pasiphilodes viridescens is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in malaysia , new guinea and possibly borneo .

the wingspan is about 20 millimetres ( 0.79 in ) .

the forewings are green and the hindwings are pale cinereous , with traces of three or four dusky curved fasciae .

larvae have been recorded feeding on rhododendron species .

pasiphilodes viridescens

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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and the number of omitted authors .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subpalpata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subpalpata and , of course , subpalpata synonyms and on the right images related to the word subpalpata .
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agnippe leuconota is a moth in the family gelechiidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , maine , florida , texas and mexico .

adults are similar to agnippe prunifoliella , but that species has a small white spot on the base of the costa of the forewings , a distinct white costal spot just before the cilia , and a white streak in the apex , all of which are absent in leuconota .

in prunifoliella , the white of the dorsal margin sends three large almost triangular projections into the brown , but in this species there are three scarcely perceptible emarginations only .

adults are on wing from may to august .

agnippe leuconota

i think we can just leave it and let the comments explain . maybe we ' ll make a
leuconota or prunifoliella
some time in the future .
i ' m not sure how to handle this . i trust sangmi lee to get it right but her spread specimen of prunifoliella on mpg doesn ' t have a distinct white spot . there are few examples of leuconota online but it seems that the separation between the light and dark is generally less sinuous on leuconota than it is on prunifoliella .
according to busck here , a . prunifoliella is separated from a . leuconota by the presence of a white costal spot . genetalia is not mentioned . yours has a few white scales forming a faint coastal spot but it seems no more obvious than for examples at bold in bold : aag0028 , the bin holding samples of leuconota . the examples at bold for prunifoliella are mostly in bold : aac3010 and they all have a much larger white costal spot . these two bins are not close and there are couple more with examples that seem intermediate . one of those bins is close to bold : aac3010 and has examples with a reduced coastal spot . perhaps all examples that don ' t have an obvious coastal spot should be placed in a no taxon
leuconota or prunifoliella
.
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
busck , a . , 1903 . a revision of the american moths of the family gelechiidae , with descriptions of new species .
chambers , v . t . , 1877 . tineina from texas . the canadian entomologist . , 23 .
checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico lee s . , hodges r . w . , brown r . l . 2009 . zootaxa 2231 : 1–39 .
a revision of the american moths of the family gelechiidae , with descriptions of new species august busck . 1903 . proceedings of the united states national museum 25 : 767 - 938 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 6 november , 2013 - 9 : 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz last updated 14 december , 2015 - 5 : 58am
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doryrhamphus is a genus of pipefishes , one of the two genera colloquially known as flagtail pipefishes and are popular in the aquarium trade .

the members of this genus are native to the indian and pacific oceans where they inhabit reef environments .

the species in this genus have a maximum length of 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) or less , with d. janssi being the only species that surpasses 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) .

most species have a horizontal blue line along their body , and all have a whitish-edged tail that is marked contrastingly with black , red or yellow .

doryrhamphus

dianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , doryrhamphus negrosensis in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
doryrhamphus negrosensis herre 1934 , herre philipp . exped . : 28 , tide pool near dumaguete , oriental negros , philippines .
more to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus , and other pipefish paracanthurus hepatus by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken
thicker blue band running the length of the body than most doryrhamphus species . numerous , well - defined yellow spots on caudal fin .
home » doryrhamphus excisus ssp . excisus ( black - sided pipefish , bluestripe pipefish , fantail pipefish , pacific blue - stripe pipefish )
herre described doryrhamphus negrosensis ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ) in 1934 from specimens collected at negros i . ( philippines ) in 1931 ( dawson 1981 ) . whitley described choeroichthys suillus malus ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ) in 1954 from specimens collected at masthead i . ( qld ) in c . 1905 ( dawson 1981 ) . dawson ( 1981 , 1985 ) noted that there were two subspecies of doryrhamphus negrosensis , namely doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ( known from qld ) and doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ( known from the w . pacific ocean southwards to png and vanuatu , and also occurring at rowley shoals in wa waters ) . d . negrosensis malus attains a standard length of 62 mm and d . negrosensis negrosensis attains a standard length of 47 mm ( dawson 1981 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that records from the e indian ocean and vanuatu need further investigation .
doryrhamphus aurolineatus is known from two specimens collected on one occasion from a depth of 11 m from masirah island , oman ( randall and earle 1994 ) .
doryrhamphus is from the greek , dory meaning lance and the greek , rhamphos for bill , beak . named negrosensis after the type locality , negros island .
narrow blue stripe running the length of the body when compared to most doryrhamphus species . stripe always outlined by black border . caudal fin with 3 distinct spots .
to date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for doryrhamphus janssi . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .
a pair of flagtail pipefish , doryrhamphus negrosensis , in indonesia - note the eggs on the abdomen of the male . source : silke baron / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution
doryrhamphus jannsi is the largest of the pipefish that is normally imported for the aquarium trade . seen here is a pair with a natural host client , a neopomacentrus anabatoides . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .
a wonderful photograph of doryrhamphus melanopleura . the broad blue band without a dark border and larger , elongated caudal spot located at the posterior , make identification easy . photo courtesy of greg rothschild of mother nature ' s creations .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . doryrhamphus negrosensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 46 : 41 + 1000 .
dunkerocampus , much like doryrhamphus , is one of the few genera of free - swimming pipefish . like all free - swimming pipefish , dunkerocampus males keep the eggs in a pouch under the trunk . this pouch does not close , and subsequently the eggs are not covered while the male carries them . previously known as acanthognathus , dunkerocampus has also been regarded as a subgenus of doryrhamphus , but today maintains generic status and maintains no less than eight species from the indo - west pacific .
doryrhamphus janssi is distributed from the andaman sea to the solomon islands and micronesia , north to taiwan , and south to queensland ( herald and randall 1972 ; dawson 1981 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ; shao et al . 2008 ; lim et al . 2011 ) .
dunckerocampus dactyliophorus is a regular import for the hobby , but it is usually sold under the incorrect name doryrhamphus dactyliophorus . bottom photo : a fantastic photo of a male dunckerocampus dactyliophorus with a brood pouch filled with eggs . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
most of the doryrhamphus species are fairly similar , with only slight color differences of the caudal fin and geographical locations setting them apart . therefore , getting an exact identification on this genus is extremely difficult , if not impossible . following the chart below will give you your best chance at proper identification .
pipefishes generally feed on small living crustaceans that drift by or reside in the coral branches or algal mats ( gronell 1983 ) . many doryrhamphus species are known to be active cleaners , picking tiny parasitic crustaceans from other fishes , and adults work mostly in pairs ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) .
dawson , c . e . , 1981 review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . ichthyol . ( 44 ) : 27 p .
the final member of doryrhamphus is d . janssi , or commonly called janssi ' s or jan ' s pipefish . whereas most other doryrhamphus barely reach three inches in length , d . janssi will reach over five inches in total length . in the wild jan ' s is reported to be an exclusive cleaner for cheilodipterus ( cardinalfish ) and neopomacentrus ( damsel ) species ( michael , 1998 ) . it has perhaps the largest distribution of all pipefish , covering most of the west pacific from 3 to 120 feet of depth . like d . melanpleura , it spends much of its lifetime swimming upside - down .
dawson , c . e . ( 1981 ) . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology . 44 : jan - 27 .
dawson , c . e . 1981 . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies , ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . 44 : 1 - 27 , figs . 1 - 17 .
doryrhamphus consists of 11 species , though the taxonomy is incredibly incomplete and lacking . many localized color forms are present , and most specimens are lumped together as a single species , a result of inconclusive research from preserved specimens . once further research is put forth , it is likely the number of species will rise ( kuiter , 2000 ) .
the two type specimens of doryrhamphus aurolineatus were found in a cave at 11 metres depths on rocky substrate ( randall and earle 1994 ) . aside from this no further habitat information is known for this species . in other species in the genus doryrhamphus , males brood the eggs semi - exposed beneath the tail , and broods range from about 80 - 150 eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . many of the species also feed by cleaning small parasites from other fish species . the genus is known for having a very brief or even non - existent juvenile pelagic phase , and is limited in its dispersal capabilities . as a result many species exhibit a small range size ( kuiter 2000 ) .
justification : doryrhamphus aurolineatus is listed as data deficient based on a lack of information about population levels , life history , and threats . the species is known from two type specimens , no dedicated surveys for it have been undertaken , and little is known about its range or threats to its habitat . further research is needed in order to carry out a proper red list assessment for the species .
most members of the genus doryrhamphus have been noted as
cleaner fish
( see to clean or not to clean : gobiosoma species for more information on
cleaner fish
) . however , unlike typical
cleaners ,
the pipefish do not setup highly visible
cleaning stations .
doryrhamphus species are noted to clean the cryptic clients , those such as moray eels , groupers , and cardinalfish ( michael , 1998 ) . this makes up a small portion of their diet . the majority of their diet is comprised of the tiny crustaceans that swim near the substrate , though just about any larva that fits into their mouth is consumed . foods that are not able to fit into their fixed jaws are often
de - gutted ,
that is , they suck the abdomen out of the food item , and let the skeleton go without further attention .
males of d . n . malus may be brooding at 43 mm standard length , while the brood pouch of males of d . n . negrosensis is developing at 22 mm standard length and are usually fully developed at 30 - 35 mm standard length ( dawson 1981 ) . male doryrhamphus brood eggs semi - exposed under the trunk , and sometimes have a thin skin covering over the sides of the brood ( kuiter 2000 ) . brood size for doryrhamphus pipefishes varies from 80 - 150 eggs , depending on age or species ( kuiter 2000 ) . as tiny juveniles can be found on reefs , it seems that the pelagic stage is either short or absent ( kuiter 2000 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that it was difficult to determine the sex for most doryrhamphinae species , especially when the male incubated a brood , but adults usually occur in pairs with one male and one female .
though the majority of pipefish that appear in our hobby are from the subfamily doryrhamphinae , with doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus accounting for the largest percentage of the subfamily within the hobby , a large percentage does show up from syngnathinae , or the subfamily commonly called pipefish . for the most part , this is a highly unorganized subfamily that is likely to be split into their separate taxon once additional research is put forth . for now , 42 genera are recognized , though only corythoichthys is likely to be found at your local fish store with any regularity .
justification : doryrhamphus janssi is a marine coastal pipefish species that inhabits coral reefs and caves to depths of 35 m throughout much of the indo - west pacific . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation , and unknown numbers are taken for use in the aquarium trade and possibly for traditional medicines . further research on how these threats are affecting wild populations . they are however able to utilize other habitat types such as tidal pools , and coral declines are not occurring at high rates across the range . therefore this species is listed as least concern .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for doryrhamphus janssi , however its distribution may coincide with a number of marine protected areas , including australia ' s great barrier reef marine park . it is listed along with all other syngnathids as a protected species under australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1998 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . further research is needed in order to determine how the threats listed above are affecting population size and trends in abundance . this species would likely benefit from international measures to mitigate anthropogenic climate change .
doryrhamphus janssi is threatened by coral reef habitat loss due to coastal development and pollution , destructive fishing practices such as dynamite fishing and trawling , and the effects of climate change including ocean acidification and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 , normile 2016 ) . the species is also present in the aquarium trade , but levels of offtake from the wild are unknown , as is their status as a captive - bred species . it may also be caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries and subsequently traded for use in traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . further research is needed in order to determine how these threats are affecting wild populations of the species .
the care of corythoichthys is similar to that of any other pipefish . the main points of consideration would be the temperature that the particular species originated from , as well as the type of bottom cover it preferred . all corythoichthys are found along the substrate , unlike doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus species . some members prefer muck bottoms , while others prefer rock rubble and algae . the pipefish that prefer to swim along the substrate have a differently designed brood pouch than do their free - swimming cousins . this brood pouch is designed to enclose the eggs , and in these enclosed pouches the embryos are attached to highly vascularized placenta - like tissue , which seals the pouch folds from inside during incubation ( watanabe et al , 1999 ) . it would seem , therefore , that the embryos of the substrate dwelling pipefish are considerably more protected than those of the free - swimming pipefish . twenty - three species are currently described members of corythoichthys , with many more un - described members awaiting entrance .
lastly , tank design is significant . this aspect isn ' t nearly as important as the three previously discussed requirements , but nonetheless , these minimal requirements should not be considered voluntary . an active , healthy sandbed should be required . if possible , sand from several different sources should be acquired to ensure as much diversity as possible . this sandbed will supply a large percentage of the naturally occurring foods for the pipefish . likewise , good quantities of porous live rock are desirable . as mentioned above , various colonies of algae are also prime locations of microfaunal colonization , and thus should be considered mandatory in the pipefish aquarium . caves and overhangs are a wise idea , both as a comfort factor for your pipefish , and for the viewing pleasure of the hobbyists . in most cases , you can design your rockwork to feature overhangs in prime locations for your viewing , and your doryrhamphus sp . will immediately take to this overhang . without these overhangs , the pipefish is likely to take up residence somewhere buried behind the rockwork , much to the disappointment of all intending on viewing these fish .
doryrhamphus species are free - swimming benthic fishes found in various reef habitats in coastal to outer reefs , and usually stay close to small caves or narrow crevices into which they retreat when threatened ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis malus has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 6 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with rubble reef ( kuiter 1992 ) , sheltered reef flats , under large pieces of coral rubble and lagoons in inner reefs and islands inside the great barrier reef ( kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis negrosensis has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 9 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with sheltered rocky reefs and lagoons , usually in narrow crevices with long - spined urchins ( kuiter 2000 ) . specimens of d . negrosensis malus in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , reef platforms , reef crests , gutters , live corals , dead corals , coral knolls , lagoons , bomboras , rocks , sand rubble , pools and sand in depths of 0 - 6 m , using ichthyocides . specimens of d . negrosensis negrosensis in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , live corals , dead coral knolls , lagoons , coral rubble and sand in depths of 0 . 1 - 10 m , using ichthyocides ( australian fish collection records ) .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
greek , dory = lance + greek , rhamphos = bill , beak ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 35 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 19°n - 29°s
western central pacific : gulf of thailand to the solomon islands , north to the philippines , south to queensland ; belau and truk in micronesia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 16 ; tail rings 21 - 23 .
found in tide pools and reef crevices . also found in sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large plate corals . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . very active cleaner and has cleaning station that is visited by apogonids and damsels where adults work in pairs ( ref . 48635 ) . minimum depth from ref . 58018 . solitary or in pairs ( ref 90102 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 25 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 7 ( based on 2406 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
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: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 50 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 32°s
indo - pacific and eastern pacific : persian gulf and east africa to the west coast of the americas . it was noted by dawson ( ref . 5316 ) that there is a clinal increase in the number of total rings and dorsal rays for the 3 subspecies ( red sea , d . e . abbreviatus and eastern pacific d . e . paulus ; more study is needed ( ref . 86689 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 29 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 17 - 19 ; tail rings 13 - 17 . also ref . 4281 .
uncommon , cryptic species ( ref . 5227 ) , prefers crevices in rocks and corals and areas beneath ledges ( ref . 28023 ) . occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 45 m or more ( ref . 9710 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . often seen in pairs . uses its tubelike snout to ingest small crustaceans and plankton ( ref . 28023 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and genetic ( ref . 52884 ) . male carries the eggs in a brood pouch ( ref . 205 ) .
dawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 800 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00069 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00134 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 44 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
herald , e . s . and randall , j . e . 1972 . five new indo - pacific pipefishes . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 39 ( 11 ) : 121 - 140 .
australia ; christmas island ; india ( andaman is . ) ; indonesia ; micronesia , federated states of ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ( taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; thailand ; viet nam
is found in tidal pools and sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large coral plates .
feeds as an active parasite cleaner and has a cleaning station that is regularly visited by apogonids and damselfishes where adults work in pairs ( kuiter 2000 ) . they are ovoviviparous , and males carry eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the trunk ( dawson 1981 ) . species of
typically brood 80 - 150 eggs ( kuiter 2000 ) . males begin brooding at around 8 cm ( dawson 1985 ) .
this species is commercially harvested for the aquarium trade . they may also be caught as bycatch and / or targeted for use as curios and traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . the level of offtake is not known .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 23 july 2014 . available at : urltoken .
there are no population estimates available for this species , as it is only known from type specimens . no dedicated surveys for this species have been undertaken .
this species has not been documented in trade thus far . other species of pipefish are often harvested for the aquarium and traditional medicine trades ( vincent et al . 2011 ) .
there are no current data on the threats to the species or its habitat . further research is needed in this area .
there are no known conservation actions in place for this species . waters surrounding the type locality are not currently protected .
description inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . . . .
description inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
fourmanoir , p . ( 1961 ) . liste complementaire des poissons du canal de mozambique . memoires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar serie f ( oceanographie ) 4 : 83 - 166 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of doryhamphus excises ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 90102 ) . temperate
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 23 ; anal soft rays : 4 . body orange yellow when fresh . trunk rings 20 , tail rings 15 . lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; superior trunk and tail ridges extending forward over 4 trunk rings . three serrated ridges dorsally on snout , the median ridge heavily serrated . body ridges illustrating single spine except anterior six of superior trunk ridge and 3 lateral trunk ridge which has double spines . no ventrolateral projection on the snout .
inhabits small caves in sublittoral rocky reefs . reported from tide pools to depths of at least 25 m offshore , but mostly seen in shallow depths ( ref . 48635 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . spawns from the end of may to september . an active cleaner that shares crevices with shrimps , large mud crabs and sometimes moray eels ( ref . 48635 ) . solitary or in pairs near sponges and diadema sea urchins ( ref 90102 ) .
masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )
) : 20 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 1159 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
often times when hobbyists are considering a species - dedicated aquarium , the idea of a tank full of seahorses is the first species of choice . for those interested in the
common
animals of the exotics , seahorses can be a fulfilling experience . they will certainly entertain your guests . however , there are those that prefer something less mainstream , an
uncommon
exotic , if you will . for those individuals i present the april ' fish tales ' on pipefish .
most likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis , here a female poses for a snapshot . males will have three additional white bands near the trunk . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
pipefish are a small group of fish from within the family syngnathidae , meaning ' jaw fused . ' although the syngnathidae is commonly called the pipefish family , the most notable fish of this family are in the subfamily hippocampinae , the seahorses . in total , the pipefish family contains four subfamilies , 55 genera , and over 320 species ( kuiter , 2000 ) . at one point the animals in this family were thought to be insects ( rafinesque , 1810 ; michael , 1998 ) , but it is now clearly known these animals are actually fish , even if they are strange - looking fish .
all syngnathids possess an elongated semi - flexible body with armored , bony plates . they do not possess scales . gill openings are usually reduced to a small round pore , and the head is generally long and tubular . the jaws are fused , resulting in a structure without a hinge to open and close . all fins are soft - rayed , with most species having one dorsal fin , and pectoral fins . some species may have caudal fins , while yet other species are entirely fin - less . ventral and second dorsal fins are absent in all syngnathids . another factoid worth mentioning about syngnathids is their reproductive habit : the males are the ones that become pregnant ! in all species the male carries the eggs during the incubation period . more on this shortly .
the subfamily doryrhamphinae , known commonly as flagtail pipefish , contains four genera and 22 species . unlike the vast majority of syngnathids , the subfamily doryrhamphinae swims above the substrate , and is never in contact with the substrate ( except for maroubra ) . likewise , it does not maintain a grip on sea grasses , gorgonians , or any other steadfast . this subfamily features an abnormally large ( for syngnathids ) caudal fin . these indo - west pacific specimens all carry the eggs of the young under the trunk of the male ( kuiter , 2000 ) .
dunckerocampus pessuliferus is a regular import for the aquarium trade . it prefers calm water , and tends to be fairly outgoing and an active cleaner fish . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .
corythoichthys polynotatus is usually only found in shallow waters . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
a strange color variant of trachyrhampus bicoarctatus . kuiter commented ( per comm ) that this color variant was unknown to him . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
a corythoichthys species , most likely c . ocellatus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
probably corythoichthys schultzi . many color variaitons are possible within this species . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
pipefish , like all syngnathids , are secretive fish and are highly localized and restricted in their distribution . you are more likely to locate them in bays and lagoons then you would be on the fore - reef . depths range from 5m to 30m of depth in subtropical regions , usually associating with overhangs or crevices within the rockwork , which supply a place to retreat . this quick retreat is basically their only means of defense . their bony plates offer little protection against predators that are likely to swallow them whole . rarely will they leave the comfort and protection of their overhangs or crevices .
another photo of what appears to be corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
a corythoichthys species . most likely the corythoichthys that kuiter ( 2000 ) refers to as corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
during feeding , the
where
seems to be unimportant for them , as pipefish will feed from the substrate , or they will also feed on passing - by foods in the water column . the
when
and
how often ,
however , is extremely important . to begin with , they are diurnal . therefore , they will only eat during the day . second , due to the lack of a stomach , and a largely inefficient intestine , pipefish will continue to search for food the entire day .
adults are always located in pairs , though these pairs are not necessarily maintained monogamous . the pair will greet each other every morning , just minutes prior to sunrise . this greeting consists of the beginning stages of the mating ritual ( gronell , 1984 ) . it is not known what purpose this morning greeting serves , but it has been speculated that it could increase spawning synchrony between the mates , keep the pair bound during non - reproductive periods , or even alert the pair to a missing mate ( michael , 1998 ) .
a pair of corythoichthys species , possibly c . haematopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
reproduction of pipefish is a long process , usually consisting of over two hours of a predictable mating ritual ( see below ) . once near completion , the female will deposit her eggs into the male ' s pouch . the number of eggs can vary from 30 - 1000 depending on the species and age of the animals participating ( kuiter , 2000 ) , though most species have egg counts numbering closer to 100 - 200 . the female will transfer all of the eggs in 4 - 7 seconds ( michael , 1998 ) . the fry are well developed at hatching , but have a short pelagic stage . due to the advanced adaptation to specific localized conditions within the species of the family syngnathidae , it is believed dispersal from the pelagic stage is minimal .
the male moves his brood pouch below the female’s ovipositor ; she deposits the eggs .
most likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
the unusual brooding habits of syngnathidae have brought upon another interesting sexually characteristic among pipefish : sex - role reversal . because the male syngnathids carry the eggs to full term , the males are now in the driver ' s seat when it comes to choosing which female to breed with . in other words , the females compete for the males . females are forced to compete with other females to garner the attention of the males . to help the male choose the healthiest female pipefish , females have a couple of ways of displaying health . first , the overall size of the female is important . berglund et al ( 1986a ) showed larger females produced more numerous and larger eggs which consequently gives way to larger and healthier fry ( ahnesjo , 1992a , b ) . secondly , females compete with each other by developing higher degrees of contrast in coloration , often called ornamentation . these colors are not directed towards the male , though the males obviously choose females based on the brighter colors . instead , the females flash the color ornaments towards competing females . brighter , more colorful females dance and copulate sooner , copulate more often , and transfer more eggs when compared to the more dully - colored specimens ( gasparini and teixeira , 1999 ) .
dunckerocampus dactyliophorus can be found in small groups as juveniles . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
although pipefish have been described as monogamous in the past , this is simply not true . by definition , monogamous indicates an eternal life partner . instead , male pipefish form
pair - bonds
which usually last at least one season . it is believed they can remember which female they were most impressed with , and thus continually mate with her . however , some pipefish , notably the females , move beyond this
pair - bond
( vincent et al , 1994 ) . females are able to produce an endless supply of hydrated eggs thanks to an ovary unique to pipefish ( begovac and wallace , 1987 ; 1988 ) . therefore , the female is always ready to mate with additional males , should she be able to convince them into mating with her . in addition , females play absolutely no part in the brood care or raising of the fry ( berglund et al , 1986b ) once the eggs have been passed to the male , and thus can easily move from one male to the next .
most likely corythoichthys insularis , but it could easily be c . nigripectus or c . sp . 12 . the location of the where the photograph was taken would assist in correct identification . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
provided the needs of the pipefish are met , these fish can live many years within the confines of a home aquarium . lifespan is currently considered 5 to 10 years in an aquarium . the correct water parameters , tank mates , food options , and tank design are all of importance , and can each lead to success or failure .
starting with water parameters , like any saltwater fish , the hobbyist should strive for tank conditions as near to natural saltwater conditions ( nsw ) as possible . unlike most other fish , the calcium level in the aquarium is important to pipefish . their bony exoskeleton depends on the calcium to maintain its strength . calcium levels from 350ppm and up should be sufficient . remembering most pipefish are subtropical , aquarium temperatures should range from 72 to 80 degrees fahrenheit .
fellow tank mates are a paramount consideration in a pipefish tank , and often is the difference between success and failure . as a whole , pipefish will not pester any fish . they are , for the most part , oblivious to anything else in the tank that does not fit into their tiny mouths . this general rule can be extended from fish to corals , and mobile invertebrates . however , in that same regard , if it can fit into their mouth , it likely will be consumed . this would include all micro fauna in the aquarium , as well as fish and shrimp fry . despite the low - key personality of pipefish , their tank mates often pester them . all but the smallest , most peaceful fish should be eliminated from a pipefish aquarium . suitable tank mates would include most gobies , dragonettes , other seahorses , and shrimpfish . any fast - swimming fish is likely to agitate the pipefish and keep them in hiding . fish that are aggressive feeders are likely to do the same . any fish that tends to be
curious
is likely to annoy the pipefish . this would include wrasses , blennies , and dwarf angels . naturally , predatory fish often times make a quick snack out of pipefish . large predatory mobile invertebrates such as certain starfish species , lobsters , and hermit crabs should be avoided , as well as any potentially strong - venom corals such as any lps corals and anemones .
will likely pester until death ensues , though some smaller members would be good choices .
some pipefish are known to
clean
members of this family , though it is best to avoid them sharing the same aquarium .
pipefish , you should research each fish individually before adding it to your aquarium . some of the fish mentioned are better left in the ocean , or for advanced aquarists .
ensuring the proper size food , and that enough of it reaches the pipefish is another major concern . thankfully , hobbyists are becoming more informed on this important detail , and as such many ill - prepared hobbyists have rightfully avoided this family . food items would include any of the naturally growing microfaunal animals found in our aquariums , including copepods , amphipods , and mysid shrimp . therefore , the hobbyist would be smart to encourage the natural growths of these animals . a dedicated refugium for a pipefish tank is a wise idea , or a large refugium can make a perfect pipefish aquarium itself . pipefish are regularly found searching algae beds for food in the wild . these algae beds encourage the colonization by microfauna , and therefore colonies of macro algae like various caulerpa species are important additions into any pipefish aquarium . when additional foods are required , the best substitutes are live foods . hatching brine shrimp , mosquito larvae , or even daphnia at home can prove to be a successful means of food supplementation , or a welcome treat for pipefish that normally do not need an additional food source . in many situations , pipefish are not willing to accept frozen / thawed prepared foods . in time some individuals may begin to accept prepared adult brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , or any number of commercially available foods . most specimens , however , will never accept prepared foods . be prepared to supply live foods for the lifespan of your pipefish should you consider obtaining these fish . most importantly , due to the lack of stomach and inefficient intestines , the hobbyist must be prepared to provide large amounts of these foods . if you are counting on the bulk of the pipefish diet to be supplied by yourself , consider that three feedings per day is the minimum necessary .
possibly corythoichthys intestinalis , or even c . flavofasciatus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
refugiums with thick algal growths are optimum breeding grounds for two of the pipefish ' s favorite foods . photos by henry schultz .
spawning and rearing of pipefish in the home aquarium is entirely possible , provided the hobbyist wishes to give the extra effort . once the pair has successfully mated and the males begin to carry the eggs , hatching is merely days to weeks away . the hatch time varies depending on species , as well as water temperature , where a 1 degree celsius temperature change could mean an increase ( or theoretically decrease ) in the brooding period by as much as two days ( michael , 1998 ) . newly hatched pipefish are free - swimming and fully developed ; though a short pelagic stage does occur . color pigmentation usually takes place once the juveniles begin to settle to the substrate . rotifers are required as first - foods for the pipefish fry , and will be required until the fry are large enough to consume newly hatched brine shrimp .
two large tail spots on the top and bottom , with a single small tail spot at the very end of the caudal fin .
caudal fin highly variable . usually with large dark spot in the center with minimal orange highlights and white border . usually swims upside - down .
no distinguishing caudal fin marks , however , a white stripe is present on the topside of the snout .
caudal fin mostly orange with white trim . dark spot in center usually shaped like a ‘c’ .
dunckerocampus dactyliophorus in the wild . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
several members of dunkerocampus have become regular imports for the marine fish hobby ; d . dactyliophorus is one of them . it is a west pacific native that spends a majority of its time in shallow water where it spends a large portion of the day
cleaning
moray eels . they readily make the transition to home aquariums provided the above listed criteria are met . juveniles will stay in small groups , but adults are always found in pairs .
the other popular dunkerocampus that regularly shows up in the trade is the yellow banded pipefish , or d . pessuliferus . it is often confused with d . multiannulatus due to similar coloration . this species is most often located near deep mud flats and drop - offs searching for food or even a
client
fish . it is not shy in the wild or in the home aquarium - possibly the most outgoing syngnathidae .
a corythoichthys species , possibly c . waitei , slinks across the algae covered rocks . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
most of us will never be lucky enough to witness one these beauties outside the pages of books or internet websites . the majority of people that get to see these fish in person usually are located within a public aquarium . fewer still will have an opportunity to dive with these gems . almost no one will have the chance to attempt to maintain one in a home aquarium .
note the unique jaw structure of solenotomus species . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
although referred to commonly as ghost pipefish , these majestic animals are not from the family syngnathidae . they are close cousins , however , and are presently placed in the family solenostomidae , which has only one genus , solenostomus , and roughly six species ( see below ) . a few characteristics create the need for a family separate from syngnathidae . first , solenostomus species have ventral fins , a second dorsal fin , and all fins are well developed . another important difference is the male does not brood - care for the eggs , the female does . members of this family are well spread out geographically , most likely due to the extended pelagic stage ( when compared to syngnathidae ) . however , it appears they have a relatively short lifespan . should you come across one of these rarities of the hobby , you can be assured that care is similar to that of the members of the family syngnathidae .
a fantastic photo of solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
two distinctive color variants of solenostomus paegnius . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
solenostomus paradoxus , also called the ornate pipefish , is highly variable in coloration and is widespread throughout the tropical indo - west pacific . they enjoy brisk currents over open sand beds littered with gorgonians . at four inches in length , it is a moderately sized ghost pipefish .
another pair of solenostomus paradoxus on the left , with a solenostomus paegnius on the right . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
solenostomus cyanopterus , or the robust pipefish , can be located throughout the western pacific and also throughout the indian ocean . again , color is variable , but not necessarily the rainbow of colors as seen in s . paradoxus . this fish associates with sea grasses and algae in back bays and protected fringing reefs . like other members of solenostomus , the robust pipefish generally hangs vertically in the water column , with its face looking towards the substrate . as the name implies , this member is the largest ghost pipefish .
solenostomus paradoxus tries to blend with its surroundings . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
a halloween coloration from solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
solenostoma cyanopterus mimics the vegetation it is found inhabiting within . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
a dark color variant of the robust pipefish , solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .
solenostomus paegnius , or as some may call it , the rough - snout pipefish , is another widespread tropical indo - west pacific native . this species is closely related to s . cyanopterus , except the caudal peduncle is considerably shorter and , as the common name implies , has many hairy or bushy appendages growing from its snout . like all ghost pipefish , this member settles from the pelagic stage at nearly full adult size , and is a fully functional reproductive adult .
above : a pair of solenostomus paradoxus . the female , seen here on the right , is considerably larger than males . below : solenostomus paradoxus is nearly transparent during the post - pelagic stage , but eventually takes on a large assortment of colors including red , black , yellow , blue , orange , and various shades therein . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
sometimes hobbyists begin searching for a new challenge , or a new family of fish featuring interesting behaviors . when the desire to take the hobby to the next level strikes , pipefish are there . undoubtedly , pipefish are among the more exotic fish that show into our local fish stores .
care of pipefish is rather simple . when researched and assembled correctly , a pipefish aquarium can be remarkably fulfilling with little additional effort from the hobbyist . much like the dragonette fish family , pipefish truly are a fish that do not need any additional labor on the part of the hobbyist to thrive . a well planned and thought out aquarium most often affords the pipefish with everything they need . when designed poorly , a pipefish aquarium can become a daily chore that quickly tires the fish keeper , or worse yet , leads to the untimely death of the pipefish .
next time you consider adding fish into a large refugium , or consider setting up a species designed aquarium , consider the choice of a pair of pipefish .
an amazing color morph of solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .
if you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .
ahnesjo , i . 1992a . consequences of male brood care ; weight and number of newborn in a sex - role reversed pipefish . funct . ecol . 6 : 274 - 281 .
ahnesjo , i . 1992b . fewer newborn result in superior juveniles in the paternally brooding syngnathus typhle . j . fish biol . 41b : 53 - 63 .
begovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1987 , ovary of the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . , 193 : 117 - 133 .
begovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1988 , stages of oocyte development in the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . 197 : 353 - 369 .
berglund , a . , g . rosenqvist , and i . svensson . 1986a . reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish ( syngnathidae ) species . mar . ecol . ( progr . ser . ) 29 : 209 - 215 .
berglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . , and svensson , i . 1986b . mate choice , fecundity and sexual dimorphism in two pipefish species ( synganthidae ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 19 : 301 - 307 .
berglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . and bernet , p . 1997 . ornamentation predicts reproductive success in female pipefish . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 40 : 140 - 145 .
berglund , a . 2000 . sex role reversal in a pipefish : female ornaments as amplifying handicaps . ann . zool . fennici 37 : 1 - 13 .


hexabothriidae is a family of monogenean parasites .

the family name was proposed by emmett w. price in 1942 .

the family includes 14-16 genera according to authors and about 60 species ; all are parasitic on the gills of chondrichthyan fishes ( rays , sharks and chimaeras ) .

hexabothriidae

hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) du requin marteau ( sphyrna mokarran ) de la mer rouge . description d ' une nouvelle espèce ,
euzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1974 ) . les monogènes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , systématique , phylogenèse .
euzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1976 ) . the mechanism of attachment of some hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) to a host .
suriano & incorvaia , 1982 ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) re - visited , with the preliminary evaluation of novel parameters for measuring haptoral armature of hexabothriids
.
[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] .
branchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in . . . - pubmed - ncbi
studies on phylogeny of monogeneans based on morphology , [ 5 ] molecules [ 6 ] or spermatozoa [ 7 ] suggest that the hexabothriidae are a basal group within the polyopisthocotylea .
boeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 1989 ) . phylogeny , coevolution , and revision of the hexabothriidae price , 1942 ( monogenea ) .
branchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in south australia : description of adult and larva .
[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] . - pubmed - ncbi
price , e . w . 1942 : north american monogenetic trematodes . v . the family hexabothriidae n . n . ( polystomatoidea ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 9 , 39 - 56 .
euzet , louis & maillard , claude , 1974 : les monogènes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , systématique , phylogenèse . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , 3° série , 206 , zoologie 136 , 113 - 141 .
the study of the hexabothriidae , from selachii in the red sea reveals two different species in the hammerhead shark sphyrna mokarran ( rüppel , 1835 ) : erpocotyle sphyrna ( maccallum , 1931 ) et erpocotyle septistoma n . sp . the host specificity and the geographical distribution of e . shyrna are discussed .
ktari , mohammed hedi & maillard , claude , 1972 . neonchocotyle pastinacae n . g . n . sp . ( monogenea hexabothriidae ) parasite de dasyatis pastinaca dans le golfe de tunis : description de l ' adulte et de la larve . annales de parasitologie humaine et comparée , 47 ( 2 ) : 181 - 191 .
chero , j . d . ; cruces , c . l . ; sáez , g . ; camargo , a . c . a . ; santos , c . p . ; luque , j . l . ( 2018 ) . hypanocotyle bullardi n . gen . n . sp . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from gill of the diamond stingray hypanus dipterurus ( jordan et gilbert ) ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) in the southeastern pacific ocean off peru . parasitology international . 67 ( 4 ) : 425 - 430 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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parasitology . supplement . ( journal , magazine , 1962 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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parasitology . supplement . / british society for parasitology . ; ; cambridge ; new york : cambridge university press , 1962 -
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bray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
helminths from elasmobranchs in central american fresh waters
by donald e . watson and thomas b . thorson
donald e . watson , university of lagos thomas b . thorson , university of nebraska - lincoln
published in investigations of the ichthyofauna of nicaraguan lakes , ed . thomas b . thorson ( university of nebraska - lincoln , 1976 ) . copyright © 1976 school of life sciences , university of nebraska - lincoln .
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folia parasitol ( praha ) . 2005 sep ; 52 ( 3 ) : 223 - 30 .
marine parasitology laboratory , school of earth and environmental sciences , the university of adelaide , north terrace , south australia , australia . vanessa . glennon @ urltoken
ann parasitol hum comp . 1978 sep - oct ; 53 ( 5 ) : 487 - 94 .
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callorhynchocotyle hydrolagi n . sp . is proposed for hexabothriids found on the gills of the ghost shark , hydrolagus ogilbyi , taken off the coast of southeastern australia . the species is distinguished from the three previously described species of the genus in that the sclerites and the points of the sclerites of the three sucker pairs are all of similar size . the greater thickness of the sucker sclerites , the hamuli with inflated , almost spherical terminations of the roots , and the robust male copulatory complex also serve to differentiate c . hydrolagi .
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roff , j . c . & hopcroft , r . r . ( 1986 ) high precision microcomputer based measuring system for ecological research .
( linne , 1758 ) garman , 1904 ( pisces : holocephali ) de la region costera de mar del plata .
beverley - burton , m . & chisholm , l . a . syst parasitol ( 1990 ) 16 : 241 . urltoken
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patella , raquel ; bullard , stephen a . ( 2013 ) .
hexabothriids of devil rays ( mobulidae ) : new genus and species from gill of
boeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 2001 ) . phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in d . t . j . littlewood & r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes ( pp . 92 - 102 ) . london & new york : taylor and francis
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phylogenetic relationships within the polyopisthocotylean monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) inferred from partial 28s rdna sequences
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acta parasitologica , vol . 43 , no . 1 , 1998 , 4 - 10
page compiled by aleksander h . kedra . last modification : 15 - 07 - 1998
protocotyle euzetmaillardi n . sp . , des branchies du requin hexanchidae hexanchus nakamurai teng pêché en mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - calédonie , pacifique sud , est décrit . la nouvelle espèce est comparée aux deux autres espèces du genre ( toutes deux de la seule autre espèce de ce genre de requin , h . griseu s ( bonn . ) ) , p . grisea ( cerfontaine , 1899 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , redécrit à partir de vouchers , and p . taschenbergi ( maillard & oliver , 1966 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , redécrit à partir des spécimens types . l’anatomie de l’appareil reproducteur est détaillée ; les trois espèces ont un ootype caractéristique avec des cellules longitudinales ( « ootype côtelé » de euzet & maillard ) . la combinaison suivante de caractères , unique , différencie la nouvelle espèce de ses congénères : lobe postérieur de la vésicule séminale absent , diverticule de l’oviducte présent , petit taille corporelle . son ovaire tubulaire ne comprend pas de partie avec sperme , qui est présente chez les deux autres espèces . ses œufs ont un seul filament , alors que les œufs dans l’utérus en ont un ou deux chez p . grisea , et un seul chez p . taschenbergi . ceci diffère des précédents diagnostics génériques de protocotyle , dans lesquels les œufs avec deux filaments et la présence d’un ovaire tubulaire dilaté avec sperme étaient des caractéristiques clés .
cyndie dupoux and sophie olivier participated in the fishing expedition and parasitological survey . the two uninfected sharks were collected during the 2002 chondrical cruise ( head : bernard séret ) and by the aquarium des lagons , nouméa . bernard séret ( mnhn , ird , paris ) identified the sharks from photographs .
( campbell & beveridge , 1993 ) n . comb . ( cestoda , trypanorhyncha ) from hexanchid and carcharhinid sharks off new caledonia .
, 115–122 [ published in russian with english abstract ; original french text communicated by the authors ] .
justine , j . - l . ( 2010 ) . parasites of coral reef fish : how much do we know ? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .
taschenberg , o . ( 1879 ) . weitere beiträzur kenntniss ectoparasitischer mariner trematoden .
festschrift zur feier des hundertjärigen bestehens der naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle a / s .
trilles , j . p . , & justine , j . - l . ( 2004 ) . une nouvelle espèce de cymothoidae et trois aegidae ( crustacea , isopoda ) récoltés sur des poissons de mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - calédonie .