halichondria bowerbanki is a species of sponge that lives on rocky surfaces in the shallow subtidal , with occasional intertidal specimens under overhanging rocks .

the physical appearance and structure of the species is variable and it has tassel-like irregular branches .

colonies can be up to 25 centimeters high with branches reaching 12 centimeters high .

the color of the species is beige to brown in the summer , and light grey/yellow in the winter .

halichondria bowerbanki

variety halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 accepted as halichondria ( halichondria ) bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( junior synonym )
easily confused with halichondria panicea , but halichondria bowerbanki is distinguished by the absence of the chimney - like oscules that occur in halichondria panicea .
the green filamentous algae microspora ficulinae lives in association with the tissues of halichondria bowerbanki .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
klumpenschwamm
to
halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 to their own page .
biotic ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 59 publications ) ( from synonym spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 9 proteins ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 30 records ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 )
in the united kingdom , halichondria bowerbanki ( studied as halichondria coalita ) was recorded up to depths of 90 m ( bowerbank , 1874 , cited in vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
similar species : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the growth of tassels in h . bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . h . bowerbanki lacks the green colour that is present in h . panicea in well lit conditions and also the characteristic smell .
habitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea . ( but there are reports of both halichondria species occurring together in silty conditions , e . g . from sussex . ) halichondria bowerbanki can be partly embedded in mud . halichondria bowerbanki occurs typically from the upper infralittoral downwards , and is never ( ? ) found on the shore . halichondria panicea occurs from the shore to the lower infralittoral , rarely deeper .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
occurs in muddy environments where the similar sponge halichondria panicea cannot survive . reaches its best development in harbours . in the oosterschelde , halichondria bowerbanki was found growing on tunicates ( especially styela clava ) , molluscs and , in a brackish lagoon , on small reefs of electra crustulenta ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
identity : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the table with halichondria panicea will help to separate the two species . some growth forms are peculiar to one or other of the species and these are indicated . the growth of tassels in halichondria bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . frequently however , it is impossible to be certain to which of the two species a specimen belongs . however larval differences prove that two species are involved here . the cushion forms , with modest oscular chimneys , can be mistaken for myxilla incrustans ( q . v . ) . the confusion arises when a specimen of halichondria bowerbanki has an ' open ' sub - surface appearance , which is reminiscent of the labyrinthine channels of m . incrustans .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) vethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
halichondria bowerbanki survives over the winter months as a dormant form with no growth and a disintegration of tissue . in the oosterschelde , this species experienced a drastic reduction in biomass during the severe winter of 1978 / 9 , especially in the intertidal ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
consistency : soft and moderately elastic . branches do not break even if bent through 180 deg . ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; lám . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) labate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : gøteborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) castric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversité en mer mégatidale : communautés sublittorales rocheuses de la région de trébeurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bowerbank ' s halichondria is easy to confuse with the breadcrumb sponge . older specimen have long thin , stringy branches which emerge from a thin crust . young specimen lack these stringy branches . since the delta works were built , bowerbank ' s halichondria is found more often than the breadcrumb sponge . it used to be the other way around . but this sponge is more resistant to mud . bowerbank ' s halichondria is also known as crumb - of - bread sponge or the common sponge .
vethaak , a . d . , r . j . a . cronie and r . w . m . van soest , 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related sponge species , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde , 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
burton , m . , 1947a . the identity of halichondria albescens johnston and hymeniacidon albescens bowerbank . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 11 ) 14 : 252 - 256 .
vethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
graat - kleeton , g . , 1965 . les halichondria de roscoff . proc . kon . ned . acad . wetensch . , ( c ) 68 ( 3 ) : 166 - 174 .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) carballo , j . l . ; garcia - gómez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y áreas próximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) breton , g . ; girard , a . ; lagardère , j . - p . ( 1995 ) . espèces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la région . bull . trim . soc . géol . normandie et amis mus . havr , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 29 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) cardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) girard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' île d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction régionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil régional de bretagne , conseil général du finistère , fonds européens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]
topsent , e . , 1911 . sur les affinités des halichondria et la classification des halichondrines d ' après leurs formes larvaires . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 5 ) 7 ( notes et revue ) : i - xv .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) wapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) grant , r . e . 1826c . observations on the structure and functions of thesponge . edinburgh new philosophical journal 2 : 121 - 141 , pl . ii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea ( but there are reports of both species occuring together in silty conditions ) .
h . bowerbanki may be confused with another common species , h . panicea . it does not have the same distinct smell and is not easily broken into pieces . it is also more polymorph , taking a variety of forms from smooth cushions to very branched , bush - like shapes . the color is usually light brown or yellow , sometimes with shades of green .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1934 ) . eponges observées dans les parages de monaco . ( première partie ) . bulletin de l’institut océanographique , monaco . 650 : 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 22 - 23 [ details ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1925 ) . éponges de l ' étang de thau . bulletin de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 452 , 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 11 - 12 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 238 - 240 [ details ]
spicules : simple . megascleres are slightly curved slender oxea only : 400 - ( 500 ) - 600 x 12ám , and 200 - ( 253 ) - 320 x 2 . 5ám . the spicules are rather more slender and show a wider size range than in haliclona spp . , with which certain forms of halichondria may be confused . no microscleres .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 102 , pl . xli 18 - 20 [ details ]
apertures : oscules are
usually small
, ( but see photo 59 ) and either at the tops of chimneys , whose shape is uneven , or along the sides of branches . larger oscular chimneys ( up to 1 cm tall ) tend to have an ill defined translucent band running up one side . the apical termination of this band ( canal ? ) contributes to the unevenness of the oscular rims ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .
form : polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) harms , j . ( 1993 ) . check list of species ( algae , invertebrates and vertebrates ) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland ( north sea , german bight ) : a review of recent records . helgoländer meeresunters . 47 : 1 - 34 . [ p . 25 , tab . 3 : gastrosaccus spinifer , mysis relicta , praunus inermis , schistomysis kervillei , schistomysis spiritus . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
description : this sponge can be very polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter . the colour is usually buff or cream , never green .
skeleton : halichondroid . the main skeleton is a confused reticulation of oxea of variable size with a slight tendency to form fibres 4 - 10 spicules thick . the ectosomal skeleton is typically a regular reticulation of similar spicules arranged tangentially , these either lying singly and parallel to one another , or formed into fibres : this regular arrangement can become confused and lost . the surface spicules help to reinforce a well - defined ectosomal membrane . sub - surface spaces are not as well developed as in halichondria panicea . very small quantities of spongin are present .
is a shallow subtidal , occasionally intertidal yellowish beige sponge with characteristically stringy appearance . long , string - like projections issue from a thinly encrusting base . no apparent oscules . texture like crumb - of - bread , soft . confused
suffice to tell them apart . less common , but largely overlapping in ecological and geographical range .
beige or dull brownish grey in summer , light grey yellow or whitish in winter . specimens about to spawn their larvae are often characteristically yellow - orange due to colour of larvae . greenish shades are rarely encountered .
) . size up to 25 cm across and branches may reach12 cm . surface smooth or uneven , often with a translucence . parchment - like skin . consistency soft , compressible . texture crumb - of - bread like . oscules inconspicuous , at the base of branches , opening irregular , mostly small ( 1 - 2 mm ) , but occasionally larger ( up to 5 mm ) , then with irregular rim (
) oxeas , relatively long and thin , tapering very gradually towards the apices : 133 - 570 by 2 - 16 µm . average sizes are 375 by 6 or 385 by 11 µm . no statistically significant difference between ectosomal and choanosomal oxeas has been found .
) , with paucispicular bundles intercrossing , and lying at some distance from each other , giving a more open reticulated aspect .
: confused , with ill - defined paucispicular dendritic bundles ending at the surface at various angles . no visible spongin .
this is a viviparous species . the parenchymella larvae are yellow - ochre coloured , darker than those of
sheltered environments , under overhanging rocks in sediment rich environments . although it overlaps broadly with
cannot survive . it is less resistant towards desiccation and thus is found only in the lowest part of the intertidal . it grows often intertwined with hydroids and algae .
, on both sides of the atlantic , penetrating far to the south along the coasts of the eastern united states , e . g . it is reported from north carolina . on the european coasts it is reliably reported southwards until bretagne . morphologically similar specimens are found along the west coast of africa and in the mediterranean , but need revision . records from other oceans are likewise unreliable .
named after james scott bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , pioneering author of the w european sponges .
the type is in the natural history museum , london : bmnh 1938 . 6 . 30 . 32a ? ( bowerbank ' s specimen of
can make it very difficult to identify individual specimens . typical growth forms , however , are easy to recognize :
is compact with clearly recognizable regular oscular chimneys . below a table of differences between the two species is given . other species in the area with long and thin oxeas , which may be occasionally confused with the present species are
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parfitt , e . , 1869 . on the marine and freshwater sponges of devonshire . trans . devonshire assoc . , 1869 .
prenant , m . , 1927 . notes éthologiques sur la faune marine sessile des environs de roscoff . ii . spongiaires , tuniciers , anthozoaires . associations de la faune fixée . trav . stat . biol . roscoff , 6 : 1 - 58 .
rodriguez babio , c . and l . gondar , 1978 . fauna marina de galicia . ii . contribución al conocimiento de poríferos del litoral gallego . monogr . univ . santiago compostela : 1 - 68 .
schmidt , o . , 1870 . grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . engelmann , leipzig : iv + 88 pp . , vi pls .
soest , r . w . m . van , and s . weinberg , 1980 . a note on the sponges and octocorals from sherkin island and lough ine , co . cork . irish nat . j . , 20 : 1 - 15 .
soest , r . w . m . van , j . d . guiterman and m . sayer , 1981 . sponges from roaringwater bay and lough ine . j . sherkin isl . , 1 ( 2 ) : 35 - 49 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1977 . marine and freshwater sponges ( porifera ) of the netherlands . zool . meded . leiden , 50 ( 16 ) : 261 - 273 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1983 . sponzenonderzoek in nederland . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 .
solórzano , m . r . , 1991 . inventario dos poríferos do litoral galego . cadernos de area de ciencias biolóxicas . inventarios , 7 : 1 - 53 .
topsent , e . , 1888a . contribution à l ' étude des clionides . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 2 ) 5 : 1 - 166 , pls . i - vii .
topsent , e . , 1891a . essai sur la faune de spongiaires de roscoff . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 2 ) 9 : 523 - 554 .
topsent , e . , 1913 . spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la
princesse alice
dans les mers du nord . rés . camp . sci . prince albert monaco , 45 : 1 - 67 .
vethaak , a . d . , 1983 . het oecologische onderzoek van broodsponzen . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 62 - 70 .
wapstra , m . and r . w . m . van soest , 1987 . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands : 281 - 307 . in : j . vacelet and n . boury - esnault , eds . taxonomy of porifera . springer verlag , berlin , heidelberg . nato - asi series , g13 : 1 - 332 .
burton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]
alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : gøteborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
burton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
wapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
carballo , j . l . ; garcia - gómez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y áreas próximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]
labate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
cardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; lám . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
girard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' île d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction régionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil régional de bretagne , conseil général du finistère , fonds européens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]
castric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversité en mer mégatidale : communautés sublittorales rocheuses de la région de trébeurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) lamarck , j . b . p . de monet , comte de . ( 1814 [ 1813 ] ) . sur les polypiers empâtés . annales du museum national d ' histoire naturelle . 294 - 312 ; 370 - 386 ; 432 - 458 . page ( s ) : 457 [ details ]
marra , m . v . ; bertolino , m . ; pansini , m . ; giacobbe , s . ; manconi , r . ; pronzato , r . ( 2016 ) . long - term turnover of the sponge fauna in faro lake ( north - east sicily , mediterranean sea ) . italian journal of zoology . 1 - 10 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) montagu , g . ( 1814 ) . an essay on sponges , with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of great britain . memoirs of the wernerian natural history society . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 122 , pls iii - xvi . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]
( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) schmidt , o . ( 1870 ) . grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : iii - iv , 1 - 88 , pls i - vi . [ details ]
( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1887 [ 1888 ] ) . contribution à l’étude des clionides . archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale . 2 ( 5 bis ) : 1 - 165 , pls i - vii . [ details ]
surface : smooth or uneven , often with a translucence which enables the outline of some deeper structures to be seen . in a collected specimen the translucence and consistency are reminiscent of parchment . surface spicules are sometimes more or less parallel and united into widely spaced fibres , or the spicules are arranged in no obvious order .
distribution :
arctic ; norway ; belgium ; british isles ; france ; mediterranean .
a common species in the british isles .
distribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
picton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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it seems to thrive on current - and wave - exposed location in relatively shallow waters ( less than 100 meters ) .
this sponge is common in the north - east atlantic and can be found as far north as troms , norway .
microscopic examination of the spicules reveals that they are relatively long and thin , and taper to the apices .
named after james s . bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , a pioneering authority on sponges .
howson & picton , 1997 , soest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 ,
under optimal conditions ( and with a low sample number ) , vethaak et al . ( 1982 ) recorded a mean length increase of 1 . 1 mm / day in summer and no growth in winter .
vethaak et al . ( 1982 ) identified five distinct growth forms ( plus intermediate forms ) including incrusting , bushlike and massive forms . they reported a maximum colony size of 25 cm width to 12 cm high although most colonies are rarely this big .
in some sheltered locations the branches grow over other species and loop like bramble stolons attaching to any suitable object they encounter .
found to house a large community of associated amphipod species which show seasonal variation ( biernbaum , 1981 ) .
soest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 , farnham et al . , 1985 , biernbaum , 1981 , barthel & wolfrath , 1989 , barthel , 1988 ,
commonly found in southern england , pembrokeshire and north west wales , also frequently found in western scotland . isolated records from the north sea .
present on both sides of the north atlantic . in europe it has been reported south to brittany , and is found in the south west netherlands and in harbours of the wadden sea . it is a non - native species in north america .
soest van et al . , 2000 , hayward et al . , 1996 , moss & ackers , 1982 , biernbaum , 1981 , soest van , 1977 , jncc , 1999 , nbn , 2002 , vethaak et al . , 1982 , bowerbank , 1874 ,
from the same area contained oocytes from april through to november although embryos were only observed from june to november . newly settled colonies were seen within just over a year , i . e . the following september and october ( vethaak
could be protandrous or protogynous hermaphrodites . no information was found concerning the life span of
soest van et al . , 2000 , wapstra & van soest , 1987 ,
biotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .


schwetzochromis neodon is a species of rheophilic cichlid endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the fwa river in the congo basin .

it can reach a length of 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) sl .

it is currently the only known member of its genus , but several others that formerly were included have been moved to orthochromis .

schwetzochromis neodon

a male of schwetzochromis neodon in the aquarium of anton lamboj [ austria ] . photo by anton lamboj . ( 12 - jan - 2010 ) . determiner anton lamboj
conservation : schwetzochromis neodon is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2010 ) .
schwetzochromis neodon is only known from the fwa river , tributary to the lubu river , tributary to the sankuru river , in the south east congo river drainage , kasai oriental province , democratic republic of the congo .
schwetzochromis neodon is a benthopelagic species . it appears to be strictly herbivorous and seems to feed on filamentous algae , diatoms and a great variety of small pieces of higher and lower plants ( roberts and kullander 1994 ) .
does anyone have any schwetzochromis neodon or know where i could get any ? has anyone ever kept them before ? there isn ' t much info out there about them , just some great pictures . i gotta have em , and i think i speak for gas as well . thanks !
the lake is not a true lake but a widening of the river . the area is not easily accessible . water plants in the biotope included potamogeton , nympheas , nuphar , othelia , giant vallisneria . sympatric sp . aphyosemion cognatum ( ? ) , thoracochromis brauschi ( which fed on the vallisneria ) , cyclopharynx fwae , c schwetzi , schwetzochromis neodon , thoracochromis callichromus , hemichromis sp .
kullander , s . o . and t . r . roberts , 1991 . schwetzochromis . p . 439 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5691 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .
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africa : endemic to the fwa river ( lubu river tributary , sankuru drainage , middle congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 13455 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5691 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
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pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .
e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .
trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .
poll , max . 1948 .
descriptions de cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le dr . j . schwetz dans la rivière fwa ( congo belge )
. revue de zoologie et botanique africaines . v . 41 ; n . 1 ; pp . 91 - 104 ( crc01066 )
haplochromis rheophilus , with type locality at fwa river , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] . determiner : roberts et al . , 1994
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quoting from lamboj ' s book . . . - endemic to lakw fwa in the drc - max length 14 cm - herbivorous - highly aggressive on each other - big tanks for dominant males - ovophilic , agamous , mateernal mouth brooder - small clutches . . about 30 sounds a lot like a rift lake cichlid . . . there was no information about water chemistry .
it ' s very hard to find ! i ' ve got some many years ago , unfortunatly 7 femalles and 1 male , as i gave 4 to a friend of mine . . . . he got the male and lost it ! there is a group in a public aquarium in st malo ( france ) . unfortunatly it seems very difficult to get yougs or fry ! they never answer to the mail i send . i don ' t think that the species has been exported for about 15 years . the pics are here : urltoken . . . eodon . html
the 4 photos below are distributed as e . sp . lake fwa . some authors consider them to be e . chevalieri nigricans while others consider them to represent an un - named sp . lake fwa are considered to be more slender than nigricans . i have put the photos in this page until i get more information .
photographs of male & female can be found on page 56 of the aqualog by dr . lothar seegers .
collected by heiko bleher in 1988 . wild fish presented a problem to maintain & wischmann put them into black water from old peat tanks which probably measured at least ph 5 . wischmann gave fish to seegers to photograph who put these photos in the aqualog . current generations do not require this old peaty water . maintained in germany from at least 1986 .
breeding notes seem to suggest they don ' t like mops but prefer java moss to lay there eggs in . eggs will water incubate in water of ph 7 , dh 10 . it seemed important not to add a fungal inhibitor . water incubation takes 14 days . fry will take newly hatched brine shrimp as a first food .


chetone angulosa is a moth of the erebidae family .

it was described by walker in 1854 .

it is found in central america and northern south america , including venezuela , guatemala , belize , panama and costa rica .

chetone angulosa

chetone angulosa ( walker , 1854 ) = pericopis angulosa walker , 1854 = chetone heliconides boisduval , 1870 = pericopis irenides butler , 1872 .
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distribution : ( species ) c . america & northern s . america ; ( form
method of identification : adult illustrated in colour by seitz ( 1925 ) pl . 62 , fig . b2 ( form
notes : this seems to be a very distinctive species , although the identification requires confirmation .
this information is based an ongoing project dedicated to the inventory and dissemination of information on lepidopteran larvae , their host plants , and their parasitoids in a costa rican tropical wet forest and an ecuadorian montane cloud forest .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .
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< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
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