the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) , also known as the red-backed sea-eagle in australia , is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors , such as eagles , buzzards , and harriers .

they are found in the indian subcontinent , southeast asia , and australia .

they are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands where they feed on dead fish and other prey .

adults have a reddish-brown plumage and a contrasting white head and breast which makes them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey .

brahminy kite

in malaysia , the brahminy kite is the iban god of war , singalang burung .
chestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle . .
other names : chestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle .
“an adult brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) feeding on a fish from the nearby fish farms . . . .
habitat : brahminy kite lives mainly in coastal regions , estuaries , mangroves , wetlands , and even in urban areas .
m . eaton spotted a brahminy kite , race
girrenera
, at caloundra , qld , in august 2017 .
the brahminy kite species is distributed in sri lanka , nepal , india , pakistan , bangladesh , southeast asia and australia .
d . wilczynska reports spotting a brahminy kite , race
girrenera
, near cairns , qld , in march 2015 .
in his indonesian name – elang bondol – brahminy kite represents the official mascot of jakarta , the capital city of indonesia .
the brahminy kite species is a medium sized bird . the female kite is slightly larger than the male . the male measures 45 to 50 cm in length and weighs 400 to 650 grams .
the brahminy kite occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , rivers and rice paddies .
the brahminy kite species are resident birds in their ranges . seasonal local movements may be made in search of food and water .
near - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ caloundra , qld , august 2017 ]
near - lateral view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2018 ]
the brahminy kite is a bird of the coast , particularly mangrove swamps and estuaries . it is sometimes seen over forests and along rivers .
the brahminy kite species inhabits coastal plains , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : brahminy kite haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
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in indonesia , they are known as elang bondol . the brahminy kite is the official mascot of the capital and largest city of indonesia - jakarta .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these brahminy kite species and has listed them as
least concern
.
near - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ maxwell creek , melville island , nt , november 2016 ]
in the 1980s . but , in the last 20 years , there have been very few brahminy kite sightings in the city , ” he said .
a snail kite hunting for apple snails along the iguaçu river in south america .
near - frontal view of a juvenile brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ casuarina coastal reserve , darwin , nt , in july 2012 ]
on an overcast day the underwings of a brahminy kite can appear to be darker ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , january 2018 ]
the adult brahminy kite is unmistakable , though juveniles may be confused with the whistling kite ( longer tail and distinctive underwing pattern ) or light little eagle . first - year juveniles may also be mistaken for ospreys , but are dark underneath rather than white .
flight : brahminy kite has long , broad , rounded wings . it performs slow , deep flapping wing beats . during the breeding season , it performs acrobatic flight displays .
the brahminy kite is a distinctive - looking bird with its rich chestnut brown body and wings , and white head and breast . it calls with a high - pitched mew .
known as garudan in tamil , the brahminy kite is said to represent the vahana of lord vishnu . the bird is very similar to the black kite and may be distinguished by its reddish - brown plumage and a white patch on the head and breast , shorter wings and rounded tails .
brahminy kites build untidy nests using sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish .
immature brahminy kites have brown plumages with darker upperparts , and a lighter head and underparts .
, issued between 1976 and 1984 , featured birds . the second - highest denomination note in this series – the s $ 1 , 000 note – featured a perched brahminy kite on the front .
brahminy kite is an eagle that can be found across south east asia to australia . it mainly stays in coastal areas , especially mangroves forests although sometimes it can be spotted inland and on big rivers .
the brahminy kite is widespread across northern australia , mainly along the coastline from western australia to northern new south wales , and is more common in the north of its range . it is widespread throughout tropical asia .
adult brahminy kite , haliastur indus , also known ( for obvious reasons ) as the red - backed sea - eagle , photographed at pulau langkawi , langkawi permata kedah ( the jewel of kedah ) , malaysia .
the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ; subfamily milvinae ) ranges from india to northeastern australia . it is red - brown except for white foreparts . it eats fish and garbage . the buzzard kite ( hamirostra melanosternon ; subfamily milvinae ) of australia is a large black - breasted bird ; it lives mainly on rabbits and lizards . …
voice : sounds by xeno - canto brahminy kite utters mewing calls “keeyew” usually while soaring . however , it is usually silent . in addition to mewing notes , it gives some bleating “pee - ah - ah - ah” .
the global brahminy kite population is estimated to be about 100 , 000 individual birds . these birds have very wide range and considered least vulnerable . habitat loss and use of agricultural pesticides are the main threats in their conservation .
the asian black kite , which are darker , have longer wings and the tail is forked , rather than rounded .
johnny wee’s images of a black - shouldered kite ( elanus caeruleus ) were photographed at singapore’s lorong halus . . .
milvinae , have rather narrow beaks , the upper mandible being wavy - edged . they are typified by the red kite (
lateral view of a brahminy kite with its outer eye - lid open , left , and the eye - lid closed , right ( photos courtesy of p . brown ) [ near dripstone cliffs , darwin , nt , december 2017 ]
these brahminy kite species feed mainly on dead fish , crabs and carrion . they also catch and feed on live preys such as small mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians and fish . they are known to snatch feed from other birds .
male and female brahminy kites are very similar in appearance , although the female is normally slightly larger than the male .
brahminy kite has keen view and can see its prey from a distance . it is able to lift live fish from the water , but most of time , it scavenges on beaches or takes debris from the water surface seizing them with its talons . brahminy kite frequents the harbours and fish - farms where it feeds close to humans . outside the feeding periods , it rests on branches often near water . it forages as over water or over land , and soars at about 20 to 50 metres above the surface or the ground . it flushes shorebirds on mudflats into flight and pursues the weakest . it is attracted by fires in order to catch the escaped animals . brahminy kite is mostly resident in asia and australia , and performs only local movements for food .
“…right in the middle , directly facing the middle door , sat the head of the longhouse , singalang burong , the coordinator of the whole world and its living beings , who took the form of a brahminy kite whenever he came down to the land .
brahminy kites are secure in australia . being scavengers , they benefit from waste at tips , on roadsides and in harbours .
all raptors are carnivores . brahminy kites feed on small fish and occasionally other small animals . they also scavenge on carrion .
“resident brahminy kites in the city have slowly increased over the years and i have seen them perched on high rise buildings .
the brahminy kite typically hunts for fish above water . however , it is opportunistic and will take small birds , amphibians , carrion and even flying termites . the bird is also kleptoparasitic , in that it will snatch food from other raptors . it often eats while in flight .
diet : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of small preys and carrion . it hunts for mammals , birds , reptiles , aquatic animals taken with the talons , crustaceans , amphibians , fish… it hawks flying insects and performs piracy from fishing birds . they gather around large carcasses where they squeal .
they can also be found scavenging at waste at tips and roadsides , which in the long term may cause detrimental effects on the brahminy’s health .
range : brahminy kite lives in india , pakistan , bangladesh and southeast asia , and also in new south wales in australia where it is widespread and resident on coastal regions and along rivers . in mainland asia , this species breeds at about 2400 metres of elevation , and it occurs at 2300 metres in new guinea .
reproduction : breeding season occurs in the dry season in tropics , and late winter and spring in subtropical range . brahminy kite usually nests in mangroves , in tall emergent tree . it nests in swampy areas in order to be secure from terrestrial predators . brahminy kite is solitary nester . the nest is a compact platform made with sticks and twigs , at about 5 to 6 metres above water , but usually between 2 and 30 metres high . the cup is about 20 cm depth , and is lined with leaves and soft materials and also human refuse . the cup may also include dried mud . the nest is reused during several years .
the breeding season of these kite species is from december to april in asia . they build nest with sticks and twigs on trees . the nest contains a clutch of two eggs . both the partners take part in building nest . the female kite appears to do much of incubating . both the parents take part in rearing the chicks .
in sarawak , malaysia , for the ibans of the upper rajang – one of the indigenous groups in sarawak – brahminy kite is the form singalang burong takes every time he comes down to the land . singalang burong is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities . he is also known as the god of war .
brahminy kite has four subspecies : h . i . indus ; h . i . intermedius ; h . i . girrenera ; h . i . flavirostris . they differ by some regional variation in plumage and bill colour . if australasian races have pure white head and breast , the birds living in salomon islands have yellow bill .
bougainville island , papua new guinea , has a fable about brahminy kite . it tells a story how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while she was busy gardening . the baby floated into the sky , crying and transformed into kaa’nang ( the local name for the bird ) , its necklace becoming the bird’s feathers .
brahminy kites are coastal birds and can normally be found along shore lines , estuaries and in mangrove swamps . they can sometimes be seen over forests and along rivers .
the nest of the brahminy kite is built in living trees near water , often mangrove trees . the nest is large , made from sticks , seaweed or driftwood and lined with a variety of materials such as lichens , bones , seaweed and even paper . both parents incubate the eggs and the young are fed bill to bill with small pieces of food .
brahminy kites have weak feet so , although they have long , sharp curved claws , they cannot take large prey . however they are expert at snatching prey in flight .
the brahminy kite feeds on carrion ( dead animals ) , insects and fish . it swoops low over water , the ground or tree tops and snatches live prey or carrion from the surface . it also steals from fish - hunting birds , snatching prey in flight . it harries or bothers other birds such as gulls , whistling kites , osprey or australian white ibis .
the brahminy kite is a medium - sized raptor or bird of prey . 1 it is one of the commonest raptors in singapore and is frequently seen in flight over urban areas and suitable sites such as jurong lake . large groups also roost on some offshore islands , such as coney island . 2 while it commonly hunts fish , it will also feed on carrion .
found in coastal areas of northern and eastern australia , the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) can be seen performing aerial acrobatics during their mating displays . as a type of raptor ( bird of prey ) , they feed on a variety of insects , fish and other small animals . they are expert at stealing from other fish - hunting birds by snatching prey in flight .
santhanaraman said he sighted the bird last year in the same environs with nesting materials . the bird is known to nest in huge trees like mango , tamarind , pipal and neem , but predominantly prefers palmyra and coconut trees . it is necessary to ensure the survival of big trees in the city for raptors like the brahminy kite to return here more often , he added .
brahminy kites , race
girrenera
, were first seen by us in july 2009 , along the rocky outcrops in various areas of the qld coastline . they were always seen hunting in rock pools from low perches . j . greaves reports seeing brahminy kites , race
girrenera
, at the spit , gold coast , qld , in october 2015 .
the female kite weighs 430 to 700 grams . the wingspan is 110 to 125 cm . the adult has chestnut back , wings and belly . the head and breast have a contrasting white plumage .
the brahminy kite is generally common throughout its extensive range ( 5 ) and consequently is classified as least concern on the iucn red list ( 1 ) ( 6 ) . although this species seems to co - exist well with humans , some populations , particularly in south - east asia , have been negatively affected by hunting , habitat loss , and pesticide use ( 3 ) .
chennai : advocate m santhanaraman and conservationist t murugavel stared in disbelief when they spotted a brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) with twigs in its beak flying near the tvs showroom on anna salai on friday . two days later , they returned there to confirm that their eyes hadn’t been playing tricks on them . it was no illusion - the bird was there at the same spot .
“my wife and i were out cycling in the city when we spotted a pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus intermedius ) circling a tall building ( about 7 . 40am ) .
juvenile brahminy kites are easy to confuse with many other birds of prey , so record only on adults which are easier to identify . ospreys , whistling kites and black - breasted kites can all look similar when on the wing ; however , brahminy kites can be distinguished by their dark ‘fingered’ wingtips , chestnut brown wings and body that is half white and half brown .
brahminy kites sometimes sit perched prominently on rocks on headlands or on rockfaces . their characteristic colour pattern of light - brown body with white head makes them easy to identify even over long distances .
this kite has a sharply contrasting plumage ; with a mostly bright chestnut body , except for white head , neck , throat , upper belly and flanks ; a white - tipped tail and black outer flight feathers .
j . greaves reports spotting brahminy kites , race
girrenera
, at alyangula , groote eylandt , nt , in september 2014 , and at maxwell creek , melville island , nt , in november 2016 .
brahminy kites are known to be opportunistic scavengers that will eat just about anything , including food waste ( from boats and rubbish dumps ) ; carrion ( dead animals ) , such as dead fish ; and crabs .
adult brahminy kites have an unmistakable white head and chest with a chestnut brown coloured body . they have dark coloured eyes and a strongly hooked , yellow beak . the tail is relatively short and can have white tips .
protection / threats / status : brahminy kite is abundant and widespread in tropical parts of the range , benefiting from human activities . in australia , the ddt use and the disturbances threaten the species . in some parts of the range , such as in java and thailand , the species suffered decline due to pesticides , hunting and collection of nestlings at nest for sale , and loss of breeding habitat . however , the populations are not globally threatened at this moment .
the brahminy kite is typically found on tropical and subtropical coasts , where it occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , dunes , saltmarshes , cliffs and village harbours . however , in india and in parts of south - east asia , it also occurs inland , by rivers , lakes , swamps , rice paddies and other wetlands , where it can be found at altitudes of up to 3 , 000 metres ( 3 ) .
debus , s . , marks , j . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
according to field guides brahminy kites hunt mostly in coastal mudflats and estuarine mangrove swamps , but we have also seen them on coastal rockfaces of small headlands , hunting in rock pools . they are also found on offshore islands .
) —found over much of the old world . both are large ( to about 55 cm [ 22 inches ] ) , reddish birds ( the black kite darker ) , lightly streaked on the head , with long , angled wings and notched tail . the
the brahminy kite is one of the medium - sized raptors ( birds of prey ) , with a white head and breast . the rest of its body is a striking chestnut brown . the very tip of its tail is white . the wings are broad , with dark ' fingered ' wing tips and the tail is short . the legs are short and not feathered , the eye is dark and the lemon yellow coloured bill is strongly hooked . it sails on level wings along shorelines and mudflats .
the brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) are medium - sized raptors that are easily recognized by the white head and chest . they are also known as red - backed kites , white - and - red eagle kites or white - headed kites .
brahminy kites are predator / scavengers and commonly eat dead animals ( carrion ) and fish washed up on beaches or steal prey from other birds . they are an important predator / scavenger in coastal areas and their presence can indicate a healthy ecosystem .
unlike black kites , which are scavenging birds , brahminy kites feed on fish and even small water birds from the marshlands and freshwater sources . the pollution of water bodies and marshlands has driven the birds to look for alternative sites , say naturalists .
the brahminy kite is normally seen alone , in pairs or occasionally in small family groups , but rarely in the large flocks formed by some kite species ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season differs across its range , with populations on the equator being most variable ( 3 ) . breeding pairs build an untidy nest from 2 to 30 metres above the ground usually in a prominent fork of a tall tree . the nests , which are made from sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish , are reused in successive years ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the female lays one to three eggs , which are incubated for 28 to 35 days before hatching . the young fledge after 40 to 56 days but remain dependant on the parents for a further two months ( 3 ) .
. . . the brahminy kite is categorized as least concern because of its large range and large population size ( birdlife international , 2012 ) . the few studies that exist on this species are mostly from india and australia and focus on breeding biology and behaviour ( balachandran and sakthivel , 1992 ; indrayanto et al . , 2011 ; jayabalan , 1995 ; lutter et al . , 2006 ; sivakumar and jayabalan , 2004 ) . however , despite its vast range and large global population , its ecology is still largely unknown . . . .
. . . the brahminy kite , haliastur indus , occupies much of the region , usually near the coast , rivers or wetlands . this species is mostly a scavenger , but also takes a variety of small vertebrates ( ali & ripley 1978 ; roberts , 1991 ; ferguson - lees & christie , 2001 ; sivakumar & jayabalan , 2004 ) . two of the oriental vultures , the egyptian vulture , neophron percnopterus , and the lammergeier , gypaetus barbatus , belong to a monophyletic group ( gypaetinae ) separate from the other vultures . . . .
an opportunistic scavenger , the brahminy kite has a varied diet that differs considerably from one population to another ( 3 ) . although it often feeds on offal and food waste from boats and rubbish tips , as well as other forms of carrion , it also hunts for live food including crabs , crustaceans , amphibians , small reptiles , fish , insects , small mammals and birds . usually it forages by soaring low above the ground or over water , but will also hunt from a waterside perch and will occasionally forage on the ground ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
this large kite has a striking plumage of rufous - brown and white as an adult . the head , neck to mantle , and throat to upper belly and flanks are all white . in the nominate subspecies , indus , that is seen in the indomalayan region , the white has finely darkish streaks ( top ) .
behaviour : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of food items and carrion . it feeds on mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , road - kill vertebrates , larges carcasses and offal . it may kill domestic poultry . it soars high in the air , watching for preys . it also hunts from exposed perch , and may also search on the ground . when a prey is detected , it seizes it by glide or dive , performing short chase . it hawks flying insects , snatches preys from canopy and water surface . it may perform piracy from fishing birds such as gulls and ospreys .
the incubation period of brahminy kite haliastur indus was 26 to 28 and nestling period was from 43 - 45 days . fresh water paddy field crabs paratelphusa sp . and fresh water fishes made 30 % in the prey items delivered to the nest . three peak periods , 0800 - 090oh , 1000 - 1200h and 1500 - 1700h were observed within a day for the delivery of prey . decline of 0 . 58 prey item / hour ( h ) / nest during the first five weeks of nestling period to 0 . 45 prey item / h / nest during sixth and seventh weeks ( pearson ' s correlation coefficient r2 = 0 . 448 ; y = 0 . 201 ) was noticed .
brahminy kites , race
girrenera
, were also seen by us as far south as the urunga board walk , urunga heads , nsw , in january 2011 . in june 2011 seen by us further south along the nsw coast , first near old bar , nsw , then as far south as wybung head in munmorah sca .
brahminy kites measure about 18 - 20 inches ( 45 - 51 cm ) in length , and have a wingspan of 3 . 6 - 4 . 1 feet ( 109 - 124 cm ) . they weigh between 11 . 3 - 24 oz ( 320 - 670 g ) . the females tend to be slightly larger than the males .
in march 2007 , mark chua came across a nesting pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) ( above ) raising two large chicks in a nest lodged high up in the fork of a tall casuarina tree ( casuarina equisetifolia ) . he managed to document the chicks in the nest , their fledging as well as many dramatic flight shots .
brahminy kites are medium - sized birds of prey with a white front and a brown back . head , neck and breast are white , whilte belly , wings and tail are brown . the eyes are black , the bill yellow and the feet pink with black talons . the underwing pattern shows dark - to mid - brown underwing coverts and light - brown flight feathers , of which the primaries have black tips . these black tips are also visible on the otherwise entirely brown upperwings . the yellowish - grey bill has a conspicuously long upper mandible . juvenile and immature brahminy kites are all mottled brown , with a back that is darker brown than the front . their bill is grey .
important references : coates , b . j . 1985 . the birds of papua new guinea , including the bismarck archipelago and bougainville . vol . i . non - passerines . dove publications , alderley , queensland , australia . debus , s . j . s . 1994 . brahminy kite . p . 119 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) , handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . debus , s . 1998 . the birds of prey of australia : a field guide . oxford university press , melbourne . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
description : brahminy kite has bright chestnut plumage except on head , neck and breast which are white , slightly streaked greyish - white . the broad wings are chestnut with blackish tips . the tail is rather short , tipped buffy - white . in flight , it appears rounded . on the underparts , chin , throat , breast and upper belly are white , with fine pale grey streaks . lower belly , vent and undertail coverts are chestnut . undertail feathers are chestnut , edged buffy - white . on the underwing , coverts are chestnut whereas flights feathers are buff - white . wings are tipped black on primaries . the slender , very hooked bill is pale yellow to horn - coloured . eyes are dark brown . legs and talons are pale yellow .
. brahminy kites have a wide - ranging distribution , from the border of india with pakistan in the west via the entire subcontinent ( including inland areas ) , bangladesh , sri lanka , via most of south - east asia ( including inland areas of cambodia and thailand ) , to basically all tropical south - east asian / pacific islands and on to australia .
wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) ; strange , m . ( 1990 , october 7 ) . the gregarious kite that swoops and kills . the straits times , p . 7 . retrieved from newspapersg . 6 .
, any of numerous birds of prey belonging to one of three subfamilies ( milvinae , elaninae , perninae ) of the family accipitridae . typically , a kite is lightly built , with a small head , partly bare face , short beak , and long narrow wings and tail . kites occur worldwide in warm regions . some kites live on insects ; others are primarily scavengers but also eat rodents and reptiles ; and a few are strictly snaileaters . kites are buoyant in flight , slowly flapping and gliding with wings angled back . several species are as graceful as terns .
brahminy pairs build untidy , compact nests using twigs , sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other materials found in their habitat . the nest , once completed , is usually about 24 - 35 inches ( 60 - 90 cm ) wide and 6 - 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) deep . the nest is typically situated close to water , 7 up to 99 feet ( ~ 2 - 30 meters ) above the ground - often in a prominent fork of a tall tree ; however , on rare occasions , they have nested on the ground under trees . the nests may be refurbished and reused over several seasons .
bulgarian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . cebuano : banog . . . chinese : ? ? , ? ? , ? ? . . . czech : lunák brahmínský , lu ? ák brahmínský . . . danish : brahminglente . . . dutch : brahmaanse wouw . . . estonian : valgepea - purihaugas . . . finnish : bramiinihaukka . . . french : milan à tête blanche , milan sacré . . . german : brahminenweih . . . indonesian : boalemba , bunéa , elang bondol , ulung - ulung . . . italian : nibbio bramino , nibbio di brahama . . . japanese : shirogashiratobi . . . malayalam : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . mamasa : teng - nge . . . malay : helang ekor cabang , helang merah . . . maltese : astun rasu bajda . . . norwegian : brahminy kite , braminglente . . . polish : kania braminska , kania brami ? ska . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : haja brahmanská , orliak brahmánský . . . spanish : milano brahmán , milano bramánico . . . swedish : brahminglada , braminglada . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . vietnamese : di ? u l ? a
habitat and habits : in australia , it occurs in coastal areas , estuaries , wetlands , rivers , swamps , and clearings , often hunting over forest canopy ( debus 1998 ) . coates ( 1985 ) described the preferred habitat in new guinea as the vicinity of water , including coastal areas , swamps , and rivers , and forest clearings , forest edges , gardens , and savanna . patrols coastlines , roads , and rivers ( coates and bishop 1997 ) . when it is not soaring , it spends its time on exposed perches in trees . usually occurs singly or in pairs , but also in small family groups . it does not usually form large flocks like some kite species ( olsen 1995 ) , although it sometimes roosts communally , rarely in groups reaching three figures ( wells 1999 ) . more . . . .
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jeremy p . bird , berry mulligan , rours vann , philip d . round & james j . gilroy habitat associations of the manchurian reed warbler acrocephalus tangorum wintering on the tonle sap floodplain and an evaluation of its conservation status
colin r . trainor , philippe verbelen & ron e . johnstone the avifauna of alor and pantar , lesser sundas , indonesia
h . l . wright , n . j . collar , i . r . lake , bou vorsak & p . m . dolman foraging ecology of sympatric white - shouldered ibis pseudibis davisoni and giant ibis thaumatibis gigantea in northern cambodia
le manh hung , mark b . robbins , nathan h . rice & erick a . garcía - trejo survey of the avifauna at muong nhe nature reserve , dien bien province , vietnam
philip d . round , john m . hobday , rungsrit kanjanavanit & james s . steward a nesting pair of gecinulus woodpeckers in a likely zone of intergradation between pale - headed woodpecker g . grantia and bamboo woodpecker g . viridis
paul j . leader & geoff j . carey zappey’s flycatcher cyanoptila cumatilis , a forgotten chinese breeding endemic
alain hennache , simon p . mahood , jonathan c . eames & ettore randi lophura hatinhensis is an invalid taxon
simon p . mahood , david p . edwards & felicity a . edwards bar - winged wren babbler spelaeornis troglodytoides : a first record for vietnam , with speculation for 17 further avifaunal additions
frank e . rheindt & james a . eaton notes on the life - history and taxonomy of muscicapa dauurica umbrosa , an overlooked bornean canopy bird
david j . kelly & nicola m . marples annual survival rate and mean life - span of lemon - bellied white - eyes zosterops chloris flavissimus on kaledupa island , wakatobi , south - east sulawesi , indonesia
norimasa sugita , toshitaka n . suzuki , craig a . barnett & keisuke ueda an intraspecific adult killing in female japanese great tits parus major minor
james w . burnham & eric m . wood woolly - necked stork ciconia episcopus at napahai wetland , yunnan , china
mohammad irham , e . meijaard & s . ( bas ) van balen new information on the distribution of white - fronted microhierax latifrons and black - thighed falconets m . fringillarius in kalimantan , indonesia
simon p . mahood & james a . eaton the vocalisations of red - collared woodpecker picus rabieri
james a . fitzsimons , erik meijaard , iwan hunowu , dewi prawiradilaga , janelle l . thomas & johny s . tasirin diet of the speckled boobook ninox punctulata in north sulawesi , indonesia
oriental bird club , uk registered charity 297242 , is for people around the world who are interested in birds of the oriental region and their conservation .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population is estimated to number > c . 100 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees
. 2001 ) , while the population in china has been estimated at < c . 100 breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) .
the population is declining , especially in south - east asia , owing to loss of habitat , persecution , over - use of pesticides and , possibly , increased human hygiene resulting in reduction of available scraps ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .
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usually silent . drawn - out descending wail , like a bleating lamb : ' pee - ah - ah - ah ' ; meowing notes .
medium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )
handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 2 ( raptors to lapwings ) .
occurs on the indian subcontinent , through southern china and south - east asia , south to northern australia ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . haliastur indus indus is found in pakistan , india and sri lanka through southeast asia to southern china ; h . i . intermedius occurs on the malay peninsula , and in the greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi , the philippines , and the sula islands ; h . i . girrenera occupies the moluccas , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , and australia ; and h . i . flavirostris is restricted to the solomon islands ( 5 ) .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
environment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
amphibians cold - blooded vertebrates of the class amphibia , such as frogs or salamanders , which characteristically hatch as aquatic larvae with gills . the larvae then transform into adults with air - breathing lungs . coverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger flight feathers , usually on the wings or tail . crustaceans diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps , slaters , woodlice and barnacles . incubated the act of keeping eggs warm so that development is possible . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
ferguson - lees , j . and christie , d . a . ( 2001 ) raptors of the world . christopher helm , london .
whistler , h . ( 1963 ) popular handbook of indian birds . oliver and boyd , edinburgh .
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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
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races girrenera and flavirostris may intergrade in bismarck archipelago # r . four subspecies recognized .
( boddaert , 1783 ) – pakistan , india and sri lanka through se asia to s china .
blyth , 1865 – malay peninsula , philippines , greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi and related small islands , and sula is .
( vieillot , 1822 ) – moluccas , new guinea , bismarck archipelago and n & e australia .
condon & amadon , 1954 – feni is and nearby green is ( off se new ireland ) , and solomon is .
44–52 cm ; male 409–650 g , female 434–700 g ; wingspan 110–125 cm . perched adult unmistakable , with chestnut back , wings and belly and white head , neck . . .
mostly silent outside nesting season . commonest call among pair members a plaintive , descending mew . . .
coasts , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas ; in . . .
variety of small animals and carrion , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , shellfish , cuttlefish . . .
dry season in tropics , late winter and spring in subtropics . solitary . platform of sticks and other flotsam 40–60 cm wide , up to 20 . . .
generally sedentary , although some breeders in s china may winter in se asia . mostly resident in . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common to abundant and widespread in some tropical areas , where often benefits from human activity . clear - cutting of . . .
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subsumed within milvus by some authors , but differs in plumage , voice and behaviour .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
was the recording modified significantly ? no . habitat : wetland behavior : call made while foraging .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
image : marie louise ng , 9 january 2011 [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d3s , 70 - 200mm / f2 . 8
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
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female is similar to male , but she is larger and heavier . juvenile resembles adults , but it has browner plumage with whitish edges . the white parts are rather buffy - white streaked brown . the bill is blackish . on the underparts , secondary flight feathers and undertail feathers are greyish - brown . primary flight feathers are whitish .
female lays 1 or 2 white eggs with some reddish - brown markings . incubation lasts about 28 to 35 days , by female . chicks are covered with cream to rufous down . they fledge about 44 to 56 days after hatching , according to the region . they reach their sexual maturity at 2 years of age . both parents share the nesting duties . breeding pairs are sedentary .
the red junglefowl ( gallus gallus ) is one of four species in the genus gallus . it is the wild ancestor of the domestic . . .
the black - naped tern ( sterna sumatrana ) is a slender white bird found in rocky islets near the singapore coast . it was . . .
the blue - throated bee - eater ( merops viridis ) is a bird with blue , green and brown plumage . it is one of two bee - eater . . .
the olive - backed sunbird ( cinnyris jugularis ) is one of singapore’s resident birds . it is very common and is encountered . . .
the red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) is recognisable by its black upright crest and red patches on its cheeks . . .
the white - rumped shama ( copsychus malabaricus ) is a slender , predominantly black bird that has become one of the most . . .
the white - collared kingfisher ( todirhamphus chloris ) is one of eight documented species of kingfishers in singapore . . . .
the white - bellied sea eagle ( haliaeetus leucogaster ) is reputed to be singapore’s largest common raptor or bird of prey , . . .
the black - naped oriole ( oriolus chinensis ) is a bird from the oriole family . it has yellow - and - black plumage and is . . .
introduced into singapore in the early 19th century , the angsana tree ( pterocarpus indicus ) belongs to the family fabaceae / leguminosae . . .
ciku ( manilkara zapota ) , a tropical fruit tree also known as sapodilla , belongs to the family sapotaceae . various species . . .
flame of the forest ( scientific name delonix regia ) , introduced into singapore during the first half of the 19th century , . . .
bats belong to an order of mammals known as chiroptera , a term that comes from the greek words cheiro ( “hand” ) and ptera . . .
mousedeer form the tragulidae family of small , even - toed ungulates in the mammalia order artiodactyla . other artiodactyl . . .
for nesting , the bird typically uses emergent trees in mangroves . it also nests in casuarina trees . nests are between 60 and 90 cm wide and lined with dried mud . building and repair of nests occur from late october to march . eggs are a dull chalky white , and are laid either between december and march , or in mid - june . usually two chicks are raised in the months from january to mid - august , but mostly in the earlier part of the season .
and mudflats . it can also be found inland where there are open spaces like paddy land and old dredge mines . found throughout southeast asia , its range extends from india in the east to new guinea , the bismarck islands and australia in the west .
malay names : helang kembara merah ( “blood - coloured eagle” ) , 12 lang kawi ( “reddish - brown eagle” ) . 13
wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 134 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 2 .
lim , k . s . , & chew , j . ( 2010 ) . a field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : nature society , p . 10 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; yong , d . l . , & lim , k . c . ( 2016 ) . a naturalist’s guide to the birds of singapore . oxford , england : john beaufoy publishing , p . 34 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 yon ) 3 .
lim , k . s . ( 1997 ) . birds : an illustrated field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : sun tree publishing , p . 73 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 4 .


the grey-cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a medium-sized thrush .

this species is 15 – 17 cm in length , and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of catharus thrushes .

it is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and bicknell 's thrush ; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter .

the grey-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from bicknell 's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song .

the two were formerly considered conspecific .

of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray-cheeked has the most northern breeding range .

grey - cheeked thrush

dave suddaby describes the remarkable discovery of ireland ' s first spring grey - cheeked thrush .
grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a species of bird in the turdidae family .
bering sea bicknell ' s thrush bicknelldrossel catharus bicknelli catharus fuscescens catharus guttatus catharus minimus catharus ustulatus einsiedlerdrossel gambell grauwangendrossel gray - cheeked thrush grey - cheeked thrush hermit thrush luscinia calliope northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe pribilof islands siberian rubythroat st . lawrence island swainson ' s thrush veery wilsondrossel zwergdrossel
grey - cheeked thrushes produce distinctive , high - pitched songs with quick chippers .
swainson ' s thrush has bold buffy eye rings and buffy cheeks ( not grey ) .
the latest sighting details and map for grey - cheeked thrush are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
the gray - cheeked thrush benefits humans by eating insects that annoy or harm us .
there are no negative affects on humans or the environment from the gray - cheeked thrush .
gray - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were only recently recognized as separate species . most of the information published in the last century on
gray - cheeked thrush
concerned the bicknell ' s thrush instead of the gray - cheeked . although gray - cheeked thrush has a much larger range across north america , the bicknell ' s thrush ' s small range is closer to centers of human population , and therefore is the more accessible species .
as similar species to the grey - cheeked thrush bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) , swainson’s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , hermit thrush ( catharus guttatus ) and veery ( catharus fuscescens ) are possible and might give you a hard job to id . swainson’s thrush has similar markings and coloring , but the face is buffy with a distinct buffy eye - ring . the hermit thrush has a distinct rusty tail and the veery is usually more reddish overall but shows some comparable features as the plain face and the spotting on the breast .
i think you’re fooling yourself if you think you can reliably separate migrant bicknell’s from gray - cheeked ( or grey - cheeked , if you adhere strictly to gill and wright ) without having the bird firmly in hand .
grey - cheeked thrushes generally only produce one brood in a season ; however , if the first one fails early in the season , they may have a second .
until recently , the grey - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were considered conspecific ( one and the same species ) . even though the grey - cheeked thrushes have a much larger range across north america than their close relatives , the bicknell ' s thrushes are typically found closer to urban areas and are , therefore , more likely to be encountered .
hermit thrush has a dull brown back , a distinct rusty tail and rump .
during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil .
laughlin , s . , d . kibbe . 1985 .
gray - cheeked thrush catharus minimus
( on - line ) . accessed october 8 , 2000 at urltoken .
the breeding territory of the grey - cheeked thrushes extends from northeast siberia across northern alaska east to northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador and newfoundland ; and west to northern ontario , manitoba , saskatchewan and northern british columbia .
it is said , that the grey - cheeked thrush is quite a shy species , especially during migration . this thrush is the least well studies of the spotted thrushes ( catharus sp . ) , and has the most northern breeding range stretching across the taiga from newfoundland to eastern siberia . the non - breeding range is not well known , but includes parts of northern south america east of the andes from colombia to northwestern brazil .
veery thrush is smaller in size ( 6 . 5 - 7 . 75 inches or 17 - 20 cm in length ) , has a uniformly brown / more reddish plumage , lacks the grey cheeks and with only faint spotting on the chest .
the oldest recorded gray - cheeked thrush was at least 6 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 2005 . it had been banded in florida in 1999 .
during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )
chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 .
gray - cheeked thrush
( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2000 at http : / / www . wbu . com . / chipperwoods / photos / grthrush . htm .
song : some claim that these birds are easier to distinguish in the dark due to significant vocal differences . their shared song consists of a jumbled series of notes , usually four phrases . in bicknell’s , the song ends on a rising note , while the gray - cheek slurs that final note downward . bicknell’s songs are typically longer than those of grey - cheeked , averaging 2 . 45 seconds vs . 1 . 99 . also , grey - cheeked do not typically sing a song type twice in succession . here is a graphic comparison of the song of the two birds .
a trip to the tiny village of gambell on the north - western tip of the big st . lawrence island in the middle of the bering sea yielded grey - cheeked thrush as the only representative of catharus – thrushes . some tough birders flew in from the end of may to observe mainly the seabird migration . but during our seven - day stay on the gambell– led by a guide from high lonesome tours – we could
wood thrush : upper plumage is brown with a bright rusty - colored head . plumage below is whitish with large dark spots .
17–18·5 cm ; 26–50 g . nominate race is olive - tinged grey - brown above , dull whitish below , with slightly greyish face , indistinct pale eyering , dark brown . . .
collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . (
gray - cheeked thrushes have a large range and large population size . they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .
the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . ( barker , 2000 )
bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) was discovered as distinct from the established gray - cheeked thrush ( c . minimus ) back in 1881 when eugene p . bicknell visited new york’s catskill mountains . considered merely a subspecies , bicknell’s was finally peeled off gray - cheeked by the american ornithologists’ union ( aou ) in 1995 . the birds were separated on the basis of differing songs , ranges , and physical characteristics , but dna testing was most convincing , establishing that they probably diverged from a common ancestor about one million years ago . still , these birds are so similar that most authorities state the two are not separable in the field . that’s not going to stop you though , is it ? here are some tips to tell bicknell’s and gray - cheeked thrushes apart .
this might be the least - studied north american thrush . except by range and song , it can be tough to distinguish from its cousin , the bicknell’s thrush . the song is lovely , flute - like and burry , rising in the middle and then ending on a downward slur . another of wc’s favorites in alpine terrain .
identity theft occurs with astonishing regularity in the avian world where all too often , species share so many overlapping traits as to appear virtually indistinguishable . empidonax flycatchers are an excellent example of this phenomenon in north america , as are scaup . more esoteric , but no more simplistic , is the difference between gray - cheeked and bicknell’s thrush .
the length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring .
even in hand it can be tough to distinguish bicknell’s from gray - cheeked . i’ve had birds in the hand that had a tail that contrasted with the body , but they’ve measured out to be gray - cheeked , and i’ve had one bird i was sure to be gray - cheeked that i could only record as gcbt ( a code used when you can not differentiate between the 2 ) because there too much overlap in the measurements ( except for p8 - p1 ) , although it looked very much gray - cheeked ( no contrast between tail and body ) . i’ve come to the conclussion that most people who “confirm” bicknell’s by sight are just trying to pad their lists .
the length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring . ( laughlin , 1985 )
of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray - cheeked has the most northern breeding range . consequently this shy skulker of the underbrush is not well known and is rather infrequently seen .
taking multiple refueling breaks helps some birds fare better during migration . but for gray - cheeked thrushes , a two - week binge session in colombia can be all they need to reach north america .
we rely on sound and location for those tricky flycatchers , and although i would love to see a bicknell’s thrush i am almost glad we are not within their range . all part of the fun , yeah ?
bicknell ' s thrush very similar in appearance , except for smaller size ( average length 2 . 9 inches or 7 . 5 centimeters ) , shorter wings , buffier face and chest , and more noticeable eye rings . otherwise very similar markings and very difficult to id in the field . most easily separated by their different ranges and vocalizations . the bicknell ' s thrush is found in the northeast us and canada - typically spruce - fir habitat above 900 meters or 3 , 000 feet .
i’m not all that confident separating a bicknell’s thrush outside of its breeding range . it seems to me that the differences are very subtle , and may not be apparent in the woods . if i ever get one to sing , it might be a different story .
the gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food .
altitude : this is actually a pretty fair way to distinguish between the two in the areas they overlap . bicknell’s thrush prefers mountaintop forests above 3000 feet . if you run into one of these birds high up in , say , the adirondacks , chances are good that you’ve got a bicknell’s .
the gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food . ( barker , 2000 )
the gray - cheeked thrushes ( catharus minimus ) are strongly migratory songbirds that breed as far north as siberia , alaska and northern canada and migrate to south america for the winter . these greyest of all north american thrushes have the most northern breeding range and migrate the longest distance of all small thrushes .
the passerine birds we encountered on gambell might be not as spectacular as the siberian rubythroat ( luscinia calliope ) and the 2 northern wheatear ( oenanthe oenanthe ) we observed on the pribilof islands some days before . but for the sole wp - birder of the group this was a perfect situation to twitch this beautiful but inconspicuous thrush .
* first ebird record for jamaica . singing & seen on the edge of logwood ii near l 10 ! singing whisper song almost continuously for 15 minutes while i was in the area , i viewed it at close range ( about 25 feet ) for 2 minutes straight ; obvious catharus thrush , clearly gray - cheeked / bicknell ' s due to overall brown coloration ( w some slight reddish on tail and wings , but very slight ) , clean grayish wash on cheeks , and no buffy lores as swainson ' s would show ; song a descending cascade of whistles , very much reminded me of veery , but higher - pitched , more nasal ; bicknell ' s ruled out based on song differences & i don ' t believe bicknell ' s winters at low elevations in jamaica - also , this sighting seems to align with migration timing of gray - cheeked through the u . s . ; i have a lot of experience with this species during spring migration in the u . s .
size : one prominent physical distinction is that bicknell’s is noticeably smaller than gray - cheeked . a difference of 10 % translates into almost an inch separating them , but since the birds are highly unlikely to stand shoulder to shoulder for you , compare to other available species . bicknell’s also shows shorter wings with a shorter primary projection .
both of these catharus thrushes are olive - brown above with dark spots on a white breast washed with buff . this coloration extends through the underparts , though the spots do not . gray flanks and pink legs round out the common description . if you encounter one of these birds in the field , distinguish it from the other spotted thrushes by plumage and face patterning . the veery is cinnamon overall , while hermit thrushes flaunt those fetching rufous tails . swainson’s thrush is notable for its buffy eye ring and cheeks .
range : gray - cheeked thrushes range widely , wintering in south america . they migrate through central america as well as the greater antilles up into much of the eastern united states on their way to upper canada and alaska . they’ve even been spotted in europe . bicknell’s , on the other hand , is considered primarily a new england bird , though its breeding range actually extends from the catskills where they were initially discovered up to the northern gulf of the st . lawrence . bicknell’s also spends the colder months in the greater antilles with an estimated 90 % of them wintering on hispaniola .
all the brown - backed thrushes can be shy and hard to see , but the gray - cheek is perhaps the most elusive . during migration it hides in dense woods , slipping away when a birder approaches . on its far northern nesting grounds it may be more easily seen , especially in late evening , when it sings from treetops .
boreal forest , tundra scrub ; in migration , other woodlands . breeds in northern spruce forest , often rather open and stunted , and north of treeline in thickets of willow and alder on tundra . winters in tropical forest .
forages mostly on the ground , hopping about under cover of dense thickets . sometimes seen feeding on berries up in shrubs or trees .
4 , sometimes 3 - 5 , perhaps rarely 6 . pale blue , with vague brown spots , sometimes almost unmarked . incubation is by female , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .
both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .
mostly insects and berries . diet through the year is not known in detail . in north america , feeds on a variety of insects , including beetles , caterpillars , ants , wasps , fly larvae , and many others ; also spiders and some other invertebrates . also eats many berries and wild fruits . winter diet in tropics poorly known .
male arrives first on breeding grounds and establishes territory , defending it by singing . in courtship , male pursues female in swift flight among the trees . nest : often placed very low or even on the ground ; usually less than 10 ' up , sometimes up to 24 ' . ground nests are often among bases of willow or alder shoots , while higher nests may be against trunk of conifer at base of branches . nest ( built by female ) is a well - made open cup of grass , moss , twigs , weeds , strips of bark , sometimes with some mud added ; lined with fine grass and rootlets .
migrates mostly at night . birds from alaska ( and eastern siberia ) apparently migrate far east in fall before turning south . many probably make a nonstop flight from northeastern north america to northern south america .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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keith and lynn youngs , robert schaefer , dennis arendt , josep del hoyo , bill wayman , keith blomerley , richard garrigues .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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clean recording , no editing other than trimming ends . small island in the yukon of mostly medium sized willows . the willows had been defoliated by some type of caterpillars which i ' d been seeing off and on along much of the river . these birds were worked up because i was wandering around trying to get fox sparrow recordings . sounds like at least 3 birds in this recording . at least one male . the rest are unknown . it seemed like birds in general were singing later in the summer than normal . i theorized that it had something to do with all the caterpillars ( although they had vanished at this point and did not seem to turn into anything ) . hot , muggy ( 80 + f ) , calm .
natural vocalization ; ' seer ' calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of the ' seer ' call for this species .
natural vocalization ; chatter calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of this rare vocalization .
song and two chatter calls from the same bird as in xc139585 in response to playback .
natural vocalization ; song from a bird perched near the top of a 2m tall willow in a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : catharus minimus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario . ( barker , 2000 )
occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat . ( laughlin , s . b . , 1985 )
they will seek cover under large rocks in sparsely vegetated arctic regions . ( barker , 2000 )
males sing from the top of a low tree or shrub . they sing mainly during dawn or dusk . they will sometimes sing during the day except during the breeding season . ( barker , 2000 )
their habit of eating berries contributes to the propagation of plants as undigested seeds are transported to other locations . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )
dayna baillo ( author ) , milford high school , george campbell ( editor ) , milford high school .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
coniferous or boreal forest , located in a band across northern north america , europe , and asia . this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations . long , cold winters and short , wet summers . few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth . some deciduous trees also may be present .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
a terrestrial biome with low , shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations , near the limit of plant growth . soils usually subject to permafrost . plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .
barker , s . 2000 .
birds in forested landscape
( on - line ) . accessed october 15 , 2000 at urltoken .
to cite this page : baillo , d . 2001 .
catharus minimus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
observe many more species migrating to their breeding grounds in the tundra landscape of eastern siberia and alaska .
to cope with the growing demand for top shots of the rarer species of the palearctic bird - lens is keen to enrich the range of pictures of birds you can find in the western palearctic . trips to remote places or to common – but underestimated locations as described above – to capture images of rare birds of western palearctic were very successful . the nice images you find in the gallery are only a first impression , what you will find in the gallery in the “ picture shop ” very soon . just give me a message , if urltoken could serve you with an image needed before the new pictures are online .
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erfahrungsbericht sigma 120 - 300 f 2 . 8 apo ex dg os hsm – vorgänger vom s
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another bird that visits alaska to breed , prefering brushy habitats . wc has seen it most often near tree line in near - alpine country . very shy and elusive , except during the start of breeding season when the males sing from the tops of bushes and the dwarf spruce .
camera geek stuff : f5 . 6 , 1 / 800 , iso2500 , + 0 . 33ev .
responsible wingnut gun owners acting responsible about their guns . good for a laugh .
mfi… . everyone i have talked to is very happy about denali . . thank you president obama . also , sen . sullivan was first against the name change , then changed his mind . 32 degrees in tok , light snow . . tok school has inservice for 2 days . . the kids and i are enjoying the fun times outside . yipee…
my green beans got frost bit overnight . supposed to be colder in the morning . i just picked some apples for a friend right before dark and the skeeters was everywhere . gonna be back in the 60s tomorrow and for the next several days . farmers couldn’t ask for nicer harvest conditions . you can keep the snow if you’d like to .
the black guy in the white house named denali , denali . has alaska imploded yet . ? curious iowan would like to know .
had no idea sperm whales swam that far north . always figured they were denizens of the south pacific around the south pole . thank you , ms pi . ps we are supposed to get first frost friday .
forgot to mention it is supposed to be sunny , windy and in the low 90s this day . unusual for iowa in fall . if someone’s corn fiels catches on fire it could get real interesting around her real fast . corn is in an advanced state of dryness and harvest is in full swing .
we are warmer than normal here too but only in low 50s with lots of wind and rain . some snow up high . no fires there ! would scare me to be surrounded by all that dry stuff…
puny looking li’l thing for alaska’s environment . has anyone figured out what was causing all them there whales to pass away off the coast of alaska ? haven’t heard anything from landlocked iowa .
we have lots of lil bitty critters here mikey . the alaskan red squirrel here is 11 - 13 inches long including tail whereas most squirrels outside are 16 - 27 inches overall ( except the lil douglas squirrel )
in fall , these birds migrate south for the winter . during the migration , they travel mostly through eastern two thirds of the united states . they migrate mainly at night .
they winter in the northern part of south america , specifically colombia , venezuela , south to peru and northwestern brazil . other populations spend the winter on islands of the west indies .
range : breed in extreme northeastern siberia , alaska and canada . winter in northern south america ( including colombia , venezuela , peru and brazil ) , mainly east of the andes mountain range .
range : breed in southeastern canada . winter in the west indies ( an island group that stretches from florida southward , then west along the north coast of the south american country of venezuela )
the open cup nest is constructed by the female out of dried grasses , twigs , moss , stems and other plant material and the nest is reinforced with mud .
their nests are typically placed on the ground at the base of a shrub or low in branches of shrubs .
a nest may contain 3 - 5 pale blue - green , eggs ( average 4 ) with fine brown spotting . the eggs are incubated by the female for about 13 - 14 days .
chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : drozd šedolící . . . danish : gråkindet skovdrossel . . . dutch : grijswang dwerglijster . . . estonian : tundrarästas . . . finnish : tundrarastas . . . faroese : vangagráur trøstur . . . french : grive à joues grises . . . german : braunkopf - musendrossel , grauwangendrossel . . . irish : smólach glasleicneach . . . hebrew : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . icelandic : hlýraþröstur . . . italian : tordo di baird , tordo guancegrigie , tordo usignolo minimo . . . japanese : haiirochatsugumi , haiirokotsugumi . . . lithuanian : blyškiaskruotis strazdas . . . norwegian : gråkinnskogtrost . . . polish : drozdek szarolicy . . . portuguese : sabia - de - cara - cinza , tordo - de - faces - cinzentas . . . russian : maly drozd , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : drozd sivolíci . . . slovenian : aljaški cikovtnik . . . spanish : tordo de cara gris , tordo de mejillas grises , zorzal cara gris , zorzal carigris , zorzal de mejilla gris , zorzal migratorio , zorzalito carigris . . . swedish : gråkindad skogstrast . . . turkish : gri yanakl ? ard ? ç , gri - yanakl ? ard ? ç
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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in the past placed in genus hylocichla . formerly treated as conspecific with c . bicknelli ; intermediates between the two occur , and newfoundland population of present species approaches c . bicknelli in size and coloration . range of nominate race debatable ; race aliciae only slightly different , and species sometimes treated as monotypic . two subspecies currently recognized .
( s . f . baird , 1858 ) – ne siberia ( e from r kolyma ) , alaska and canada ; non - breeding mainly n south america e of andes , scarce in greater antilles .
( lafresnaye , 1848 ) – e canada ( newfoundland , possibly also n quebec ) ; non - breeding n south america e of andes .
song , rarely in winter quarters and generally limited to 6 - week period on breeding grounds , a . . .
breeds in taiga and adjacent tundra , where found in areas of medium - height shrubs with dense woody . . .
invertebrates , with some fruit . stomachs of birds mostly on spring and autumn passages held 75 % animal and 25 % vegetable matter : beetles . . .
mid - may to early aug in north america and jun–jul in siberia ; single - brooded . monogamous . no data on territory size , but recorded . . .
long - distance migrant . departure from breeding grounds begins mid - aug , mostly complete by early . . .
, given ratios of 1 : 5 ( ringing records , wisconsin ) , 1 : 4 ( . . .
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2003 windsor , trelawny 3 banded - 2003 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2005 / 6 ; 5 banded - 2007 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2008 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2009 / 9 ; 2 banded - 2009 / 10 . susan koenig
2003 b / s windsor , portland . nov 8 , 2003 . 1 netted & photographed in hand ; wing chord = 103 mm . gary graves
2004 font hill w / life sanctuary , st . elizabeth . apr 16 , 2004 . 1 obsv’d . h . davis & lynn duda
2004 long mtn , st . andrew . banded . s . koenig & c . levy .
2013 / 04 / 01 1 font hill nature res . st . elizabeth garrett mcdonald *
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formerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .
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occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat .
northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario .
this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 4 , 100 , 000 kmē . it has a large global population estimated to be 12 , 000 , 000 individuals ( rich et al . 2003 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]
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face : both birds have gray cheeks , but bicknell’s has more of an eye ring as well as brighter yellow at the base of the lower bill .
mike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .
frankly , i know that i am unlikely to differentiate these birds even if one was sitting on my knee . but with enough environmental , vocal , and physical cues , it can be done . as birdfreak points out , birders already rely on such subtleties to distinguish empids and a host of other birds .
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fb , by james hogg : i always seem to end up at a se . . .
tempted to buy this beer just for the design , love it ! . . .
still going strong . bravo ! i know where you are coming fro . . .
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