the pyralidae , commonly called pyralid moths , snout moths or grass moths , are a family of lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily pyraloidea .

in many ( particularly older ) classifications , the grass moths ( crambidae ) are included in the pyralidae as a subfamily , making the combined group one of the largest families in the lepidoptera .

the latest review by eugene g. munroe & solis , in kristensen ( 1999 ) retains the crambidae as a full family of pyraloidea .

the wingspans for small and medium-sized species usually between 9 and 37 mm with variable morphological features .

it is a diverse group , with more than 6,000 species described worldwide , and more than 600 species in america north of mexico , comprising the third largest moth family in north america .

at least 42 species have been recorded from north dakota in the subfamilies of pyralidae .

pyralidae

a new genus and three new species of chrysauginae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .
( f . ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) in brasil . colloques i’inra 43 : 133–140
biocontrol of duponcheria fovealis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) with soil - dwelling predators in potted plants .
systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae )
article : systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae )
biocontrol of duponcheria fovealis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) with soil - dwelling predators in potted plants . - pubmed - ncbi
details - systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) - biodiversity heritage library
hulst , g . d . , 1886 . descriptions of new pyralidae . transactions of the american entomological society 13 : 145 - 168 .
mutuura , akira . 1959 . canadian species of dioryctria zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . can . entomol . 91 : 65 - 72 .
there are currently 5 described subfamilies of pyralidae : chrysauginae lederer ( 1863 ) , epipaschiinae meyrick ( 1884 ) , galleriinae zeller ( 1848 ) , phycitinae zeller ( 1839 ) , and pyralinae latreille ( 1809 ) . currently there are around 4400 named species of pyralidae , although much of the diversity is undescribed .
five subfamilies are generally recognized in the pyralidae today . the acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) , occasionally still placed here , do indeed seem to belong in the crambidae .
pyralidae ( pyralid lepidopterans ) preys on : mammalia based on studies in : costa rica ( carrion substrate ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
heppner j . b . ( 2008 ) snout moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht
the effect of neem ( azadirachta indica a . juss ) oil on oviposition , development and reproductive potentials of sesamia calamistis hampson ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) and eldana saccharina walker ( lepidoptera : pyralidae )
pyralidae ( pyraloidea ) ; [ mna13 . 1 ] ( a ) , 8 ; [ nacl ] , 67 ; [ aucl ] ; [ globiz ] ; van nieukerken et al . , 2011 , zootaxa 3148 : 216
neunzig , herbert h . 1986 . fascicle 15 . 2 pyralioidea , pyralidae ( part ) in dominick et al . the moths of america north of mexico . e . w . classey ltd . london . 88 pp .
if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of pyralidae sp . ( large size ) .
horak marianne ( 1997 ) the phycitine genera faveria walker , morosaphycita , gen . nov . , epicrocis zeller , ptyobathra turner and vinicia ragonot in australia ( pyralidae : phycitinae ) . invertebrate systematics 11 , 333 - 421 .
schaffer , jay c . 1968 . a revision of the peoriinae and anerastiinae ( auctorum ) of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 280 . 124 pp .
solis , m . alma . and c . mitter . 1992 . review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the pyralidae ( sensu stricto ) ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea ) . syst . entomol . 17 : 79 - 99 .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1979 . american species of dioryctria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) v . three new cone feeding species from the southeastern united states . georgia entomol . soc . 14 : 290 - 304 .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1982 . american species of dioryctria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) vi . a new species of dioryctria from eastern canada and northeastern united states . can . entomol . 114 : 1069 - 1076 .
solis , m . alma . 1993 . a phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the genera of the pococera complex ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : epipaschiinae ) . j . n . y . entomol . soc . 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 83 .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1990 . fascicle 15 . 3 pyralioidea , pyralidae ( part ) in dominick et al . the moths of america north of mexico . e . w . classey ltd . london . 164 pp .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1988 . a taxonomic study of the genus salebriaria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) in america north of mexico . north carolina state univ . res . serv . tech . bull . 287 : 95 pp .
below is a guide to the local subfamilies of pyralidae . the images included are meant to be illustrative of the general appearance of each subfamily as an aid for narrowing down possibilities for identification . while the commonest elements of forewing maculation in each subfamily are represented , many patterns are not .
goodson , r . l . and h . h . neunzig . 1993 . taxonomic revision of the genera homoeosoma curtis and patogonia ragonot ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) in america north of mexico . north carolina agric . res . service . tech . bull . 303 : 105 pp .
forbes , william t . m . family 33 . pyralidae , pp . 523 - 639 in , ibid . 1923 . lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . part i . primitive forms , microlepidoptera , pyraloids , bombyces . cornell agric . exp . sta . mem . 68 : 729 pp .
in addition to those assigned to the tribes above , there are several genera of ( presumed ) pyralidae which are not firmly placed in this arrangement . some may be very basal lineages which stand outside the main snout moth radiations . but given the changing circumscription of the pyralidae , some are likely to be placed outside this group in its modern meaning , either in the crambidae or in other lineages of basal obtectomera . some may even belong to more ancient moth lineages , such as the alucitoidea or pterophoroidea . finally , it is possible that some of these ( usually little - studied ) genera are junior synonyms of genera described earlier . the genera in question are :
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) » pyralid moths ( pyralidae ) » epipaschiinae » incertae - sedis » incertae - sedis glastianalis - hodges # 5576 . 1 ( incertae - sedis glastianalis )
roux - morabito , g . ; gillette , n . e . ; roques , a . ; dormont , l . ; stein , j . ; sperling , f . a . h . 2008 . systematics of the dioryctria abietella species group ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) based on mitochondrial dna ann . entomol . soc . am . 101 ( 5 ) : 845 - 859 .
neunzig hh ( 1986–1997 ) pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) . phycitinae ( part ) . in : dominick rb et al . ( eds ) the moths of america north of mexico , 15 . 2 : 1–113 , 6 pl . ( 1986 ) ; 15 . 3 : 1–165 , 5 pl . ( 1990 ) ; 15 . 4 : 1–157 , 4 pl . ( 1997 ) . wedge entomological research foundation , washington
waxworms are the caterpillar larvae of wax moths , which belong to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) . two closely related species are commercially bred – the lesser wax moth ( achroia grisella ) and the greater wax moth ( galleria mellonella ) . they belong to the tribe galleriini in the snout moth subfamily galleriinae . another species whose larvae share that name is the indian meal moth ( plodia interpunctella ) , though this species is not available commercially .
there are two main types of tympanal organs within pyraloidea , indicating two distinct evolutionary lineages : the pyralidae latreille , 1809 ( or pyraliformes ) and crambidae latreille , 1810 ( or crambiformes ) ( munroe 1972 , minet 1982 , maes 1985 , munroe & solis 1999 ) . this basal dichotomy in pyraloid phylogeny is supported by molecular data ( regier et al . 2012 ) . the following table shows the main diagnostic characters to identify these two groups .
phycitinae ( including anerastiinae , peoriinae ) – probably the most difficult group of pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification . they comprise more than 600 genera and about 4000 species found all over the world . the characteristic trait of the caterpillars is a sclerotised area encircling the base of seta sd1 on the mesothorax , while the adult females have – like the males of pyralidae in general do – a frenulum consisting of a single bristle which in turn is composed of multiple acanthae .
snout moths , family pyralidae , comprise the third largest family of lepidoptera , with about 16 , 500 described species , but a probable fauna of at least 25 , 000 species worldwide . there are 19 subfamilies in the classification , divided into two groups : group crambinina , with 14 subfamilies ( crambinae , schoenobiinae , cybalomiinae , linostinae , scopariinae , musotiminae , midilinae , nymphulinae , odontiinae , noordinae , wurthiinae , evergestinae , glaphyriinae , and pyraustinae ) , and group pyralinina , with five subfamilies ( pyralinae , chrysauginae , galleriinae , epipaschiinae , and phycitinae ) . the group names are sometimes elevated to separate families , as was already done over 100 years ago , but they can equally be maintained within the single family pyralidae as has long been the practice . by far the largest subfamily is the pyraustinae , with about 7 , 500 species worldwide . the family is in the superfamily pyraloidea in the section tineina , subsection tineina , of the division ditrysia . adults . . .
ty - jour ti - systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 375 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 15 ep - 73 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 375 . 6222 au - leger , theo au - landry , bernard au - nuss , matthias au - mally , richard kw - argyria kw - argyriini kw - atlantic forest kw - biogeography kw - crambini kw - micrelephas kw - morphology kw - new species kw - phylogeny kw - pyraloidea kw - taxonomy er -
@ article { bhlpart101138 , title = { systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 375 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { leger , theo and landry , bernard and nuss , matthias and mally , richard } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 15 - 73 } , keywords = { argyria | argyriini | atlantic forest | biogeography | crambini | micrelephas | morphology | new species | phylogeny | pyraloidea | taxonomy | } , }
pyraloidea , the third largest superfamily of the lepidoptera , is comprised of two families - pyralidae and crambidae . the history of families previously placed in the pyraloidea is discussed . the group now includes about 16 , 000 species worldwide . morphologically , the superfamily is defined by a basally scaled proboscis and the presence of abdominal tympanal organs . the larvae of many species are economically important pests of crops ( e . g . : sugarcane , corn , rice ) , and stored products such as seeds and grains . currently 22 subfamilies comprise the pyraloidea ; only the 19 subfamilies that occur in the western hemisphere are discussed . there is a paucity of recent research using cladistic methods and phylogenetic analyses across all taxa .
the wing span of pyraloid moths varies from less than 10 mm to more than 80 mm . the head bears long and porrect or upturned labial palpi . the maxillary palpi are generally present . the main external characters supporting the monophyly of the group are the basally scaled proboscis and the paired tympanal organs situated ventrally on the 2nd abdominal segment . tympanal organs enable moths to detect the ultrasounds of insectivorous bats . many superfamilies within the obtectomeran lepidoptera ( the groups with obtect pupae ) have tympanal organs , but they are not homologous . only geometroidea have tympanal organs which are also situated on the 2 nd abdominal segment , but they are distinct in structure and evolved independently . it is generally accepted that lepidopteran tympanal organs co - evolved with the sonar system of bats . in achroia grisella and galleria mellonella ( pyralidae , galleriinae ) , the moths also possess tymbal organs on the tegulae to produce ultrasound for intraspecific , accoustic communication .
carbohydrase is responsible for catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars . it includes α - amylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 ) , β - amylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 ) , glucoamylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 3 ) , exo - β - l , 4 - glucanases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 91 ) , endo - β - l , 4 - glucanases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 4 ) , β - l , 4 - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 21 ) , chitinase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 14 ) , β - nacetyl - d - glucosaminidase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 52 ) , lysozyme ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 17 ) , lysozyme ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 17 ) , α - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 20 ) , and trehalase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 28 ) ( wyatt , 1967 ; huber and mathison , 1976 ; applebaum , 1985 ; dunn , 1986 ; kramer and koga , 1986 ; martin et al . , 1991 ) . further christeller et al . ( 1992 ) identified midgut protease activities in midgut was higher in lepidopteran insects from the families , tortricidae , noctuidae , gelechiidae , hepialidae and pyralidae . further treatment with chemical insecticides has directly affected the digestive enzyme including amylase , invertase , lipase , and protease ( deshmukh et al . , 2009 ) .
duponchelia fovealis zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) is a widespread pest in dutch greenhouses . most damage is recorded from potted plants as kalanchoe , cyclamen and begonia . caterpillars of this pyralid prefer to live in a moist soil layer were they feed on either plant parts or organic matter . larvae typically seek shelter within plant parts or in soil . this behaviour hampers contact between pesticides and caterpillars . growers , therefore would welcome an effective method to prevent damage by d . fovealis . this paper describes the effects of the soil - dwelling mites hypoaspis miles ( berlese ) and hypoaspis aculeifer ( canestrini ) ( acari : laelapidae ) and the beetle atheta coriaria kraatz ( coleoptera : staphilinidae ) on eggs and larvae of d . fovealis . both predatory mites and adults of the staphilinid beetle gave excellent control of eggs of d . fovealis in potting soil with kalanchoe . h . miles was slightly ( 99 percent control ) , but significantly , better than h . aculeifer ( 92 percent control ) . 50 to 87 percent of the eggs were predated by adult beetles of a . coriaria . these beetles also prey on first larval stages of d . fovealis . 87 percent of the h . miles population was present in the upper soil layer , whereas about half of the population of h . aculeifer preferred to stay deeper than 5 cm in soil . this behaviour might explain the slightly better control of d . fovealis by h . miles , since eggs and first larval stages of d . fovealis are mostly present in the upper soil layer . all predators tested may contribute to an integrated or biological system for controlling d . fovealis in potted plants .
this review described the physiological and biochemical effects of various secondary metabolites from meliaceae against major lepidopteran insect pest including , noctuidae and pyralidae . the biochemical effect of major meliaceae secondary metabolites were discussed more in this review . several enzymes based on food materials have critical roles in nutritional indices ( food utilization ) of the insect pest population . several research work has been referred and the effect of meliaceae secondary metabolites on feeding parameters of insects by demonstrating food consumption , approximate digestibility of consumed food , efficiency of converting the ingested food to body substance , efficiency of converting digested food to body substance and consumption index was reviewed in detail . further how the digestive enzymes including a - amylases , α and β - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 ) , lipases ( ec 3 . 1 . 1 ) proteases , serine , cysteine , and aspartic proteinases affected by the meliaceae secondary metabolites was reviewed . further effect of meliaceae secondary metabolites on detoxifying enzymes have been found to react against botanical insecticides including general esterases ( est ) , glutathione s - transferase ( gst ) and phosphatases was reviewed . alkaline phosphatase ( alp , e . c . 3 . 1 . 3 . 1 ) and acid phosphatase ( acp , e . c . 3 . 1 . 3 . 2 ) are hydrolytic enzymes , which hydrolyze phosphomonoesters under alkaline or acid conditions , respectively . these enzymes were affected by the secondary metabolites treatment . the detailed mechanism of action was further explained in this review . acethylcholine esterase ( ache ) is a key enzyme that terminates nerve impulses by catalyzing the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , in the nervous system of various organisms . how the ache activity was altered by the meliaceae secondary metabolites reviewed in detail .
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700x776 ( ~ 84kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo © valentina anderson
700x924 ( ~ 121kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo © valentina anderson
800x859 ( ~ 172kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo © valentina anderson
the exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
[ globiz ] global information system on pyraloidea globiz ; globales informtationssystem zünslerfalter ; note this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
( a ) : 1 - 134 , ( b ) : 135 - 250 , ( c ) : 251 - 304 , pl . 1 - 13 , a - k ( 1973 )
van nieukerken et al . , 2011 in zhang ( ed . ) , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . order lepidoptera linnaeus , 1758 zootaxa 3148 : 212 - 221
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
; hw with sc + r and rs closely approximate or united beyond discal cell and sharply divergent before outer margin ; tympana ( ears ) at base of abdomen ventrally , not easily visible in anterio - lateral view , praecinctorium absent .
worldwide five subfamilies and at least 6 , 150 species ; north america with at least 565 species in five subfamilies ; 42 species have been recorded from north dakota .
some leaf tiers and rollers , majority are borers in stems , seeds , buds , or flowers , some are wood borers in the cambium layer , others feed on combs in bee hives or on dried plant materials . many economically important species : indian meal moth , clover hay - worm , zimmerman pine moth , sunflower head moth , etc .
heinrich , carl . 1956 . american moths of the subfamily phycitinae . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 1 - 581 .
munroe , eugene and m . alma solis . the pyraloidea , pp . 233 - 256 in kristensen , neils p . ed . 1999 . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . part 35 , vol . 1 in handbook of zoology . maximilian fischer ed . walter de gryter , new york . 491 pp .
mutuura , akira and eugene munroe . 1969 . american species of the zimmermani group . can . entomol . 101 : 1009 - 1023 .
rennels , r . g . 1960 . the zimmerman pine moth . an 8 - year study of its natural history in illinois coniferous plantations . univer . ill . agric . exp . sta . bull . 660 : 39 pp .
scoble , malcom j . 1992 . the lower ditrysia , chapter 11 , pp . 225 - 289 in the lepidoptera : form , function , and diversity . oxford univ . press . 1982 . 404 pp .
last updated : 03 / 27 / 02 gerald m . fauske research specialist ndsu 202 hultz hall fargo , nd 58105 e - mail : gerald . fauske @ urltoken
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enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
this list contains all moth species illustrated on the ukmoths website . the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species . the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
. the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher . some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species . at the end of the main list are questionable or doubtful records which is an approximation of appendix b ( questionable records ) of the new checklist , but also contains other records that do not for various reasons have new decimal - style checklist numbers . many thanks to stella beavan and bob heckford for their help in interpreting the new checklist .
the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species .
the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
.
the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher .
some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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adult moth of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . ©csiro entomology , all rights reserved
larva of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . ©csiro entomology , all rights reserved
larva of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )
adult of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )
the tropical warehouse moth is found throughout the tropics and subtropics where it is more common in non - arid areas . the tropical warehouse moth feeds on a range of stored foods , notably cereals and cereal products .
( caterpillars ) feed externally on maize grains but also cause damage to stored products through contamination with the silk webbing it produces and faecal pellets , cast skins and egg shells .
the tropical warehouse moth is found throughout the tropics and subtropics where it is more common in non - arid areas . it can be found in temperate countries but can only survive the winter in heated areas .
larvae the larvae range from 1 . 5 - 15 mm in length and are light brown with dark brown spots with a sparse covering of hair .
pupae pupae are dark - brown and found within a relatively light pupal case .
adults the adult forewings are greyish - brown with scattered darker patches . the wing span is 11 - 20 mm and both fore - and hind - wings have broadly rounded tips and short fringes of hairs .
the adult tropical warehouse moth is commonly confused with the indian meal moth , plodia interpunctella but can be differentiated from it by the distinct colouring of the forewings of indian meal moth ( a dark band separating the two differently coloured halves of the forewing ) . the larva resembles that of the indian meal moth .
the females lay their slightly sticky eggs on the stored food . up to 300 eggs are laid in the first 3 - 4 days of their short ( 8 - 9 day ) lives . at 30°c the eggs hatch in approximately 3 days . there are normally five larval instars and larval development , under optimum conditions ( 32 . 5°c and 70 % relative humidity ) is completed in about 22 days . in heavy infestations the mature larvae leave the produce to pupate on surfaces such as walls of the store or in spaces between bags . before pupation , the last instar larva builds a cocoon . the pupal stage is completed in about 7 days . adult emergence from the cocoon usually occurs during the late afternoon . under optimum conditions , development from egg to adult takes 29 - 31 days .
is a major pest of a range of stored foods , especially cereals ( maize , rice , wheat , sorghum , millet , oats ) flours and other cereal products , dried cassava , groundnuts , cocoa beans , dried mango , dates , nutmeg , mace , cowpeas and other dried stored products .
detection methods the tropical warehouse moth can be detected by visual inspection . sticky traps baited with a sex pheromone can be used to monitor adults .
the severity of a tropical warehouse moth infestation can be reduced by good store hygiene which includes cleaning the store between harvests , immersing grain sacks in boiling water and fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations , ensuring that all spillages are removed , all cracks and crevices in the store are filled and the selection of only uninfested material for storage . infestations of this species may also be limited by the storage of good quality grains such as whole cereals with fewer broken grains .
the mass release of the parasite habrobracon hebetor has been used in south africa to control the tropical warehouse moth in a sultana store as part of an integrated pest management programme .
controlled atmosphere where suitable infrastructure exists , low oxygen and carbon dioxide - enriched atmospheres can be used to control stored product pests .
freezing and heating where the infrastructure exists , freezing for several days and heating for 24 hours have proved to be effective control methods for stored product pests .
fumigation of grain stocks with phosphine will control existing infestations but will not protect against re - infestation . an admixture of approved grain insecticides , especially organophosphorus compounds , will protect against this pest . store misting or fogging at times of peak flight activity may be used to control the adult population . pesticides are poisons so it is essential to follow all safety precautions on labels .
burges hd , haskins kpf , 1965 . life - cycle of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella ( wlk . ) at controlled temperatures and humidities . bulletin of entomological research , 55 ( 4 ) : 775 - 789 .
cabi . ( 2007 ) ephestia cautella ( walker ) tropical warehouse moth datasheet . crop protection compendium , 2007 edition . cab international publishing . wallingford , uk .
dent d . ( 2000 ) . insect pest management . cab international wallingford , uk
gaby , s . ( 1988 ) natural crop protection in the tropics . margraf publishers scientific books , german
krischik , v . a . , cuperus g . and galliart d . ( eds . ) . ( 1995 ) . stored products management , 2nd ed . oklahoma state univ . 204 pp . urltoken accessed on 15 / 5 / 2010 .
ridgway , r . l . silverstein r . m and inscoe , m . n . ( 1990 ) behaviour - modifying chemicals for insect management , marcel dekker inc . , new york .
youdeowei a . ( 1993 ) pest and vector management in the tropics , longman group ltd england .
anne m . akol , makerere university ; maneno y . chidege , tropical pesticides research institute ; herbert a . l . talwana , makerere university ; john r . mauremootoo , bionet - international secretariat .
we recognise the support from the national museums of kenya , tropical pesticides research institute ( tpri ) - tanzania and makerere university , uganda . this activity was undertaken as part of the bionet - eafrinet uvima project ( taxonomy for development in east africa ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
by m . alma solis , everett d . cashatt , brian g . scholtens
contributed by maury j . heiman on 22 october , 2013 - 10 : 34pm
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ragonot , e . l . , 1887 . diagnoses of north american phycitiae and galleriiae : 1 - 20 .
4th ann . rep . noxious , beneficial and other insects of state of missouri . st . louis , mo . , 1872
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a8 sd1 surrounded by chitinous ring ( occasionally reduced ) . a1 - a7 : l2 anterodorsal or sometimes dorsal of l1 . a8 sv - group usually bisetose . a9 l group usually trisetose ( l3 rarely lost ) . anal shield : distance d1 - d1 usually greater than sd1 - sd1 ( exceptions in galleriinae , pyralinae ,
variable . from long and slender to short and stout . may be smoothly scaled or with modified scales . some males with prominent androconia .
forewing of variable shape . forewing veins with r2 closely apposed to r3 and r4 , and not usually stalked ; r3 , r4 and r5 may be reduced to one or two veins ; m1 originates near anterior angle of discal cell ; m2 , m3 and cua1 originate from posterior angle of cell ; m2 and m3 may be stalked ; cup well developed , incomplete , or absent and reduced to a fold ; 1a strongly developed ; 2a distally free or connected to 1a by a crossvein to form a closed cell , sometimes with a free portion extending beyond this cell . hindwing wide , with narrow fringe . hindwing veins sc + r1 and rs may be anastomosed or separate ; m2 and m3 usually separate , but may be fused ; cua1 and cua2 usually arising separately from discal cell ; cua1 free , rarely fused with m3 ; cup and 1a + 2a present .
in phycitinae , radial sector free or partially fused with sc + rs . m2 + 3 fused ( partially or fully ) , or separate . cell often open . cup absent . all three anal veins generally present .
both sexes with a retinaculum of stiff scales on underside of cubital area . males may have sclerotized frenulum hook , but is lost in some groups .
in phycitinae the scape may posses various modification , such as having a long spine or being deeply notched .
in phycitinae the basal flagellomere may posses various modifications , mainly in the form of a high concentration of scale - like sensilla .
forewing vein r5 stalked or fused with r3 + r4 . tympanal case closed , or nearly closed . praecinctorium absent . tympanum and conjunctiva lie in the same plane . male genitalia with uncus arms , a pair of processes arising laterally from the base of the uncus . larvae almost always with sclerotized ring around base of seta sd1
l . f . jiron and v . m . cartin , 1981 . insect succession in the decomposition of a mammal in costa rica . j . new york entomol . soc . 89 : 158 - 165 , from p . 163 .
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the adult moths are sometimes called
bee moths
, but , particularly in apiculture , this can also refer to aphomia sociella , another galleriinae moth which also produces waxworms , but is not commercially bred .
waxworms are medium - white caterpillars with black - tipped feet and small , black or brown heads .
in the wild , they live as nest parasites in bee colonies and eat cocoons , pollen , and shed skins of bees , and chew through beeswax , thus the name . beekeepers consider waxworms to be pests . galleria mellonella ( the greater wax moths ) will not attack the bees directly , but feed on the wax used by the bees to build their honeycomb . their full development to adults requires access to used brood comb or brood cell cleanings—these contain protein essential for the larvae ' s development , in the form of brood cocoons . the destruction of the comb will spill or contaminate stored honey and may kill bee larvae or be the cause of the spreading of honey bee diseases .
when kept in captivity , they can go a long time without eating , particularly if kept at a cool temperature . captive wax worms are generally raised on a mixture of cereal grain , bran and honey .
microbes found in the guts of waxworms like to feast on polyethylene , and could help dispose of plastic .
these larvae are used extensively as live food for terrarium pets and some pet birds , mostly due to their high fat content , their ease of breeding , and their ability to survive for weeks at low temperatures .
most commonly , they are used to feed reptiles such as bearded dragons ( species in the genus pogona ) , the neon tree dragon ( japalura splendida ) , geckos , brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) , turtles such as the three - toed box turtle ( terrapene carolina triunguis ) or chameleons .
small mammals such as the domesticated hedgehog can also be fed with wax worms .
they can also be used as food for captive predatory insects reared in terrarium , such as assassin bugs in the genus platymeris .
waxworms are also occasionally used to feed certain kinds of fish in the wild , such as bluegills ( lepomis macrochirus ) .
shops often refer to the larvae as
waxies
. they are used for catching some varieties of
with the use of a lighter weight . they are also used for fishing some members of the
waxworms prove valuable in such studies because the innate immune system of insects is strikingly similar to that of mammals .
waxworms survive well at human body temperature and are large enough in size to allow straightforward handling and accurate dosing . additionally , the considerable cost savings when using waxworms instead of small mammals ( usually mice , hamsters , or guinea pigs ) allows testing throughput that is otherwise impossible . using waxworms , it is now possible to screen large numbers of bacterial and fungal strains to identify genes involved in pathogenesis or large chemical libraries with the hope of identifying promising therapeutic compounds . the later studies have proved especially useful in identifying chemical compounds with favorable bioavailability .
antunes , luísa c . s . ; imperi , francesco ; carattoli , alessandra ; visca , paolo ( 2011 ) . adler , ben , ed .
deciphering the multifactorial nature of acinetobacter baumannii pathogenicity
. plos one 6 ( 8 ) : e22674 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0022674 . pmc 3148234 . pmid 21829642 .
kavanagh , kevin ; reeves , emer p . ( 2004 ) .
exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens
. fems microbiology reviews 28 ( 1 ) : 101–12 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . femsre . 2003 . 09 . 002 . pmid 14975532 .
aperis , g ; burgwynfuchs , b ; anderson , c ; warner , j ; calderwood , s ; mylonakis , e ( 2007 ) .
galleria mellonella as a model host to study infection by the francisella tularensis live vaccine strain
. microbes and infection 9 ( 6 ) : 729–34 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . micinf . 2007 . 02 . 016 . pmc 1974785 . pmid 17400503 .
, making the combined group one of the largest families in the lepidoptera . the latest review by munroe & solis , in kristensen ( 1999 )
most of these small moths are inconspicuous and of no particular significance to humans . some are more notable , however . perhaps the most familiar are waxworms , which are the caterpillar larvae of the greater ( galleria mellonella ) and lesser ( achroia grisella ) wax moths ( subfamily galleriinae ) . they are natively pests of beehives , but are bred indoors in enormous numbers as live food for small reptile and bird pets and similar animals . they are also used as fishing bait for trout fishing .
other notable snout moths are primarily relevant due to their larval food choices . examples include :
cacao moth , tobacco moth , warehouse moth ( ephestia elutella : phycitinae ) – pest of stored dry vegetable products ; europe , introduced to some other regions ( e . g . australia )
the european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) and southern cornstalk borer ( diatraea crambidoides ) , formerly considered snout moths , are placed in the crambidae which , as noted above , are usually regarded as a separate family today .
chrysauginae ( including bradypodicolinae , semniidae ) – about 400 species occurring predominantly in the neotropical region . larvae typically feed on plants , but some have more unusual feeding habits . the latter include for example some myrmecophilous species , as well as a number of sloth moths which are dependent on sloths for their entire life cycle . most chrysauginae larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta sd1 of the metathorax .
galleriinae ( including macrothecinae ) – about 300 species worldwide . the males of galleriine moths have a gnathos almost or completely reduced , the pupae have a prominent dorsal median ridge on the thorax and abdomen , and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta sd1 of the first abdominal segment .
pyralinae ( including endotrichinae , hypotiinae ) – rather diverse in the old world ; a lesser amount of the c . 900 species occurs elsewhere . the females of almost all pyralinae except cardamyla and embryoglossa are recognizable by the very short ductus bursae of their genitals .
epipaschiinae ( including pococerinae ) – over 550 described species in the tropical and temperate regions ( except europe ) . larvae are leaf rollers , leaf tiers or leaf miners . some species are minor pests of a few commercial crops . epipaschiinae are generally hard to recognize , except in the case of adult males which have a few characteristic traits , such as the upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palps and usually a scaly projection from the antenna base . the larvae lack any stereotyped seta sclerotisations .
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scholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . , 2015 . annotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico .
annotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico scholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . 2015 . zookeys 535 : 1–136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 535 . 6086 .
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commun agric appl biol sci . 2003 ; 68 ( 4 pt a ) : 159 - 65 .
applied plant research , division glasshouse horticulture , po box 8 , 2670 aa naaldwijk , the netherlands .
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balinsky bi ( 1994 ) a study of african phycitinae in the transvaal museum . johannesburg , 208 pp
bleszynski s ( 1965 ) crambinae . in : amsel hg , reisser h , gregor f ( eds ) microlepidoptera palaearctica , vol 1 . g . fromme , vienna , 533 pp , 133 pl . [ in german ]
goater b ( 1986 ) british pyralid moths : a guide to their identification . harley books , colchester , 175 pp , 8 pl
heinrich c ( 1956 ) american moths of the subfamily phycitinae . bull u s natl mus 207 : 1–581
munroe eg ( 1972–1976 ) fasc . 13 . 1 , pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick rb et al . ( eds ) the moths of america north of mexico , 13 . 1 : 1–304 , 9 pl . ( 1972–1973 ) ; 13 . 2 : 1–150 , 8 pl . ( 1976 ) . e . w . classey and r . b . d . publishing , london
roesler ru ( 1973–1993 ) phycitinae [ part ] . in microlepidoptera palaearctica , 4 ( 1 ) : 1–752 , 4 ( 2 ) : 1–137 , 170 pl . ( 1973 ) ; 8 : 305 , 82 pl . ( 1993 )
slamka f ( 1997 ) die zünslerartigen ( pyraloidea ) mitteleuropas : bestimmen & verbreitung & flugstandort & lebensweise der raupen , 2nd edn . bratislava , 112 pp , 13 pl
zimmerman ec ( 1958 ) lepidoptera , pyraloidea : insects of hawaii , vol 8 . university of hawaii press , honolulu , pp 1–456
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255863
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were such that each was at once first and second cousin to the other , and thus aunt and cousin to the culprit cyril , so that his misbehavior was almost as much cousin caroline ' s affair as aunt celia ' s .
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reviewed by : arash zibaee , university of guilan , iran ; maria l . macedo , universidade federal de mato grosso do sul , brazil
* correspondence : sengottayan senthil - nathan , division of biopesticides and environmental toxicology , sri paramakalyani centre for excellence in environmental sciences , manonmaniam sundaranar university , alwarkurichi – 627 412 , tirunelveli , india e - mail : ni . ca . vinusm @ lihtnes ; moc . liamtoh @ rdialaklihtnes
this article was submitted to invertebrate physiology , a section of the journal frontiers in physiology .
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crop protection all over the world relies heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides . in the past , synthetic pesticides have played a major role in crop protection programes and have immensely benefited mankind . the discovery and use of ddt in 1940 and then bhc and subsequent development of the chlorinated cyclodienes marked a major advance in the field of crop protection . these chemicals have made great contributions to plant protection but have also raised a number of ecological and medical problems ( varma and dubey , 1999 ) . nevertheless , their indiscriminate use has resulted in the development of resistance by pests ( insects , weeds , etc ) , resurgence and outbreak of new pests , toxicity to non - target organisms and hazardous effects on the environment endangering the sustainability of ecosystems ( jeyasankar and jesudasan , 2005 ) . it has been estimated that hardly 0 . 1 % of the agrochemicals used in crop protection reach the target pest leaving the remaining 99 . 9 % to enter the environment to cause hazards to non - target organisms including humans ( pimentel and levitan , 1986 ) .
it has been described that more than 2 . 5 million tons of pesticides are used in agricultural crops protection for every year and the global damage caused by synthetic insecticides reaches more than $ 100 billion annually ( usepa , 2011 ) . the reason behind this amount of cost is the high toxicity and residual properties of pesticides in soil , water , air and crops that affect human and domestic animal health ( carson , 1951 ) . hence search for the eco - friendly , biodegradable pesticides for management of pest insects have been encouraged to be essential for last five decades .
the ideal insecticide should control target pests adequately and should be target - specific ( able to kill the pest insect but not other insects or animals ) , rapidly degradable , and low in toxicity to humans and other mammals . two classes of insecticides that exhibit some of these characteristics are the botanical insecticides and the insecticidal soaps . botanical insecticides , sometimes referred to as “botanicals , ” are naturally occurring insecticides have been derived from plants . insecticidal soaps are soaps that have been selected and formulated for their insecticidal action ( weinzierl and henn , 1991 ) .
botanical insecticides have more advantages than synthetic one . the advantages of botanical pesticides mainly depending upon their quick degradation and lack of persistence and bioaccumulation in the eco system , which have been key problems in chemical pesticide use .
several experiment with botanical pesticides , shows they are degraded in the environment in hours or days . further literature has clearly shown that use of plant natural products provides low risk when compare with chemical insecticides . the availability and diversity of the secondary metabolites in botanical extracts is renewable source . also multiple analogs of one compound , is known to increase the efficiency of phytochemcial through synergism , reduce the rate of metabolism of the compounds and prevent the pest resurgence / pesticide resistance ( ascher , 1993 ; senthil - nathan and kalaivani , 2005 , 2006 ; ntalli and menkissoglu - spiroudi , 2011 ) . plant community is the most efficient source for natural pesticide . it synthesizes numerous products , many of which have been shown to effect on insect and other harmful organism . some are highly toxic to a wide range of organisms , including both vertebrates and invertebrates . but majority of plant derived compounds are affecting insects and are comparatively harmless to vertebrates . such compounds are toxic causing mortality or reduced growth of pest insects . phytochemcial modes - of - action are more complicated . most of them are affecting insect performance by repelling an insect and feeding deterrence or oviposition deterrence .


marocaster is an extinct genus of sea stars in the family goniasteridae .

it existed in what is now morocco during the early cretaceous period .

it was described by daniel b. blake and roland reboul in 2011 , and the type species is m. coronatus .

marocaster

belongs to marocaster according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011
no one has contributed data records for marocaster coronatus yet . learn how to contribute .
sinopse : marocaster coronatus é um gênero de estrela - do - mar extinto . fonte : wikimedia commons - didier descouens . url : urltoken
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full reference : d . b . blake and r . reboul . 2011 . a new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco . journal of paleontology 85 ( 6 ) : 1021 - 1034
type specimen : holotype mhnt . pal . 2010 . 2 . 2 , paratypes 2010 . 2 . 4a , 2010 . 2 . 5 , 2010 . 2 . 1h
parent taxon : goniasteridae according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011
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daniel b . blake & roland reboul ( 2011 ) .
a new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco
.
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metasia hemicirca is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1887 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

the forewings are pale whitish-fuscous , irregularly suffused with pale fuscous and irrorated with dark fuscous .

the lines are rather irregular , strong and dark fuscous .

the hindwings are similar to the forewings in colour and markings , but there is a dark fuscous oblique transverse-linear discal spot before the middle .

metasia hemicirca

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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spain , italy , corsica , malta , sardinia , sicily , france , yugoslavia .
balearic islands , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , malta , sardinia , sicily , france ( mainland ) , croatia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ae973d1 - bd63 - 46bb - ab75 - 5c72c99d9640
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f52af03e - 0345 - 4a29 - bf19 - dc621fa11cbc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246584
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eupithecia nigristriata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in western china ( tibet , qinghai ) .

the wingspan is about 17 – 18 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are uniform pale brown .

eupithecia nigristriata

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
if you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .
please consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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there to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the
of thy rashness . ” the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those
that have been already declared to you . ” so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
of fire . “no , ” said the niece , “there is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and ‘amadis of gaul’ be remit - ted the
of fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the
that bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose
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, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx
: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the
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with one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on
of being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a
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. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of
may be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the
in the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .
that 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . ” so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigritaria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigritaria and , of course , nigritaria synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigritaria .
in turkey .
home of ichneumonoidea
. taxapad . * * * * y sick ki yu . 1997–2012 . retrieved . . .
this is the place for nigritaria definition . you find here nigritaria meaning , synonyms of nigritaria and images for nigritaria copyright 2017 © urltoken


polyrhachis gracilior is a species of ant found in the southwest and northeast india .

it is one of the few ants that build arboreal nests made of leaves stitched together using silk produced by their larvae .

originally described as a " race " of polyrhachis furcata , it was elevated to a full species by c t bingham who noted differences in the shape of the spines .

a species described from travancore as weberi by horace donisthorpe in 1943 was identified as being identical to gracilior by barry bolton .

polyrhachis gracilior

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see polyrhachis gracilior for further details
weberi . polyrhachis ( myrmhopla ) weberi donisthorpe , 1943b : 206 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of gracilior : bolton , 1974b : 174 .
polyrhachis gracilior is an endemic ant of the western ghats . they live in small colonies that nest between leaves stitched together with silk . the queen is not very different from the workers in appearance . this worker is cleaning her antennae .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . polyrhachis gracilior forel , 1893 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
bolton , b . 1974b [ 1973 ] . new synonymy and a new name in the ant genus polyrhachis f . smith ( hym . , formicidae ) . entomol . mon . mag . 109 : 172 - 180 ( page 174 , senior synonym of weberi )
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forel , 1893e pdf : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . )
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in the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .
antweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0
dealate queen with brood within a disturbed nest . kerala , india . photo from kalesh sadasivan .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
forel , 1893c : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . ) india . combination in
) : emery , 1925b : 193 . raised to species : bingham , 1903 : 388 . senior synonym of
karavaiev , v . 1927f . ameisen aus dem indo - australischen gebiet . iii . zb . prats zool . muz . 3 : 3 - 52 [ = tr . ukr . akad . nauk fiz . - mat . vidd . 7 : 3 - 52 ] . ( page 11 , worker , queen , male described )
santschi , f . 1928h . fourmis de sumatra , récoltées par mr . j . b . corporaal . tijdschr . entomol . 71 : 119 - 140 ( page 139 , replacement name : amboinae )
bingham , c . t . 1903 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . hymenoptera , vol . ii . ants and cuckoo - wasps . london : taylor and francis , 506 pp . ( page 388 , raised to species )
emery , c . 1925d . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . formicinae . genera insectorum 183 : 1 - 302 ( page 193 , combination in p . ( myrmhopla ) )
forel , a . 1893e . les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 8 : 17 - 36 ( page 25 , ( diagnosis in key ) worker described )
this page was last modified on 6 july 2016 , at 02 : 20 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
bharti h , guénard b , bharti m , economo ep ( 2016 ) an updated checklist of the ants of india with their specific distributions in indian states ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 551 : 1 - 83 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 551 . 7052
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
if the taxon is in the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location , such as an island , nation or other defined zone , or habitat type , and found only there ; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere .
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tiny ants living in acorn gutting a cricket - temnothorax cf . nylanderi ( 720p )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .