oleria onega , the onega clearwing or onega glasswing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it is found from colombia to southern peru .

the wingspan is about 52 mm .

the larvae feed on solanum species .

the young larvae are transparent and consume their egg shell before beginning to feed on the host plant .

after each moult the caterpillar consumes its shed skin .

full-grown larvae are grey , with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side .

oleria onega

genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru
genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru .
genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru | springerlink
oleria onega is found from colombia to peru and s . w . brazil .
oleria onega janarilla flies in ecuador and south east colombia ( d’abrera 1984 ) .
genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru . - pubmed - ncbi
ef - 1a - elongation factor - 1 alpha - oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 - ef - 1a gene & protein
oleria comprises of about 50 known species , recognisable from the distinctive venation of the hindwings .
in common with all other ithomiines , females of oleria onega normally lay their eggs directly on the underside of leaves of their foodplants . in the case of onega the preferred foodplant is solanum mite , although other species including s . anceps , s . angustialatum and s . uleanum are also used .
a beautiful glasswing butterfly ( oleria onega ) emerges from its metallic chrysalis . i set up the time - lapse this morning with a canon 100mm macro lens while performing experiments on this species in peru .
o . onega agarista behaved as expected , always laying their eggs on solanum ; but onega ssp . nov laid them instead on rocks , stems , dead leaves and other substrates up to a metre distant from the foodplants .
in common with most other ithomiines , lateral and altitudinal migrations of oleria species are triggered by seasonal changes in humidity .
> tr | d5grj3 | d5grj3 _ 9neop elongation factor - 1 alpha ( fragment ) os = oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 ox = 672486 gn = ef - 1a pe = 4 sv = 1 idialwkfetakfyvtiidapghrdfiknmitgtsqadcavlivaagtgefeagiskngq trehallaftlgvkqlivgvnkmdsteppyseprfeeikkevssyikkigynpaavafvp isgwhgdnmleastkmpwfkgwqverkegkaegkcliealdailpparptdkalrlplqd vykiggigtvpvgrvetgvlkpgtivvfapanittevksvemhhealqeavpgdnvgfnv knvsvkelrrgyvagdsknsppkgaadftaqvivlnhpgqisngytpvldchtahiackf aeikekvdrrsgkstednpksiksgdaaivnlvpskplcveafqefpplgrfa
in 2002 gallusser published research findings following a study of 2 onega subspecies found near tarapoto in peru . the two colonies are very close to each other , o . onega agarista being found on the relatively cool wet ne slope of the cerro escalera mountain range , while subspecies o . onega
ssp . nov
( as yet unnamed ) is found on the hot sunny sw slope .
oleria onega agarista felder and felder and oleria onega ssp . nov . are two ithomiinae subspecies from north - eastern peru , that differ for some morphological and behavioural traits . two contact zones are known near the town of tarapoto : ahuashiyacu , where both subspecies cohabit but do not seem to hybridise , and estero ( near the village of shapaja ) , where they apparently hybridise . genetic differences between the two subspecies and between populations were investigated with random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . both cluster and principal coordinates analyses ( ccoa and pcoa ) performed using these data , provided a clear but weak discrimination between the two subspecies . genetic diversity is much higher within the populations than between them . moreover , the geographically more distant populations are grouped together by the genetic data . morphological traits on the wing patterns of the hybrids are intermediary between the two butterflies subspecies , while rapds data place them closer to o . onega agarista than to o . onega ssp . the individuals of the ahuashiyacu population are clearly separated into two groups , those of o . onega ssp . and o . onega agarista , by both morphology and rapds data . moreover , none of those individuals show rapd similarity with the hybrids , suggesting that hybridisation has not occurred in this population .
oleria onega agarista felder and felder and oleria onega ssp . nov . are two ithomiinae subspecies from north - eastern peru , that differ for some morphological and behavioural traits . two contact zones are known near the town of tarapoto : ahuashiyacu , where both subspecies cohabit but do not seem to hybridise , and estero ( near the village of shapaja ) , where they apparently hybridise . genetic differences between the two subspecies and between populations were investigated with random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . both cluster and principal coordinates analyses ( ccoa and pcoa ) performed using these data , provided a clear but weak discrimination between the two subspecies . genetic diversity is much higher within the populations than between them . moreover , the geographically more distant populations are grouped together by the genetic data . morphological traits on the wing patterns of the hybrids are intermediary between the two butterflies subspecies , while rapds data place them closer to o . onega agarista than to o . onega ssp . the individuals of the ahuashiyacu population are clearly separated into two groups , those of o . onega ssp . and o . onega agarista , by both morphology and rapds data . moreover , none of those individuals show rapd similarity with the hybrids , suggesting that hybridisation has not occurred in this population .
males of most oleria species visit eupatorium , from which they acquire pyrrolizidine alkaloids which they pass to the females during copulation , and which is believed to be essential for the production of viable eggs .
i started the inventory of the butterflies of sangay national park in 2006 . since that time we make all our data available on this site as soon as we get them , even though incomplete , particularly re . identification . so they are everybody’s data , and so we need your help , of you who are familiar with the butterflies from ecuador and from the andes , because : - our data are incomplete , there are butterflies that we could not identify , and obviously there will be mistakes in our work , so your comments will prove very helpful , - and maybe you know of interesting butterflies that have been collected in the park area ? and these data would be priceless . thanks
i am particularly grateful for guiding me through difficult groups , and identifying many specimens , to : - maurizio bollino , for papilionidae and pieridae , and more particularly catasticta and leodonta that he is presently revising , - pierre boyer , one of the very best experts on andean butterflies and an outstanding fieldworker , - ernst brockmann for hesperiidae , and more precisely pyrrhopygini , eudaminae ans dalla , - robert busby and christophe faynel for lycaenidae another incredibly complex family , - bernard hermier who spent hundreds of hours helping us on hesperridae , an extremely difficult group for which there is very little documentation , - tomasz pyrcz , from warsaw jagìellonskiego university , for pronophilini , a challenging group particularly important in sangay np , and for which he is the leading expert in the world - fabio vitale , for heliconiidae and , more important , ithomiidae , another baffling group , - et keith r willmott , who is about to publish a book on the butterflies of ecuador , and who is so kind as to share with us his amazing knowledge of the butterflies from this country .
more recenlly andree salk made his expertise in riodinidae available to us ; we highly value it as it is a family for which we were rather helpless . jean - claude petit e . mail : rhopalducy @ urltoken
the ithomiini comprises of 376 known species , although it is likely that at least another 30 will be discovered in the near future . all are confined to the neotropical region .
are unpalatable to birds , and are consequently mimicked in appearance by many other species . these include other unpalatable species ( müllerian mimics ) , not only from the ithomiinae but also from several other butterfly families . there are also a large number of edible species ( batesian mimics ) which have evolved similar patterns . birds have the ability to memorise butterfly patterns and so learn to avoid eating noxious species , but are also fooled into ignoring similarly marked edible species .
ithomiines are characterised by having small eyes , slender abdomens and long drooping antennae that lack distinct clubs . males have a plume of long androconial scales or
hair pencils
on the costa of their hindwings . these are hidden from view when the butterflies are at rest , but are displayed when the wings are held open during courtship . other ithomiine characteristics include a very slow and deep wing beat , and a preference for inhabiting the darkest recesses of the forest understorey .
there are basically 2 types of ithomiine . the first type are the black and orange - banded
tigers
, many of which are mimicked by other species due to their unpalatability to birds . the second type are the
glasswings
, recognised by their transparent or translucent wings , prominent veins , and orange wing margins . many genera contain examples of both of these types , and in some cases an individual species may produce adults of both forms according to location .
most novices find the ithomiini very difficult to identify . using only the patterns to identify species is very unreliable because there are so many similar species . also many species produce a variety of different colour forms according to locality and season . the best approach therefore is to use the hindwing venation and other anatomical features to identify the genus , and to then look at the wing patterns to short - list the likely species .
the butterflies are varied in their habitat requirements - most species occur in lowland rainforests , many others specialise in cloudforest habitats , and a few occur in deciduous forests .
this species is associated primarily with wet tropical rainforest habitats , and is most often found in shady damp areas in the vicinity of rivers or streams , at altitudes between 200 - 800m .
gallusser suspected that the different oviposition strategy was influenced by egg predation , and found that the main threat came from ectatomma ants , which were common on the sw slope , but entirely absent from the ne slope . she also noted that partial deforestation and path clearance on the sw slope allowed more sunlight to penetrate , so that eggs laid on solanum in these situations would be easier for predators to locate . the implication is that ssp . nov is evolving different egg - laying behaviour as a direct result of human interference in its habitat .
as part of the research , gallusser moved eggs from one site to another , and from one substrate to another , and studied the survival rates of 400 eggs on both mountain slopes . she found that on the sw slope , eggs positioned away from solanum had a much higher survival rate than those on the plants . laboratory and field studies however failed to provide observations of predation , even when the eggs were offered directly to the ants , so it seems possible that the mere presence of the aggressive ants on the foodplants may be enough to discourage the females from ovipositing , forcing them to lay elsewhere .
the eggs are white , oval , and laid singly , although several may be dotted about in close proximity by one or more females . the eggs hatch after about 3 days .
when newly hatched the caterpillar is transparent . it consumes its egg shell before beginning to feed on the foodplant . after each moult it consumes its shed skin , leaving only the chitinous head capsule remaining . when fully grown it is grey with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side . it takes only about 12 days from hatching to being ready to pupate .
the chrysalis is pale green with shiny metallic golden reflections . the abdominal segments are compressed , and there is a dorsal hump . the overall impression is of a small leaf dripping with rain . the butterfly emerges after about a week .
the lifecycle from egg to adult takes about 3 weeks to complete , so in theory up to 17 generations could be produced annually . however during the dry season reproductive activity is minimal . during this period the adults aggregate with numerous other ithomiine species in small pockets within the forest . in brazil and ecuador for example i have found several such aggregations along the beds of small dry streams , where as many as 100 ithomiines of up to 10 different species could be found aestivating among the stilt - like rootlets of palms .
the adults are normally found in small
leks
of up to a dozen butterflies .
the males fly very slowly and almost incessantly around the lek area , only pausing to settle for a moment here and there , at which time they slowly fan their wings , probably to aid dissemination of pheromones from the androconial
hairs
on their wings .
females visit various flowers for nectar and pollen - the latter may be essential in the production of eggs and the maintenance of ovaries , as has been demonstrated to be the case with heliconiines . females also receive proteins during sperm transfer .
gravid females fly very slowly , periodically dipping down to investigate solanum plants . having found the foodplant they then spend 2 or 3 minutes testing it , using olfactory sensors on their legs , antennae and abdomens , to determine whether it is solanum mite or another related species .
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origin : evolved as an inedible species to birds and other vertebrate predators , this unique butterfly finds sanctuary inhabiting the darkest areas of the forest understorey .
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canon ef 70 - 300mm f / 4 - 5 . 6 is usm telephoto zoom full frame camera lens
ayres , d . r . , d . garcia - rossi , h . g . davis & d . r . strong , 1999 . extent and degree of hybridization between exotic (
) in california , usa determined by random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) . mol . ecol . 8 : 1179–1186 .
investigated by random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . mol . ecol . 8 : 791–802 .
barton , n . h . & g . m . hewitt , 1985 . analysis of hybrid zones . ann . rev . ecol . syst . 16 : 113–148 .
barton , n . h . & g . m . hewitt , 1989 . adaptation , speciation and hybrid zones . nature 341 : 497–503 .
buerkle , c . a . , r . j . morris , m . a . asmussen & l . h . rieseberg , 1999 . the likelihood of homoploid hybrid speciation . heredity 84 : 441–451 .
excoffier , l . , p . e . smouse & j . m . quattro , 1992 . analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among dna haplotypes : application to human mitochondrial dna restriction data . genetics 131 : 479–491 .
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guadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001a . gene flow from wheat (
host . ) , as revealed by rapd and microstaellite markers . theor . appl . genet . 103 : 1–8 .
guadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001b . search for evidence of introgression of wheat (
l . ) in central and northern europe , using isozymes , rapd and microsatellite markers . theor . appl . genet . 103 : 191–196
guadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001c . specific genetic markers for wheat , spelt , and four wild relatives : comparison of isozymes , rapd ' s , and wheat microsatellites . genome 44 : 1–12 .
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huff , d . r . , r . peakall & p . e . smouse , 1993 . rapd variation within and among natural populations of outcrossing buffalograss , ( buchloë dactyloides ( nutt . ) engelm ) . theor . appl . genet . 86 : 927–934 .
joron , m . , 2000 . coloration avertissante et mimetisme müllérien : le problè me de la diversification thè se de doctorat , université des sciences et techniques du languedoc , montpellier . académie de montpellier .
butterflies : the evidence from hybrid zones , pp . 226–260 in hybrid zones and the evolutionary process , edited by r . g . harrisson . oxford university press , new york .
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mcmillan , w . o . , c . d . jiggins & j . mallet , 1997 . what initiates speciation in passion - vine butterflies ? proc . natl . acad . sci . 94 : 8628–8633 .
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nè ve , g . & e . meglecz , 2000 . microsatellite frequencies in different taxa . trends ecol . evol . 15 : 376–377 .
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provoke ( foaled 1962 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a career which lasted from autumn 1964 until september 1965 , he ran seven times and won four races .

he won the classic st leger as a three-year-old in 1965 , defeating meadow court by ten lengths .

he was later exported to stand as a stallion in the soviet union .

provoke ( horse )

reading about the three provoke movement photographers mentioned within provoke camera app will undoubtedly lead to other influential photographers . as a starting point :
horse and hound forums > horse & hound online forum > competing and training > can a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . .
horse trainers commonly use horse walkers for the purposes of forcing a horse to walk during a “cool down” period after a race in order to protect the horse from muscle stiffening and respiratory infections , training a horse and breaking a horse to harness or halter when the horse is young . traditionally , the horse walker was an exercise boy who led the horse by the reins . in more modern times , several types of mechanical devices have been developed to motivate a horse to move in a walking gait .
can a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . . [ archive ] - horse and hound forums
another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not pull a horse by a tether .
another problem with mechanical horse walkers of the existing art is that they do present a hazard to a horse , because a mechanical malfunction of a protective device , such as a slip clutch , may result in the horse being dragged by the horse walker .
red storm webtoon — season 1 chapter 5 , baguna provoke is revealed to be yulian ' s father .
yutaka takanashi – towards the city ( including a short history of the “provoke” era ) , part 2 .
view full version : can a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . .
still another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not restrict movement of a horse ' s head during use .
a further object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not restrict movement of the horse to the length of a tether .
the mechanical horse walkers disclosed in the prior art teach the use a tether in which a horse is pulled in a circle by a rotating arm . this presents several problems . the mechanical force provided by the rotating arm pulling the horse ' s tether is sometimes inadequate impetus for a balking horse to keep moving . some of the existing art mechanical horse walkers have slip clutches or other devices to prevent injury to the horse . however , these devices do not provide any impetus to keep the horse moving except for a pull on the tether . thus , a balking race horse may injure himself by failing to keep walking after a race .
he was known as the voice of horse racing for his commentaries on bbc television .
yet another problem of mechanical horse walkers of the existing art is , because they use a tether , they restrict the movement of the horse ' s head ; and restrict the horse to a narrow circular path , as limited by the length of the tether .
simple , elegant and easy to use , provoke camera does just one thing , produce black and white images with that gritty , grainy , blurry look reminiscent of the “provoke” era of photography , and in two great formats ; square format 126 and 35mm format 135 .
fig . 1 is an elevation view of a mechanical horse walker of the present invention .
fig . 4 is a top view of the mechanical horse walker of the present invention .
the team at provoke have presented and delivered an online auction solution that has exceeded the company’s expectations . thanks to the solution provoke has provided , it will be a relatively quick and easy process to launch new sites in markets further afield in the next three to five years .
“life after levels” – the door is open come on in ! - the white horse federation .
provoke was a short lived japanese photography magazine from the late 1960s . it showcased abstracted images which were purposely grainy , blurry and out of focus .
( f ) a circular fence to restrict the horse to an enclosure swept by said radial arms .
unlike the story about the jew , the nobleman and the horse – this is not a joke .
losaw ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 815 , 551 ) discloses a mechanical horse walker that is portable . curtis ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 981 , 274 ) discloses a mechanical horse walker with a continuously variable transmission for preventing injury to a horse .
provoke camera gives the ability to select and lock individual focus and exposure points . it also includes an exposure adjustment slider . these images are intentionally high contrast .
taking the world of thoroughbred horse auctions to the internet , and taking new zealand horses to the world .
but the nobleman has not died , and neither has the horse . how will obama treat netanyahu now ?
the white horse federation , a company limited by guarantee registered in england and wales with company number 08075785 . registered office : plymouth street , swindon , wiltshire sn1 2lb . the white horse federation is an exempt charity .
…provoke was founded by takuma nakahira , his friend yutaka takanashi , critic koji taki ( 1928 - 2011 ) , and poet and critic takahiko okada ( 1939 - 1997 ) . the first issue began with the provoke manifesto , signed by the four founders and postulating the alienation of language and reality and identifying photography as the medium that was capable of conveying reality – even if “only a fragment” . for the provoke artists , the photographic image existed as “provocative documents of thought” , transcending language and ideological baggage… 5
fig . 3 is an enlarged detail view of the portion of the mechanical horse walker near the electric motor .
each horse was observed twice during two dressage training sessions of the performance test . in accordance with an earlier study
i only know that because having recently acquired the specialist black and white app provoke camera and having read the blurb on the itunes store i was keen to learn more .
thanks a million for introducing me to provoke camera app and the movement . i am already in love with the app and i am deeply inspired with the movement . .
fig . 2 is an exploded elevation view of a central portion of the mechanical horse walker of the present invention .
( f ) a circular fence to restrict the horse to an enclosure swept by said at least one radial arm .
the present invention is for a mechanical horse walker which provides an electrical stimulus to provoke forward movement of a horse . the mechanical horse walker has a plurality of radial arms connected to a vertical shaft at one end and has a grid assembly connected at the other end . the vertical shaft is connected to a vertical shaft support assembly . this assembly is supported by an apparatus support assembly and has the ability to rotate in a circular fashion due to a drive means . a bearing housing assembly provides the means for the vertical shaft assembly to rotate .
yulian provoke , [ 1 ] also known as
young glow
is the main protagonist of the webtoon red storm . he is the first son and successor to pareia ' s glow baguna provoke [ 2 ] , as well as the only disciple of his master , chun myung hoon [ 3 ] . he is the founder and commander of the red storm military division .
for example , profughi ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 773 , 018 ) discloses a horse walker apparatus having spokes connected to a rotating hub . a horse is tethered to a spoke and pulled along when the hub rotates .
interesting and “provokative” article . sent me to do more research on the provoke movement , nakahira and takanashi influence on william klein . in fact , a photo app to record these convulsive times .
i bookmarked this ages ago to read when i had a chance . i enjoyed learning more about the style of photography and have recently tried using the provoke app – i quite like it !
evaluation of the breeding objectives for the trakehner horse breed by a contingent valuation method ( cv ) . in german ; english abstract
provoke ( saf ) br . m , 1961 { 13 - b } dp = 14 - 0 - 10 - 0 - 6 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 73 cd = 0 . 53
as the 126 format film which partly inspired provoke was available in a 12 image length , i thought i’d stick to 12 images showing what was happening during an early morning stroll around my local area .
list and description of observed behaviour patterns recorded in frequencies of occurrence in the horse and rider ( adapted from [ 9 ] ) .
accordingly , it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a sufficient impetus to keep a horse moving in a forward direction .
as generally shown in figs . 1 and 2 , the preferred embodiment of the each of the radial arms 100 is illustrated as having a shaft end 102 and a distal end 104 . the shaft end is attached to vertical shaft 90 . a grid assembly 110 is attached to distal end 104 . each radial arm 100 is spaced around vertical shaft 90 , and when placed in conjunction with inner fence 130 and outer fence 132 , creates a plurality of enclosures 130 . a horse 5 is positioned with an enclosure 130 . when walker 10 is activated , an electrical current is provided to each grid assembly 110 . if a grid assembly 110 comes in contact with the horse 5 , an electrical stimulus causes horse 5 to move in a forward direction . alternatively , if horse 5 is moved forward in a manner which is too fast , a forward grid 110 would provoke horse 5 to slow its speed .
stunning photographs , paul . i had never heard of the provoke movement before this either , but now i find my interest in black and white photography has suddenly increased . i’m off to check out the app now .
mcgreevy pd , mclean an ( 2009 ) punishment in horse - training and the concept of ethical equitation . j vet behav 4 : 193–197 .
the first assessment is that there is nothing to fear anymore from obama . true , the horse has not died , but it is limping badly .
another object of the present invention is to provide a sufficient impetus to keep a horse moving in a forward direction , wherein such impetus is by electrical stimulus .
new zealand bloodstock ( nzb ) is a company that has been a focal point of the new zealand horse racing industry since 1927 . nzb purchased gavelhouse . com , a classified listing site with a small but loyal following , but which lacked the technology to fulfil their vision of becoming an online auction house . nzb engaged provoke to see what solutions could be developed to enable the business to scale beyond new zealand .
provoke recommended a cloud - based solution with a custom - built auction engine . microsoft azure was used to drive the site because of its flexibility and scalability . nzb now offers sellers an option to sell a horse online at a much lower entry fee , eliminating risk and stress on both the purchasers and the horses themselves . regular fortnightly auction cycles provide vendors and buyers with more frequent trading opportunities compared to traditional auctions at karaka .
…not coincidentally , the magazine’s subtitle read ‘provocative documents for the sake of thought’ . although moriyama was not among provoke’s founders , and only contributed to the second and third issues , he remains the most memorable and influential of the photographers who participated in that experience… 3
górecka - bruzda a , chruszczewski mh , jaworski z , golonka m , jezierski t ( 2011 ) looking for an ideal horse : rider preferences . anthrozoös 24 : 379–392 .
…a photographer of the bure , boke style . a member of the provoke group . an essayist and photography critic , a political activist , a photographer who talked too much , a photographer who lost his memory , a photographer who forgot his mother tongue , a legend… 4
horse whispering
is still not a concept i understand very well even after watching robert redford ' s adaptation of nicholas evans ' best - selling novel . i have a vague sense that the whisperer acts as a sort of shaman , speaking in hushed tones , moving as slowly and quietly as possible , and avoiding any gestures or behaviors that could disturb or provoke the horse in any conceivable way . if that assessment is fair , then redford appears to be a devout practitioner of the craft not only in his role as tom booker , soother of equines , but in his capacity as director of this projectwhich is to say that
hawson la , mclean an , mcgreevy pd ( 2010 ) variability of scores in the 2008 olympic dressage competition and implications for horse training and welfare . j vet behav 5 : 170–176 .
warren - smith ak , curtis ra , greetham l , mcgreevy pd ( 2007 ) rein contact between horse and handler during specific equitation movements . appl anim behav sci 108 : 157–169 .
an animal walking apparatus having a plurality of rails where each rail is mounted at one end to a rotatable drive means and having a gate at its other end . an electric current is attached to each rail and its respective gate to provide stimulus to provoke an animal to move forward .
his policy is similar to that of his political mentor , yitzhak shamir . it is based on the jew who had to teach the polish nobleman’s horse to read and to write within a year – otherwise the whole shtetel would be massacred . “a year is a long time , ” he tried to soothe his weeping wife , “within a year the horse or the nobleman will be dead . ”
the random horse * rider effect was significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) for mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that there are considerable differences between horse - rider pairs in the intensity and consistency of tension placed on the rein by the horse and / or the rider . similarly , the random rider effect was significant for the mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that rein tension is also considerably determined by the rider’s riding style independent of the horse . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension differed highly significantly between testing stations ( p < 0 . 0001 ) ranging e . g . between a least square mean of 9 . 1±1 . 6 n in one station and 18 . 9±0 . 9 n and 21 . 7±1 . 3 n in the other two stations (
repeatabilities of rein tension parameters were both at the horse * rider level as well as at the rider level within an acceptable range , but repeatabilities varied widely for the behaviour traits ( table 3 ) .
measurement of heart rate appeared to be a useful method of quantitatively assessing fear and excitement in the horse . when 3 tranquillisers were assessed by this method , xylazine and azaperone were found to be more effective than acepromazine in the horse . the findings based on heart rate were supported by observations of the animals ' behaviour . xylazine was most consistently effective with absence of undesirable side - effects in all 4 horses .
) for the behavioural and rein tension parameters at the rider as well as the horse - rider pair level . standard errors of repeatabilities were calculated based on the approximation described e . g . by roberds and strom
citation : könig von borstel u , glißman c ( 2014 ) alternatives to conventional evaluation of rideability in horse performance tests : suitability of rein tension and behavioural parameters . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e87285 . urltoken
teegen r , edel c , thaller g ( 2008 ) evaluation of the breeding objectives for the trakehner horse breed by a contingent valuation method ( cv ) . in german ; english abstract . züchtungskunde 80 : 99–113 .
for most images a histogram 2 will show a concentration of black and very dark tones to the left and white and very light tones to the right . there will certainly be clipping meaning that some light and dark detail has been lost . this is the nature of high contrast photography and one element often present in the provoke style .
the electrical stimulus is provided by electrifying the vertical shaft support assembly , vertical shaft , radial arms and / or associated grids by an electrifying means . the electrifying means could include an electrical wire being in contact with either the vertical shaft support assembly , vertical shaft , radial arms and / or associated grids . when the radial arm comes into contact with a horse , the horse is motivated to move away from the radial arm in a circular motion .
nobody enjoys a bit of grain and blur more than me so when the fog hit lincoln , i was keen to try the provoke camera app out . it has a number of film option varying in contrast , grain and blur . for my first outing i decided to play it safe and went with ‘hpan high contrast’ in the square format .
könig von borstel u , pasing s , gauly m , christmann l ( 2013 ) status quo of the personality trait evaluation in horse breeding : judges’ assessment of the situation and strategies for improvement . j vet behav 8 : 326–334 .
frequencies per hour of riding of observed behaviour patterns as well as the type of data distribution assumed for analysis and the respective repeatabilities ( ±se ) of behaviour and rein tension parameters considering either the horse - rider dyad or rider only as random factor .
pasing s , christmann l , gauly m , könig von borstel u ( 2011 ) analysis of the status quo of personality evaluation in german horse breeding . 62nd annual meeting of the european association for animal production 2011 ; stavanger , norway . 142 .
a big question mark is now hanging over obama’s future . he is in danger of becoming a one - term president . from now on , he will be compelled to devote all his time and energy to his effort to get reelected . in such a situation , he cannot afford to provoke aipac and run the risk of losing the votes - and the money – of the jews .
for me our understanding of the child is now based not solely on statistical data but on a better understanding by gathering evidence or better still intelligence about the whole child . as i have said i don’t presume to have any answers but part of this blog is to provoke debate , engage in a shared responsibility to better understand the child and the optimum amount they are capable of achieving .
janssens s , schaerlaeckens s , vincentelli c , laevens h , dirk l , et al . ( 2010 ) can observed horse behaviours predict rideability scores in belgian warmblood stallions ? 44th international congress of the international society for applied ethology 2010 ; uppsala sweden . 207 .
kuhnke s , dumbell l , gauly m , johnson jl , mcdonald k , et al . ( 2010 ) a comparison of rein tension of the rider’s dominant and non - dominant hand and the influence of the horse’s laterality . comp exerc phyiol 7 : 57–63 .
in short , according to this assessment the clash between obama and netanyahu is inevitable . it will come to a head within two or three years , maximum . the nobleman will not die , nor will the horse . the question is whether the jew will survive .
miesner s , putz m , plewa m ( 2000 ) richtlinien für reiten und fahren , band 1 , grundausbildung für reiter und pferd [ guidelines for riding and driving , vol . 1 , basic training for horse and rider ] . warendorf , germany : fn verlag .
janssens s , schaerlaeckens s , vincentelli c , laevens h , dirk l , et al . . ( 2010 ) can observed horse behaviours predict rideability scores in belgian warmblood stallions ? 44th international congress of the international society for applied ethology 2010 ; uppsala sweden . 207 .
that assures netanyahu two years of quiet . everything will remain frozen , except the settlements . they will grow . and in two years , with a new president in the white house , we shall see what we shall see . a new noblemen , a new horse .
the horse arches the back and jumps with both hind legs upwards . while lowering the head . the motion is not performed at the maximum possible power ( as in a complete buck ) such that horses’ hind legs do not leave the ground simultaneously by more than 0 . 5 m
the random horse * rider effect was significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) for mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that there are considerable differences between horse - rider pairs in the intensity and consistency of tension placed on the rein by the horse and / or the rider . similarly , the random rider effect was significant for the mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that rein tension is also considerably determined by the rider’s riding style independent of the horse . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension differed highly significantly between testing stations ( p < 0 . 0001 ) ranging e . g . between a least square mean of 9 . 1±1 . 6 n in one station and 18 . 9±0 . 9 n and 21 . 7±1 . 3 n in the other two stations ( table 5 ) . horses that snorted had lower mean rein tensions than horses that did not snort ( p = 0 . 0074 ) , while rein tension increased as the performance test training progressed : there were lower ( p < 0 . 0001 ) rein tensions observed in the first compared to the second measurement ( table 5 ) .
as generally shown in figs . 3 and 5 , an electrical stimulus is provided to horse walker 10 by electrical means 120 . electrical means 120 is able to connect to various parts of horse walker 10 in order to electrify the grid assemblies 110 . the preferred location to connect electrical means 120 is at lower circular bearing housing 44 . once electrical current is supplied to electrical means 120 , all the parts including the radial arms 100 and grid assemblies 110 above the lower circular bearing housing 44 would be electrified . another location , not shown , where electrical means is attached would be directly to each grid assembly 110 .
, observations were taken live , and only one horse at a time was observed . in addition , the observed horse was equipped during both rides with a rein tension meter ( signal scribe , crafted technology , australia ) , and rein tension was recorded to the inbuilt data logger . before and after the full set of measurements per location , sensors of the rein tension device were calibrated using weights of 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 kg , and no creep was detected . official scores for all traits evaluated in the performance test were obtained from the testing stations after conclusion of the test .
each horse was observed twice during two dressage training sessions of the performance test . in accordance with an earlier study [ 9 ] , the frequency of different behaviour patterns in both horse and rider were recorded per ride and converted on a per - hour - basis ( table 2 ) . in order to minimize subjectivity by introducing additional interpretations , behaviour patterns were recorded irrespective of their context . teeth - grinding was observed , but not included in the further analysis due to occurrence in just two horses . crabbing was likewise included in the ethogram , but no instances were observed . in contrast to the earlier study [ 9 ] , observations were taken live , and only one horse at a time was observed . in addition , the observed horse was equipped during both rides with a rein tension meter ( signal scribe , crafted technology , australia ) , and rein tension was recorded to the inbuilt data logger . before and after the full set of measurements per location , sensors of the rein tension device were calibrated using weights of 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 kg , and no creep was detected . official scores for all traits evaluated in the performance test were obtained from the testing stations after conclusion of the test .
last rode my horse on wednesday evening and on the whole , the schooling session wen well . day off yesterday due to he floods etc . had a saddle fitting this morning , i sat in some saddles then put them on the horse , went in to the school , walk , trot , ok , canter , just exploded , he seriously wanted me off , this happened in both left and right canter . swapped back to my old saddle , walk , trot ok , asked for rein canter and got it felt ok , but i was quite tense at this point . tried left rein canter , and again just exploded bucking and broncing and rearing , how i managed to stop on i really don ' t know . i was shaking when i got off , he has never never reacted like ths before , even with a sore and blocked back . abandoned the saddle fit , put a call in to my physio , but just mystified as to want he has done to provoke such a reaction . can a change in saddle cause such reactions , he clealy wasn ' t happy , although after the first explosion the saddle was checked and all should have been ok .
the film begins promisingly with a haunting montage in which grace maclean ( scarlett johansson ) , an adolescent girl as the greatest horse - worshippers are , takes an easy sunrise trot through the winter woods with her best friend . their respective animals have trouble climbing a steep , ice - covered hill , and suddenly a succession of terrifying mishaps has both girls and both horses sprawled in a heap on a snow - covered highway , where an oncoming tractor - trailer kills grace ' s friend , severely injures her right leg , and causes enough injury to pilgrim , grace ' s horse , that he bucks around wildly and takes on a permanent state of anxiety whenever anything , human or object , comes anywhere near him .
the present study is the first to report repeatabilities of rein tension and behavioural parameters assessed in the ridden horse both at the rider as well as the horse - rider level . repeatabilities for rein tension parameters and some , but not all behavioural parameters were remarkably high , and within similar ranges for horse - rider pairs as well as riders . however , the sample size of the present study was small , and it would be important to confirm the results in a larger sample of horses . repeatabilities for the rein tension parameters compare well to values for horses’ reactivity in standardized temperament tests [ 12 ] as well as to performance parameters [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . therefore , these moderately to highly repeatable traits potentially qualify for future , large - scale investigations such as are required for the estimation of genetic parameters . furthermore , considering both the comparably high repeatabilities of rein tensions parameters and the relation between rein tension parameters and rideability scores , results from the present study indicate that the evaluation of at least some aspects of rideability could be made more objective , if direct measures of rein tension were taken instead of subjective scores . however , rein tension parameters alone will not be sufficient as it is not possible based on the plain values to distinguish a desired , very light rein contact from horses’ avoidance of rein contact ( i . e . the horse going “behind the bit” ) . additional recording of the horses’ behaviour and head posture will be indispensable for proper interpretation of the rein tension measurements .
overall , the results of the present study confirm the insufficiencies of the present personality and rideability evaluation system in horse breeding . the vague definitions of very complex traits do not allow for objective and transparent evaluations . this is also reflected by a lack of associations between behaviour patterns that should , according to the guidelines , be related to rideability . defining a precise list of behaviour patterns whose frequencies can be counted or whose intensities can be measured is an important step towards an improvement of the situation . however , in order to assign meaning to such measurements the specific context of behaviour patterns may have to be considered , which is a limitation of the present study . although performance tests are intended to solely evaluate the animals’ abilities , the present study supports common knowledge that riders considerably influence the horses’ traits . these findings highlight the importance that the rider’s actions need to be recorded , too . these record would allow for both evaluation of the horse’s reaction to the rider’s aids as well as statistical corrections for the influence of the rider’s riding style when evaluating horse’s rideability . ultimately such a revised evaluation system would allow breeders to make more informed decisions when selecting stallions for their mares based on rideability aspects .
referring to figs . 1 through 5 , mechanical horse walker 10 is generally illustrated by having plurality of radial arms 100 connected to a vertical shaft 90 . vertical shaft 90 is rotated in a circular fashion by vertical shaft support assembly 50 . vertical shaft support assembly 50 is supported by an apparatus support means 20 and is rotated by drive means assembly 70 . electrical stimulus is provided to vertical shaft support assembly 50 by electrical means 120 .
2 . the mechanical horse walker of claim 1 , wherein said vertical shaft support assembly is defined as having a rotation ring assembly having a rotation ring and a rotation ring support assembly , said rotation ring having an edge with an outer surface and an inner surface , and a circular bearing means connected to said rotation ring support assembly and connected to said apparatus support assembly , wherein said vertical shaft is connected to said circular bearing means .
when the pressure on israel gets stronger , one has to evade , obstruct , cheat . sooner or later the nobleman or the horse will die – and with some luck , both of them . the situation will change , the pressure will lessen , those who exert the pressure will disappear . a crisis somewhere else in the world will take people’s minds off us . we shall win another year or two , and then we shall see .
) expose the alternate perceptions and blindnesses of all three of the macleans . robert sees that his daughter needs a careful balance of affection and freedom to recover , but he doesn ' t understand anything about the deep connection she feels to pilgrim . grace , of course , considers the horse almost as a spiritual twin , and sees how their injuries , in mind and body , essentially mirrror one another ; she grasps that pilgrim should not have to live his life in such conditions , but is too depressed and cynical about her own loss , and perhaps too romantic in her identification with the horse , that she decides she may as well be put to sleep as well . for her part , annie perceives both the strength of the relationship between grace and pilgrim and the imminent collapse of grace ' s will to live , but she cannot set aside her own need to manage things long enough to let their recoveries transpire at the proper pace .
rein tension data was processed with the manufacturer - specific software and later analyzed along with the behavioural data and scores from performance tests using sas ( version 9 . 2 ) . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension was calculated for each ride separately , but combined for the right and left rein , and in addition , the absolute and relative difference between left and right rein mean tension was calculated as a measure of asymmetry of the horse - rider pair . all data were tested for distribution using the procedure univariate . traits that did not resemble a normal distribution ( kolmogorov - smirnov : p < 0 . 01 ) were analysed assuming either a poisson distribution or , in the case of rare occurrences ( i . e . occurrences in less than 15 rides and no more than 3 occurrences per ride ) data were converted into binary data ( e . g . bucking / no bucking observed per ride ; see
rein tension data was processed with the manufacturer - specific software and later analyzed along with the behavioural data and scores from performance tests using sas ( version 9 . 2 ) . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension was calculated for each ride separately , but combined for the right and left rein , and in addition , the absolute and relative difference between left and right rein mean tension was calculated as a measure of asymmetry of the horse - rider pair . all data were tested for distribution using the procedure univariate . traits that did not resemble a normal distribution ( kolmogorov - smirnov : p < 0 . 01 ) were analysed assuming either a poisson distribution or , in the case of rare occurrences ( i . e . occurrences in less than 15 rides and no more than 3 occurrences per ride ) data were converted into binary data ( e . g . bucking / no bucking observed per ride ; see table 3 ) .
bower et al . 2012 reported two mtdna haplotypes in modern descendants of chelandry , one of which is the haplotype expected for family 1 .
but this guy . . . he was a punk with some potential .
from a young age , yulian has been raised to lead . since childhood yulian has wanted vengeance for the death of his mother , he blames venersis - though the precise circumstances are unknown . it was his original goal for getting stronger and part of the reason that chun myung hoon trained him .
witnessing his father ' s strained negotiations with the continental kingdoms also led a young yulian to develop a military division strong enough to unite the entire red desert - this dream would later manifest as red storm . after his father ' s death , yulian has been named the glow of his tribe . [ 4 ]
yulian , despite his age , has an immense reputation in the desert as well as continental kingdoms as a very talented warrior and a war god .
yulian is a tall , well - built muscular man with black spiky hair , save for his two long ponytails that he seems to be growing constantly . he has black eyes . yulian ' s appearance goes through a series of changes throughout the series due to numerous time skips .
at the beginning of the manhwa , as a 15 - year - old , yulian is rather small for his age . he has spiky black hair and two short ponytails . he has bandages around his arms and wields a great sword .
later yulian grows into a muscular and sizable man , his black hair is kept at a medium length and constantly spiky , save for two long ponytails that go past his waist . usually , yulian dresses in the simple and loose clothes of a warrior , but in certain important situations , he dresses in luxurious outfits reflective of his noble position . he still wields his great sword , as well as a short sword on occasion .
red storm webtoon — season 1 chapter 1 , yulian ' s name , age , tribe and position revealed in his infobox .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
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but newpapers to go on display for the first time reveal what a varied life sir peter o’sullevan led .
the exhibition reveals his love of dogs and shows he was a highly successful punter at the racetrack .
“the collection shows how he preserved every little detail of his life , right back to childhood . he was his own archivist .
among the hundreds of items are paintings and sculptures by some of the country’s most respected equestrian artists .
but more surprisingly it also documents how he was an anti - nazi agitator who had planned to stoke an uprising of workers against hitler with a leaflet addressed as a “message to the german people from british workers” .
sir peter , who died last summer at the age of 97 , had planned to smuggle hundreds of copies of the leaflet into the country , by hiding them in a specially constructed secret compartment in his “sealing wax” red morris coupe and distributing them clandestinely .
it urges german workers not to take up arms against their british counterparts in the event of war and asks that readers pass it on to a friend when they have finished with it .
the labour party , to whom the then 21 - year - old wrote for advice , warned him the leafleting operation would be one of “very grave risk to you” and that he alone would be responsible for his safety . but in the end sir peter’s audacious plan had to be abandoned after travelling restrictions between britain and nazi germany came into force .
sir peter’s friend and fellow racing journalist , sean magee , to whom he entrusted the archive before his death , said : “the plan was really the mark of a very idealistic young man .
“although sir peter became very much an establishment figure in later years – associated with the royal family – this idea of distributing anti - nazi leaflets shows him to have had an active political conscience during those tumultuous years . ”
the leaflet , along with many of the items in the archive , including a series of paintings from north africa , are to be exhibited at a london gallery , before being donated to the cox library of racing books for preservation .
also among the papers catalogued by mr magee is a letter from the chef albert roux , declaring sir peter’s beloved miniature poodle , topolina , “a welcome visitor of le gavroche and all other roux enterprises where she is re - nowned for her impeccable conduct” .
sir peter’s love of betting , and his skill and luck at it , are illustrated by the sheaves of old betting vouchers he amassed over the years .
with them is a letter from william wood turf accountants closing his account , because they simply could not afford to keep taking his bets . the letter stated : “after three years during which you have won consistently , we shall have to give you best and ask you to bet elsewhere . you are too good for us ! ”
his style as a commentator was matchless in its laid - back delivery and understatement , combined with an ability to convey what he liked to call “a bit of drama” .
the archive also includes 51 scrapbooks in which he collected everything he had written during his long career as a racing journalist , along with dozens of meticulously prepared commentary cards and race meeting notes .
they include those for nijinsky’s derby win in 1970 and red rum’s landmark second grand national victory four years later .
there is also a copy of the script for sir peter’s appearance on the morecambe and wise show , which confirmed his position – if confirmation were needed – as a national treasure , and a musical greeting specially composed by sir andrew lloyd webber to mark the commentator’s retirement .
mr magee said sir peter , who was brought up by his maternal grandparents , sir john and lady henry , at gatton park , near reigate in surrey , had been conscious of his own image from a very early age and deliberately amassed papers , documents and objects as a means of chronicling his life .
“the collection shows how he preserved every little detail of his life , right back to childhood . he was his own archivist , ” mr magee said .
the exhibition of sir peter’s archive is being held at the osborne studio gallery , in knightsbridge , from march 9 until april 1 .
in less than 10 months of operation , 237 horses have sold via the site for up to nz $ 138 , 000 each , with a total of $ 2 million in thoroughbreds traded since launch . horses have been exported to australia , hong kong , singapore , malaysia , china , and tahiti . new zealand bloodstock now has plans to introduce urltoken into additional global markets , promising to increase the user base .
to create new zealand bloodstock ' s auction website , microsoft technology including microsoft azure , webapps and webservices , signalr and visual studio were leveraged in conjunction with other technologies like angularjs .
most of these images are sooc 1 ( the tennis court image had a little straightening ) .
i hope you enjoyed my iphone photography take on high contrast sooc black and white images . thank you for reading and i hope to see you again . please follow my facebook page to keep up to date not only on my articles but also on deals and updates on the apps i use .
photographers use this word as shorthand for “straight out of camera” . this refers to not using photoshop or any image editing software as of yet . often used online and not in real life , to give quick information to other photographers .
histograms are a way to measure exposure more objectively for those who can’t see very well . histograms don’t replace your eyes and experience . histograms are helpful in sunlight where it’s hard to see an lcd , or in the shop if setting something exactly . your eyes are always the final judge . a histogram is just a guide . worry about your image more than the histogram .
thank you enrique , i like what you did there . can’t get enough of this app at the moment . seem to be using it all the time .
thanks for the tips , skip . i’ve downloaded the app – looking forward to playing around with it tomorrow
thank you venkatram , it’s amazing what you can learn from app developers if you delve a little deeper . i hope you enjoy the app . for me , i’ve always enjoyed black and white so not a massive leap .
hi geri , it’s an interesting style isn’t it . the ‘problem’ is that in my amateur hands sometimes the images just look badly captured rather than artistic ! i’m drawn to the high contrast film a lot though .
i am curious what your thoughts on lenka app is ( especially the minimalist approach of it ) .
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modern grunge is an iphoneography app which applies tints , grunge and distress effects like no other . it allows grungy vignetted borders , rips and holes to reveal underlying ( or overlying ) textures . i prefer to use it delicately where its ability to ‘stain’ an image is impressive . preferred bespoke combinations can be saved for use in future images . highly recommended .
lifeproof fre iphone 6 only waterproof case ( 4 . 7″ version ) – retail packaging – black / black ( wireless phone accessory )
my go to iphoneography apps . i tend to share my more co . . .
this site is just gret . i ' ve looked these info a great deal and i view it that is good written , fast to comprehend . i congratulate you because of this article that i am going to tell to the people friends . i ask you to go to the urltoken page where each college student or learner can . . .
hello , is anybody here interested in online job ? it is simple survey filling . even $ 10 per survey ( 10 minutes duration ) . if you are interested , send me e - mail to hansorloski [ @ ] gmail . com . . .
streamnation shut down its cloud media service on 8 march 2016 . . . .
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yes ! millie has definite princess and the pea syndrome . when we were trying saddles she made it very clear which ones she liked and didn ' t like - she absolutely expoded in the amerigo we tried ( even though it ' fitted ' well , she disagreed ) . after that , we put her back in the saddle she had preferred the most but she was too tight and reactive by then and that was the end of the saddle trying session .
yes , my mare had me on the floor multiple times in one saddle fitting session , as she reacted that violently to saddles . she loved the saddle she has straight away , so unfortunately she had to have that one , although it was the most expensive one we tried ! : o
thank you for your replies , the difference is that i am using a very old flair saddle and he goes nicely in it , the saddles that he reacted so violently too were made by the same people , albeit different models . i really don ' t know what to do , wait and see when the physio can come up and not ride him , or try him again tomorrow and see what happens . i will admit to not really wanting to get back on , think a drink before hand might help .
i would possibly have him looked at , but it might be worth a couple of days off then try again gently in your own saddle . yeah i bought one of those self adjusting tree saddles thinking it would be great as its so lite ! there ' s your mistake - i ' ve not seen one in the flesh but the shape of the tree in photos and the whole concept make me : eek : , and fellow fitters who have seen them have slated them totally . i always say a new saddle shouldn ' t cost less than a wintec / tg type price , otherwise they are taking major shortcuts . and self adjusting trees . . . i ' ll bite my tongue .
wel i popped him on the lunge with his sadde on and got canter on both reins without much argument , possibly not coming through on his left hind a s much as i would like , but certainly no objections to going forward . physio coming out to see him monday morning , just incase .
yes , mine bronced for the first time in her life ever at a saddle fitting - it was a textbook fit , but she didn ' t like it . we discovered she only likes saddles with extra short tree points - a normal length tree point nearly gets me floored , daren ' t even put a saddle with long tree points on her back !
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