the alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is a species of clupeid fish endemic to the united states where it breeds in medium to large flowing rivers from the mississippi river drainage to the suwannee river , florida , as well as some gulf coast drainages .

the biology and status of this fish is little known but it has become increasingly rare .

the international union for conservation of nature has rated it " data deficient " and the united states national marine fisheries service has listed it as a species of concern .

reasons for its decline are thought mainly to be because of the many locks and dams blocking access for the fish to up-river spawning grounds .

alabama shad

biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series )
the encyclopedia of alabama tm © 2018 . alabama humanities foundation . all rights reserved . a service of auburn university outreach .
today , the largest remaining population of the alabama shad is in florida’s apalachicola river system below the jim woodruff lock and dam at the georgia border ( see map ) . outside of florida , spawning populations of alabama shad are thought to persist in the following systems :
the decline in the population of alabama shad began with overfishing in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . other human - related threats began to disturb the shad ' s life cycle as the twentieth century progressed . particularly damaging was poor water quality due to commercial and navigational dredging ( digging up the bottom ) of the sand bars that the shad use for spawning . however , the greatest cause of decline in the alabama shad population in alabama is the series of dams built in the alabama and tombigbee rivers . these dams block the fish from their travels to spawn in the mobile basin , the region where the two rivers drain in alabama .
biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series ) : urltoken james g mills : books
the alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is found in alabama in the rivers systems of the southern half of the state . it is listed as a species of special concern by the national marine fisheries service because many of its inland spawning routes have been blocked by high - lift locks and dams . alabama shad still spawn in sections of the choctawhatchee and conecuh rivers .
a member of the clupeidae fish family , alabama shad are anadromous , meaning adults live in salt water but migrate upstream into freshwater rivers to spawn .
barkuloo , j . m . 1993 . systematic and population status of alabama shad in rivers tributary to the gulf of mexico . panama city , florida , 1993 .
2007 , pascagoula river symposium , 5th annual meeting , april 13 , oral presentation : growth differences in relation to flow variation between years of alabama shad and skipjack herring .
alabama shad travel in schools . in the winter and spring , when the water temperatures are cool , the shad travel up rivers and streams to spawn . they prefer to spawn over sand , gravel , or rocky surfaces in a moderate current . the male and female will leave the area after the spawning is complete . the young remain in the stream for several months . the alabama shad ' s life span is about six years .
mettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and t . e . shepard . 1995 . status survey of gulf sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi and alabama shad alosa alabamae in the choctawhatchee , conecuh , and alabama river systems , 1992 - 95 . geological survey of alabama open - file report . 30 pp .
mills , j . g . 1972 . biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida . state of florida department of natural resources , technical series no . 68 . 24 pp .
2004 , mississippi american fisheries society , 30th annual meeting , feb . 16 - 18 , jackson , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .
2006 - 2007 , fish america foundation , life history of the alabama shad within the pascagoula river drainage , mississippi , $ 12 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . susan adams .
2004 , mississippi academy of sciences , sixty - eighth annual meeting , february 19 - 20 , biloxi , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .
2004 , graduate student symposium , 20th annual meeting , april 13 - 15 , hattiesburg , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat use design for studying the alabama shad within the pascagoula river .
during the last several decades , the alabama shad ' s range and population have significantly declined due in large part to the construction of dams , which block annual runs upstream to historic spawning grounds .
2006 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . oral presentation : habitat and daily age of the juvenile alabama shad within the pascagoula basin , mississippi .
2005 , florida american fisheries society , 22nd annual meeting , feb . 22 - 24 , ocala , florida . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin .
2007 - 2008 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and population genetics of the alabama shad within mississippi , $ 16 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
the fisheries service listed the alabama shad as a candidate for protection under the act in 1997 — a status that confers no actual safeguards . the center petitioned the agency to protect the shad in 2010 . in 2011 the service found that listing the shad was not warranted , but after the center challenged that determination , the service issued a new 90 - day finding in 2013 , determining that protection may be warranted .
mirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .
2005 - 2007 , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage , $ 18 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
the alabama shad was once abundant enough to support commercial fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . it is now rarely found in its historic habitat , which has been fragmented and degraded by dams , dredging and pollution . a number of states and scientific organizations have already recognized its precarious status .
recovery programs for the alabama shad are not yet underway , and the fish was not listed under the endangered species act as of the early 2000s , despite its endangered status on the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) red list . however , the u . s . fish and wildlife service was creating a status report on the alabama shad , hoping to begin action to protect the species .
a primary management need is the creation of fishways so that shad can migrate through or around locks and dams .
* 2005 , mississippi american fisheries society , 31st annual meeting , march 16 - 18 , philadelphia , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin . awarded best talk .
“even though the alabama shad is now only found in a fraction of the rivers it used to live in , it’s not too late to recover this oceangoing fish in its historic southeast habitat , ” said jaclyn lopez , the center’s florida director . “endangered species act protection will help guide restoration efforts that will help the shad rebound . ”
mettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and j . m . pierson . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama . 820 pp .
adams , s . b . bryant bowen , brain kreiser & paul mickle . 2004 : status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and rangewide population genetic structure . usda forest service annual report .
2003 - 2004 , national marine fisheries service , graduate student grant for conducting stock assessment of the alabama shad within the pascagoula drainage and rangewide population genetic structure , $ 38 , 782 , principal investigator - dr . brian kreiser . .
designated a species of greatest conservation need in numerous southern states , the alabama shad once supported commerical fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . they were once known to inhabit most gulf coast drainages from the mississippi river to the suwannee river in florida and reach into freshwater systems as far inland as eastern oklahoma , iowa and across to west virgina .
gunning , g . e . , and r . d . suttkus . 1990 . decline of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the pearl river , louisiana - mississippi : 1963 - 1988 . southeastern fishes council proceedings 21 : 3 - 4 .
mickle , p . , j . schaefer , s . adams , and b . kreiser . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . journal of ecology of freshwater fish , 19 : 107 - 115 .
in spring 2009 , the conservancy worked with the u . s . army corps of engineers and other partners to open the lock gates at claiborne lock and dam and millers ferry lock and dam on the alabama river ( map ) – offering species like striped bass , mullet , paddlefish and alabama shad access to spawning and feeding grounds that had been blocked for nearly 40 years .
distribution and abundance of the alabama shad have greatly diminished over past 20 - 50 years . the species has been eliminated from much of its former inland distribution , especially in the mobile basin and the mississippi river valley ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) . it is now rare or extirpated in much of the former range in alabama ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) ; it may be extirpated from the upper tombigbee , cahaba , coosa , and upper alabama rivers in alabama ( mettee , in mirarchi et al . 2004 ) . as of around 1990 , this shad evidently was still declining in the pearl river system of louisiana and mississippi ( gunning and suttkus 1990 ) . ross ( 2001 ) reported that this species may be extirpated in the pearl river .
mickle , p . f . ; schaefer , j . f . ; adams , s . b . ; kreiser , b . r . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 .
laurence , g . c . , and r . w . yerger . 1966 . life history studies of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the apalachicola river , florida . proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the southeastern association of game and fish commisioners , pp . 260 - 273 .
welcome to your free , online resource on alabama history , culture , geography , and natural environment . this site offers articles on alabama ' s famous people , historic events , sports , art , literature , industry , government , plant and animal life , agriculture , recreation , and so much more .
mickle , p . , b . bowen , j . schaefer , s . adams and b . kreiser . 2006 . continued assessmentof the status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and range - wide population genetic structure . u . s . fish and wildlife service annual report .
in 1997 , nmfs identified the anadromous population in florida and alabama as a candidate for listing under the esa ( federal register , 14 july 1997 ) , though evidently candidate status actually was intended to be applied rangewide . recently ( federal register , 15 april 2004 ) , nmfs listed the alabama shad as a
species of concern
( no longer a candidate species ) ; the area of concern was identified as alabama , florida , and the gulf of mexico ( anadromous populations ) . in 2013 , usfws found this species may warrant listing under the esa and initiated a status review ( federal register , 19 september 2013 ) .
state and federal agencies are working with conservation groups and researchers to restore passage of alabama shad to their historic range upstream of jim woodruff lock and dam in the apalachicola basin . efforts to pass shad through the lock by altering lock operation schedules and providing attractant flows have resulted in the passage of shad through lake seminole and into the chattahoochee and flint river systems in georgia . a population estimate in 2007 suggested that over 1 , 000 shad migrated all the way to albany during that year ( georgia dept . of natural resources 2008 ) . this species is recognized as a species of concern by the national marine fisheries service and is state protected or listed as a species of concern in many u . s . states within its range . research into effective fish passages , restoration of hydrologic regimes , migrations , feeding , bycatch , spawning , rearing , and other habitat needs should be carried out ( meadows , adams and shaefer 2008 ) .
boschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . 960 pp .
st . petersburg , fla . — the center for biological diversity and the national marine fisheries service reached a settlement today requiring the agency to determine by june 2016 whether it will protect the alabama shad , a rare and vanishing fish , under the endangered species act . the fisheries service made an initial finding in 2013 that protections may be warranted , but failed to provide protection .
the alabama shad spawns in medium - and large - sized rivers . it can be found in the eastern part of the gulf of mexico , from the mississippi delta east to the choctawhatchee river in florida and also in the cumberland , tennessee , missouri , arkansas , ouachita , and red rivers . the largest existing population occurs in the apalachicola river in northwest florida . the exact population of this species is unknown .
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this spring the conservancy will support researchers from auburn university , alabama department of conservation and natural resources , and other partners to determine how to attract the greatest variety and number of fish possible into these two locks .
latin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad =
alli
; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )
only two known spawning runs exist in the mississippi river system ; additional spawning runs occur in the florida panhandle ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ) and in southern alabama ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .
evermann , b . w . 1902 . description of a new species of shad ( alosa ohioensis ) with notes on other food - fishes of the ohio river . report of the u . s . fisheries commission ( 1901 ) : 273 - 288 .
@ article { mickle % 2c + p . + f . 2010habitat , title = { habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa } , author = { mickle , p . f . and schaefer , j . f . and adams , s . b . and kreiser , b . r . } , journal = { ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 } , volume = { 19 } , pages = { 107 - - 115 } , year = { 2010 } } citation
“this is a welcomed effort to re - establish the great runs of fish that once swam over 350 miles from the gulf of mexico , through the alabama river to the upland streams of the cahaba , ” said paul freeman , aquatic ecologist with the conservancy .
the fisheries service has one year after receiving a petition to list a species to issue a proposed rule , also known as a 12 - month finding . more than five years have passed since the service received the petition to list the shad , and it’s been more than two years since the agency made its positive 90 - day finding .
the alabama shad spawns ( lays its eggs ) in rivers but spends some part of its life living in the ocean . it is a silvery - green fish that measures about 20 inches ( 51 centimeters ) in adulthood . females are larger than males . it has a distinctive pointed snout with a lower jaw jutting out from inside the mouth . it has 42 to 48 gill rakers , which are bony projections that point forward and inward from the gill raker arches to aid in the fish ' s feeding . ( gill raker arches are bony arches in the throat of fish to which the gill rakers are attached—bony fish usually have four gill arches . )
this fish migrates between its river spawning habitat and marine nonspawning habitat . it enters river mouths from january through march and arrives in the alabama reach of the choctawhatcheee and conecuh rivers in march ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . adults have been found in the mississippi river near keokuk , iowa , from early may to late july ( coker 1930 ) .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body moderately compressed , belly with distinct keel of scutes . lower jaw steeply rising within mouth ; no teeth present at front of jaws ; upper jaw with a distinct notch . the only other shad of the gulf of mexico has only 20 to 24 gill rakers . closely resembles a . aestivalis and a . pseudoharengus of atlantic coasts , but in them the lower jaw rises very steeply in the mouth ( ref . 188 ) .
upper suwannee ( 03110201 ) , withlacoochee ( 03110203 ) + , little ( 03110204 ) + * , lower suwannee ( 03110205 ) , santa fe ( 03110206 ) , lower ochlockonee ( 03120003 ) , lower chattahoochee ( 03130004 ) , lower flint ( 03130008 ) + , ichawaynochaway ( 03130009 ) + , apalachicola ( 03130011 ) + , chipola ( 03130012 ) + , st . andrew - st . joseph bays ( 03140101 ) , choctawhatchee bay ( 03140102 ) , yellow ( 03140103 ) + , upper choctawhatchee ( 03140201 ) + , pea ( 03140202 ) , lower choctawhatchee ( 03140203 ) + , lower conecuh ( 03140304 ) + , escambia ( 03140305 ) , lower coosa ( 03150107 ) * , upper alabama ( 03150201 ) + * , cahaba ( 03150202 ) + , middle alabama ( 03150203 ) + , lower alabama ( 03150204 ) + , upper tombigbee ( 03160101 ) * , middle tombigbee - lubbub ( 03160106 ) * , lower black warrior ( 03160113 ) , middle tombigbee - chickasaw ( 03160201 ) + , lower tambigbee ( 03160203 ) * , mobile bay ( 03160205 ) , upper chickasawhay ( 03170002 ) * , upper leaf ( 03170004 ) , lower leaf ( 03170005 ) , pascagoula ( 03170006 ) , mississippi coastal ( 03170009 ) , upper pearl ( 03180001 ) , middle pearl - strong ( 03180002 ) + , middle pearl - silver ( 03180003 ) , lower pearl . mississippi ( 03180004 ) + , bogue chitto ( 03180005 ) +
adults appear in spawning rivers january - april in southern coastal sites and are present in the upper mississippi from april to july ( coker 1930 , pflieger 1997 ) . in alabama , adults spawn in april , when water temperatures reach 18 - 20 c , and migrate downstream thereafter ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . young - of - the - year are found in the mississippi river in missouri only between mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 , 1997 ) . juveniles stay in fresh water for 6 - 8 months , leave rivers by winter , return to spawn usually when 3 - 4 years old . using otoliths , mettee et al . ( 1996 ) found that males were 1 - 4 years old and females were 2 - 6 years old ; this is 2 - 3 years older than previous determinations that used scale readings .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
forms a geographically disjunct species pair with a . sapidissima ( berry 1964 ) .
limited distribution in gulf of mexico tributaries ; populations are greatly reduced due to blockage of the spawning migration by locks and dams ; habitat has been degraded by siltation and pollutants .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
implied status under the u . s . endangered species act ( usesa ) :
total adult population size is unknown . populations are small ; this species is now very rare in the entire mississippi river basin ( lee et al . 1980 , robison and buchanan 1988 , etnier and starnes 1993 , pflieger 1997 ) .
currently , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size probably are declining , but the rate of decline is unknown .
east baton rouge ( 22033 ) , east feliciana ( 22037 ) , livingston ( 22063 ) , st . helena ( 22091 ) , st . tammany ( 22103 ) * , tangipahoa ( 22105 ) , washington ( 22117 ) *
boone ( 29019 ) , callaway ( 29027 ) , clark ( 29045 ) * , cole ( 29051 ) * , crawford ( 29055 ) , franklin ( 29071 ) , gasconade ( 29073 ) , jefferson ( 29099 ) , maries ( 29125 ) , moniteau ( 29135 ) , osage ( 29151 ) , perry ( 29157 ) , phelps ( 29161 ) , pulaski ( 29169 ) , st . louis ( 29189 ) , warren ( 29219 )
an elongate , silvery fish , 55 - 60 scales in the lateral series ; 15 - 17 rays in dorsal fin , 18 - 19 rays in anal fin ; dorsum greenish blue ; fins generally clear , with slightly darker margin on dorsal and caudal fins ; adults are 30 - 46 cm ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .
this is an anadromous fish ; adults live in saltwater and migrate into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19 - 22 c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young were captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals having noticeable current in the gasconade river .
spawning adults do not feed while in freshwater . adults not in spawning condition eat aquatic insects , crustaceans , small fishes , and vegetation . juveniles eat small fishes and aquatic insects in rivers before emigrating to sea ( laurence and yerger 1966 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat . for anadromous populations , occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults , redds , other evidence of spawning , or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning / rearing habitat .
dam lacking a suitable fishway ; high waterfall ; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water ( e . g . , 100 - year flood or 1 % flood ) .
for anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas , the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream - km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean ( but see mapping guidance ) , regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries . for other ( e . g . , nonanadromous ) populations in streams , separation distance is 10 stream - km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat . however , if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km ( e . g . , this may be common for migratory , nonanadromous populations ) , those sites should be included within the same occurrence . in lakes , occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied ( based on expert judgment ) , even if documented collection / observation points are more than 10 km apart . separate sub - occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake .
this specs group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations ( may also include nonanadromous populations ) , such as lampreys , sturgeons , herrings , shads , salmonids , and smelts . criteria for marine occurrences ( location use class : marine ) have not yet been established . these may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages ( e . g . , salmonid marine concentration area ) . feature descriptor definitions : spawning area : area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration . rearing area : area used for larval / juvenile development but not for spawning or migration . migration corridor : area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
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ross , s . t . , and w . m . brenneman . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks . jackson , mississippi . 548 pp .
smith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana . 314 pp .
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atlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )
indo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .
indo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )
pacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .
* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .
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adams , s . , albanese , b . & weller , r . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) , collen , b . , dewhurst , n . & ram , m . ( sampled red list index coordinating team )
justification : alosa alabamae has been assessed as data deficient . there has been a widespread decline in this species throughout much of its range . it is now thought to be extirpated from much of its former range with large - scale declines in abundance also reported . however , there has been no quantification of the rate of range or population decline . further research is urgently needed within catchments where it is believed to be extirpated . monitoring of remaining subpopulations is also suggested to determine if these to are dramatically declining . this species ' relatively short generation length , suggests that it maybe able to recover from population declines in the absence of threats . further research is urgently needed as this species may in fact qualify for a threatened category .
alosa alabamae is an anadromous species . adults live in saltwater and migrates into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19–22° c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young have been captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals with a noticeable current in the gasconade river .
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females reach 18 inches in length , while males reach 16 . 5 inches ;
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marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) . subtropical ; 44°n - 24°n , 96°w - 81°w
western central atlantic : gulf of mexico ( northern part , from the mississippi delta eastward to the choctawhatchee river in florida ; also in rivers from iowa to arkansas and across to west virginia ) . status of threat from ref . 11858 .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 51 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )
forms schools . ascends rivers and streams to spawn in spring or early summer , the young presumably descending in autumn . marketed mostly fresh .
spawns in freshwater in spring or early summer , ascending rivers and streams , the young presumably descending in autumn .
whitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00379 - 0 . 01743 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 28 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
the center for biological diversity is a national , nonprofit conservation organization with more than 990 , 000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places .
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author ( s ) : mickle , p . f . ; schaefer , j . f . ; adams , s . b . ; kreiser , b . r . ;
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ph . d . , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , fisheries ecology . dissertation : life history and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae in northern gulf of mexico drainages . major advisor : dr . jake schaefer .
m . s . , fisheries ecology , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , may 2006 . thesis : life stage and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae within the pascagoula river basin . major advisor : brian kreiser .
schaefer , j . f . , b . k . kresier , p . mickle , c . champagne and d . duvernell . 2009 . patterns of co - existence and hybridization among two topminnows ( fundulus euryzonus and f . olivaceus ) in a riverine contact zone . in press , ecology of freshwater fish , 18 : 360 - 368 .
matamoros , w . a . , p . mickle , j . schaefer , w . arthurs , j . ikoma , r . ragsdale . 2009 . first record of agonostomus monticola ( family : mugilidae ) in mississippi freshwaters with notes of its distribution in the southern usa . in press , the southeastern naturalist , 8 ( 1 ) : 175 - 178 .
ross , s . t . , w . t . slack , r . j . heise , m . a . dugo , h . rogillio , b . r . bowen , p . f . mickle , r . w . heard . 2009 . estuarine and coastal habitat use of gulf sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi ) in the north - central gulf of mexico . estuaries and coasts , 32 : 360–374 .
bowen , b . r . , b . kreiser , p . f . mickle , j . schaefer , and s . b . adams . 2009 . phylogenetic relationships among north american alosa species ( clupeidae ) . journal of fish biology , 72 : 1188 - 1201 .
schaefer , j . f . , mickle , p . , spaeth , j . , zuber , b . , matamoros , w . , adams , s . , kreiser , b . , vigueira , p . 2006 . effects of hurricane katrina on the fish fauna of the pascagoula drainage . proceedings of the mississippi water resources board , 36 : 62 - 68 .
schaefer , j . s . , mickle , p . s . 2010 . assessment of putative pearl darter populations in the upper pearl river ( final report ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service , no : 401819g540 .
slack , w . t . , m . a . dugo , b . r . kreiser , p . mickle , j . s . peyton , and r . l . jones . 2005 . a survey of upper pascagoula drainage for the pearl darter , percina aurora suttkus and thompson . final project report no . 109 , contract number e - 1 segment 19 .
2009 , environmental protection agency , national streams and rivers assessment , $ 180 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
2009 - 2010 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and distribution of the pearl darter in mississippi , $ 23 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
mississippi american fisheries society , 36th annual meeting , feb . 17 - 19 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2009 , southern division of the american fisheries society , 2009 annual meeting , january 15 - 18 . oral presentation : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2007 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2007 , mississippi american fisheries society , 33rd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
* 2006 , mississippi american fisheries society , 32nd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 . awarded best talk .
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millerosaurus is an extinct genus of millerettid parareptile from the late permian ( changhsingian stage ) of south africa.it was a small animal which reached a length of 30 cm .

unlike many other parareptiles , it had holes ( fenestrae ) behind the eyesockets in the skull .

it had a slabsided body , a long tail , and a narrow but triangular skull ( about 2 inches long ) with large eyes , and is thought to have been insectivorous .

millerosaurus

millerosaurus was a small reptile that lived in the late permian period , about 250 million years ago . outwardly it resembled a lizard , and probably had a lifestyle similar to them , feeding on insects , but it was not closely related to them - millerosaurus is actually part of the anapsid group of reptiles ( the group which also includes turtles ) .
watson dms 1957 . on millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsida . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 240 ( 673 ) : 325 - 400 .
generally speaking , most anapsid reptiles do not have holes (
fenestrae
) in the skull , but millerosaurus was unusual in that it did have these , behind its eye socket .
. . . loss of the fifth distal tarsal occurs as independent autapomorphies in parareptilia , sauria , and he clade including gorgonopsians and cynodonts . millerettidae watson 1957 definition . the most recent common ancestor of milleretta , milleropsis , and millerosaurus , and all its descendants . . . .
. . . the stapes of
millerosaurus
nuffieldi , however , is different . the shaft is straight and there is a clearer separation between the dorsal and hyoid processes ( watson 1957 ) . there is a weak contact between the paroccipital process and the squamosal , which contributes to the dorsal half of the otic notch for the attachment of the tympanic membrane . . . .
. . . none of the preserved vertebrae possess a transversely thin median ventral keel , contrasting with the condition commonly found among the cervico–dorsal vertebrae of some basal parareptiles ( e . g . millerosaurus pricei [ 129 ] ; procolophon trigoniceps [ 135 ] ) , some ' ' pelycosaurian ' ' synapsids ( e . g . apsisaurus witteri [ 73 ] ; varanops brevirostris [ 172 ] ) , araeoscelidians ( e . g . . . .
. . . these dissimilar humeral morphologies between these owenettid taxa highlight the diversity within the family . nonetheless , both taxa lack an entepicondylar foramen , a synapomorphy of the family , unlike in other basal parareptiles ( e . g . , millerosaurus ; watson , 1957 ; gow , 1972 ) and procolophonids ( e . g . , procolophon ; debraga , 2003 ) . compared to humeri figured and described by mecker ( 1995 ) , the humeri here described from germany are similar in structure ( fig . 5 ) to barasaurus , rather than owenetta . . . .
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a simplified picture of the history of the anapsida , showing the ranges of constituent groups . some of these groups are argued to be elsewhere within reptilia : see the note below . note that most of the groups originated in , and went extinct at the end of , the permian . time periods : pen , pennsylvanian ( carboniferous ) ; per , permian ; tri , triassic ; jur , jurassic . used with permission : ucmp
the millerittids originated by the upper permian in south africa . they were small and lightly built , with sharp conical teeth suggesting an insectivorous or carnivorous diet . their hearing was still rather basic . some millerittids possessed temporal fenestrae .
, a millerittid . the skull is around 50mm long , with temporal fenestrae . it would have lived somewhat like a modern lizard .
this is the earliest known anapsid , from the lower permian of north america . it was small in size , and already showed signs of being quite advanced , but its teeth were still fairly simple .
see figure a below . it is most closely related to the lanthanosuchids . it therefore is not an ancestral form for the anapsids , indicating an earlier origin for the group - probably in the mid to late carboniferous .
this is an enigmatic group from the late permian of russia . they are closely related to
, but distant relatives of turtles . because of their strange anatomy , their position within anapsida has been debated : they could be part of a more ancient group of early tetrapods . their skulls were broad ( around 15cm wide by 20cm long ) , and possessed temporal fenestrae , and bony ridges to add strength . they were also very flat , so flat that the jaw musculature did not fit in the skull and had to be attached outside it , through special openings behind the eyes . they may have used their flat skulls to push through leaf litter , feeding on insects and grubs , or they could have been aquatic .
this group is poorly known . they may be the group from which the procolophonoidae evolved , as they appear to be quite primitive .
. they are a well known and diverse group from the upper permian , and have been found in europe , asia and africa . they included the largest terrestrial anapsids that ever lived , typically 2 - 3m long . the russian
with bumps and frills , characteristic of the pareiasaurs . all pareiasaurs had bony scales ( ' scutes ' ) over at least part of their bodies , and these have been suggested to be the beginnings of the turtle shell . they also had advanced hearing , and multi - cusped , leaf shaped teeth , indicating herbivory .
the procolophonids are the only extinct group to have survived the end permian extinction , suviving from late permian , for 50 million years through to the end of the triassic . they are possibly , if not the pareiasaurs , the closest relative of the turtles . they were very diverse , and have been found on nearly every continent . procolophonids were quite small , and had well developed hearing . most had sharp teeth for eating meat and insects , but later forms , in the late triassic , had more bulbous teeth suggesting herbivory ( see c below ) .
from the upper jurassic , by which time the teeth , common to all previous anapsids , had been lost , and the familiar shell had been gained . its
forms have been placed in the anapsida , largely based upon the lack of temporal fenestration . as this is a primitive ( ancestral ) character for amniotes and cannot be used to constrain them , they are technically an
this has caused many problems when new characters of the members of anapsida have come to light : they may be moved within the group , or out of it altogether . when a basal group undergoes cladistic ( relational ) reshuffling , this inevitably has wide reaching consequences - for anything inferred to have evolved from it , i . e . the turtles , and in parallel to it , i . e . the rest of the reptiles , and even beyond .
, depending on which characteristics are used to define these relationships , and how much importance is placed upon them . this has resulted in controversy on whether groups in the subclass ,
- either the archosaurs ( crocodiles and birds ) , or lepidosuars ( lizards and snakes ) . there is as yet no consensus on where they truly belong . ( if turtles are excluded from anapsida , the alternative term of parareptilia is sometimes used for the remaining members of the group . )
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full reference : r . broom . 1948 . a contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the karroo beds of south africa . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh 61 ( 2 ) : 577 - 629
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milleropsis pricei ( gow 1972 ) early permian ~ 290 mya , ~ 20 cm in length , was originally considered a milleretid close to milleretta and a captorhinid ( close to captorhinus ) . here milleropsis was derived from a sister taxon to heleosaurus and it phylogenetically preceded eudibamus and petrolacosaurus at the base of the diapsida . the fossil is poorly known , but the skull , manus and pes provide many of the diagnostic characters .
distinct from heleosaurus , the skull of milleropsis had a wider set of parietals and a smaller parietal opening . the lower temporal arch was missing by reduction of the quadratojugal . the maxilla does not appear to disconnect the lacrimal and naris , but that part of the fossil is damaged or the interpretation of heleosaurus may be mistaken . the naris was probably closer to the jaw tips . the mandible had a slightly higher coronoid process . the transverse process of the pterygoid leaned anteriorly . the anterior pterygoids were separated along with the posterior vomers .
the vertebral column is not well known , but the caudal series is very long attenuated with little to no trace of any chevrons .
the scapula was distinct from the coracoid and dorsally was reduced to a thin strap . metacarpal 3 was longer than mc4 . the manus was larger with digits 3 and 4 subequal .
the ilium has a small anterior process and a reduced posterior process . the pubis and ischium were not separated . the pubis had a dorsal process .
the calcaneum was elongated , producing a pseudo tuber . metatarsals 3 and 4 were subequal . the penultimate phalanges were short . metatarsal v was elongated .
( broom 1948 , watson 1957 ) late permian ( changhsingian , 30 cm est length ) is based on a chimaera of over a dozen skeletons with many common elements distinct from one another .
gow ce . 1972 . the osteology and relationships of the millerettidae ( reptilia : cotylosauria ) . journal of zoology , london 167 : 219 - 264 .
( not a bolosaur parareptile as originally described , modesto et al . 2015b ) . and
if this is too confusing , let me know and i’ll walk you through it .
has already been published as a paper ( modesto et al . 2015b ) .
figure 1 . click to enlarge . when you put the hands and feet and skull back together , you find erpetonyx nests close to eudibamus , but closer to milleropsis .
“ erpetonyx arsenaultorum was recently erected for a single , nearly complete , and mostly articulated skeleton of a bolosaurian * parareptile * * collected from the gzhelian - age egmont bay formation of prince edward island . erpetonyx arsenaultorum is autapomorphic in possessing 29 presacral vertebrae and a relatively small radiale , fifth distal carpal , and pisiform . the skull is characterized by the presence of plicidentine and by the absence of caniniform maxillary teeth . the neural arches closely resemble those of the early permian lanthanosuchian
in their broadly tongue - shaped zygapophyses , in which the lateral edges of the anterior zygapophyses pass posteriorly onto the lateral surface of the arch and form a conspicuous shelves , emphasized by an anteroventral pocket . the right carpus is well ossified . the preserved unguals are also well ossified , with a prominent flexor tubercle , a suboval proximal portion , and a stout , slightly ventrally curved tip . together with the observation that the unguals are longer than their respective proximal phalanges , ungual morphology suggests adaptation to a fossorial or semi - fossorial lifestyle . erpetonyx arsenaultorum is the oldest known amniote with digging adaptations , appearing ca . 3􀂱4 million years after the demise of th coal - swamp forests
* not a bolosaurian , but a milleropsid . * * parareptile is an outmoded name based on traditional cladograms that have been falsified by the large reptile tree .
the osteology and relationships of the millerettidae ( reptilia : cotylosauria ) . journal of zoology , london 167 : 219 - 264 .
skeletal anatomy of the oldest known parareptile from the upper carboniferous of priince edward island , canada . journal of vertebrate paleontology abstacts
modesto sp , scott dm , macdougall mj , sues h - d , evans dc , reisz rr 2015b .
the oldest parareptile and the early diversification of reptiles . proceedings of the royal society b 282 : 20141912 .
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. . . the inclusion of crilar - pv 499 within archosauromorpha is supported by the presence of a non - notochordal vertebra ( fig . 4 ) . this character is present in several basal reptiliomorphs ( e . g . , tseajaia campi vaughn , 1964 : moss , 1972 ) , parareptiles ( e . g . , milleropsis pricei ( watson , 1957 reisz , 1981 ; araeoscelis gracilis williston , 1910 : vaughn , 1955 acerosodontosaurus piveteaui currie , 1980 broom , 1905b : sam - pk - 5886 ) among basal archosauromorphs in the presence of a squared posterior projection of the bifurcated distal end of the rib ( fig . 4 ) pv 499 as sister - taxon of trilophosaurus buettneri , and two additional steps to force it as a more basal archosauromorph or to place it outside archosauromorpha ( e . g . , as the sister - taxon of sauria ) . the low number of additional steps to move crilar - pv 499 to a more basal position among diapsids is expected because of its fragmentary condition and the low number of characters scored for the specimen ( four scorings , see supplementary online information ) . . . .
. . . in addition , the neurocentral suture is obliterated , suggesting that the animal was not a juvenile at the time of its death [ 110 ] , and that the presence of an open notochordal canal is therefore not a result of an early ontogenetic stage . the persistence of an open notochordal canal in a non - juvenile individual resembles the condition in multiple lineages of basal reptiliomorphs , parareptiles , basal synapsids , basal sauropsids , basal lepidosauromorphs , and the new archosauromorph species aenigmastropheus parringtoni from the late permian of tanzania ( [ 48 , 70 , 119 , 128 129 130131132133134 , see below ) . the anterior and posterior articular surfaces of the centrum are wider than tall . . . .
. . . the former nomen has seen slightly less usage ( e . g . watson , 1957 ; kuhn - schnyder , 1962 ; kitching , 1977 ; tatarinov , 1978 ; rieppel & gronowski , 1981 ) compared with the latter ( e . g . romer , 1966 ; benton , 1985 ; evans , 1986 ; benton & allen , 1997 ; jalil , 1997 ; renesto & dalla vecchia , 2000 ) . . . .
. . . these marine reptiles characterized by the upper temporal fenestra , the temporal arch , and an incisure in the postorbital part of the skull were previously referred to as the subclass synaptosauria . the ancestors of sauropterygians were proposed to belong to the areoscelidia , small terrestrial lizardlike synaptosaurians ( saint - seine , 1955 ; tatarinov , 1964a ; etc . ) ; or to early diapsids , such as eosuchians ( kuhn - schnyder , 1963 ) ; or they were considered to be of uncertain origin ( watson , 1957 ) . the hypotheses of the origin of sauropterygians from theromorph reptiles ( huene , 1944huene , , 1956 ) or directly from labyrinthodonts or even crossopterygians ( kuhn - schnyder , 1961 ) are not generally accepted today . . . .
. . . a laterosphenoid is absent in mesosuchus . watson ( 1912a ) described a laterosphenoid under the term epipterygoid with a deep notch for the optic nerve on the holotype , an observation that he maintained 45 years later ( watson 1957 ) . given the fragmented nature of the holotype and partial preparation of most of the bones cranial to the braincase , it is likely that he mistook some portion of the palate , perhaps the combination of the ectopterygoid and pterygoid ( ¢gure 7c ) , for a laterosphenoid . . . .
. . . huxley ( 1864 ) erected sauropsida to include reptiles and birds . this taxon has not been widely used , but its meaning has been fairly constant ( baur , 1887 ; watson , 1957 ) . the redefinition of reptilia as a monophyletic group including birds ( gauthier et al . , 1988b ) would make sauropsida redundant if the latter were restricted to the last common ancestor of testudines and diapsids and all its descendants . . . .
palacrodon browni broom 1906 ( = fremouwsaurus geludens gow 1992 ) is a small enigmatic diapsid reptile from the cynognathus assemblage zone of south africa and antarctica whose dentition is very similar to that of coeval procolophonids .
a new dicynodont reptile from the tapinocephalus zone ( karoo system , beaufort series ) of south afric . . .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .


perittia unicolorella is a moth in the elachistidae family .

it was described by sinev in 1992 .

it is found in the russian far east .

perittia unicolorella

species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist - perittia andoi inoue et al . 1982
id : of the 6 ephestia species on the british list , all of which look similar , this is the only one that is not a warehouse pest . only this and e . elutella can be obtained in the wild . e . unicolorella predominates in the south of england , while e . elutella predominates elsewhere . genital dissection is required to separate these species . male genitalia : short process from dorsal edge of valva ~ 1 / 2 way along its length in e . unicolorella , missing in e . elutella female genitalia : ductus bursae heavily spiculate in anterior half in e . elutella , minimally so near corpus bursae in e . unicolorella
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
ephestia woodiella ( = ephestia parasitella ) false cacao moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
one of six very similar species of ephestia found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia .
dissected records from wheatfen . scole , leziate and several widespread records in recent years .
recorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1998 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
ws : 14 - 20mm ; jun - sep ; detritus , dead leaves , dried vegetable matter ; local in gardens and farmland in s . england synonym : ephestia parasitella
§1 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 16 / 07 / 2007 ; fw 9 . 8mm §2 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 14 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 7 . 7mm §3 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 07 / 2008 ; fw 9 . 4mm §4 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 8 . 9mm §5 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 23 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 9 . 5mm §6 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 09 / 06 / 2010 ; female ; fw 7 . 8mm §7 foulness , essex ; 08 / 05 / 2011 ; male §8 belfairs wood , essex ; 30 / 06 / 2015 ; male ; fw 9 . 1mm ; to light §9 chobham common , surrey ; 23 / 05 / 2017 ; female ; fw 7 . 4mm all images © chris lewis
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( 1999 ) : phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) ;
s . str . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species .
of the west palaearctic region with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) .
2009 : the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species .
this page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 02 : 34 .
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monochroa niphognatha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by gozmány in 1953 .

it is found in great britain , germany , denmark , poland , slovakia , hungary , sweden , finland , latvia and ukraine .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm .

adults are on wing in june and july .

the larvae feed in the stem of persicaria amphibia .

monochroa niphognatha

all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > gelechiidae > 0962 monochroa niphognatha 038 . jpg
after its discovery in britain in kent in 1984 , the species has been found in the same single locality on a regular basis since . in 2002 a specimen turned up in devon , and the photo is of one taken in an mv light trap at portsmouth in hampshire .
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the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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rare , known with regularity from only one site in kent where it was regularly reported until 1995 and thereafter only once in 2017 . there are also single records from devon ( 2002 ) and hampshire ( 2009 ) but it is not known if these relate to wanderers or localised undiscovered colonies .
a small hole in the stem , indicating the presence of a larva , has been reported in denmark .
in england found regularly in a single extensive freshwater reed - bed . the other records are associated with a rough coastal meadow and mixed reed - bed and grassland . in denmark it is associated with damp meadows .
larva : look for small holes in the stem of the foodplant in september which may indicate the presence of a larva .
adult : sweeping areas of the foodplant may be worthwhile . it comes readily to light .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to a single marsh in kent , where first recorded in 1984 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at southsea on 29 june 2009 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 13 - 15 mm . larva feeds within stems of amphibious bistort .
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länsvis förekomst och status för fyrpunkterad dystermal baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
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