phreatoicidae is a family of blind , freshwater isopods .

they have survived apparently unchanged for 350 million years , and are only found in south africa , india , australia and new zealand .

they were first found near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton .

the family phreatoicidae now contains 13 genera : colacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 colubotelson nicholls , 1944 crenoicus nicholls , 1944 gariwerdeus wilson & keable , 2002 mesacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 metaphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 naiopegia wilson & keable , 2002 neophreatoicus nicholls , 1944 notamphisopus nicholls , 1944 onchotelson nicholls , 1944 paraphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 phreatoicus chilton , 1883 uramphisopus nicholls , 1943

phreatoicidae

ecology : phreatoicidae belongs to the suborder phreatoicidea . instream habitat : phreatoicideans occur in streams , burrow in moist soil , in yabby burrows , ground water and underground streams . phreatoicidae species live in freshwater streams and lakes . feeding ecology : habit : many phreatoicidean species are curled under at the end . this spiny posterior is used to push them through the cryptic habitats they favour . the ‘head to toe’ curl is typically a resting or defensive position . life history :
boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09
boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09
some of the world’s most ancient and fascinating animals have been re - discovered in southern new zealand . prospects for their survival look good – provided groundwaters and wetlands are protected .
over the past two years , department of conservation workers and scientists from the national institute of water & atmospheric research have been painstakingly searching for phreatoicids ( pron . free - at - o - ik - ids ) .
this intensive search of over 230 locations yielded phreatoicids at 66 places . the scientists believe they have now found all the known species , and have even discovered some new ones .
if they were the size of tuatara , kiwi , or wetas , these cryptic , aquatic animals would be equally iconic because they are so bizarre . phreatoicids are blind , unpigmented isopods ( relatives of slaters and fish lice , and a sister group to crabs , shrimps , land hoppers and , more distantly , insects ) . they play a vital role in cleaning up freshwater .
true relicts ( or “ghosts of gondwana” , to borrow george gibbs’s words ) , phreatoicids have persisted unchanged for some 350 million years . but being just 20 millimetres long and dwelling in extremely mucky places , they have lingered mostly forgotten and unnoticed . in fact , they are so poorly known that they have no common name !
phreatoicids are confined to four of ancient gondwana’s five main remnants ( south africa , india , australia , new zealand ; not south america ) . first discovered near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton , a leading crustacean scientist at canterbury college ( now university of canterbury ) , scientists at the time were puzzled by phreatoicids’ body structure that is intermediate between other types of crustaceans . by 1944 , nine species in three genera were discovered from new zealand , but have been largely unknown since , prompting scientists to wonder whether some species had become endangered or even extinct .
the terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity information system programme , administered by the department of conservation , aims to raise awareness , provide identification tools and make data accessible to improve the new zealanders’ understanding of the need for protection of biodiversity and significant habitats . it contracted niwa to investigate the conservation status of new zealand’s endemic phreatoicids , so that any threatened species and habitat can be protected . niwa’s investigations focused on six species which have not been reported for over 60 years . these species live in surface waters in the southern south island and appear to be important in breaking down dead plant matter to recycle their nutrients . full details of the locations and habitats where phreatoicids were found will be in niwa’s publically - available freshwater biodata information system once the study is completed .
the research results appear to be remarkably good news . phreatoicids were surprisingly abundant when present ; on ruapuke island in foveaux strait , for example , densities were estimated at over 200 per square metre . on stewart island , phreatoicids were common close to oban township , as well as the remote toitoi flats wetland and other locations . dense populations were found in several modified habitats , notably in drainage channels downstream of bayswater peatland scenic reserve near otautau in southland , amongst submerged , dead leaves of introduced grasses around road culverts on several roads in southland , and on macrocarpa tree roots in one drainage ditch .
the best - known named species , plus two lesser known named species , live entirely within canterbury’s groundwater . niwa discovered one of these species in huge numbers : “we easily collected a cupful – several hundred animals – at a time from wells 20 metres below the surface . these tiny , blind crustaceans play a major role in cleansing the region’s groundwater , keeping our drinking water naturally pure , ” says dr graham fenwick , niwa’s assistant regional manager in christchurch .
survivors through aeons , phreatoicids live in a variety of habitats . some live in soupy , muddy ponds with almost no dissolved oxygen , others in quite acid conditions ( ph 4 . 5 ) . most seem to prefer various types of leaf litter . they avoid swift currents , but some do inhabit slow flowing rivers , while others find refuge in crevices or under rocks in various lowland or foothills streams . when their habitat dries too much , phreatoicids can walk short distances in search of another wet area ; others burrow as water levels retreat , or simply curl up in damp moss or leaf litter to survive brief dry periods .
but the full story is yet to be unravelled . at least four new species were discovered . the unique characteristics of each species are being studied carefully , so that each species can be reliably re - identified and distinguished from others . this vital step is essential for determining each species’ geographic range , abundance and true conservation status . with a history of little morphological change over 350 million years , this task is challenging because differences between our native species that have evolved much more recently are very subtle indeed .
“their high abundances , habitats preferences , and wide tolerances indicate that these ghosts of new zealand’s ancient continental origins can survive in the face of considerable human changes to the landscape , so long as wetlands , in their various forms , are kept intact , ” dr fenwick says .
information sources : poore 2002 , wilson 2003 & 2005 , cummins et al . 2005 key to genera : wilson & keable 2000 ( partial ) key to species : wilson & keable 2000 ( colubotelson , metaphreatoicus , partial )
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schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors
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world list of marine , freshwater & terrestrial isopoda . . . 2005 , website ( version 04 - may - 05 )
compiled by brian kensley , marilyn schotte , and steve schilling ( oniscidea only ) , department of invertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution . found at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a family of isopod crustaceans in the suborder phreatoicoidea in which only the left mandible retains a lacinia mobilis .
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corythoichthys ocellatus , the ocellated pipefish or orange-spotted pipefish , is a marine pipefish found in the western pacific ocean .

belonging to the family syngnathidae , it grows up to 10 cm long , and is found in the first 12 m of the warm tropical seas off the coast of australia .

ovoviviparous , the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch found under the tail .

corythoichthys ocellatus

thompson , vanessa j . & dianne j . bray , corythoichthys ocellatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
an ocellate pipefish , corythoichthys ocellatus , in lembeh straits , north sulawesi , indonesia . source : rickard zerpe / flickr . license : cc by attribution - sharealike
corythoichthys is from the greek , korys , korythos for helmet and ichtys meaning fish . the specific name ocellatus is for the dark - ringed ocelli on the body .
corythoichthys ocellatus herald 1953 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 267 , fig . 41a , purvis bay , florida island , solomon islands .
corythoichthys ocellatus inhabits coastal waters in the philippines , palau , indonesia , papua new guinea , australia ' s great barrier reef , and fiji to depths of 15 m ( dawson 1977 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ) .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 22 : 15 + 1000 .
there are no known conservation actions in place for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species occurs in the great barrier reef marine park , where there is a regional management plan ( commonwealth of australia 2015 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus , like all other syngnathids , is protected from exploitation in australia under the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . the species is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s likely the species would benefit from international efforts to mitigate climate change .
justification : corythoichthys ocellatus is a reef - associated coastal marine pipefish that inhabits the indo - pacific from the philippines and indonesia to fiji and australia ' s great barrier reef . they inhabit sand , algae and rubble near coral and rocky reefs . they may be susceptible to coral reef declines that are occurring globally , but they are able to utilize other habitat types . there are no other substantial known threats , and the species is protected in part of its range . therefore corythoichthys ocellatus is listed as least concern .
to date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation and loss . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .
corythoichthys ocellatus has not been detected in trade , but pipefishes are known to be targeted and are kept as bycatch for the aquarium trade and traditional medicine ( vincent et al . 2011 , lim et al . 2011 ) . it ' s possible that this species is involved .
colour pattern similar to that of c . schultzi . the long snout and ocellate markings separate c . ocellatus from all other congeners except c . schultzi . c . ocellatus has lower total ring and dorsal ray counts ( average = 46 and 23 versus 51 and 28 in c . schultzi ) and the ventral surface of the trunk rings is more heavily pigmented . c . schultzi also reaches a larger size ( 144 mm versus around 120 mm in c . ocellatus ) .
dawson , c . e . 1977 . review of the pipefish genus corythoichthys with description of three new species . copeia 1977 ( 2 ) : 295 - 338
allen , g . r . & m . v . erdmann . 2008 . corythoichthys benedetto , a new pipefish ( pisces : syngnathidae ) from indonesia and papua new guinea . aqua , international journal of ichthyology 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 126 .
corythoichthys ocellatus occurs in sand , algae , and rubble habitats adjacent to coral or rocky reefs ( kuiter 2000 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . little is known about their feeding ecology , but they are thought to consume small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid amphipods , and mysids , similar to other pipefishes ( howard and koehn 1985 , kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovovivparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch beneath their tail before giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) .
corythoichys ocellatus may be threatened by coral reef degradation and loss that has occurred as a result of coastal development , pollution , destructive fishing practices such as trawling and dynamite use , ocean acidification , and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 ) . they are however able to utilize a variety of other habitats , and so it is unclear how much or if they are declining along with corals .
greek , korys , korythos = helmet + greek , ichtys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 12 m ( ref . 5316 ) . tropical ; 9°n - 24°s
western central pacific : celebes and philippines to palau , the solomon islands , and australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . has a color pattern very similar to c . schultzi .
inhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 26 . 5 - 29 . 4 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 1002 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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a pale brown pipefish with many distinct dark - edged orange spots or rectangles , whitish speckles , a dark stripe on the lower third of the gill cover extending forward below the eye , and a series of narrow whitish bands encircling the body . ocellate pipefish are often seen in pairs on shallow rubble reefs .
tropical western central pacific , from indonesia , the philippines , palau , papua new guinea , the solomon islands , fiji and australia . known from the great barrier reef , queensland ; inhabits coral rubble , algal reefs and inshore areas to about 15 m .
dorsal fin 22 - 25 ; trunk rings 15 - 16 ; tail rings 29 - 32 .
head length in sl 5 . 7 - 7 . 1 ; body depth in hl 3 . 5 - 5 . 4 ; snout long , snout length in hl 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 , snout depth in snout length 7 . 3 - 8 . 8 ; prenuchal and nuchal ridges smooth ; median snout ridge usually with slight dorsal emargination ; eye prominent .
dorsal fin origin usually at or behind the anterior margin of the first tail ring .
overall light greenish - yellow , body covered in small pupil - sized orange spots that are often dark ringed as ocelli , especially over the back of the trunk ; ventral surface of anterior 4 - 5 trunk rings heavily shaded or blotched with brown ; no dark blotch ventrally on anal ring ; head with diffuse dark stripe on lower third of opercle extending forward below eye ; dorsal fin without spots .
reproduction : ovoviviparous ( gives birth to live young ) . the eggs are brooded by the males in a pouch under the tail . the pouch protects the dorsal surface and side of the egg mass , leaving the ventral surface is exposed . males begin brooding at around 58 mm sl .
eggs : eggs deposited in 2 - 17 transverse rows within a gelatinous matrix .
australian government legislation : marine listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
allen , g . r . & m . adrim . 2003 . coral reef fishes of indonesia . zool . stud . 42 ( 1 ) : 1 - 72 .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi . 230 pp .
herald e . s . 1953 . family syngnathidae : pipefishes , pp . 231 - 278 , figs 36 - 44 in : schultz l . p . , herald e . s . , lachner e . a . , welander a . d . & woods l . p . ( eds ) . fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 1 . families asymmetrontidae through siganidae . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 1 - 685 , figs . 1 - 90
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley pl & wells a ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 abrs & csiro publishing : australia 2178 pp .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . chorleywood , uk : tmc publishing . 240 pp .
laboute , p . & r . grandperrin . 2000 . poissons de nouvelle - calédonie . editions catherine ledru : 520 pp .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia . 3rd revised ed . coral graphics , guam . 330 pp , 192 pls .
pogonoski , j . j . , d . a . pollard & j . r . paxton . 2000 . conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes . environment australia , canberra . 375 pp .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house publishing , bathurst , australia .
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dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa .
australia ( coral sea is . territory , queensland ) ; fiji ; indonesia ( lesser sunda is . , papua , sulawesi ) ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; solomon islands ( south solomons )
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65365054a115415754 .
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the ocellate pipefish can be recognised by the pupil - sized orange spots on the body and tail .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . pp . 230 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes . tmc publishing pp . 240 .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics . pp . 330 .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
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find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
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the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
listed as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
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this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
inhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
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it is found in china ( hainan ) .

the wingspan is 8 − 10 mm .

the forewings are yellowish brown , sprinkled with black and greyish white scales and three small scale tufts near the base , around them greyish white mixed with black scales .

the costal margin has scale tufts at one-fourth , halfway and two-thirds .

the hindwings are grey .

bagdadia tricornis

etymology . the specific name is derived from latin tricornis , meaning triangular , referring to the process of valva .
bagdadia tricornis is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by yang and li in 2015 . [ 1 ] it is found in china ( hainan ) .
bagdadia cymoptila ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238
bagdadia paroctas ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238
bagdadia tugaella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238
bagdadia yanglingensis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238
bagdadia irakella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]
bagdadia salicicolella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]
bagdadia irakella amsel , 1949 ; bull . soc . fouad i er ent . 33 : 322 ; tl : iraq , baghdad
bagdadia salicicola ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 278
bagdadia claviformis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )
bagdadia gnomia ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )
bagdadia sapindivora ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )
yang , meiqing , li , houhun ( 2015 ) : a taxonomic study of the genus bagdadia amsel , 1949 from hainan island of china ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3972 ( 4 ) : 589 - 594 , doi : urltoken
bagdadia eucalla ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 277
diagnosis . this species closely resembles bagdadia longanae ( yang & chen ) in male genitalia , but can be separated from the latter by following characters : forewing with a large irregular black blotch at 2 / 3 near posterior margin , eighth sternum with a strongly sclerotized plate in female genitalia . host plant . unknown .
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= ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 235
chelaria cymoptila meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : dibidi , coorg
korea , china ( shaanxi , guizhou ) , japan . see [ maps ]
chelaria isosema meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
capidentalia khaoensis park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 334 ; tl : khao soi dao , chantha - buri prov .
china ( zhejiang ) , vietnam , ceylon , andaman is . , java . see [ maps ]
chelaria paroctas meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
hypatima salicicola park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 84 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
larva on salix spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49
nothris salicicolella kuznetsov , 1960 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 27 : 41 ; tl : kopetdag , turkmenistan
chelaria sapindivora clarke , 1958 ; ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : honshu , kinki , nisinomiya
larva on sapindus mukurossi clarke , 1958 , ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 5
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the microlepidoptera collected by e . p . wiltshire in irak and iran in the years 1935 to 1938
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the marsh skimmer , also known as tricolored marsh hawk , and slender blue skimmer , ( orthetrum luzonicum ) is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is widespread in many asian countries .

it breeds in marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .

orthetrum luzonicum

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 50 . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 )
orthetrum luzonicum are a vivid blue / green colour and o . glaucum ' s eyes are dull in comparison .
citation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum luzonicum . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
range description : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
this species is smaller and slimmer than orthetrum glaucum . in males , the hindwing is 30 to 32 mm in length and the total body length ranges from 40 to 42 mm . the abdomen is blue with the last two segments dark . the hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . the eyes are light blue . pruinescence develops with age and eventually the whole body becomes powdery blue . young males have a dark thorax with yellow bands on the dorsum . immature males are light brown in colour , resembling the female .
author contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
subramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,
describes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as
plant flowering
or
chewing rates
. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .
describes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .
male : abdomen : 28 - 30mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm . female : abdomen : 28 - 32mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male : face : pale bluish or greenish yellow . eyes : bluish green with violet or brownish spots . thorax : pale olivaceous green with brown lateral stripes . dorsal side has a distinct yellow “y” shaped mark . in older individuals , brown and yellow markings may be totally replaced by pale blue pruinescence . legs : bluish black . wings : transparent . wing spot : yellowish . abdomen : is pruinosed pale azure blue in colour and dorsoventrally dilated at base . female : markings similar to sub adult males but less brightly coloured .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
male : wing spot : yellowish eye : bluish green with brownish spots medium sized dragonfly with olivaceous thorax marked with brown and yellow and slender blue abdomen . aged males develop pale blue pruinesence , appearing blue throughout . female : wing spot : similar to male eye : brownish very different ; brownish green with yellowish marks on thorax and black lateral lines on thin yellowish abdomen .
describes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .
commonly found perched around marshes , ponds , paddy fields , and stagnant part of rivers and streams . like green marsh hawk ( o . sabina ) this species also frequently perches on ground .
marshes , swamps and edges of wetlands in wellwooded areas , particularly in mid - elevations .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
habitat and ecology : this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 3 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 , 15 , 15 . 7
widely distributed from india , sri lanka to java and sumatra in the east .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
bolangir , kotgarh , mayurbhanj . throughout wetter parts of india . parts of se asia . easy to spot at : jamuna meadow , str .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
population : this is a common species across much of its range . population trend : unknown
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification :
is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
iucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .
jeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken
dragonflies and damselflies of university of north bengal campus , west bengal , india with new distribu . . .
a study was made to determine the present status of the diversity of the dragonflies and damselflie . . .
odonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .
an observation on the odonata fauna of the asansol - durgapur industrial area , burdwan , west bengal , in . . .
the present investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to examine the diversity , occurrence a . . .
the diversity of the odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) was studied in seven districts of southe . . .
a study was conducted at chinnar wildlife sanctuary , idukki district , kerala , the southern western . . .
an inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014 . a t . . .
new records of dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) from the western ghats of maharashtra , i . . .
odonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state , india during 2 . . .
odonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .
odonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .
a preliminary checklist of odonates in kerala agricultural university ( kau ) campus , thrissur district , . . .
a study was conducted to document the species diversity of odonata ( insecta ) of the kerala agricult . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .
we surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .
a survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .
habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , maharashtra , in . . .
catchment landscape degradation and habitat modifications of freshwater ecosystems are a primary ca . . .
erratum : habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , mahara . . .
cepf western ghats special series first record of < i > poltys columnaris < / i > thorell , 1890 ( araneae : ara . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata : insecta ) of tropical forest research institute , jabalpur , madhya . . .
dragonfly and damselfly ( odonata ) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus . . .
the study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 . . .
odonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .
a list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement . . .
picked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .
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joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java .
this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .
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tang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . hämäläinen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao krating np ( chantaburi ) .
( see entry ) . however , it is quite easy to spot the difference . simply look at the eyes . the eyes of
the male ' s thorax and abdomen are bright powdery blue and s9 - 10 can be black , though i have seen specimens where this turns blue too . the males also have slight yellow / black markings on the abdomen , which seem slightly variable depending on age .
this one i captured with my little net . they also seem slightly smaller than most other species in the genus , though this could just be my imagination . still , a beautiful little thing . when i released him , he flew straight towards another male and began fighting .
this young male , has a pruinosed abdomen , but only half of its thorax has changed .
a poor photo ( everything was set up for close macro work ) and one shot and it was gone . . . anyway , it ' s still good enough for id purposes . even here you can see its bright blue eyes . . . something i missed ! special thanks to dr . matti for the id . this was seen at nam nao helicopter pad lake .
like the male , the female becomes pruinosed . this one i saw a good distance from the water ' s edge . the female also has a slimmer abdomen to its counterparts ( from what i can make out anyway ) .
you can see that the female ' s eyes are similar to those of the male .
at last i spotted the female . it ' s actually similar to the young male . the thoracic markings are different and the eyes are similar in colour to that of the male , making it easily identifiable . also , unlike other females in the genus , when you movc near them , they only seem to fly to another leaf or twig . whereas , other females fly away , never to be seen again .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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mature male is entirely light blue in colour . it has a long slender abdomen . hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . eyes are light blue .
this dragonfly can be found in marshes and open ponds . it has a preference for flowing streams . it can be found at bukit batok nature park .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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widely distributed dragonfly throughout asian countries including sri lanka . breeds in marshy habitats . it is a least - concerned spices in red data list and no threats have been identified .
eggs english : trinket snake binomial name : coelognathus helena sinhala : කටකලුවා / හබරලියා [ katakaluwa / habaraliya ] c . hel . . .
scales are identical in size and keeled . english : sri lanka wolf snake binomial : lycodon carinatus sinhala : දාර රදනකයා [ dara ra . . .
english : sri lankan pipe snake binomial : cylindrophis maculatus sinhala : දෙපත් නයා / වටඋල්ලා [ depath naya / wata ulla ] an endemic spe . . .
english : dwarf bamboo binomial name : arundinaria densifolia a . densifolia is an species of dwarf bamboo that grows in swampy a . . .
p . penicillatus in 5000 rupee note of sri lanka engish : yellow eared bulbul scientific : pycnonotus penicillatus sinhal . . .
english : sri lankan krait sinhala : මුදු කරවලා [ mudu karawala ] binomial : bungarus ceylonicus bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan k . . .
engish : daffodil orchid scientific : ipsea speciosa sinhala : නගා මැරූ අල [ naga maru ala ] i . speciosa is a rare and ende . . .
e . sordida in 50 rupee note english : sri lanka dull - blue flycatcher / dusky - blue flycatcher scientific : eumyias sordida . . .
binomial name : zeuxine regia sinhala : ඉරු රාජ [ iru raja ] an endemic and endangered ground orchid that grows in lowland wet zone an . . .
engish : sundew scientific : drosera burmannii sinhala : කඳුලැස්ස [ kandulessa ] drosera burmannii is a type of sundew whic . . .


brookesia lambertoni , commonly known as the fito leaf chameleon , is a species of chameleon endemic to fito in eastern madagascar .

it was first described in 1970 by édouard-raoul brygoo and charles antoine domergue .

it is rated as data deficient ( dd ) by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , as not enough data on the species have been collected to judge its conservation status .

brookesia lambertoni

- - p . , 1968 brookesia thieli brygoo er , domergue ch . a . , 1969 brookesia lambertoni
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
brygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1970 . notes sur les brookesia de madagascar . v . description de deux espéces nouvelles : b . lambertoni n . sp . et b . therezieni n . sp . ( chamaeleonidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris 41 ( 5 ) : 1091 - 1096 .
the mount d ' ambre leaf chameleon ( brookesia tuberculata ) is a diminutive chameleon from far northern madagascar .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli
brookesia peyrierasi is a diminutive chameleon from north - eastern madagascar . it is known commonly as peyrieras ' pygmy chameleon , named after the herpetologist andré peyriéras . [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon ( brookesia superciliaris ) is a small chameleon found on a small island off the eastern coast of madagascar . its appearance mimics that of a dead leaf .
brookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively as leaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
gray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of chamæleonidæ , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
.
glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively asleaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesiaare largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
like other brookesia chameleons , the brown leaf chameleon is threatened primarily by habitat destruction , [ 2 ] which is the result of agricultural expansion , timber extraction , and small - scale mining . [ 8 ] harvesting for the international pet trade does occur , but is unlikely to be threatening its survival . [ 9 ] since 2005 , export quotas have been set at 200 individuals per year . [ 10 ]
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli family & scientific name : chameleonidae ; brookesia superciliaris and b . perarmata identifying features : small chameleons with barely prehensile tails . they have scaly spines and spiny rosettes on the sides and back and spinous lateral crests and fringed occipital lobes . brown leaf chameleons are found foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor during the day . they have independently moving , protruding eyes and a long sticky tong that they catch prey with . they use their remarkable camouflage when threatened and will stay still for a long period . they also freeze and roll over , folding its legs underneath the belly and lay on its side , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .
the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
the brown leaf chameleon occurs in eastern madagascar ( including the island of nosy boraha ) , [ 2 ] from sea level up to altitudes of over 1 , 250 metres ( 4 , 100 ft ) . [ 3 ] the floor of evergreen primary forest is the preferred habitat of the brown leaf chameleon , but it may also be found in secondary forest and adjacent overgrown plantations . [ 4 ] it seems to prefer closed - canopy forest , and climbs higher in the forest ( up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) ) , more often than other species of brookesia . [ 1 ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as data deficient as the species is known only from two specimens collected nearly a century ago from an imprecise locality . there is no current information on its population status . there are threats operating within the area in which it occurs , and so with further information on the range of the species it will require immediate reassessment .
this chameleon is poorly known . it has been recorded from
fito
in the east ; it is , however , unclear whether this name refers to the town , a forest , or the administrative area ( r . jenkins pers . comm . june 2011 ) and recent surveys in this general area have not found the species ( rabibisoa
. 2005 ) . no estimate of the extent of occurrence is possible , as only two individuals have ever been found and , without knowledge of the precise collecting locality , the extent of suitable habitat cannot be established .
this species is known only from two specimens that were collected prior to 1921 ( brygoo 1978 ) .
the area in which this species has been recorded was moist lowland forest . forest still exists in this region , however , without knowledge of the precise locality the extent of this habitat is unclear .
threats operating in the area include slash and burn agriculture and logging for building materials .
the only site from which this species has been recorded is now included within a conservation area , the zahamena - ankeniheny corridor . efforts are needed to relocate this species , and to identify the limits of its distribution , its ecological requirements and its exposure to threatening processes .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
abundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
meiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zoltán t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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how do chameleons change colors ? chameleons have two layers of specialized cells that lie just beneath the lizard ' s transparent outer skin . wikipedia explains the structure as follows :
the cells in the upper layer , which are called chromatophores , contain yellow and red pigments . below these chromatophores is a another cell layer . cells of this layer are called guanophores and they contain the colorless crystalline substance guanin . these guanophores reflect among others the blue part of incident light . if the upper layer of chromatophores is yellow , the reflected light becomes green ( blue plus yellow ) . a layer of dark melanin containing melanophores is situated even deeper under these blue and white light - reflecting guanophores . these melanophores influence the lightness of the reflected light . all these different pigment cells can relocate their pigments , thereby influencing the color of light which is reflected .
madagascar is home to about half the world ' s 150 or so species of chameleons , including both subfamilies , typical chameleons ( chamaeleoninae ) and dwarf chameleons ( brookesiinae ) .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
chameleons are diurnal , solitary , and often aggressive towards members of their own species ( marked by rapid color change and aggressive posturing ) . they are opportunistic hunters that wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues . chameleons have a bizarre way of moving in which they slowly rock back and forth between each step taken , often in time with the movement of nearby leaves being blown by the wind . most chameleons lay eggs .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
this portable guide offers a full survey of all madagascar ' s mammals , both endemic and introduced , including many newly identified species . with vivid color photographs , line illustrations , and maps , mammals of madagascar : a complete guide
home | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2012 . all rights reserved .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesiaspecies described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is distinguished by its elongated , high , laterally squashed body that resembles a rolled - up , dead leaf . the size and appearance of this chameleon varies considerably over its vast range , and it may be any shade of brown , beige , grey , olive , green , or dark red , but usually display colours and patterns that mimic a dead leaf . despite its tiny size , the brown leaf chameleon has an imposing appearance due to two pronounced horns that protrude from the head above each eye and four spiny scales that jut from the throat . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon spends its days foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor , [ 1 ] searching for prey with its independently moving , protruding eyes and catching insects with its long , sticky tongue . [ 5 ] if threatened , the lizard ' s first reaction is to stay still and rely on its remarkable camouflage , but it may also exhibit other defence behaviours . this includes the ' freeze - and - roll ' technique , in which the chameleon folds its legs underneath its belly , rolls over to one side and remains very still , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . [ 6 ] alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators . [ 7 ]
brown leaf chameleons have an interesting courtship ritual in which a male approaches a female with pronounced nodding and rocking movements . an unreceptive female repels a male by reacting with jerky movements , while a receptive female walks with the male . after some time walking together , and before dusk , the male mounts the female and is carried on her back until the pair copulates in the late evening or at night . this species is known to store sperm . [ 1 ] between 30 and 45 days after copulation , the female lays two to five eggs , which she hides under dead leaves , moss , and pieces of bark on the forest floor . sometimes , a true nest is excavated and the clutch is laid on to the ground . the eggs hatch after 59 to 70 days ; the brown leaf chameleon reaching sexual maturity within one year . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that trade in this species should be carefully controlled to be compatible with their survival . [ 11 ] it is also known to occur in a number of protected areas , including befotaka - midongy national park , [ 12 ] mantadia national park , [ 4 ] analamazoatra special reserve , [ 4 ] and kalambatitra special reserve . [ 13 ] although illegal harvesting and other activities that degrade the forest habitat may lessen any benefits this bestows , this species is more tolerant of forest disturbance than other leaf chameleons .
one - eighth inch grown crickets , tiny mealworms , nymphal grasshoppers , newly hatched silkworms and ants are accepted . dust insects with vitamin d3 - calcium powder twice weekly for baby chameleons and ovulating females , once weekly otherwise . potential problems : very little is yet known about the chameleons in this genus . providing food an water requirements are met , they seem hardy .
references : bartlett , r . d . , and patricia bartlett . the new chameleon handbook . hauppage , ny : barron ' s education series . the new chameleon handbook .
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . peyrierasi to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 2 ]
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . tuberculata to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 3 ]
is the international standard for assessing the extent to which species are facing extinction . these assessments provide a cornerstone for conservation action and are invaluable summaries of our knowledge on the status and biology of different species , with the potential to reveal trends that indicate whether conservation efforts are effective or not .
an analysis published last year revealed that nearly one in five reptile species ( 19 % ) are threatened with extinction , with an additional 7 % being estimated as near threatened ( böhme et al . , 2013 , biological conservation 157 , 372 - 385 ) . at that time , just over half of all chameleon species had been assessed by the iucn red list , but these assessments suggested that in contrast to this global trend of all reptiles , the majority of chameleon species ( 63 % ) were threatened or near threatened ( i . e . , critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable , or near threatened ) , indicating that chameleons may be under a disproportionately large level of threat .
pledged to undertake the assessment of more than 60 additional species , primarily from east africa ( the largest major gap in finished assessments ) in order to help understand the conservation status of not only the remaining species , but the family as a whole . with the help of the chameleon community , and in no small part to the members of chameleon forums (
website . these assessments , however , have revealed a number of troubling trends regarding the conservation status of chameleons . among these :
. there is also quite a bit of information on the distribution and conservation status of each species in their respective assessments . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
obviously these assessments show that there is a lot of work that needs to be done to conserve chameleons in the wild . the csg will be announcing its first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments later today . i will be sure to post a thread on this and how everyone can help make it happen as soon as the effort goes live .
i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question .
thanks for posting this . i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question . on the government levels , and i mean east africa and madagascar , what action is actually taken to preserve and protect these red list species ?
it really varies on the country and species in question . in many areas , it comes down to protection of habitat that these species occur in . in other areas , the species can be protected at various levels .
as promised , the first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments by the iucn chameleon specialist group ( csg ) have been announced . please visit this thread for more information and to help :
these two were surprises to me to be on this list as endangered species . kinyongia matschiei coming from the east usambara has always been documented as a rare species from people in the hobby . however their availability recently in the states ( wild caught and captive bred ) plus being protected by a couple preserves the amani and nile nature reserves made this assessment a somewhat surprise not an impossibility .
kinyongia multituberculata however with a much larger range and being documented in primary and secondary habitat is a huge surprise .
adapts to anthropogenic habitats . relatively common in disturbed , non - forest habitats . shrubs and trees by roadsides . posted by janstipala over 1 year ago 18494 - thumb
i agree with jan stipala , k . multituberculata are very common in shrubs and trees along roadways . they can also occasionally be found in tea plantations ( which for some reason are less intensively farmed in the west usambaras than in the east usambaras : in the west there is often space between each tea plant with grass and weeds growing , while in the east the tea plants are tightly packed together ) and invasive eucalyptus trees . in 3 evenings of recreational surveys in mazumbai forest , i did not see any k . multituberculata in the forest interior , but dozens along road and forest edges . posted by filups about 1 year ago 19432 - thumb
i ' ve only spent a short time in the west usambara ' s ( 2 or 3 nights ) but there were lots in the forests , and they werent that hard to observed . my impression is tha they are more common in the forest than in the transformed landscape . so i would agree they can utlise the forest edges , but given my own observations , plus talking to others who ' ve spend a significant amout of time there , the forest is the primary habitat .
the people i have talked too that have seem kinyongia multituberculata in there native habitat stated that kingongia multituberculata are the fucifer pardalis of tanzania west usambara mountains along with the observation quotes / reports from inaturalist . they have got high fecundity and can thrive in primary ( furcifer pardalis does not even thrive in primary dense forest that well they live in forest edge habitat ) and secondary habitats . plus that the species is the most imported out of all the species that were once grouped together as the species called kinyongia fischeri . that pick for me as an endangered species is a huge surprise . i have looked for the justification for kingonig matschiei and kingongia multituberculata and only found the justification posted for kinyongia matschiei . what is going on with the justification for kinyongia multituberculata being listed as an endangered species ? they even live in eucalyptus trees ?
if you pull up any iucn red list assessment , the second section of the assessment is the
assessment information
section . the first subsection of this section is
red list category & criteria
, which outlines the specific criteria by which the species was assigned to a given category level . the last subsection of this same section is
justification
which is a section of text explaining those criteria specific to the species in question .
. this means that the species was assessed as endangered under criteria b1ab ( iii ) and b2ab ( iii ) . if you click the
ver . 3 . 1
, it takes you to the explanation of the criteria for assessing a species to these categories . for being assessed as endangered , the specified categories for
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) area , extent and / or quality of habitat ( iv ) number of locations or subpopulations ( v ) number of mature individuals .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) number of locations or subpopulations ( iv ) number of mature individuals .
, an iucn red list category of endangered was assigned because the species has an extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2 , with estimates indicating its distribution is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations , and with estimates indicating continuing decline , observed , inferred or projected , in the area , extent and / or quality of habitat . the
justification
subsection of
this species is listed as endangered applying criteria b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) because it occurs as a severely fragmented population restricted to highly fragmented forest patches and their immediate surroundings , a habitat that is undergoing a continuing decline in both extent and quality due to the impacts of timber removal , resource utilization , and encroachment and transformation for agriculture . this species is also one of the most heavily exported from east africa for the pet trade . it is not clear whether current levels of export are sustainable , and research is needed to determine whether offtake is contributing to suspected population declines . although it is observed in transformed landscapes , these observations are close to forested areas and on vegetation that is thick and structurally complex , and it will not tolerance heavy disturbance .
there are a number of other more specific explanations on the range , population , habitat , trade and use , major threats and conservation recommendations in the full assessment for the species .
this species is listed as endangered on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence of only 800 km2 , and an area of occupancy less than 300 km2 . it occurs as a severely fragmented population , and the forest fragments where it occurs are experiencing continuing declines in their extent and quality as a result of agricultural encroachment and resource extraction .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though . chris
the link to the iucn red list page for kinyongia multituberculata was mostly all i was looking for . for the last couple days i could raise the iucn red list page for kinyongia matschiei and not kinyongia multituberculata which is strange .
i understand assessing how big a population is by determining how much optimum habitat there is and approximating / determining how many chameleons there are in optimum habitat by using transect studies for unit areas . however from my readings it is a surprise that kinyongia multituberculata does not live in secondary habitat more as reported in my previous posts and other readings i have done .
when i search for the kinyongia multituberculata iucn red list page it is not showing on my search engine . thanks for the link .
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on kinyongia matschiei : urltoken chris
now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
kinyongia matschiei now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for
, and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result .
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for k . fischeri , and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result . chris
might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported .
i ' m wondering if the new red list ( en ) classification of kinyongia multituberculata might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported . shotgun approach . just thinking out loud here . . . . .
they wouldn ' t be able to adjust the iucn red list category for this reason ( there are strict criteria for each category and species assessment ) , but cites quota levels could potentially be adjusted for different species to account for difficulty in differentiating species . the differentiation of these species was one of the things the tanzanian management authority was told to address as a result of the cites review of significant trade , and i provided them with feedback on how to do so , so we ' ll see what happens .
here is another news article , this time focusing on r . chapmanorum specifically :
) . at the time 184 of the 200 ( 92 % ) recognized chameleon species had been assessed . i wanted to post an update to let everyone know that 193 ( 95 . 5 % ) of the 202 recognized chameleon species have now had their assessments completed by the
and their assessments have been published in the latest updated to the iucn red list .
calumma linotum , chamaeleo anchietae , kinyongia mulyai , rhampholeon hattinghi , trioceros oweni , t . perreti , t . pfefferi , t . quadricornis ,
thanks for posting this chris . sad to see so many on the lists .
- almost 2 / 3 ( 63 % ) of rhampholeon spp . are threatened , but the genus is not cites listed ! some of these threatened rhampholeon spp . , however , are currently being harvested heavily for the pet trade . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
this is one way we can make a difference . do not feed the need !
chris , do you think this is caused from lack of habitat or from exporting ? probably both but it ' s very sad either way .
this is a situation that is not just seen from chameleon conservation however populations can be harmed from loss of habitat and and in certain situations exporting . if you want a good example there is the scarlet macaw ' s of mexico . the populations there were over collected and habitat was lost to the that the populations had to be reintroduced to restore these macaws to a large part of their range . the worst is where you have both over collecting and habitat loss . if you have an endangered or critically endangered species that lives in an exceedingly small fragmented habitat then you add collecting for the hobby you put that species in eminent danger of extinction . that is with or without the intervention of people . meaning habitat has to be conserved for these species to live and people cannot over collect these species that have a precarious existance as is if you want them to live on to future decades and centuries .
i guess collection for conservation would be necessary to an extent , but collection for the pet trade is generally done for profit and can be devastating .
to parts of mexico . i actually got the opportunity with my family to visit one of these large forest fragments / reintroduction sites for scarlet macaws a couple years ago . i have got picture .
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glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (
cites : appendices i , ii and iii . accessed 23 - 01 - 2009 .
glaw , f . , & vences , m . ( 2007 ) . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3d edition . cologne , germany : vences & glaw verlag . 496 pp . isbn 978 - 3 - 929449 - 03 - 7 .
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the annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology : volume 3rd ser . volume 15 ( 1865 )
. . . mbique ; ensirostris melleri to eastern africa ; c . auratus to arabia ; c . granulosus ,
superciliaris , and c . senegalensis tow . africa ; c . i . . . . . . and chin rounded , not dentated . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. c . nose and orbit ivith cylindrical horns , covered w . . . . . . ve ( at page 346 ) as c . monachus . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. nose of both sexes simple . the eyebrows produced abo . . . . . . ith an arched series , of subulate erect scales . tail short , compressed at the base . 1 .
superciliaris . b . m . chamceleo superciliaris , kuhl . c . . . .
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