecol . 9 ( 11 ) : 1465 - 1472 [ 971 - 978 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , communication , alarm , recruitment , mandibular gland secretion , chemical analysis , defense behavior )
nieh j . c . ( 1998b ) the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location in the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 47 - 58 [ crossref ] .
the aim of this study was to carry out the first formal genetic test of whether or not intraspecific queen parasitism occurs in stingless bees , and whether queens could indeed succeed in entering unrelated hives to opportunistically rear their own brood . in order to do so , we carried out a long - term genetic study on the brazilian stingless bee , melipona scutellaris , and sampled female brood before and after queen replacement events to check whether newly established queens were either the daughter of the previous queen , or instead were unrelated queens that had flown in from elsewhere .
roubik , d . w . & buchmann , s . l . ( 1984 ) . nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of the nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest . oecologia ( berl . ) 61 : 1 - 10 [ 1 - 10 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , behavior , nectar foraging , sucrose concentration , imbibing rate , flower record : hybanthus prunifolius ( violaceae ) )
biesmeijer j . c . , ermers m . c . w . ( 1999 ) social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 , 129 - 140 .
the species melipona scutellaris , locally known as
uruçu do nordeste
or
uruçu verdadeira
, was one of the first bee species domesticated by potiguara , kiriri , xucuru , pataxó , paiaku , tupicuruba and aymoré indians . the portuguese colonizers , who enjoyed honey of this species , soon learned rearing techniques that led uruçu to become one of the most frequently reared species of stingless bees in the northeast and , consequently , the subject of hunting in order to extract honey ( kerr et al . 1996 , imperatriz - fonseca et al . 2007 ) .
our results suggest that the risk of extinction is greater for smaller stingless bees . colonies of plebeia droryana would be effectively isolated if inter - fragment distances were greater than 600 m . on the other hand , larger species , such as melipona compressipes and melipona quadrifasciata , would be effectively isolated if forest fragments were greater than 2 km apart . however , larger species theoretically have a greater capacity to migrate between forest fragments , but would also depend upon larger areas to persist .
the limited variation in the number of queens in monogynous and polygynous colonies over a one year period agreed with the common view that queen replacement is rare in stingless bee colonies ( queen replacement was detected in only one of the 14 analyzed colonies here ) and that queens have long life spans . queens of melipona compressipes and m . scutellaris , for example , have a maximum longevity of 84 months ( 7 years ) ( carvalho - zilse and kerr , 2004 ) . this reduced turnover of queens could help to maintain the relatedness among nestmate workers stable over time .
alonso wj , lucena t , fracasso cm , velthuis hhw and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 1998 ) do melipona bicolor ( apidae , meliponinae ) workers distinguish relatedness among different physogastric queens ? apidologie 29 : 503 - 512 . [ links ]
boleli ic , paulino - simões zl and bitondi mmg ( 2000 ) regression of the lateral oviducts during larval - adult transformation of the reproductive system of melipona quadrifasciata and frieseomelitta varia . j morphol 243 : 141 - 151 . [ links ]
koedam d , velthuis hhw , dohmen mr and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) the behavior of laying workers and the morphology and viability of their eggs in melipona bicolor bicolor . physiol entomol 26 : 254 - 259 . [ links ]
aguilar i . , sommeijer m . ( 2001 ) the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioural observations concerning the location of food sources , apidologie 32 , 37 - 48 [ edp sciences ] .
nieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1995 ) a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 , 63 - 70 [ crossref ] .
nieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , ramírez , s . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2002 ) . variation in height communication : testing three - dimensional location communication in the stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor pp . 167 - 171 in garófalo , c . a . et al . ( ed . ) v encontro sobre abelhas : anais . ribeirão preto : faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras de ribeirão preto , universidade de são paulo , departamento de biologia xxv + 355 pp . [ 167 , 169 , 170 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , food sources distance , height , recruitment , behavior , sound pulse , citation )
nieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1998 ) potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 387 - 399 [ crossref ] .
sakagami sf , oniki y . behavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz . journal of the faculty of science hokkaido university . 1963 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 300–18 .
the ancient maya domesticated a separate species of stingless bee . the use of stingless bees is referred to as meliponiculture , named after bees of the tribe meliponini—such as melipona quadrifasciata in brazil . this variation of bee keeping still occurs around the world today .
hrncir m , schmidt vm , schorkopf dlp , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2006 ) vibrating the food receivers : a direct way of signal transmission in bees ( melipona seminigra ) . j comp physiol a 192 : 879 - 887
roubik d . w . ( 1982b ) seasonality in colony food storage , brood production , and adult survivorship : studies of melipona in tropical forest ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . kans . entomol . soc . 55 , 789 - 800 .
roubik d . w . , buchmann s . l . ( 1984 ) nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest , oecologia 61 , 1 - 10 .
in colonies of melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 workers can be found with four ganglion nerve cells , a morphological characteristic of the queen . it is hypothesized that these workers , called intercastes , or phenocopies , are phenotypically - like workers , but genotypically identical to queens due to this specific trait . workers with the same number of ganglion as queens seem to be intercastes between queens and workers . our objective was to analyze the mrna pro files of workers , queens , and intercastes of m . scutellaris through ddrt - pcr . three hundred ( 300 ) pupae with white eyes were collected and externally identified according to the number of abdominal nerve ganglions : workers ( 5 ganglions ) , queens ( 4 ganglions ) and intercastes ( 4 ganglions ) . the analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts that were present only in workers , but absent in intercastes and queens , confirming the hypothesis , by demonstrating the environmental effect on the queen genotype that generated phenotype - like workers .