synodontis polystigma is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the upper congo basin of the democratic republic of the congo and zambia .

it was first described by george albert boulenger in 1915 .

the original specimens were obtained at lukonzolwa , in lake mweru , in what is now the democratic republic of the congo .

the species name polystigma is derived from poly , meaning " many " and stigma , meaning " mark or spot " , referring to the numerous black spots on the body and fins of the species .

synodontis polystigma

fuente : wikipedia . paginas : 26 . capitulos : synodontis njassae , synodontis multipunctata , synodontis nigriventris , synodontis eupterus , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis resupinatus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis woosnami , synodontis nigrita , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis leopardina , synodontis flavitaeniatus , synodontis petricola , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis clarias , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis macrops , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis obesus , synodontis angelica , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis ruandae , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis violacea , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis waterloti , synodontis schall , synodontis ricardoae , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis bastiani , synodontis schoutedeni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis matthesi , synodontis macrophthalmus , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis albolineata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis tanganyicae , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis dhonti , synodontis punctifer , synodontis pardalis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis polystigma , synodontis centralis , synodontis polli , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis robertsi , synodontis gobroni , synodontis greshoffi , synodontis velifer , synodontis brichardi , synodontis unicolor , synodontis lufirae , synodontis pleurops , synodontis budgetti , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis nummifer , synodontis tessmanni , synodontis pulcher , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis katangae , synodontis koensis , synodontis iturii , synodontis alberti , synodontis depauwi , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis polyodon , synodontis soloni , synodontis laessoei , synodontis thysi , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis cou . . .
font : wikipedia . p gines : 24 . cap tols : synodontis nigriventris , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis cuangoana , synodontis leopardina , synodontis guttata , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis brichardi , synodontis zanzibarica , synodontis koensis , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis eupterus , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis comoensis , synodontis njassae , synodontis gambiensis , synodontis woosnami , synodontis ngouniensis , synodontis petricola , synodontis clarias , synodontis schall , synodontis multipunctatus , synodontis sorex , synodontis xiphias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis caudovittata , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis omias , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis nigrita , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis dhonti , synodontis macropunctata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis nummifer , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis melanoptera , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis polystigma , synodontis depauwi , synodontis grandiops , synodontis frontosa , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis obesus , synodontis decora , synodontis punctifer , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis violacea , synodontis geledensis , synodontis soloni , synodontis levequei , synodontis granulosa , synodontis serpentis , synodontis angelica , synodontis lucipinnis , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis macrops , synodontis fascipinna , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis ilebrevis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis waterloti , synodontis pardalis , synodontis ornatissima , synodontis caudalis , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis aterrima , synodontis matthesi , synodontis albolineata , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis budgetti , sy . . .
synodontis polystigma is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .
: 6 . an aggressive fish that thrives when frequent partial water changes are made . the polystigma must be kept in a large tank .
lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . ©
synodontis
may also squeak when they are taken out of the water .
synodontis membranaceus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) referring to membranes on maxillary and mandibular barbels
synodontis aterrimus is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .
synodontis annectens boulenger 1911 linking or joining , believed to be intermediate in form between s . sorex and s . clarias
synodontis aterrimus is known from the central congo river basin . it is not known from the kwango , kasai and lukenie systems .
synodontis bastiani daget 1948 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) bastian ( no other information available ) , who collected type
synodontis dekimpei paugy 1987 in honor of p . de kimpe , musée royal de l’afrique centrale ( tervuren ) , who collected type
synodontis macrops greenwood 1963 macro - , large ; ops , eye , referring to larger eye compared to the similar s . schall
musschoot , t . , and p . lalèyè . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 13031331 .
synodontis longispinis pellegrin 1930 longus , long ; spinis , spine , described as a variety of s . batesii with a longer dorsal - fin spine
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .
fossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .
synodontis gobroni daget 1954 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) gobron , a volunteer at laboratoire de diafarabé ( mail ) , who collected type
synodontis irsacae matthes 1959 of i . r . s . a . c . ( institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale ) , matthes’ employer
synodontis thysi poll 1971 in honor of poll’s musée de l’afrique centrale colleague , dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type
synodontis obesus boulenger 1898 fat , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to less - elongate body shape compared to s . serratus , with which it had been misidentified
synodontis soloni boulenger 1899 in memory of alexandre solon , a young traveler who died in congo after helping capt . capra ( no other information available ) collect fish
6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a–b ) … synodontis
synodontis haugi pellegrin 1906 in honor of protestant missionary ernest haug ( d . 1915 ) , a correspondent of múseum national d’histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who collected type
reproduced from 1971 . revision des synodontis africains ( famille mochocidae ) . ann . mus . r . afr . cent . ser . 8 zool . . . .
synodontis polyodon vaillant 1895 poly , many ; odon , tooth , referring to greater number of mandibular teeth ( ~ 75 ) compared to s . schall ( ~ 25 )
day , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548552 .
synodontis robbianus smith 1875 – anus , belonging to : rev . alexander robb , who provided specimens from the “old calavar district of tropical africa , ” including type of this one
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193202 .
sanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 8999 .
synodontis nummifer boulenger 1899 nummus , coin ; fero , to bear , referring to 1 - 2 rounded ( i . e . , coin - like ) black spots on the sides
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 8597 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98113 .
synodontis courteti pellegrin 1906 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) courtet , member of french 1902 - 1903 mission to study the region between ubangi river and lake chad , during which type was collected
most medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .
microsynodontis boulenger 1903 micro - , small , referring to small size of m . batesii ( 10 cm tl ) , i . e . , a small synodontis ( all other species are small , too )
squeaker catfishes ( pisces , mochokidae , synodontis ) are widely distributed throughout africa and inhabit a biogeographic range similar to that of the exceptionally diverse cichlid fishes , including the three east african great lakes and their surrounding rivers . since squeaker catfishes also prefer the same types of habitats as many of the cichlid species , we hypothesized that the east african synodontis species provide an excellent model group for comparative evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses .
synodontis robertsi poll 1974 in honor of ichthyologist tyson r . roberts ( b . 1940 ) , who helped collect type during a national geographic society expedition to zaire ( now democratic republic of the congo ) in 1973
synodontis serpentis whitehead 1962 snake , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to marbled pattern on caudal peduncle of juveniles ( e . schraml , pers . comm . ) , which resembles the marbled pattern seen on many constrictors
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99154 .
synodontis polli gosse 1982 in honor of belgian ichthyologist max poll ( 1908 - 1991 ) , for his revision of the genus [ replacement name for s . eurystomus matthes 1959 , preoccupied by s . eurystomus pfeffer 1889 ]
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294300 .
koblmüller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .
synodontis acanthomias boulenger 1899 acanthus , thorn ; omias , perhaps from the greek omos , shoulder or humerus , referring to humeral process armed with spines ( name may also refer to s . omias , to which this species had incorrectly been identified )
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet refers to its black ( nigro = black ) spots ( maculatus , - a = spots ) .
friel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 312 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the ogôoué river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 4556 .
synodontis ornatissimus gosse 1982 very ornate or decorated , referring to its “striking” coloration ( translation ) , with many black spots on body and dorsal fin and black bands on tail [ replacement name for s . ornatus boulenger 1920 , preoccupied by s . ornatus pappenheim 1914 ]
de weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngounié and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121128 .
synodontis vanderwaali skelton & white 1990 in honor of zoologist ben van der waal , university of venda ( south africa ) , who collected type , for his donations of fishes from northern namibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology and the albany museum
nine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .
dating of the major cladogenetic events in synodontis with r8s . we ran three independent analyses in r8s [ 32 ] with different calibration points using the maximum estimated age for the lacustrine habitat in lakes malawi ( 1 my [ 49 ] ) and tanganyika ( 6 my [ 46–48 ] ) , as well as the minimum age of the east african clade of synodontis as suggested by the oldest known synodontis fossil in that region ( > 20 my [ 45 ] ) . in the first analysis , all three calibrations were applied ( 1 / 6 / 20 calibration ) ; in the second cycle , we used the lake malawi and the fossil calibration ( 1 / 20 calibration ) ; in the third round , we only used the fossil based calibration ( 20 calibration ) . the numbers indicate the average value ( in my ) obtained from a bootstrap approach with 30 replicates , the minimum and maximum values are depicted in round brackets ( in italics ) . square brackets indicate the time constraints used for the different r8s analyses and the range of the actual numbers used in the bootstrap replicates ( in round brackets ) . the estimates for the age of the entire genus synodontis should be interpreted with caution , as the values lie outside our range of calibration points
even more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .
synodontis ricardoae seegers 1996 in honor of cicely kate ricardo ( later ricardo - bertram , 1912 - 1999 ) , who , together with ms . r . j . owen , collected in the lake rukwa drainage ( where this species occurs ) and co - authored several important papers on the fishes of east and central africa
beyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .
our analyses reveal the existence of six major lineages of synodontis in east africa that diversified about 20 mya from a central and / or west african ancestor . the six lineages show a clear geographic patterning . two lineages are endemic to lake tanganyika ( plus one non - endemic representative ) , and these are the only two synodontis lineages that diversified further into a small array of species . one of these species is the cuckoo catfish ( s . multipunctatus ) , a unique brood parasite of mouthbrooding haplochromine cichlids , which seems to have evolved in parallel with the radiation of its cichlid host lineage , the tropheini . we also detect an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in s . multipunctatus , which might be the consequence of co - evolutionary dynamics .
based largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized ‘species flocks’ of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this ‘flock’ is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .
dorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . ©
little is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .
composite consensus tree of the phylogenetic analyses . the strictconsensus of the neighbor - joining tree , the most parsimonious trees , the optimal maximum likelihood topology ( see fig . 4 ) and the bayesian inference tree is shown . numbers above the branches are neighbor - joining and maximum parsimony bootstrap values , numbers below the branches represent maximum likelihood bootstraps and bayesian posterior probabilities . the grey box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .
the mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes . ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .
maximum likelihood tree . maximum likelihood topology based on the k81uf + i + γ model of molecular evolution [ 70 ] with nucleotide frequencies a , 0 . 3581 , c , 0 . 2676 , g , 0 . 1368 , t , 0 . 2375 , proportion of invariable sites ( i ) , 0 . 2461 , gamma shape parameter ( α ) , 0 . 7306 , and r - matrix a↔g , a↔t , c↔g and g↔t , 1 . 0000 ; a↔g , 7 . 7875 and c↔t , 1 . 2463 . the blue box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle .
pigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .
many mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .
greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
africa : upper lualaba , lake mweru and luapula up to johnston falls ( upper congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo and zambia ( ref . 78218 , 82238 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 24 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3202 )
oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
gosse , j . - p . , 1986 . mochokidae . p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3202 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .
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catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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mochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .
lateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . ©
vigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .
1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2
1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5
2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e–f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) … chiloglanis
2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3
3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) … atopodontus
3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4
4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus
4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys
5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c–f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6
5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7
6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) … microsynodontis
7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron
7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8
chapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130135 .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1628 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the ogôoué and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 1323 .
jubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .
ng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 113 .
otero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141169 .
roberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151178 .
sato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 5859 .
seegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . musée royal de lafrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1407 .
seegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .
stewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177230
vigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73136 .
winemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 10431061 .
wisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 4570 .
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. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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malapterurus minjiriya sagua 1987 hausa word for this species , which fishers along the niger river can easily distinguish from m . electricus
paradoxoglanis cryptus norris 2002 hidden or secret , referring to close superficial resemblance to p . parvu s
atopochilus macrocephalus boulenger 1906 macro - , long ; cephalus , referring to longer head compared to a . savorgnani
atopochilus mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j . th . mandeville , fisheries agent , government of leopoldville ( now kinshasa , democratic republic of the congo ) , who collected some of the paratypes
chiloglanis brevibarbis boulenger 1902 brevis , short ; barbis , barbel , referring to shorter barbels compared to c . deckenii and c . niloticus
chiloglanis camarabounyi schmidt & bart 2017 named for camara - bounyi , guinean village adjacent to type locality ; residents generously allowed access to the river , assisted with collecting , and the children provided the common name “fanye makonyi , ” i . e . , “the fish that bites people , ” likely referring to its sharp pectoral - and dorsal - fin spines and associated venom
chiloglanis devosi schmidt , bart & nyingi 2015 in honor of the late luc devos ( 1957 - 2003 ) , director of the ichthyology section at the national museums of kenya , who was instrumental in establishing its collection and building it into a regional and internationally invaluable collection , and who was partly responsible for discovering and recognizing this species and c . kerioensis as distinct
chiloglanis disneyi trewavas 1974 in honor of medical entomologist ronald henry lambert disney ( b . 1938 ) , who collected type
chiloglanis emarginatus jubb & le roux 1969 referring to emarginate ( having a notched tip or edge ) caudal fin , compared to deeply forked caudal fin of c . bifurcus
chiloglanis normani pellegrin 1933 in honor of ichthyologist j . r . ( john roxborough ) norman ( 1898 - 1944 ) , british museum ( natural history ) , who described the similar c . polyodon in 1932
chiloglanis paratus crass 1960 latin for prepared or equipped , apparently a key word in the family motto of t . g . fraser ( natal parks , game and fish preservation board ) , “whose enthusiastic efforts have brought in much useful material”
chiloglanis pojeri poll 1944 in honor of dr . g . pojer ( a belgian scientist , no other information available ) , who collected type
chiloglanis somereni whitehead 1958 in honor of dr . v . d . von someren , m . b . e . , senior research officer , ministry of forest development , game and fisheries , nairobi , kenya , where whitehead was affiliated at the time
euchilichthys boulengeri nichols & la monte 1934 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of ichthyologist - herpetologist george a . boulenger ( 1858 - 1937 ) , who proposed the genus in 1900
euchilichthys royauxi boulenger 1902 in honor of capt . louis royaux , who led expedition that collected type and supplied indigenous names of the species collected
microsynodontis lamberti poll & gosse 1963 in honor of poll’s frequent collaborator j . g . lambert , “well - versed in many genera of african fishes” ( translation )
mochokiella howes 1980 – iella , a diminutive , referring to dwarf size of m . paynei , i . e . , a small mochokid
mochokiella paynei howes 1980 in honor of a . i . payne , university of sierra leone , who collected type
mochokus joannis 1835 latinization of mouchchouéké , arabic name for m . niloticus , roughly translating as “don’t get stung or jabbed by it , ” referring to its dangerously sharp spines , which local fishermen try to avoid
mochokus brevis boulenger 1906 short , referring to shorter caudal part of body compared to m . niloticus
irvineia trewavas 1943 – ia , belonging to : dr . f . r . irvine , former biology master at achimota college , gold coast ( now ghana ) , who presented local fishes to the british museum ( natural history ) , including type of i . voltae
irvineia orientalis trewavas 1964 eastern , referring to its east african distribution compared to the west african i . voltae
pareutropius buffei ( gras 1961 ) in honor of m . ( monsieur ) buffe , director , eaux et forêts ( waters and forests ) service , dahomey ( now benin ) , “who witnessed the discovery” of this species ( translation )
pareutropius debauwi ( boulenger 1900 ) in honor of lieut . g . de bauw ( probably a belgian army officer ) , who collected type
pareutropius mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j . th . mandeville , fisheries agent , government of leopoldville ( now kinshasa , democratic republic of the congo ) , who collected type
schilbe oken 1817 latinization of “les schilbé” used by cuvier in 1816 , based on a local name for s . mystus along the nile river
schilbe intermedius rüppell 1832 intermediate in certain characters between s . uranoscopus and siluranodon auritus ( then placed in schilbe )
schilbe laticeps ( boulenger 1899 ) latus , broad ; ceps , head , referring to its large and broad head , wider than head of s . congensis
siluranodon bleeker 1858 silurus , referring to previous placement of s . auritus in that genus ; ano - , without and odon , tooth , referring to what bleeker mistakenly believed was a lack of teeth ( teeth are very reduced ; those on upper jaw tend to be lost due to damage , while those on lower jaw are overgrown by surrounding bone )
siluranodon auritus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) eared , from the local arabian name wadi denne ( “provided with ears” ) , referring to large , rounded pectoral fins just behind head , which resemble two big ears
auchenoglanis biscutatus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) bi - , two ; scutatus , shielded , referring to nuchal shield divided into two parts
auchenoglanis occidentalis ( valenciennes 1840 ) western , referring to its distribution ( described from senegal ) compared to the similar a . biscutatus of egypt
notoglanidium günther 1903 notos , back , presumably referring to “rather long” dorsal fin of n . walkeri ; glanidium , diminutive of glanis , sheatfish ( silurus glanis ) , now used as a general term for catfish
notoglanidium akiri ( risch 1987 ) in honor of mrs . p . j . akiri ( rivers state university of science and technology , port harcourt , nigeria ) , ichthyologist , who collected type
notoglanidium thomasi boulenger 1916 in honor of anthropologist northcote w . thomas , who collected type
parauchenoglanis longiceps ( boulenger 1913 ) longus , long ; ceps , head , referring to longer , narrower head compared to p . balayi
parauchenoglanis monkei ( keilhack 1910 ) in honor of dr . h . monke ( no other information available ) , who collected type
parauchenoglanis ngamensis ( boulenger 1911 ) – ensis , suffix denoting place : lake ngami district ( i . e . , area ) , botswana , type locality
amarginops hildae ( bell - cross 1973 ) in honor of hilda jubb , albany museum , grahamstown , south africa ( wife of ichthyologist rex a . jubb ) , “whose excellent fish illustrations of southern african freshwater fishes [ including type of this species ] have been admired by all”
bathybagrus bailey & stewart 1984 bathys , deep , referring to “profundal habitat” of b . tetranema ; bagrus , a bagrid catfish ( originally placed in bagridae )
chrysichthys bleeker 1858 chrysos , gold , referring to golden - yellow head and / or specific name of c . auratus ( = golden ) ; ichthys , fish
chrysichthys auratus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) golden , referring to golden - yellow head ( at least on the specimens that geoffroy st . hilaire examined )
chrysichthys johnelsi daget 1959 in honor of zoologist alf g . johnels ( 1916 - 2010 ) , swedish museum of natural history , who observed and reported the first specimens in 1954
chrysichthys persimilis günther 1899 per - , very ; similis , similar , described as “extremely similar” to the type of c . furcatus
chrysichthys platycephalus worthington & ricardo 1937 platy , flat ; cephalus , head , referring to broader , more flattened head compared to the similar c . graueri
chrysichthys praecox hardman & stiassny 2008 early ripening or precocious , referring to small size at maturity ( 31 . 7 - 62 . 5 mm sl )
chrysichthys teugelsi risch 1987 in honor of ichthyologist guy g . teugels ( 1954 - 2003 ) , muséum national d’histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who helped collect type
chrysichthys wagenaari boulenger 1899 in honor of lieut . wagenaar ( no other information available , probably a dutch army officer ) , who collected upper congo fishes for boulenger , including presumably the type of this one
chrysichthys longidorsalis risch & thys van den audenaerde 1981 longus , long ; dorsalis , dorsal , referring to long dorsal fin , reaching to at least adipose fin when folded [ replacement name for gephyroglanis velifer thys van den audenaerde 1965 , preoccupied in chrysichthys by c . velifer ( = maurus ) norman 1923 ]
subgenus melanodactylus bleeker 1858 melano - , black ; daktylos , finger , referring to dark - edged fins of type species , arius acutivelis ( = c . nigrodigitatus )
chrysichthys thysi risch 1985 in honor of ichthyologist dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type
clarotes kner 1855 named after the ancient greek klaroten , a term for slaves ( i . e . , “people with bent necks” [ translation ] , according to kner ) , referring to sharp downward - sloping angle of head
clarotes bidorsalis pellegrin 1938 bi - , two ; dorsalis , dorsal , referring to spine in adipose fin of adults ( apparently bigger or more pronounced than adipose fin on c . laticeps ) , giving the impression that it has two dorsal fins
clarotes macrocephalus daget 1954 macro - , large ; cephalus , head , referring to larger head compared to c . laticeps
phyllonemus boulenger 1906 phyllon , leaf ; nemus , thread , referring to leaf - like membrane at tips of maxillary barbels of p . typus
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245mm or 9 . 6
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
first lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .
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justification : although there are threats known in the luapula - mweru region ( overfishing ) , the species is listed as least concern because it has a relatively broad distribution .
since 2007 it has been prohibited to fish in lake mweru and the luapula river on the congolese site of the border . in zambia , there is the kasanka national park around lake bangweulu . the fines didn’t work in this region . even scientific collections were stopped . the government has burned 10 , 000 nets after measuring the nets . the governor ( morris katunge ) has paid the fishermen . since 1st of may 2008 , fishing was allowed again , but with controlled mesh sizes .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


siliquaria , common name the slit worm snails , is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family siliquariidae .

siliquaria is the type genus of the family siliquariidae .

siliquaria is considered to be an objective synonym of tenagodus guettard , 1770 in world register of marine species .

siliquaria

siliquariidae » siliquaria species , id : 290109 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
siliquaria bruguière , j . g . , 1792 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758
lockeia siliquaria james , 1879 : lima & netto , 2012 , lk . 10 , joon . 3g , 5a - b
lockeia siliquaria ( james , 1879 ) : mangano et al . , 2002 , lk . 42 , joon . 37a - f
species siliquaria senegalensis ( mörch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )
what made you want to look up siliquaria ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
species siliquaria senegalensis g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( original combination )
( of siliquaria bruguière , 1789 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine
worm - snails
( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]
bieler , r . 1992 ,
tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine ` worm - snails ' ( cerithioidea : siliquariidae )
, nautilus , vol . 106 , no . 1 , pp . 15 - 20
“we both died at the same moment” is a humorous observation of anthropomorphism , the attribution of human emotions to nature and animals . a siliquaria armata is a slitworm that loosley - coiles a shell . growing inside a sea - bed , a siliquaria armata will grow vertically until it touches another siliquaria armata , at which point they will knot together . once caught by fishermen , the two worms die at the same time . yeung undermines this romanticized phenomenon by emphasizing the emotionless in the process from the life to death of a slitworm . yet while yeung’s theoretical interrogation of life and death in nature and humankinds tendency to romanticize the unknown and the unknowable , “we both died at the same moment” simultaneously connotes a mythologisation of the slitworms . the vitrine , a showcase usually hosting buddhist sculptures , common in hong kong , which houses the slitworm aggrandizes the phenomenon of dying at the same time of knotted siliquaria armata’s . “we both died at the same moment” puts into question the desire and tendency to romanticize nature , turning to a slitworm as a metaphor for beauty , life and death .
bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine
worm - snails
( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
blainville , h . m . d . de ( 1827 ) . siliquaire , siliquaria . in : cuvier , f . , dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , vol . xlix . f . g . levrault , paris , pp . 210–214 , 217 . page ( s ) : 213 [ details ]
bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine
worm - snails
( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]
( of siliquaria bruguière , 1789 ) bruguière , léon g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]
( of siliquaria bruguière , 1789 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of tenagodes p . fischer , 1885 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine
worm - snails
( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]
( of siliquaria bruguière , 1789 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil “worm - snail” taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]
species tenagodus senegalensis ( récluz in mörch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )
guettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . mémoires sur différentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxième mémoire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parlé des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a comparé ceux qui se pêchent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisième mémoire . sur les erreurs où l ' on a été au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of agathirses montfort , 1808 † ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 399 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil “worm - snail” taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]
bieler r . 2004 . sanitation with sponge and plunger : western atlantic slit - wormsnails ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 140 ( 3 ) : 307 - 333 . page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]
bruguière , léon g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]
vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil “worm - snail” taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste préliminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux espèces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil “worm - snail” taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 60 [ details ]
macdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]
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. . . the complex synonymies at the generic and familial levels were discussed by bieler ( 1992 ) . . . .
. . . siphonium j . e . gray , 1847 , cannot be used as a valid name because it is a junior homonym of siphonium link ( 1807 : 9 ; cephalopoda ) . [ vermetidae ] stephopoma morch , 1860a : bieler , 1992 ) . guettard ' s original spelling of the name was tulaxodus ( 1770 : 143 ) . . . .
stephopoma ( caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) from the houtman abrolhos islands , western australia .
non - native and potentially invasive marine species are often difficult to recognize and to monitor , especially those that are small and cryptic . special focus of the current project is on non - nati…
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like other groups with long - range ( teleplanic ) larvae , species - level diversity of architectonicids need to be assessed in ocean - basin - wide , if not global studies . with individual morphospecies appa…
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using morpho - anatomical , ultrastructural , molecular , and behavioral data , the project looks at the diversity of the marine worm - snails at the species and higher clade levels .
[ edited volume ] bivalvia - a look at the branches . a special issue of invited papers on bivalve syst . . .
die gattungen der architectonicidae ( gastropoda : allogastropoda ) . teil 4 : heliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . . .
heliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . subgen . , based on the type species heliacus turritus n . sp . , and architectonica ( adelphotectonica ) n . subgen . , based on the type species solarium reevei hanley 1862 , are described and compared to similar forms .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : d3d9d28f - 7e99 - 473f - a8a6 - 952365ff2a0e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4754dfa8 - 6b5b - 4b96 - b0b3 - 9cb70ed51778
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f03af9e8 - 33fe - 459f - 9e63 - c18021be1d29
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e249b1c6 - a777 - 41bc - aa0d - 9cad64972a8a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 516049
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trevor yeung , we both died at the same moment , 2014 . sculpture .
trevor yeung’s ( b . 1988 , guangdong province , china ) practice , traversing a wide range of mixed media works from drawings and photographs , small objects and installations , is a delicate examination of human relations and processing . using the human body , plants and animals as an aesthetic pretext to examine the processes of exchange and participation , yeung projects emotional and intellectual scenarios onto biological substitutes . his allegory of the biological as the emotional interrogates the artificiality of nature and the capacity for a simulated construction of meaning . the artist creates worlds with their own logic , with his rules and that are connected to his own experiences . in doing so yeung’s work invites his audiences to interrogate perspectives and challenge the creation of systems . he currently lives in hong kong .
category defying from its inception , kadist originates in paris and san francisco and extends to a far - reaching network of artists , curators , and advisors committed to a panoramic view of contemporary art , urgent global issues , and progressive social values . more
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petalopoma schiaparelli , s . , 2002 type species : petalopoma elisabettae schiafforelli , 2002
hummelinckiella faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999 type species : hummelinckiella borinquensis faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999
tenagodus guettard , 1770 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758
stephopoma mörch , o . a . l . , 1860 type species : stephopoma rosea quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1834
caporbis bartsch , p . , 1915 type species : caporbis africanus bartsch , p . , 1915
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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siliquariidae about 20 species . most live in deep water and are seldom collected intact .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
guettard , j . é . 1770 ,
classe des tuyaux marins .
, mémoires sur différentes parties des sciences et arts , vol . 3 , pp . 59 - 178
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed03d2c5 - 14bb - 4205 - a3dc - 7c549b8025c9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f665f407 - d55b - 4762 - 9fc1 - 6c0ea836b57d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ce101b5 - cb7a - 4efc - bbc5 - 7bbca1f0d44b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 617622
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : db7b13ad - 6d12 - 48f9 - babc - e0c3ceb5fb4d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e374ff36 - 635e - 4ac7 - b7da - 3e7b697a47a1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3bf28967 - cca1 - 4ee2 - bbbc - 4407cc6dfe35
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 510526
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : chamberlain , 1971 , lk . 219 , joon . 29 : 1
lockeia avalonensis ichnosp , nov . : fillion & pickerill , 1990 , lk . 39 , joon . 9 : 1 - 5
l . triangulichnus nov . ichnosp : kim , 1994 , lk . 223 , joon . 4c , 5
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : kim , 1994 , lk . 222 , joon . 4a , 5
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rindsberg , 1994 , lk . 37 , joon . 2a - d
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : radley et al . , 1998 , lk . , joon . 2
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : schlirf et al . , 2001 , lk . 77 , joon . 6b - c
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : gaillard & racheboeuf , 2006 , lk . 1206 , joon . 3 . 1 , 3 . 2
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : mikuláš et al . , 2013 , lk . 394 , joon .
lockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rajkonwar et al . , 2013 , lk . 25 , joon . 3c
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bathycongrus polyporus is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .

it was described by david g. smith and robert h. kanazawa in 1977 , originally under the genus rhechias .

it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the straits of florida and the northern coast of cuba , in the western central atlantic ocean .

it dwells at a depth range of 439-549 metres .

males can reach a maximum total length of 43 centimetres .

the species epithet " polyporus " means " many pored " in ancient greek , and refers to the large quantity of pores in the eel 's lateralis system .

bathycongrus polyporus

bathycongrus macrurus ( c . h . gilbert , 1891 ) ( shorthead conger )
bathycongrus bullisi ( d . g . smith & kanazawa , 1977 ) ( bullish conger )
bathycongrus retrotinctus ( d . s . jordan & snyder , 1901 ) ( blackedge conger )
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
bathycongrus bullisi ( smith & kanazawa , 1977 )
.
karmovskaya , e . s . ( 2011 ) : new species of the genus bathycongrus—b . parviporus ( congridae , anguilliformes ) —from waters of central vietnam ( nha trang and van phong bays ) . journal of ichthyology , 51 ( 6 ) : 417–425 .
greek , bathys = deep + latin , conger = conger ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 439 - 549 m ( ref . 40828 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40828 )
this is the only species with 3 supratemporal pores . head length is less than that of other species , and the mouth is more nearly terminal .
smith , d . g . , 1994 . catalog of type specimens of recent fishes in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , 6 : anguilliformes , saccopharyngiformes , and notacanthiformes ( teleostei : elopomorpha ) . smithson . contrib . 566 : 50 p . ( ref . 40789 )
) : 8 . 3 - 11 . 5 , mean 9 . 9 ( based on 9 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00063 ( 0 . 00028 - 0 . 00142 ) , b = 3 . 18 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .
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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . böhlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / böhlke , eugenia b . , ed .
fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 9 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudoxenomystax breder , 1927 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudoxenomystax breder , 1927 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of congrina jordan & hubbs , 1925 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of uranoconger fowler , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
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 parbatmya brazosensis ( frizzell & j . h . dante , 1965 ) eocen
the taxonomic information and the basic database has been provided by ; e - mail : igor sheremetyev ; this is a conversion from a database dump , and there are probably many odd things as result of automatic conversion .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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the dusky eagle-owl ( bubo coromandus ) is a species of owl in the family strigidae that is widespread in bangladesh , china , india , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , pakistan , and thailand and listed as being of least concern by iucn .

the nesting season is from november to april .

dusky eagle - owl

select an image : 1 . dusky eagle owl > > chicks in nest 2 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 3 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 4 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 5 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 6 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 7 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 8 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 9 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 10 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 11 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 12 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 13 . dusky eagle owl 14 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 15 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 16 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 17 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 18 . dusky eagle owl > > subadult 19 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 20 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 21 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 22 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 23 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 24 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 25 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 26 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 27 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 28 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 29 . dusky eagle owl > > nesting 30 . dusky eagle owl 31 . dusky eagle owl 32 . dusky eagle owl 33 . dusky eagle owl 34 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 35 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 36 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 37 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 38 . dusky eagle owl > > on nest 39 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 40 . dusky eagle owl 41 . dusky eagle owl 42 . dusky eagle owl > > pair 43 . dusky eagle owl > > in flight 44 . dusky eagle owl > > adult at nest 45 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 46 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 47 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 48 . dusky eagle owl > > chick 49 . dusky eagle owl > > adult and juvenile on nest 50 . dusky eagle owl 51 . dusky eagle owl 52 . dusky eagle owl > > male
the dusky eagle owl is a fairly large owl with prominent ear - tufts .
the dusky eagle - owl species are distributed in india , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand and malaysia .
these owl species are distributed in india , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand and malaysia . these eagle - owl species are large birds with grayish - dusky plumage . there are two recognized subspecies of these owl species .
hunting & food : dusky eagle owls feed on small mammals , birds , reptiles , frogs , fish , and large insects .
the important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the dusky eagle - owl in nepal are , bardia national park , chitwan national park , sukla phanta wildlife reserve and koshi tappu wildlife reserve and koshi barrage .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the owl species and has listed it as of
least concern
. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is ‘evaluated’ for the dusky eagle - owl (
the breeding season of the dusky eagle - owl is from november to april in india , with a peak in december and january . these species usually lay eggs in the abandoned stick nests of kites , raptors and other birds of prey .
the overall plumage of dusky eagle - owl is grayish . the ear - tufts are prominent and have rounded tips . the facial disc is pale and demarked by narrow black stripe . the upperparts are brownish gray . the underparts are paler and are streaked .
dusky eagle owl ( bubo coromandus ) . size 53 cm ( 21 in ) . large size with erect ear tufts when alert . greyish brown upperparts marked with narrow dark streaks together with pale greyish buff underparts with fine blackish streaks distinctive . iris orange . feathered tarsi .
habitat : well - wooded and well - watered country , never in arid or desert regions . the dusky eagle owl is also found in old mango plantations , and in other densely foliaged trees in proximity of water and habitation , normally on the plains . occurs up to 250m above sea level .
these owl species have medium forest dependency . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 250 meters .
habits : although not completely nocturnal , the dusky eagle owl usually spends the daytime in the seclusion of a shady bough or foliage , becoming active about an hour before sunset . they have been observed on the move and hunting in the day , especially cloudy days , but never during the brightest and hottest hours . they are usually found in pairs , and are very faithful to localities . these owls can be heard calling at all hours of the day , and are most vocal during the rainy and cold seasons .
the diet of these owl species is mostly birds . crows , bee - eaters , parakeets , rollers , coucals , pigeons and doves are their primary food .
holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . dusky eagle - owl ( bubo coromandus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
48–53 cm ; no data on body mass . large , greyish owl with prominent ear tufts rounded at tips . pale facial disc framed by narrow black lines ; above , dark brown with . . .
) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . loss of habitat is the main threat that may endanger the survival of these owl species .
the account for this species mentions ' record of ground nesting in bombay ' . i cannot find any other mention of this in the literature and wonder whether ' bombay ' is in error for pakistan ? the bibliography includes : mirza , z . b . ( 1985 ) new record of dusky horned owl nesting on ground . pakistan j . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 109 - 110 , which seems to be the only appropriate reference . i have not managed to obtain a copy of this reference so if anybody can provide more details from it i would be very grateful .
) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these owl species is considered to be under decline . throughout its range it is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common . the generation length is 11 . 6 years . their distribution size is about 9 , 250 , 000 sq . km .
breeding : breeding season overall spans from november to april . in northern india , it is principally december to january , and later in the south . this owl uses abandoned stick nests of larger birds in the fork of a large tree , preferably standing in or near water . normally two eggs are laid , sometimes only one . eggs are white and roundish - oval in shape , averaging 59 . 3 x 48 . 2mm . they are laid several days apart , so chicks end up being very different in size . usually , only the larger and stronger one survives . while both the male and female have been observed on the eggs , it is likely that the female does the incubation , and the male will briefly cover the eggs when the female leaves the nest for a short time . incubation and fledging periods are unknown .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bubo coromandus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
( latham , 1790 ) – e pakistan , n & c india and s nepal e to assam and bangladesh ; apparently this race also in e china .
song a series of deep , accelerating croaking notes , “wo wo wo wo wo - wo - wowowo” , . . .
open , level areas with plenty of woodland , generally near water ; riparian forest , old plantations , . . .
lays late nov–apr , mainly dec–jan , later in s ; fledglings found from early feb . typically lays in old stick nest of raptor , . . .
resident , aside from
straggling
of non - breeding birds . old records from peninsular . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . little information ( global population size and population trends unknown ) . widespread but uncommon in india , more frequent . . .
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description : the facial disc is whitish with dark shaft - streaks of feathers and a distinct , narrow and darker rim . the irises of the eyes are bright yellow . the cere and bill are bluish - lead in colour with a pale yellowish - horn tip . the prominent ear - tufts are a darker greyish - brown colour . the upperparts are brownish - grey with blackish shaft - streaks and dark brown and whitish vermiculations . the scapulars have whitish outer webs , finely vermiculated brown , forming an indistinct scapular row . the underparts are very pale buffish - grey with prominent , dark shaft - streaks and brown cross - bars . the primary and secondary flight feathers are barred light and darker greyish - brown . the tail is pale brownish - grey with white tips , and has 4 - 5 broad , dark greyish - brown bars . the tarsi are feathered to or beyond the base of the toes . the sparsely bristled tips of the toes are plumbeous - grey in colour with paler soles . claws are blackish - brown .
size : length 48 - 53cm . wing length 380 - 435mm . tail length 187 - 224mm . weight ( no current data available ) . females are larger and heavier than males .
voice : the song is a phrase of resonant , accelerating , croaking notes : kro kro kro - kro - krokrokoikoikokog , with the ending notes given in a rapid staccato sequence , resembling a tremolo . this phrase lasts about 3 seconds . male and female may be heard duetting during courtship .
distribution : indian subcontinent , nepal and bangladesh , burma and malaysia . also disjunctly in southeast china .
status : not uncommon in india and bangladesh in suitable habitats . very rare in easternmost parts of range .
original description : latham , john . 1790 . index orntihologicus , sive systema ornithologiae ; complectens avium divisionem in classes , ordines , genera , species , ipsarumque varietates : adjectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , & c . ( index orn . ) 1 : p . 53 .
del hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .
handbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds
. buteo books .
duncan , james r . . 2003 .
owls of the world : their lives , behavior and survival
. firefly books .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
. bloomsbury .
voous , karel h . . 1988 .
owls of the northern hemisphere
. the mit press .
two adults seen ; third bird is a presumed fledged juvenile . calling from daytime roost ( at dusk ) near edge of tall most evergreen forest at edge of seasonally inundated grassy flat area . ( elevation actually 160 m ) . pair duet given by two adults ; the rasping notes are thought to have been given by the juvenile . this is the first documented recording of this little known subspecies .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
members of the genus bubo are the largest of the owls . heavily built with powerful talons they are recognisable by their size , their prominent ear - tufts , and their eyes that vary in colour from yellow to brown but are frequently vivid orange . the genus , including the asian fish owls of the genus ketupa – now believed to be part of bubo – comprises of 20 species ranging eurasia , indonesia , africa and the americas . dna evidence suggests that the snowy owls of nyctea and the fish owls of scotopelia are also candidates for inclusion in this genus .
found in forest and forest edge , plantation . prefers watered and well wooded areas . mango tree groves , and old tamarind and other densely foliaged trees are preferred .
the nest is made of sticks in the fork of the trunk of a large tree preferably near water and often in the vicinity of human habitation . clutch size 1 - 3 eggs which hatch asynchronous . usually the older chicks survive . both parents take care of the young .
the legs are covered with whitish feathers . the feet are pale gray . the beak is bluish gray . the irises are pale orange . their call is an accelerating “wo wo wo wo
sound .
is distributed in pakistan , north and central india , nepal , bangladesh , northeast india and east china . the subspecies
they inhabit artificial ecosystems like plantations , dense rural gardens and groves with densely foliaged trees . the natural ecosystem of these species includes tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , dense woodlands , rivers , streams and creeks .
post breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) .
affects watered and well wooded tracts . mango tree groves , and old tamarind and other densely foliaged trees are preferred . parochial and a pair often inhabits the same grove year after year .
the nest is made of sticks in the fork of the trunk of a large tree preferably near water and often in the vicinity of human habitation .
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