monochroa inflexella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in sweden , lithuania , the czech republic , slovakia , austria , romania and russia ( the southern ural ) .

the wingspan is 9 – 14 mm .

adults are on wing from june to july .

monochroa inflexella

monochroa inflexella svensson , 1992 ; ent . tidskr . 113 : ( 47 - 51 )
a new endemic species of monochroa from the south - western alps ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
monochroa cleodoroides sakamaki , 1994 ; jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 170
monochroa kumatai ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277
monochroa lucidella immaculella huemer , 1996 ; z . arbgem . öst . ent . 48 : ( 23 - 28 )
monochroa rufulella ; bidzilya , 2000 , beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 389 ; [ nhm card ]
monochroa lucidella immaculatella ssp . n . aus den verlandungszonen des kalterer sees in südtirol ( italien ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae )
monochroa pentameris ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 259 ; [ nhm card ]
monochroa subcostipunctella sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248 ; tl : siriuti town , hokkaido
monochroa japonica sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 251 ; tl : bibi , titose city , hokkaido
monochroa kumatai sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 246 ; tl : okusiri i . , hiyama , hokkaido
monochroa moyses uffen , 1991 ; br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : essex , e mersea
monochroa conspersella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]
monochroa lucidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ fe ]
monochroa pallida sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 255 ; tl : kisozihara , nagawa vill , nagano pref , honshu , japan
monochroa bronzella karsholt , nel , fournier , varenne & huemer , 2013 ; nota lepid . 36 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : route du col de tende , alpes maritimes
monochroa cleodoroides ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
monochroa japonica ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
monochroa subcostipunctella ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
monochroa cleodora ; sakamaki , 1994 , jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 167 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; [ nhm card ]
monochroa leptocrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 254 ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211
monochroa suffusella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 245 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 248 ; [ fe ]
monochroa hornigi ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277 ; [ fe ]
monochroa divisella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ fe ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
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= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nacl ] , 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ]
aristotelia agatha meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : assam , khasis
apodia ainella chrétien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 91 ; tl : biskra
? gelechia arundinetella stainton , 1858 ; ent . annual 1858 : 91 ( zeller )
aristotelia chromophanes meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3
aristotelia cleodora meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 583
= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213
= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]
larva on lysimachia vulgaris , primula spp . , primula jesoana ssp . pubscens sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213
gelechia dellabeffai rebel , 1932 ; zs . öst . entver 17 ( 1 ) : 1
gelechia disconotella chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 86 ; tl : kentucky
aristotelia discriminata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto , l . muskoka , parry sound
weu , ceu , seu , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249
= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249
larva on iris pseudacorus , iris ensata var . spontanea sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251
aristotelia drosocrypta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
gelechia fervidella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 187 , pl . 5 , f . 4
aristotelia fragariae busck , 1919 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 21 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : victoria , british columbia
gelechia gilvolinella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 119
apodia gracilella chrétien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 140 ; tl : biskra
griseella ( heinemann , 1870 ) ( doryphora ) ; schmett . dtl . schweitz ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 301
aristotelia harrisonella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 756 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia ; seattle , washington
eu , european russia , w . siberia , transbaikalia , se . siberia , korea . see [ maps ]
aristotelia ingravata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 118 ; tl : nw . india , peshawar ; bengal , pusa
larva on polygonum thunbergii sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 253
aristotelia leptocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
= ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ nhm card ]
larva on eleocharis palustris , scirpus lacustris sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211
anacampsis melagonella constant , 1895 ; bull . soc . ent . fr : liii
aristotelia monactis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto ; north carolina , southern pines
larva on scirpus maritimus uffen , 1991 , br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1
gelechia nomadella zeller , 1868 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 18 : 616
aristotelia pentameris meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 66
aristotelia perterrita meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 ; tl : canada , toronto
aristotelia pessocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
xystophora plusia caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106 ( walsingham ) ; tl : kasakewitsch
aristotelia quinquepunctella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 804 ; tl : pennsylvania
xystophora rebeli hering , 1927 ; zool . jahrb . syst . 53 : 444
aristotelia repudiata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji
gelechia rhenanella heyden , 1863 ; stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 10 - 12 ) : 343
aristotelia robusta braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 8 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio
larva on scirpus atrovirens braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9
xystophora rufulella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 9 ; tl : irkutzk
infima rumicetella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55
xystophora rutilella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 174 , pl . 9 , f . 8 ; tl : blagowestchenk
infima sepicolella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55
xystophora saltenella benander , 1928 ; svensk . insektfauna 10 ( 2 ) : 89
xystophora scutatella müller - rutz , 1920 ; mitt . ent . zürich 1920 ( 5 ) : 341 , pl . 2 , f . 9
larva on juncus sp . sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249
= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )
larva on eriophorum angustifolium , carex sp . sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
fjärilar , lepidoptera . ii . småfjärilar , microlepidoptera . tredje familjegruppen : maltfjärilar , tineina . 1 familjen gelechiidae
bátorliget élõvilága . ( die tier - und pflanzenwelt des naturschutzgebietes von bátorliget und seiner umgebung . ) bátorliget molylepke - faunája . microlepidoptera . [ microlepidoptera fauna of bátorliget , lepidoptera . ] in székessy ,
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1874 lepidoptera der westküste amerika ' s verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 : 423 - 448 , pl . 12
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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huemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010
junnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j . - p . , nupponen , t . & olschwang , v . - the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . in zootaxa 2367 : 1 - 68 . 2010
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
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limbatochlamys rosthorni is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in china ( shaanxi , gansu , shanghai , jiangsu , zhejiang , hubei , jiangxi , hunan , fujian , guangxi , sichuan , chongqing , guizhou and yunnan ) .

the length of the forewings is 28 – 37 mm for males and 38 mm for females .

the forewings are olive-green , the costal area with a greyish-yellow band , speckled with black , and in some areas with greyish red .

the hindwings are greyish-yellow , the basal area of the hind margin and the outer marginal area with some greyish green , dotted with black .

limbatochlamys rosthorni

limbatochlamys rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 540 ; ts : limbatochlamys rosthorni rothschild
limbatochlamys rosthorni rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 540 , pl . 12 , f . 9 ; tl : interior of china ( ? west of ishang )
rothschild , 1894 some new species of lepidoptera novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 535 - 540
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pitkin , linda m . and han , hongxiang and james , shayleen ; zoological journal of the linnean society ; 150 ( 2 ) 343 - - 412 ; jun , 2007
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trachycystis haygarthi is a species of very small , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family charopidae .

this species is endemic to south africa .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

trachycystis haygarthi

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : trachycystis haygarthi ( j . c . melvill & j . h . ponsonby , 1899 ) - id : 5734000105
in 1912 haygarth donated ants from durban to the south african museum , cape town . he also collected land snails in zululand for h . c . burnup * and the species trachycystis haygarthi ( haygarth ' s pinwheel ) was named after him .
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justification : trachycystis haygarthi is known only from two forests , separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests are 2 , 800 hectares and 620 hectares . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 hectares ( = 35 km² ) . although both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable
the exceptionally striking dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni ) immediately stands out for the unusual whorl of bristles that radiate out from the edge of its shell , somewhat resembling the pinwheel firework after which it is named . the fragile , almost translucent pale - brown shell is a spiral shape with up to five whorls , sculptured with widely spaced axial riblets ( 2 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
known only from nkandla and entumeni forests inland of eshowe . the two forests are separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests is : nkandla forest 2 , 800 ha and entumeni forest 620 ha . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 ha .
both forests are formally conserved areas under the control of kzn wildlife . as such they are afforded a degree of protection , but both are in remote , very rural areas and subject to utilisation by local people and their livestock , particularly nkandla forest .
although both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable .
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this rare , pale - coloured snail is probably most notable for its highly distinctive whitish shell , with a conspicuous chestnut - brown border to the outer edge of each whorl creating a bold spiral pattern . the creamy - white foot is semi translucent with brownish - grey colouring towards the front of the upper - surface , and the tentacles are grey .
this south african endemic is known only from two small forests , nkandla and entumeni , kwazulu - natal , which are separated by only 35 km ( 1 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
despite formal protection , the remote , rural forests in which this snail is found continue to be used by local people and their livestock , and this disturbance threatens to destroy and degrade critical habitat for this species ( 1 ) .
both forests are formerly conserved areas under the control of kwazulu - natal wildlife , and as such , are afford a degree of protection . however , the actual levels of protection provided on the ground are limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and local communities may be having a detrimental impact on these forests and the wildlife they support ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . whorl in animals , a spiral or convolution in the shell of a snail .
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nothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel’s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .
the dlinza pinwheel is known only from dlinza forest , in the province of kwazulu - natal , south africa , which covers an area of just circa 250 hectares ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
a unique snail , the dlinza pinwheel is found in coastal scarp forest ( 1 ) beneath leaves of understorey vegetation , under fallen logs , in leaf - litter , and occasionally in damp swampy areas ( 2 ) .
the dlinza pinwheel is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the dlinza forest is officially protected and is under the control of ezemvelo kwazulu - natal wildlife ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . however , the forest’s location within an urban environment does give some cause for concern . furthermore , the dlinza pinwheels ' very limited distribution means that it is highly vulnerable to the damaging effects of extreme stochastic weather conditions and climate change ( 1 ) .
the fact that dlinza forest is an officially protected area , supported by an enthusiastic local community , does confer a degree of protection to the critically endangered dlinza pinwheel . nevertheless , the small and exposed nature of its home means that this rare and fascinating snail remains somewhat helpless to the changing world around it ( 1 ) . more research into the ecology and behaviour of this small but captivating species may help unearth valuable information to help guide appropriate conservation action and bring the diminutive ‘pinwheel’ back from the brink of extinction .
herbert , d . g . & kilburn , r . n . ( 2004 ) field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . 340pp . natal museum , pietermaritzburg .
authenticated ( 13 / 07 / 2006 ) by dr . dai g . herbert , chief curator : mollusca , kwazulu - natal museum , and member of the iucn / ssc southern african invertebrate , and mollusc specialist groups . urltoken
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scarp an escarpment , cliff , or steep slope of some extent along the margin of a plateau or ridge . stochastic random , uncertain or unpredictable . whorl in molluscs , the spiral coils of the shell of a snail .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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born : 6 october 1863 , durban , south africa . died : 29 september 1950 , durban , south africa .
walter j . haygarth was the youngest son of joseph williamson haygarth , whose sister was married to the botanist john medley wood * . wood adopted the young walter . he was apprenticed to the natal government railways workshops in september 1883 . in september 1889 he was appointed as draughtsman and assisted in teaching the railways ' drawing classes . eventually he became a chief draughtsman , until his retirement in 1915 . he married eliza priscilla wood in october 1894 and they had two children .
in addition to outdoor sports , haygarth ' s hobbies related to botany and invertebrate zoology . he collected some 200 specimens of plants in natal and east griqualand for wood , who was in charge of the natal government herbarium . he also contributed some illustrations to the first volume of natal plants , published by wood and m . s . evans * in 1899 . his plants ended up in various local and overseas herbaria . a few specimens of crassula that he had collected , together with others collected by wood and f . r . rudolph schlechter * , were described as new species by s . schonland * in 1897 . he was commemorated in the names of the alga species chlorophytum haygarthii ( named by wood and evans ) , and in cerophegia haygarthii , named by f . r . r . schlechter * .
herbert , d . & kilburn , d . field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . pietermaritzburg : natal museum , 2004 .
national automated archival information retrieval system ( naairs ) . urltoken documents relating to haygarth , walter jaques / haygarth , w . j .
pietermaritzburg archives repository ( nab ) , source msce , reference 2242 / 1950 . death notice , walter jacques haygarth . downloaded from urltoken on 2017 - 6 - 27 .
robertson , h . biodiversity explorers . urltoken as on 2017 - 6 - 27 .
schrire , b . d . centenary of the natal government herbarium , durban , 1882 - 1982 . bothalia , 1983 , vol . 14 , pp . 223 - 236 .
summaries of some recent botanical and zoological papers referring to south africa . transactions of the south african philosophical society , 1902 , vol . 11 ( 4 ) , pp . 383 - 418 .
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nothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel ' s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .
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the lesser hairy-footed dunnart ( sminthopsis youngsoni ) is a small carnivorous australian marsupial of the family dasyuridae .

it is a widespread and fairly common species , being found in many desert areas of western australia , northern territory and queensland .

its foraging strategies have been studied by haythornthwaite and dickman .

the lesser hairy-footed dunnart is distinguished from the very similar hairy-footed dunnart by its smaller size and less hairy soles .

lesser hairy - footed dunnart

dunnarts’ lifespans vary . fat - tailed dunnarts only live for 15 - 18 months , but lesser hairy - footed dunnarts live to five years old .
a little long - tailed dunnart on our charles darwin reserve , wa . photo ben parkhurst . the julia creek dunnart ( one of the largest ) is up to 25cm from snout to tail , and weighs up to 70g . the lesser hairy - footed dunnart is one of the smallest species , weighing a measly 10g !
eleven different species of dunnart are found on bush heritage properties . we have hairy - footed dunnarts on eurardy ; charles darwin reserve supports four different species ( fat - tailed , little long - tailed , gilbert’s and white - tailed ) ; stripe - faced dunnarts are found on naree station and boolcoomatta ; fat - tailed dunnarts occur on several properties including nardoo hills , bon bon , naree and eurardy ; and hairy - footed and lesser hairy - footed dunnarts both occur on ethabuka reserve .
the lesser hairy - footed dunnart is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
it eats mainly insects including grasshoppers and crickets as well as spiders and other invertebrates . even though it is tiny , the lesser hairy - footed dunnart is very brave and will fiercely protect itself if it feels threatened , but if there is no food available they can become torpid .
mckenzie , n . l . and cole , j . r . 2008 . lesser hairy - footed dunnart , sminthopsis youngsoni . in : s . van dyck and r . strahan ( eds ) , the mammals of australia . third edition , pp . 160 - 161 . reed new holland , sydney , australia .
a hairy - footed dunnart on eurardy reserve , wa . photo leanne hales . while 12 of the 19 dunnart species are considered ‘of least concern’ of extinction , many species have suffered a decline in their distribution . four species – chestnut , kakadu , julia creek and white - footed ( south - east mainland ) – are considered near threatened and three ( butler’s , kangaroo island and sandhill ) are threatened according to the mammal action plan 2012 . many others are regionally threatened : the stripe - faced dunnart , for instance , is considered vulnerable in nsw .
a fat - tailed dunnart at bon bon reserve , sa . photo annette ruzicka . during the day dunnarts sleep in hollow logs , under rocks , in soil cracks or in small nests . these nests can be in logs , grass tussocks and grasstrees ( xanthorrhoea spp . ) . the hairy - footed dunnart is so small that it lives in the burrows made by spiders and bull ants !
a stripe - faced dunnart at boolcoomatta reserve , sa . photo annette ruzicka . threats
there is a large population which lives in a number of protected areas including uluru national park and rudall river national park , so it is considered unlikely that the numbers will be declining at the rate needed to be listed as threatened . the only threats to the lesser hairy - footed dunnart are not major . they include cats which were introduced to the habitat and frequent , huge fires , but these are considered only localized threats and are not a threat to the species .
fat - tailed . white - tailed . hairy - footed . australia’s dunnart species come in all shapes and sizes . dunnarts are nocturnal , carnivorous marsupials that are endemic to ( only found in ) australia . they’re sometimes mistakenly called marsupial mice . though they ' re about the size of a mouse , they ' re more like quolls and mulgaras – fellow members of the dasyuridae family .
a fat - tailed dunnart on our charles darwin reserve , wa . photo tim doherty . there are 19 known species of dunnart and we have 11 different species on our reserves – charles darwin reserve in wa has five species on its own !
dunnarts breed in spring and nest above ground . the stripe - faced dunnart has the shortest gestation of any mammal – only 11 days .
across our reserves we protect dunnart habitat by removing stock , preventing habitat clearance and implementing a patchy fire regime , so they can seek refuge in a ‘mosaic’ of vegetation . we also increase the dunnart’s chance of living to a ripe old age by controlling feral cats and foxes .
a red - cheeked dunnart on cape york . photo annette ruzicka . the fat - tailed dunnart has the widest distribution – it’s found across most of inland southern australia . other species , like the nationally endangered sandhill dunnart , have a far smaller range – this particular species is only found across less than 500 km 2 in three widely - separated populations in the great victoria desert in sa and wa and on the eyre peninsula .
inappropriate fire regimes : that is , fires that are too frequent , intense and extensive . given a dunnart’s home range can be as small as 50m , wildfires can wipe out an entire population .
a dunnart’s tail is often nearly as long as its body and they have big black eyes , long whiskers , large ears and sharp teeth . their furry coats can be sandy , grey or brown , depending on the species .
being nocturnal helps dunnarts conserve precious water and energy in extreme arid environments . and when it’s cold , dunnart species happily share their nests with each other and with house mice , huddling together to stay warm . but those mice should sleep with one eye open – dunnarts will eat mice when temperatures warm again !
a stripe - faced dunnart captured during a survey at naree , nsw . photo ofalia ho . like other dasyurids , they have a fold of skin on the stomach instead of a fully formed pouch . here the tiny joeys drink from their mother’s nipples for a month before they’re suckled in the nest for another month .
a small sized dunnart , adults weigh 9 - 14 g . upper parts are yellow - brown contrasting sharply with the white underparts and feet . dark fur surrounds the eye and extends towards the muzzle . the tail is pinkish and about the same length as the hb , not obviously incrassated . interdigital pads on hind foot partially fused and covered in small granules and short bristly hairs .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is endemic to australia , where it is distributed through the arid regions of western australia , northern territory , the top edge of south australia , and queensland ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) .
it is common in suitable habitat . there is no evidence of widescale population declines .
it has been recorded in areas of sand plains , sand dunes , inter - dune habitats , hummock grasslands , tussock grasslands and open shrubland ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) . females give birth to five or six young ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) .
there appear to be no major threats to this species . predation from introduced cats and frequent , large - scale fires are localized threats .
it has been recorded from a number of protected areas including rudall river national park ( western australia ) and uluru national park ( northern territory ) .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 8 . desert - > 8 . 1 . desert - hot suitability : suitable
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 04 september 2016 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
pohjoisterritorionpussikko
to
sminthopsis youngsoni mckenzie and archer , 1982
.
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a carnivorous mammal , weighing only 0 . 01 kg . ( 0 . 022 lbs . ) , it lives up to 5 years and the females have litters of up to 5 or 6 young once a year . adults can be from 10 to 16 cm . ( 5 to 7 inches ) long . it is usually seen in sandy plains , inter - dune habitats , sand dunes , tussock grasslands , hummock grasslands and open shrubland . they get all the water they need from the insects they eat so they don ' t require to drink free water .
it is listed in iucn red list of threatened species with a least concern ( lr / lc ) which is the designation for the lowest risk .
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
[ 0522 ] fisher et al . ( 2001 ) , the ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials
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western australia to exmouth peninsula in the south and west through little and great sandy deserts , through the southern half of the northern territory and into south - western queensland .
all images on this website are © lochman transparencies and should not be copied , downloaded , transferred , or re - created in any way , shape or form without prior consent .
carnarvon station cravens peak edgbaston ethabuka olkola pullen pullen reedy creek yourka more . . .
dunnarts are found all over australia , from the tip of cape york to tasmania , from the east coast to south - west wa ( unusually the kimberley has very few dunnarts ) .
dunnarts inhabit a whole host of environments . they live in arid and semi - arid woodlands , heathy forests , coastal ranges , dry sclerophyll forest , mallee scrub and grasslands .
some species live on the edges of paddocks , others thrive in deserts . how ? like mulgaras , dunnarts don’t need to drink at all – they get the water they need from their prey !
depending on the species , they have litters of 5 to 10 joeys ( young ) . when born , joeys are smaller than a grain of rice !
dunnarts emerge at night to feed . they’re largely insectivorous , eating grasshoppers , crickets , termites , beetles and their larvae . but they’re not picky eaters , they also munch on small reptiles , mammals , amphibians and spiders . some species can eat their body weight in a single night !
during times of plenty they store excess fat in their tails , which can take on a swollen , ‘carrot - shaped’ appearance . when food is scarce they draw on this fat to survive . they can also enter a state of torpor , saving energy by lowering their body temperature and metabolic rate – a kind of short - term hibernation .
the use of pesticides in agricultural areas can kill the insects that dunnarts eat .
a small carnivorous marsupial , about the size of a mouse with bristly footpads .
this insectivorous marsupial is nocturnal and shelters in burrows often dug by lizards during the day .
five or six pouch young are born in spring , which are independent from nov - feb .
exmouth and along coast to port hedland , northern / central western deserts into nt and far west qld . absent from rocky / exposed areas of the pilbara . not endemic to western australia
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swiftlets are birds contained within the four genera aerodramus , hydrochous , schoutedenapus and collocalia .

they form the collocaliini tribe within the swift family apodidae .

the group contains around thirty species mostly confined to southern asia , south pacific islands , and northeastern australia , all within the tropical and subtropical regions .

they are in many respects typical members of the apodidae , having narrow wings for fast flight , with a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight .

what distinguishes many but not all species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation to navigate in total darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they roost at night and breed .

the nests of some species are built entirely from threads of their saliva , and are collected for the famous chinese delicacy bird 's nest soup .

swiftlet

swiftlet information . . . swiftlet species index . . . swiftlet species photo gallery
swiftlet eco park group of companies is the largest swiftlet eco park developer in malaysia .
himalayan swiftlet winters within the range of german ' s swiftlet , but is larger and bulkier , and has a greyer rump than c . g . germani .
swiftlet nest could be an authentic and pricey ingredient in the world of culinary .
© 2016 swiftlet eco park group of companies . all rights reserved . web design malaysia
australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
github - aliasio / swiftlet : quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use .
clone ( or download and extract ) swiftlet into a directory on your php supported web server .
the german ' s swiftlet ( collocalia germani or aerodramus germani ) is a species of swift .
③interior environment : an adequate level of attention has been paid to audible swiftlet calls and odor .
this swiftlet was formerly sometimes placed in the genus aerodramus as aerodramus brevirostris . two of its five subspecies are frequently given full species status , c . b . rogersi as the indochinese swiftlet , collocalia rogersi , and the isolated javan form c . b . vulcanorum as the volcano swiftlet , collocalia vulcanorum .
with notable exceptions , most swiftlet species emit both single and double clicks ( thomassen et al . ,
swiftlet is quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use . and it ' s swift .
the uniform swiftlet is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . it is about 13 centimeters long with a wingspan averaging around 27 centimeters . it weighs about 11 grams . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . it is similar to , and most likely to be confused with , the white - rumped swiftlet or mountain swiftlet .
below are images of different swiftlet species . click on any of them to go to the respective species page .
buildings constructed to lure the edible - nest swiftlet have been popping up in indonesia . the nests are used in soup .
luck , mr . budi says , plays as great a role as preparation in swiftlet farming . you see , he said with a sigh , you can entice an edible - nest swiftlet to a birdhouse , but you can’t make it nest .
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / suitability
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / occurrences
the himalayan swiftlet has a twittering chit - chit roosting call , and also has a piercing teeree - teeree - teeree call .
) . swiftlet clicks are composed of frequencies completely within the human auditory range , with most energy between 1 and 10 khz .
getting started in swiftlet farming requires what is , for this part of the world , a significant amount of money . mr . iskandar said a medium - size three - story swiftlet house can cost about $ 16 , 000 — a prohibitive sum for many .
authentic bird ' s nest soup is made from nests of some species of swiftlet , mainly the edible - nest ( or white - nest ) swiftlet ( aerodramus fuciphagus ) and the black - nest swiftlet . instead of twigs , feathers and straw , these swiftlet make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva , which harden when exposed to air . once the nests are harvested , they are cleaned and sold to restaurants . eating swiftlet nest material is believed to help maintain skin tone , balance qi (
life energy
) and reinforce the immune system . it is also thought to strengthen the lungs and prevent coughs , improve the constitution and prolong life .
several subspecies are recognised , and the form c . v . inquietus is often split as the caroline islands swiftlet , c . inquietus .
in malaysia , nest of aerodramus fuciphagus ( white - nest swiftlet ) and aerodramus maximus ( black - nest swiftlet ) are harvested for commercial purposes as one of most valuable animal product . swiftlet taxonomy has been controversial due to numerous undefined parameters . morphological differences between swiftlet species from different habitats remain unclear . this study found that a . fuciphagus from natural habitat are generally larger in size compared to man - made habitat and a . maximus are larger compared to a . fuciphagus . we postulated the different in body size is due to dietary behavior of the swiftlets .
there are about 20 speakers inside the bird house , including large speakers on both sides of the swiftlet entrance and small speakers on the tops of the columns . these speakers are connected to an mp3 player in the control room that plays a recording of swiftlet calls . the swiftlet calls played back on these speakers play an important role in attracting swiftlet to the house . the owner of the bird house has tried various speaker types and locations through a process of trial and error and creative modification in order to attract as many swiftlet as possible to the house . d described the audio equipment at a level of detail that suggested the enormous amount of attention he has paid to this aspect of the house’s design . b explained that he had obtained a good recording of swiftlet calls and that the birds would come to the house immediately if this recording were played . in this way , it seems likely that the house owners find the process of developing ideas and creatively figuring out how to attract swiftlet appealing .
what made you want to look up swiftlet ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
but on the roads around sukadana , potential health concerns seemed secondary , and swiftlet house owners seemed more concerned with the flightiness of the birds themselves .
assalamualaikum and hello to everyone who is reading my blog . in my blog , i will share a little bit on swiftlet farming . hope you enjoy
the birds in the cave are primarily the black - nest swiftlet ( collocallia maxima - the name aerodramus is also sometimes used for the swiftlet genus ) and the mossy - nest swiftlet ( c . vanikorensis ) . like bats , the swiftlets use echolocation to find their way in the dark of the caves - and to locate their insect prey . the constant clicking sound can easily be heard in the caves - at times more of a buzz than clicks .
swiftlet has a few core events and additiontal ones can be triggered pretty much anywhere using $ this - > app - > trigger ( $ event ) .
c . b . rogersi the indochinese swiftlet , breeds in eastern myanmar , western thailand and laos . this is a small , pale - rumped race .
c . b . vulcanorum the volcano swiftlet , breeds in java , indonesia on volcanic peaks . it has dark underparts and an indistinct pale grey rump .
smyth dm ( 1980 ) studies on echolocation in the grey swiftlet , aerodramus spodiopygius . phd thesis , james cook university of north queensland , townsville , australia
the himalayan swiftlet , collocalia brevirostris , is a small swift . it is a common colonial breeder in the himalayas and southeast asia . some populations are migratory .
swiftlet can be invoked from the command line ( e . g . to run cron jobs ) . simply run php public / index . php - q foo .
additionally , if research into swiftlet ecology continues , new methods for improving bird house based on the birds’ ecological characteristics may be discovered . i am hopeful in this respect .
whatever the ultimate size limit of object detection by swiftlet biosonar , observations of increased click repetition rates from birds approaching their nests in the wild ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; signe brinkløv , pers . obs . ) suggest that swiftlets use echolocation to locate their nests . and , because swiftlet nests are 50–100 mm in diameter ( coles et al . , 1987 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ) , even a conservative detection size threshold would indicate that the nest itself should be readily detectable by swiftlet echolocation .
since its humble beginning in 2004 , the maiden joint venture project in manjung with perak sedc ( state economic development corporation ) , swiftlet eco park group of companies has consistently performed to the highest industry standards , being the first company awarded the good animal husbandry practice ( gahp ) in swiftlet farming , as well as being the invited representative from private sector to participate in the working committee of establishing the first industry guideline , the 1 garis panduan ( 1gp ) of edible birdnest swiftlet farming standard by ministry of agriculture & agro - based industry .
the uniform swiftlet ( collocalia vanikorensis ) , also known as the vanikoro or lowland swiftlet , is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with somewhat paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . this species is widespread from the philippines through wallacea , new guinea and melanesia . it forages for flying insects primarily in lowland forests and open areas . it nests in caves where it uses its sense of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) , rare in birds , to navigate .
in short , with complete value chain from upstream to downstream , swiftlet eco park group of companies has helped in lifting malaysia’s position to even greater heights in the global scale for the ebn industry .
if you get a
404 not found
you will need to enable rewrites in the web server configuration . alternatively you can navigate to http : / / < swiftlet > ? q = foo .
11 cm . swiftlet with dark greyish - brown upperparts and head . silvery grey - white throat and upper breast . remainder of underparts darker and greyer . shallow fork - tail . plumage lacks any noticeable sheen .
this swiftlet feeds over a range of habitats from coastal areas to the mountains . its diet consists of flying insects which are caught on the wing . it often feeds in large flocks with other species of swift and swallow .
no configuration is needed to run swiftlet . if you ' re writing a model that does require configuration , e . g . credentials to establish a database connection , you may use the application ' s setconfig and getconfig methods :
sp . may interfere with recovery ( the additional weight of wasps nests causes swiftlet nests to fall from cave walls ) . on saipan , exotic cockroaches ( which damage and destroy nests by consuming nest material and swiftlet saliva gluing them to cave walls ) , predation by brown tree snake ( which is in the process of becoming established on the island [ rodd and savidge 2007 ] ) and possible disturbance by humans and feral mammals are the main threats ( wiles
incidentally , there are arguments both for and against wooden bird house . one group , exemplified by b , who was involved in this construction project , claims that swiftlet will occupy good houses , regardless of whether they are constructed from wood or concrete , and that wooden construction is not problematic . by contrast , dr . l of the sarawak museum , who has detailed knowledge of swiftlet ecology and bird house , casts doubt on this approach , suggesting that the temperature inside a wooden house would rise and prevent swiftlet from occupying the structure . it appears that additional study will be necessary in the future in order to determine whether the house in question in fact functions as a bird house .
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' swiftlet . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
echolocation was used to separate the former aerodramus genus , which was thought to contain the only echolocating swiftlets . from collocalia , but the discovery that the pygmy swiftlet , collocalia troglodytes , also echolocates led to the merging of the two genera .
in this paper , i will report on bird house ( see photograph 2 ) being used to conduct research in this project into the ecology of cave swiftlet . my objective is to decipher the creative measures adopted to attract swiftlet based on the placement , building methods , interior space , and interior environment of these bird houses . i conducted a site survey from february 14 to 20 , 2013 . the bird houses in question have been built along the road from bintulu to sebauh , about half an hour by car . all were recently built structures that had been completed in 2012 . according to mr . t , who manages bird house in the area , the swiftlet will come to the houses gradually in the evening . the effort is off to a good start .
this dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) .
this swiftlet is 12 cm long and weighs 13 to 14 grams . the plumage is blackish - brown above , but much paler on the underparts . the tail is slightly forked and the wings are long and narrow . the bill and feet are black . the nominate subspecies c . g . germani from hainan south to thailand and northern malaysia has a whitish rump , but c . g . amechanus of the rest of malaysia has a grey rump . these two forms are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the edible - nest swiftlet .
this dataset includes observations of australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
when people rent a condominium or apartment , they make an overall decision after comparing such factors as exposure to sunlight , floor plan , building age , rent , and proximity to the nearest train station with their own lifestyle . in the same way , is it not likely that swiftlet decide whether to take up residence in a house based on how well it matches their own “lifestyle” ( ecology ) . in this section , i will examine the creative measures that people have implemented in order to entice swiftlet to use the houses along the lines of the characteristics of those houses .
inside the bird house , an odor that the swiftlet find attractive hangs in the air . the floors of each story are covered with the birds’ droppings , spreading an ammonia odor throughout the structure . the owners say that this odor is identical to the one that can be found inside the caves . furthermore , the walls and floors of the house 9 planted forests in equatorial southeast asia : have been coated with an ammonia and water solution . they explained that swiftlet would not come to newly constructed houses due to the smell of the lumber and paint used in their construction .
swiftlet eco park berhad is the pioneer in professional development of eco - friendly swiftlet farming in malaysia . full compliance and approval obtained for a legalized scheme is not only a positive step in itself , in fact , it also complements the government’s efforts to accelerate malaysia’s economic growth over the coming decade in this thriving swiftlet ranching business and the edible - birdnest industry . unlike other illegal schemes , this scheme has met all its stringent requirements , one of which is feasibility of the investment in providing positive and high net yield of returns to investors . both local and global trustee companies , namely pb trustees services berhad and tmf trustees services berhad have been appointed and approved for this scheme , as custodian of the investment , to safeguard the interest of investors , to ensure the investment proceeds are employed in accordance to the trust deed , and to monitor the management of the trust account .
the indian edible - nest swiftlet is a slender , sparrow - size , brown bird with a slightly forked tail . the male produces a long , gelatinous strand of condensed saliva from the sublingual salivary glands , which is then wound into a half - cup nest , bonded to a vertical surface .
in riam berasap jaya village , budi sat in a sweltering room staring at a mostly blank closed - circuit television screen . a recording of bird calls screamed at high volume in the next room . it had been six months since his swiftlet house was finished , but only a few nests dotted the walls .
bird’s nest soup is made from the nests of cave - dwelling swiftlets . the birds bind the nests with their glutinous saliva . it is this “tasteless jelly” that attracts affluent foodies . in the harvesting of these nests , swiftlet eggs have nowhere to lie—or early offspring are killed—thus endangering the survival of this species .
the frequency sensitivity of hearing in the grey swiftlet , collocalia spodiopygia , was determined by neuronal recordings from the auditory midbrain ( mld ) . the most sensitive best frequency response thresholds occurred between 0 . 8 and 4 . 7 khz , with the upper frequency limit near 6 khz . spectral analysis of echolocation click pairs revealed energy peaks between 3 . 0 and 8 . 0khz for the foreclick , compared to 4 . 0 - 6 . 0 khz for the principal click . the relationship between good hearing sensitivity and click energy peaks in the swiftlet extends about an octave higher than it does in the oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) .
echolocation almost certainly originated independently in apodiformes and caprimulgiformes and likely evolved independently within two distinct lineages of swiftlets ( price et al . , 2005 ; thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . the inaccessibility of many species of swiftlets and resulting lack of genetic and acoustic data means that the evolutionary pathways of swiftlet echolocation remain to be unravelled . increased molecular sampling and systematic documentation of swiftlet echolocation abilities will be necessary to further resolve their phylogenetic history . such research would help to clarify species limits , answer questions about the evolution of obligate single click emitting species and address the predominance of those species that produce both double and single biosonar clicks .
the papuan swiftlet is apparently closer to the waterfall swift than to the other aerodramus species and probably best placed in a separate genus ( price et al . , 2005 ) , whereas thomassen et al . ( 2005 ) advocate reuniting all swiftlets in collocalia . schoutedenapus is one of the least - known genera of birds .
the house is a three - story structure . there is a vaulted opening on the northern side , and after coming in through the entrance , swiftlet proceed into this open space , from which they move to the house’s individual floors . each floor has an entrance / exit that opens on the western side of the house .
since then , swiftlet eco park group has become hugely successful on a local , national and preparing itself in global scale by venturing into downstream activities , which transform and enhance the value chain of the ebn industry through research & development , quality and authentic products internationally . royal bird’s nest sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies has taken the initiative to have r & d ; collaboration with tertiary learning institutions , universities and medical centers , to explore the full potential of ebn in the sectors of functional food , skin care , health supplement and also medicinal properties by using ebn extract deriving from efficient utilization of cleaning & processing technologies .
realizing the ambitious initiative to be the largest upstream player in ebn industry , the group has launched the first interest scheme in malaysia which is the first ebn swiftlet ranching share farming business licensed by malaysian government and indeed , an investment scheme that was approved by companies commission of malaysia ( or suruhanjaya syarikat malaysia ) back in 2010 .
the tiny cup nest is constructed by the male swift from thick saliva of saliva and some moss , and is attached to a vertical rock wall in a cave . nests of this colonial swift may be touching . the clutch is two white eggs . this swiftlet is monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings .
this swiftlet is a highland species , with a preference for feeding open areas in forests , such as river valleys . c . b . brevirostris breeds up 4 , 500 m in nepal and 2200m in central bhutan , and the forms c . b . rogersi and c . b . inniminata occur up to 2200 m in thailand .
mr . iskandar , a former illegal logger , shares a property line with a swiftlet house ; he has many friends involved in the trade and is saving up for one of his own . since most of the forests in the area have been bought up by palm plantations , he says , the logging business is not what it once was .
chinese bird nest , or yàn wō ( 燕窝 ) , is is one of the most expensive foods in the world , with a price of up to $ 2000 per kilogram ( according to wikipedia ) . the nests are made of the hardened saliva of the male swiftlet , a type of swallow found in many coastal caves of southeast asia .
some are concerned that the increasingly dense networks of swiftlet houses could create disease flight paths for the avian flu , threatening both the local bird populations and potentially humans , as well . almost as worrisome are the large water tanks inside each house that provide prime breeding sites for mosquitoes that could carry dengue fever and malaria — two tropical diseases of particular concern in borneo .
the bird — called , appropriately enough , the edible - nest swiftlet — makes its nest by regurgitating long strands of sticky saliva onto the wall of a cave or house , as the case may be . these strands harden into a woven cup , weighing on average about a third of an ounce , that provides a cradle for the birds’ young and hangs from the wall .
unfortunately , all this human activity has had a major impact on the delicate web of life within niah ' s caves . in the late 1950s , when they were calculated for the first time , the swiftlet populations in niah ' s great cave complex were estimated at over 1 . 5 million , and the total bat numbers in excess of 300 , 000 . ( now you can understand how all that guano got there ! ) however , recent estimates of the swiftlet numbers placed them at possibly as low as 150 , 000 , with the bat populations having shown a similar marked decline ( although possibly fluctuating significantly as well ) . presumably there have been flow - on impacts on the populations of other cave species which are dependent on the birds and bats .
what distinguishes many , but not all , swiftlet species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds ( the oilbird being an exception ) is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) to navigate in through the darkness of the caves where they roost at night and breed . with the present species , at least vulcanorum is known to echolocate .
but the unregulated industry is also raising concerns that indonesian swiftlet farmers could be producing more than just nests . indonesia is acutely sensitive to bird - related disease scares . since 2003 , h5n1 , better known as the avian flu , has caused 146 deaths and fueled global fears of a pandemic , and the toll in indonesia is the highest in the world , according to the world health organization .
to find their way around dark caverns , as do bats . the swiftlet’s “sonar” consists of clicking sounds at frequencies of 1 , 500 to 5 , 500 hertz—audible to the human ear . they are emitted at the rate of about six per second . the nest is a small bracket , sometimes containing bits of fern or bark , that may be glued to a tree or cliff but usually is made in a mountain or coastal
at dawn on april 8 , 2001 , after an hour - long boat ride from the fishing hamlet of niwati - medha , the birders landed at the old lighthouse island . on the underside of a lighthouse dome , they discovered about 30 swiftlet nests . this was an exciting discovery , since this nesting site had not been previously recorded . they then moved on to the easternmost burnt island , known to be an active nesting site .
this species is common and widespread , but the volcano swiftlet , if considered a separate species , is near - threatened . it occurs only on active volcanos in java , with four definite sites and five likely but unconfirmed sites . birdlife international estimates a total of under 400 birds for the known localities . since this form nests in crater crevices , and all known localities are active volcanoes , colonies are believed to be susceptible to periodic extinction .
there is enough inter - specific variation in swiftlet biosonar clicks to render them species - specific , primarily based on inter - specific variation of maximum click frequency ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . it is plausible then that swiftlet echolocation clicks could be used in conspecific recognition , potentially of relevance where several species have overlapping geographical distributions and may either share or compete for access to caves . however , the social signals of swiftlets are also species - specific ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) and may serve equally well or better for this and other purposes . on a similar note , the morphological asymmetry of the oilbird syrinx may allow for individual recognition during vocal communication . individual differences in vocal tract asymmetry have been suggested as a means for oilbirds to distinguish echoes originating from their own echolocation signals from those clicks and echoes originating from their roostmates ( suthers and hector , 1988 ) .
whether single and double clicks serve specific , even separate functions that are correlated to certain behaviors is also unknown , as is whether swiftlets can actively control which type is emitted . interestingly , although assumed to echolocate , we are unaware of scientific accounts of echolocation in the polynesian swiftlet , a . leucophaeus , at the far eastern geographic distribution of swiftlets . a . leucophaeus is missing from recent attempts to resolve the controversial swiftlet phylogeny but ostensibly includes three subspecies found on tahiti , mo ' orea , and the marquesas in french polynesia ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . more knowledge about the genetic relationship between a . leucophaeus and the geographically close single click emitter a . sawtelli , along with information about the nature of a . leucophaeus echolocation clicks , could help elucidate why some swiftlets only emit single clicks and possibly the underlying functional reasons for the use of single and double clicks .
the bird nest business is flourishing in urban areas along the sarawak coast . success in this business , which involves gathering the nests of cave swiftlets , a type of swiftlet , for sale ( see photograph 1 ) , depends on being able to gather as many large nests as possible . to that end , people build structures that provide an environment that facilitates nest - building by the birds . throughout this paper , i will refer to these structures as “bird house . ” unlike long - established methods for gathering bird nests built in caves , use of bird house depends on having the birds use the houses to build their nests . people employ a variety of creative measures to entice them to do so . it is no exaggeration to say that whether the bird nest business is successful—whether numerous swiftlet can be attracted to the bird house and enticed to make large numbers of high - quality nests—depends on these measures .
this 13 - 14 cm long swiftlet has swept - back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang . the body is slender , and the tail is forked . it is , in many respects , a typical swift , having narrow wings for fast flight , and a wide gape and small beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight . its legs are very short , preventing the bird from perching , but allowing it to cling to vertical surfaces .
the himalayan swiftlet , like all swifts , is an aerial insectivore , leaving the cave during the day to forage , and returning to its roost at night . in the evening or bad weather , flocks may descend from the hills to feed over cultivated land . this gregarious species forms flocks typically of about 50 birds , but up to 300 have been recorded . its flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers ( flight feathers ) and small breast muscles .
german ' s swiftlet has an extensive range , estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres ( 0 . 4–3 . 8 million square miles ) , and a large population , including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in europe alone . the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as least concern .
the edible nest swiftlet makes a white nest out of their saliva . i would compare that to how a spider creates its web . they have a mechanism to release a sticky substance out of their mouth and that sticky substance is elastic and tough . so this nest is edible ; it ' s a favorite among chinese . so they gather the nest , and they serve it in restaurants in soup . they call it ' bird nest soup ' or ' needle soup . '
the company has developed a manufacturing process that takes the edible birds’ nests of the swiftlet bird and adapts them for cosmetic , rather than culinary use . while the gourmet edible birds’ nests often cost thousands of dollars per kilogram , the all - natural extract used in qiaohou miracle essence is projected to cost users about us $ 2 . 47 per day . the manufacturing process has been certified by the singapore’s regulatory agency as well as fda , gmp , haccp , halal , iso9001 and iso22000 .
swiftlets are much smaller ( ~ 10 g ) than oilbirds and all species have long , narrow wings ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) , characteristic of the typical fast flight of other apodids ( lack , 1956 ; videler et al . , 2004 ) . swiftlets are mainly diurnal foragers and hunt small insects on the wing ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; fullard et al . , 2010 ) . at night they typically roost in nests located on the walls of natural caves or mines and tunnels , but intriguingly , there are some published observations of nocturnal activity , including feeding , by some swiftlet species outside their cave roosts ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ; price et al . , 2005 ) . swiftlet nests are constructed and glued in place with the birds ' own saliva and nests of several species are collected for “birds ' nest soup , ” a billion dollar industry fueled by human demand ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) .
of it . in mr . b’s view , the large number of insects , on which swiftlet feed , in the peatland and nearby palm oil plantations made this site well suited for a bird house . the bird house is surrounded by untouched peatland owned by mr . b . palm oil plantations can be seen nearby along the road leading to sebauh , along with scattered bird houses . there are no buildings near this bird house , which is exposed to the wind and enjoys broad views of the surrounding area .
participation in downstream activities involve a very crucial distribution channels of which the group has established rbn global sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies , securing the mlm license in 5 december 2012 , into direct - selling revenue generation . this is another successful milestone achieved . ( the company name has been recently changed to rbn global berhad after obtaining approval from ssm to reflect its further commitment and its vision to get ready and preparing to be one of the public listed companies in the near future ) .
the most noteworthy characteristic of this bird house is its wooden construction . most bird houses are built from concrete . it is likely that this preference reflects a belief that concrete provides an environment that closely resembles the caves in which swiftlet build their nests in the first place . however , this bird house was built using wood in an effort to keep down the cost of construction . according to a site survey conducted by the author , the cost of constructing this bird house was in fact less than the cost of constructing a concrete house
just as swiftlet eco park group has excelled in the past and continued to excel in the present , the group has established its first flagship aesthetic & wellness outlet at solaris dutamas kuala lumpur , and the soft launch took place on 4th august 2013 . rbn aesthetic wellness sdn bhd , another member of the group , has charted another significant step in strengthen the downstream business via its franchsing / licensing model that serves as the beauty salon for treatment , sales of rbn products , stockist services for distributors and an ideal sharing platform to share the culture of enjoying edible bird’s nest .
we ' re in a cave , deep underground in the puerto princesa subterranean river national park in the philippines . it ' s pitch black . you can ' t see a thing . but the birds we ' re listening to , swiftlets , are able to find their way . i ' m jim metzner and this is the pulse of the planet . jaynee tabangay is the program coordinator for conservation international in this area . she says that like bats and dolphins , these sparrow sized swiftlet birds use a process called echolocation to find their way in and out of the cave .
composite waveform ( top ) and spectrogram ( bottom ) of echolocation signals from 6 vertebrate species : common bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) , sample rate ( f s ) = 500 khz ; laryngeal echolocating bat ( eptesicus fuscus ) , f s = 250 khz ; tongue - clicking pteropodid bat ( rousettus aegyptiacus ) , f s = 250 khz ; oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) , f s = 75 khz ; swiftlet ( aerodramus unicolor ) , f s = 250 khz and echolocating blind human subject ( homo sapiens ) , f s = 48 khz . top inserts both have total time scales of 300 ms and illustrate the double clicks often emitted by echolocating rousettus spp . and most echolocating swiftlet species . bat and bird recordings made by signe brinkløv , dolphin recording courtesy of magnus wahlberg , human recording courtesy of cynthia moss . spectrograms were created in batsound v . 4 using an fft size of 256 , except for those from r . aegyptiacus and s . caripensis , for which an fft size of 128 was used . all spectrograms were made using 98 % overlap . colors indicates relative amplitude going from low ( light color ) to high ( darker color ) . note the interrupted frequency scale between 100 and 230 khz . waveform amplitudes have all been normalized to the same level .
they invited the villagers to view a video they had made of the day ' s discovery . the villagers were surprised by the scaffolding and said that it was probably the work of visitors from the southern part of india who claimed they came to collect pigeon droppings from the cave for medicinal purposes every april and september , just before and after the monsoon season . the villagers could not explain why scaffolding was required to collect bird droppings from the floor of the cave , and they were not aware of the swiftlets and their unique saliva nests . they seemed shocked to learn about the trade in the swiftlet nests for culinary and aphrodisiac purposes in the far east .
birds produce their echolocation signals in the syrinx , the vocal organ specific to birds and found near to where the trachea forks into the lungs . the production mechanism for echolocation signals has been studied in one species of swiftlet with a tracheo - bronchial syrinx ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) , and in the oilbird , which has a bronchial and bilaterally asymmetric syrinx ( griffin , 1944 ; suthers and hector , 1985 ) . no direct observations have been made of the syringes of either oilbirds or swiftlets , and the following description may need revision in light of more recent work on bird vocal production physiology ( goller and larsen , 1997 ; elemans et al . , 2004 ; thomassen , 2005 ) .
it is a bold decision made by the board of directors and management team of swiftlet eco park group , venturing into the downstream activities of edible bird’s nest ( ebn ) by commercialization of unique products derived from the r & d ; work , which has been carried out together with leading government agencies , such as agro - biotechnology institute ( abi ) , ministry of science , technology & innovation , reputable higher learning institutions such as international medical university , university of tunku abdul rahman ( utar ) , university technology malaysia ( utm ) etc . , in carrying out all the analysis , processing , extraction , research and exploration of edible bird’s nest into functional food , health supplement , skin care for a sustainable competitive advantages for the company .
swiftlet clicks have been described as highly stereotyped , varying little in design regardless of situation ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . however , swiftlets increase click repetition rate when facing complex challenges , such as approaching obstacles ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; coles et al . , 1987 ) or their nests ( signe brinkløv , pers . obs . of a . unicolor in railway tunnels ) . fullard et al . ( 1993 ) found that birds emitted higher repetition rates when entering caves than when exiting caves or flying from closed to more open space . meanwhile , no context - dependent changes were found in signal frequency ( fullard et al . , 1993 ) , as compared to the adaptive , context - dependent changes in signal frequency found in many laryngeal echolocating bats .
with these caveats in mind , phonation ( clicks and other acoustic signals ) in both groups is driven by subsyringeal pressure , initiated during expiration , and controlled by two antagonistic muscle pairs . contraction of an extrinsic muscle pair ( mm . sternotrachealis ) folds the external tympaniform membranes into the syrinx ( or the two half - syringes in oilbirds ) lumen toward the internal tympaniform membranes . the membranes are then set into vibration by the expiratory airflow . in oilbirds , clicks are actively terminated by contraction of the single pair of intrinsic syringeal muscles ( mm . broncholateralis ) . in contrast , the social vocalizations of oilbirds are terminated passively by relaxation of the sternotrachealis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1985 ) . swiftlets lack intrinsic syringeal muscles and terminate their clicks by contraction of extrinsic tracheolateralis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . most species of echolocating swiftlet produce single clicks as well as double clicks ( two single clicks in quick succession , as described below ) . the pause between two clicks within a click - pair may be caused by a brief blocking of airflow through the syrinx as the external and internal tympaniform membranes touch . single clicks appear to arise when the membranes are pulled together before the expiratory airflow generates enough pressure to initiate vibration of the membranes ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) . both sides of the swiftlet syrinx appear able to contribute to each member of a click - pair ; that is , birds can still emit double clicks even if one side of the syrinx is plugged ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) .
the exterior dimensions of this bird house ( see figure 1 ) are 720 ( w ) ×1 , 800 ( d ) × 705 ( h ) centimeters . there are 24 air holes each on the eastern and western sides of the structure , to which pvc tubes are attached . there is an entrance for the swiftlet on the top of the northern side of the house . this entrance measures 60 ( h ) × 90 ( w ) centimeters . after comparing the size of this house’s entrance with other bird house , i found that this house has a somewhat large entrance . there are entrances to provide access for human workers to the small rooms on the south and east sides of the house . there is a control room containing audio equipment on the southern side of the house .
swiftlet clicks appear to have most energy over a 1–10 khz frequency range . based on rule of thumb calculations , the birds should only detect objects ≥34 mm diameter , but can apparently detect objects as small as 6 . 3 mm diameter ( metal rods ) at levels above chance ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; griffin and thompson , 1982 ) . corroborating this , smyth and roberts ( 1983 ) reported a detection threshold of 10–20 mm , while fenton ( 1975 ) found that a . hirundinacea detected vertical rods down to 10 mm diameter and potentially even smaller . these data suggest that swiftlets receive useful echo information via the higher frequency portions of their clicks , even though these components contain less energy . however , for this to be plausible the birds must hear , at least to some extent , higher frequencies . this is not supported by data from single neuron recordings from the midbrain auditory nucleus of collocalia spodiopygia , which indicate best frequency thresholds from 0 . 8 to 4 . 7 khz ( coles et al . , 1987 ) .
major efforts are now being made to reverse the trend . the government , quite sensibly , has recognised that it would be unfair , and near - impossible , to simply ban outright the centuries - old and extremely lucrative nest - collection ( it would just push it ' underground ' - so to speak ) . so the government is making efforts to work with all stakeholders in the niah region , to try to ensure the sustainability of the practice , and to reduce other external pressures on the populations . several large community and stakeholder meetings have now been held at niah ( ' the niah gatherings ' ) , to develop measures which include , and are acceptable to , all stakeholders . such measures have included closed seasons on nest collecting , to allow undisturbed nest re - building . initial signs are that the agreed processes may be starting to work , with swiftlet numbers slightly increasing in recent years . however , it will still be a long and difficult process . ( another proposal is to breed swifts in ' artificial caves ' - in empty houses and purpose - built buildings - to help take the pressure off wild swift - nests . )
swiftlets are monophyletic ( thomassen et al . , 2003 , 2005 ; price et al . , 2004 ; hackett et al . , 2008 ) comprising approximately 26 species ( apodiformes , apodidae ) . swiftlets are found across the indo - pacific region , from the seychelles and mascarenes in the indian ocean to tahiti , mo ' orea and the marquesas in the south pacific ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . numerous subspecies have been identified but swiftlet phylogenetic relationships are not fully resolved ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . this reflects a lack of distinguishing morphological and nest characteristics as well as incomplete phylogenetic sampling ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . an attempt to use echolocation as a discriminative character to split swiftlets into echolocating ( aerodramus ) and non - echolocating ( collocalia and hydrochous ) genera ( brooke , 1970 , 1972 ; medway and pye , 1977 ) was refuted because pygmy swiftlets ( c . troglodytes ) also echolocate ( price et al . , 2004 ) . only further research will determine whether or not the aerodramus and collocalia genera are justified and will be maintained ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) .
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let ' s create a page . each page consists of a controller and at least one view .
the controller does most of the work ; views should be limited to simple presentation logic ( loops and switches ) .
the controller can set variables directly on the view . values are automatically made safe for use in html , use $ this - > get ( ' variable ' , false ) on values that should be treated as code .
notice how you can access the page at / foo by simply creating a controller named foo . the application maps urls to controllers , actions and arguments .
in this case foo becomes the name of the controller and view and bar the name of the action . actions are public methods on the controller class .
you can specify a different view for an action using $ this - > view - > setname ( ) . the view name is a filename relative to the src \ < namespace > \ views directory , without the . php suffix .
if the controller or action is not specified they default to index ( / will call index ( ) on \ helloworld \ controller \ index ) .
underscores in the controller name are translated to directory separators , so / foo _ bar will point to src / helloworld / controllers / foo / bar . php .
dashes in routes are ignored ; / foo - bar / baz - qux calls bazqux ( ) on \ helloworld \ controllers \ foobar .
automatic routing is convenient but more granular control is often desirable . in these cases custom routes can be defined .
url segments can be replaced with a
wildcard
placeholder ( a variable name prefixed with a colon ) . this value becomes available for use in the controller .
navigating to < controller > / bar / something matches this route . the value of $ args [ ' qux ' ] becomes something .
a model typically represents data . this can be an entry in a database or an object such as a user .
loading and saving data should almost always happen in a model . you can create as many models as you like ; they aren ' t tied to controllers or views .
listeners listen for events . when an event is triggered all relevant listeners are called and can be used to extend functionality .
this listener listens for the core actionafter event and changes the view variable helloworld from our previous example to hi world ! .
listeners don ' t need to be installed or activated , all files in the src / helloworld / listeners / directory are automatically included and their classes instantiated . listeners are called in alphabetical order .
reusable components such as code to send an email or generate a thumbnail image should go in a separate library class .
values can be set in config / main . php or a custom file .
mixed get ( string $ variable [ , bool $ htmlencode ] ) get a view variable , pass false as the second parameter to prevent values from being html encoded .
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as of to date , the company has managed the scheme well and has managed to pay out the rewarding returns of investments since 2011 till today , and it has been awarded and documented in the malaysia’s book of record in 2012 .