the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .

the wingspan is 54-70 mm .

adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .

there is probably one generation per year .

the larvae feed on myrica cerifera .

catocala muliercula

larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .
gall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .
schweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .
schweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .
gall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .
gall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .
gall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guenée . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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the black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .
courtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .
steve writes ,
the little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens .
females emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .
eggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .
april 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .
listed below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .
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a forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .
there are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .
for forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .
where the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
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lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
peacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .
sargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .
schweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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larvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )
a little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
little wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )
a little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )
use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .
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bosara longipecten is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of areas at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,600 meters .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 8 mm .

bosara longipecten

bosara dilatata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia , sulawesi and in new guinea .
bosara emarginaria is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo and in sri lanka , the north - eastern himalayas and hong kong .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
walker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .
this is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .
turner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .
borneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )
the original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .
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walker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .
hampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . mus . , 9 : 153 .
this is the smallest of the grey species and has the hindwing fasciated in a similar manner to the forewing . on both wings there are unevenly sized black dots in the spaces just distal to the postmedial .
the species is infrequent , but has been taken from the lowlands to the upper montane forest zone at 1780m .


the crowsoniellidae are a monotypic family of beetles , in the suborder archostemata .

so far , only a single species , crowsoniella relicta , has been attributed to this family .

it is a minute animal ( about 1.8 mm ( 0.071 in ) ) that was collected in central italy from calcareous soil at the base of a chestnut tree .

no other specimens have been found since .

crowsoniellidae

family crowsoniellidae 1 species , crowsoniella relicta . family cupesidae ( cupedidae ; reticulated beetles ) small and little - known ; found under bark ; about 30 species widely distributed . family jurodidae 1 species ,
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
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parent taxon : archostemata according to j . f . lawrence and a . f . newton 1995
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lawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .
biology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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synanthedon pini , the pitch mass borer , is a moth of the family sesiidae .

the pitch mass borer occurs on spruce and pine in eastern north america .

it does not kill trees , but the pitch-filled larval tunnels in the wood cause defects in the lumber .

synanthedon pini

species synanthedon pini - pitch mass borer - hodges # 2585 - bugguide . net
© william taft and mich . st . univ . , moth photographers group · 2 synanthedon pini , male
all are in one genus - synanthedon sp . single eggs are laid on the bark of the pines . larvae of some species tunnel into the cambium area soon after hatching . they make a hole in which they feed . sap oozes out of these pits / holes . the pitch mass borer
duckworth , w . d . & t . d . eichlin 1973 . new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . proceedings of the washington entomological society 75 ( 2 ) : 150 - 159 melittia calabaza , synanthedon arkansasensis , s . canadensis , s . dominicki , s . engelhardti
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
larva - body white with a light brown head . ( kellicott , 1881 ) .
the males are strongly attracted to zzoh / ezoh 50 : 50 pheromone lures and are on the wing starting in late june in michigan .
, pinaceae ) . larvae typically bore in large trees below a broken branch or scar as high as 40 ' up the trunk ( kellicott , 1881 ) .
it is found rarely in insect collections and museums . trees with active larvae have pitch mass swellings on the tree trunk with a white , powdery appearance .
beuttenmüller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) :
engelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 :
kellicott , d . s . 1881 . observations of several species of ageriadae inhabiting the vicinity of buffalo , n . y . . the canadian entomologist 13 ( 1 ) : 5 - 7
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . george p . engelhardt . 1946 . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 .
monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . william beutenmüller . 1901 . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .
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eastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce .
pine pitch moth adults resemble yellowjackets . the adults are clear wing moths . there are many types of pitch moths .
large volumes of pitch ooze from the holes made in the trunk by these insects .
attacks austrian , eastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce . adults are only seen during the summer and the insect can take up to three years to complete its life cycle .
check with your local land grant university ( cooperative ) extension service for recommended insecticide .
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the illinois commercial landscape and turfgrass pest management handbook ( iclt ) is written for professional applicators and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations as well as application timing information for all major pests of turf , woody ornamentals and herbaceous ornamentals . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for
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services include plant and insect identification , diagnosis of disease , insect , weed and chemical injury ( chemical injury on field crops only ) , nematode assays , and help with nutrient related problems , as well as recommendations involving these diagnoses . microscopic examinations , laboratory culturing , virus assays , and nematode assays are some of the techniques used in the clinic . visit site > >
eastern white pine , scots pine , austrian pine , jack pine and red pine . as well as white spruce , norway spruce and blue colorado spruce trees .
the larvae tunnel into the inner bark on trunks and limbs of host trees . this causes a cavity .
the clearwing moth looks similar to yellow jacket wasps . it lays its eggs in midsummer in pruning cuts and on the bark of the trunk or limbs . the larvae tunnel into the inner bark to feed on resin from the damaged tissue . the mature larvae reach a length of about 25mm . their body colour is usually near white to pink depending on which tree they are feeding on . their brown head is smaller than their prothorax . large amounts of pitch and frass form at the point of entry . pupation occurs within the pitch mass from late may to june . the clearwing moths appear from the middle to the end of june , although others can emerge in july and august depending on locations . two or three years are required to complete a life cycle .
larvae and pupa are found under the pitch masses . they can be removed and killed .
do not prune trees during the egg laying period of the pitch mass moth . ( midsummer )
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
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natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
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adults are wasp - like clearwing moths with a mostly orange head , grey hairs on the face , a brown - black thorax , clear hind wings , opaque brown forewings with ( usually ) some orange scales and a mostly blue - black abdomen with an orange 4th segment .
larvae are white to pink in colour and can vary depending on the host tree . they have a head capsule that is smaller than the prothorax . when compared to the
eggs are laid on the bark of trunks or branches . females prefer fresh wound sites ( e . g . recently pruned branches ) if available .
larvae bore into the inner bark and sap wood . tunneling in this area causes copious amounts of sap to flow out of the wound .
female moths deposit eggs in june to july on the trunk or larger branches , preferably at a wound site . larvae tunnel into the sapwood behind the bark , causing copious amounts of sap to flow out of the infested area . it takes 2 - 3 years for the larvae to mature . larvae overwinter within the pitch mass . there is only one generation every 2 - 3 years . adults emerge in spring to early summer .
johnson , w . t . and lyon , h . h . 2003 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . second edition . cornell university press , ithaca , new york . 560 pp .
eichlin , t . d . , duckworth , w . d . 1988 . the moths of america north of mexico , sesioidea , sesiidae , fascicle , 5 . 1 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 18 june , 2013 - 12 : 00am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 25 may , 2013 - 7 : 53pm
contributed by maury j . heiman on 1 august , 2013 - 10 : 45pm
memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 , 1901
beutenmüller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36
brown , l . n . & r . f . mizell , iii 1993 . the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 ( pdf )
eichlin , t . d . 1992 . clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 150 ( pdf ) andrewsi bibionipennis erici faulkneri gilberti gloriosa hennei magnifica mexicanus palmii ( neumoegen ) palmii ( beutenmüller ) polygoni resplendens robiniae snellingi
united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 , 1946
engelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 17 - 32 species index food - plant index


the dryad shrew tenrec ( microgale dryas ) , also known as the tree shrew tenrec , is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .

it is endemic to madagascar .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

it is vulnerable to extinction by habitat loss .

dryad shrew tenrec

a cowan’s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . © peter j . stephenson
dryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .
tenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .
tenrec diet is based on invertebrates . insects and their larvae are the most commonly consumed prey items . however , many of the larger species ( from talazac ' s shrew tenrec – microgale talazaci - to the tailless tenrec – tenrec ecaudatus ) sometimes take small vertebrates such as amphibians . two species have become very specialized : streaked tenrecs eat mostly soft - bodied invertebrates , with an apparent preference for earthworms ; large - eared tenrecs ( geogale aurita ) prefer termites they find inside dead wood . the aquatic tenrec feeds on a range of prey in its freshwater habitat , but favours aquatic insect larvae and crayfish .
the tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )
a lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . © l . e . olson & s . m . goodman
the potamogalinae are otter shrews which are found on mainland africa . many scientists now consider these animals as tenrecs . the giant otter shrew , potamogale velox , is widespread in the streams and rivers of central african forests , but the other two species have restricted distributions . the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , is found only in a small area around mount nimba on the borders of ivory coast , liberia and guinea , and the ruwenzori otter shrew , m . ruwenzorii , is found only between uganda and eastern drc . habitat loss , mining and fish traps threaten otter shrews across their range . ( see section “tenrecs in africa – the otter shrews” ) .
a number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .
eastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . © peter j . stephenson
the geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .
tenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .
the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .
the mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called
adaptive radiation
( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .
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traditionally included in the lipotyphla ( = insectivora sensu stricto ) . various molecular studies ( madsen et al . , 2001 ; murphy et al . , 2001 a , b ; springer et al . , 1999 ) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data ( asher et al . , 2003 ; liu et al . , 2001 ) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles , which stanhope et al . ( 1998 ) named afrosoricida . this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids , and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer , 1986 . noting that tenrecomorpha butler , 1972 may be a prior , and more explicit name for this clade following simpson’s ( 1945 ) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa , bronner et al . ( 2003 ) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .
following simpson ( 1931 ) , the term
tenrecoid
has also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .
the supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
note : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .
this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of ca . 10 , 000 km
, it is known from fewer than 10 locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
it is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation , through conversion to cultivated areas and general logging activities .
this species is known from only a few sites in northeastern madagascar . there is some doubt about a record from anjanaharibe - sud special reserve as it was collected from an owl pellet . it has been recorded between 500 and 940 m asl .
it is a poorly - known species that has only been recorded in the eastern lowland rain forests . it is possibly a semi - fossorial species which is believed to be forest dependent . the ecology of the species is not known .
it has been recorded from two protected areas : ambatovaky special reserve and anjanaharibe - sud special reserve . it has been recorded in the future protected area of makira . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , population , biology , ecology and threats to this species .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the following material is adapted from an article published in 2007 : stephenson , p . j . ( 2007 ) . mammals from another time : tenrecs in madagascar . africa geographic , march 2007 , vol 15 ( 2 ) : 34 - 41 .
the island continent of madagascar was part of a large land mass that broke away from africa some 165 million years ago . as tectonic plates shifted subtly on the earth ' s surface , the land mass moved out slowly into the indian ocean . other chunks of land later floated off to leave the island the size and shape we now know , situated 400 km off the mozambique coast for the last 80 millions years .
at that time the island was probably a mix of habitats much as it is today : thick rain forest on the east coast , deciduous forests in the west , deserts with spiny succulent plants in the south - west , and amid the forests of the high plateau a mosaic of grasslands grazed by giant tortoises and walked upon by 3 - 4 metre tall elephant birds . mammals had evolved from therapsid reptiles and were spreading across africa , but none had appeared on madagascar , as its reptiles were from a different stock .
what happened next is only conjecture , but sometime around 60 million years ago a small mammal - perhaps no more than 5 or 6 g in weight with a primitive body plan and physiology - was washed out to sea from africa . perhaps it was on a log that had fallen into a river from the coastal forest of what is now kenya . currents and winds moved the mammal across the channel until it arrived on madagascar . perhaps the founder was joined by others ; perhaps it was a pregnant female . whatever the case , the animals multiplied . and then evolution kicked in !
very few other mammals ever made the same journey . eventually rodents , a mongoose - like carnivore and a primitive primate crossed the channel and gave rise to species found nowhere else on earth . a pygmy hippopotamus also crossed but madagascar never saw cats , dogs or large herbivores .
most tenrecs died out on mainland africa and are known only from fossil records ; all except one small lineage that evolved to fill a specialized aquatic niche - the otter shrews ( see section
tenrecs in africa – the otter shrews
) . however , tenrecs still inhabit madagascar today in an abundance and diversity not seen in any other mammalian family .
but then there are species not just from another time , but also from another world . streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) are so unique nothing like them ever evolved elsewhere . their black and pale striped body is covered in spines , with a head crest of quills that can be erected . when irritated the animal makes head butting movements , trying to leave the barbed spines in the nose of its aggressor . a patch of spines on the back form what is known as a stridulating organ - the spines can rub together and produce a type of ultrasound that keeps the family groups together . tongue clicks made by the animals are thought to be a type of echolocation , perhaps used for hunting prey .
in spite of their many adaptations , tenrecs still exhibit a number of characteristics which make them distinct from other small mammals and which were probably typical of the earliest mammals . such traits include nocturnal activity patterns , small body size , the retention of a cloaca as a common uro - genital opening , abdominal testes , poor eyesight and a dependence on their sense of smell and hearing . they are also considered primitive physiologically , since all species have relatively low body temperatures and metabolic rates relative to their body size , and several specied enter torpor regularly .
tenrecs are probably most closely related to golden moles ( chrysochloridae ) . along with golden moles , scientists now consider tenrecs part of the afrotheria , a grouping of african mammals with evolutionary connections that also contains the aardvark , sengis ( or elephant - shrews ) , hyraxes , elephants and sea cows .
six malagasy tenrecs appear in the iucn red list of 2006 . endangered species are considered more threatened than vulnerable species . data deficient species require more information before an assessment can be completed .
special attention needs to be paid urgently to aquatic tenrecs . research should be conducted into their habitat needs and factors affecting their distribution . land - use and fishing practices may need to be changed in areas where they occur . although small mammals are often neglected in large conservation programmes , aquatic tenrecs would make ideal flagship species for integrated forest and freshwater conservation programmes in eastern madagascar . work to conserve forest habitats and maintain clear , unsilted streams will benefit a range of other plant and animal life as well as aquatic tenrecs .
tenrecs are a unique and diverse family of mammals , from another world and another time . they make up a significant component of madagascar’s faunal diversity and no doubt hold the answer to many scientific questions on the evolution and adaptation of mammals . let ' s hope that current conservation efforts ensure that their time is not up yet !
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goodman , steven m . raxworthy , christopher j . maminirina , claudette p . olson , link e .
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neofriseria baungaardiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by huemer and karsholt in 1999 .

it is found in greece , southern spain and portugal .

neofriseria baungaardiella

neofriseria baungaardiella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 170 , 33 ; tl : gekenland molivos lesvos
neofriseria caucasicella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 50
neofriseria kuznetzovae bidzilya , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 119 ) : ( 239 - 243 )
neofriseria turkmeniella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )
neofriseria sceptrophora ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 10 ; [ nhm card ]
neofriseria hitadoella karsholt & vives , 2014 ; shilap revta lepid . 42 ( 168 ) : 651 ; tl : spain , huelva , los bermejales , niebla
neofriseria turkmeniella piskunov , 1987 ; vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : turkmen ssr , distr . mary , badkhyz state reserve
neofriseria caucasicella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 168 , 33
neofriseria sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 48 ; ts : lita peliella treitschke
neofriseria peliella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]
neofriseria singula ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]
neofriseria pseudoterrella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 171 , 33 ; [ fe ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33
gelechia pseudoterrella rebel , 1928 ; zs . öst . entver . 13 : 51 ; tl : spain
gelechia sceptrophora meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : asia minor , kasikoparan
larva on atraphaxis spinosa , a . badghysi , a . pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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walsingham , 1896 gelechia suppeliella , sp . n . , distinguished from peliella , tr . ent . mon . mag . 32 : 250 - 251
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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