catocala distorta is a moth in the erebidae family .

it was described by butler in 1889 .

it is found in india ( himachal pradesh ) .

the species is 52 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) long and is different from catocala nymphaea by being more brown and having much duller thorax and forewing .

catocala distorta

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catocala staudingeri beutenmüller , 1907 ; ( repl . catocala aspasia staudinger , 1897 )
eine neue catocala - art aus dem ussurigebiete . catocala kotshubeji ( spec . nov . )
catocala fraxini yunnanensis mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likian
catocala tapestrina forresti mell , 1939 ; ; tl : w . yunnan , likiang
catocala timur richteri wiltshire , 1961 ; ; tl : s . iran , transhahar
catocala pataloides mell , 1931 ; ; tl : n . kwangtung , lung tao shan
catocala permanans hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 50
= catocala delilah desdemona h . edwards , 1882 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835a
catocala blandula hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 35
catocala xarippe butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 243 ; tl : japan , hakodate
catocala szechuena hampson , 1913 ; ; tl : w . china , ta - chien - lu
description d ' une nouvelle sous - espèce française de catocala conjuncta esper ( lep . noctuidae )
catocala adultera ménétriés , 1856 ; etud . ent . 5 : 47 ; tl : st . petersburg
catocala deuteronympha kuangtungensis mell , 1931 ; ; tl : china , n . kwangtung , tsha yuen shan
catocala badia grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 22
catocala jair strecker , 1897 ; ent . news 8 ( 5 ) : 116 ; tl : florida
notes and additions to barnes ' and mcdunnough ' s illustrations of n . a . species of catocala
catocala zalmunna butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 241 ; tl : japan , yokohama , hakodate
catocala jezoensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 775 ; tl : japan
catocala nupta obscurata oberthür , 1880 ; étud . d ' ent . 5 : 86 ; tl : askold
catocala texanae french , 1902 ; can . ent . 34 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : texas
catocala sinuosa grote , 1879 ; can . ent . 11 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : florida
catocala mira grote , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 12 ) : 230 ; tl : usa
beiträge zur fauna sinica . xi . zur biologie und systematik der chinesischen catocala ( lep . heter . )
catocala pacta deserta kozhanchikov , 1925 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 6 : 81 ; tl : minusinsk
catocala vestalis boisduval , 1829 ; eur . lepid . index meth . : errata et addena , p . 7
catocala ulalume strecker , 1878 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132 ; tl : texas
catocala frederici grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas
catocala herodias strecker , 1876 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 121 ; tl : texas
catocala orba kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 166 , f . 2 ; tl : texas
catocala manitoba beutenmüller , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 2 ) : 54 ; tl : manitoba , cartwright
catocala nupta japonica mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 67 ; tl : japan ?
catocala piatrix dionyza h . edwards , 1884 ; papilio 4 ( 7 / 8 ) : 124 ; tl : arizona
catocala badia coelebs ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245
catocala elda behrens , 1887 ; can . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 199 ; tl : oregon , portland
catocala dotata walker , [ 1858 ] ; ( preocc . herrich - schäffer , 1851 ) ; tl : n . hindostan
catocala lupina kastshenkoi sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : transcaucasia , jelisavetpol
catocala dejecta strecker , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 97 ; tl : [ north america ]
catocala elizabeth cassino , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 7 ) : 53 , f . 4 ; tl : california , truckee
catocala abbreviatella grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas , usa
catocala adultera ; [ ne10 ] : 97 , pl . 6 , f . 4 - 5 , gen . 49 , 147
catocala conjuncta perrettei seyer , 1976 ; bull . soc . ent . mulhouse , 1976 : 24 ; tl : france , donzere
catocala conversa ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 3 , gen . 42 , 140
catocala lupina detrita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 311 , pl . 56 e ; tl : uralsk
catocala detrita ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 17 - 19 , gen . 61 , 159
catocala deuteronympha tschiliensis bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : [ china ] chingan mts . , lin si hein , tschili
catocala dilecta ; [ ne10 ] : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8 , gen . 58 , 156
catocala disjuncta ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 45 - 48 , gen . 40 , 138
catocala diversa ; [ ne10 ] : 93 , pl . 5 , f . 15 - 18 , gen . 45 , 144
catocala electa ; [ ne10 ] : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 8 - 9 , gen . 52 , 150
catocala elocata ; [ ne10 ] : 100 , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 11 , gen . 53 , 151
catocala eutychea ; [ ne10 ] : 87 , pl . 4 , f . 37 - 40 , gen . 38 , 136
catocala fraxini ; [ ne10 ] : 95 , pl . 5 , f . 23 - 26 , gen . 48 , 146
catocala fulminea ; [ ne10 ] : 85 , pl . 4 , f . 31 - 33 , gen . 36 , 134
catocala hymenaea ; [ ne10 ] : 94 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 22 , gen . 47 , 145
catocala kotschubeyi sheljuzhko , 1927 ; lep . rdsch . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : s . ussuri , shutshan
catocala lupina ; [ ne10 ] : 107 , pl . 7 , f . 14 - 16 , gen . 60 , 158
catocala mariana ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 44 , gen . 39 , 137
catocala neonympha ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 4 - 6 , gen . 43 , 141
catocala nupta clara osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ; tl : turkey , marasch
catocala nymphaea ; [ ne10 ] : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 34 - 36 , gen . 37 , 137
catocala nymphagoga ; [ ne10 ] : 91 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 10 , gen . 44 , 142
catocala nymphagoga albimixta warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 312 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia
catocala nymphagoga grisea warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 313 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia
catocala oberthueri ; [ ne10 ] : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 , gen . 54 , 152
catocala optata ; [ ne10 ] : 109 , pl . 7 , f . 23 - 25 , gen . 63 , 161
catocala pacta ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 20 - 22 , gen . 62 , 160
catocala promissa ; [ ne10 ] : 106 , pl . 7 , f . 11 - 13 , gen . 64 , 162
catocala proxeneta sutschana sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : ussuri region , sutshan
catocala sponsa ; [ ne10 ] : 105 , pl . 7 , f . 9 - 10 , gen . 59 , 157
catocala piatrix grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 88 ; tl : new york , usa
catocala serena edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 510 ; tl : philadelphia
catocala beutenmuelleri barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 251 ; tl : utah , provo
catocala miranda h . edwards , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 7 ) : 118 ; tl : washington , d . c .
catocala fraxini var . latefasciata warnecke , 1919 ; int . ent . z . 13 : 25 ; tl : amur region , ussuri
catocala mariana rambur , 1858 ; cat . syst . lépid . andalousie : pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : spain
catocala nupta likiangensis mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 69 ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang
catocala disjuncta var . fumigata kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 76 ( repl . disjuncta var . luctuosa staudinger )
catocala retecta grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 4 ; tl : middle states [ usa ]
catocala luctuosa hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 53 ; tl :
middle and western states
catocala chelidonia grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 159 ; tl : prescott , [ yavapai co . ] , arizona
catocala clintoni grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 89 ; tl : eastern states [ usa ]
catocala lineella ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3f
catocala caerulea beutenmüller , 1907 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 ( 36 ) : 938 ; tl : oregon
catocala stretchii var . margherita beutenmüller , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 9 - 10 ) : 65 ; tl : california , mendocino co .
catocala praeclara grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 25 ; tl : new york , usa
catocala grisatra brower , 1936 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 31 : 96 , f . 1 ; tl : georgia , athens
catocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 ; zs . öst . entver . 16 ( fortsetzung ) : 35 ; tl : corsica , vizzavona , evisa
catocala fraxini legionensis gómez bustillo & vega escandon , 1975 ; shilap rev . lepid . 3 : 224 ; tl : leon , villanueva de carrizo
catocala nupta alticola mell , 1942 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . 11 : 55 ; tl : batang , atuntse [ china ]
catocala lincolnana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 3 ; tl : lincoln co . , arkansas
catocala dulciola grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : vicinity of dayton , [ montgomery co . ] , ohio
the reason why catocala eggs are occasionally deposited on plants upon which the larva cannot survive ; and a new variation ( lepid . , noctuidae )
catocala flebilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8782 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246
catocala vidua ; guenée , 1852 , hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 7 ( noct . 3 ) : 94
catocala minerva cassino , 1917 ; lepidopterist 1 ( 8 ) : 63 , pl . f . ; tl : utah , provo canyon , deer creek
catocala jessica h . edwards , 1877 ; proc . cal . acad . sc . : 1 ; tl : california , kern co . , havilah
catocala messalina ; [ nacl ] , # 8845 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260
catocala clintoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8872 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245
catocala consors ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8772
catocala epione ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8773
catocala antinympha ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8775
catocala judith ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8781
catocala obscura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8784
catocala sappho ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8786
catocala agrippina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8787
catocala dejecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8790
catocala vidua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8792
catocala neogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8798
catocala aholibah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8800
catocala ilia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801
catocala relicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8803
catocala unijuga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8805
catocala irene ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807
catocala luciana ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8808
catocala faustina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8811
catocala hermia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8812
catocala pura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8819
catocala hippolyta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8823
catocala babayaga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8824
catocala jessica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8825
catocala junctura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8829
catocala texanae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8830
catocala concumbens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8833
catocala delilah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835
catocala andromache ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8836
catocala andromache wellsi johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 245 , f . 1 ; tl : california , amador co . , jackson
catocala illecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8840
catocala nuptialis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8842
catocala amestris ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8844
catocala gerhardi barnes & benjamin , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 8 ; tl : n [ ew ] , j [ ersey ] , lakehurst
catocala violenta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8853
catocala verrilliana var . ophelia h . edwards , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 95 ; tl : california , mendocino co .
catocala ultronia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8857
catocala crataegi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8858
catocala johnsoniana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 6 ; tl : kernville , kern co . , california
catocala grynea ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8864
catocala titania ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8868
catocala olivia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8870
catocala amica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8878
catocala jair ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8879
catocala brandtii hacker & kaut , 1999 ; esperiana 7 : 430 - 431 , pl . 23 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : iran , esfahan
catocala unicuba walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan
catocala concubia walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan
catocala nozawae matsumura , 1911 ; thous . ins . japan ( suppl . ) 3 : 88 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : japan
catocala puerpera ; [ ne10 ] : 103 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 4 , gen . 56 , 154 ; [ ne12 ] , 234
catocala residua grote , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 242 ; tl :
west farms / new york city
?
catocala retecta luctuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788a
catocala ilia zoe ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801a
catocala marmorata edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 508 ; tl : ? [ error yreka , california ]
catocala irene valeria ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807a
catocala cara carissima ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832a
catocala andromache r . benjaminii brower , 1937 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 32 ( 5 ) : 185 ; tl : arizona , mojave co .
catocala californiensis brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 5 ; tl : valyermo , los angeles co . , california
catocala jansseni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 453 , pl . 22 , f . 2 ; tl : china , ichang
catocala consors sorsconi barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 174 ; tl : maine
catocala deducta ; [ ne10 ] : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 , pl . 11 , f . 32 , gen . 32 , 153
catocala elocata var . locata staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 327 ; tl : uzbek , taschkend , margelan
catocala nupta kansuensis o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 88 ; tl : w . liang - tschou , ricthofen mts , kansu
catocala robinsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8780 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4d
catocala erichi brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 4 ; tl : green valley creek , san bernardino mts . , california
catocala sordida ; [ nacl ] , # 8846 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5c
catocala andromedae ; [ nacl ] , # 8849 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 256 , f . 6a
catocala verrilliana ; [ nacl ] , # 8852 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5d
catocala mira ; [ nacl ] , # 8863 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3g
catocala micronympha ; [ nacl ] , # 8876 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6g
catocala connubialis ; [ nacl ] , # 8877 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 258 , f . 6c
catocala remissa staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : ashabad
catocala thomsoni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 452 , pl . 22 , f . 1 ; tl : n . china , tientsin
catocala alabamae grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 427 ; tl : demopolis [ marengo co . ] , ala [ bama ]
catocala shirozui sugi , 1982 ; tyô to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 155 , f . 14 - 15 ; tl : taiwan , lishan , nantou - hsien
catocala nupta ; [ ne10 ] : 98 , pl . 6 , f . 6 - 7 , pl . 11 , f . 29 - 31 , gen . 50 , 148
catocala atocala brou , 1985 ; proc . entomol . soc . wash . 87 ( 4 ) : 889 - 892 ; tl : edgard , st . john the baptist parish , louisiana
catocala optata atlantica le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 164 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , oed beni bou n ' sor
catocala puerpera centralasiae sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 56 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : trans - caspia , kyzl - anvat
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8864 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6h ( = catocala alabamae ? )
catocala ixion druce , 1890 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 360 , 3 pl . 31 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , xucumanatlan
catocala aestimabilis staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 330 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : xinjiang , kaschgar , kysil jart
catocala sultana a . bang - haas , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 3 ) : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : tunis , ain draham
catocala contemnenda staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 329 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : [ xinjiang ] kashgar , kysil jart
catocala atocala ; gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 , f . 1a - b ( larva ) , c ( ova )
catocala callinympha duponchel , [ 1842 ] ; in godart , hist . nat . lépid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 546 , pl . 46 , f . 4 ; tl : provence and dalmatia
? catocala nagansi sugi , 1982 ; tyô to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 150 , f . 5 - 6 , gen . 12 ; tl : taiwan , between tachi and wenshan , taoyuan hsien
catocala lupina herrich - schäffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 2 ( 47 ) : 409 , ( 19 ) ( ix ) pl . 46 , f . 234 - 235 ; tl : sarepta
catocala nupta nuptialis staudinger , 1901 ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 248 ( preocc . walker , [ 1858 ) ) ; tl : altai , ala tau , ili , issyk kul
catocala innubens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259
catocala muliercula ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8774 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260
catocala serena ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8779 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240
catocala angusi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8783 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244
catocala insolabilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8791 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259
catocala lacrymosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8794 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259
catocala nebulosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240
catocala marmorata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8804 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239
catocala cara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257
catocala whitneyi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8843 ; metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213
catocala similis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240
catocala coccinata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , 2e
catocala briseis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8817 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 235 , f 1a
catocala piatrix ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8771 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3j
catocala badia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8777 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2d
catocala habilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3d
catocala residua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8785 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4b
catocala retecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4c
catocala palaeogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6i
catocala subnata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8797 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5b
catocala umbrosa ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 48 - 50 ) ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : 3 , insert c ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 85 - 86 )
catocala cerogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6d
catocala parta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8806 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6j
catocala californica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8814 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1b
catocala semirelicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8821 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4f
catocala meskei ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3e
catocala frederici ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8837 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3b
catocala chelidonia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8838 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2f
catocala abbreviatella ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8841 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 243 , f . 2a
catocala gracilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8847 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1c
catocala praeclara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8865 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3h
catocala dulciola ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8871 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2g
catocala minuta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1d
catocala coccinata sinuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851a ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4h
catocala alabamae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8869 ; brou , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 117 , f . 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2b
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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andreusia hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 12 : 206 ( emend . andrewsia grote )
neu , siberia - far easts , altai , mongolia , ussuri , amurland . see [ maps ]
1400x915 ( ~ 229kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 3 . 8 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo © christian siegel
noctua agamos hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 122 , f . 525 ; tl : europe
900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1400x1006 ( ~ 219kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 28 . 6 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo © christian siegel
1400x928 ( ~ 237kb ) female greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1400m , n 39°46 ' 15
, e 20°48 ' 20
) , 8 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo © christian siegel
1400x996 ( ~ 233kb ) male greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39°45 ' 45
, e 20°49 ' 00
) , 7 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo © christian siegel
1000x574 ( ~ 81kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
1100x834 ( ~ 118kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1100x834 ( ~ 121kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1200x695 ( ~ 178kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 30 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo © christian siegel
noctua disjuncta geyer , [ 1828 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 159 , f . 741 - 742 ; tl : europe , fiume [ rijeka ]
ceu , seu , s . siberia - korea , n . china , japan . see [ maps ]
noctua electa vieweg , 1790 ; tabl . verz . brand . schmett . 2 : 33 ; tl : brandenburg region
900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 12 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1200x787 ( ~ 190kb ) italy : canero , 12 . 8 . 1986 e . o , mayr leg . , photo © christian siegel
ceu , seu , kazakhstan , n . africa , asia minor - uzbekistan . see [ maps ]
noctua nurus hübner , [ 1822 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 143 , f . 655 - 656 ; tl : europe
1100x834 ( ~ 116kb ) hungary , hajdú - bihar county , debrecen , belterület , poroszlay út 103 , 02 . viii . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi leg .
1100x646 ( ~ 148kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 9 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo © christian siegel
1300x793 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39°45 ' 45
, e 20°49 ' 00
) , mayr toni leg . , photo © christian siegel
1300x893 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39°45 ' 45
, e 20°49 ' 00
) , mayr toni leg . , photo © christian siegel
eu - kazakhstan , siberia - far east , japan . see [ maps ]
900x438 ( ~ 117kb ) russia : moscow area , september , 2000 , photo © d . smirnov
1100x833 ( ~ 134kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , baskó , belterület , 13 . viii . 1999 , photo © tamás baranyi leg .
1011x721 ( ~ 139kb ) upperside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
974x540 ( ~ 108kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
larva on populus tremula , betula sp . , fraxinus excelsior [ sprk ] , fraxinus , quercus , q . robur , tilia cordata , fagus , alnus , acer , ulmus , salix [ ne10 ] , 96 ( beck , anikin et al . )
seu , ceu , siberia - far east , korea , n . china . see [ maps ]
phalaena paranympha linnaeus , 1767 ; syst . nat . ( edn 12 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 842 ; tl : germany
1000x650 ( ~ 78kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , baskó , belterület , 04 . vii . 1999 , photo © tamás baranyi leg .
932x669 ( ~ 117kb ) russia , moscow area , 24 . 7 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
larva on prunus spinosa , p . domestica , p . padus , crataegus monogyna , quercus [ ne10 ] , 86
ephesia fulminea chekiangensis mell , 1933 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . , e . v . 4 : 64 ; tl : w . tienmoshan
seeu - s . urals , asia minor , altai mts . . see [ maps ]
900x564 ( ~ 77kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
900x564 ( ~ 71kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 20 . vii . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .
ephesia largeteaui yunnana mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang
sw . russia , kazakhstan , e . turkey , iraq , armenia , kurdistan , afghanistan , altai mts . , s . siberia . see [ maps ]
phalaena neonympha esper , 1805 ; die schmett . , th . iv , bd . 2 ( abs . 2 ) ( 53 ) : 75 , ( abs . 1 ) ( 54 ) pl . 198 ( noct . 199 ) , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : sarepta region
mormonia neonympha variegata warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 303 , pl . 54 c ; tl : central asia
mormonia neonympha syriaca osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ( preocc . ) ; tl : turkey , marasch
900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , gyqr - sopron county , sopron , köves - árok , 06 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , szabolcs sáfián , andrás ambrus leg . ( on bait )
1007x713 ( ~ 113kb ) russia , moscow area , 4 . 8 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
1300x801 ( ~ 231kb ) austria : vorarlberg , oombirn , achmäander , a14 , 420m , 7 . 8 . 2006 , photo © christian siegel
larva on populus , p . nigra , populus x _ _ canadensis , salix , s . fragilis [ ne10 ] , 99
sweu - s . france , italy - greece , corsica , sicily , crete , n . africa , asia minor - afghanistan , kashmir . see [ maps ]
1200x763 ( ~ 176kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 4 . 7 . 1985 , siegel leg . , photo © christian siegel
ephesia nymphaea kashmirica warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 316 , pl . 57 b ; tl : india , kashmir
ephasia [ sic ] nymphaea kabuli o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 90 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts .
ephesia nymphaea parigilensis kardakoff , 1937 ; arb . morphol . taxonom . ent . 4 : 191 ; tl :
hindukusch , parigil
900x564 ( ~ 71kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 73kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 72kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 67kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi , jános dobos , gábor szerényi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 72kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi , jános dobos , gábor szerényi leg .
neu - siberia - amurland , tibet , germany , poland . see [ maps ]
noctua pacta var . suecica esper , 1787 ; die schmett . , th . iv , bd . 1 ( 47 ) : 365 , ( 41 ) pl . 99b ( noct . 20b ) , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : stockholm
larva on salix , s . caprea , s . cinerea # , [ ne10 ] , 109
1000x684 ( ~ 141kb ) northern greece , axios delta , july 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , hajdú - bihar county , hortobágy , pente - zug , 14 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 85kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi , jános dobos , gábor szerényi leg .
900x564 ( ~ 87kb ) hungary , borsod - abaúj - zemplén county , aggtelek , béke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi , jános dobos , gábor szerényi leg .
952x655 ( ~ 119kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 20 . 07 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov
1024x565 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 21 . 07 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov
902x504 ( ~ 94kb ) underside russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 21 . 07 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov
seu , n . africa , asia minor , tibet , altai , china , kazakhstan , s . urals . see [ maps ]
900x564 ( ~ 80kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( nyúl - mály ) , 23 . vii . 2002 , photo © tamás baranyi , szabolcs sum leg .
greece , macedonia , bulgaria , s . turkey , levante . see [ maps ]
catoala separata ; [ ne10 ] : 89 , pl . 4 , f . 49 - 52 , gen . 41 , 139
1100x834 ( ~ 125kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 16 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1100x834 ( ~ 105kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 16 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
1100x834 ( ~ 114kb ) hungary , heves county , gyöngyös , sár - hegy ( erdészház ) , 15 . vii . 2003 , photo © tamás baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 ( aberr . )
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4e
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8775 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259 , f . 6f
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8781 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 247 , f . 3c
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8784 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4g
larva on juglans nigra , j . cinerea , ( in lab . ) gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8792 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259 , f . 6e
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8793 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3i
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 5a
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4a
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8798 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , f . 2i
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8801 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 262
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253
nova scoita , e . usa , oregon , colorado . see [ maps ]
larva on salix exigua , populus deltoides peacock & gall , 2001 , j . lep . soc . 54 ( 4 ) : 109 ( in laboratory )
: hudson ' s bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls
: lake tahoe , sierra nevada ; sissons , shasta co . , california , new westminster , b . c .
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244
arizona , s . illinois , colorado , texas , e . usa . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8829 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240 , f . 1h
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244
: center , [ albany co . ] , n [ ew ] y [ ork , usa ]
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8833 ( ab . ) ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 ( ab . )
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8835 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244
catolala mcdunnoughi browerarum johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 247 , f . 2 ; tl : california , amador co .
nebraska , kansas , kentucky , illinois , s . manitoba . see [ maps ]
larva on amorpha fruticosa dodge , 1925 , entomol . news 36 : 267 - 268 , amorpha canescens ? metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8844 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2c
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8844 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5e
: centre , [ albany co . ] , n [ ew ] y [ ork , usa ]
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240 , f . 1g
catocla charlottae brou , 1988 ; j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 116 , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 ; tl : 4 . 2mi ne abita springs , st . tammany parish , louisiana
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2h
= ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ( form ) ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3a
na . georgia , new york , texas , florida . see [ maps ]
= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6b
[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome septiéme . noctuélites . tome 3
histoire naturelle des lépidoptèrs ou papillons de france - supplement . nocturnes in godart ,
pacific coast lepidoptera , no . 15 . - description of a new species of
h . edwards , 1880 ; hulst in h . edwards , 1880 ; hulst , 1880 in h . edwards , 1880 ; meyer in h . edwards , 1880 ; strecker in h . edwards , 1880
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil iv . die eulenphalenen
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 81 - 100 )
. iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote and achille guenée
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
on the noctuidae of north america 6th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci .
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schwärmer , spinner und eulen , ( 1843 - ) 1845 ( - 1855 )
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
catalogue des lépidopteres qui composent la colletction de feu mr . franck , [ 1825 ]
forsetzung der tabelle von de nachtvogein . iv . fortsetzung der dierten tabelle von de insecten , besonders von denen so genannten nacheulen als der zwoten klasse . der nachvögel hiesiger gegend
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .
scientific results of the second yarkand mission ; based upon the collections and notes of the late ferdinand stoliczka , phd . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the black drum ( pogonias cromis ) , also known as " blue drum " for its dark and hint of blue color , is a saltwater fish similar to its cousin , the red drum .

it is the only species in the genus pogonias .

though most specimens are generally found in the 5-30 lb ( 2 – 14 kg ) range , the black drum is well known as the largest of all the drum family with some specimens reaching excesses of 90 lb ( 40 kg ) .

the world record black drum was just over 113 lb ( 51 kg ) .

they are often black and/or gray in color with juvenile fish having distinctive dark stripes over a gray body .

their teeth are rounded and they have powerful jaws capable of crushing oysters and other shellfish .

it is recommended those over 15 lb pounds ( 7 kg ) should be released .

black drum are capable of producing tones between 100 hz and 500 hz when performing mating calls .

black drum

common name : black drum , sea drum , gray drum , striped drum , banded drum , oyster cracker .
black drum can be distinguished from the red drum by the presence of barbels . photo © richard bejarano
black drum find clams and crabs by sweeping the bottom with their chin barbels .
the internet has many recipes and helpful hints on preparation for both black and red drum . information adapted from a brochure , black drum in texas , by joe breuer .
every spring , schools of black drum enter the delaware bay to feed and spawn .
in bermitz’s experience , the docks normally hold pairs and smaller groups of black drum .
black drum are very similar in all aspects to their cousin , the red fish .
we show you how to catch black drum easy on this video . we show how to put a rigg together to catch black drum step by step . and we show you whats the best bait to use to catch these black drums .
the black drum is one of the largest fish in the bay . young black drums that weigh less than 8 pounds are also known as puppy drums .
predators : juvenile black drum are preyed upon by a variety of larger fishes such as seatrout and jacks . larger black drum are likely to be preyed upon by sharks ( murphy and muller 1995 )
reaching weights of 110 pounds , black drum are one of the largest inshore species in new jersey .
igure 2 . total black drum dollar value and percentage by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .
table 1 . total dollar value of irl black drum , pogonias cromis , between 1987 - 2001 .
sharks likely feed on black drum . juveniles are preyed upon by seatrouts , jacks and other large fish .
the chesapeake bay record black drum , caught in 1973 off cape charles , virginia , weighed 111 pounds .
bottom - feeders , black drum prey upon mollusks and crustaceans such as clams , oysters and crabs . black drum use their chin barbels to sense for prey and use their strong teeth plates to crush the hard shells open .
asmfc approves first step in black drum interstate management . public input sought on new plan development ( may 2012 )
the black drum uses the barbels under its chin to locate food along the mud bottom of the delaware bay .
figure 4 . summary of the black drum recreational harvest and percentage of total by area from 1997 - 2004 .
drum , sea drum , common drum , banded drum , butterfly drum , gray drum , striped drum , oyster drum , oyster cracker ; french : grand tambour ; japanese : guchi , ishimochi , nibe ; portuguese : corvina ; spanish : corvinón negro , corbina , corvina negro , corvina , roncador .
table 2 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the black drum harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .
as of 2005 , fishing regulations in florida state that black drum must be no less than 14 inches tl , but not more than 24 inches tl to be of legal size ; however , one black drum larger than 24 inches tl may be kept . a bag limit of 5 legal - sized black drum per person per day is in effect .
there is no evidence of sex - specific differences in growth rates of black drum ( beckman et al . 1990 ) .
table 3 . by - county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the black drum harvest from 1987 - 2001 .
a popular sport fish , the best time to catch a black drum is during a full moon using soft crab as bait .
black drum average around 2 - 5 pounds , 10 - 20 pound fish are not uncommon and the largest exceed 100 pounds .
black drum from 1 to 10 pounds are very common and often referred to as
puppy drum .
larger fish , called
bull drum
, are not uncommon to 40 pounds and are occasionally even larger .
black drum tastes really similar to redfish and their fillets look just like redfish also . they are both part of the drum family so that is why they are so similar .
i had heard that the bigger black drum have worms in them and are not good to eat . i was watching the weekend fisherman this morning and the show was on black drum . they were catching black drum and several times captain herb gordon said that the fish they were catching were good eating , and the fish when he was saying that seemed to be in the lower 40
range . i have always released black drum in the past . wondering what size anyone has tried and was it any good . thanks wes
figure 1 . annual dollar value of the commercial catch of black drum to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .
figure 3 . survey data for the black drum recreational fishery showing the number of fishes harvested in east florida waters from 1997 - 2004 .
then again , on a blustery , cool day , open - minded anglers like capt . al bermitz are quick to praise black drum .
dude ! that’s a pair of boss black drum , and the kind of prespawn school at right is a stunning sight on some florida inshore waters . most anglers release these bigger drum .
the old timers say , “the drum bite begins as the dogwood blooms . ” they’re right . the dogwoods are in full bloom , and the black drum are in delaware bay—and they’re hungry .
the black drum , pogonias cromis . illustration by diana rome peebles 1998 . courtesy of florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . used with permission .
black drum are not an important commercial species in florida , but are considered important recreationally . between 1987 - 2001 , the total commercial harvest of
black drum adults form schools and migrate in the spring to bay and river mouths for the spawning season ; in the gulf of mexico this is from february to may . larval black drum remain in shallow muddy waters until they are 4 to 5 inches long ; then they move near shore .
trophic mode : black drum are primarily bottom feeders , though they have been occasionally observed feeding near the surface on small finfishes such as menhaden ( ackerman 1951 ) . pearson ( 1929 ) reported black drum bottom feeding in a vertical position in waters so shallow , their tails protruded from the water .
irl distribution : black drum are common throughout the indian river lagoon and have notably large populations in volusia and martin counties ( murphy and taylor 1995 ) .
adults sometimes move onto near - shelf waters , but are primarily estuarine - dwelling and show little migratory behavior . simmons and breuer ( 1962 ) reported that tagged black drum in texas generally moved less than 5 miles from where they were tagged . beaumarriage ( 1969 ) reported similar results in florida black drum .
the most anticipated large fish of the virginia springtime fishery is the docile black drum . now is the time to try your luck for a gentle giant .
osburn and matlock ( 1984 ) examined movements of black drum in texas , reporting that black drum less than 3 years of age showed limited movement from bay systems into the gulf of mexico . older fishes were more commonly taken in deeper waters of the gulf , leading the authors to hypothesize that permanent movement of black drum to deeper gulf waters occurs in fishes older than 4 years of age ; with bays and estuaries thus supplying young fishes to spawning stocks of older fishes .
if you are currently without a vessel , you can still clean up on black drum at your local inlet , if there is suitable access . many anglers enjoy pulling drum up over the rails of the jetties .
the first coastwide benchmark stock assessment for black drum was performed in 2014 and approved for management use in 2015 . based onassessment results , black drum is not overfished and not experiencing overfishing . the median biomass is estimated to be declining slowly , though it is still estimated to be well above that necessary to produce maximum sustainable yield .
for those unable to catch their own , black drum are harvested commercially from texas bays throughout the year . these drum can be purchased in stores and fish markets for about half the cost of the
choice
fish .
black drum are heavy - bodied fish with large heads . fish up to about 15 pounds have 4 or 5 wide vertical black bars set on a silver - gray body . the bars fade as the fish grow larger , eventually disappearing . all sizes of black drum can be identified by the whisker - like barbels under their chin . black drum have large heavy pharyngeal teeth in the back of their throat that they use to crush mollusk shells . young black drum under 8 inches long feed mostly on marine worms and small fish . after 8 inches , they switch their diet to mollusks such as oysters , clams , and mussels . research has shown that drum captured from oyster reef areas prefer to eat oysters over clams and mussels . research has also shown that black drum can average eating one oyster per pound of body weight per day . feeding black drum swim with their heads slightly lowered , drifting their barbels ( chin whiskers ) over possible food items . when the barbels touch a food item , the drum stops swimming and inhales in the food item by creating a suction with its gill covers and mouth . the drum slowly swims forward while crushing the food item with its massive pharyngeal teeth . as the food item is crushed , small shell particles fall from the drum ' s gills . after finishing , the drum ejects the rest of the shell from its mouth . black drum can break apart and crush oyster clusters , but seem to select singles for ease of feeding . they feed both during daylight hours and at night , but feeding is less intensive during early morning hours . while feeding , schools of black drum often dredge up the bottom , creating muddy plumes in the water which can be easily seen from the air .
table fare : although some anglers will eat black drum , the flesh of these fish tends to be course , and most are infested with large , long parasitic tapeworms .
competitors : black drum likely compete with other drums , especially the red drum for benthic food resources , but because of their strong pharyngeal teeth , probably do not experience much competition for mollusks ( sutter et al . 1986 ) .
live or dead shrimp are primarily used . anglers using sandfleas and fresh clams catch drum and pompano . black drum have a habit of picking up the bait and running toward you , producing slack in the line . “that’s when you know you have a drum on , ” says ricciardi .
black drum are primarily bottom feeders . young black drum feed on small fish and invertebrates , such as copepods , annelids , and amphipods . the eggs and larvae of this species were shown to be subject to high predation . as juveniles , they are prey to a wide range of estuarine fish species , such as spotted seatrout and crevalle jack .
recreational fishery : the black drum , especially at larger size , is not generally considered a high - quality food fish due to commonly being infested with cestodes ( spaghetti worms ) ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; etzolt and christmas 1979 ) . however , black drum measuring less than 20 inches are valued in the recreational fishery ( silverman 1979 ) .
black drum are found in the western atlantic ocean , from massachusetts to southern florida and across the gulf of mexico to northern mexico . they rarely occur north of new jersey .
the black drum is one of the most popular inshore fish for food . they are rather good up to 24
, after which the meat looses flavor and become coarse .
1 ) out of all the species in the drum / croaker family—red drum , spotted seatrout , weakfish , whiting , spot , croaker—the black drum is the only species where females and males both produce calls . the other major difference recently determined by a usf grad student , now ph . d . , jim locasio , is that the volume and intensity of sound coming from a group of black drum does not necessarily mean more eggs in the water column , as it does for species like spotted seatrout and weakfish . black drum are more complex , or…um…either she or he has a headache more often , wanting to put off spawning until another evening !
the black drum is a silvery - gray , bottom - dwelling fish that visits the chesapeake bay from spring through autumn . it is one of the largest fish in the bay .
mike ricciardi , a sebastian inlet regular who has caught numerous black drum there , prefers the outgoing tide for black drum . “i fish the surf side , and also at the end of the jetty sometimes . the incoming tide is okay , but it rips around the end of the jetty so strong you really can’t keep a weight on bottom , ” he said .
the board approved addendum i to the black drum fmp in may 2018 . the addendum allows maryland to reopen its black drum commercial fishery in the chesapeake bay with a daily vessel limit of up to 10 fish and a 28 - inch minimum size . over the next year , maryland will develop a management program for the commercial fishery with implementation by april 1 , 2019 .
murphy , m . d . ; adams , d . h . ; tremain , d . m . ; winner , b . l . 1998 . direct validation of ages determined for adult black drum , pogonias cromis , in east - central florida with notes on black drum migration . fish . bull . ( us ) 96 ( 2 ) : 382 - 387 .
black drum can mature to near 100 - pounds . the virginia saltwater fishing tournament issues citations for catches of 80 pounds or more , or a release citation for 46 inches or more .
part of the black drum ' s scientific name , pogonias , means “bearded . ” this refers to the fish’s chin barbels , which look like a beard . cromis means “to croak . ”
recreational landings of black drum are significantly larger than commercial landings in all states within their range . for example , in 2003 , 757 , 867 pounds of black drum were landed in florida by commercial and recreational interests . of the total harvest , 98 % of landings were made by recreational anglers rather than by commercial fishers , with 72 % of landings occurring on the atlantic coast .
table 5 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the black drum harvest for the years 1997 - 2001 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
means eye - like spots referring to black spots on the tail . the sciaenidae family has approximately 275 species within 70 genera .
pogonias cromis aka : drum description : black drum have short , deep bodies ( less than three times as long as deep ) with high - arched backs and flattish bellies . they have conspicuous chin barbells and make a loud grunting noise when excited . adults have dusky to black fins and are silver with a brassy luster when alive , but change to a dark gray after death . young drum possess four to six black vertical bars . size : black drum grow to 5 feet and 146 pounds . citations are given for fish weighing 35 pounds or more and for the live release of fish measuring 40 inches or longer . sometimes confused with : sheepshead , spadefish habitat : black drum are found from southern new england to mexico but are more commonly caught from new jersey southward . they prefer coastal waters of the bays , sounds and inlets , with a range of salinities . eating habits : black drum feed on the bottom and use their chin barbels to search for food . they have strong throat teeth that allow them to eat clams , mussels , oysters and crabs . they also eat worms and some fish . life cycle : black drum reach sexual maturity by age 3 . adults form schools and , in the spring , migrate to spawning grounds at sea near mouths of rivers and bays . newly hatched drum reside in estuaries for the first year of their lives , then move offshore . fishing tips : black drum are rarely caught with artificial lures since feeding is through feel and smell . anglers more commonly use conventional bottom rigs with sinkers or one or more drops with single hooks and no sinker . fishermen catch black drum fishing from banks , in the surf or from anchored boats using cut mullet , menhaden , shrimp and blood worms . larger fish are often taken on clams or pieces of crab .
the black drum also has the honor of being the most highly evolved , recently evolved species in our local group ( of sciaenids ) based on a variety of independent analyses , dna analyses , air bladder configurations , ear stone morphology and osteology ( skeletal characters ) . black drum live long , and carry on very loud conversations at night mostly in late fall , winter and early spring .
the black drum has a dark , silvery - gray body with a brassy sheen . it grows 40 to 60 inches in length and weighs between 50 to 100 pounds . it has a grayish belly , black fins and a high , rounded back . many small barbels appear on its lower chin , and it has cobblestone - like teeth plates . a deep notch appears in its dorsal fin . juveniles have four to five black vertical bars on their sides .
murphy , m . d . ; muller , r . g . 1995 . stock assessment of black drum pogonias cromis in florida . fmri , in - house report series ihr 1995 - 005 .
black drum can be caught on just about any rig . for fish intended for the table spinning or bait casting gear works well . for the larger fish heavy spinning and ocean gear is best .
good , especially smaller fish . the flesh of large black drum tends to be coarse . black drum , especially larger ones , often have had infestations of a larval tapeworm in their flesh . often called a
spaghetti worm ,
it is really a parasitic tapeworm of sharks and is using the drum as an intermediate host . if the drum is eaten by a shark , the larval worm becomes a reproducing adult in the shark . while they may look unappetizing , they are harmless to humans , even if eaten raw .
nice day on the water in bonaparte creek , sunset beach , nc . 12 keepers on the day ! 10 black drum , 1 specked trout , 1 spot and 1 likely red drum that got away . thanks for watching and as always be sure to subscribe !
growth information for black drum is relatively scarce , but some rate estimates have been produced . simmons and breuer ( 1962 ) used length - frequency analysis and tag return data to estimate growth rates in black drum , finding that black drum in texas measured approximately 160 mm ( 6 . 3 inches ) standard length ( sl ) , at the end of the first year , 310 mm ( 12 . 2 inches ) at the end of the second year , and 415 mm ( 16 . 3 inches ) by the end of the third year . older drum in their study had growth rates of approximately 50 mm ( 1 . 97 inches ) sl per year .
table 6 . summary of the black drum recreational harvest and percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
oyster bars in al’s experience , there’s a rhythm to the bite . schools of juvenile black drum will feed in an area for around an hour , at which time they can be caught in numbers .
black drum sometimes grab artificial lures , and you can up the attraction by fishing scented baits such as the soft shrimp at right . bounce a lure like this around bridge or dock pilings in winter .
spaghetti worms are common parasites of saltwater fish in the drum family , which include speckled and white trout , black drum , redfish , and croakers . while they look alike to most fishermen , several different worms use these fish as hosts . most common in sea trout is poecilancistrium caryophyllum . worms found in black drum are most often pseudogrillotia pieistacantha . for ease of discussion , we will dispose of these tongue - twisting latin names and refer to them all as spaghetti worms .
average small drum weigh 5 to 10 pounds ; large specimens commonly weigh 20 to 40 pounds . in delaware bay , fish from 40 to 70 pounds are fairly common in the spring . the all - tackle record is 113 pounds . black drum live up to 35 years .
the black drum , the largest species in the drum family , is both a fine eating fish and excellent sport fish , depending on the size of fish targeted . these large fish are commonly 20 - to - 50 pounds , and reach over 100 pounds when fully grown .
table 4 . summary data for recreational fishery in eastern florida waters for the black drum , pogonias cromis , from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .
osburn , h . r . , and g . c . matlock . 1984 . black drum movement in texas bays . n . am . j . fish . manage . 4 : 523 - 530 .
richards , c . e . , 1973 age , growth and distribution of the black drum ( pogonias cromis ) . trans . am . fish . soc . 102 ( 3 ) : 584 - 590 .
as one of the largest fish inhabiting the inshore waters of new jersey , the black drum is a popular target when their spring spawning migration brings them into the delaware bay . their scientific name , pogonias cromis , literally means “bearded grunters , ” referring to the drum’s whisker - like barbels and ability to create a croaking sound using its air bladder . understanding more about the black drum’s habits and the bay where they live will help you find and catch more of these big booming gamefish .
body color in adults is a silver to black base color , highlighted with a with a coppery or brassy sheen . fins are dusky to black in color . young typically have 4 - 6 vertical black bars along their sides . coloration may change depending on habitat or age of the fish ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) . in the gulf of mexico , black drum are nearly uniformly silver in color , their vertical crossbars disappearing very early in life . fishes inhabiting bays and lagoons tend to be darker in color , typically with a bronze dorsal surface and gray - white sides ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; johnson 1978 ) .
this common fish is found gulfwide , from brackish estuarine waters out to nearshore offshore waters . black drum are found on mud , sand and shell bottoms and medium to large specimens are very common on oyster reefs .
black drum ( pogonias cromis ) can be found in nearshore waters along the atlantic coast from the gulf of maine to florida and as far south as argentina . atlantic coast black drum migrate inshore to the north in the spring , and to the south in the fall . fish can reach over 46
, 120 pounds and 60 years of age . they grow rapidly until the age of 15 , at which time growth slows .
large , captive drum were capable of feeding on more than 2 commercial - sized oysters per kilogram of body weight daily ( cave and cake 1980 ) . black drum are known to damage commercial stocks of oysters on seed reefs in lease areas in gulf of mexico waters ( benson 1982 ) .
young red drum prey upon small crustaceans and marine worms . as the drum reaches lengths above 200mm , the diet shifts to incorporate small bony fishes including
somewhat similar to the redfish in shape , but usually distinguishable by color , and always by the fact that the drum has barbels , or feelers on the underside of the lower jaw . juvenile drum have black vertical stripes on dusky white sides . the stripes fade with age and adult drum are usually blackish above and white below , although some develop a decidedly bronze hue .
ross , j . f . , j . s . pavela , and m . e . chittenden , jr . 1983 . seasonal occurrence of black drum , pogonias cromis , and red drum , sciaenops ocellatus , off texas . northeast gulf sci . 6 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 .
murphy , m . d . ; taylor , r . g . 1989 . reproduction and growth of black drum , pogonias cromis , in northeast florida . northeast gulf sci . 10 ( 2 ) : 127 - 137 .
silverman , m . j . 1979 . biological and fisheries data on black drum , pogonias cromis ( linnaeus ) . northeast fish . nt . sandy hook lab . tech . ser . rep . 22 . 35 pp .
weird chin whiskers , faded stripes , utter disregard for topwater baits . for anglers in search of redfish , black drum are often regardedas a lowly consolation prize . an oddity , at best , compared to the sleek reds .
simmons eg ; breuer jp , 1962 . a study of redfish , sciaenops ocellata linnaeus , and black drum , pogonias cromis linnaeus . publ . inst . mar . sci . , university of texas 8 : 184 - 211 .
adult black drum feed on crustaceans and mollusks , with a preference for blue crabs , shedder crabs , shrimp , oysters , and squid . they locate food with their chin barbels and crush and grind shells with their pharyngeal teeth .
although similar in fundamental frequency and waveform , the advertisement calls of male black drum in uruguay have shorter durations than calls from the same species in the northern hemisphere . the florida black drum population has durations that are over three fold longer . to our knowledge , the history of separation between these two groups is unknown . if shorter calls evolved first , the ability to produce longer calls in florida may have been selected by females as an index of male quality .
the black drum , a mainstay in the commercial fishery , has never been fully accepted as game fish by sport anglers . annual harvest of black drum along the texas coast is usually more than 1 . 3 million pounds by the commercial fishery and approximately three quarters of a million pounds by the sport fishery . while some prefer flounder , red drum , snapper , or some more glamorous fish , many anglers maintain that black drum less than five pounds , cleaned and prepared properly , may be better than many of these so - called
choice
fish . many coastal restaurants noted for their seafood serve drum extensively . fish taken in cold weather before spawning tend to be fatter and in better condition than those caught in summer after spawning . drum weighing more than five pounds usually have coarse flesh ; the larger the fish , the coarser the flesh . rather than eating these larger drum , anglers are encouraged to release them to spawn and fight another day .
spaghetti worms
common in spotted seatrout are present in larger drum and , while unappetizing , they are not harmful to humans .
black drum are sensory - oriented fish , relying more on their sense of smell and taste from their chin barbels than on sight . because of this , natural bait and cut bait are much better than artificial bait for catching drums .
the black drum is the largest member of the sciaenidae family ( drum and croaker ) . the common term “drum” refers to the loud and distinctive “drumming” noise that occurs when the fish raps a muscle against the swim bladder . this voluntary noise is assumed to be associated with locating and attracting mates , and it can sometimes be heard from a good distance , even by people above the water .
early june is generally the best time for drum fishing in the delaware bay .
bermitz , who guides and fishes for sport on the indianriver lagoon near palm bay , knows that a little bait - dunking in the right spot can be just plain fun . especially when there’s a school of feisty , good - eating drum passing through . so here’s a basic primer on black drum fishing in florida .
leard , r . , and ten co - authors . 1993 . the black drum fishery of the gulf of mexico , united states : a regional management plan . gulf states marine fisheries commission , number 28 , ocean springs , ms .
black drum are multiple spawners with continuous oocyte recruitment throughout the spawning season ( fitzhugh 1993 ) , and are capable of spawning approximately every 3 days . pearson ( 1929 ) estimated that a ripe female black drum measuring 1 . 1 m ( 43 . 3 inches ) total length ( tl ) would produce approximately 6 million eggs annually . in a more recent study , fitzhugh et al . ( 1993 ) estimated fecundity of average sized females weighing 13 . 4 pounds at 32 million eggs annually .
joseph , e . b . , w . h . massmann , and j . j . norcross . 1964 . the pelagic eggs and early larval states of the black drum from chesapeake bay . copeia 1964 ( 2 ) : 425 - 434 .
all the drum species are in our waters all times of the year . black drum are around all year , although they are found in different places at different times of the year , and their sizes can vary considerably . you will catch them on grass flats , in residential canals , and in deeper channels around the big bridges .
this fish is a member of the croaker family and is related to the atlantic croaker , red drum , and spotted seatrout . a characteristic of this family of fish is the ability to produce croaking or drumming sounds with the air bladder , which is the reason for the common names croaker and drum . this ability is most developed in the black drum and anglers can sometime hear sounds from schools passing near their boats .
a school of drum feeds like a herd of cows—heads down , moving slowly and grazing along the bottom . drum move between established feeding stations scattered throughout the delaware bay .
spawning in many species occurs around periods of maximum current flow during spring tides that best disperse the fertilized eggs . most black drum spawning occurs around the big full moon tides , with some spawning occurring during the new moon as well . drum are serial spawners , meaning that they will spawn multiple times during their stay in the delaware bay .
the main predator of the red drum is humans . other predators include birds of prey including ospreys , as well as larger fishes . the black tail spot is thought to be used as mechanism to confuse predators into attacking the tail instead of the head .
i love black drum and i have eaten fish up to 80 lbs . those that are or might be
grossed out
by the parasite in the fish shouldn ' t watch the cleaning as they are there but were gone when it hit theplate .
first things first . about those photos of giant , breeding - size drum you begin to see this time of year in magazines and newspapers : starting in february and running through april , there are anglers who target spawning drum in deep ocean or gulf passes , usually far north florida , but sometimes tampa bay and charlotte harbor . prespawn aggregations of black drum at nearby bridges also stoke fires . big chunks of blue crab , clam and shrimp soaked on bottom attract humongous drum , some weighing close to 100 pounds .
black drum are a prolific species , with females producing 11 - 60 million eggs each over a 14 - week spawning season . generally , spawning takes place in or near passes , as well as in channels in open water in depths between 10 and 165 feet . the locations change with seasons and environmental conditions . black drum spawn between january and april . spawning activity takes place between 7 p . m . and 10 p . m . and at water temperatures of 59 to 75°f . black drum spawning sites are closely tied to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water , with the more oxygen the better . during this period , each female spawns 20 to 30 times . spawning peaks seem to occur at new and full moon phases and spawning takes place in the early evening , one to two hours after sunset . after being spawned , the eggs are carried seaward by currents until they hatch . larval ( baby ) and small black drum then tend to travel inland with incoming tides where they settle out in marshes to grow . at 24 to 26 inches and 4 to 5 years of age , they become sexually mature and begin to spawn . mature black drum form large schools before the beginning of spawning season . often 20 , 000 - 60 , 000 pounds of fish will be in one of these offshore schools , frequently mixed with cownose rays and occasionally with crevalle jacks and red drum . after spawning season , these schools seem to disperse . black drum are long - lived fish , with most studies indicating a maximum age of over 40 years and one study in florida estimating a maximum of 58 years of age .
drum also love to feed in algae beds laden with crabs , clams , razor clams and oysters . algae can only grow in depths that receive sufficient sunlight . in the often turbid waters of the delaware bay , this usually means depths less than 45 feet . black drum will occasionally feed in water so shallow their tails wag in the air .
the best drum fishing takes place around the full moon . even though the drum do not feed while spawning , they will feed before and after . finding a large spawning congregation of drum could lead to fast fishing after they have completed the circle of life .
an inshore bottom fish , the black drum prefers sandy bottoms in salt or brackish waters near jetties , breakwaters , bridge and pier pilings , clam and oyster beds , channels , estuaries , bays , high marsh areas , and shorelines . larger fish often favor shoal areas and channels . black drum can survive wide ranges of salinity and temperature . the small fish inhabit brackish and freshwater habitats ; the adults usually prefer estuaries in which salinity ranges from 9 to 26 parts per thousand and the temperature ranges from 53° to 91°f .
simmons , e . g . , and j . p . breuer . 1962 . a study of redfish , sciaenops ocellata linnaeus , and black drum , pogonias cromis linnaeus . publ . inst . mar . univ . tex . 8 : 184 - 211 .
s . ocellatus is the second largest member of the drum family in the western atlantic and gulf of mexico , reaching a maximum length of 1 . 5 m . the world record s . ocellatus weighs 42 . 7 kg . only the black dru . . .
red drum coloration ranges from a deep cooper to an almost silvery sheen . photo courtesy fda
larvae feed primarily on zooplankton ( benson 1982 ) . juveniles feed on annelids , soft crustaceans , amphipods , and small fishes ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; peters and mcmichael 1990 ) . in texas , approximately 33 % of the diet in black drum measuring 21 - 50 cm ( 8 . 3 - 19 . 7 inches ) or more in length consisted of the surfclam ( mulinia sp . ) . larger drum consume mostly mollusks and crabs , while the largest specimens consumed mollusks and shrimp ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) . miles ( 1949 ) reported that black drum in texas fed primarily on shrimp , mollusks , and vegetation .
peters , k . m . ; mcmichael , r . h . , jr . 1990 . early life history of the black drum pogonias cromis ( pisces : sciaenidae ) in tampa bay , florida . northeast gulf sci . 11 ( 1 ) : 39 - 58 .
ilar to recent years at about 1 . 3 million pounds , landed fish constituted only 27 % of all black drum caught by the fishery . the other 73 % of recreationally caught fish were released alive , making 2016 the third highest year for releases in number of fish a
temperature : black drum prefer waters where temperatures range from 12 - 33°c ( mcilwain 1978 ) . sudden temperature drops during the winter months cause them to migrate to deeper waters . mass mortality is somewhat common when sudden , sustained temperature drops occur ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) .
fitzhugh , g . r . , b . a . thompson and t . g . snider iii , 1993 ovarian development , fecundity , and spawning frequency of black drum pogonias cromis in louisiana . fish . bull . , u . s . 91 : 244 - 253 .
drum , like many other fish , don’t feed while spawning . drum seem to spawn as the sun sets , the process lasting maybe an hour or so . a congregation of spawning drum is given away by the telltale drumming sound that can be heard coming from under the boat .
black drum are rarely taken on artificial baits since most feeding is done by feel and smell . cut fish , squid and shrimp are used , with peeled shrimp tails ( preferably ripe and smelly ) the most popular . since feeding is done on the bottom , the basic technique is simple - put a baited hook on the bottom and wait for the drum to swallow it .
the black drum is a chunky , high - backed fish with many barbels or whiskers under the lower jaw . younger fish have four or five dark vertical bars on their sides but these disappear with age . the bellies of older fish are white but coloration of backs and sides can vary greatly . fish from gulf waters frequently lack color and are light gray or silvery . those living in muddy bay waters have dark gray or bronze - colored backs and sides . some are solid silvery gray or jet black . a length of six inches is reached in the first year , 12 inches the second and 16 inches the third . increases of about two inches per year occur after that . the largest black drum on record weighed 146 pounds . the texas record taken by a sport angler is 78 pounds but most bull drum caught weigh 30 to 40 pounds .
a large bodied fish of the drum family . shorter and stockier than their cousin the redfish .
delaware bay water is often turbid , forcing drum to rely on scent to find their food .
the big black drum in the channels will be oriented facing the incoming water on moving tides . make sure your baits move with the same direction as the natural flow of water with those moving tides , or else your bait will be moving toward the fish’s tails instead of their mouths .
the reel should be loaded with 50lb braid . since braided lines have a thinner diameter and less water resistance , they provide an added advantage and allow the angler to hold bottom with lighter sinkers . the lack of stretch transmits even the softest of black drum hits back to the angler .
while some prefer flounder , red drum , snapper , or some more glamorous fish , many anglers maintain that black drum less than five pounds , cleaned and prepared properly , may be better than many of these so - called
choice
fish . many coastal restaurants noted for their seafood serve drum extensively . fish taken in cold weather before spawning tend to be fatter and in better condition than those caught in summer after spawning . drum weighing more than five pounds usually have coarse flesh ; the larger the fish , the coarser the flesh . rather than eating these larger drum , anglers are encouraged to release them to spawn and fight another day .
spaghetti worms
common in spotted seatrout are present in larger drum and , while unappetizing , they are not harmful to humans .
black drum aren’t sleek , beautiful fish , and they’ll probably never have the kind of following of the bronzed , spot - tail redfish . but they have mystique , and they pull hard when hooked . add great tablefare to their list of attributes and you’ve got a fine catch . – fs
a day later , bermitz called to inform me that he’d caught two large catch - and - release fish at the same place we had fished—a 38 - inch snook and a hefty goliath grouper ! talk about great bycatch ! oh yeah , a 26 - inch black drum came aboard as well .
rather than scale your drum , skin it . the skin contains most of the
fishy taste ,
so why save it ? besides , the scales of drum are tough and not easily removed .
as stated previously above , excellent eating . they do get
wormy
at 25 inches plus , but so do big specks . i tend to throw them back at the 30 inch or larger range not because of the worms , but because i usually end up having to use a damn hacksaw to get through that stiff bone in filleting . in fact , though , there was a stink around la a year or so ago when it was revealed that some restaurants were serving black drum but advertising as redfish . i know this for quite some time , but i say who gives a shite . while a redfish is a beautiful , gold and at times tealish mixed in color , and a black drum is plain ugly , black drum is a very pretty white meat , while redfish is bloodier . in other words , deep fry or marinate with lemon , red pepper and salt and cook on grill . enjoy !
beckman , d . w . , a . l . stanley , j . h . render and c . a . wilson , 1990 age and growth of black drum in louisiana waters of the gulf of mexico . trans . am . fish . soc . 119 ( 3 ) : 537 - 544 .
another friend of mine , tammy burgess , has had success with black drum fishing along mangrove banks with quick dropoffs . the areas are near channels , so the trick is to go when boat traffic is light . it can be hard to entice a bite when there is a steady stream of boat noise .
2 ) both sexes of black drum emit a disturbance call , but advertisement calls are emitted only by males . the disturbance call is a series of short pulses , typical of many sciaenid species . the long - duration advertisement call is unique among known sciaenids and is relatively rare among sonic fishes in general .
the black drum is found along the atlantic coast from new york south through the gulf states to mexico . it is most abundant in texas and is found in all bay and inshore waters and offshore in gulf waters . the area of greatest abundance in texas is from corpus christi to brownsville on the lower coast .
goodyear cp , 1989 . status of the red drum stocks of the gulf of mexico report for 1989 .
matlock gc , 1990 . the life history of red drum . in : red drum aquaculture , texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , college station , texas , pp . 1 - 21 .
cody , t . j . , k . w . rice , and c . e . bryan . 1985 . distribution and gonadal development of black drum in texas gulf waters . tex . pks . wildl . dep . , coast fish . branch , manage . data ser . no . 72 . 16 pp .
in florida totaled 1 . 6 million pounds , and was valued at $ 679 , 928 . approximately 69 . 7 % of black drum landings occurred on florida ' s west coast . east coast landings totaled approximately 484 , 600 pounds , and were valued at $ 290 , 466 . of this , the 5 county area encompassing the irl ( volusia , brevard , indian river , st . lucie and martin counties ) accounted for 94 % of east coast landings ( 272 , 514 pounds ) , and was valued at $ 131 , 995 . this ranks the black drum sixty - ninth in commercial value and fifty - ninth in pounds harvested .
unlike spotted seatrout that spawns only in the bays , and red drum that spawns only in the gulf , black drum will spawn in either bay or gulf or in the connecting passes . free spawning ( random release of eggs ) occurs mostly in february , march , and april with some later spawning occurring in june and july . larval drum are found in the surf and along bay shorelines in march and april , and by early summer one - half to one - inch juveniles are common in shallow , muddy creeks , sloughs and boat basins .
in general , the smaller fish taste very similar to a redfish , while the larger fish do not taste as well . black drum are a rather simple fish , but still take some time and patience to learn the tricks of the trade . here , we present the top 10 tips and tricks for catching these big drums .
in shallow water , it may be hard to see the drum on your fish - finder . instead , use the unit to locate structure that is likely to harbor a mussel or razor clam community . besides looking for areas where drum will stop to feed , captains also look for the telltale marks of big drum on the fish - finder . experienced captains will idle around an area , keeping their distance from other boats , looking for drum marks on the fish - finder . some days the fish will be found over sandy bottoms when they are moving from one feeding area to another . they may also be found over sandy bottoms as they aggregate to spawn . however , for the greatest likelihood of finding black drum , the feeding areas should be your primary target zone .
young drums feed on maritime worms , small shrimp , and crabs and small fish . larger drum eat small crabs , worms , algae , small fish and mollusks . barbels ( or whiskers ) are used to find food by feel and smell . drum often dig or root out buried mollusks and worms while feeding in a head - down position . this process is called
tailing
and creates small craters in the bottom which anglers call
drum noodles .
experienced anglers can detect the recent passage of a school of drum by the presence of many
noodles .
the black drum has no canine teeth like those of the spotted seatrout , but does have highly developed pharyngeal teeth ( in the pharynx or throat ) which are used to crush mollusks and crabs before swallowing .
natural baits are by far the best method for catching black drum . good baits include blue crabs , shrimp , clams , mussels , and anything else that puts off a good odor and taste . one trick if you’re not getting bites is to break open or pinch the baits , allowing more scent to be released into the water .
coloration the red drum is usually a copper reddish color . coloration can also range from a deep dark copper to an almost silvery sheen . the ventral side is usually a lighter color to almost white . red drums have a distinctive black spot near the base of the tail . one spot is most common however some individuals exhibit several spots .
holt j , 1990 . growth and development of red drum eggs and larvae . in : red drum aquaculture , texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , college station , texas , pp . 46 - 50 .
black drum fishing can be enjoyed by anyone at almost any time . it is a relaxing outing compared with other types of fishing which require experience , expensive tackle , boats and related equipment . anyone can catch a drum , whatever their skills or finances . tackle can be rod and reel , trotline , hand line or cane pole , and bait is inexpensive . fishing can be done from piers or from the bank and the entire family can join in .


aethes mymara , the dark-spotted aethes , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it was named by razowski in 1997 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from south-eastern canada and the north-eastern united states , including connecticut , indiana , massachusetts , north carolina , ontario , tennessee and washington .

the wingspan is 16 millimetres ( 0.63 in ) .

adults have been recorded on wing between may and august .

aethes mymara

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aethes mymara razowski , 1997 n . sp . , acta . zool . cracov . 40 : 126 .
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) » tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) » tortricinae » cochylini » aethes » aethes mymara - hodges # 3758 . 2 ( aethes mymara )
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peterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie . 2012 . houghton mifflin .
cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .
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3721 dscf3326 . jpg wingspan ~ 14mm f # 3721 rwwa - 3721 bold dna : species level made with six 98 . 7 - 100 % matches . no other genus or species close . locality : coastal sw washington state at the edge of willapa bay geo : lat = 46 37 . 273 geo : lon = - 123 56 . 814 urltoken
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steganocerus multipunctatus thunberg 1783 , or ladybird bug is a sub-saharan african member of the hemiptera with a strong resemblance to a ladybird .

it is normally black with bright orange spots , but is quite variable in colour and may be brown without spots .

it shares müllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani , and a spider paraplectana thorntoni .

s. multipunctatus is one of the rhynchota whose presence has been recorded on a wide range of indigenous plants and cultivated crops such as cotton .

steganocerus multipunctatus

a shield - backed bug / ladybird bug ( steganocerus multipunctatus ) , a warningly coloured , polychromic species , south africa .
ladybird bug shield - backed bug ( steganocerus multipunctatus : scutelleridae ) , a warningly coloured , polychromic species , in savannah , south africa . exhibits müllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani
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the delicate slender opossum ( marmosops parvidens ) is a small pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae that occurs in french guiana , guyana , suriname , and adjacent venezuela and brazil .

marmosops pinheiroi , marmosops bishopi and marmosops juninensis had long been considered to represent the same species , until parvidens and pinheiroi were found in sympatry in french guiana .

this species is found in moist primary tropical rainforest at elevations up to 2000 m .

it is nocturnal and partially arboreal , and feeds on insects and fruit .

delicate slender opossum

a young / baby of a delicate slender mouse opossum is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .
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guyana , east demerara - west coast berbice ,
hyde park , 30 miles [ 48 km ] up the demerara river .
voss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine’s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species . the name parvidentata tate , 1933 , is an incorrect subsequent spelling of parvidens ( tate ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cáceres , n . , astua de moraes , d . , brito , d . , catzeflis , f . & silva , c .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
the species occurs across the guiana shield in venezuela , guyana , suriname , french guiana and south through northern brazil ( voss et al . 2001 , gardner and creighton 2008 , but see also garcía et al . 2014 , astúa 2015 ) .
usually uncommon to rare , but occasionally locally common ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . several recent taxonomic changes in the genus marmosops require a reassessment of the information on population for this and several other species .
the species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , and has a broad distribution .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
sirohiiriopossumi
to
marmosops parvidens ( tate , 1931 )
.
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picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
comments : voss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine ' s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .