the yellowfin fairy-wrasse , cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , is a species of wrasse native to the western pacific ocean from indonesia to the philippines and palau .

it inhabits coral reefs , living in groups among the branches of branching coral .

it can be found at depths from 6 to 40 m ( 20 to 131 ft ) , though rarely deeper than 28 m ( 92 ft ) .

this species can reach a total length of 6.5 cm ( 2.6 in ) .

yellowfin fairy - wrasse

the yellowfin fairy wrasse is also sometimes referred to as a millenium wrasse . it has a stout body and is perfect in a reef aquarium . more
the yellowfin fairy wrasse ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , sometimes called the millenium wrasse ) is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the bo . . .
the yellowfin fairy wrasse , sometimes called the millenium wrasse , is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the body of this fairy wrasse is stockier than most . fairy wrasses are reef safe and safe with most ornamental shrimp and crabs as well . more
specificationsmpnf91 0007 0826manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameyellowfin fairy wrasse scientific namecirrhilabrus flavidorsalis difficultymoderat . . .
yellow - fin fairy wrasse adults will grow to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 inches ) .
the yellowfin fairy wrasse lacks some of brilliant colors of the three previous cirrhilabrus , but it remains a beautiful fish in its own right . its personality , however , is as equally outgoing as any other cirrhilabrus . more
though a small fish , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is a multicolored beauty . . . a striking addition to the marine aquarium !
males may be aggressive towards other fairy wrasses and zooplankton feeders in the aquarium .
the yellow fin fairy wrasse diet should include vitamin enriched frozen mysis shrimp , vitamin enriched frozen brine shrimp , and other meaty foods along with a high quality marine flake and marine pellet food .
one of the more attractive aquarium fishes , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is lavishly colored . it closely resembles and is very similar to c . lubbocki from almost the same region that was described at the same time .
the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is found in the western central pacific ; in the philippines , indonesia , palau , and eastern malaysia . a male was first collected as a holotype from manado , sulawesi , indonesia in 1978 , and
live in their natural habitat by forming a harem of one dominant male , several females and juveniles . the yellow - fin fairy wrasse can be seen solitarily or in a small group . they are not uncommon in their natural habitat and dwells at depths of 6 - 40 meters .
the yellowfin fairy wrasse ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , sometimes called the millenium wrasse ) is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the body of this fairy wrasse is stockier than most . fairy wrasses ( cirrhilabrus sp . ) and flasher wrasses ( paracheilinus sp . ) have a generally placid temperament and tolerate most tankmates , provided that they have plenty of places to escape to and hide to feel secure . flasher wrasses tend to be more active and outgoing than fairy wrasses and the two groups may be aggressive towards each other . males of both groups are usually brighter in color than juveniles and females , and males will show their colors and behavior to the best advantage in the presence of a female . regional variations and cross - breeding within each groups can make identification difficult . both fairy and flasher wrasses can usually be found around rubble piles and rockwork and should have plenty in the tank to retreat to . these wrasses are perfect for reef aquariums . most will not harm corals , polyps or most invertebrates but should not be kept with very small crustaceans like sexy shrimp . these fish are known jumpers , so the tank should be covered at all times . these wrasses will usually accept most types of small foods once acclimated . they can be fed a varied diet of flakes , frozen and fresh foods like copepods , cyclops , brine shrimp , mysis shrimp and similar items .
a 50 gallon or larger aquarium , either fish - only or reef , with a shaded area is recommended . the yellow - fin fairy wrasse will not bother fish or invertebrates , making them a perfect addition to any reef aquarium . these fish do like to jump , so a tight fitting canopy is required .
will be acceptable . smaller cardinalfishes , gobies , tilefishes , butterflyfishes , fairy basslets , other fairies and flasher wrasses , etc . can be kept together .
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the yellow - fin fairy wrasse would be a good choice for any reef - type aquarium , doing well in coral - rich tank with sessile inverts and / or a fish community tank , but it may harm some small species of shrimps . select tank mates that are not very aggressive . larger and rather territorial angelfishes like the members of
like all wrasses , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is very energetic so needs frequent feedings . feed at least twice a day . as it does not harm any polyp of stony or soft corals , it is an excellent tank mate for reef aquariums . make sure there is open space for free swimming and many crevices to hide in .
the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is a pretty chill customer , getting along with pretty much everyone ! they are great with any peaceful fish , and even get along with others in their genus , as long as they are similar in size when added and all added at the same time as juveniles . a 50 gallon tank will suit them just fine and they will quickly adapt to prepared foods . fairy wrasses love mysis shrimp and can hide if they are added after other larger or more aggressive fish . add your yellow - fin first along with any other fairy wrasses and let them settle in before adding other fish . put a lid on the tank as they can jump if startled . they are great in a reef or fish only tank and are easy to care for !
the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is mostly red and white in coloration with a yellow dorsal fin . the females of this species , like other wrasses in the cirrhilabrus genus , are mostly pink with a white underside . when courting , the male will display an increased color intensity . these wrasses are always in movement , providing an endless amount of activity for either a saltwater fish only or reef aquarium .
the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is sexually dimorphic . males are red in the upper 2 / 3 - 3 / 4 portion of their body , the abdomen is pinkish to white , and there are three vertical whitish bands on the side . the dorsal fin is yellow distally , red basally , and transparent posteriorly . pelvic fins are white , the caudal fin is pinkish , and the anal fin is white to bluish .
very easily kept in captivity , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse will accept almost any food and is easy to maintain . it will become a hardy pet but it may not come out from hiding places in the beginning . it will not harm any polyp of stony or soft corals , so it would be an excellent tank mate for reef aquariums . this fish is not aggressive or territorial but a large male may fight with new comers of the tank or dart quickly into a crevice when an aggressive fish approaches . it can do well together with larger non - aggressive species . a group of several individuals of the fairy wrasses might be kept successfully but they would fight at first .
the yellow - fin fairy wrasses are sexually dimorphic . while the males body is red on the upper portion of the body with three vertical whitish bands on the side , the female has an overall red - orange body . see the description section above for more detailed information .
i have kept over ten specimens of this species of 3 - 8 cm long males and females ( from the philippines and indonesia ) in fish only tanks and reefs with some other several fairy and flasher wrasses , and they did very well without any trouble . two males of the same size did well without any serious fighting .
keep only one male per tank and only house a male with conspecifics or similar fairy wrasses in a large tank ( 135 gallons [ 513 l ] or larger ) . i have had males that picked on other fishes , in particular very gentle flasher wrasses ( paracheilinus species ) and longray shrimp gobies ( stonogobiops species ) . in one case , a male had to be removed because of its relative aggressiveness .
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latin , cirrus = curl fringe + greek , labros = furious ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 6 - 40 m ( ref . 26153 ) , usually 6 - 28 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical
western central pacific : philippines ( ref . 44110 ) . reported from indonesia ( ref . 26153 ) and palau ( ref . 37816 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 9 . males highly variable in color with dorsal fin colors from all yellow to red or blue , and body from red to pink or white , depending on mood and stage ( ref . 48636 ) .
inhabits finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes . occurs in aggregations ( ref . 37816 ) .
randall , j . e . and k . e . carpenter , 1980 . three new labrid fishes of the genus cirrhilabrus from the philippines . rev . fr . aquariol . 7 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . ( ref . 26153 )
) : 28 - 29 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 192 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01660 ( 0 . 00720 - 0 . 03825 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
justification : this species is found in indonesia , phillippines and palau . there are no major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .
this species inhabits rubble areas and finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes , with a depth range of 6 - 40 m ( myers 1999 ) . it occurs in schools or in small groups .
this species is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade , but there are no statistics on collection . it is sold in aquarium stores in the us for us $ 20 - 25 .
there are no major threats known for this species , although it is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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i love this fish ! he swims from rock to rock and has gotten used to my presence . he loves to eat pellets and his favorite snacks are when i put amphipods in front of him . he goes crazy over them . definitely a model citizen and gets along with his tank mates .
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i have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?
all of the cirrhilabrus species often are very colorful and are easy to keep for a long period if properly cared for . but they sometimes suffer from
ich
( white spot disease ) or other infectious diseases . they can be treated successfully with medical care or a copper drug .
the species was known mainly from the philippines and indonesia from where many individuals have been exported . several japanese divers reported it from palau , and males were only recently photographed also in mabul , eastern malaysia ( rare ) .
females overall are orange - red with a white abdomen and a black spot on the upper side of caudal peduncle . their fins are transparent .
is variable in coloration and some have a yellow dorsal fin but some possess a pinkish orange one . females of these species are almost identical .
very easily kept . no special care is needed for this species in the aquarium and it will accept almost any food . it is not aggressive or territorial but a large male may fight with new comers of the tank or dart quickly into a crevice when an aggressive fish approaches . the tank should be well decorated with rocks / corals with many hiding places . it may frighten and jump out , so the aquarium should be firmly covered on the top . it will do well kept together with larger but non - aggressive species .
males will exhibit a more vivid white coloration on their sides when excited . one 8 cm long male had an entirely whitish fat body with four pinkish bands on the side , and it might be called a ‘super male ' . it kept its coloration without any change .
meaty foods , dried flakes , and dried shrimps are favorable foods and it will also feed on tablets . if kept with too large or aggressive fish species it may not take any food , except perhaps in the corner or behind rocks .
frequent water changes are not needed . when doing water changes , it will tolerate a sudden small change but the water temperature should be kept the same .
the tank size of at least 60x30x30 cm should be provided for large males .
it can be kept under strong lights or in a dim - light tank . .
keep the water temperature at around 75 - 79° f ( 24 - 26° c ) . this species lives in tropical to subtropical areas , but higher than 84° f ( 29° c ) or below 68° f ( 20° c ) would not be good .
water movement is not a significant condition , but slow - moving water is recommended as it needs a slow flow in the tank to feed .
it usually is actively swimming near the bottom and it will venture to the surface for foods .
this species is commonly available at retailers . specimens often seen range 5 - 6 cm , and are priced around us $ 20 . 00 - $ 25 . 00 . females are also available on occasion but due to their almost identical appearance , females or juveniles sold as
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a great choice for the reef aquarium , but males tend to be aggressive .
this is a great reef aquarium inhabitant that will not harm invertebrates and has begun to show up occasionally in aquarium stores in the last several years . it is , like others in this genus , a near - perfect candidate for the peaceful reef community , while also being very disease - resistant .
habitat : in nature , this colorful species inhabits finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes .
meaty foods , including finely shredded frozen seafood , mysid shrimp , frozen preparations , pigment - enriched flake food , and cyclop - eeze . feed at least twice a day .
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anyone ever keep one ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis ) ? i was given one for $ 10 bucks but cant find any good info on it . looks to be a male , i will get a pic up asap .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ john the answer is always no if you never ask the question . . . . . current tank info : 120 aga rr , 40 gal fuge , basement sump , asm skimmer , lifreef ca reactor , 7gal rdsb
originally posted by landolakes anyone ever keep one ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis ) ? i was given one for $ 10 bucks but cant find any good info on it . looks to be a male , i will get a pic up asap .
now tell me that i am right about the i . d . , best pics i could get . [ img ] [ / img ] [ img ] [ / img ] [ img ] [ / img ]
looks like cirrhilabrus filamentosus to me , kinda tough from the pic though . try urltoken for some decent pics or even marinecenter . com . i ' ve got one , their tempermant is the same as most other cirrhilabrus , reef safe , pretty mild mannered except for with each other . in the wild they are almost exclusively meat eaters but once they get in the aquarium they ' ll eat anything ( mine will eat nori ) . last but not least they are skittish and are great jumpers - - keep that tank covered ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! dave
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range : indo - west pacific ocean : indonesia , philippines , and palau .
natural environment : inhabits finely branched corals on protected coral reefs and usually found at depths between 20 – 100 feet ( 6– 30 m ) where it feeds on zooplankton .
general husbandry : occasionally seen in the trade with the male having a reddish body with two whitish - pink vertical bands on the mid body , whitish - pink caudal peduncle area , and a yellow dorsal . females are generally drab reddish , often with a black spot on the upper caudal peduncle . colors vary depending upon the age of the specimen , collection areas , and breeding timeframes .
can be maintained in reef or fish - only aquariums that should have ample crevices and caves , and peaceful tankmates .
as to diet , will eat most regular aquarium foods , e . g . , finely chopped various frozen or fresh meaty foods such as mysis , squid , fish flesh , shrimp , clam , etc . , and should be offered two to three times daily .
fyi : those in this genus may hide for several days when first introduced , and are also good jumpers , therefore covered aquariums , possibly with eggcrate , are necessary to prevent them from jumping out of the aquarium .
they don ' t bury themselves in the sand at night , as do many other wrasses . instead , they may form a mucus cocoon similar to some parrotfishes and / or wedge themselves into a rock crevice . it should be noted the cocoon remnants do not seem to harm water quality or other aquarium inhabitants .
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, depth range 6 - 40 m , usually 6 - 28 m environment .
picture of cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved


gracianella is a genus of fossil brachiopods .

it was described by johnson and coucot in 1967 , and existed from the silurian to the devonian of australia , austria , canada , china , the czech republic , italy , tajikistan , and the united states .

a new species , g. paulula , was described by andrzej baliński in 2012 , from the early devonian of ukraine .

gracianella

belongs to gracianella according to j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton 1997
in the classic section across the silurian–devonian boundary at dnistrove ( podolia , ukraine ) the brachiopod fauna has never been studied in detail . this paper presents results of research on brachiopods from this important locality and time interval . bed−by−bed collecting has enabled the detailed distribution of brachiopod taxa through the boundary beds to be revealed . generally , the reference section at dnistrove yields rather scarce but often well preserved brachiopods . dayia bohemica and dnestrina gutta can be regarded as characteristic species for the uppermost silurian . a relatively high−diversity but low−abundance brachiopod fauna occurs in the lowest 1 . 8 m of the earliest devonian . only three forms have been found to cross the silurian–devonian boundary : the strophomenide plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae subsp . nov . , the atrypide gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula sp . nov . , and the spiriferide howellella ( howellella ) latisinuata . arelatively narrow brachiopod−rich interval at 5 . 5 m above the silurian–devonian boundary yields 16 brachiopod species which probably indicate a setting near the lower limit of the photic zone equivalent to the benthic assemblage 3–4 boundary . two new species and one new subspecies are described : skenidioides tatyanae , plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae , and gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula .
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andrzej baliński [ balinski @ urltoken ] , instytut paleobiologii pan , ul . twarda 51 / 55 , pl - 00 - 818 warszawa , poland .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
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full reference : j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton . 1997 . latest ordovician - silurian articulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the avalanche lake area , southwestern district of mackenzie , canada . palaeontographica canadiana 13 : 1 - 62
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auratonota flora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador ( tungurahua province and sucumbíos province ) .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

there are orange-brown markings on the forewings , with the distal half finely edged with black .

the costal strigulae and ground colour are reduced to white or silvery dots .

the hindwings are dark dull brown .

auratonota flora

1 . 8 flora 2 . a - rosa flora 3 . a . grandiflora 4 . a grandiflora 5 . a rosa flora 6 . abelia grandiflora 7 . abelia triflora 8 . abelia x grandiflora 9 . abundiflora 10 . acacia biflora 11 . acalora 12 . acanthastrea rotundoflora 13 . accalora 14 . aceriflora 15 . achillea laxiflora 16 . achimenes grandiflora 17 . achimenes longiflora 18 . achimenes tubiflora 19 . achlora 20 . actinella grandiflora 21 . aculeatiflora 22 . acutiflora 23 . addolora 24 . ae . paviflora 25 . ae paviflora
flora razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
51 . aloe viridiflora 52 . alora 53 . alpine flora 54 . alsobia dianthiflora 55 . altered schaedler flora 56 . alterniflora 57 . amazona xantholora 58 . ambrosia confertiflora 59 . amelanchier grandiflora 60 . amflora 61 . ammannia multiflora 62 . ampelocissus ascendiflora 63 . amphichlora 64 . ampliflora 65 . amsinckia grandiflora 66 . amylora 67 . anacamptis laxiflora 68 . anacolosa densiflora 69 . anaptilora 70 . anchusiflora 71 . andalora 72 . anemone narcissiflora 73 . anemone parviflora 74 . anemoniflora 75 . angelonia grandiflora
76 . anguloa uniflora 77 . angustiflora 78 . annona crassiflora 79 . annona trunciflora 80 . antarctic flora 81 . anthocleista grandiflora 82 . antipodochlora 83 . antirrhiniflora 84 . apamea lignicolora 85 . aplochlora 86 . arcto - tertiary geoflora 87 . arcto tertiary geoflora 88 . argemone albiflora 89 . argemone grandiflora 90 . aristolochia grandiflora 91 . artemisia grandiflora 92 . artemisia lactiflora 93 . arĝentkolora 94 . asclepias viridiflora 95 . asimina parviflora 96 . aspidistra grandiflora 97 . asura unicolora 98 . atalaya multiflora 99 . atropa pallidiflora 100 . auratonota flora
autantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . ser . sci . biol . 35 : 62 . no type
urantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . acad . sci . ser . sci . biol 35 : 63 . no type
dispersa brown , 1990 ( auratonota ) , fla . ent . 73 : 154 . tl : panama , cocle province , valle . holotype : usnm . male .
croceana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 10 km se cosanga . holotype : smfl . female .
siskae razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , napo , 12 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
ovulus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 23 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
rubromixta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 22 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
bacata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 54 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
caeruleata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
pichincha razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia . holotype : smfl . male .
storthynx razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 25 . tl : peru , dept . huatusco , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriferana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .
cataponera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , loja province . holotype : vbc . male .
paramaldonada razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 537 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
polymaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 538 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
meion razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
mimstigmosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
omorpha razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : costa rica , braulio carrillo . holotype : vbc . female .
oxytenia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : vbc . male .
effera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1161 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
exoptata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1165 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , caraa . holotype : vbc . male .
magnifica razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
monochroma razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
nugax razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .
serotina razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
splendida razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1167 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .
stigmosa razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1160 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
tessellata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : brazil , so paulo , jacupiranga . holotype : vbc . male .
virgata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1163 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
yukipana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , san vicente , rio yukipa . holotype : smfl . male .
caliginosa razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , santiago , macas , proano > alshi , 5 mi s alshi . holotype : smfl . male .
clasmata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1166 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .
foederata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1169 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
spinivalva razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : mexico , chiapas , villa las rosas . holotype : vbc . male .
sucumbiosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 158 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita , east cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriginea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1171 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . male .
badiaurea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1170 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . female .
moronana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .
rutra razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 57 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , proano > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .
chlamydophora razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
maldonada razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota petalocrossa ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1153 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
pharata brown , 2006 ( auratonota ) , j . lepid . soc . 60 : 143 . tl : costa rica , heredia , estacion biologica la selva , puerto viejo de sarapiqui . holotype : inbio . male .
aurochra razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
dominica brown , 1993 ( auratonota ) , pan - pacif . ent . 69 : 314 . tl : dominica , west indies ( dominica , 1 . 7 mi e point casse ) . holotype : usnm . male .
argentana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
brachuncus razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
angustovalva razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
paidosocia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : cuba , cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
chemillena razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 120 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . male .
cubana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota spinivalva ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : cuba , cuba santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
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birds found exclusively on dominica include the national bird , the imperial amazon ( arkive ) , and the red - necked amazon ( neotropical birds ) .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
aenigmatica meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
aporema dognin , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , htrocres nouveaux de l ' amrique du sud 6 ( 6 ) : 49 . tl : colombia , san jose , ro dagua . holotype : usnm . male .
aurantica busck , 1920 ( epogoge ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 8 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , juan vias . holotype : usnm . female .
hyacinthina meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
hydrogramma meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 683 . tl : surinam , paramaribo . holotype : bmnh . male .
multifurcata meyrick , 1932 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 260 . tl : costa rica , pos . holotype : nhmv . male .
multistrigata razowski , 1964 ( eulia ) , ann . zool . 22 : 461 . no type
petalocrossa meyrick , 1926 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 250 . tl : colombia , el tigre , ro tamaua , choco . lectotype : bmnh . male .
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .


the wingspan is 7-10.8 mm .

the larvae feed on castanopsis cuspidata , castanopsis fissa , castanopsis hystrix and castanopsis tribuloides .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

acrocercops melanoplecta

ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 49 . ch ng : acrocercops transecta , acrocercops panacivermiforma , acrocercops chionosema , acrocercops calicella , acrocercops laciniella , acrocercops brongniardella , acrocercops panacitorsens , acrocercops unistriata , acrocercops mantica , acrocercops aellomacha , acrocercops pnosmodiella , acrocercops bifasciata , acrocercops melanoplecta , acrocercops euthycolona , acrocercops astericola , acrocercops macaria , acrocercops zorionella , acrocercops panacifinens , acrocercops albinatella , acrocercops albidorsella , acrocercops apicella , acrocercops insulariella , acrocercops plebeia , acrocercops panacivagans , acrocercops phaeospora , acrocercops hoplocala , acrocercops apicepunctella , acrocercops coffeifoliella , acrocercops diffluella , acrocercops panacicorticis , acrocercops inconspicua , acrocercops vallata , acrocercops didymella , acrocercops malvacea , acrocercops heptadrachma , acrocercops distylii , acrocercops argentigera , acrocercops albofasciella , acrocercops praeclusa , acrocercops diatonica , acrocercops tristaniae , acrocercops macroclina , acrocercops paliacma , acrocercops eugeniella , acrocercops querci , acrocercops cylicota , acrocercops marmaritis , acrocercops gemmans , acrocercops hormista , acrocercops demotes , acrocercops combreticola , acrocercops ochnifolii , acrocercops quinquistrigella , acrocercops isodelta , acrocercops insulella , acrocercops phaeomorpha , acrocercops leucophaea , acrocercops ustulatella , acrocercops cocciferellum , acrocercops telestis , acrocercops arbutella , acrocercops eurhythmopa , acrocercops pentalocha , acrocercops glutella , acrocercops nolckeniella , acrocercops hexaclosta , acrocercops autadelpha , acrocercops chionoplecta , acrocercops crystallopa , acrocercops albomaculella , acrocercops loxias , acrocercops caenotheta , acrocercops eupetala , acrocercops alysidota , acrocercops hyphantica , acrocercops ornata , acrocercops convoluta , acrocercops homalacta , acrocercops irradians , acrocercops angelica , acrocercops chrysophila , acroce . . .
acrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honshū , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops distylii is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) .
acrocercops transecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaidō , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima ) , korea , the russian far east and taiwan .
acrocercops unistriata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , zhejiang ) , hong kong , japan ( tusima , honshū , the ryukyu islands , shikoku ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
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borboryctis euryae is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku and tusima ) .
phyllonorycter bifurcata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the islands of kyūshū , shikoku and tusima in japan .
gibbovalva urbana is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , hainan and fujian ) , india ( meghalaya ) and japan ( the ryukyu islands , honshū and tusima ) .
elachista kurokoi is a moth in the elachistidae family . it was described by parenti in 1983 . it is found in japan ( honsyû , sikoku , kyûsyû , tusima , ryûkyû ) .
cryptolectica ensiformis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( hainan ) , india , indonesia ( sulawesi ) , japan ( tusima , the ryukyu islands , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku ) and thailand .
deoptilia heptadeta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( the ryukyu islands , kyūshū , shikoku , honshū , tusima , the amami islands ) and taiwan .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the family cathartidae .

the species was first described by l. h. miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .

the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to " a holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years . "

the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from g. amplus .

gymnogyps amplus

gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the cathartidae family . the species was first described by l . h . miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .
the ancient birds at first seemed to match a species first described in 1911 , gymnogyps amplus , but the bone that identified that species was much larger than either the modern condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) or the pleistocene birds , suggesting that there could have , at one time , been three different condor species .
fig . 1 . gymnogyps californianus . photograph by noel synder , courtesy of the us fish & wildlife service .
the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to
a holocene radiocarbon age of 9 , 000 years .
the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from gymnogyps amplus .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : california condor gymnogyps californianus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
subspecies : monotypic , although late pleistocene populations are regarded as a
temporal subspecies ,
g . californianus amplus , a form slightly larger in size than the present birds .
syverson hopes to use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the oregon specimen . she ' d also like to apply the technique to date the g . amplus type specimen , to see if its age does indeed distinguish a third condor species .
when syverson plotted her measurements of modern and pleistocene condor bones , she found there was a definite size distinction between the two .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
she says , and the difference is especially notable in the femur , or thigh bone . these birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern california condor . at first blush , they seem to belong to the species gymnogyps amplus , first described in 1911 based on a broken tarsometatarsus , a bone found in the lower leg of birds .
syverson began her study by examining bones from condor skeletons housed at the los angeles museum of natural history , the museum of vertebrate zoology at uc berkeley , and the santa barbara museum of natural history . one interesting finding was that among these modern birds , gymnogyps californianus , there was no distinction in bone size between males and females .
in the original account here , g . amplus was considered a synonym of g . californianus , though it was noted that in a 2007 presentation , syverson and prothero presented results of an extensive comparison of the rancho la brea and modern condor specimens and concluded that they represent separate species . they since ( 2010 ) have published their evidence . their conclusion is accepted here , but the specific status of most specimens in the interior of north america is now unclear . part of the problem is that syverson and prothero ( 2010 ) give only means and variances and for only a few elements ( skull , humerus , and femur ) ; equally important , most published records for the southwest do not include measurements . with largely fragmentary material , few elements available from the new mexico / trans - pecos region provide measurements comparable to those of syverson and prothero . the few available ( dark canyon cave ) are generally relatively large , suggesting that g . amplus is the species represented in that cave .
the living california condor and the pleistocene condors , especially the condor represented in the rancho la brea deposits , have either been considered as separate species ( g . californianus and g . amplus ) or the pleistocene form has been considered a temporal subspecies of g . californianus . the primary difference used to separate the two taxa was size , the pleistocene form being larger . howard ( 1962 : 241 ) did note
the presence of a pair of markedly swelled ridges , one on either side and extending along the median line of the ventral surface of the nasal process of the premaxilla
in one specimen from howell ' s ridge cave and the probable occurrence on a second specimen . this was in contrast to specimens from rancho la brea and rocky arroyo cave ( = burnet cave ) .
pasadena , calif . - - at the end of the pleistocene epoch some 10 , 000 years ago , two species of condors in california competed for resources amidst the retreating ice of earth ' s last major glacial age . the modern california condor triumphed , while its kin expired .
in the past century , paleontologists have been unsure whether the modern california condor is different enough from a larger , extinct condor that lived during pleistocene time to classify the two as distinct species . now , after the most extensive study of condor fossils and skeletal remains to date , caltech senior undergraduate valerie syverson has documented evidence that confirms the two are different enough for the distinction .
her findings will be presented on october 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in denver .
to solve the puzzle , syverson teamed up with donald prothero , a paleontologist at occidental college and a guest lecturer in geobiology at caltech . they studied bones from recently dead condors and compared them with those found in the extensive bone pile of los angeles ' s pleistocene - aged la brea tar pits . what they found , syverson says , is that
there ' s definitely one species distinction , and possibly two .
after looking at modern condors , syverson turned to la brea . she examined pleistocene specimens from various tar pits , the oldest 35 , 000 and the youngest 9 , 000 years old . the record thus provides a glimpse into a long time variation within a species restricted to one location . over the entire 26 , 000 - year record , syverson found no change in condor morphology . although this had been previously discovered in a similar study of golden eagles from la brea , syverson says it ' s remarkable to see that the drastic climate change accompanying the end of the last ice age had no impact on the size of the species that lived through it .
in fact , that type specimen suggests that the pleistocene condors at la brea may be a third distinct condor species . the broken tarsometatarsus - - housed in the berkeley collection - - is larger than any other condor bone syverson studied .
it would ' ve been an outlier from either species ,
she says .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor .
this study also documents evidence that ancient and modern condors coexisted for some time , and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans in western north america . several tarsometatarsi of the older , bigger species were found in the youngest pit at la brea . this pit also contains the remains of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human discovered in the tar pits . another piece of evidence pointing to the same conclusion comes from the berkeley museum collection . it is a bone from a native american midden - - a garbage heap - - in oregon , and it falls into the size range of the ancient group . although its age is unknown , it must have lived at the same time as the people who disposed of it .
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distribution : nearctic . historically ( 1800 ) , from canada ( extreme southwestern british columbia ) south in the united states along the pacific coast west of the sierra nevada to mexico ( sierra san pedro martir , baja california norte ) ; historical reports for localities east of the sierra nevada ( idaho , nevada , utah , arizona ) are equivocal , and most or all are doubtful . the last free - flying bird was taken into captivity in april 1987 . reintroduced populations are now in central coastal california ( big sur ) , san benito county , california ( pinnacles ) , southern central california ( santa barbara county , ventura county ) , southern utah / northern arizona , and northern baja california , mexico ( sierra san pedro martir ) . the subpopulations in california intermix to some extent , and the birds in baja california norte will probably soon move regularly into southern california ( san diego county ) . new releases are planned for a site in san luis obispo county , california . more . . . .
taxonomy : amadon ( 1977 ) suggested merging this genus with vultur , but later abandoned this position ( amadon and bull 1988 ) . based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene , wink ( 1995 ) found that the california condor may be more closely related to the black vulture ( coragyps atratus
movements : irruptive or local migrant ( bildstein 2006 ) . somewhat nomadic within an enormous home range .
habitat and habits : occurs primarily in foothills and mountains at low and medium elevations , particularly in areas with canyons and other rocky areas with suitable cliffs for nesting and roosting . forages mostly in grasslands , oak savannas , and other open areas , occasionally in chaparral clearings (
potreros
) . it formerly foraged in the littoral zone of the pacific coast , and some of the released individuals are now reoccupying this habitat along the central coast of california .
food and feeding behavior : feeds strictly carrion , ranging in size from ground squirrels to large ungulates , primarily deer , elk , pronghorn antelopes , and beached marine mammals before the advent of european man , and mostly cattle and sheep after the establishment of large rances in its range . condors tend to feed mostly on muscle and viscera at larger carcasses .
breeding : nests in natural caves and other openings in cliffs , under large rocks , and occasionally in cavities in redwood trees ( burnett et al 2013 ) . egg laying in the wild occurs as early as late january and replacement eggs are laid until late april , with most eggs laid in february - march . clutch size consists of a single unmarked pale greenish - white egg , and a replacement clutch is laid if the first egg is lost . more . . . .
conservation : the california condor has been one of the most highly endangered bird species in the world throughout its modern history . as the result of an aggressive management program , including capture of the last six individuals remaining in the wild in 1986 - 87 , captive breeding , and reintroduction of captive progeny , the total population continues to increase from the low point in 1982 - 82 , when only 21 - 22 individuals were thought to survive , to 336 individuals by the end of june 2008 . the california condor is still classified globally as critically endangered by birdlife international ( 2007 ) , because the free - flying population in the wild does not yet contain more than 50 actively breeding individuals and is not yet self - sustainable . an unacceptably high number of birds are still being lost to poisoning from lead ingested from carcasses , and this factor may preclude rapid recovery of the species in some areas . more . . . .
population estimates : the 30 september 2012 california condor status report by the u . s . fish and wildlife service showed a total population of 410 individuals , including 180 in captivity and 230 in the wild . the captive birds are at the los angeles zoo ( 21 ) , san diego zoo safari park ( 28 ) , san diego zoo ( 3 ) , world center for birds of prey ( 59 ) , oregon zoo ( 41 ) , santa barbara zoo ( 3 ) , chapultepec zoo ( mexico city ) ( 2 ) , and in holding pens in the field or temporarily in captivity ( 22 ) . the wild birds are in central and southern california ( 125 ) , baja california ( 28 ) , and arizona ( 77 ) . forty - seven eggs were laid in captive breeding facilities in 2012 , and 20 eggs were laid in wild nests in california ( 14 ) , baja california ( 2 ) , and arizona ( 4 ) . including the 2012 breeding season , there have been 127 nesting attempts in the wild since 2001 , and there are presently 29 wild - fledged birds in california , 2 in baja california , and 14 in arizona .
california condor recovery plan the most recent revision of the recovery plan . ventana wilderness society maintains two release sites for condors in central california . the peregrine fund maintains a condor breeding program at the world center for birds of prey , boise , idaho , and administers the condor reintroduction program in northern arizona ( see
notes from the field
oregon zoo captive breeding progam . san diego wild animal park one of the most important captive breeding programs . conservation and research for endangered species california condor reintroduction project in northern baja california conducted by cres ( san diego zoo ) in cooperation with mexican partners . u . s . fish and wildlife service information on the federal condor recovery program . pinnacles national monument details on the condor release program at pinnacles national monument , california . hopper mountain national wildlife refuge primary responsibility for restoring the california condor in its former range . hi mountain lookout a condor observation point located in the santa lucia mountains , san luis obispo county , california . los angeles zoo houses one of largest captive breeding flocks of condors . project gutpile a site promoting the use of non - lead ammunition with notes on condors . instituto nacional de ecología details on the condor recovery project in baja california , mexico . arizona game and fish department condor management in arizona , including an innovative lead bullet replacement program . baja california condor reintroduction project details of the san diego zoo ' s reintroduction project in the sierra san pedro martir . vireo california condor photos . california lead ban details on recent lead legislation in california , posted by the california department of fish and game california condor conservation a new site sponsored by the san diego zoo and other condor cooperators .
researchers : bloom , peter cade , tom j . collins , paul fry , michael grantham , jesse hamber , janet heinrich , william r . linthicum , janet parish , chris n . risebrough , robert w . sandfort , cal schmitt , n . john wallace , michael p . wiley , james
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at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed , although the birds are endangered .
new comparisons of modern california condor bones to those found in los angeles’ la brea tar pits show that two distinct species of these large vultures roamed the skies before the end of the last ice age , providing a compelling answer to a long - standing question .
at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california , but it has been unclear if they were distinct species . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed ( though it is currently listed as critically endangered ) , while the others perished .
paleontologists from caltech studied the bones of deceased modern condors and the fossils of early condors preserved in the pleistocene - era la brea tar pits in los angeles , and found a definite size difference between the modern and pleistocene bones .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
said study leader valerie syverson , an undergraduate student at caltech , noting particular differences in the femur , or thigh , bones .
the pleistocene birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern birds .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor ,
syverson said .
the results of the study , presented oct . 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america , also show that the ancient and modern condor species co - existed for some time and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans , because of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human found in the pits .
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although the distribution of modern condors is limited to california and introductions into arizona and nevada , past distribution of condors apparently was far greater , with the birds withstanding pleistocene climatic conditions as far east and north as the state of new york ( steadman and miller 1987 ) .
fig . 2 . left to right : left coracoid , proximal left tarsometatarsus , distal right ulna of condors from howell ' s ridge cave . utep specimens . scale in mm .
emslie ( 1987 ) recorded dates for a number of fossil condors from caves in arizona , new mexico , and texas . dates ranged from 22 , 180 ± 400 to 9580 ± 160 bp . mead et al . ( 2003 ) indicated that condors inhabited the grand canyon from at least 42 ka ( apparently based on dating of a condor feather from site cc : 5 : 2 ) to about 10 ka . material from the new mexico / texas region included dates from howell ' s ridge cave ( 13 , 460 ± 220 ) , u - bar cave ( 13 , 030 ± 180 ) , dark canyon cave ( 9585 ± 310 ) , rocky arroyo cave ( 12 , 180 ± 130 ) , mules ear peak cave ( 12 , 580 ± 135 ) , and maravillas canyon ( 10 , 215 ± 320 ) . thus , as emslie hypothesized , inland populations apparently were gone by around 10 , 000 radiocarbon years bp .
howard and miller ( 1933 ) recorded california condor from shelter cave . however , howard ( 1971 ) later compared the elements with those of breagyps clarki and assigned the shelter cave material to that species .
late rancholabrean : luka cave ( desaussure 1956 ) ; tooth cave ( desaussure 1956 ) .
mid wisconsin . cc : 5 : 2 ( mead et al . 2003 ) .
mid / late wisconsin : dark canyon cave ( howard 1971 ) ; rampart cave ( wilson 1942 ) ; rancho la brea ( stock and harris 1992 ) ; sandblast cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; san miguel island ( guthrie 1998 ) .
mid / late wisconsin / holocene : jimenez cave ( messing 1986 ) ; sierra diablo cave ( utep ) .
late wisconsin : antelope cave ( reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 : cf . ) ; bridge cave ( emslie 1987 ) ; ceremonial cave ( cosgrove 1947 ) ; gypsum cave ( jefferson et al . 2015 ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( howard 1962 ) ; maravillas canyon ( emslie 1987 ) ; maricopa ( jefferson 1991a ) ; marmot cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; midden cave ( mead et al . 2005 ) ; mule ears peak ( wetmore 1933 ) ; sandia cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; skull cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; skylight cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; stanton ' s cave ( rea and hargrave ( 1984 ) ; stevens cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; u - bar cave 13 - 14 ka ; vulture cave ( mead and phillips 1981 ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : burnet cave ( wetmore 1931 ; emslie 1987 ) ; conkling cavern ( howard and miller 1933 ) ; kokoweef cave ( reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ) ; newberry cave ( jefferson 1991a ) ; schuiling cave ( jefferson 1991a ) .
literature . brasso and emslie 2006 ; cosgrove 1947 ; croxen et al . 2007 ; desaussure 1956 ; emslie 1987 , 1988 ; guthrie 1998 , 2009 ; howard 1962 , 1971 ; howard and miller 1933 ; jefferson 1991a ; jefferson et al . 2015 ; mead and phillips 1981 ; mead et al . 2003 ; mead et al . 2005 ; messing 1986 ; rea and hargrave 1984 ; reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ; reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 ; steadman and miller 1987 ; stock and harris 1992 ; syverson and prothero 2010 ; wetmore 1931 , 1933 ; wilson 1942 .
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