urotrichini is a taxonomic tribe of the mole family , and consists of japanese and american shrew-moles .

the name " shrew-moles " refers to their morphological resemblance to shrews , while generally being thought of as " true moles " .

the species are the japanese shrew mole , true 's shrew mole and american shrew mole .

in japan , the word " himizu " ( ヒミズ ) may refer to both to the japanese shrew mole in particular and urotrichini in general ; when true 's shrew mole is distinguished from the general himizu forms , the feminine diminutive word " hime " is added to refer to the smaller size of that species .

although they are common in japan , their alpine habitats , small size , and secretive lifestyle makes them generally unknown except among some mountain people and researchers .

urotrichini

, subfamily uropsilinae ) and showed a phylogenetic history moderately different from that of shrew moles ( tribes neurotrichini and urotrichini , subfamily talpinae ) . members of the genus
) focused on less - saturated transversional substitutions , the depth of the calibration point seems too old ( 25–35 mya for the divergence between urotrichini and talpini ) , so that the estimated time scale may be overestimated . the estimates of kirihara et al . (
. . . another plesiomorphic character is the presence of a single and undivided mesostyle in the upper molars ( character 17 # 1 ; character 18 # 1 ) , a feature shared with uropsilus and the urotrichini . however , the teeth of t . minor do not show other specializations present in urotrichini , such as enlarged incisor alveoli and the broadened mandibular ramus ( barrow & macleod 2008 ; sansalone 2015 ) . the only explicit specializations that can be observed in t . minor are an enlarged p1 , which is morphologically different from the caniniform p1 exhibited by the highly fossorial moles ( see in example g . antiquus ; schwermann & martin 2012 ) , and slightly hypsodont molars . . . .
. . . another plesiomorphic character is the presence of a single and undivided mesostyle in the upper molars ( character 17 # 1 ; character 18 # 1 ) , a feature shared with uropsilus and the urotrichini . however , the teeth of t . minor do not show other specializations present in urotrichini , such as enlarged incisor alveoli and the broadened mandibular ramus ( barrow & macleod 2008 ; sansalone 2015 ) . the only explicit specializations that can be observed in t . minor are an enlarged p1 , which is morphologically different from the caniniform p1 exhibited by the highly fossorial moles ( see in example g . antiquus ; schwermann & martin 2012 ) , and slightly hypsodont molars . ziegler ( 2012 ) suggested this increased hypsodonty was an adaptation to drier environments . . . .
the chinese long - tailed mole ( scaptonyx fusicaudus ) closely resembles american ( neurotrichus gibbsii ) and japanese ( dymecodon pilirostris and urotrichus talpoides ) shrew moles in size , appearance , and ecological habits , yet it has traditionally been classified either together with ( viz subfamily urotrichinae ) or separately ( tribe scaptonychini ) from the latter genera ( tribe urotrichini sensu . . . [ show full abstract ]
urotrichini is a taxonomic tribe of the mole family , and consists of japanese and american shrew - moles . they belong to the old world moles and relatives branch of the mole family ( talpidae ) . there are only three species , each of which represents its own genus . the name ` shrew - moles ` refers to their morphological resemblance to shrews , while gene . . . . .
conflicting taxonomic classifications regarding the establishment and composition of subfamilies and tribes have been proposed for the talpid family ( hutchison 1968 ; yates 1984 ; mckenna and bell 1997 ; hutterer 2005 ) , with substantial confusion also surrounding the phylogenetic placement and taxonomic assignment of talpids in the fossil record ( ziegler 2003 , 2012 ; klietmann et al . 2015 ) . because of the robustness of the forelimb in some talpids , relatively plentiful numbers of humeri are preserved as fossils for some lineages ( e . g . , talpini , scalopini , urotrichini ) , and can provide insights into locomotory adaptations through geological time . however , the resolution of locomotory adaptations through time requires a well - resolved phylogeny , which is currently not available .
) . tribal divergences commenced during the priabonian stage ( 39 . 5–33 . 9 ma ) of the late eocene when scalopini diverged from other tribes at 37 . 0 ma ( 95 % ci = 39 . 5–35 . 3 ma ) , and continued through the rupelian ( 33 . 9–28 . 1 ma ) and chattian ( 28 . 1–23 . 03 ma ) stages of the oligocene when the three shrew mole tribes ( scaptonychini , urotrichini , neurotrichini ) diverged from each other between 30 and 27 ma ( 95 % ci = 34–23 ma ) . divergences between chinese and north american scalopins , between european and asian talpins , and between the two long - tailed mole lineages all occurred in the mid - miocene ( ca . 16 ma ; 95 % ci = 22–10 ma ) . finally , divergences between sister genera generally occurred between 18 and 7 my ( 95 % ci = 26–4 ma ) . the lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot (
members of the mammalian family talpidae—the moles , shrew moles , and desmans—include some of the least studied mammals on earth . the 43 recognized living species reflect a surprisingly diverse set of lifestyles including terrestrial , semi - fossorial , semi - aquatic , fossorial , and aquatic - fossorial ( nowak 1999 ; hutterer 2005 ) . the evolution of adaptive specializations to these diverse environments produced substantial morphological variation , for example in skeletal anatomy ( freeman 1886 ) and sensory systems ( catania 2000 ) . however , increasingly derived “stepping - stone” phenotypic adaptations can be identified across a morphological gradient from the terrestrial shrew - like moles ( uropsilinae ) , to the semi - fossorial shrew moles / long - tailed moles ( neurotrichini , urotrichini , and scaptonychini ) , and further to the fossorial “true moles” ( talpini and scalopini ) . conversely , the more aquatic members of the family , the desmans ( desmanini ) and the aquatic - fossorial star - nosed mole ( condylurini ) , are among the most unique and morphologically isolated of living mammals .
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parent taxon : talpinae according to o . g . bendukidze et al . 2009
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
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to elucidate the origins of the japanese mammalian fauna from the perspectives of biogeography and community ecology , i reviewed molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies for all non - volant terrestrial mammals indigenous to the japanese archipelago ( 63 species ) , with a particular focus on obtaining reliable chronological data . the results of this review demonstrate that geological vicariance events in the tsugaru and korea ( tsushima ) straits can explain the distribution of many japanese mammals , in particular the hokkaido - endemic species with late pleistocene origins and the honshu–shikoku–kyushu - endemic species with middle pleistocene or earlier origins . phylogenetic relatedness also contributed to the observed patterns of distribution through the processes of competitive exclusion and species assortment , and abiotic environmental filtering was another important factor . later colonists of honshu–shikoku–kyushu , from northern hokkaido or the southern tsushima islands , were mostly excluded owing to the competitive dominance of earlier residents or environmental filtering . on the other hand , the fragmented distributions of some species with more ancient origins in both hokkaido and honshu–shikoku–kyushu may be a result of the competitive dominance of later migrants . ecological coexistence can be achieved by phylogenetically dispersed species , supporting the principle of species assortment . because almost all aspects of the mammalian faunal assembly in japan can be explained by geological events or community ecological processes , the japanese archipelago may be an ideal model island system in which to study the mechanisms of faunal assembly .
i am deeply grateful to masaharu motokawa and hiroshi kajihara for inviting me to contribute to their comprehensive book on japanese animals , and for their encouragement during the manuscript preparation process . i thank masaharu motokawa , hon - tsen yu , and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript . i also thank hitoshi suzuki and past and present members of his laboratory for their invaluable assistance with my research on the molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of mammals .
here , i have reviewed molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of japanese mammals to obtain reliable estimates of the divergence time between the japanese and the continental species ( or lineage ) and the time to the most recent common ancestor ( mrca ) of the japanese mammals . where no chronological data were provided in the previous study , even though some dna sequences were determined and available in the dna database , i briefly calculated these times by using the lineage - specific evolutionary rate . it should be noted here that the most commonly used evolutionary rates proposed by brown et al . (
applied this rate to all the mammalian lineage divergence ) , so that the applications of these rates to other groups would be difficult because of the differences in the evolutionary rates among mammalian groups . for example , a corollary of the application of the evolutionary rate obtained from a slowly evolving lineage ( e . g . , ungulates ) into a rapidly evolving lineage ( e . g . , rodents ) is an overestimation of the divergence times on the rapidly evolving lineage .
) . these species could be classified into two subfamilies , soricinae and crocidurinae ( dubey et al .
) genes , these subfamilies were demonstrated to have diverged in the late early miocene [ ca . 20 mya ( million years ago ) ( fumagalli et al .
species in hokkaido established their lineages by different histories in spite of the similar distribution patterns . however , in ohdachi et al . (
) , the time scale for the lineage differentiations was not assessed based on their molecular data . hope et al . (
including the hokkaido linage was in the period of the late pleistocene ( < 0 . 13 mya ) . this time estimate is in agreement with the distribution pattern of
species evolution . however , because the evolutionary rate of hope et al . (
species might have fallen into circular argument . nevertheless , a similar evolutionary rate was suggested to be fit to the late quaternary phylogeography of various taxa from rodents to carnivorans around the bering straits ( hope et al .
) . therefore , i used the 11 % / myr ( million years ) divergence rate in this tentative time estimations . the average pairwise genetic distances between species endemic to the hsk region (
s , respectively ) were calculated to be 8 . 3 % and 8 . 8 % , respectively , thus suggesting that these lineages diverged 0 . 75 and 0 . 8 mya in the early to middle pleistocene , respectively . on the other hand , hokkaido lineages of
s were estimated to have diverged 0 . 07 and 0 . 56 mya , respectively . it is obvious to obtain the age estimate consistent with hope et al . (
because of the same assumption about the evolutionary rate . however , the middle pleistocene origin of the hokkaido lineage of
was inferred to have split 0 . 09 mya , implying that the lineage diversifications in hokkaido might have occurred in the late pleistocene . meanwhile , it was estimated that
, where the average pairwise distance between khabarovsk and hokkaido haplotypes and that among the hokkaido haplotypes both show 1 . 6 % corresponding to 0 . 15 mya based on the 11 % / myr divergence rate , suggesting that the hokkaido lineage diverged from the continental one in the final part of the middle pleistocene . regarding
, it was calculated that the divergence between the hokkaido and the continental lineages , that among three haplogroups in hokkaido , and that within each of the three haplogroups , occurred 0 . 07 , 0 . 05 , and 0 . 02 mya , respectively . all the events took place in the late pleistocene . the foregoing calculation suggests that the absence of
, whose origin in hokkaido is in the middle pleistocene , did not cross the tsugaru strait , when the land bridge was formed . probably , the lineage expansion would have occurred in the late pleistocene , as suggested in
at 3 . 5 mya ) . however , special caution must be given to the interpretation of their results . first ,
gene whose substitutions would be saturated in the time scale of their study , where the calibration point was set to approximately 20 mya , that is , at a level subjected to the saturation problem ( steppan et al .
, i suppose that their time estimates could be more realistic because they estimated divergence times by less - saturated nuclear protein - coding genes and obtained dates largely concordant with the fossil records ( he et al .
) estimated 1 . 25 mya , as already explained , 3 . 03 mya estimated for the split between
) could correspond to age about 0 . 83 mya by a very brief proportion calculation . furthermore , yuan et al . (
in taiwan is 10 . 5 % . if i use the 11 % / myr of hope et al . (
) , the time estimate for this divergence would be 0 . 95 mya , which is close to 0 . 83 mya , although slightly larger .
) clarified that there are four geographically separated phylogroups in the japanese archipelago , one in kyushu and the other three in honshu . the most southern kyushu lineage first diverged , then the chugoku lineage in the southwestern honshu , and in the last kinki lineage in the east of the chugoku region and the lineage in east and central honshu were separated . the time to the mrca of the four phylogroups was inferred to be 0 . 39 mya , and divergence in each phylogroup was estimated to have occurred within 0 . 059 mya , on the basis of the 1 . 36 % transversional susbtitutions at the third codon positions per million years calculated from setting the divergence time between soricinae and crocidurinae to be 20 mya , according to fumagali et al . (
) , in which the transversional susbtitutions at the third codon positions was checked to be not saturated . in addition , by using the 11 % / myr of hope et al . (
) where average pairwise genetic distances between haplotypes in kyushu and east - central clades is 3 . 0 % , the divergence time was calculated to be 0 . 27 mya , which is not inconsistent with the middle pleistocene origin of
as estimated earlier ( 0 . 39 mya ) . all these inferences suggest that
) . as already described , because the tsugaru strait was not considered to have had a land bridge in the late pleistocene , the absence of this species from hokkaido can be explained by the late pleistocene expansion of the honshu lineages from each refugium . the reason for the absence of this species from the shikoku islands is not clear .
( amami , okinawa , miyako , and yaeyama isl . , bp10 ; table
) genes , and estimated that the crocidurinae shrew species were inferred to have diversified on mainly palaearctic and oriental regions since the late miocene . one of major clades derived from the diversifications is the asian clade , where all the four
) . using the calibration point of 20 mya for the divergence between soricinae and crocidurinae , dubey et al . (
, whose phylogenetic affinity was not unambiguously inferred , was generated 5 . 42 mya during the earliest diversification among the asian clade .
in tsushima islands has not been dated in any of these previous studies , data used by motokawa et al . (
gene between the tsushima lineage and the most closely related cheju lineage was 1 . 2 % , suggesting that the divergence time is 0 . 1 mya on the basis of the 11 % / myr divergence rate of hope et al . (
including the japanese lineage have never been investigated . thus , the time scale cannot be evaluated here . concerning the other intraspecific genetic diversity of these crocidurinae species , it was suggested that there is a clear phylogeographic demarcation between eastern and western japanese lineages in
) . their average pairwise genetic distance is 3 . 7 % , indicating that evolutionary split between eastern and western linages occurred 0 . 34 mya based on the 11 % / myr divergence rate . it has also been known that individuals of
( zemlemrova et al . 2013 ) ] . no talpid species are observed in hokkaido . the biogeographic patterns for the talpid species are bp6 [ the lesser japanese shrew mole
) . their precise distributions are not considered to overlap except for the narrow geographic boundaries among them . in fact , the distribution of
predominantly occupies the western part of japan and possesses the same species as in the eurasian continent . these distribution patterns suggest the different evolutionary history among these mole and shrew mole species . previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have clarified that the asian fossorial moles formed a monophyletic lineage (
, i could not discuss the origin of this species hereafter ) . namely , among the japanese mole species ,
at the last . combined with the distributions of these moles in the japanese archipelago , these phylogenetic relationships suggest that the japanese mole species migrated from the eurasian continent following the branching order in the phylogeny , implying that the earlier the migration is , the more restricted the distributions are to montane regions , islands and small areas , and the northeastern region in honshu . on the basis of the fossil record ( 16 . 4–20 . 5 mya for the earliest talpini fossil in east asia and 4 . 0–4 . 3 mya for the oldest
lineage was estimated to be 17 . 1 mya in the analyses using the mitochondrial
( both eurasian and japanese lineages are included ) 5 . 7 mya . on the other hand , using the similar calibration standard based on the fossil records , he et al . (
split occurred 3 . 42 to 4 . 5 mya , thus indicating estimates younger than those in shinohara et al . (
) . this difference in the time estimates would be caused by the stronger effect of the mitochondrial genes in shinohara et al . (
branched off in this order 12 . 6–17 . 7 , 6 . 6–9 . 2 , and 2 . 5–3 . 4 mya , respectively ( tsuchiya et al .
branched off in this order 5 . 21 , 3 . 64 , 2 . 31 , and 1 . 20 mya , respectively . these time estimates are much younger than those in other studies . i suppose that the divergence times inferred by shinohara et al . (
) might be overestimates because they depended on the mitochondrial genes in some degree for the time scale , where the mitochondrial genes would not work well because of the saturation problem , and also adopted the calibration point based on the earliest record of talpini in east asia ( 16 . 4–20 . 5 mya ) , which might also be too old for the mitochondrial gene variations to be calibrated . although tsuchiya et al . (
) are in agreement with the geological and eustatic records and the migration ages of the proboscidean species into japan . kirihara et al . (
gene ( 4–6 % / myr ) , these two “species” diverged 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 mya ; this is a level of intraspecific variation ( kirihara et al .
endemic to the japanese archipelago , their origins have not been clearly understood . previous molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these two shrew mole species formed a clade ( shinohara et al .
) . however , no time scale has been estimated yet . furthermore , as no talpid species is closely related to one of these species ( that is , the clade consists of these two species only ) , it is not clear which species migrated into the japanese archipelago first . taking into account that
( average pairwise genetic distance was 11 . 4 % ; data were derived from shinohara et al .
show a very high extent of intraspecific variations corresponding to the interspecific difference in other mole and shrew mole species ( shinohara et al .
are 7 % , 10 . 6 % , and 6 . 9 % , respectively , on the basis of the data of shinohara et al . (
) , which could be calculated to be 1 . 17–1 . 75 mya , 1 . 77–2 . 65 mya , and 1 . 15–1 . 73 mya , respectively , following a 4–6 % / myr
) . assuming that the divergence between asian and barbary macaques occurred 3 . 0 mya , based on the fossil record and using a portion of the mitochondrial dna sequences (
0 . 65 to 0 . 73 mya and the differentiation among three japanese lineages took place 0 . 19 to 0 . 37 mya . on the other hand , tosi et al . (
) genes for the divergence time estimations postulating that the initial divergence of macaques occurred 5 . 5 mya , caused by the messinian salinity crisis . in this study , the time for the branching of
from the other closely related species above was estimated to be 1 . 0 mya in the y - chromosomal gene tree . although not estimated clearly , the mitochondrial gene tree suggested that
diverged in a time younger than 1 . 2 mya , which is consistent with the y - chromosomal gene estimation ( tosi et al .
) and also is not contradicted by the estimates of hayasaka et al . (
was estimated to be 0 . 38 to 0 . 42 mya ( chu et al .
into the eastern marginal islands of the eurasian continent . although the exact time of the migration has not been fixed yet , the last estimate by chu et al . (
experienced a rapid expansion 0 . 16 to 1 . 00 mya ( marmi et al .
with more individual samples from the northernmost shimokita peninsula ( located in the northern part of aomori prefecture in northernmost honshu ) to the southernmost yakushima islands ( located in the south of the kyushu islands ) by the control region sequences , demonstrated that there are major eastern and western lineages in the japanese archipelago , and suggested that the eastern lineage experienced the recent northward demographic expansion from a refugium in the post - glacial periods in the late quaternary .
) , in which almost all the species are observed in europe and africa . the japanese dormouse
is the only species within gliridae that inhabits east asia , it is extremely difficult to infer the origin of this species in japan by only investigating the extant species . nevertheless , nunome et al . (
( 25 mya ) that their divergence occurred 24 to 30 mya under the background of major glirid diversifications during a relatively warmer climate period from the early oligocene ( 34 mya ) to the mid - miocene climatic optimum ( 15–17 mya ) . these time estimates suggest that the origin of the japanese dormouse may have predated the formation of the japanese archipelago ( about 15 mya ; neall and trewick
) . additionally , it could be argued that the past 15 million years have seen declines of east asian dormice because of the climate change into colder and drier environments , which the dormice do not favor ( zachos et al .
possesses nine geographic lineages that diversified 3 to 5 mya . yasuda et al . (
) concluded that the divergences into these local populations occurred within the japanese archipelago . furthermore , they showed that the extent of the genetic divergence among the geographically separated populations corresponds to that of interspecific variations in other mammalian groups . thus , they also suggested that each local population can be regarded as a cryptic species .
) . there are three types of ecological lifestyles among squirrels [ arboreal ( tree squirrels ) , terrestrial ( ground squirrels ) , and gliding ( flying squirrels ) locomotors ] . recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of the multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genetic loci have determined five major lineages corresponding to subfamilial level and suggested that the arboreal tree squirrel is the ancestral type that would have had a key role in the major squirrel diversifications and subsequent derivation of the terrestrial and gliding squirrel lineages ( mercer and roth
) , which are assigned to two of these major clades , a clade of arboreal and gliding squirrels ( sciurinae in steppan et al .
) and a clade of mostly ground squirrels ( xerinae in steppan et al .
( terrestrial , but , in fact , intermediate between terrestrial and arboreal ) ( steppan et al .
the japanese sciurid species show clear distributional trends . namely , congeneric species do not share the same distribution although species in the different genera do coexist in the same region (
in the hsk region ) . hence , it follows that there are only two biogeographic patterns for the squirrels on the japanese archipelago , bp2 ( table
species in the family soricidae . although some phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies have been known for
) , few of these examined time scales for the lineage differentiations or demographic events . oshida and masuda (
to be 4 . 0 to 5 . 2 mya based on the 0 . 5 % transversional substitutions / myr of the
) . this value would be an overestimate , probably because of the use of the underestimated substitution rate ( from the application of the slowly evolving ungulate rate into the rapidly evolving rodent time scale ) . later , oshida et al . (
gene considering that the divergence rate was suggested to be variable among rodents within the range of 5–10 % / myr [ see brunhoff et al . (
) for the rationale ] . if i adopt the 5–10 % / myr of divergence rate for the case of
was inferred to be 4 . 9–6 . 8 % , the divergence time between these species is 0 . 49–1 . 36 mya ( 4 . 9–6 . 8 % divided by 5–10 % ) , which is more consistent with the palaeontological evidence suggesting that the lineage of
lineage migrated into the japanese archipelago via northern or southern routes is not easy , the origin from the korean peninsula , the southern route , may be plausible because their absence in hokkaido can more easily be explained . however , even if it is the case , it is difficult to understand why the ancestral lineage did not reach hokkaido despite the multiple chances of migration via the land bridges formed in the tsugaru strait since the early to middle pleistocene period . probably , the population expansion might have occurred in the late pleistocene as in
is not clear because there have been no molecular chronological studies comparing the continental and hokkaido lineages . if i calculate their divergence time on the basis of the
; hokkaido , korean , and transbaikalian individuals ) , it was inferred that the hokkaido lineage diverged from the monophyletic korean and transbaikalian lineage 0 . 18 to 0 . 36 mya in the middle pleistocene , where the average between genetic distances of the hokkaido / korea ( 1 . 3 % ) and the hokkaido / transbaikalia ( 2 . 3 % ) was divided by the 5–10 % / myr divergence rate ( oshida et al .
from europe to east asia and suggested the recent rapid population expansion , although no time frame was provided . my tentative hypothesis is the middle pleistocene origin for the hokkaido lineage of
. however , more rigorous phylogeographic studies are needed for future precise time estimations .
, the hokkaido population was clarified as a monophyletic lineage ( oshida et al .
) , and the divergence from the eurasian lineages was estimated to have taken place 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 mya based on the 5–10 % / myr divergence rate for the
, no studies have been conducted on the intraspecific genetic diversity . comparison of the
) enabled me to estimate that the average sequence difference between them was 12 . 3 % , implying that they diverged 1 . 2 to 2 . 5 mya on the basis of the 5–10 % / myr divergence rate as above ( oshida et al .
are mainly distributed in the southern parts of the eurasian continent rather than the northern eurasian regions . among them ,
, endemic to japan , is the most divergent lineage within the genus ( oshida et al .
lineage took place around the late miocene period ( about 8–10 mya ) . li et al . ( 2013 ) also examined the
gene and obtained a much older time estimate ( 12 . 5 mya ) for the origin of the
( 0 . 6–1 . 3 mya ) as the calibration points . however , these time values might be results of overestimations : first , because of using the underestimated evolutionary rate of irwin et al . (
gene to estimate reliable divergence times because of the severe saturation effect as has been noted . if i apply the 5–10 % / myr divergence rate of
and the other congeneric species was estimated to have occurred 1 . 39 to 3 . 06 mya , which is more similar to or slightly more ancient than the date of the origin of similarly the hsk - endemic sciurid species ,
) . the phylogeographic analyses of the mitochondrial d - loop region by oshida et al . (
in the japanese archipelago and suggested that the kyushu is the ancestral region for the diversification of this species because the kyushu population has the most divergent or ancestral haplotypes and two of three major lineages . combined with the presence of the closely related
. the divergence among the three major lineages was estimated to have occurred 0 . 4 to 1 . 0 mya based on the evolutionary rate of the human d - loop sequences ( 8 . 6 % / million years ; vigilant et al .
gene and found that there are five distinct phylogroups ( kyushu , southwest , southeast , central , and north ) , including the three major lineages of oshida et al . (
) . using 5–10 % / myr for the divergence rate , they estimated that diversifications among five major lineages occurred 0 . 09 to 0 . 24 mya . these estimates are in agreement with the divergence time between
and the closest species ( 1 . 39–3 . 06 mya ) . additionally , oshida et al . (
, in which the other species are all found in the american continent . there have been few phylogeographic studies including the hokkaido lineage of
) examined one individual from hokkaido together with many samples from russia , china , and korea . they showed that there are at least three divergent lineages in this species , northern eurasian , korean , and central chinese lineages ( but the validity of the last one is still open to question because this is based on pet shop samples with unknown origin ) . the japanese chipmunk is included in the northern eurasian lineage . although their approach for the divergence time estimation is arbitrary because they forced the divergence among these major lineages to have occurred in the onset of the middle pleistocene period without clear explanations for the calibration procedure , the differentiations among lineages within the northern eurasian clade , including the lineage of hokkaido , was calculated to have transpired 0 . 11 to 0 . 47 mya in the middle to late pleistocene period . here again , if i apply the 5–10 % / myr rule to the data of obolenskaya et al . (
) , the divergence time among the northern eurasian lineages was estimated to be 0 . 10 to 0 . 19 mya ( average genetic difference among 90 individuals within the northern eurasian clade , 0 . 95 % , divided by 5–10 % ) , which is congruent with the estimate of obolenskaya et al . (
, all belonging to the subfamily murinae . the murinae is the most diversified subfamily within the muridae , and the interrelationships among the major lineages ( genera ) within this subfamily have remained to be elucidated because of the rapid diversifications during a relatively short evolutionary time span ( sato and suzuki
lineage endemic to nepal , the lineage mainly occupying the east asia , and the lineage mainly observed in europe . four species are found in japan , the striped field mouse
divergence at 12 mya . because more closely related species are missing in continental asia , it is supposed that the formation of the japanese archipelago might have affected the generation of such highly divergent endemic species . because the time estimates for the generation of
( 5 . 9 mya ) correspond to the late miocene age that saw the vegetation changes promoted by the environmental shift to a colder and drier climate ( cerling et al .
from all the major islands and neighboring small islands , and estimated , with the evolutionary rate of 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( suzuki et al .
separating central ( honshu , shikoku , and kyushu islands ) and peripheral ( hokkaido , sado , izu , and satsunan islands ) lineages . tomozawa and suzuki (
) for the central / peripheral trend , although the hokkaido and sado lineages were included in the central lineage , the satsunan lineages were observed in both lineages , and the oki and tsushima lineages were added to the peripheral lineage . tomozawa and suzuki (
) discussed that allopatric fragmentation might have caused the generation of the central and peripheral lineages , and the recent population expansion at 0 . 14 mya ( based on 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr as earlier ) formed the current distribution pattern of the central lineage , where the male - biased dispersal might replace the nuclear genome of hokkaido , sado , and a part of satsunan populations with the peripheral mtdna types that remained because of female philopatry . it should be noted here that although all the dating estimates are fundamentally based on the frequently used divergence time between
( 12 mya ) , the recent palaeontological ( 11 . 0–12 . 3 mya ; benton and donoghue
) and molecular phylogenetic ( 8 . 6–10 . 3 mya ; steppan et al .
) studies have gradually supported younger dates than 12 mya . therefore , the real divergence and population expansion times could also be more recent than obtained here based on the 12 mya for the
and clarified the monophyly of the hokkaido population to the continental one . the estimate for the divergence time of the hokkaido lineage from the continental equivalent in the most recent study was 0 . 1 mya in the late pleistocene , based on fossil calibrations that the divergence between
) . both these studies indicated that the population from siberia to the russian far east harbors a higher extent of genetic diversity , therefore implying the existence of refugia in the glacial periods in the pleistocene . probably the hokkaido lineage is a result of the population expansion from the refugial region in far east asia ( serizawa et al .
) and mainly favors open environments ( e . g . , grasslands ; ohdachi et al .
) , which is suggestive of the recent rapid population expansion across wide areas in eurasia . yasuda et al . (
) estimated on the basis of 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( suzuki et al .
) that the divergence between the japan / korea and european lineages occurred 0 . 08 mya in the late pleistocene and also suggested that the population expansion within the japanese archipelago occurred 0 . 03 mya . such a recent establishment of this species in japan is in agreement with the lack of any fossil records of this species in japan ( ohdachi et al .
) that the korea ( tsushima ) strait was not available by land bridges in this age . i discussed the possible process of the origin of
in the text ( oversea dispersal hypothesis ) . here again , also note that dating with the 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr rate of suzuki et al . (
gene lineage that is not found in the other populations in southeast asia and concluded that it was established by a natural dispersal instead of an anthropogenic effect . on the other hand , shimada et al . (
in ryukyu islands was shown to be closely related to the laos lineage within a strongly supported clade of the southern southeast asian clade and did not show close affinity with the geographically close taiwan lineage . because of this ambiguous status , i did not consider this species in discussions .
) , and the divergence time between these species was estimated to be 6 . 5–8 . 1 mya by nuclear gene analyses (
) suggested with rdna - rflp data that the lineages in amami–oshima and tokunoshima diverged 1 . 2 to 2 . 3 mya based on the previously estimated evolutionary rate of 1–2 % / myr , whereas the time was 4 . 4 mya based on a partial
gene data although it depended on the evolutionary rate of brown et al . (
was 5 . 4 % , which could be calculated to be 2 . 58 and 1 . 13 mya , respectively , on the basis of the 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr substitution rate ( suzuki et al .
split , which is not consistent with the current knowledge as already noted ( 8 . 6–10 . 3 mya , steppan et al .
) . if i adopt the average 10 . 55 mya { ( [ 8 . 6 + 10 . 3 ] / 2 + [ 11 + 12 . 3 ] / 2 ) / 2 } , 20–30 % means 2 . 11–3 . 17 mya for the divergence of the lineage for
) that the ryukyu islands were connected multiple times to the eurasian continent in two stages , the former of which was 1 . 3 to 1 . 6 mya .
) for the genus name , but basically adopted the common names and species numbers in ohdachi et al . (
) . the origins of these three species in hokkaido are considered independent of each other . kohli et al . (
) . they found that there are distinct phylogroups that would have been derived from at least three refugia located in western eurasia , central eurasia , and beringia . the divergences among these phylogroups were estimated to have occurred during the last 0 . 1 million years in the late pleistocene . it was also suggested that the monophyletic hokkaido lineage was possibly originated by the expansion from a northern refugium , beringia . if the establishment of this species in hokkaido originally occurred in the late pleistocene , it can explain the absence of this species in more southern japanese islands because of the same reason for
at 2 . 5 mya ) that the monophyletic hokkaido lineage diverged from the clade mainly composed of the far east russian and sakhalin lineages 0 . 27 mya and experienced the population expansion 0 . 04–0 . 05 mya in hokkaido . although abramson et al . (
) did not provide intra - lineage dating information , the most recent common ancestor of the hokkaido individuals could be estimated to be present in the late pleistocene ( < 0 . 13 mya ) , inferred from the branch length of the phylogeny that they provided . therefore , the absence of
) was estimated to have occurred in the middle pleistocene ( 0 . 81 mya ; abramson et al .
) . based on the results of the mitochondrial dna control region , kawai et al . (
) detected four phylogroups from the several fragmented populations in hokkaido and concluded that such phylogroups were shaped by the genetic divergences across several refugia formed in the glacial periods since the middle pleistocene . this conclusion is because in their study the time to the mrca of the
phylogroups was estimated to be 0 . 12–0 . 58 mya in the middle pleistocene based on the “mutation” rate of 3 . 6 % / myr ( based on the divergence time of 7–8 mya between
) and 17 % / myr ( based on the divergence time of 1 . 8 mya for the siberian and the nearctic brown lemmings ; fedorov and stenseth
) estimated for the arvicoline control region diversity . however , despite that these rates were originally proposed as “divergence” rates considering two descendant lineages , kawai et al . (
) adopted them as per - lineage mutation rates . therefore , the foregoing estimates ( 0 . 12–0 . 58 mya ) should be corrected to 0 . 24–1 . 16 mya . the corrected estimates also largely include the middle pleistocene period and are not inconsistent with the divergence of the
lineage as estimated above ( 0 . 81 mya ) . it is not clear why
did not reach more southern japanese islands despite the presence of the land bridge in the tsugaru strait in the middle pleistocene , but a community ecological mechanism may explain the absence in honshu and more southern islands .
) . the former was mainly found in the eastern honshu and the latter in the western honshu , shikoku , and kyushu , while their distributions are partly overlapped in the central honshu . their ancestral common lineage was inferred to have diverged 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 mya from the clade composed of
) . time scales for the differentiations have not been fully assessed to date in a reliable manner . assuming that the time to the mrca of the red - backed voles was 1 . 8 mya , luo et al . (
) estimated with the fossil calibration ( 2 . 6 mya for the time to the mrca of
0 . 50 mya . these time estimates might be too recent to be regarded as those for valid species differentiation . iwasa and suzuki (
species in honshu by morphological criteria only . probably future taxonomic revision would be needed on the basis of more rigorous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies for the
species in the hsk region . alternatively , it is also probable that the ancestral polymorphisms of both species have been retained since the divergence between
. female philopatry might have influenced the maintenance of such divergent lineage in the mitochondrial gene . iwasa and suzuki (
gene , which is male specific and irrelevant for the female philopatry . also in this case , all the populations may be assigned to one
) and includes mainly herbivorous small rodents adapted to grasslands , taiga , steppe , and tundra . there is only one
) . there have been few studies that examined chronological aspects of this species based on molecular data . bannikova et al . (
gene and the time constraint of 2 . 2 mya for the radiation of the basal
diverged from the aforementioned closely related species 0 . 95 mya . the time estimate is similar to that of the
species in hsk . in the fossil evidence , this species was found since the middle pleistocene ( kawamura et al .
could have expanded to all the japanese islands , hokkaido , honshu , shikoku , and kyushu . the absence of this species from hokkaido and shikoku requires some explanation in light of phylogeography or ecology . kaneko (
and species in the same guild would shed more light on the reasons for the peculiar distribution pattern of this species .
) . in japan , 3 species are present and their distributions are geographically partitioned . the mountain hare
from the other genera was 9 . 44 mya in the total data analysis and 8 . 63 mya in the nuclear gene data analysis on the basis of the palaeontological records ( leporidae–ochotonidae split , 20–40 mya ; the origin of the modern leporid , 12–20 mya ; the divergence of the genus
, 4–6 mya ; the oldest divergence time of the ingroup , 60 mya ) . probably the former value ( 9 . 44 mya ) would be overestimated because the mitochondrial genes were included in the examined data matrix . the latter estimate ( 8 . 63 mya ) is not contradicted by the late miocene origin of the murine rodent genus
, also endemic to the ryukyu region ( 6 . 5–8 . 0 mya ; sato and suzuki
was not resolved on the earlier radiation among different leporid genera . assuming the molecular clock of the
from each sister lineage were estimated to be 12–16 mya , 4–5 mya , and 0 . 5–0 . 6 mya , respectively ( yamada et al .
lineage was 3 . 62 mya , which is not in disagreement with the estimate within the pliocene in yamada et al . (
( 12–16 mya ) is much earlier than that of matthee et al . (
) ( 8 . 63 mya ) , which mainly used nuclear genes . the difference would be attributed to the distinct properties between mitochondrial and nuclear genes for dating divergences , as repeatedly discussed earlier . therefore , the divergence times of yamada et al . (
) might be somewhat overestimated because of the exclusive use of the mitochondrial genes . if i conduct a simple calculation that 8 . 63 mya is 62 % of 14 mya ( average between 12 and 16 myas ) and apply this proportion to the other estimates of yamada et al . (
are calculated to be 2 . 48–3 . 10 mya and 0 . 31–0 . 37 mya , respectively .
) detected major two lineages ( northern and southern lineages ) and suggested several regions for refugia during the pleistocene glacial periods ( kanto , chubu , shikoku , and kyushu ) , where the genetic diversity was estimated to be higher . these two major clades were inferred to have diverged 1 . 2 mya following the lineage - specific evolutionary rate of 1 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( therefore , 2 . 8 % divergence rate ) on the basis of the assumption that
gene also indicated a similar but a little younger divergence time between northern and southern lineages ( 1 . 07 mya ; nunome et al .


parthenos , the clippers , are a genus of butterflies found in southeast asia .

parthenos sylvia is widespread , occurring from assam and burma to sri lanka , indochina , the philippines , new guinea and the solomon islands .

parthenos tigrina and p. aspila are endemic to new guinea and adjacent islands .

parthenos

parthenos sylvia virens moore , 1877 – sahyadri clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia gambrisius fabricius , 1787 – bengal clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia roepstorfii moore , 1897 – andaman clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia nila evans , 1932 – nicobar clipper ( indian subspecies ) .
parthenos will bring together several existing research infrastructures to make it easier to find and combine information from different domains . therefore parthenos will join together data and people from many disciplines in the humanities . by working together , parthenos will :
an example of a parthenos is a woman who has never had sexual intercourse .
pheidias introduced his own portrait and that of pericles on the shield of his parthenos statue .
species platarctia parthenos - st . lawrence tiger moth - hodges # 8162 - bugguide . net
parthenos tigrina terentianus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647
parthenos sylvia aspila ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 67
the acronym parthenos stands for “pooling activities , resources and tools for heritage e - research networking , optimization and synergies” . it is inspired by athena parthenos , the greek goddess of wisdom , inspiration and civilization .
parthenos sylvia sangira talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 165 ; tl : sangier
parthenos stands for “pooling activities , resources and tools for heritage e - research networking , optimization and synergies” . it is inspired by the name of athena parthenos , the greek goddess of wisdom , inspiration and civilization .
you can access the tools , services and resources made available by parthenos by clicking on the links below .
parthenos sylvia salentia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201
parthenos sylvia sulana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201
parthenos sylvia numita fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : goram
parthenos sylvia sangira ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201
do you have questions about the parthenos project ? send us an email and we will get in touch shortly .
parthenos will establish the foundations for future interoperability of the humanities : other domains will be able to integrate into the parthenos infrastructure ( currently under development ) . other less integrated domains will be able to learn the value of preserving and sharing data and findings . parthenos will build bridges between the existing european research infrastructure consortiums ( erics ) , like clarin and dariah , and provide a roadmap for future development and collaboration of the erics . parthenos will produce :
parthenos sylvia etoga fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : guadalcanar
parthenos sylvia bangkaiensis fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 646 ; tl : bangkai
parthenos aspila tenebrosa rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : dampier island
parthenos aspila vulcanica rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : vulcan island
parthenos sylvia neohannoverana fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : new hanover
parthenos sylvia obiana fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : obi i .
parthenos sylvia pherekrates fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : fergusson i .
parthenos sylvia theriotes fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 747 ; tl : new guinea
parthenos tigrina ; [ bow ] : pl . 149 , f . 18 ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ]
parthenos sylvia guineensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : new guinea
parthenos sylvia bandana fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 646 ; tl : banda i .
parthenos sylvia ugiensis fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : ugi i .
parthenos sylvia admiralia rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 207 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands
parthenos sylvia sumbae van eecke , 1933 ; zool . meded . 16 ( 6 ) : 62 ; tl : w . soemba
parthenos sylvia pardalis fruhstorfer , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : waigiu
parthenos aspila honrath , 1888 ; berl . ent . z . 32 ( 1 ) : 248 ; tl : german new guinea
poole ( 1989 ) included parthenos hübner , 1823 ; and catocalirrhus andrews , 1877 as junior synonyms of euparthenos grote , 1876 .
parthenos sylvia philippensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 249 ; tl : luzon ; bazilan
parthenos sylvia ellina fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : batjan ; halmaheira
parthenos sylvia tualensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : tual , key
parthenos sylvia butlerinus ab . bellimontis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 254 ; tl : borneo
parthenos sylvia pherekides fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 73 ; tl : milne bay , collingwood - bay
parthenos cyaneus moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 115 ) : 46 ; tl : ceylon
parthenos thesaurinus grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 177 ; tl : santa cruz
parthenos sylvia sulana fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 249 ; tl : sula , mangoli , besi
parthenos sylvia joloensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : jolo , sula - archipel
parthenos sylvia sumatrensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 254 ; tl : deli ; bedagei , sumatra
posted by joel h . | translation practice | alma , bible , bible translation , isaiah 7 : 14 , parthenos , translation | 13 comments
type - species : parthenos nubilis hübner , 1823 . samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . [ 215 ] . [ bhl ]
parthenos sylvia var . brunnea staudinger , 1888 ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 13 ) : 141 ; tl : amboina
the specific epithet parthenos is a greek noun meaning ‘‘virgin’’ or ‘‘maiden , ’’ in reference to the presumed reproductive strategy of this all - female species .
parthenos lilacinus butler , 1879 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 1 ( 8 ) : 544 ; tl : malacca ; penang
parthenos was a princess of the island of naxos who leapt into the sea , along with her sister hemithea , to escape the wrath of her father staphylos . the pair were transformed into goddesses by apollon who , according to some , was their natural father . parthenos was worshipped in the karian ( carian ) town of bubastos and her sister hemithea in neighbouring kastabos ( castabus ) . according to some parthenos was also set amongst the stars as the constellation virgo .
parthenos virens moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 115 ) : 46 ; tl : calicut , malabar coast
parthenos roepstorfii moore , [ 1897 ] ; lepidoptera indica 3 ( 27 ) : 54 , pl . 207 , f . 2 ; tl : andamans , nicobar
the parthenos project empowers digital research in the fields of history , language studies , cultural heritage , archaeology , and related fields across the ( digital ) humanities .
parthenos tigrina and p . aspila are endemic to new guinea and surounding islands . p . sylvia is widespread , occurring from the solomon islands to sri lanka .
parthenos apicalis moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 829 ; tl : above ahsown ; taoo , 3000 - 5000ft
parthenos is led by pin ( italy ) and has 16 partners . the scientific coordinator is prof . franco niccolucci . to know more about the partners please visit the dedicated page
the parthenos virtual research environment provides free access to data , tools and services ( e . g . natural language processing tools , entity recognition , … ) to support humanities researchers .
a junior homonym of parthenos hübner , [ 1819 ] 1816 , verz . bekannter schmett . : 38 , lepid . , nymphalidae . the objective replacement name is euparthenos grote , 1876 .
posted by joel h . | q & a , translation practice | alma , bible , bible secrets revealed , bible translation , history channel , parthenos , translation , virgin birth | 12 comments
posted by joel h . | translation practice | alma , bible , bible translation , isaiah 7 : 14 , matthew 1 : 23 , parthenos , proof text , translation , virgin birth | 5 comments
parthenos is a horizon 2020 project funded by the european commission . the views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the european commission .
[ the constellation virgo . ] others call her a daughter of apollo by chrysothemis , an infant , named parthenos ( maiden ) . because she died youg she was put by apollo among the constellations .
there are many stately figures in the roman and other museums which clearly belong to the same school as the parthenos ; but they are copies of the roman age , and not to be trusted in point of style .
parthenos sylvia ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 149 , f . 17 ; [ bor ] , 336 ; [ mrs ] , 555 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 200
there are 3 species in the genus parthenos . the commonest and most widespread is sylvia , which is found from india to the philippines , and south to papua new guinea . the remaining species , aspila and tigrina , are both endemic to new guinea .
already it had been robbed of many of its works of art , among them the athena promachos and the parthenos of pheidias , for the adornment of constantinople , and further spoliation took place when the church of st sophia was built in a . d .
pa′rthenos ( parthenos ) , i . e . the virgin , a surname of athena at athens , where the famous temple parthenon was dedicated to her . ( paus . i . 24 , v . ii . § 5 , viii . 41 . § 5 , x . 34 , in fin . ) parthenos also occurs as the proper name of the daughter of apollo and chrysothemis , who after her premature death was placed by her father among the stars . ( hygin . poet . astr . 25 . in fin . )
in this case , the hebrew word here — alma — probably referred to what we would now call a teenager . ( the greek translation in the septuagint , parthenos , probably did mean “virgin , ” but the greek here is widely regarded as a translation mistake . )
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . parthenos sylvia cramer , 1775 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
parthenos aims at strengthening the cohesion of research in the broad sector of linguistic studies , humanities , cultural heritage , history , archaeology and related fields through a thematic cluster of european research infrastructures , integrating initiatives , e - infrastructures and other world - class infrastructures , and building bridges between different , although tightly , interrelated fields . parthenos will achieve this objective through the definition and support of common standards , the coordination of joint activities , the harmonization of policy definition and implementation , and the development of pooled services and of shared solutions to the same problems .
posted by joel h . | bible versions , translation practice , translation theory | alma , bible , bible translation , biblical prophecy , isaiah 7 : 14 , luke 1 : 26 , matthew 1 : 18 , nab , nabre , parthenos , translation , virgin birth | 45 comments
but among the greeks themselves the two works of pheidias which far outshone all others , and were the basis of his fame , were the colossal figures in gold and ivory of zeus at olympia and of athena parthenos at athens , both of which belong to about the middle of the 5th century .
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unfortunately , the septuagint — the highly influential ancient greek translation of the old testament — got the translation wrong here , translating the hebrew alma as the greek parthenos , which ( probably ) did mean “virgin . ” it was an easy mistake to make , because most young women back then were virgins , and most virgins were young women . it would be like translating “teenager” as “high - school student” in a society where most teenagers were in fact in high school .
matthew 1 : 18 - 25 only uses “virgin” ( parthenos ) in quoting isaiah 7 : 14 . but matthew’s description of jesus’ birth is nonetheless clear on the matter . the text uses the euphemisms “before [ mary and joseph ] came together [ sunerchomai ] ” and “ [ joseph ] did not know [ ginosko ] her [ mary ] until after she gave birth” to indicate that mary was a virgin , and the text twice clarifies that the pregnancy was “from the holy spirit” [ ek pneumatos agiou ] .
parthenos is a consortium of national research organisations ( e . g . cnr , italy and inria , france ) , cultural heritage institutions and existing research infrastructures ( as listed in the previous answer ) , which in turn often consist of many member organisations based across europe . the project is led by pin scrl , a research and educational public body organized as a consortium formed by the university of florence and local institutions . there are fifteen other partners . you can visit each of the participating organisations via this web page : urltoken
alma and god said anthropos bible bible interpretation bible translation bible versions biblical prophecy bill mounce book giveaway ceb cev dragon dynamic equivalence esv formal equivalence gender gender accuracy genesis genesis 1 : 1 gnb god ' s word grammar greek greek grammar hebrew hebrew grammar idiom imagery isaiah isaiah 7 : 14 job joel m . hoffman john 3 : 16 jps king james version kjv leviticus 18 : 22 linguistics lxx matthew matthew 1 : 18 metaphor modern hebrew nab nephesh niv niv2011 njb nlt nrsv parthenos poetry proof text psalm 23 rashi reading level sarx semantics sin song of solomon song of songs son of god syntax ten commandments the message tniv to ' evah translation translation theory translation traps travel virgin birth word order year in review
liolaemus parthenos abdala , baldo , juárez & espinoza 2016 liolaemus boulengeri cei 1973 : 464 , in part liolaemus boulengeri — cei & roig 1976 : 71ff , in part liolaemus boulengeri — cei & castro 1978 : 9 , 21 , map 16 , in part liolaemus boulengeri — cei 1986 : 220–221 , in part liolaemus boulengeri — schulte et al . 2000 : 79 , 87 ; table 1 ; figs . 4–6 liolaemus sp . nov . morando et al . 2004 : 845 ; table 1–3 ; figs . 2 , 8 liolaemus sp . abdala & diaz gómez 2006 : 29 ; fig . 3 liolaemus sp . 3 . abdala 2007 : 51ff ; figs . 32–36 liolaemus cf . darwinii — pincheira - donoso et al . 2007 : 32 ; fig . 3 liolaemus cf . darwinii — schulte 2013 : 5 ; fig . 1 liolaemus sp . 3 olave et al . 2014 : 329 , 331 ; figs . 4 , 6
in both males and females , the upperside dark olive - green . the forewing with two broad black streaks from base , a transverse black line across cell followed by a white bar and two white spots beyond , a broad oblique discal band formed of large white spots bordered with black from costa , just before the apex , to interspace 1 , terminating in a bluish patch . finally , post - discal and terminal black bands . hind - wing : a basal and sub - basal transverse black streak , a transverse series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly and two subcostal white spots . the discal area is marked with dark brown paired streaks in the interspaces , confluent outwardly , followed by a post - discal series of triangular dark spots and a terminal broad dark band . underside : pale bluish green , the black streaks from base of wings wanting , the markings otherwise as on upperside but less well defined . head , thorax and abdomen olive green barred with black ; beneath whitish . parthenos sylvia virens is the southern india form , very much resembling p . sylvia gambrisius but of a bronze green on the upperside and pale greenish grey on the underside fading to ashy grey towards the terminal margin of the forewing .
ceylon , w . ghats , nilgiris , e . bengal , assam , burma , malaya , philippines , new guinea . see [ maps ]
cyaneformis tytler , 1939 ; entomologist 72 : 78 ; tl : andaman i .
larva on modecca [ bir ] , cucurbitaceae , ( new guinea ) [ baur ] adenia palmata , tinospora cordifolia [ bmp ] , ? tinospora , adenia , passiflora vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201
? nymphalis sylla westwood , 1838 ; donovan , insects china ( new edn ) : 69 , pl . 38 [ missp . ? ]
papilio gambrisius fabricius , 1787 ; mantissa insectorum 2 : 12 ; tl : e . india
minetra nodrica boisduval , 1832 ; in d ' urville , voy . astrolabe ( faune ent . pacif . ) 1 : 126 ; tl : ? buru
minetra salentia hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 ; tl : toli - toli
773x894 ( ~ 220kb ) thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 27th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
1290x1095 ( ~ 440kb ) thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 27th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
west irian ( humboldt bay ) - nw . new guinea . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
voyage de découvertes de l ' astrolabe exécuté par ordre du roi , pendant les années 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 , sous le commandément de m . j . dumont d ' urville . faune entomologique de l ' océan pacifique , avec l ' illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage . lépidoptères in d ' urville ,
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
natural history of the insects of china , a new edition with additional observations & c . ; by j . o . westwood , f . l . s
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
is found in west irian and papua new guinea . it almost certainly also occurs on many of the surrounding islands .
this species is found in primary rainforest , usually in the vicinity of rivers , at elevations between sea level and about 800 metres .
i have no data regarding tigrina . the lifecycle is likely to be very similar to that of sylvia as follows :
the larva is brown , speckled with white dots and has broad greenish dorsal and lateral stripes . each segment bears 4 multi - branched spines , purplish brown at the base and red on the outer half . the larval foodplants include adenia ( passifloraceae ) and tinospora
the chrysalis occurs in 2 forms , either pale green or dark olive . it is plain in appearance , without protuberances , and is suspended by the cremaster from beneath a leaf .
a powerful and fast flying butterfly . the flight consists of short periods of gliding , alternating every few seconds with shallow but rapid flickering wing beats .
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webster’s new world college dictionary , 4th edition . copyright © 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt . all rights reserved .
irregular verbs are verbs that do not form the past simple tense and the past participle by adding - ed to the base form . the three main groups of irregular verbs in group a , the base form , the past . . .
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diodorus siculus , library of history 5 . 62 . 1 ( trans . oldfather ) ( greek historian c1st b . c . ) :
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i saw a teaser on the history channel about a bible show coming up . they said that the virgin birth is a translation mistake . is this really true ?
the short answer is no , it’s not true . the longer and more interesting answer is that a mistranslation does come into play , but only indirectly .
the bible show is “bible secrets revealed . ” ( incidentally , i’ll be in it . more on that later . ) and i presume this is the teaser brian saw : bible secrets revealed : sneak peek . about 20 seconds in ( not counting the annoying ad ) , dr . francesca stavrakopoulou repeats a claim she’s made to the bbc in the past : “the idea the jesus must have been born of a virgin is essentially a mistranslation . ” but it’s not .
the text displayed as dr . stavrakopoulou speaks is isaiah 7 : 14 , which originally referred to a young woman even though it is often wrongly translated as “a virgin shall conceive . ” the mistranslation as “virgin” dates back to the greek version of the bible known as the
( “virgin” ) . it’s not the only place the septuagint makes this and similar mistakes . but because matthew ( 1 : 23 ) highlights the greek here , this mistranslation is well known .
in a recent piece on the bbc , interviewer nicky campbell spoke with dr . francesca stavrakopoulou , professor of hebrew bible and ancient religion at the university of exeter . responding to a question about the virgin birth , dr . stavrakopoulou said that , “basically , the virgin birth idea is a mistranslation . ”
the nab’s decision to change “virgin” to “young woman” in isaiah 7 : 14 has once again brought up the virgin birth , mary , and the nature of prophesy , as well as the role of translation in accurately conveying the text of the bible .
most reports i’ve seen recently , though , confuse what are really three separate issues here .
the first issue is the text of isaiah 7 : 14 . the hebrew there reads : “an alma … will bear a son and call him ` emmanuel . ' ” it has long been known that alma does not mean “virgin . ” rather , the hebrew word applies to any young woman . so the english translation of that line should read along the lines of “a young woman … will bear a son…” ( the evidence is widely known and readily available , including in my and god said . )
based on this mistranslation , though , most modern translations — going back to the kjv and including the recently published niv — translate “a virgin … will bear a son” here . ( the niv has a footnote , “or young woman . ” ) the new nab ( “nabre” ) is a notable exception . that version now has , “the young woman , pregnant and about to bear a son , shall name him emmanuel . ” their choice to go with “young woman” reflects the correct understanding of the original hebrew ( though i do have problems with their phrasing of the rest of the line ) .
importantly , though , isaiah 7 : 14 is not the description of “the virgin birth” of jesus . rather , we find the virgin birth first in matthew 1 : 18 - 25 , which brings us to the second issue .
as part of the description of jesus’ birth , the text in matthew cites isaiah 7 : 14 , noting that jesus’ birth “fulfilled” ( plirow ) the phrophet isaiah’s words ( a point i return to below ) .
these combine to create a clear account : jesus was born to a virgin .
the text in luke 1 : 26 - 38 is similar in nature . though again “virgin” is replaced with a euphemism ( “mary asked the angel , ` how [ is it possible that i will conceive ] since i do not know [ ginosko ] ” any men ? ) , the text is clear , adding for emphasis that “with god nothing is impossible . ”
the actual descriptions indicate a virgin birth , regardless of what the words in isaiah 7 : 14 mean .
the third issue is how to reconcile the virgin birth with isaiah 7 : 14 , which is cited in matthew 1 : 23 .
the most straightforward way is to note that even though isaiah 7 : 14 refers to a “young woman , ” not a “virgin , ” the text doesn’t say that she wasn’t a virgin . she could have been . ( by comparison , the text also doesn’t say that the woman had long hair , but she might have . ) in other words , isaiah 7 : 14 , even with the better understanding of the original text , doesn’t contradict anything in the nt .
the more nuanced way to reconcile the two texts is to recognize what the verb in matthew 1 : 22 , plirow , really indicates . though the word is commonly translated “fulfill” ( as in , “all this took place to fulfill what the lord had said through the prophet [ isaiah ] ” ) , better is “match , ” as i describe here ( “ what happens to prophecies in the new testament ? ” ) . i won’t go through the whole explanation again , but for now i think it suffices to note that matthew knew that the details in isaiah 7 : 14 differed from those he was describing . after all , the name of the child in isaiah 7 : 14 was immanuel , not jesus .
either way ( and even though it’s not really my place to say ) , i don’t see a huge theological problem here . and even if there were a problem , i would still be in favor of an accurate translation .
it seems pretty clear to me that isaiah 7 : 14 mentions a pregnant woman ( who , at least as far as translation can take us , may or may not have been a virgin ) and that the nt refers to the virgin birth of jesus . it seems equally clear that the lack of perfect harmony between the texts is in keeping with other kinds of prophesy in the nt .
still , from the international stage ( “traditionalists may see [ the nabre’s change from “virgin” to “young woman” in isaiah 7 : 14 ] as a step away from the original meaning” ) to local communities ( “if the meaning of the language is changed to reflect that mary may not have been a virgin , you’ve just denied the divinity of christ” ) the discussion seems skewed to me . it seems to start with theology , and then ask how the translations can be doctored to match that theology , while i think an accurate translation should stand on its own .
or to put it another way , it seems to me that basing theology on a translation designed solely to support that theology is both bad translation technique and bad theology .
it has long been known that the kjv translation “virgin” for the pregnant woman in isaiah 7 : 14 is inaccurate , and many modern translations opt instead for “young woman” or at least a footnote along those lines . the nrsv , for example , translates : “therefore the lord himself will give you a sign . look , the young woman is with child and shall bear a son , and shall name him immanuel . ” and though the niv 2011 translates “virgin , ” it also offers the footnote “or young woman . ”
“teenager” is the wrong translation , though . for one thing , in antiquity there were no teenagers as we think of them now , because people generally only lived until about age 40 . as i explain in and god said :
accordingly , people didn’t have time as they do now to spend their first decade as care - free children , then find themselves in their teen years , explore the world as twenty - somethings and settle down as thirty - somethings . they’d be dead before they ever really started living .
rather , people [ in antiquity ] were “children” and then they were “adults . ” ( and then they were dead . )
for another thing , “a pregnant teenager” in english carries connotations that the hebrew did not . ( also , we don’t have a word in english for a “female teenager . ” )
there’s an old adage in linguistics that even a big mouse is smaller than a small elephant . in our current case , we want to keep in mind that “young” is relative , too .
as i personally use the phrase , “young woman” usually applies to a woman in her 20s or even older . by this reckoning , “young woman , ” at least in my dialect , is — surprisingly — too old for alma .
there’s also another aspect to consider . did alma refer to age , or to stage in life ? i think it’s the latter , and i think the stage in life was the one at which a woman normally got married .
in other words , isaiah 7 : 14 is about a woman getting pregnant just at the age one might expect . does “young woman” in english convey that ? i don’t think so , both because it may convey the wrong chronological age , and because it emphasizes “young” in a way that the hebrew does not .
accordingly , i think “woman” is a better translation : “a pregnant woman will give birth to a son , and call him immanuel . ”
the bible doesn’t say that : 40 biblical mistranslations , misconceptions , and other misunderstandings .
god didn’t say that ( @ goddidntsaythat ) is an online forum for discussing the bible and its translations , mistranslations , interpretations , and misinterpretations .
dr . joel m . hoffman ( @ joelmhoffman ) is the chief translator for the ten - volume series my people’s prayer book , author of and god said : how translations conceal the bible’s original meaning , and editor of the unabridged bible . writing under “ j . m . hoffman , ” he is author of the thriller series the warwick files . he holds a phd in theoretical linguistics and has taught at brandeis university and huc - jir in new york city . he presents widely to churches , synagogues , and other groups . more…
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par - then ' - os ; of unknown origin ; a maiden ; by implication , an unmarried daughter : —virgin .
the kjv translates strong ' s g3933 in the following manner : virgin ( 14x ) .
, on which ( last ) word cf . , besides gesenius , thesaurus , p . 1037 , credner , beiträge as above with ii . , p . 197ff ;
; so of joseph , in fabricius , cod . pseudepigr . vet . test . ii . , pp . 92 , 98 ; of abel and melchizedek , in
thayer’s greek lexicon , electronic database . copyright © 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2011 by biblesoft , inc . all rights reserved . used by permission . urltoken
shall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name emmanuel , which being interpreted is , god with us .
i have no commandment of the lord : yet i give my judgment , as one that hath obtained mercy of the lord to be faithful .
marry , she hath not sinned . nevertheless such shall have trouble in the flesh : but i spare you .
age , and need so require , let him do what he will , he sinneth not : let them marry .
these are they which were not defiled with women ; for they are virgins .
these are they which follow the lamb whithersoever he goeth . these were redeemed from among men ,
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webster ' s new world college dictionary , fifth edition copyright © 2014 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . all rights reserved .
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who shows interest in domestic affairs is admired by her community , since
it is from such things that a good reputation among people / springs up , giving pleasure to your father and the lady your mother
( [ text not reproducible in ascii ] .
en atenas , pero este es el unico ejemplo de un posible
helpergroup '
en sarcofagos etruscos .
is expressed through the conjoined notions of the dog and the sea as undomesticated , one as a companion who can at times become rebellious and hostile to his human master , the other as treacherous to sailors .
( applied to the goddess artemis , for instance ) , is not ' virgin ' but ' unmarried woman ' ( frazer , 1911 , p .
, ou seja , uma deusa virgem , possuindo assim a caracteristica principal da arete feminina que e a virgindade .
representations of athena in black - figured amphorae of the sixth century bce : an exercise of iconographic / representacoes de atena em anforas de figuras negras do seculo vi a . c . : um exercicio de analise iconografica
,
virgin
instead of
young woman
) to talk about the upcoming birth of jesus .
( la doncella , de ahi la voz partenon ) como portadora de la muerte .
griega , la virgen en su significado arcaico de autonoma , la que se sustrae al dominio patriarcal , la libre , selvatica o silvestre que mata fieras , pero en ocasiones tambien a hombres .
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rajkamal goswami , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment , bangalore .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
in both males and females , the upperside dark olive - green . the forewing with two broad black streaks from base , a transverse black line across cell followed by a white bar and two white spots beyond , a broad oblique discal band formed of large white spots bordered with black from costa , just before the apex , to interspace 1 , terminating in a bluish patch . finally , post - discal and terminal black bands . hind - wing : a basal and sub - basal transverse black streak , a transverse series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly and two subcostal white spots . the discal area is marked with dark brown paired streaks in the interspaces , confluent outwardly , followed by a post - discal series of triangular dark spots and a terminal broad dark band . underside : pale bluish green , the black streaks from base of wings wanting , the markings otherwise as on upperside but less well defined . head , thorax and abdomen olive green barred with black ; beneath whitish .
but of a bronze green on the upperside and pale greenish grey on the underside fading to ashy grey towards the terminal margin of the forewing .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
includes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
kehimkar , i . ( 2008 ) the book of indian butterflies . bombay natural history society and oxford university press , mumbai .
kunte , k . and u . kodandaramaiah . 2011 . history of species pages on butterflies of india website . in k . kunte , s . kalesh and u . kodandaramaiah ( eds . ) . butterflies of india , v . 1 . 05 . indian foundation for butterflies . url : http : / / ifoundbutterflies . org .
bingham , c . t . ( 1905 ) fauna of british india . butterflies . vol . 1 .
antram , c . b . ( 1924 ) butterflies of india , t hacker , spink & co , calcutta .
inayoshi y . 2012 . a check list of butterflies in indo - china . url : urltoken
the present study was made to assess the butterfly diversity of peringome vayakkara panchayath loca . . .
diversity of butterflies ( order : lepidoptera ) in assam university campus and its vic . . .
the paper provides information on butterfies sampled during random surveys from november 2014 to se . . .
in a preliminary study on the butterflies of dakshina kannada district , located in the southwestern . . .
the present study was conducted to understand the species richness of butterflies in the kerala agr . . .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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lafontaine jd , schmidt bc ( 2010 ) annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico , p . 18 .
ronka , k . , j . mappes , l . kaila , n . wahlberg , 2016 . putting parasemia in its phylogenetic place : a molecular analysis of the subtribe arctiina ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , 41 ( 4 ) : 844 - 853 .
distribution in canada list of provinces and territories ( u . of alberta , using cbif data )
annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .
putting parasemia in its phylogenetic place : a molecular analysis of the subtribe arctiina ( lepidoptera ) katja rönkä , johanna mappes , lauri kaila , and niklas wahlberg . 2016 . systematic entomology .
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found in boreal mixed - wood and parkland habitats . also occurs in moist , shrubby arctic tundra .
. the extent of the dark areas of the hindwing and light markings on the forewing can vary , and have been named as several ' varieties ' ( brower , 1973 ) .
this species is semivoltine , overwintering first as a 5th instar and again as an 8th instar larva . almost all alberta and b . c . records for this species are from even - numbered years , suggesting it has a biennial phenology .
) and paper birch ( mcgugan , 1958 ) . successful lab hosts include snowberry (
from labrador south to north carolina , west to alaska . south along the rocky mountains to arizona .
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type specimens : type [ north america ] : ? locality , [ type ( s ) lost ] . .
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type locality : argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , collected on the dunes next to el nihuil dam on provincial route 180 , 35°2’19 . 77’’ s , 68°40’12 . 60’’ w , 1305 m elevation .
oviparous . reproductively active females ( well - developed eggs in oviducts ) were observed in january ( n 1⁄4 5 ) , and non - reproductive females were found in december and february ( n 1⁄4 13 ) . however , in a different year , abdala et al . 2016 found females with oviducts full of developing eggs in december ( n 1⁄4 11 ) . these observations suggest that the reproductive period begins in november and lasts until late january . < br / > < br / > parthenogenesis : abdala et al . 2016 examined more than 300 specimens ( of which 65 specimens were collected and preserved ) , but no males were encountered . l . grosseorum or l . laurenti are the suspected maternal ancestros and l . darwinii and l . laurenti may be the maternal ancestors , but this needs to be confirmed .
holotype : fml 16221 , adult female , c . abdala , j . abdala , and e . malovini , january 2001 ( fig . 1 ) . paratypes . —fml 16222–24 , same data as holotype ; ibaunc 9772–73 , 9775–77 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael , department , 10 to 60 km s of el nihuil , 35°7’0 . 71’’s , 68°41’4 . 28’’w to 35°33’49 . 47’’s , 68°41’15 . 14’’w , 1400–1600 m , 25 november 1973 ; ibaunc 11431–35 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , pampa del diamante , 34°54’44 . 39’’s , 68°51’38 . 58’’w , 1400 m , 17 february 1975 ; mhnsr 78–82 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , club de pescadores , el nihuil , 35°2’10 . 54’’s , 68°42’33 . 84’’w , 1325 m , 1 january 1975 .
synonymy after abdala et al . 2016 . similar species : l . darwinii with which it nests in some phylogenetic analyses ( abdala et al . 2016 : 491 ) and l . laurenti . sympatry : aurivela longicauda ( teiidae ) , diplolaemus sexcinctus , leiosaurus bellii ( leiosauridae ) , liolaemus gracilis , l . grosseorum . oxyrhopus rhombifer , philodryas trilineata , xenodon semicinctus , bothrops ammodytoides . karyotype : triploid with 3n 1⁄4 49 chromosomes ( 19 macrochromosomes + 30 microchromosomes ) ( abdala et al . 2016 ) .
abdala , cristián s . ; diego baldo , ricardo a . juárez and robert e . espinoza 2016 . the first parthenogenetic pleurodont iguanian : a new all - female liolaemus ( squamata : liolaemidae ) from western argentina copeia 104 ( 2 ) : 487–497 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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