the brown songlark ( megalurus cruralis ) , also australian songlark , is a small passerine bird found throughout much of australia .

a member of the family locustellidae , this species is notable for sexual size dimorphism , among the most pronounced in any bird .

it is a moderate-sized bird of nondescript plumage ; the female brownish above and paler below , the larger male a darker brown .

brown songlark

like the rufous songlark , the brown songlark includes farm paddocks in its territory . birds are occasionally killed by vehicles on roads .
no specific conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the brown songlark .
the female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .
the female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .
the brown songlark is found in open country , including pastures , short crops , and grassy scrub .
the brown songlark is very nomadic , moving from drought - affected areas to areas of recent rainfall .
the ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and . . . | download scientific diagram
the brown songlark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the brown songlark is remarkable for the male being much larger ( 23 - 25 cm ) than the female ( 18 - 19 cm ) . in breeding plumage the male is dark cinnamon - brown with black bill and black eyes . otherwise the male and female both have a dusky brown back , pale brownish - white underparts , with the centre of the belly dark brown . the brown songlark is also known as the australian songlark .
the difference in size between the male and female brown songlark initially led scientists to believe they were different species .
the song of the male brown songlark has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle .
the brown songlark is notable for the huge size difference between the sexes , with males being significantly larger than females .
egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis .
the breeding male brown songlark is largely a rich dark brown , with a slightly paler brown crown , a black beak , dark brown to black eyes ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and brownish legs ( 2 ) . in contrast , the female brown songlark is sandy brown above with dark streaks on the crown and a pale line above the eye . the female’s throat is whitish and the underparts are pale grey to brownish , with dark streaks on the breast and flanks , and dark spots on the lower abdomen ( 2 ) . the female brown songlark also has a paler grey - brown beak than the male , as well as paler brown legs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
j . greaves reports spotting a female brown songlark 50 km north of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , in december 2014 .
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outside of the breeding season , the male brown songlark resembles the female , but may have dark blotches on the face and breast and is also easily distinguished by its larger size . juvenile brown songlarks resemble the adult female ( 2 ) . the brown songlark has a long tail ( 2 ) ( 6 ) and a relatively small , fine beak ( 2 ) .
. . . brorn songlark nest is cup - shaped and built into the ground .
the brown songlark is found all over mainland australia except for parts of the far north . it is more abundant in the south , but numbers fluctuate locally depending on rainfall .
the nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young .
brown songlark - video footage captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .
an inhabitant of open country , the brown songlark is typically found in open grassy plains , pastures and grassland with shrubs and a few scattered trees ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
description : male pale eyebrow ; black bill . streaked brown upperparts ; brownish - black underparts . longish , pointed tail , often raised when perched female / juv . much smaller ; paler . pinkish - brown bill . pale throat . breast light buff , faintly streaked . black - brown belly .
< p > the nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young . < / p >
the brown songlark forages on the ground , walking , running and hopping as it searches for food ( 2 ) . its diet includes a range of small invertebrates and their larvae , and this species also eats small seeds ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . if disturbed , the brown songlark typically flies low before diving into cover with its tail raised , and it usually roosts on the ground under cover ( 2 ) .
male brown songlarks engage in ' song flights ' ; singing continuously as they fly up above their territories .
brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
( slightly unsharp ) lateral view of a moulting female brown songlark on a sealed road - this behaviour is more often observed in australasian pipits ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ near goondiwindi , qld , march 2018 ]
this female brown songlark was found with its foot stuck in sticky bitumen and had to be rescued by the photographer ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ 50 km n of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , december 2014 ]
all year round both male and female brown songlarks retain a dark - brown central patch on their belly , which distinguishes them from rufous songlarks , even in non - breeding plumage . apart from that they are also larger .
the male brown songlark is the singer . the continuous song is musical and metallic , produced from perches and when rising steeply above breeding territory , then fluttering in slow downward display flights between trees , ending with a whip - crack sound .
the brown songlark is a common and widespread species , and is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction ( 7 ) . this species is not known to be facing any major threats at present ( 7 ) , and it has adapted well to the clearance of woodlands for extensive crop farming in southern australia ( 2 ) . however , the brown songlark’s nesting success may potentially be reduced in some areas by predation by the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , an introduced species ( 3 ) .
if the nest is predated , for example by a fox or snake , the female brown songlark can lay a replacement clutch of eggs . some females also go on to lay a second clutch after successfully raising an earlier brood of chicks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
plain - brown woodcreeper dendrocincla fuliginosa is split into two species , each with two subspecies groups . plain - winged woodcreeper is endemic to brazil , orthern argentina , and paraguay , while plain - brown woodcreeper occupies most of the rest of the range north to mexico .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 54 , 240 - 248 .
a long - legged australian warbler ( 2 ) , the brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) is notable for the large difference in size between the male and female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species shows the greatest sexual size difference of any passerine , with the male being nearly twice the length and two to three times the weight of the female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the difference is so great that when early specimens of the brown songlark arrived in europe , the two sexes were thought to belong to separate species ( 6 ) .
the brown songlark is endemic to australia , where it occurs over most of the continent except for parts of the far north ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . a nomadic species , it tends to move around in response to rainfall ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
a medium - sized , day - flying moth ( about 30mm wingspread ) . sooty brown wings have silvery circles . hind wings of the male are a coppery brown while the female¬ís are metallic gold . antennae are clubbed like a butterfly¬ís rather than feathery or whip - like as in other moths .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . and komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 52 : 429 - 441 .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 51 , 429 - 441 .
we first spotted a pair of brown songlarks on a fenceline in march 2008 , on a trip through outback western nsw , 50 km west of burren juction , nsw .
male and female brown songlarks are very different from one another . the plumage of the male is rich chocolate brown , and during breeding season he performs spectacular song - flights , taking off from a prominent feature , such as a stump , overhead wires or a fence post , fluttering high above the grasslands with his legs dangling below , and singing a discordant , metallic tune , before dropping into the grass . they like to be noticed . this contrasts with female brown songlarks , which are drabber , and spend much time hiding in the grass .
the breeding season of the brown songlark runs from around august or september to february ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . outside of the breeding season this species is either solitary or occurs in scattered flocks ( 2 ) , but when breeding the males become highly territorial , performing conspicuous song - flights or singing from a prominent perch with the tail held high and the wings drooping ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the female brown songlarks nest within the males’ territories ( 3 ) , and each male may mate with several females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
madge , s . ( 2018 ) . brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the male birds are about the size of the introduced blackbird and during the breeding period have sooty brown upperparts and blackish underparts . in spring the male performs bold flights into the air , making a loud metallic song and dangling its legs below . females are almost half the size of the males and are streaked and marked similar to other grassland birds such as the australian pipit or european songlark .
brown songlarks can be found in open grassland ( also crops ) . the males will use fenceposts or bushes as demarcations of their territories , while the females nest somewhere in the open grassland .
brown songlarks can regularly be found in open farm country in the narrabri area . for example , they are always found on a broadacre farm 5 km south - east of bellata , nsw .
the ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and the red - chested button - quail ( turnix pyrrhothorax ) . for illustration purposes , the weather model was projected onto 3 consecutive months to illustrate the changes in the distribution of suitable area depending on the weather conditions for a particular month . the probability distribution is shown for each particular month , with grey unsuitable , and increasing suitability shown from yellow to orange ( most suitable ) .
all the pipit and songlark images were taken from the car window very hurriedly before the birds few away . in the air , with a distinctive style of hawking and calling loudly with an even more distinctive call , the songlark is easy to identify . on a fence post in the midday sun as the car is rolling it is a little difficult to tell whether you are photographing pipits or or songlarks . songlarks being another first has something to do with this too of course .
brown - throated treecreeper certhia discolor is split into two species , each of which assumes a new name ; hume’s treecreeper is a bird of the himalayas while sikkim treecreeper occurs from ne india through much of southeast asia .
the male brown songlark performs conspicuous song - flights all day long during the breeding season , taking off from a perch and fluttering into the air while singing a rather metallic tune , before dropping back down to the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the song consists of a short , repeated phrase ( 3 ) and has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle ( 2 ) . outside of the breeding season the male becomes silent and unobtrusive ( 2 ) .
the female brown songlark constructs the nest , which is built in a small depression in the ground and consists of fine dry grasses . the nest is usually well hidden at the base of a grass tussock or small shrub , and is lined with fine grass or hair . two to five eggs are laid , and are incubated by the female alone . the eggs hatch after 11 to 13 days and the chicks leave the nest at 10 to 14 days old . the female is mainly responsible for feeding the chicks , but the male may occasionally assist ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) / occurrences
this dataset includes observations of brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
a small , sparrow - sized button quail ( 11 - 15cm ) with a buff coloured breast and streaked upperparts . this species is superficially similar to plains wanderer , ¬ëtrue¬í quails and to other button quail species . most views of button quail and ¬ëtrue¬í quails ( brown and stubble ) are of birds flying away . brown and stubble quail are considerably larger than this species and fly with a loud , vigorous whirring of wings . in contrast red - chested button quail , along with the very similar little buttonquail flutter low over the grasses before dropping to the ground ( they are sometimes called ¬ëbutterfly quail¬í ) . the back of the red - chested buttonquail is yellowish - grey in contrast to the distinctly reddish little buttonquail . in the buttonquails the female is larger and more brightly coloured than the male .
brown songlarks are endemic to australia . they breed in the south - western corner and the south - east of the continent and disperse northwards in winter . their breeding range in the south - west encompasses a roughly semi - circular area around kalgoorlie , wa , with perth on its north - western fringe . in the south - east the breeding range extends from about the south - eastern half of sa through vic and nsw into southern qld , up to about the geographic latitude of the sa / nt border . they are rarely found in the southern alps south of canberra , act , and along the south - eastern tip of the nsw / vic coast between sydney , nsw , and lakes entrance , vic . they also rarely venture onto the coastal fringe of southern qld and central qld . outside the breeding season their range encompasses the entire australian continent , except the far north ( kimberley beyond eighty mile beach , top end of the nt and cape york peninsula ) .
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september to february in the south ; at any time after good rain in the north and centre .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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male on a fence calling a couple of times . others can be heard in the background .
nick talbot , josep del hoyo , keith and lynn youngs , pieter de groot boersma , stephen wallace , aviceda .
nick talbot , les george , michael retter , jennifer spry , marco valentini , frédéric pelsy , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , lindsay hansch , bleedingheart .
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mathews , g . m . 1912 ,
a reference - list to the birds of australia
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 18 , pp . 171 - 455
gould , j . 1843 ,
in proceedings of meeting of zoological society of london , oct . 11 , 1842
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1842 , no . 10 , pp . 131 - 140
vigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,
a description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities
, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 311fc722 - c55b - 42aa - 9be0 - 5ac0a90d8f47
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cf8a988b - e007 - 4ec4 - aa85 - 1b1a55df7489
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed500163 - ac59 - 491e - b738 - 3aafdbcb7031
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468600
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natural vocalization ; songs from a bird perched on a low bush at the edge of a flat , desolate plain .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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the overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .
in december 2008 a male bird was seen 20 km south - west of narrabri , first calling from a spot in the tall grass of a paddock , later also in its characteristic display flight .
seen at goran lake , an ephemeral lake about 30 km south of gunnedah , nsw , in october 2011 and again in october 2013 .
for this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .
these pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally quite common ( morcombe 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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australia , breeding almost entirely s of tropic of capricorn ; non - breeding across much of interior .
male 24–26 cm , 70–84 g ; female 18–20 cm , 25–30 g . a relatively long - legged terrestrial warbler exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism in both size and . . .
song , delivered in flight or from a perch , all day long in breeding season , an almost metallic . . .
bulk of diet small invertebrates , notably small grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) and beetles ( coleoptera ) and their larvae ; variety of small seeds . . .
season sept–feb ; sometimes two broods . male mates with several females . in song flight , male rises into sky with tremulous wingbeats . . .
strongly migratory and nomadic ; after breeding , disperses n and follows a nomadic existence , moving . . .
not globally threatened . locally quite common , but more abundant in some years than in others owing to somewhat nomadic existence . presence in many areas depends on local . . .
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recently erected family # r # r ; constituents previously placed in a broad family sylviidae , typically in subfamilies megalurinae and acrocephalinae , as well as a few species previously listed in a broad version of timaliidae . internal structure , including addition and removal of various taxa , has steadily been clarified in recent years by series of genetic studies # r # r # r # r ; several elements yet to be tested genetically , so some further changes expected . previously listed as megaluridae , but ( as currently constituted ) name locustellidae has priority # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
the full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .
a full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :
when the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and–if it differs from ebird–it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example .
when species are lumped , ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group . in these cases , your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may ( or may not ) drop by one . the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being “demoted” from species to subspecies .
when splits occur , however , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the species level , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the “child” species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option .
as an example , this year sage sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) was split into sagebrush sparrow ( artimisiospiza nevadensis ) and bell’s sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) . the two species are largely allopatric and most great basin and northwestern states ( and all provinces ) that had sage sparrows have only recorded sagebrush sparrow . bell’s sparrow is largely restricted to coastal california , with one desert population breeding into western nevada and wintering south to arizona and southeastern california . in this area , they overlap in winter with sagebrush sparrow . so for ebird we changed all the records from the areas of no overlap , but records from winter from areas of known overlap remain as the slash option “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the toughest identification issues in north america , so don’t feel bad ! ) , then your data is best listed as the slash option .
one issue with ebird is that reviewing your records of “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” or of “short - billed / long - billed dowitcher” is not currently easy using the my ebird tools . if you know the checklist it is on , you can find the list in “manage my observations” and edit it as needed . if you can find your checklist on the range map of “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” here then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there . but the best option to review your records is to go to my ebird and then click “download my data” from the right side . this downloads your entire ebird database as a csv file that can be opened in excel or a similar spreadsheet program . from there , you should easily be able to sort by name or search for “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” to find your records . then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the submission id in the url for a checklist view . not the easiest way to review your old sage sparrow records , but it does work !
the below species were all split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see you personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! below are the splits for this update :
changeable hawk - eagle nisaetus limnaeetus is split into two species ; crested hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while changeable occurs throughout the rest of the range including much of southeast asia .
mountain hawk - eagle nisaetus nipalensis is split into two species ; legge’s hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while mountain hawk - eagle occurs throughout the rest of the range .
the ninox boobooks of the philippines are substantially revised , with several splits and newly described species . the former philippine hawk - owl ninox philippensis is split into five species . note hat cebu boobook ninox rumseyi and camiguin boobook ninox leventisi are also newly described ( see new species ) below :
barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii is split into two species , with both occurring on the island of new guinea . vogelkop owlet - nightjar occurs in the west of the island ( country of indonesia ) and barred owlet - nightjar in the east ( country of papua new guinea ) :
blue - headed bee - eater merops muelleri is split into two species , with blue - headed occupying the eastern part of the species’ range and blue - moustached in the west . the two species almost come into contact in cameroon , so please do check your records carefully if you have observed either species there :
immaculate antbird myrmeciza immaculata is split into two species , with zeledon’s occurring in central america and western colombia and blue - lored occurring east of the andes . each species has two identifiable subspecies groups as well :
azure - winged magpie cyanopica cyanus is split into two species , with highly disjunct ranges : iberian magpie is restricted to spain and portugal while azure - winged magpie occurs in east asia . azure - winged magpie has two distinct subspecies groups as well , which are new options with this update :
silver - throated tit aegithalos glaucogularis , endemic to northeastern china , is split from the widespread species long - tailed tit . if you had reported long - tailed tit in china please double - check your records in ebird . the two species apparently overlap slightly in winter , so those records should be checked extra carefully :
hodgson’s treecreeper certhia hodgsoni is split from the widespread eurasian treecreeper certhia familiaris ; hodgson’s treecreeper occurs in the himalayas and adjacent foothills .
cobb’s wren troglodytes cobbi is split from the widespread house wren . cobb’s wren is endemic to the falkland islands :
yellowish - bellied bush - warbler horornis acanthizoides is split into two species ; hume’s bush - warbler occurs in the himalayas while yellowish - bellied occurs in two disjunct areas of china as wel las the island of taiwan .
there were a number of revisions to nightingale - warblers from the south pacific , all discussed in full on the clements updates and corrections . these included recognition of sapian reed - warbler , mangarava reed - warbler , pagan reed - warbler , and aguiguan reed - warbler as distinct from nightingale reed - warbler ( the latter three are all extinct ) , split of marquesan reed - warbler into northern marquesan reed - warbler and southern marquesan reed - warbler .
rufous - rumped grassbird graminicola bengalensis is split into two species , with indian grassbird occurring from india to n myanmar and chinese grassbird occurring in china and southeast asia ; several populations of chinese grassbird are near extinction .
the former species gray - breasted laughingthrush garrulax jerdoni the subspecies garrulax jerdoni jerdoni is transferred to garrulax cachinnans ( formerly rufous - breasted laughingthrush , now black - chinned laughingthrush ) . the two remaining subspecies of gray - breasted laughingthrush , fairbank i and meridionalis , are split as a separate species kerala laughingthrush and thus gray - breasted laughingthrush is no longer available as a species :
metallic - winged sunbird aethopyga pulcherrima is split into three monotypic species : metallic - winged sunbird , mountain sunbird , and bohol sunbird .
sage sparrow artemisiospiza belli is split into two species . although the ranges do not overlap in the breeding season they do come into contact near mono lake , california . in migration and winter they do overlap extensively . the result was that we were unable to convert records to one or the other species if reported from southeastern california , southern nevada , or southwestern arizona between 1 april and 15 september . we strongly recommend downloading your records ( go to my ebird > download my data ) and reviewing your records of bell’s sparrow , sagebrush sparrow and bell’s / sagebrush sparrow . please do edit your checklists if you know which species you observed .
and a slash option is also retained , so that birds not identified to species can be reported . we encourage conservative reporting , especially in winter from areas of known overlap ( e . g . , southeastern california and southwestern arizona ) .
sagebrush sparrow ( artemesiospiza nevadensis ) at southeast farallon island , ca , where it is a vagrant . the streaked back , washed out colors , and narrow malar stripe eliminate the closely related bell’s sparrow . photo by tony leukering .
black - crested tit periparus melanolophus is lumped with coal tit periparus ater [ map ] [ my records ] ; see also the new coal subspecies groups under additions below . coal tit ( black - crested ) periparus ater melanolophus [ map ] is retained as a group .
turkestan tit parus bokharensis is lumped with great tit par us major [ map ] [ my records ] . see also the three - way split of great tit in splits above . great tit ( turkestan ) parus major [ bokharensis group ] [ map ] is retained as a subspecies group .
yellow - breasted tit c yanistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] is lumped with azure tit cya nistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] . the two former species are retained as subspecies groups
these subspecies groups are all new options in the ebird taxonomy . the ranges of all of these are available from the clements taxonomy , which also lists the subspecies that comprise each group . many represent potential future splits ; we encourage reporting of any of these if you are confident that you understand this subspecies option and how to identify it . several species with have specific notes to minimize confusion .
house wren ( dominica ) troglodytes aedon rufescens note : house wren ( caribbean ) is deleted and replaced with the below island - specific options . note that several are extinct .
the below all refer to newly available spuhs ( e . g . , scoter sp . ) and slash ( e . g . , short - billed / long - billed dowitcher ) options . please use these options whenever you see a bird but are uncertain of its specific identity . spuhs and slashes are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
haemorhous sp . haemorhous sp . note : carpodacus sp . should not be used in north america
ebird has a long list of field identifiable hybrids . these are always listed in taxonomic order ( the species that comes first sequentially is listed first ) and are always followed by “hybrid” . if you identified a hybrid , especially any of the below , please do report it to ebird ( hopefully with photos ) ! the below list has one new intergrade ( a hybrid between subspecies groups ) under dark - eyed junco . hybrids and intergrades are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
within ebird , we also have forms for taxa that field identifiable and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species ( noted with “undescribed form” ) , undescribed subspecies groups , and miscellaneous other options .
ebird has certain domesticated species that are regularly seen in a feral or wild state .
dove sp . — > pigeon / dove sp . note : usage should apply to both doves and pigeons
myiopagis sp . — > elaenia sp . ( genus myiopagis ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .
elaenia sp . — > elaenia sp . ( genus elaenia ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .
western yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) — > eastern yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .
western yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) — > eastern yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .
common bush - tanager — > common chlorospingus note : all bush - tanagers in the genus chlorispingus now use the common name chlorospingus .
black - and - white shearwater sp . : puffinus sp . — > puffinus sp . ( black - and - white shearwater sp . )
glossy / white - faced ibis : plegadis sp . — > plegadis falcinellus / chihi
warbling - antbird sp . : hypocnemis sp . — > hypocnemis sp . ( warbling - antbird sp . )
download full 2013 taxonomy ( version 1 . 54 ) with changes from 2012 annotated – click here
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cheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .
manchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alström et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .
iczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .
correct gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
genetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
restore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )
fuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement
correct gender agreement ; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius müller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . ” ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )
chlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )
malcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )
“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )
pnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )
correct spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )
new family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .
move dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )
bush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )
separate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )
move yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .
richmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( 2006 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .
birdlife international ( 2011 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of birds . dorling kindersley limited , london .
auscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
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discover the natural environment of the kooyoora and loddon regions of central victoria as recorded by robert scholes and friends .
habitat : grasslands , crops – across the whole of the australian mainland except the very far north and tas .


eteobalea isabellella is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .

it is found in spain , france , italy , corsica , the balkan peninsula , turkey and north africa .

the wingspan is about 14 mm .

adults are on wing from may to early october in two generations per year .

eteobalea isabellella

eteobalea isabellella | 05 / 09 / 14 - croatia . | ben sale | flickr
eteobalea is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is treated as a synonym of stagmatophora by some authors .
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country : europe wingspan : 13 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins
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& koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by & koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu
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