coenagrion hastulatum , the northern damselfly or spearhead bluet , is a damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .

the species is widespread and common in northern eurasia but is restricted to elevated or bog-like sites towards the west and south .

in britain , it is confined to a few small lochans in scotland .

c. hastulatum is 31 – 33 millimetres ( 1.2 – 1.3 in ) long .

the specific part of the scientific name , hastulatum , from the latin hastula ( small spear ) is because of the distinctive markings on the second segment of the abdomen that resembles a spear .

coenagrion hastulatum

arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrion hastulatum female ( 5902893676 ) . jpg
as trusted on the
coenagrion hastulatum
page .
arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrion hastulatum male ( 5902337371 ) . jpg
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coenagrion hastulatum
page .
arne w . lehmann set
file : coenagrion hastulatum 3 ( loz ) . jpg
as an exemplar on
coenagrion hastulatum charpentier 1825
.
coenagrion _ hastulatum _ m , _ 6 - 10 - 12 , _ kh , _ vladimdacha _ ( krasn . ) . jpg
abundant in many parts of northern eurasia , but coenagrion hastulatum is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .
arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrionhastulatummale . jpg
as trusted on the
coenagrion hastulatum ( charpentier , 1825 )
page .
both sexes have bright green undersides to the eyes and face and a coenagrion spur .
the majority of ongoing threats facing coenagrion hastulatum are agriculture based , including habitat destruction through crop - farming and plantations of woodland and water pollution . in the future , global warming may contribute to the success of this species .
justification : coenagrion hastulatum has experienced declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia . there are a number of ongoing threats that will require the species to be monitored and studies are in place to do this .
the preferred habitat of coenagrion hastulatum includes a wide variety of pools and lakes in the north , but it is restricted to somewhat acidic and oligotrophic or mesotrophic habitats in much of its range . it favours well - vegetated borders , e . g . with sedges .
this species is easily confused with the other members of the genus coenagrion and with the common blue damselfly enallagma cyathigerum . look at s2 ( on the males ) for distinguishing characters . northern damselfly is a weak flyer and has a very restricted range . the females can be particularly tricky to distinguish apart .
male : segment 2 has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards ♠
spades
symbol ( see right ) . segment 8 and segment 9 are blue except for 2 small black spots on s9 .
antennae with 6 segments and prominant spotting on the head . caudal lamellae long and narrow with distinct , dark nodal constriction and dark nodal line .
this species is restricted in the uk to sedge - fringed lochans in the scottish highlands .
all photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .
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there have been declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia .
there are a variety of conservation measures in place however more are needed . the maintenance and restoration of its preferred habitat is underway , as is the monitoring of the population status and trends .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
m section 2 of the abdomen has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards ♠
spades
symbol .
is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .
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the vadigo , campogramma glaycos ( also known as the big-toothed pompano , zippered pompano , lexa and lexola ) , is a species of medium sized coastal marine fish in the jack family , carangidae .

the species is distributed throughout the eastern atlantic ocean from the british isles in the north to senegal in the south , also entering the western mediterranean sea .

the vadigo is similar in form to both the leatherjacks and the queenfish , but can be distinguished by its scaleless chest and a broad , rounded upper jaw .

it is a predatory fish , preying mostly on smaller schooling fishes .

the species was initially classified under the genus centronotus before being transferred to its own monotypic genus of campogramma .

the vadigo is of minor commercial importance throughout its range , and is also considered to be a game fish .

vadigo

christy the mermaid , inspired by the tench , vadigo , and beautiful redheads found in good ol ' ireland . ( by autumn angel art ) | art - mystique | pinterest | ange…
scientific synonyms and common names campogramma glaycos lacepède , 1801 synonyms : campogramma vadigo risso , 1810 centronotus glaycos lacepède , 1801 , hist . nat . poiss . , 1798 - 1803 , 3 : 315 ( ' mers du danemark ' and ' méditerranée ' ) . centronotus vadigo ( nec lacepède , 1801 ) : risso , 1810 , ichthyol . nice : 196 ( ' nice ' ) ( cf . code , art . 49 ) . lichia vadigo : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1828 - 1849 , 1832 , 8 : 363 moreau , 1881 - 1891 , 1881 , 2 : 459 de buen , 1926 : 103 bertin , 1929c : 163 dieuzeide et al . , 1953 - 1955 , 1954 : 231 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 445 . campogramma vadigo : regan , 1903c : 350 de buen , 1935 : 104 , fig . 52 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 664 tortonese , 1955 : 192 , fig . 3 ; 1961 : 357 wheeler , 1963 : 537 bini , 1967 - 1972 , 1968 , 5 : 73 , col . fig . caesiomorus vadigo : lozano rey , 1952 : 629 , pl . 50 ( fig . 1 ) . campogramma lirio dollfus , 1955 , fichier ichthyol . maroc atlant . : 48 , 145 . campogramma glaycos : wheeler , 1969 : 330 , fig . 108 . common names : liche lirio [ fr ] liche vadigo [ fr ] lirio [ es ] vadigo [ en ]
, under the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) common name
vadigo
are reported from the following two fao fishing areas : eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , mediterranean and black sea . only about 1 % of these landings originate in the mediterranean and black sea fishing zone , and these are declared by morocco .
dulčić , j . , marceta , b . , žiža , v . , pallaoro , a . and lipej , l . 2003 . northern extension of the range of the vadigo campogramma glaycos ( pisces : carangidae ) from the adriatic sea . journal of the marine biological association of the uk 83 ( 2003 ) : 877 - 878 .
feeding peculiarities of mass pelagic ichtyophagous fish from the canary upwelling waters and frontal zones of mauritania have been investigated : vadigo campogramma glaycos , false scad caranx rhonchus , bluefish pomatomus saltatrix , atlantic bonito sarda sarda , west african spanish mackerel scomberomorus tritor , large - eyed hairtail trichiurus lepturus and pompano trachinotus ovatus . these species feed on epipelagic fish living or forming temporary agglomerations at the depths up to 200–250 m from the surface .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
greek , kampe , - es = curvature , bent + greek , gramma = mark , signal , letter ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 15 - 30 m ( ref . 7097 ) . subtropical ; 56°n - 12°n , 26°w - 27°e
eastern atlantic : british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . also western mediterranean sea .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 58 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 2 . 8 kg ( ref . 27584 )
caught with bottom and pelagic trawls . adults are pelagic or epibenthic ( ref . 7097 ) mostly in shallow waters . they feed mainly on schooling fishes ( ref . 4233 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . , 1986 . carangidae . p . 815 - 844 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4233 )
) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 80 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .
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carpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidibé , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v .
this species is mostly found in eastern atlantic but it is also found in the western mediterranean sea . in the eastern central atlantic it is considered relatively common . it is caught in artisanal fisheries but there is no current indication of decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is mostly found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . smith - vaniz ( in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay .
albania ; algeria ; belgium ; croatia ; france ; gambia ; germany ; greece ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara
based on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eastern central african country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since .
adults are pelagic or epibenthic , mostly in shallow waters ( 15 to 30 m ) . the diet consists primarily of schooling fishes . it occurs in coastal waters throughout its range .
maximum size is unknown but it attains at least 60 cm fork length ( smith - vaniz in press ) .
the maximum size in senegal is 50 cm and this species is typically seen in mauritania during the dry season from mid - december to may .
this species is of minor commercial importance and is often utilized as a gamefish . this species is caught with bottom and pelagic trawls . it is utilized fresh , frozen , dried - salted and for fish meal and oil (
there are no major threats known for this species and there are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting .
carpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidibé , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v . 2015 .
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off the british isles . elsewhere , off morocco to senegal , including the canaries .
albuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determinação . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 pp . , 445 fig .
bertin , l . 1929c . poissons rares capturés en rade de toulon et au cap sicié . bull . soc . zool . fr . , 54 : pp . 158 - 165 .
bini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .
buen , f . de 1926 . catalogo ictiologico del mediterraneo español y de marruecos , recopilando lo publicado sobre peces de las costas mediterraneas y proximas del atlantico ( mar de españa ) . resultados camp . int . inst . esp . oceanopr . , 2 : pp . 1 - 221 , map .
buen , f . de 1935 . fauna ictiologica . catalogo de los peces ibericos : de la planicie continental , aguas dulces , pelagicos y de los abismos proximos . primera parte . notas resúm . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ser . ii , ( 88 ) : pp . 1 - 89 , pl . i - xx ( fig . 1 - 40 ) . secunda parte . ibid . , ser . ii , ( 89 ) : pp . 91 - 149 , pl . xxiliii ( fig . 40 - 115 ) .
chaine , j . 1957 . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . . . bull . cent . étud . rech . scient . biarritz , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 465 - 557 , 7 pl .
dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .
dollfus , r . ph . 1955 . première contribution à l ' établissement d ' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger à l ' embouchure de l ' oued dra . trav . inst . scient . chérif . , zool , ( 6 ) : 227 pp . , 1 map .
furnestin , j . ; dardignac , j . ; maurin , c . ; coupé , a . ; boutière , h . 1958 . données nouvelles sur les poissons du maroc atlantique . revue trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) pêch . marit . , paris , 22 ( 4 ) : pp . 379 - 493 , 1 pp . errata , 75 fig .
lozano y rey , l . 1952 . peces fisoclistos , subserie toracicos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cien . nat . , primate parte , 14 : pp . xv + 1 - 378 , fig . 1 - 20 , pl . i - xxx ; segunda parte , 14 : pp . 379 - 705 , fig . 21 - 31 , pl . xxi - li .
moreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .
regan , c . t . 1903c . on the genus lichia of cuvier . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 7 ) 12 : pp . 348 - 350 .
risso , a . 1810 . ichthyologie de nice , ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des alpes maritimes . paris , xxxvi + 388 pp . , 11 pl . ( reprint , 1966 , asher , amsterdam . )
tortonese , e . 1955a . note interno ai carangidi del mediterraneo . archo oceanogr . limnol . , 10 ( 3 ) : pp . 185 - 195 , 3 fig .
wheeler , a . 1963 . the nomenclature of the european fishes of the subfamily trachinotinae . ann . mag . nat . hist . , 1962 [ 1963 ] ( 13 ) 5 : pp . 529 - 540 .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324adce3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3437d097 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
group expert : smith - vaniz , w . , 19 - may - 2014
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7ba05384 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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the moroccan national fisheries information system aims at adopting a standard list of common names for fishery products . thus , the goal of this study is to provide a means structuring vernacular names , which , although in wide use , are highly variable and do not necessarily meet trade requisites . the 138 species considered in this study have 691 vernacular names - an average of five names per species . large disparities in the number of vernacular names were found between species and among the 16 study sites . much of this variability is due to pronunciation and syllable adjunction , which do not affect the root name structure . pronunciation aside , for the most part the analysed variability in vernacular names of fishes is of linguistic origin stemming from four geographic - and thus cultural - groups . the iberian names , preponderant in the eastern moroccan mediterranean , decreased southward in favour of arabic , amazigh and french . according to these results , the adoption of a unique standard , if even possible , might encounter resistance to dissemination by the fishermen and local populations . the adoption of two names lists , one for the moroccan mediterranean and one for the moroccan atlantic , may be a good compromise . most efforts at standardisation should then be invested at fish markets in order to integrate fish identification and labelling processes prior to selling .
indiseas ( indicators for the seas ) is a scientific program endorsed by ioc / unesco . it aims to evaluate the effects of fishing on the health status of marine ecosystems , using a panel of biodiversit…
[ more ]
we investigated 16 fishing sites in order to gather local fish names . a total of 691 vernacular names were assigned to the 138 species considered . regarding the number of names , a great part of variability was of linguistic origin , and the patterns disclosed showed four groups of sites . names of spanish origin were predominant at the national level , and their proportion decreased southward for . . . [ show full abstract ]
the saharan bank ( 21–26°n ) is a wide subtropical continental shelf and a highly productive upwelling ecosystem . the bottom communities are dominated by octopus and sparid fish , which are the main targets of bottom - trawl fishing fleets . to investigate resource partitioning within the bottom fish community , adult fish from 14 of the most abundant species were investigated for stomach content . . . [ show full abstract ]
investigation of a subtidal fish community in a south - western mediterranean settlement area of moroc . . .
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) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 80 se ; based on food items .
) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
justification : european regional assessment : lc campogramma glaycos is found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles south to senegal including the mediterranean , madeira and the canary islands . it is found at depths ranging from 15 – 30 metres . although it is sometimes found in local fish markets , it appears to be relatively rare in the northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region . there is a paucity of basic biological information available for this species . it is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean , where it can be found in some local markets . this species appears to be associated with upwelling zones , and , like many carangids , is likely taken as bycatch in industrial , semi - industrial and / or artisanal fisheries in the eastern central atlantic fishing zone . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos . campogramma glaycos is assessed as least concern in northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region
is restricted to the eastern atlantic ocean , where it is found from the bay of biscay south to senegal , including madeira and the canary islands . vagrants are reported as far north as the british isles ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea , with recent records extending the northern - most occurrence of this species in the mediterranean to piran bay , gulf of trieste , adriatic sea ( dulčić
albania ; algeria ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( greece ( mainland ) ) ; guernsey ; ireland ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jersey ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain )
the international council for the exploration of the sea ( ices ) does not collect species - specific data on carangiids for mapping purposes . all carangiid data are aggregated to the family level , indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in northeastern atlantic ocean .
smith - vaniz ( smith - vaniz in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay . survey data from the international bottom trawl survey ( ibts ) in the gulf of cadiz suggest this species is rare in the region , however this could be an artifact of sampling . from 1993 to 2014 , 17 specimens ranging in size from 12
25 cm total length ( tl ) were collected . all specimens were collected in the spring of 1999 . this species is not commercially important in the gulf of cadiz
landings declared to fao originate in the eca , and within the eca , the large majority of landings are declared by morocco .
like many carangids , is taken as bycatch in the pelagic industrial and artisanal fisheries off the coast of west africa ( palomares and pauly 2004 ) . there is evidence of declining commercial landings and declining biomass of many species taken in these fisheries , and pelagic stocks are considered overexploited in the cecaf north assessment area ( gascuel
. 2010 , cecaf 2009 ) . in the eca species appears to be associated with upwelling zones ( gushchin and fall 2012 ) .
campogramma glaycos is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is marketed in the fish markets of istanbul , although typically in small numbers ( tekinay et al . 2003 ) . this species feeds on small fishes , and it is inferred that it is landed as bycatch in mediterranean fisheries targeting small pelagics such as sardine and anchovies . carangids are a commercially important bycatch of industrial small pelagic fisheries off the atlantic coast of west africa . this species is also considered a gamefish .
there is little species - specific data available for c . glaycos in the nea and mediterranean portion of its range . this species is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting small pelagics .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos within the northeastern atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and black sea . this species was assessed as data deficient in the 2007 mediterranean assessment ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .
9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 1 . marine neritic - pelagic suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 4 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 5 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 6 . marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 7 . marine neritic - macroalgal / kelp suitability : unknown season : unknown
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ]
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 2 . harvest level trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 3 . trade trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 4 . habitat trends
abdul malak , d . a . , livingstone , s . r . , pollard , d . , polidoro , b . a . , cuttelod , a . , bariche , m . , bilecenoglu , m . , carpenter , k . e . , collette , b . b . , francour , p . , goren , m . , kara , m . h . , massuti , e . , papaconstantinou , c . and tunesi , l . 2011 . overview of the conservation status of the marine fishes of the mediterranean sea . in : iucn ( ed . ) . gland , switzerland .
dulvy , n . k . , sadovy , y . and reynolds , j . d . 2003 . extinction vulnerability in marine populations . fish and fisheries 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 64 .
fao . 2009 . fishery committee for the eastern central atlantic : report of the fifth session of the scientific sub - committee : casablanca , morocco , 4 - 6 december 2007 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , regional office for africa , 2009 .
gascuel , d . , monteiro , c . , yahya , s . , brahim , k . , bouzouma , m . and vally , y . o . 2010 . estimation des captures par espèce , pour les différentes flottilles opérant en mauritanie ( 1991 / 2005 ) . rapport du sixième groupe de travail de l’imrop : 1 - 15 .
gushchin , a . v . and fall , k . o . m . 2012 . ichthyofauna of littoral of the gulf arguin , mauritania . journal of ichthyology 52 ( 2 ) : 160 - 171 .
iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 november 2011 ) .
iucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 28 may 2015 ) .
palomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . 2004 . west african marine ecosystems : models and fisheries impacts . in : palomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . ( eds ) , fisheries centre research reports . the fisheries centre , vancouver .
smith - vaniz , w . f . 1986b . carangidae . in : p . j . p . whitehead , m . l . bauchot , j . c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds ) , fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , pp . 815 - 844 . unesco , paris .
smith - vaniz , w . f . in press . carangidae . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic . .
tekinay , a . a . , alpaslan , m . , özen , ö . , akyüz , p . e . , kahyaoğlu , g . and güroy , d . 2003 . a comparative analysis of istanbul fish market records between 1998 and 2001 . eu journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 20 ( 3 - 4 ) : 413 - 418 .
herrera , j . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2015 .
de morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidibé , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern central atlantic , the mediterranean and is common in some parts of its range . it is caught in mixed - species fisheries throughout its range . based on mixed - species catches reported for carangids in the region , landings are fluctuating , but there is no current indication of decline in catch . fao reported data show a gradual decline from the 1990 to present , but with stable catches being report over the last decade . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species being confused because of local changes in reporting according to name changes . there has been an observed 80 % decrease in average weight taken in scientific surveys off the coast of mauritania to guinea from 1990 to 1998 . it is also considered a very fast growing species . it is listed as least concern . more species - specific information on the population status , catch statistics , life history , biology and impact of major threats is needed .
in the eastern atlantic , this species is found from southern bay of biscay to south africa , including the mediterranean . in the mediterranean basin , lichia amia occurs in the iberian waters ( dempster et al . 2002 ) , in the southern tunisia ( souissi et al . 2005 ) , in the tyrrhenian sea ( romanelli et al . 2002 ) , in the central adriatic sea ( duclic and glamuzina 2006 ) and in the aegean waters ( akin et al . 2005 ) . in the eastern central atlantic , this species is known from mauritania to angola , including cape verde .
albania ; algeria ; angola ; benin ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; cape verde ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; israel ; italy ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ; nigeria ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; western sahara
in the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is widespread , but not considered common . based on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since . species - specific landings reported by countries in the region to fao , show an increase to an average of 1 , 800 metric tonnes in the 1990s and then a decrease to about 400 metric tonnes over the past 10 years . in the mediterranean sea , this fish is widespread but not common and abundant only seasonally in certain areas . fao landings for this species show dramatic declines . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species . under leerfish in turkey , are often included as greater amberjack since the local common name is the same . in 2000 , the leerfish and greater amberjack were separated apart in the statistics in turkey and therefore it appears as if the dramatic declines are due to a statistical anomaly .
this species is utilized fresh , frozen , smoked , dried - salted and for fishmeal and oil ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is a popular game fish .
lichia amia is a commercial species that is caught with hook and line and is a popular game fish . landings from area 34 ( atlantinc , easter central ) and 37 ( mediterranean and balck sea ) range from 1 , 000 to 10 , 000 metric tonnes . in the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . in senegal , it is taken in beach seines and is exported to the interior . it is not a high value species .
this species occurs in marine protected areas . there is a minimum size requirement of 20 cm tl in turkey .
de morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidibé , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v . 2015 .
feeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae | springerlink
feeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae
original russian text © a . v . gushchin , a . corten , 2016 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2016 , vol . 56 , no . 1 , pp . 68–75 .
program “small pelagic fish , ” imrop - rivo , 2002–2004 : mauritania , institut mauritanien de recherches océanographiques et des pêches , netherlands , institute for marine resources and ecosystem studies .
buckel , j . a . , fogarty , m . j . , and conover , d . o . , foraging habits of bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix , on the u . s . east coast continental shelf ,
caverivière , a . and andriamirado , g . a . r . , minimal fish predation for the pink shrimp penaeus notalis in senegal ( west africa ) ,
cayré , p . , amon kothias , j . b . , diouf , t . , and stretta , j . m . , biology of tuna , in resources , fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the eastern central atlantic ,
, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , pp . 147–244 .
collette , b . b . and nauen , c . e . , fao species catalogue , in
scombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos , and related species known to date , fao fish . syn .
, rome : food agric . org . , 1983 , vol . 2 , no . 125 .
creaser , e . p . and perkins , h . c . , the distribution , food and age of juvenile bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix in maine ,
gushchin , a . v . and corten , a . , feeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 1 . european anchovy engraulis encrasicolus , european sardine sardina pilchardus , round sardinella sardinella aurita , and flat sardinella s . maderensis ,
metodicheskoe posobie po izucheniyu pitanya i pishchevykh otnoshenii ryb v estestvennykh usloviyakh ( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships between fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .
mianzan , h . w . , mari , n . , prenski , b . , and sanchez , f . , fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the argentine continental shelf : a neglected food resource ?
nakamura , i . and parin , n . v . , fao species catalogue , in snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) ,
, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , vol . 15 , no . 125 .
, paris : unesco , 1986 , vol . 2 , pp . 815–844 .
, rome : food agric . org . , 1980 , no . 118 .
10 or 11 + 14 to 17 ( 24 - 27 total , usually 10 + 14 ) .
, including trachurus , usually occur in dense schools near the bottom in depths of 100 - 200 m but may extend to 500 m . feeding varies from planktonic
are highly sought by sport fishermen and valued as table food , others mainly utilized for fishmeal and oil . caught commercially with trawls , purse seines , traps and on line gear .
smith - vaniz , w . f . ; bauchot , m . - l . ; desoutter , m . 1979 . catalogue critique des types de poissons du museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( famille des carangidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris , 3e ser . , in press .
smith - vaniz , w . f . ; berry , f . h . 1981 . carangidae . in : w . fischer et al . ( eds . ) , fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic , fishing area 34 and part of 47 . fao , rome .
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
three specimens of apogonids species of total length 72 . 69 , 106 . 28 and 110 . 67 mm were caught off tuticorin at the depths of 90 - 100 m as a bycatch on 1st january 2013 from the commercial trawler operated from tuticorin fishing harbour , southeast coast of india . in this paper , on the occurrence of jaydia queketti was figured and the comprehensive diagnostic features of the recorded specimens were elucidated . the species of this genus jaydia is distributed continentally and often caught as a bycatch from shrimp or fish trawl . these species are widely distributed in new guinea , larger islands in the coral sea , australia , arabian sea of india and also from africa to japan . nevertheless , the present observation shows the occurrence of j . queketti from the by - catch of trawl fishery operated along gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india .
38 & apos ; 127
n and 78°12 & apos ; 612
e ) .
range extension of the titan cardinalfish , holapogon maximus ( boulenger , 1888 ) in the southern coast . . .
three specimens of apogonids were collected from tuticorin fishing harbour , off tuticorin , gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india during november 2012 ( two specimens ) and december 2014 ( one specimen ) . the morphometric and meristic characters of the recorded specimens are described and discussed . based on the key diagnostic characters like presence of seven anal - fin rays , villiform teeth and . . . [ show full abstract ]
an evaluation of economic impact on juvenile landings of cephalopods in mumbai waters , northwest coa . . .
economic assessment of juvenile landings of 5 dominant cephalopods at new ferry wharf ( nfw ) landing centre , mumbai was carried out during january to december , 2013 . dominant cephalopod fishery recorded include one species of squid , uroteuthis ( p ) duvaucelii , three species of cuttlefishes , sepia elliptica , sepia pharaonis , sepiella inermis and a species of octopus , cistopus indicus together . . . [ show full abstract ]
assessment of marine genetic resources of gulf of mannar biosphere reserve - tamil nadu , india 760 ( p . . .
the gulf of mannar biosphere reserve ( gombr ) including the gulf of mannar ( gom ) national park is considered as ’biological paradise’ because of the diverse ecological niches like coral islands , estuaries , seagrass beds , pearl paars , chank beds , mangroves forests and beaches . the gombr harbours numerous marine flora and fauna of global significance and considered as one of the world’s richest . . . [ show full abstract ]


labullinyphia is a monoypic genus of spiders in the linyphiidae family endemic to sri lanka .

the sole species is labullinyphia tersa .

it was first described in 1985 by van helsdingen .

labullinyphia

phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription . . .
benjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history , 12 , 161–181 .
benjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) . phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history 12 : 161 - 181 . - - show included taxa
linyphia tersa simon , 1894a : 691 ( d f ) . labullinyphia tersa van helsdingen , 1985b : 16 , f . 5 - 7 ( t f from linyphia ) . labullinyphia tersa millidge , 1993c : 146 , f . 12 ( f ) . labullinyphia tersa benjamin & hormiga , 2009 : 169 , f . 1a - f , 2a - c , 3 , 4a - b , 5a - i , 6a - f , 7a - i , 8a - f , 9a - f ( f , d m ) .
lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 011000 ]
helsdingen , p . j . van ( 1985b ) . araneae : linyphiidae of sri lanka , with a note on erigonidae . entomologica scandinavica ( suppl . ) 30 : 13 - 30 . - - show included taxa
millidge , a . f . ( 1993c ) . further remarks on the taxonomy and relationships of the linyphiidae , based on the epigynal duct confirmations and other characters ( araneae ) . bulletin of the british arachnological society 9 : 145 - 156 . - - show included taxa
simon , e . ( 1894a ) . histoire naturelle des araignées . paris 1 , 489 - 760 . - - show included taxa
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world spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )
platnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , sri lanka , china , southeast asia [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . , flat dorsally , finely rugulose , covered with fine grey hairs . . . .
. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , pakistan and sri lanka [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . thankful to dr krushnamegh kunte , lab 8 , national centre for biological sciences , ( bangalore , india ) for allowing me to use the stereo microscope facility and to deposit the studied specimens . . . .
. . . currently , 64 species placed in 48 genera are known from sri lanka ( world spider catalog 2015 ) . however , recent fieldwork and taxonomic work conducted by us suggests that this is only a fraction of the true diversity of the family on the island ( benjamin 2004 ( benjamin , 2006 ( benjamin , 2010 ( benjamin , 2015 . here we report results of our endeavor to survey and describe this diversity , recording three new genera for the island as well as describing four new species . . . .
i would appreciated it if you could send me a copy of this paper .
two new species of the genus myrmarachne are described ( myrmarachne acutidens sp . n . , myrmarachne epigealis sp . n . ) , and myrmarachne macrognatha and myrmarachne melanocephala are redescribed from flores specimens . the females of myrmarachne macrognatha are recorded for the first time .
the higher - level phylogenetic relationships of crab spiders ( thomisidae ) are studied from morphological data . 33 taxa are coded for 74 characters ( 53 binary and 21 multistate ) . several analyses using equal , successive and implied weights were carried out . the most parsimonious tree obtained by analysis with successive and implied weights is put forward as the preferred hypothesis of thomisid . . . [ show full abstract ]
five species of ant - mimicking jumping spiders are recorded from india : myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967 , m . melanocephala macleay , 1839 , m . plataleoides ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 ) , m . prava ( karsch , 1880 ) , and m . ramunni narayan , 1915 . all these species are redescribed and illustrated in detail .
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suresh p . benjamin national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .
nilani kanesharatnam national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .
benjamin , s . p . ( 2004 ) taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily ballinae ( araneae , salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 142 , 1–82 . urltoken
benjamin , s . p . ( 2006 ) the male of marengo nitida with the description of m . rattotensis new species from sri lanka ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 1326 , 25–36 .
benjamin , s . p . ( 2010 ) revision and cladistic analysis of the jumping spider genus onomastus ( araneae : salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 159 , 711–745 . urltoken
benjamin , s . p . ( 2011 ) phylogenetics and comparative morphology of crab spiders ( araneae : dionycha , thomisidae ) . zootaxa , 3080 , 1–108 .
bremer , k . ( 1988 ) the limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction . evolution , 42 . 795–803 . urltoken
bremer , k . ( 1994 ) branch support and tree stability . cladistics , 10 , 295–304 . urltoken
dingerkus , g . & uhler , l . d . ( 1977 ) enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage . stain technology , 52 , 229–232 . urltoken
edwards , g . b . ( 2015 ) freyinae , a major new subfamily of neotropical jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 4036 , 1–87 . urltoken
farris , j . s . ( 1970 ) methods for computing wagner trees . systematic zoology , 19 , 83–92 . urltoken
fitch , w . m . ( 1971 ) toward defining the course of evolution : minimum change for a specific tree topology . systematic biology , 20 , 406–416 . urltoken
galiano , m . e . ( 1962 ) redescripciones de especies del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 , basadas en los ejenplares tpicos . descripcin de una especie nueva ( araneae : salticidae ) . acta zoologica lilloana , 18 , 45–97 .
galiano , m . e . ( 1980 ) revisin del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 ( araneae : salticidae ) . opera lilloana , 30 , 1–104 .
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eupithecia carpophagata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in the mountains of europe , including the eastern pyrenees , the central and southern part of the alps , the massif central , the central apennines and the balkan peninsula .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the larvae feed on silene species , including silene cordifolia , silene saxifraga and silene rupestris .

larvae can be found from the end of june to september .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

eupithecia carpophagata

habitat : eupithecia carpophagata colonized rocky terrain , dry slopes and rocky or dry grassland - like forest edges .
remarks : eupithecia carpophagata is distributed in some european mountains : eastern pyrenees , central and southern alps , the french massif central , central apennines , balkan peninsula . on calcareous rocks , the moths are brighter .
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host plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species , according to literature on silene saxifraga and s . rupestris . i found it common in the italian alps at 2500m above sea level on silene cordifolia in mid - august 2010 . additionally i observed eggs and larvae in the northern greek phalakro mountains in july 2011 on silene saxifraga .
life cycle : the pupa hibernates . the moths fly from late may to early august in a single generation . the caterpillar is found from late june to september . it feeds on flowers and seeds of the silene species .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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halaphritis platycephala is a species of thornfish native to the indian ocean waters off of tasmania where it can be found at depths of from 5 to 13 metres ( 16 to 43 ft ) preferring caves and other low-light habitats .

this species grows to a length of 16.8 centimetres ( 6.6 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

halaphritis platycephala

flathead congolli , halaphritis platycephala . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
last , p . r . ; balushkin , a . v . ; hutchins , j . b . halaphritis platycephala ( nototheniodei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia . 2002 ; ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 .
last , p . r . , a . v . balushkin and j . b . hutchins , 2002 . halaphritis platycephala ( notothenioidei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia 2002 ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 . ( ref . 43123 )
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greek , als = salt + greek , aphritis , - idos = anchovy ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 13 m ( ref . 43123 ) . temperate
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43123 )
lives deep inside caves or under ledges in semi - exposed habitats in the near shore where light levels are low . adapted to creeping around the bottom in cramped confines . in captivity , it crawls over the substrate rather than swim . feeds on shrimps and other small crustaceans in captivity ( ref . 43123 ) .
) : 13 . 4 - 18 . 3 , mean 17 ( based on 75 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 55 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
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last , balushkin & hutchins , 2002 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280978 on 2018 - 07 - 09
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a flathead congolli at a depth of 17 m , cathedral cave , tasman peninsula , tasmania , 2015 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
glover , c . j . m . 1994 ,
family bovichtidae
, ed . gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , the fishes of australia ' s south coast , pp . pp . 725 - 728 , state printer , adelaide
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92b09c8d - 5e66 - 4a6e - a46c - 48fdd622301f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6023f7fb - 1290 - 42c4 - 9f5d - 87d71e311f6c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433972
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