the northern slimy salamander ( plethodon glutinosus ) is a species of terrestrial plethodontid salamander found through much of the eastern two-thirds of the united states , from new york , west to illinois , south to texas , and east to florida , with isolated populations in southern new hampshire and northwestern connecticut .

it is one of 55 species in the genus plethodon and one of the first of its cogeners to be described .

the salamander is called " slimy " because it is capable of excreting a sticky , glue-like substance from its skin .

it is also sometimes referred to as the viscid salamander , grey-spotted salamander , slippery salamander , or sticky salamander , depending on which source is consulted .

due to its large geographic range , some taxonomic researchers have suggested splitting p. glutinosus into several distinct species , but this is not widely accepted .

northern slimy salamander

an adult northern slimy salamander . note the lack of white spots on this individuals regenerated tail .
occurs in the eastern two - thirds of the state . white - spotted slimy , mississippi slimy , and northern slimy salamanders are virtually indistinguishable , and make up the slimy salamander complex .
northern slimy salamander - this image , taken by todd pierson , is under an attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic license .
( bruce , et al . , 2000 ; hickman jr . , et al . , 2009 ;
northern slimy salamander
, 2007 )
highton , r . 1962 . geographic variation in the life history of the slimy salamander .
slimy salamander - chattahoochee river national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )
the northern slimy salamander is a member of the lungless salamander family . adult salamanders in this family do not have lungs but take in oxygen through their skin . northern slimy salamanders are smooth - skinned and are black with white or cream marbling or speckles . they can be 7 - 8 inches long .
a large female northern slimy salamander ( 65 mm svl ) was captured with the tail of a juvenile northern slimy salamander ( 27 . 5 mm svl ) protruding from its mouth ( powders , 1973 ) . o . predators . undocumented , but likely to include forest snakes , birds , and small mammals .
enature . com . 2007 .
northern slimy salamander
( on - line ) . enature . com . accessed february 22 , 2010 at urltoken .
northern slimy salamanders were found with southern zigzag salamanders ( p . ventralis ) , eastern newt efts , and northern dusky salamanders in knox county , tennessee ( powders , 1973 ) .
davidson , j . 1956 . notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander _ plethodon glutinosus _ .
g . territories . northern slimy salamanders and members of their complex aggressively defend territories ( thurow , 1976 ) .
background : the northern slimy salamander is a medium - large sized member of the “lungless” salamander family ( plethodontidae ) . this salamander gets its name from a glue - like secretion it emits from glands in its skin as a defense against predetors or when disturbed . the substance is difficult to remove from hands or clothing .
northern slimy salamanders are found in association with wehrle’s salamanders throughout the entire range of wehrle’s salamanders ( highton , 1972 ) .
highton , r . 1956 . the life history of the slimy salamander , _ plethodon glutinosus _ , in florida .
j . torpor ( hibernation ) . bishop ( 1941b ) reports finding northern slimy salamanders far below the surface during the winter .
breeds in fall in northern areas and spring to summer in southern regions of range .
northern slimy salamanders in cleburne county , alabama , are found beneath logs , rocks and occasionally beneath leaf litter ( rubenstein , 1969 ) .
distinguished from identical white - spotted slimy and mississippi slimy salamanders by range and genetic analysis . tellico salamander has a separate range and cumberland plateau salamanders are smaller and have a light chin . southern appalachian salamander usually has fewer and smaller white spots on back and sides .
competition at the range boundary in the slimy salamander : using reciprocal transplants for studies on the role of biotic interactions in spatial distributions .
northern slimy salamanders and chattahoochee slimy salamanders contact at the western edge of the blue ridge province in georgia ; there is no published information on their interactions ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . in a series of laboratory experiments with northern slimy salamanders and cumberland plateau salamanders , there was not a significant difference in frequency of occurrences for initiator , aggressor , escaper , and biter behaviors , but northern slimy salamanders were defenders significantly more often than were cumberland plateau salamanders . cumberland plateau salamanders were appeasers and intruders significantly more often than northern slimy salamanders ( bailey , 1992 ) . cumberland plateau salamanders show an increase in territorial behavior relative to shelter availability and population density when involved in interactions with northern slimy salamanders ( marvin , 1998 ) .
if you locate a slimy salamander , please contact the deep wildlife division at 860 - 424 - 3011 or deep . ctwildlife @ urltoken .
dlia / atbi . 2010 .
plethodon glutinosus ( green ) , northern slimy salamander - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park
( on - line ) . discover life in america . accessed april 01 , 2010 at urltoken .
the six isolates of northern gray - cheeked salamanders ( p . montanus ) in the valley and ridge province are widely sympatric with northern slimy salamanders . the two species also are sympatric in a small section of the roan isolate of northern gray - cheeked salamanders . there is evidence of occasional hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
the range of the northern slimy salamander is in the eastern us from southern new york and pennsylvania to northern florida . there are some isolated populations in new hampshire , louisisana and texas . they only exist on the western edge of connecticut in northwestern fairfield county . they are very rare and are listed as a threatened species in connecticut .
northern slimy salamanders are reported from caves in dekalb , jackson , and marshall counties , alabama , and monroe county , illinois ( peck , 1974 ) .
northern slimy salamanders are found occasionally with northern zigzag salamanders ( p . dorsalis ) , cave salamanders ( eurycea lucifuga ) , and long - tailed salamanders on rock faces in the unglaciated sections of indiana ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .
organ , j . 1960 . the courtship and spermatophore of the salamander _ plethodon glutinosus _ .
northern slimy salamanders get their name from their defense system . a threatened salamander exudes a glue - like substance that sticks to hands or predator mouths . while the predator is trying to remove the sticky stuff , which can collect leaves and debris to make quite an annoying mess , the salamander can escape . the goo is hard to wash off of hands .
m . longevity . northern slimy salamanders in frederick county , maryland , and bedford county , pennsylvania , live in excess of 5 yr ( semlitsch , 1980b ) .
competition at the range boundary in the slimy salamander : using reciprocal transplants for studies on the role of biotic interactions in spatial d . . . - pubmed - ncbi
interesting facts : this nocturnal salamander emerges from its burrow at dusk and retreats at dawn . it is occasionally active on rainy days . during a drought , the slimy salamander can be found deep underground or under rotting logs . the species hibernates underground from november to march .
if you happen to find a slimy salamander , leave it where you found it and only take photographs . you take the risk of getting
slimed
if you handle a slimy salamander , and the slime is difficult to remove . salamanders should never be collected from the wild . collection or removal of any slimy salamander is strictly prohibited by the connecticut endangered and threatened species act . if you lift any logs or rocks while rummaging through forests , remember to place them back exactly how you found them .
northern slimy salamanders are relatively resilient to disturbances , such as those associated with timbering operations , and are found frequently in second - growth forests and relatively small , fragmented woodlots . in indiana , northern slimy salamanders are widespread and abundant in areas that had up to 99 % surface erosion 100 yr ago ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .
according to the u . s . fisheries and wildlife service , the slimy salamander is considered neither a threatened nor endangered species throughout its range . however , some species within the
habitat and diet : the slimy salamander is restricted to old second growth deciduous or hemlock forests with steep , rocky slopes . it hides under rotten logs and thick duff layers on the forest floor . slimy salamanders require wet or moist areas for breeding purposes .
conservation : slimy salamanders are tied to forest habitats . destruction of these habitats is the greatest threat to populations . logging of forests causes an increase in temperature and the rate of evaporation and possibly also impacts the salamander’s food source . like all lungless salamanders , pollutants , including herbicides and pesticides , are easily absorbed through their porous skin and are toxic to the slimy salamander .
873 - brodie , w . e . , g . gunter , 1958 , egg clutches and prehensilism in the slimy salamander , herpetology , vol . 13 , pg . 279 - 280
887 - davidson , j . a . , 1956 , notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander plethodon glutinosus glutinosus , herpetology , vol . 12 , pg . 129 - 131
juvenile northern slimy salamanders and juvenile eastern red - backed salamanders ( plethodon cinereus ) compete reciprocally when resources are limiting . interactions between adults are more obscure , but northern slimy salamanders may have reduced growth when eastern red - backed salamanders are present . in competition between these two species for territories , it appears that body size is the primary factor dictating territory ownership ( price and shield , 2002 ) .
highton and his colleagues ( highton , 1989 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) recognize 16 species in the p . glutinosus complex as follows : western slimy salamanders ( p . albagula ) , tellico salamanders ( p . aureolus ) , chattahoochee slimy salamanders ( p . chattahoochee ) , atlantic coast slimy salamanders ( p . chlorobryonis ) , white - spotted slimy salamanders ( p . cylindraceus ) , northern slimy salamanders ( p . glutinosus ) , southeastern slimy salamanders ( p . grobmani ) , cumberland plateau salamanders ( p . kentucki ) , kiamichi slimy salamanders ( p . kiamichi ) , louisiana slimy salamanders ( p . kisatchie ) , mississippi slimy salamanders ( p . mississippi ) , ocmulgee slimy salamanders ( p . ocmulgee ) , savannah slimy salamanders ( p . savannah ) , sequoyah slimy salamanders ( p . sequoyah ) , southern appalachian salamanders ( p . teyahalee ) , and south carolina slimy salamanders ( p . variolatus ) . information gathered on these species has been published under the name
p . glutinosus
( indeed , petranka [ 1998 ] recognizes only tellico salamanders , northern slimy salamanders , cumberland plateau salamanders , and southern appalachian salamanders ) . because of this , the literature on
p . glutinosus
must be interpreted carefully and with a consideration of locality data .
taggart , t . 2010 .
white - spotted slimy salamander
( on - line ) . cnah - the center for north american herpetology . accessed february 22 , 2010 at urltoken .
genus produce noxious skin secretions as predator defense . white - spotted slimy salamanders produce copious amounts of slime which often gum up a predator ' s mouth , giving the salamander a chance to escape .
northern slimy salamanders have a largely parapatric range with tellico salamanders . they have been taken together at one site in polk county , tennessee , without any evidence of hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
northern slimy salamanders are sympatric throughout the known range of pigeon mountain salamanders . there is some evidence that indicates hybridization may rarely take place ( wynn et al . , 1988 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
in ohio , the following species are associated with northern slimy salamanders : eastern newts ( notophthalmus viridescens ) , jefferson’s salamanders ( ambystoma jeffersonianum ) , spotted salamanders ( a . maculatum ) , small - mouthed salamanders ( a . texanum ) , marbled salamanders ( a . opacum ) , mountain dusky salamanders ( desmognathus ochrophaeus ) , northern dusky salamanders ( d . fuscus ) , northern two - lined salamanders ( eurycea bislineata ) , southern two - lined salamanders , long - tailed salamanders ( e . longicauda ) , northern ravine salamanders ( p . electromorphus ) , and red - backed salamanders ( pfingsten , 1989d ) .
the subspecies is at its northernmost range in connecticut , with only a few populations in western fairfield and litchfield counties . with such few populations , the slimy salamander is listed as a threatened species in connecticut .
range and habitat : slimy salamanders are found throughout eastern north america , except for southern florida , including all of south carolina and georgia . this salamander lives in moist , undisturbed woodlands and moist wooded ravines .
4 . conservation . northern slimy salamanders are listed as threatened in connecticut ( http : / / dep . state . ct . us ) and protected in new jersey , but are not listed in any of the other states within their range . among members of the p . glutinosus complex , northern slimy salamanders have the widest distribution . within this range , there are many federal and state properties that contain suitable habitat for these salamanders .
description : a large ( up to 9” ) , black colored salamander with numerous silvery white flecks on the body , tail , and head . the underside is black , but slightly lighter than the dorsum . the white sticky secretions that this species emits from its glands ( especially along the tail ) when disturbed further helps to identify the slimy salamander .
northern slimy salamanders are sympatric with yonahlossee salamanders ( p . yonahlossee ) only in the vicinity of skulls gap , smyth county , virginia . a probable f1 hybrid was found at this location ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
northern slimy salamanders occur within 0 . 4 km of jordan ' s salamanders ( p . jordani ) on parsons bald , swain county , north carolina . there is no evidence of hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
ii . breeding habitat . the courtship of a pair of northern slimy salamanders in giles county , virginia , was observed on the bank of a road within a bare area of about 0 . 3 m2 ( pope , 1950 ) .
awareness and education of the slimy salamander ' s life history and habitats are invaluable tools for conservation . consider the preservation of important mature growth forests . not only are salamanders important , but their presence indicates a healthy habitat .
at a site in randolph county , west virginia , the following salamanders have been found in close association with northern slimy salamanders : wehrle’s salamanders ( p . wehrlei ) , red - backed salamanders , northern dusky salamanders , mountain dusky salamanders , spring salamanders , four - toed salamanders ( hemidactylium scutatum ) , and spotted salamanders ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .
h . aestivation / avoiding dessication . in new york , northern slimy salamanders disappear from their usual haunts and may be found only by digging deeply into the soil or following the crevices that extend far into banks ( bishop , 1941b ) .
wells , kentwood d . ; wells , roger a . ; 1976 , patterns of movement in a population of the slimy salamander , plethodon glutinosus , with observations on aggregations , herpetologica , 32 ( 2 ) : 156 - 162
virginia department of game and inland fisheries . 2010 .
white - spotted slimy salamander ( plethodon cylindraceus )
( on - line ) . virginia department of game and inland fisheries . accessed april 01 , 2010 at urltoken .
the slimy salamander has an extensive range throughout the eastern and central united states . starting in central new york and the southern tip of wisconsin , the range covers much of the eastern seaboard , moving southward to central florida and the gulf coast and westward to parts of east texas and oklahoma . it is notably absent from the lower mississippi valley , presumably because flooding causes frequent disturbance to the preferred habitat of the slimy salamander in that region ( grobman 1944 ) .
adult northern slimy salamanders are terrestial and prefer mature forest with alot of ground debris and cover . they live under leaf litter and logs . they may come to the surface to hunt when it rains . they are nocturnal . adults overwinter underground .
northern slimy salamanders have a long contact with white - spotted slimy salamanders from maryland south through west virginia , virginia , and tennessee , from the potomac river to the french broad river . hybrid populations are known from washington county , maryland , and highland , washington , and smyth counties , virginia ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
members of the plethodon glutinosus complex frequently become immobile when initially contacted . northern slimy salamanders were included in a field study on immobility ; however , it is not possible to separate their behavior from the other members of this complex in this published data set . immobility may increase survival by making the salamander less likely to be detected , especially by visually oriented predators ( dodd , 1989 ) .
jaeger , robert g . ; gabor , caitlin r . ; 1999 , salamander social behavior , reptiles magazine 7 ( 7 ) : 32 - 47
vess , tomalei j . ; harris , reid n . ; 1997 , artificial brooding of salamander eggs , herpetological review 28 ( 2 ) : 80
when threatened , the slimy salamander will lash out with its tail , secreting a sticky , gluey substance . potential predators that come into contact with this substance may experience mastication ( sticky jaw binding ) , thus reducing the movement of the jaws .
e . adult habitat . northern slimy salamanders are 8–12 times denser in mature hardwood forests than in young pine monocultures ( bennett et al . , 1980 ) , and denser in old pine stands than younger pine stands ( grant et al . , 1994 ) .
r . parasites . northern slimy salamanders are sometimes infected by the astomatous ciliate , cepedietta michiganensis ( powders , 1970 ) . for a considered list of the parasites of north carolina animals now considered to be in the glutinosus complex , see rankin ( 1937 ) .
northern slimy salamanders are found with pigeon mountain salamanders ( p . petraeus ) , southern zigzag salamanders , green salamanders , long - tailed salamanders , cave salamanders , and spring salamanders on pigeon mountain , walker county , georgia ( wynn et al . , 1988 ) .
3827 - wells , k . d . , wells , r . a . , 1976 , patterns of movement in a population of the slimy salamander , plethodon glutinosus , with observations of aggregations , herpetologica , vol . 32 , pg . 156 - 162
conservation concerns : the major threat facing the slimy salamander is the loss of undisturbed mature forests in southwestern connecticut to urban and suburban development , road fragmentation , and habitat degradation . preservation of these habitats is crucial for the survival of this species in our state .
the slimy salamander is vulnerable to parasitism by some nematode worms , particularly when guarding an egg clutch , due to poor nutrition . the small activity range of the species also makes it a victim of predation by a number of snakes that occur in the geographical range or
an unusual association consisting of three members of the plethodon glutinosus complex occurs at a site in polk county , tennessee . here , southern appalachian salamanders , tellico salamanders , and northern slimy salamanders occur sympatrically . there is no evidence of hybridization at this location ( highton , 1984 ) .
conservation status : slimy salamanders are common throughout their range and are not protected in our region or federally .
952 - organ , j . a . , 1960 , the courtship and spermatophore of the salamander plethodon glutinosus , copeia , vol . 1960 , pg . 34 - 40
sever , david m . ; morphology and seasonal variation of the mental glands of the dwarf salamander , eurycea quadridigitata , herpetologica , 31 ( 3 ) : 241 - 251
in new york , bishop ( 1941b ) reports northern slimy salamanders as commonly being found beneath logs and stones in woods , in the crevices of shale banks , and along the sides of gullies and ravines . he also reports them from under moist humus and leaf mold or in manure piles .
male green salamanders ( aneides aeneus ) exhibit aggressive behavior towards northern slimy salamanders ( canterbury and pauley , 1991 ) . other interactions between these two salamanders likely include competition for space , nesting sites , and food ( bailey , 1992 ; marvin , 1998 ) . green salamanders are found frequently to occupy higher crevices in rock faces than are northern slimy salamanders ( baltar , 1983 ; cliburn and porter , 1987 ; waldron , 2000 ) . this stratification may be due to superior climbing abilities of green salamanders ( cliburn and porter , 1986 ) or to competition ( canterbury and pauley , 1991 ) .
as with all species of plethodon , northern slimy salamanders do not migrate to breeding grounds , and they do not have large home ranges . thus , they can exist in habitats of smaller size than many other amphibian species . conservation activities that promote mature closed - canopy forests should benefit this species .
, lack the grooves running from nostrils down to lip that slimy salamanders have . there are several species in the
northern slimy salamanders are sympatric throughout most of the range of cumberland plateau salamanders in the cumberland plateau of eastern kentucky and western west virginia and in areas in adjacent tennessee and virginia . there is evidence that the two species occasionally hybridize ( highton and macgregor , 1983 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
description : slimy salamanders were once considered one species ( p . glutinosus ) but have recently been split into 13 separate species . they all look similar and are best differentiated by range . slimy salamanders are large salamanders , reaching 6 . 75 in ( 17 cm ) , with blackish - blue color and scattered silvery - white or gold spots all over their body . its tail is round and its venter is grayish black or slightly lighter than the dorsum . the slimy salamander gets its name from the slimy secretions it produces when threatened , which stick like glue and are hard to get off . they have approximately 16 costal grooves .
the slimy salamander complex can be found inhabiting most of the eastern united states from connecticut south to florida and west to oklahoma and missouri . the actual locations may somewhat disjunct due to available habitat . the preferred habitat of the slimy salamander complex is moist undisturbed woodlands and moist wooded ravines . during the day , the salamanders will be located under logs , stones , and other forest floor debris , as well as in burrows . at night , after rains , or during humid moist weather , the slimy salamanders can be located while foraging for food above ground . during hot and dry weather , the salamanders will seek shelter underground in burrows , caves , in or under fallen logs , and in rock crevices .
the slimy salamander has mainly black skin , covered by abundant silver - white or brassy specks , or both ; the ventrum has variable shades but is generally lighter than the dorsum . the organism is distinguished from other dark salamanders in its range by the presence of a nasolabial groove . more noticeably ,
depending on the latitude of origin , female slimy salamanders may breed either annually or biennially , with the more southern populations breeding annually . sexual maturity is also linked to latitude , with the southern populations maturing faster . this may be due to the ability of the salamander to remain active longer and thus have a longer growing season . in southern populations , males may become sexually mature in one to two years as compared to four years in northern populations . most individuals breed the year following sexual maturity . the majority of females in the southern populations reach sexual maturity at two years and lay eggs for the first time at three years , as compared to four years for maturity and five years to oviposition in northern populations . there are also differences in size at sexual maturity between the populations . the southern populations mature at a smaller size compared to the northern populations . for example , southern males are typically 1 . 6 - 2 . 1 inches ( 40 - 53 mm ) snout to vent , while northern males are typically 2 . 1 - 2 . 8 inches ( 53 - 70 mm ) . depending upon the latitude , the timing of egg deposition can vary from late spring and early summer in the northern portions of the range to late summer and early fall in southern populations ( petranka , 1998 ) . however , courtship in the northern portions of the range can take place in the previous fall , with egg deposition taking place the following spring ( organ , 1968 ) .
northern slimy salamanders from somerset county , new jersey , courted in september and october . the early stages of courtship were not observed , but the tail - straddling stage was similar to that described for white - spotted slimy salamanders from whitetop mountain , virginia ( organ , 1960a , 1968 ) . a female collected in southern illinois on 27 april had a spermatophore in her cloaca when she was preserved on 9 may ( highton , 1962b ) .
description : the slimy salamander is mostly black with white flecks and blotches along the sides and top portion ( dorsum ) of the body . the belly is typically lighter in base color than the rest of the body . the slimy has 15 to 17 ( typically 16 ) costal grooves ( vertical flanks along a salamander’s sides ) . the tail accounts for half or more of the total body length , which ranges between 4 . 5 to 6 . 5 inches . the tail also is cylindrical ( distinguishing it from the laterally flattened tail of the similar - looking jefferson and blue - spotted salamanders ) . juveniles look similar to adults .
a . breeding . reproduction is terrestrial . females from populations in alabama had sperm present within the spermatheca in the spring ( trauth , 1984 ; note the species identities of the specimens in this study cannot be precisely determined , as exact locality data is unknown , although it is likely that at least some were northern slimy salamanders ) .
the following food items were reported for northern slimy salamanders from knox county , tennessee : annelida , gastropoda , diplopoda , chilopoda , isopoda , phalangidea , pseudoscorpionida , aranae , acarina , collembola , homoptera , hemiptera , coleoptera , diptera , formicidae , and non - formicid hymenopteran and other insect larvae ( powders and tietjen , 1974 ) .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
1 . historical versus current distribution . northern slimy salamanders ( plethodon glutinosus ) are present throughout kentucky , west virginia , and pennsylvania , extending northwest into southern illinois , southern and western indiana , and eastern ohio , south through tennessee into northeastern alabama , northern georgia , and extreme southwestern north carolina , east into western virginia , maryland , and new jersey , and northeast into southwestern connecticut and southern new york , with a disjunct population in southern new hampshire . populations range in elevation from sea level to about 1 , 500 m ( petranka , 1998 ) .
962 - pope , c . h . , 1950 , a statistical and ecological study of the salamander plethodon yonahlossee , bull . chicago acad . sci . , vol . 9 , pg . 79 - 106
slimy salamanders are only occasionally available through the pet trade . additionally , slimy salamanders purchased through the pet trade may also lack the requisite locality data to ensure that hybrids are not produced . if salamanders of unknown genetic background are produced then they should be labeled as potential hybrids to prevent accidental escape and interbreeding . collecting slimy salamanders should only be accomplished after a through review of the regulations in the relevant state .
jaeger , robert g . , joseph , raymond g . , barnard , debra e . 1981 . foraging tactics of a terrestrial salamander : sustained yields in territories . animal behavior 29 ( 4 ) : 1100 - 1105
selby , michelle f . ; winkel , scott c . ; petranka , james w . ; 1996 , geographic uniformity in agonistic behaviors of jordon ' s salamander , herpetologica , 52 ( 1 ) : 108 - 115
northern slimy salamanders contact southern appalachian salamanders on the western side of the blue ridge mountains in tennessee , southwest of the french broad river . at one site in polk county , tennessee , they occur sympatrically and probably do not hybridize . however , at two other transects in monroe and sevier counties , tennessee , there are narrow hybrid zones ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .
a large salamander ( 4 . 5 to 8 . 0 inches in length ) having black dorsum with small , white or silver spots scattered over the body . belly is lighter than the back and the tail is round .
jaeger , robert g . ; joseph , raymond g . ; barnard , debra e . ; 1981 , foraging tactics of a terrestrial salamander : sustained yields in territories , animal behavior , 29 ( 4 ) : 1100 - 1105
males collected in october from rochester and ithaca , new york , had vas deferens packed with sperm ( bishop , 1941b ) . the vasa deferentia from northern slimy salamanders collected in bedford county , pennsylvania , and frederick county , maryland , were enlarged during september–october . one male collected in october and all those collected in march in southern illinois had large vasa deferentia . ( highton , 1962b ) .
intensive harvest of mature forest greatly reduces salamander density in the logged area ; population recovery occurs slowly ( herbeck and larsen 1999 ) . however , logging is not considered to constitute a major threat to the security of the global population .
the slimy salamander complex is a group of large eastern woodland salamanders , with adults commonly reaching lengths of up to 6 . 75 inches ( 17 cm ) . depending on the author , there may be as few as three species ( petranka , 1998 ) or as many as thirteen different species ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . however , the species are generally indistinguishable in the field . the only way to tell the species apart ( except for chromosomal analysis ) is to know the locality origin of each salamander . for the purpose of this article , the different species can all be treated as the same species .
jaeger , robert g . ; fortune , deborah ; hill , gary ; palen , amy ; risher , george ; 1993 , salamander homing behavior and territorial pheromones : alternative hypotheses , journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 236 - 239
the slimy salamander is a territorial species , like most plethodontids . individuals , both male and female , can become very aggressive in competition for space toward members of both their own species and competitor species ( marvin 1998 ) . females fiercely guard their clutches , in some instances neglecting to forage for food , and may abandon eggs if they discover any tampering at the nest site ( highton 1956 ) .
the following diagram shows the approximate ranges of the species of slimy salamanders . for precise range information , please consult current published guidebooks or information available locally .
1 . determining the factors that influence the distribution of species has been a longstanding goal in the field of ecology . new techniques such as ecological niche modelling have the potential to aid in addressing many broad questions in ecology , evolutionary biology , and behavioural ecology . 2 . this study combines broad - scale ecological niche models with fine - scaled studies of biotic interactions to examine how abiotic and biotic interactions affect the spatial distribution of the terrestrial salamander species plethodon glutinosus ( northern slimy salamander ) , in a potential contact zone shared with plethodon mississippi ( mississippi slimy salamander ) . 3 . the core habitat in the interior portion of the range of p . glutinosus and the contact zone are distributed in unique environmental niche space . 4 . the form of competition , inter - or intraspecific , significantly affected mass loss of adult salamanders . salamanders lost more mass when interacting with a heterospecific . 5 . abiotic conditions strongly influenced the impact of competition on salamanders . under stressful environmental conditions at the field site located in the contact zone , salamanders lost more mass than at the field site located in the interior of the range . 6 . furthermore , adult salamanders from range - edge populations and core populations ( from the interior of the range ) differed in their respective abilities to compete under the abiotic conditions in the contact zone .
10812 - organ , j . a . , 1990 , salamander survey section one 1990 , prepared for the mount rogers national recreation area , jefferson national forest , 40 pgs . , dept . of bio . of the city college of new york , new york
northern slimy salamanders are believed to breed in the spring and again in the fall . 4 to 12 eggs are laid under rocks , logs or in burrows . the female guards her clutch until hatching which takes about 3 months . the spring - laid eggs hatch around august . the larval stage of these salamanders occurs inside the eggs . there is no aquatic stage , the salamanders hatch out as miniature adults that will mature in 3 to 5 years .
p . anti - predator mechanisms . nocturnal . secretive . northern slimy salamanders and members of their complex produce large amounts of skin secretions that have an adhesive component ( brodie et al . , 1979 ) . these adhesives bind to potential predators and can compromise both mastication and locomotion . individuals will body flip and lash their tails when attacked by shrews ( brodie et al . , 1979 ) . they will vocalize when physically disturbed ( mansueti , 1941 ) .
the following salamanders were collected along with northern slimy salamanders on mount cheaha , cleburne county , alabama : spotted dusky salamanders ( desmognathus conanti ) , seepage salamanders ( d . aeneus ) , seal salamanders ( d . monticola ) , southern two - lined salamanders ( eurycea cirrigera ) , three - lined salamanders ( e . guttolineata ) , spring salamanders ( gyrinophilus porphyriticus ) , red salamanders ( pseudotriton ruber ) , and webster’s salamanders ( p . websteri ; rubenstein , 1969 ) .
highton , r . , g . maha , l . maxson . 1989 . biochemical evolution in the slimy salamanders of the _ plethodon glutinosus _ complex in the eastern united states .
occurs in the southern appalachian and piedmont regions of the appalachian highlands , as well as the southern coastal plain . it is found in the blue ridge and piedmont physiographic provinces of virginia and north carolina , west to the french broad river and south to the northern piedmont of south carolina . outside of that area ,
slimy salamanders to me are somewhat misnamed , as a better name would have been sticky salamanders . the first time you try to restrain one with your bare hands is a memorable experience . the salamander will coat your hand in a seemingly never - ending supply of thick , sticky mucous that is very difficult to remove by washing . my first attempt to catch one by hand resulted in my having to spend about 10 minutes scrubbing the mucous off with sand in a nearby stream .
houk , lynne d . ; bell , alison m ; reagen - wallin , nancy ; feldhoff , richard c . ; 1998 , effects of experimental delivery of male courtship pheromones on the timing of courtship in a terrestrial salamander , plethodon jordani ( caudata : plethodontidae ) , copeia 1 : 214 - 219
sexually mature slimy salamanders are easy to differentiate as the males have a large readily visible mental gland on the chin during the breeding season . additionally , male slimy salamanders have papillose cloacal glands , but this is only readily visible under a magnifying lens . in plethodontid salamanders , the mental gland secretes hormones that increase receptivity for courtship in the female salamander ( houk et al . , 1998 ) . the hormones are transferred to the females by rubbing the mental gland and its secretions on the female ' s body , head , and nasolabial grooves . adult females can be identified by the observance of eggs through the wall of the abdomen , or by the lack of a mental gland during the breeding season .
the slimy salamander is commonly found beneath stones and decaying logs in wooded areas and alongside streams , as well as in the crevices of shale banks and along the sides of gullies and ravines ( davidson 1956 ; grobman 1944 ) . it generally moves about underground using animal and insect burrows ( cowley 1999 ) . mean home - range area is 3 . 01 + / - . 613 sq . meters for adults and 3 . 46 + / - 1 . 851 sq . meters for juveniles ( marvin 1998 ) .
impact their communities with their burrowing by contributing to the dynamics of the soil . they dig and break up the soil to increase aeration . white - spotted slimy salamanders also are host to many internal parasites including :
white - spotted slimy salamanders are generally solitary , but will congregate under optimal cover objects to avoid dessication during dry periods . females and juveniles are much more likely to share a cover object than multiple , territorial males .
range : there are at least 16 subspecies of slimy salamanders which look the same but are genetically variable . overall , this species ranges from texas to florida , north into missouri and illinois and northeast into new york and connecticut .
this species can be found in the usa . the complex covers southern new hampshire ( disjunctive ) , western connecticut , and new york south to central florida , west to missouri , eastern oklahoma , and south - central texas ( disjunctive ) ( petranka 1998 ) . according to highton et al . ( 1989 ) , plethodon glutinosus covers northeastern usa to central illinois , south to central alabama , central georgia , western virginia , northern maryland , and central new jersey .
habits : slimy salamanders prefer to stay under logs , stones , debris , or in burrows during the day and come out on moist nights forage for invertebrate prey . during the breeding season male adult slimy salamanders , unlike females , have a large mental gland on the chin , which they use to stimulate the female . they breed annually , depositing about 6 - 36 eggs under logs or dirt in the summer or early fall . these eggs will usually hatch around october and young do not have an aquatic larval stage . they mature in about 3 years .
gravid females will retain the eggs unless a suitable nesting site and medium are provided . in the wild slimy salamanders nest underground in burrows or in rotted logs . a loose deep substrate can be provided to allow the females to dig an appropriate nesting chamber . as an alternative , small burrows can be created from small diameter pvc and buried in the substrate . if the female salamander is frequently disturbed , the eggs may be retained indefinitely or laid and then abandoned . if the female retains the eggs , egg deposition can be hormonally induced . however , hormonally induced females rarely brood the eggs . rearing of plethodontid eggs is a labor - intensive task with a high failure rate unless specialized equipment can be purchased . ( bernardo and arnold , 1999 ) .
takes place at the beginning of april and eggs are deposited anytime from late spring in the northern part of the range to very late summer at the range ' s southern tip . eggs are laid in moist areas such as caves or under the bark of rotting trees . clutch size ranges from 4 to 12 eggs . hatchlings emerge close to three months after eggs are deposited ( highton 1956 ) . juveniles have no aquatic stage and develop directly to adulthood , as the species is entirely terrestrial ( feder 1983 ) .
begins courtship and mating in the spring and fall . white spotted slimy salamanders lay six to thirty six eggs in an underground retreat such as underneath or within a log , or in a moist crevasse during late spring . the female is tasked with guarding the nest and her eggs hatch after 2 to 3 months .
is a terrestrial species and completes its entire life cycle on land . it is also a lungless species and breaths through its skin and membranes of the mouth and throat . white - spotted slimy salamanders are named for their spotted appearance and defensive strategy of secreting a very sticky substance from its skin glands that is extremely difficult to remove .
life history : slimy salamanders are late spring - time breeders , much like many other connecticut amphibians . not much is known about the breeding activities of slimy salamanders . it is suspected that they are sexually mature at 5 years of age and that the females only breed every other year . unlike most other salamanders , open water is not needed for the laying of eggs . instead , the 13 to 34 eggs ( average 16 - 17 ) are usually deposited in decaying logs or attached underneath rocks . all development takes place within the eggs , including metamorphosis , so that the emerging juvenile salamanders appear as smaller versions of the adults . the juveniles may have just as many , if not more , white flecks on their bodies .
female slimy salamanders do not sexually mature until they are two years old , and cannot lay eggs until approaching age three . the same is true for most males , although some have been found capable of breeding at two years of age . in regions where the growing season is short , a wait of three years is almost certain before sexual maturity is reached ( highton 1962 ) .
life history : reproduction occurs in the summer , with eggs being attached to the roof of an underground cavity or rock crevice . the larval stage is completed within the egg , and hatching occurs 2 - 3 months after the eggs are deposited . newly hatched slimy salamanders apparently do not emerge from their hidden retreats until the following spring . sexual maturity is reached in 3 - 5 years .
slimy salamanders can be easily maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater boxes lined with moistened unbleached paper towels . the shoebox or sweater box should have several crumpled paper towels , in addition to the ones lining the bottom , for the salamanders to use as shelter . this will help alleviate any stress the animal may be undergoing . unbleached paper towels have several advantages for use besides ease of cleaning . they serve as a suitable parasite and pathogen free substrate for animals undergoing a quarantine period . additionally , the towels serve as an excellent substrate for monitoring the success of courtship by allowing the easy detection of spermatophores . the paper towels should be changed at least once a week and preferably no more than twice a week , as cleaning too frequently may stress the salamanders and depress feeding activities ( jaeger et al . , 1981 ) . care must be taken to prevent the escape of the salamander , so tight fitting lids are required . several small holes can be drilled at each corner of either the lid or shoebox to facilitate air exchange . for long - term maintenance , the salamanders can also be set up in terrariums .
this species is one of a group of slimy salamanders referred to as the plethodon glutinosus complex . their appearances are similar and may be impossible to distinguish in the field ; there are 13 genetically distinct species in this group . short of genetically testing animals using laboratory techniques the best way to distinguish among these species is from their distribution maps . the list of these species and their common names as noted by the peterson reptiles and amphibians field guide is as follows :
body usually shiny black with well scattered spots . spots may be larger or small , white , gray or yellow on sides and silvery , white or brassy flecks on head back and tail . dark colored throat . slate colored belly generally noticeably lighter than dorsal color . skin will create a sticky or slimy secretion when animal is handled . nasolabial grooves present . 16 costal grooves , although may range from 15 to 17 . the tail is round in cross - section .
this is a large salamander that produces sticky secretions from the tail when handled . the entire ventral surface is slate - colored ; the back and sides are darker and sprinkled with silvery - white or metallic gold markings . the total length is 11 . 5 - 20 . 5 cm . the average egg is 5 . 5 mm in diameter , creamy white , and are often suspended from the ceiling of a cavity , such as a crevice of a shale bank , but may be deposited under rotten logs or moss . in the coastal plain , the eggs are laid annually in the late summer or fall . in the mountains , the eggs are laid every other spring . this species may be found under rocks or logs during the day , or wandering the forest floor at night .
white - spotted slimy salamanders may be active during the day or night , but are most active during rain events and at night . little is known regarding migratory movements , but studies have shown that individuals move no more than 90 meters . distance moved seems to correlate with age and more specifically , reproductive maturity . juveniles move less than 6 m , whereas salamanders between 55 and 65 svl moved the most . this length is most seen in individuals that have recently reached reproductive maturity and are likely moving in search of mates .
is defined by a slimy , glue - like secretion released from its skin glands . it has 16 costal grooves , on rare occurrences 15 or 17 , and generally ranges from 4 . 75 to 6 . 75 inches in length ( conant and collins 1998 ) . hatchlings are born with only slight dark coloration on the dorsum and none on the ventrum ; melanin for the specks begins to appear on the dorsum after three days . adult females exhibit slightly larger snout - to - vent lengths than adult males , but are otherwise similar in appearance ( highton 1956 ) .
slimy salamanders should be kept in a cool area such as a temperature - controlled room or a basement . the temperature should not be allowed to rise above 76°f ( 24 . 4°c ) as stress and potential death can result . if possible , the salamanders should be kept at a cooler temperature as opposed to a warmer temperature , as there is some evidence that salamanders kept at cooler temperatures are better able to resist sudden increases in temperature ( sealander and west , 1969 ) . cycling of the temperatures for breeding should be accomplished slowly , preferably not varying the temperature more than one degree per day .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
highton et al . ( 1989 ) recognized many species in this complex , but petranka ( 1998 ) regarded recognition of these as premature and referred to all of them as plethodon glutinosus . a more recent study revealed that nominal p . glutinosus is not only a species complex , but also that it is not monophyletic in nature ( fisher - reid and wiens 2011 ) . for the purposes of this assessment , all of the biological populations treated as nominal p . glutinosus are considered in the assessment until such time as there is formal taxonomic resolution to the species identities involved .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .
the total adult population size is unknown , but it probably exceeds 100 , 000 . there are hundreds of occurrences . in the southern appalachians , populations fluctuated over a 20 - year period ( early 1970s to early 1990s ) , with no apparent long - term trend ( hairston and wiley 1993 ) .
there are wooded slopes , ravines , floodplains , shalebanks , and cave entrances ; most often in hardwood forest , sometimes in pinelands . it is generally under or in rotting logs , stumps , or leaf - litter , or under rocks , during the day . goes underground during dry or freezing weather . eggs are laid in rotting logs , underground , or in rock crevices , where they develop directly without a larval stage .
maintenance of mature hardwood forest habitat is key to the long - term persistence of viable populations of this species ( petranka 1998 ) . further research on the taxonomy of this species complex is required to clarify the biological identities of the taxa involved .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
this amphibian feeds at night on a variety of invertebrates , such as earthworms , snails , slugs , spiders , centipedes , and millipedes , as well as larval and adult insects .
avoid the use of fertilizers , herbicides , and insecticides in your yard . if you need to use these products , purchase ones that are natural and organic .
state of connecticut disclaimer , privacy policy , and web site accessibility policy . copyright © 2002 - 2018 state of connecticut .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
pertinent references : petranka , james w . 1998 . salamanders of the united states and canada . smithsonian institute press , washington .
account author : anna tarter , university of georgia - revised by j . d . willson


it was first named by paleontologists randall l. nydam , michael w. caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is kleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis .

the genus is named after kleskun hill park , located east of grande prairie in peace river country .

fossils have been found from the park in a bentonitic paleosol that is part of the campanian wapiti formation .

kleskunsaurus

how can i put and write and define kleskunsaurus in a sentence and how is the word kleskunsaurus used in a sentence and examples ? 用kleskunsaurus造句 , 用kleskunsaurus造句 , 用kleskunsaurus造句 , kleskunsaurus meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' kleskunsaurus
' is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada .
kleskunsaurus is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada . it was first named by paleontologists randall l .
it was first named by paleontologists randall l . nydam , michael w . caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is
kleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis
.
genus : kleskunsaurus nydam , caldwell , & fanti , 2010etymology : in reference to kleskun hill park , where the type and only specimen was found , and greek , sauros , ' lizard ' .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
further reading -  borioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil ( wapiti formation ; upper campanian )  ,  west - central alberta ,  canada .   -  journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 4 )  : 1090 - 1099 .   -  r .  l .  nydam ,  m .  w .  caldwell & f .  fanti  -  2010 .
content copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such it is best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy
size does not always matter , said kat ormay , paleontology program manager for grande prairie regional college .
a recently named 2007 microfossil discovery from the kleskun hills area is only millimetres across - the width a pinky fingertip , if even - but it might be one of the most significant discoveries made in that area .
it ' s a brand - new genus and species of fossil lizard from the cretaceous ,
said the college paleontology education liaison , michael burns .
this is the first time any fossil lizard from the cretaceous in north america has been found that actually has multiple skull bones preserved . so this actually has quite a broad significance even beyond just the fossil locality at kleskun itself .
everybody that studies fossil reptiles is going to look at this thing and they ' re going to know that there ' s something special going on up here - there ' s something significant coming out of the fossil localities in the grande prairie area , starting to garner more and more global scientific attention .
our dot on the map is getting more and more substantial ,
agreed ormay .
it was named in this month ' s edition of the journal of vertebrate paleontology by randall nydam of midwestern university ' s department of anatomy in arizona , michael caldwell of the university of alberta ' s department of biological sciences and department of earth and atmosphere sciences and federico fanti of the university of bologna ' s ( italy ) department of earth and geo - environmental sciences .
but before their involvement , it was a summertime expedition that led to finding the skull in the first place , and quite by accident .
all of a sudden tetsuto ( miyashita ) says ' i think i found a skull ' and he holds up his palm with something in it , and actually it was a lizard skull - a right lower and upper jaw - with 21 teeth in it ,
said ormay .
that was a socognathus unicuspis skull - a species of lizard first discovered in southeastern alberta in 1996 , though not in nearly as complete condition as this example was .
we were down there looking at microfossils and something shiny kind of gleamed in the sun . i had a magnifying glass and i saw these things - teeth - and i didn ' t really know what it was but i knew it wasn ' t a rock . i knew it was some sort of fossil . i gave it over to federico and he jumped up and down with joy ,
said graber .
i had no idea - i just saw a shiny thing in the field .
these discoveries have led to further searching of the kleskun hills area , with more expected to come .
burns said it brings attention for an area of research the everyman does not necessarily think of .
a lot of the public outreach has to do with dinosaurs because they ' ve been popularized over the years . . . but from a scientific standpoint we want to look at everything . just a dinosaur is kind of like a character in a book - like harry potter without the rest of the story , the characters and background , setting and plot . it ' s kind of exciting but not all that enthralling ,
he said .
what we ' re looking for is not only the animal but the story surrounding the animal .
choose among a variety of subscription packages and stay up to date with convenient home delivery and our on the go digital e - edition .
© 2018 daily herald tribune . all rights reserved . a member of sun media community newspapers part of postmedia network .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : r . l . nydam , m . w . caldwell , and f . fanti . 2010 . borioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil ( wapiti formation ; upper campanian ) , west - central alberta , canada . journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 4 ) : 1090 - 1099
parent taxon : scincomorpha according to r . l . nydam et al . 2010
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
etymology : in reference to the town of grande prairie , alberta , located near the type locality .
locality : kleskin hill park locality , approximately 25 km northeast of grande prairie , grande prairie county , alberta province , canada .
age : late campanian stage , upper senonian subepoch , upper gulf epoch , late cretaceous .
material : incomplete skull preserving the partial remains of the bones bordering the left orbit , portions of the right and left maxillae , and right and left dentaries .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
epub free chicago bank of commerce , petitioner , v . charles mc pherson and ewald j . pfeiffer , as executors and trustees , etc . , of charles f . ruggles , deceased . u . s . supreme court transcript of record with supporting pleadings ibook 9781270244189


microcolona porota is a moth in the elachistidae family .

it is found in india ( assam ) .

the wingspan is 10-12 mm .

the forewings are brown with a tuft of scales mixed with dark fuscous and blackish towards the dorsum at two-fifths and another in the disc at three-fourths .

there is an indistinct spot of dark fuscous irroration towards the costa at two-thirds .

there is an elongate mark of dark fuscous irroration on the costa at two-thirds .

there are a few scattered blackish scales in the disc and towards the apex .

the hindwings are grey .

microcolona porota

this is the place for porota definition . you find here porota meaning , synonyms of porota and images for porota copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word porota . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word porota and , of course , porota synonyms and on the right images related to the word porota .
microcolona porota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : assam , khasis
microcolona tumulifera meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 169 ; tl : java , pekalongan
microcolona emporica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
microcolona aurantiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197
microcolona leucosticta meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : madras , coonoor
microcolona phalarota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 335 ; tl : assam , khasis
microcolona spaniospila turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 75
microcolona technographa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : bihar , pusa
microcolona pantomima meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : french congo , fort crampel
microcolona aurantiella sinev , 1988 ; vestn . zool . 1988 ( 5 ) : 19 ; tl : primory area , khasan , andreyevka
microcolona omphalias meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 309 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
microcolona polygethes turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 81 ; tl : tasmania , tasman peninsula
microcolona eriptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys , 4500ft
microcolona autotypa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft
microcolona citroplecta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 49 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; bengal , pusa
microcolona cricota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; assam , khasis
microcolona pycnitis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : ceylon , markeliya and namunukuli ( 6000ft )
microcolona transennata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : brazil , para , santarem ; peru , jurimaguas
microcolona celaenospila turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 255 ; tl : ebor scrub
microcolona embolopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
microcolona leptopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : albany , west australia
microcolona limodes meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand
microcolona ponophora meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
microcolona thymopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
microcolona crypsicasis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania
microcolona epixutha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : sydnaey and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales
microcolona sollennis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales
microcolona transennata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 275 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
microcolona arizela meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 378 ; tl : bathurst ( 2000ft ) , new south wales ; hobart , tasmania
microcolona leucochtha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; adelaide and port lincoln , south australia
microcolona nodata meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania ; albany , weswt australia
microcolona trigonospila meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : glen innes ( 3000ft ) , new south wales ; mount macedon , victoria
microcolona characta meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : sydney and blackheat ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; nelson , new zealand
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
elachista toropis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 336 ; tl : albany , west australia
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea )
new taxa of the blastodacninae moth subfamily ( lepidoptera , momphidae s . l . ) of the ussr [ in russian ]
a third contribution to a knowledge of the lepidopterous fauna of ebor scrub , n . s . w .
turner , 1939 a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 57 - 115
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
there are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sollenni . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sollenni and , of course , sollenni synonyms and on the right images related to the word sollenni .
this is the place for sollenni definition . you find here sollenni meaning , synonyms of sollenni and images for sollenni copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word polygethes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word polygethes and , of course , polygethes synonyms and on the right images related to the word polygethes .
this is the place for polygethes definition . you find here polygethes meaning , synonyms of polygethes and images for polygethes copyright 2017 © urltoken