tachyporus is a genus of rove beetle in the tribe tachyporini .

it is the type genus of both the tribe tachyporini and the subfamily tachyporinae .

the global biodiversity information facility reports 40 species in this genus , with most collection and observation activity from europe , but also including records from north american , africa , asia , australia , and new zealand .

tachyporus

og tachyporus hypnorum . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark , pp . 1 - 24 .
lipkow e . ( 1966 ) biologischokologische untersuchungen iiber tachyporus - arten und tachinus rufipes ( col . , staphyl ) . pedobiologia 6 , 140 - 177 .
native to , and occurs throughout , the palaearctic ; long established in our area and occurs over much of north america . most abundant tachyporus in north america .
a revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america j . m . campbell . 1979 . the entomological society of canada .
campbell jm ( 1979b ) a revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america . memoirs of the entomological society of canada no 109 . 95 pp .
petersen , m . k . 1997 . life histories of two predaceous beetles , bembidion lampros and tachyporus hypnorum , in the agroecosystem . doctors ' s dissertation . issn 1401 - 6249 . isbn 91 - 576 - 5280 - 5
pedersen m . , pedersen l . t . & abildgaard k . ( 1990 ) annual and diurnal activity of some tachyporus species ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) in two spring barley fields and a hedge . pedobiologia 34 , 367 - 375 .
kennedy t . f . , evans g . o . & feeney a . m . ( 1986 ) studies on the biology of tachyporus hypnorum f . ( col . staphylinidae ) , associated with cereal fields in ireland . irish journal of agricultural research 25 , 81 - 95 .
kowalski , r . ( 1986 ) biology of tachyporus spp . ( coleoptera , staphylinidae ) in relation to their role as predators of cereal aphids in feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles . in : report of the fifth meeting og european carabidologists at stara brda pilska , poland , september , 13 - 15 , 1982 , warsaw : warsaw agricultural university press , pp . 97 - 104 .
¹ die kafer mitteleuropas , freude , harde , lohse . vols 4 and 5 ² practical handbook of british beetles , joy ³ the author ' s son , one of our junior members , continually provides copious amounts of specimens which the father is expected to set , mount and identify - webmaster .
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gravenhorst , johann l . c . 1802 . coleoptera microptera brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit . carolum reichard , brunsuigae . : i–lxvi ; 1–206 .
hallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .
international commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 1743 tachinidae fleming , 1821 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : spelling emended to tachinusidae to remove homonymy with tachinidae robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( insecta , diptera ) , and tachyporidae macleay , 1825 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : given precedence over tachinusidae fleming , 1821 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 50 ( 3 ) , 248 - 250 ( 1993 )
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken
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this small ( 3 or 4 mm long ) rove beetle , black with dark red wing cases and a yellow margin to its thorax is another species which is shaped like a teardrop travelling blunt end first .
in plant litter , moss , under leaf rosettes , or amongst soil crumbs on the soil surface .
it is a useful predator of other small invertebrates in the garden or in agriculture , feeding especially on aphids .
common in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 449 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .
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, but primarily holarctic , with ~ 2 / 3 spp . in eurasia ; occur throughout na
american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
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more accurate length is 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ( measured from apex of head to apex of elytra )
extremely variable species . very small ( head to elytra length 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ) . light yellowish to dark reddish - brown , sometimes darker . head often darker than pronotum and elytra . elytra usually lighter than pronotum and head . pubescence of elytra and abdomen fine and dense . pronotum glabrous , shiny . apical segment of maxillary palps not longer than width of preceding segment . may have fully developed wings or reduced nonfunctional wings .
known habitats in europe include under rotting materials ( such as stacks of hay / straw , compost , mushrooms , leaf litter , and moss ) and often swept from flowers and bushes . usually favors moist habitats , and common in river debris .
adults have been collected year - round , but most commonly late summer and early fall .
introduced staphylinidae ( coleoptera ) in the maritime provinces of canada majka c . g . , klimaszewski j . 2008 . the canadian entomologist 140 : 48 - 72 .
checklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska . second edition bousquet y . , bouchard p . , davies a . e . , sikes d . s . 2013 . zookeys 360 : 1–402 .
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akademisk avhandling som för vinnande av filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen försvaras i sal l , undervisningshuset , slu , uppsala , onsdagen den 23 april 1997 , kl . 10 . 00 .
polyphagous predators are important for natural control of insect pests in arable fields . this study has focused on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements which were expected to influence predator field densities . it has been suggested that increased number of predators in arable fields could lead to an increased natural control of insect pests . investigations were primarily made under controlled conditions . priority was given to mortality factors out of farmer ' s control such as influence from weather and soil types , as these factors will define the limits for effects of manmade manipulations .
were selected due to their abundance and activity during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops . both species overwinter as adults . in spring they disperse into arable fields where they reproduce .
juvenile mortality was high in different soil types which were irrigated regularly and had prey occurring in excess . mortality of
was lower in sandy soil ( 51 % ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % ) . mortality of
. adult mortality during winter and early spring is of minor importance as long as temperatures during the winter are stable and the beetles are protected by a cover of vegetation . however , some winters might have a temperature regime that will cause a higher mortality . in the postwinter period both species have the capacity to survive periods of starvation .
two singlespecies simulation models were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models . the models contain all quantified data on
should be concentrated to enhancement of the conditions for the juvenile stages during development in the soil surface . specific recommendations cannot be given before optimal conditions are determined in detail and compared to effects of different potential changes in agricultural practices .
mette kjøbek petersen , department of entomology , slu , s - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .
this thesis is based on the following papers , which will be referred to by their roman numerals .
ii . petersen , m . k . relationship between the capacity to survive starvation and dispersal ability of two polyphagous predators in arable fields . manuscript ( submitted ) .
kind permission to reprint paper i was granted by elsevier science ltd , the boulevard , langford lane , kidlington 0x5 1gb , uk .
increasing knowledge of the importance of early active predators for aphid control in combination with a political decision to reduce pesticide use in danish agriculture , initiated the project which this thesis is based upon . the role of polyphagous predators in natural control of aphids in cereal crops has been studied since the early 70 ' s . polyphagous predators are most important in spring and early summer when aphids colonize the crops ( chiverton , 1986 , 1988 ; winder , 1990 ) . simulation studies indicate that an increased predator density could lead to better aphid control ( carter et al . , 1982 ; ekbom et al . , 1992 ) .
the aim of the project is to analyse the influence of weather and farming practices on population densities of common polyphagous predators , and to evaluate the potential for increasing predator densities in arable fields . the carabid
f . ( fig . 1 ) , were selected for a detailed study because they are abundant and active during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops .
herbst ( left ) , actual length 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm , and an adult
f ( right ) , actual length 3 - 4 mm . illustrations kindly produced by rune axelsson .
arable fields are characterised by yearly disturbances such as soil tillage , establishment of crops , harvest processes , etc . these yearly disturbances keep the vegetation at a stage of early succession , where cereals , oilseed rape and vegetables have a growing season of less than a year . the degree of disturbance of a habitat is one of three main components determining evolution of an insect ' s life history ( southwood , 1988 ) . insect species using arable fields with annual crops as a habitat for reproduction may have life histories adapted to an unstable environment ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) . in addition , some species are adapted to the landscape patterns created by agricultural activities over centuries with patches of fields lined by hedgerows , shelterbelts , ditches , forest edges etc . both
are examples of insects utilising both habitats , arable fields to reproduce and forage in and the habitats along the field edges for overwintering ( e . g . coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen etal . , 1990 ; wallin , 1989 ; riedel , 1992c ) .
the present study was therefore mainly carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory or under semifield conditions . mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements of
the adult beetle is 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm long ( lindroth , 1985 ) ( fig . 1 ) . it overwinters as an adult in field edges and moves , in early spring , into arable fields where it reproduces ( e . g . wallin , 1985 , 1986 ; coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; riedel , 1992b , 1992c ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) ( fig . 2 ) . eggs are primarily laid in may to july with a peak in may / june and larvae occur in the soil surface during june to august ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 , purvis & fadl , 1996 ) . pupation takes place in an oblong chamber made by third instar larvae beneath the soil surface ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . new adults emerge mainly during july to september ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) .
is univoltine in newfoundland and sweden ( langor & larson 1983 ; wallin , 1989 ) but can live for more than one year in england ( mitchell , 1963b ) .
collected from arable fields ( mitchell , 1963b ; trittelvitz & topp , 1980 ; den boer , 1971 ; langor & larson , 1983 ; wallin , 1985 ) . the beetle is found on open , sunexposed ground with sparse vegetation , often on dry sandy soil and is distributed throughout the palearctic region ( bangsholt , 1983 ; lindroth , 1985 ) , and in newfoundland where it has been introduced ( lindroth , 1955 ) . the density of reproductive
in sweden ( chiverton , 1987 ) and between 15 . 7 and 42 . 3 per m
lay an average of 6 eggs in total with a range of 1 - 15 eggs ( wallin et al . , 1992 ) . on average , 50 % of the eggs hatch at constant temperatures between 17°c and 25°c , and 50 % to 80 % of first instar larvae became adults at constant temperatures between 17 - 30°c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . only 10 % developed into adults at 12°c and no larvae developed into adults at constant temperatures of 5°c and 32°c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult was about 46 % when beetles were reared in soil substrate under laboratory conditions ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . development time from egg through three larval instars and pupae to adult beetle emergence was between 24 and 65 days in the laboratory depending on the temperature regime ( boye jensen , 1990 ) .
fallén ) ( andersen et al . , 1983 ; mitchell , 1963a ) , frit fly eggs ( ocinella frit l . ) ( jones , 1969 ) , collembola , and other arthropods ( mitchell , 1963a ) . laboratory experiments have shown that both adults and larvae of
feed on all types of animal prey they are likely to find in the field ( mitchell , 1963a ) . lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is about 9°c ( mitchell , 1963a ; chiverton , 1988 ) .
. adults overwinter in edge habitats along arable fields ( top ) . dispersal into the fields occurs during spring ( right ) . reproduction takes place in arable fields during spring and summer ( bottom ) . eggs are laid in the soil surface .
develops through 3 larval instars and a pre pupal stage before pupation . teneral beetles emerge during late summer / early autumn and move to the edge habitat for overwintering ( left ) .
the adult beetle is 3 - 4 mm long ( hansen , 1964 ) ( fig . 1 ) .
overwinter as adults often in field edges and hedges ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . 1990 ; riedel 1992c ) . in the following spring they disperse into arable fields mainly by flight ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) , whereafter they mate and oviposit on the soil surface in may / june ( in germany ) ( lipkow , 1966 ) ( fig . 2 ) . larvae occur mainly during june to august ( germany , england , ireland , denmark ) ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ; kowalski , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . teneral beetles occur from late july to october depending on the geographic location ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . tenerals have been caught as early as may in denmark and pedersen et al . , ( 1990 ) suggested that these originated from hibernated larvae or pupae .
occurs in arable fields , meadows and forests ( schaufuss , 1916 ) and is also found in sand dunes ( topp , 1983 ) . it is found in most of the palearctic region ( schaufuss , 1916 ) with the exception of the far northern districts of scandinavia ( lundberg , 1995 ) . field density during the reproductive period of
in ireland ( kennedy et al . , 1986 ) and up to 5 per m
in sweden ( chiverton , pers . comm . ) . when estimated by flooding in arable fields in northern germany the density was up to 2 . 2 per m
is between 15 and 87 eggs per female , being in the lower part of the range at a constant temperature of 10°c and the upper part of the range at a constant temperature of 25°c ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . egg hatch was between 70 % and 97 % ( lipkow , 1966 , kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult beetles when fed upon a mixed diet of aphids and mealworms was between 27 - 40 % in the laboratory , lowest at 25°c and highest at 15°c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . full development to adult beetle was not possible at either 10°c or 28°c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . developmental time from egg , through 3 larval instars , pre pupal and pupal stages to adult emergence is 26 - 53 days depending on the temperature during the period of development ( lipkow , 1966 ) .
) ( e . g . kennedy et al . 1986 ; sopp & wratten , 1986 ; dennis et al . , 1991 ; andersen , 1992 ) and plant pathogens such as powdery mildew (
spp . ( e . g . dennis et al . , 1991 ) . adults have also been reported to prey upon eggs of cabbage root flies (
) by andersen et al . ( 1983 ) . both adults and larvae forage on the soil surface and on plants ( dennis et al . , 1991 , dennis & sotherton , 1994 ) . the lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is between 3 and 4°c in the laboratory ( sørensen , 1996 ) .
introduction of severe frost ( - 6°c ) for one or two weekly periods during the winter caused mortality up to 90 % in both species ( i ) . in general
. both species have a relatively high survival during winters with constant weather conditions - both mild and cold winters ( i ) . winter survival could be described as a function of the sum of sub zero temperatures to which the beetles were exposed during the winter . the sum of negative temperatures was calculated from daily mean soil temperatures 2 cm below a grass turf ( i ) . to make these functions more general a correction factor was calculated from the latter data and data on air temperature 2 m above soil surface from the same period . winter mortality can be estimated from a temperature sum of hourly readings of air temperature 2 m above soil surface by multiplication with 0 . 193 ( iv ) . the super cooling point ( scp ) was in general lower for
( ranging from - 6 . 44°c to - 12 . 17°c ) . the cold hardiness of the beetles decreased as temperatures increased in spring ( i ) .
both species were shown to have the capacity to survive periods of starvation during the postwinter period ( ii ) .
under the same conditions ( ii ) . fat content was found to be a useful measure of the feeding status of beetles collected in the field ( ii ) . results for
collected in the field during spring or fed ad lib . on aphids or collembola contained on average 23 % fat ( based on dry weight ) , and beetles starved to death contained on average 7 % fat . the results for
were more variable , both for specimens collected in the field during spring ( 20 - 26 % ) , fed ad lib . ( 17 - 33 % ) and specimens starved to death ( 10 - 20 % ) .
with regard to winter survival , scp ( i ) and also with regard to their capacity to survive starvation in early spring and utilisation of fat reserves during starvation ( ii ) . the energetic costs might limit the range of some organisms ' physiological capability for developing cold hardiness ( danks , 1978 ) . since the survival of terrestrial arthropods depends on their ability to withstand the lowest winter temperature there will be a strong selection for scp below the minimum temperatures of their microhabitats . if coldhardiness is costly , geographical variations in supercooling ability within a species should be expected . relatively few investigations into this question have been conducted ( sømme , 1982 ) .
during juvenile development was lower in sandy soil ( 51 % on average ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % on average ) ( iii ) . mortality of
during juvenile development was independent of the soil type with an average of 70 % . all larvae had an excess of living prey ( aphids and collembola ) during their development in the different soil types ( iii ) . soil origin ( from conventional or organic farms ) did not influence larval mortality for either
( iii ) . the different soil types were used to expose the larvae to different abiotic conditions caused by differences in texture and water holding capacity of sandy and clayey soil respectively . further the use of soil originating from different farming practices ( from organic and conventional farms ) was assumed to provide conditions with differences in microflora andfauna . organic soil was expected to have a higher content of microorganisms , however this was not quantified due to methodological complications . mortality of
during juvenile development was further studied under field conditions and was 88 % in a relatively warm and dry summer . however , this result might be influenced by interspecific competition as larval density was twice as high as in the semi field experiment
as they had food in excess during development in the present study . larval mortality is proposed to be the major mortality factor in many species of carabids ( thiele , 1977 ; lövei & sunderland , 1996 ) . biotic factors such as food limitation and interspecific competition among the larvae seem to be of importance when occuring in higher densities ( largersized carabids e . g . grüm , 1975 ; nelemans , 1987 ; knisley & juliano , 1988 ; siepel , 1988 ; and for a staphylinid species ( kowalski , 1976 ) ) .
an average of only 10 eggs . egglaying was related to a physiological timescale ( °d ) using the lower threshold for feeding activity as a base temperature ( iii , iv ) . this was done on the assumption that development of eggs is dependent on the energy obtained from feeding activity ( see ' the study organisms ' ) . measured in physiological time
in the same time counted in hours or days ( iii ) . channelling of resources into preparation for overwintering can reduce fecundity in diapausing animals ( cf . danks , 1987 ) .
' robustness during overwintering and in the postwinter period might lead to a tradeoff in fecundity .
( ii ) . spring dispersal from the overwintering sites in field edges etc . could be predicted by lognormal distributed functions of the proportion of beetles dispersing based on a physiological time scale ( °d ) ( ii ) . the base temperature used was 6°c for
. these base temperatures were selected from shapes of curves of the cumulative proportions of dispersal plotted against physiological time scales with base temperatures of 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 and 18°c . the need for specific conditions for take off by
was assumed to be a reason for a better curve fit when using 12°c than lower base temperatures . as
, where a majority of the population only move by walking . however , mortality during the seasonal movements was not quantified in this study .
agricultural fields are characterised by regular disturbances . thiele ( 1977 ) speculates that the carabid fauna in the agroecosystem might have evolved from areas with periodic flooding . such areas close to e . g . sea or river shores have similarities with agricultural fields in that they are regularly disturbed and rich in nutrients from e . g . sea weed . however , fires in habitats with an otherwise permanent vegetation will cause the same conditions with bare soil and a high level of nutrients for a short period , but with less predictable frequency .
the literature on r - and k - selection of life history strategies ( e . g . pianka , 1970 ; steams , 1976 ; denno & dingle , 1981 ; roff , 1992 ) has often been compared to the stability of the habitat . the rselection is often found in relation to an unstable environment and k - selection related to an stable environment . the two model species in this study have been evaluated with regard to the presented results on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements . the data on these two species shows that they have some characteristics for both rselection [ large reproductive effort ( only
) ] . a comparison to other organisms in the agroecosystem shows that some weed species have a similar mix of ' r - ' and ' k - selection ' characters in their life histories ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) .
collected in arable fields may indicate that arable fields are optimal habitats for reproduction compared with other habitats .
may in general be characterised as much less adapted to arable fields , as it is much more mobile and found in several habitats ( se ' the study organisms ' ) . comparison of the events in the life cycles of
with agricultural practices in the majority of agricultural areas in denmark shows that they are well adjusted to some treatments but are threatened by others . soil tillage as preparation for establishment of both autumn and spring sown crops ( cereals and oilseed rape ) is mainly done during periods where
are in their adult life stage , either in the field or in the edge habitats along the fields ( fig . 2 ) . by being in the adult stage they are less sensitive to mechanical damage than the juvenile stages , as larvae are weakly chitinized and have a low mobility ( lövei & sunderland , 1996 ) . mechanical soil tillage , e . g . ploughing , may although be a severe , recurring problem for adult beetles in a majority of fields . the effect of this event has been investigated in a pilot study ( petersen , unpubl ) . the effect of soil tillage was simulated by covering adult beetles with layers of soil with different depth ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 cm ) . there was a clear tendency for
remained covered ( petersen , unpubl ) . weeds can be controlled mecanically in organic fields but this treatment will often be done at the same time as the juveniles of
are developing in the soil surface . preliminary studies on the effect of harrowing on larvae of
showed that this process was destructive for all specimens involved ( petersen , unpubl ) . also the study of purvis & fadl ( 1996 ) indicated that there may be an influence on the occurrence on
dependent on the time of crop establishment ( autumn or spring ) . establishment of crops such as sugar beets , cabbage , carrots and other vegetables often occurs later in the season which may cooccur with the presence of eggs and larvae in the soil surface , and thereby have a destructive effect on the juveniles .
have been recorded from burned areas in forests in germany and norway ( winter , 1980 ; bakke , 1996 ) . it is one of the first species entering clearings in the forest made by fire ( winter , 1980 ; ehnström , 1991 ) . macropterous specimens of
invading clearings in forests may belong to another metapopulation with a different life history strategy compared to the brachypterous forms in arable fields . as solbreck ( 1978 ) points out , phenotypical alternative life histories are interesting for studies of life history strategies since they represent real alternatives compared with manipulations made in the laboratory .
seems to be a candidate for studies on different life histories developed for life in habitats connected to two seemingly different ecosystems such as agricultural fields and forests . however , both habitats are created by disturbances and will leave the mineral soil bare and sun exposed for the beetles .
the two singlespecies simulation models presented ( iv ) were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models ( see guiterrez , 1996 ) . the models contain all quantified data on
found in the literature or obtained in this study . the models seems to function correctly because they replicate adult phenology in the field and correctly estimate the timing of reproduction .
the current status of the models makes them useful as tools for planning further research on the two species . additionally the models will be appropriate to combine with models on winter wheat , aphids , parasitoids and fungi infections on aphids for a study of interactions in the winter wheat ecosystem , which was the aim of the collaborative project which the present study was a part of . however , the models can not be used for any predictions of effects on aphids or long term population dynamics of the beetles before they have been validated with independent field data and the energy budgets used justified with data on
. the resource base for the beetles needs also to be defined and its dynamics quantified ( sunderland et al . , in press ) .
measures of field density of reproductive beetles in spring and of teneral beetles in late summer were made . these measurements were meant to be used for validation of the models ( iv ) . however , the timing of measurement of field density was found to be difficult with regard to the beetles movement into the fields in early spring . the data obtained were found unreliable for a validation of the models and were therefore not used .
several mortality factors are still not quantified such as mortality of the juvenile stages in relation to well defined abiotic conditions and mortality due to entomopathogenic fungi and parasites ( cf . lipkow , 1966 ; andersen & skorping , 1991 ; riedel & steenberg , 1992 ) . furthermore there may be a mortality during autumn , from eclosion to start of hibernation , including the beetle ' s movement to the field edges for overwintering . another possible mortality factor of both species is predation by other larger arthropods , small rodents or birds .
. i conclude that further work should be concentrated to the limiting conditions during development of the juvenile stages . experimental work to test effects of abiotic factors , caused by different farming practices , should , as a first step , be carried out for each factor in the laboratory .
secondly , field investigations with an initially known number of individuals can be used . to overcome the effects from an uneven distribution of carabid beetles ( petersen , 1995 ; personal observations ) , weeds ( marchall , 1988 ) and other effects such as heterogeneous soil conditions on a field scale e . g . soil type and soil moisture , many replicates are needed in field studies .
comparisons between conditions created both by different soil treatments and by different farming systems ( e . g . organic , conventional and conservationtillage / notillage ) are important . organic farming usually has other crop rotations , crops for nitrogen fixation , application of manure and a higher degree of weed cover . all these factors might produce microclimatic conditions different from those in conventional fields as there are more perennial crops , a higher content of organic matter and , of course , no use of pesticides . as mentioned earlier mechanical weed control is expected to have a negative effect on population densities of
as it cooccurs with development of juveniles in the soil surface . organic farming may also provide more alternative prey for the predators , which may affect the natural control of insect pests .
change of soil tillage practices to ' conservationtillage ' or ' notillage ' minimize yearly disturbances and may dramatically change the microclimatic conditions in the soil surface and will cause change in species composition in accordance to species specific optimal conditions ( see ' effects of agricultural practices ' ) .
move by walking the number of beetles in arable fields will have a wave like pattern during their dispersal ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ) . estimates of the field density of
should therefore be made after their spring dispersal is terminated . estimates of both reproductive specimens in late spring / early summer and of the new generation in late summer / early autumn should be made . descriptions of the spring dispersal as a function of physiological time ( ii , iv ) will be helpful for the right timing of a sampling program in spring . further the models ( iv ) will be helpful for the timing of sampling of the new generation . these data should optimally be collected from several fields and from successive years .
are affected by high mortality during juvenile development and adults will experience high mortality in winters with periods of severe frost alternating with milder conditions .
because they are generally less robust with regard to cold hardiness and they have a lower capacity to survive starvation .
may also have a higher mortality during the seasonal movements between the summer and winter habitats . a majority of
populations in arable fields are brachypterous and they show , in general , a very low fecundity . this suggests that population densities of
to increase their density in arable fields should be concentrated to the environment during juvenile development . specific recommendations can not be given at this stage because the optimal conditions for development in the soil surface have to be defined in detail . furthermore , development has to be related to the effects of different agricultural practices in different soil types .
may have adapted very well to the agricultural landscape with its frequently disturbed habitats . however ,
' very low fecundity and its limited ability to move by walking put it into a threatened position . treatments with pesticides , which are directly toxic to beetles and their offspring , might be hazardous to populations in arable fields . removal of shelterbelts and other linear habitats , that provide stable conditions during overwintering , may further reduce the number of
in laboratory and semifield experiments . norwegian journal of agricultural sciences 6 , 365 - 273 .
fallén ( diptera , anthomyiidae ) in cage experiments . zeitschrift für angewante entomologie 95 , 499 - 506 .
andersen j . & skorping a . ( 1991 ) parasites of carabid beetles : prevalence depends on habitat selection of the host . canadian journal zoology 69 , 1216 - 1220 .
bakke a . ( 1996 ) virkningen av skogbrann pa billefaunaen . influence of forest fire on the beetle fauna . research paper of . skogforsk 3 , 1 - 20 .
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chiverton p . a . ( 1986 ) predator density manipulations and its effects on population of rhopalosiphumpadi homoptera aphididae in spring barley . annals of applied biology 109 , 49 - 60 .
chiverton p . a . ( 1987 ) effects of exclusion barriers and inclusion trenches on polyphagous and aphid specific predators in spring barley . journal of applied entomology 103 ( 2 ) , 193 - 203 .
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powell w . , dean g . j . & dewar a . ( 1985 ) the influence of weeds on polyphagous arthropod predators in winter wheat . crop protection 4 , 298 - 312 .
purvis g . & curry j . p . ( 1984 ) the influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the activity of carabidae and other grounddwelling arthropods in a sugar beet crop . journal of applied ecology 21 , 271 - 283 .
purvis g . & fadi a . ( 1996 ) emergence of carabidae ( coleoptera ) from pupation : a technique for studying the ' productivity ' of carabid habitats . annales zoologici fennici 33 . 215 - 223 .
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many people have been involved in my work both during the experimental period of the project and the writing of this thesis . i would like to thank them all :
barbara ekbom for the kindness of the reception she gave me at the department of entomology , her structured and constructive support and critisism of experimental plans and many versions of manuscripts . the facilities and support i have recived during my stays at the department have been perfect . thank you for it all , barbara .
jørgen jakobsen initiated the project as part of the center for agricultural biodiversity and managed to find additional funding for the last part of this work - thank you jørgen .
hans peter ravn has been the formal leader of the project and responsible for its connection to the centre of agricultural biodiversity . thank you for your support hans peter
the staff at the department of plant pathology and pest management , danish institute of plant and soil science , who have helped in many ways with all the practical work of the experiments and made a friendly atmosphere in the department .
i would like to extend special thanks to ursula althoff for her assistance with many of the investigations made in the laboratory and under semi field conditions - during cold winter and warm summer days . gitte jensen , mariane østergaard , tine nielsen , janie poulsen , kirsten jepsen and morten lind have kindly helped during the years with the collection of beetles , establishment of barriers and emptying of pitfall traps etc . henning bang madsen helped with the handling of the equipment for temperature measurements .
thanks are also extended to annie enkegaard , jens bligaard and steen gyldenkærne who have given critical comments on manuscripts and been good discussion partners at the department in lyngby .
peter boll and kristian kristensen in the department of biometrics and informatics , danish institute of plant and soil science , have offered support with the use of sas , both the statistical facilities and the complicated way of making graphs .
the staff at the department of entomology , swedish university of agricultural sciences have by their capacity as teachers in postgraduate courses introduced me to many different aspects of insect ecology . special thanks are extended to christer björkmann , philip chiverton , bengt ehnström , richard hopkins , stig larsson , jan pettersson , mats w . petterson and christer solbreck . thanks are extended to rune axelsson making the drawings of ' the favorite beetles ' .


bouchardina is a genus of north american crayfish , containing a single species , bouchardina robisoni ( bayou bodcau crayfish ) which is named after one of the scientist who found it henry w. robison .

it can be found in the bayou basins of southwestern arkansas , united states .

it is not considered to be significantly threatened as its habitat has low human disturbance ; it is listed as data deficient on the iucn red list , s1 ( critically imperiled ) by the nature conservancy and by natureserve as g2 ( imperiled ) and by the american fisheries society as vulnerable .

in 2010 , research by scientists suggested changing the iucn status to threatened as it was only known from four counties ( lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia county , arkansas ) and only a few specimens had been collected since 1977 .

bouchardina

crandall , keith a . , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr . 2001 . bouchardina .
hobbs , h . h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 .
hobbs , horton h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , figure 1 .
hobbs , h . h . ( 1977 ) . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , 1 figure . [ details ]
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keith a . crandall , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr .
british museum ( natural history ) , london , england , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c .
backwaters of bayou bodcaw ( red river basin ) in borrow ditch along sunray road , 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) north of lewisville off state route 29 , lafayette county , arkansas ( sec . 14 , t . 15s , r . 2w ) .
hobbs , h . h . jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian institution press .
each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
livingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
has been assessed as data deficient . while this species has a restricted range with an extent of occurrence of 250 km
, there is no evidence that it is undergoing a decline in population numbers or quality of habitat . however , if with further investigation it was found that this species ' habitat was undergoing a continuing decline in quality , or there is an ongoing decline in population numbers , then this species would qualify for an assessment of endangered under criteria b . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is impactd upon by any major threat processes .
is known from the bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins , and lafayette , nevada , hempstead and columbia counties , southwestern arkansas ( hobbs 1977 , robison and allen 1995 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 250 km
this species has been collected in shallow , sluggish backwaters and small intermittent streams with a sandy substrate ( robison and allen 1995 ) . in this study , individuals appeared to be associated with the presence of vegetation such as
sp . it was collected from burrows over 3 m deep ( k . crandall pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species is unlikely to be undergoing a significant decline as much of the catchment in which it occurs is forested with very little urbanization , or agricultural land ( arkansas water 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of g2 , and was assigned an american fisheries society status of vulnerable based on its restricted range ( taylor
. 2007 , natureserve 2009 ) . due to the restricted nature of this species , further research is required on its abundance and threats impacting upon it .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
crandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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hobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .
this species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties . however , there have been no attempts to located this species on other sites , therefore the distribution of this species cannot be verified . additionally , there are no known threats to this species recorded . further research is required to determine a more recent population abundance and distribution and to identify the extistence of major threats . status and trend information are not known .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
although described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .
this species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties .
four very experienced collectors secured only 40 individuals in 2 . 5 hours ( hobbs , 1977 ) .
it is unknown whether there are any major threats impacting this species . however , it is likely to be undergoing localized declines due to urbanization , alterations to the hydrological regime and water pollution .
( 100 - 250 square km ( about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) although described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .
a small , greyish tan crawfish with no conspicuous gross features to give distinct field marks . pleopod definitive ; see diagchars ( hobbs , 1977 ) . [ length : to 17 tcl , to 23 tl ] [ width : to 9 ]
first pleopod of male with two short terminal elements , central projection flattened in antero - posterior plane ; palm of cheliped hirsute and with dactyl shorter than mesial margin of palm ( hobbs , 1977 ) .
shallow , detritus - rich , sluggish , sandy - bottomed backwaters and small intermittent streams , or overflow ditches with aquatic vegetation ; animals apparently associated with vegetation . ludwiga sp . and utricularia sp . and grasses are the dominants . has been collected from burrows of over three meters deep ( robison and allen , 1995 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .
freshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
bouchard , r . w . and h . w . robison . 1980 . an inventory of the decapod crustaceans ( crayfishes and shrimps ) of arkansas with a discussion of their habitats . proceedings of the arkansas academy of science 34 : 22 - 30 .
mclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .
robison , h . c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . 2008 . the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 : 84 - 96 .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
taylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .
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leucoptera sinuella is a moth in the lyonetiidae family .

it is found in most of europe , except ireland , the balkan peninsula and the mediterranean islands .

it is also found in japan ( hokkaido , honshu ) and north africa .

the wingspan is about 6 millimetres ( 0.24 in ) .

the larvae feed on populus alba , populus candicans , populus deltoides , populus gileadensis , populus nigra , populus tremula , salix aurita , salix caprea , salix cinerea , salix fragilis , salix purpurea .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of a large , upper-surface blotch .

pupation takes place outside of the mine .

leucoptera sinuella

cemiostoma sinuella reutti , 1853 . beitr . rheim . naturg . freiberg a b 3 : 208 leucoptera sinuella ( reutti , 1853 ) .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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eggs are deposited on the upperside of the leaf , mostly in groups of 5 - 10 , less often singly , generally along a vein ; the empty shells are flat and shining . the snow - white larvae form large , upper - surface blotches in which considerable larvae may be present , also mines may coalesce . pupation is external ; exit slit in upper epidermis ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
described by patocka ( 2000a ) , patocka and turcani ( 2005a ) . pupation is solitary under a conspicuous white spinning in the shape of an ' h ' ( van frankenhuyzen and freriks , 1970a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , kaliningrad region , latvia , lithuania , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east and northwest , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands and ukraine ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
if you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .
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notes : extinct in the british isles , formerly in a small stand of aspens near the railway station at aviemore , inverness - shire , where persistent until the 1950s , when it disappeared suddenly ; recent searching has failed to reveal any sign of its continued presence ( mbgbi vol 2 ) . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 7 - 8 mm . larva mines leaves of aspen , over - wintering as a pupa .
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mylothris chloris , the western dotted border or common dotted border , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in senegal , the gambia , mali , guinea-bissau , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , sudan , uganda , kenya and tanzania .

the habitat consists of open woodland and dense savanna , but may also be found in disturbed rainforest areas and suburban gardens .

the larvae feed on osyris abyssinicus , englerina gabonensis , phragmanthera capitata , loranthus and viscum species .

mylothris chloris

mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .
mylothris chloris . . . the pretty pierid angel that came my way earlier today .
mylothris chloris is found from gambia and senegal to ethiopia , and south to uganda and kenya .
common dotted border ( mylothris chloris ) . many thanks to tanya mass ( butterfly colour ) for the i d .
the yellow in the centre next yo the small mylothris is an unknown to me .
common dotted border ( mylothris agathina ) feeding on stuff i ' d prefer not to mention at waterberg resort , namibia .
there are many beautiful butterflies in the gambia , this beautifully coloured common dotted border – mylothris chloris – ( also known as the western dotted border ) is just one of them . seen in a lesser known part of the grounds of the laico atlantic hotel in banjul , the gambia .
mylothris is confined to the african continent and includes 51 species , most of which are distributed across the forest belt from cameroon to western kenya .
species share a number of characteristics : they have rounded wings with a black apex on the upperside forewings . on the underside , fore and hindwings of most species have a single row of prominent black marginal spots , hence the butterflies in this genus are all known as dotted borders . m . chloris is untypical , having instead a broad dark margin on the hindwings .
this species is found in open woodland , forest clearings , acacia scrub , savannah / forest mosaics , parks and gardens , at altitudes between sea level and about 1200m .
both sexes fly throughout the day around tree tops , where courtship and copulation take place .
the flight is slow and deliberate , and in conjunction with the conspicuous appearance is indicative of the fact that the butterflies are distasteful to avian predators .
males are usually seen singly when imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks , normally in shaded or semi - shaded areas .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
vane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
butteflies on a poinsettia - mbita , kenya by j . a . g .
taken at waterkloof wine estate , sir lowry ' s road , somerset west , western cape .
i saw this one fluttering around , sucking on the sweet nectar of the beautiful wild lantanas .
( for the photo i would have preferred not just a white piece of paper where they sat on and a single specimen for picturing would have been easier to get than two of them which did disturb each other so that they unrestlessly changed their position within seconds but in the end i ' m quite satisfied that i found them at all . )
the eastern dotted border or common dotted border is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . wikipedia
a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . the wingspan is 50–60 mm ( 2 . 0–2 . 4 in ) for males and 52–65 mm ( 2 . 0–2 . 6 in ) for females . this visitor to our garden gave me quite the runaround before i managed to get this shot . : - )
common names : common dotted border butterfly ; gewone voelent - witjie ( afrikaans ) .
taken at harold porter botanic gardens in betty ' s bay , western cape , south africa .
although quite common , for me it remains one of the most beautiful local butterflies to photograph , especially with the wings closed .
macro photograph of an
orange shouldered white
butterfly on ribbon bush flowers ( hypoestes ) .
taken at harold porter botanic gardens , betty ' s bay , western cape .
went to nylsvlei to do some bird watching but ended up butterfly spotting due to lack of birds . . . . .
any help with id ' s corrections and confirmations is always very much appreciated .
i am happy with this name but i have no idea if there are any other similar species . any help with confirming or denying the id will be greatly appreciated
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