struthiomimus ( meaning " ostrich mimic " , from the greek στρούθειος/stroutheios meaning " of the ostrich " and μῖμος/mimos meaning " mimic " or " imitator " ) is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of north america .

ornithomimids were long-legged , bipedal , ostrich-like dinosaurs with toothless beaks .

the type species , struthiomimus altus , is one of the more common small dinosaurs found in dinosaur provincial park ; its abundance suggests that these animals were herbivores or omnivores rather than pure carnivores .

struthiomimus

' struthiomimus samueli belongs to struthiomimus ' according to w . a . parks 1928
struthiomimus was medium sized among other dinosaurs , light in build and had long limbs and a long neck . the brain of struthiomimus is noted for being large in proportion to its small skull . struthiomimus also had large eyes .
, chosing the name
struthiomimus
- which means
ostrich mimic
.
a dead struthiomimus is about to be eaten by the three remaining pack of velociraptors .
the carcasse of struthiomimus was stripped clean by the velociraptors before the 2 carnotaurs came .
it is thought that struthiomimus would have had feathers , being of the coelurosauria family .
struthiomimus has been found in great numbers since the first discoveries , and has often changed the minds of scientists as each new piece of the struthiomimus puzzle has been garnered and considered .
' struthiomimus samueli is recombined as dromiceiomimus samueli ' according to d . a . russell 1972
still today scientists hope for further discovery regarding struthiomimus , in order to better understand its lifestyle and demise .
struthiomimus was a species of dinosaur that existed during the cretaceous period . it looked like an ostrich , hence , that is how it got its name , which means
ostrich mimic
. several struthiomimus appeared in disney ' s 2000 film , dinosaur .
. what this means , is that although struthiomimus was not closely related to lizards , it did have similarly shaped pelvic bones .
below is a struthiomimus skeleton in jigsaw puzzle form . if you can correctly assemble the puzzle you will be admitted to the portion of the collection with all of the struthiomimus bones . ( to skip the puzzle , click on the link below the puzzle . )
struthiomimus lived during the late cretaceous period , about 76 million years ago in what is now wyoming , utah , usa ; and in alberta , canada . struthiomimus was another dinosaur which its hindlimbs were made for speed . its back legs were powerful and struthiomimus was a lightly built dinosaur . struthiomimus is thought to have lived in herds . it had a long and curved neck , at the top , a small head with a toothless beak . it had powerful arms , and its fingertips ended with a curved claw . struthiomimus had a long , stiff tail . this carnivore used its speed and great eye sight to hunt for food and to escape from predators .
classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : stem - aves order : ornithomimosauria family : ornithomimidae genus : struthiomimus species : s . altus
the name struthiomimus actually means “ostrich mimic , ” or ostrich copycat . this dinosaur was actually the first ornithomimosaur to be discovered . like other members of this group , it is believed that struthiomimus probably ate bugs , seeds , berries , and just about anything else it could find .
struthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4½ ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips .
discoveries of fossilized struthiomimus bones are generally sparse , disarticulated and fragmented , the bones being hollow , weak and crushed over time . there are several struthiomimus species types : s . altus , s . brevetertius , s . samueli , s . currellii , s . ingens and s . sedens .
like the other dinosaurs , the struthiomimus in the herd were trying to get to the nesting grounds for safety and survival . not all of them survived ; at least one perished from thirst and starvation and was eaten by velociraptors , its carcass picked clean to the bones . at the end of the movie , the surviving struthiomimus make it to the nesting grounds and live in peace and harmony . none of the struthiomimus speak in this movie .
- a member of a group of related bipedal dinosaurs that included the ancestors of birds ( although struthiomimus was not itself an ancestor of birds ) .
this scene , taken from a short stop - motion film which was later re - used in a special hosted by christopher reeve in the late 1980s , is what truly sparked my interest in dinosaurs and solidified one of my favorite prehistoric creatures : struthiomimus altus . in reality , deinonychus lived several million years before struthiomimus , and realistically , struthiomimus could have easily outrun those slow little ambush predators , had they gotten out into the open . struthiomimus , along with other ornithomimids , were built for speed , and ( based on trackway evidence and hind limb ratio studies ) could have reached speeds exceeding 40mph .
in the primeval world section of the disneyland railroad , three struthiomimus can be seen drinking from a small pond in a desert area . however , it ' s possible that these can be a different species of dinosaur related to struthiomimus , since none of the dinosaurs ' names are mentioned on the ride .
the appearance of struthiomimus in many films and television programs has lent an awareness of the life of prehistoric dinosaurs for years . popularized by our modern culture , the dinosaur has been portrayed in toys also . in a popular scene , the challenging life of struthiomimus was depicted by showcasing the likely sequence of struthiomimus feeding on exposed dinosaur eggs , subsequently losing its attention and fighting off their mother and , eventually to be mauled by a pair of carnivores moments later .
struthiomimus was a lightweight member of the prehistoric dinosaur world . named officially as “ostrich mimic” ( greek ) , struthiomimus is a genus of the ornithomimidae family from the late cretaceous period of alberta , canada . the actual history of struthiomimus is plagued with inadequate information and convolution . initial discoveries were inaccurately assigned and it was many years before an adequate number of fossilized bone specimens prompted today’s greater accuracy in assignation . family members include ornithomimus , sinornithomimus , gallimimus and dromiceiomimus .
a close relative of ornithomimus , which it closely resembled , struthiomimus (
ostrich mimic
) galloped across the plains of western north america during the late cretaceous period .
struthiomimus was a herbivore / omnivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited north america . its fossils have been found in places such as texas , montana and colorado .
…the ostrichlike dinosaurs , such as struthiomimus , ornithomimus , gallimimus , and dromiceiomimus , had long hind legs and must have been very fleet . the dromaeosaurs , such as deinonychus , velociraptor …
full reference : h . f . osborn . 1916 . skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771
notes : found in alberta , canada , struthiomimus is the best known of all ornithomimids . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus was built for speed , with large hind legs and a tail that could be stiffened to provide balance and the ability to make quick turns . it had no teeth , but it is still a carnivore eating soft foods such as eggs , insects , and small animals .
struthiomimus was initially regarded as a carnivore , but has since come to be considered omnivorous . being an opportunistic feeder , this dinosaur would have enjoyed plants and small animals , insects , fish and carrion .
with its long and powerful hind limbs , struthiomimus was a powerful mover and runner . it is thought that the entire defense of struthiomimus would have been its haste and speed in flight ( running ) . it’s theorized that this dinosaur would have been capable of sprinting fifty miles per hour , and commonly cruised at thirty to forty miles per hour . its tail would have been quite useful in form and balance .
struthiomimus was first discovered in 1901 when lawrence lambe found scattered remains that were largely incomplete . however , subsequent discoveries would prove to enlighten scientists as to a truer origin of this prehistoric animal . in 1914 , barnum brown discovered a nearly complete skeleton at the red deer river site in alberta and further described struthiomimus , although again inaccurately . many discoveries and assignations have taken place since , up until as recently as 1998 .
further reading - skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . - bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771 - h . f . osborn - 1916 . - struthiomimus brevetertius - a new species of dinosaur from the edmonton formation of alberta . - transactions of the royal society of canada , series 3 . 20 ( 4 ) : 65 - 70 . - w . a . parks - 1926 . - struthiomimus samueli , a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta . - university of toronto studies , geology series 26 : 1 - 24 . - w . a . parks - 1928 . - a new specimen of struthiomimus altus from alberta , with comments on the classificatory characters of upper cretaceous ornithomimids . - canadian journal of earth sciences 18 : 518 - 526 . - e . l . nicholls & a . r . russel - 1981 .
most theropods were carnivorous . struthiomimus and other related taxa appear to be exceptions . the toothless beak ( see image to right ) would have been well suited for eating either insects or perhaps soft plant tissues or seeds and fruits .
the beak of struthiomimus had a straight edge . since its fingers appear to have been largely immobile , it has been suggested that they may have been bound together as a single unit , as a webbed foot would be for a creature of the coast or shoreline . it is theorized that struthiomimus was a shore - dweller and could have been a filter feeder at times , in addition to the plant life of leaves from trees and shrubberies , along with buds and grasses . struthiomimus likely still could have grasped at branches with its forelimbs and webbed fingers . its long neck would have been useful both in the water and out , reaching the tops of trees and into the depths of the shallowest waters .
since struthiomimus has no teeth , and teeth are the most abundant and easiest means to recognize the presence of a specific dinosaur type , we have only a few phalanges from the foot that we can definitely attribute to this taxon in our collection .
struthiomimus was probably an omnivore - although there have also been theories that it may have been a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , herbivore ( plant - eater ) , or even a filter feeder ( straining food from water like a flamingo ) .
struthiomimus is notable for its lack of general defense against the more carnivorous and powerful dinosaurs of its time . however , this was a fast animal that had powerful legs and is compared to today’s ostrich in speed , strength , nimble nature and even its likely feathers .
struthiomimus was an ornithomimosaur , or ostrich - like dinosaur . the ornithomimosaurs , which came in a variety of species , were all very similar to one another . they typically had toothless beaks , long slender fingers , and were bipedal , meaning they walked on only two legs .
unlike the ridiculously - named struthiosaurus ( the
ostrich lizard
that ' s an armoured , four - legged , nodosaurid ankylosaur ) , struthiomimus ( the
ostrich mimic
) actually boasts some similarities to its namesake . it has long legs , a small toothless skull , and the ability to outrun most things , just like the modern ostrich ( struthio ) . however , so does a dinosaur called ornithomimus , and that ' s exactly where struthiomimus spent the best part of two decades , having been assigned there as ornithomimus altus by lawrence lambe in 1902 .
except for its speed , struthiomimus appears to have been unprotected . however , appearances can be deceptive . this specimen was equipped with formidable claws on its hands ( left ) and feet ( right with phalanges ) that certainly could have been turned to defensive use should the occasion require .
, there has been considerable debate about the diet of struthiomimus . based on its straight - edged beak , some scientists believe it to have been an omnivore . other scientists have thought it to be a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , because some of its relatives were carnivores . many scientists ( including
dinosaur genera found in the park include brachylophosaurus , centrosaurus , chasmosaurus , chirostenotes , corythosaurus , daspletosaurus , dromaeosaurus , edmontonia , elmisaurus , euoplocephalus , gorgosaurus , gryposaurus , hesperonychus , lambeosaurus , leptoceratops , ornithomimus , panoplosaurus , parasaurolophus , prosaurolophus , ricardoestesia , saurornitholestes , stegoceras , struthiomimus , styracosaurus , and troodon .
the legs ( hind limbs ) of struthiomimus were long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of struthiomimus was , in fact , its main defense from predators ( although it may also have been able to lash out with its hind claws when cornered ) , such as the dromaeosaurids ( e . g . saurornitholestes and dromaeosaurus ) and tyrannosaurs ( e . g . daspletosaurus and gorgosaurus ) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 31 to 50 mph ) .
a well - known example is struthiomimus . most were ostrich - sized and were adapted for fast running , with particularly long foot bones , or metatarsals . the largest was deinocheirus from asia , known only from one specimen consisting of complete arms and hands almost 3 metres ( 10 feet ) long—nearly four times longer than those…
the tracks are all of three - toed animals ( that is , three toes to walk on – digitgrade stance ) . the narrow toes and their overall size indicate the bird - like prints of a type of bipedal dinosaur belonging to the theropod group – ornithomimids . these light , cursorial dinosaurs had compact bodies , long tails , long necks and very long legs . they were swift runners and palaeontologists believe that some of the larger species such as the four metre long struthiomimus ( struthiomimus sedens ) , that lived in north america during the late cretaceous ( campanian faunal stage ) , could have reached speeds in excess of sixty kilometres an hour .
struthiomimus was of a medium size , bipedal and bird - like in appearance . its long rear limbs appear to be built for great speed and distance coverage , like that of today’s ostrich . while struthiomimus stood about four feet at the hips , actual height to the head was more like fourteen feet . the head of struthiomimus was very small in proportion to the rest of its body , including the brain . the head was slender and seemed a simple extension from the much larger body and long neck . the jaws of this omnivore were edentulous . its tail must have been quite useful in balance and aerodynamics , since it consisted of significantly more vertebrae than either its neck or back . the tail of this ostrich like dinosaur was stiff , and most significant to its build and performance , with at least 35 tail vertebrae and only six to the hip area and thirteen in the back . it is surprising that the neck , although very long , had only ten vertebrae .
) have suggested struthiomimus was probably a herbivore ( plant - eaters ) - its hands seem well - adapted to hooking branches and fern fronds . finally , there is also a possibility that it may have lived on the shoreline and been a filter feeder , straining water for food particles in a way similar to modern flamingo birds .
this study provides the first description of an ornithomimid bonebed known from north america , and one of only three such sites worldwide . although the taxonomic identity of the specimens could not be determined beyond the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus , it provides further evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids , and highlights some of the outstanding problems within ornithomimid classification .
the arms of struthiomimus were long and slender and sported the longest hands of any ornithomimid . the three fingers were all about the same length , with slightly curved and particularly long claws . the forearm to the fingers were immobile ( no wrist ) , with only slight mobility of the fingers themselves . its arms have been compared to those of a sloth .
struthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4½ ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips . it is believed to have weighed around 330 pounds ( 150 kilograms ) . it was probably a fast - runner , perhaps being able to reach speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour ( 50 to 80 kilometers per hour ) .
struthiomimus pronunciation : strooth - ee - uh - my - mus translation : ostrich mimic also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae superfamily : ornithomimosauria ( of the microorder coelurosauria ) family : ornithomimidae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 12 feet ( 3 . 7 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
the phylogenetic analysis of the dry island bonebed ornithomimid specimens generated 5 most parsimonious trees each of 75 steps length ( consistency index = 0 . 667 , retention index = 0 . 747 ) . the strict consensus of those five trees is shown in figure 5 , with bootstrap ( 100 , 000 replicates ) and bremer support values indicated . ornithomimus + struthiomimus + dry island specimens form an unresolved polytomy nested within ornithomimidae , sister clade to qiupalong henanensis .
struthiomimus sedens , the ostrich - mimic dinosaur ( strouthion - ostrich , mimos - mimic ) was a medium - sized ( up to 15 feet long ) ostrich - like theropod found in the lance formation and in other upper cretaceous deposits in north america . this creature appears to have been a fast runner that may have relied upon its speed to escape from other carnivorous dinosaurs that might have wanted to make a meal out of this tasty morsel .
the stratigraphic position of the specimens can also be of assistance in the taxonomic identification of the bonebed material ( figure 6 ) . known ornithomimid material from the section of the horseshoe canyon formation containing the bonebed ( tolman member / unit 4 , above the drumheller marine transgression ) almost exclusively represents ornithomimus edmontonicus ( six skeletons in various states of completeness ) , with the exception of one specimen of struthiomimus altus [ 1 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 21 ] . this further supports the placement of the bonebed specimens within the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus [ 11 ] , [ 16 ] . although only one specimen of s . altus is currently known from this unit , it contains diagnostic forelimb material that makes misidentification unlikely [ 13 ] . in combination with the inconclusive phylogenetic and pca results , we conclude that an exact species determination for the dry island bonebed material cannot be confirmed at this time .
this ornithomimid (
bird mimic
) dinosaur was distinguished from its more famous cousin by its slightly longer arms and stronger fingers , but because of the position of its thumbs it couldn ' t grasp food quite as easily . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus likely pursued an opportunistic diet , feeding on plants , small animals , insects , fish or even carrion ( when a kill was left unattended by other , larger theropods ) . this dinosaur may have been capable of short sprints of 50 miles per hour , but had a less taxing
cruising speed
in the 30 to 40 mph range .
name : struthiomimus  ( ostrich mimic )  . phonetic : stru - fee - oh - mime - us . named by : henry fairfield osborn  -  1917 . synonyms : ornithomimus altus ,  ornithomimus sedens . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  dinosauria ,  saurischia ,  theropoda ,  ornithomimidae . species : s .  altus ( type )  ,  s .  sedens . diet : uncertain but possibly an omnivore . size : 4 . 3 meters long ,  1 . 4 meters high at the hip . known locations : canada ,  alberta  -  dinosaur park formation and horseshoe canyon formation .  usa  -  hell creek formation . time period : late campanian / early maastrichtian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : many individuals .
bonebeds can provide a wealth of anatomical , taphonomic , and ontogenetic information about the specimens preserved within them , and can provide evidence for inferred behavior . the material described here represents the first known bonebed of ornithomimids in north america , and the fourth record of an ornithomimosaur bonebed in the world . partial skeletons representing three individuals are preserved in this assemblage , each comprising primarily portions of the posterior postcrania ( pelvis , hind limbs and tail ) . all three individuals are morphologically similar , although one is larger in overall size . given the stratigraphic position of the site , and the morphology of the postcrania , the preserved material represents a taxon from the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus . pedal ungual morphology is examined and found to be too variable to be useful in distinguishing these species taxonomically . this site provides additional evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids and the first probable record of that behavior in north american forms .
specimens were prepared from their plaster jackets using standard paleontological preparation techniques . taphonomic condition scales used in this study follow ryan et al . [ 2 ] . to assess the relationship of the dry island bone bed specimens described here to other ornithomimid taxa we scored them for a cladistic data matrix ( table s2 ) , modified from xu et al . [ 16 ] . the ‘dry island bonebed specimens’ were scored as a combination of cmn 12068 , 12069 , and 12070 , which were coded the same for each specimen and therefore analyzed as a single operational taxonomic unit . we performed a phylogenetic analysis using tnt [ 34 ] , with a traditional wagner search with 1000 replicates using tree bisection reconnection branch swapping . a principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed in an attempt to further classify the dry island ornithomimid bonebed specimens beyond the polytomy resolved in the phylogenetic analysis . the pca was performed using the lengths , proximal and distal heights , and proximal and distal widths of each pedal phalanx from the dry island bonebed specimens and several articulated specimens of ornithomimus and struthiomimus ( cmn 8632 [ o . edmontonicus ] , cmn 930 [ s . altus ] , rom [ royal ontario museum , toronto , canada ] 852 [ “ o . edmontonicus ” ] , rom 851 [ o . edmontonicus ] , rom 797 [ “ o . edmontonicus ” ] ) , rom 1790 [ “ s . altus ” ] ) . left / right averages were produced for each specimen , and unshared material was removed . the full list of measurements can be found in table s3 . a canonical variate analysis ( cva ) was then performed , on the measurements identified in the pca as most affecting the variation , to test the significance of clustering in the morphospace . the pca and cva were performed on these data using past [ 35 ] . resultant plots can be found in figures s1 and s2 , respectively . no permits were required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .
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zelenitsky , darla k . ; therrien , françois ; erickson , gregory m . ; debuhr , christopher l . ; kobayashi , yoshitsugu ; eberth , david a . ; hadfield , frank
science , volume 338 , issue 6106 , pp . 510 - ( 2012 ) . ( sci homepage )
previously described feathered dinosaurs reveal a fascinating record of feather evolution , although substantial phylogenetic gaps remain . here we report the occurrence of feathers in ornithomimosaurs , a clade of non - maniraptoran theropods for which fossilized feathers were previously unknown . the ornithomimus specimens , recovered from upper cretaceous deposits of alberta , canada , provide new insights into dinosaur plumage and the origin of the avian wing . individuals from different growth stages reveal the presence of a filamentous feather covering throughout life and winglike structures on the forelimbs of adults . the appearance of winglike structures in older animals indicates that they may have evolved in association with reproductive behaviors . these specimens show that primordial wings originated earlier than previously thought , among non - maniraptoran theropods .
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( meaning “ostrich mimic” ) was about 2 . 5 metres ( 8 feet ) long and was obviously adapted for rapid movement on strong , well - developed hind limbs . the three - toed feet were especially birdlike in that they had exceedingly long
( foot bones ) , which , as in birds ( and some other dinosaurs ) , did not touch the ground .
had a small , light , and toothless skull perched atop a slender and very flexible neck ; the jaws were probably covered by a rather birdlike horny beak . the forelimbs were also long and slender , terminating in three - fingered hands with sharp claws adapted for grasping . the hand , as in all members of the
) , is diagnostic in that all three fingers are nearly the same length .
ornithomimus , ( genus ornithomimus ) , ostrichlike feathered dinosaurs found as fossils in mongolian , european , and north american deposits dating from 125 million to 66 million years ago during the cretaceous period . ornithomimus was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long , and , although it was a theropod dinosaur , it was likely omnivorous . its…
dinosaur , the common name given to a group of reptiles , often very large , that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago ( near the beginning of the middle triassic epoch ) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years . most died out by the end of the cretaceous period , about 66 million…
cretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary…
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t . rowe and r . l . cifelli . 1992 . the campanian terlingua local fauna , with a summary of other vertebrates from the aguja formation , trans - pecos texas . journal of vertebrate paleontology 12 ( 4 ) : 472 - 493
s . g . lucas and n . j . mateer . 1987 . dinosaurs , the age of the fruitland and kirtland formations , and the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan basin , new mexico . j . e . fassett and j . k . rigby , jr . ( eds . ) , the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan and raton basins , new mexico and colorado , geological society of america special paper 209 : 35 - 50
r . s . lull and n . e . wright . 1942 . hadrosaurian dinosaurs of north america . geological society of america special paper 40 : 1 - 242
staurikosaurus pronunciation : stor - ik - uh - sawr - us translation : ( southern ) cross lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal superorder : dinosauria order : saurischia ( not confirmed ) suborder : theropoda ( not confirmed ) family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( 0 . 8 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) period : late triassic
notes : found in southern brazil and argentina , staurikosaurus is one of the earliest known and most primitive dinosaurs . it appears to predate the saurischian and ornithiscian orders , having characteristics of neither . however , new studies suggest that staurikosaurus , eoraptor and herrerasaurus are definite theropods and probably do not predate a split between the two orders .
stegoceras pronunciation : steg - oss - er - us translation : covered horn , or horny roof also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 3 . 5 feet ( 1 . 1 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 100 pounds ( 45 . 4 kg ) period : late cretaceous
notes : first discovered in montana and alberta , canada , stegoceras is the best known of all north american
bone - head
dinosaurs . the relatively large brain of this dinosaur was encased in a dome of 3 inches ( 7 . 6 cm ) thick bone divided into two parts . the males had larger and thicker domes than the females . small spikes fringed the back of the head . stegoceras males may have butted competing males for mating territory but it is unlikely that they butted heads as commonly portrayed .
stegosaurus pronunciation : steg - uh - sawr - us translation : roof lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : stegosauria family : stegosauridae height : 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) length : 28 feet ( 8 . 5 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 pounds ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late jurassic
notes : stegosaurus is the only plated dinosaur ever found in western north america . the large triangular plates that ran along its back were probably arranged in a double row , and its tail was armed with four long spikes . the plates may have served the purpose of regulating stegosaurus ' internal temperature , dissipating heat when turned from the sun , absorbing heat when faced into the sun . the size of plates may also have made stegosaurus appear larger to predators and served to deter them from attacking .
stenopelix pronunciation : sten - uh - pay - lix translation : narrow helmet , or narrow pitcher also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( . 76 meters ) length : 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : early cretaceous
notes : discovered in germany , stenopelix had a narrow parrot - like beak .
stokesosaurus pronunciation : stokes - uh - sawr - us translation : stokes ' s lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae micro - order : carnosauria ( not confirmed ) family : height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 13 feet ( 4 meters ) weight : period : late jurassic
notes : this dinosaur may have been related to the tyrannosaurid albertosaurus . it was discovered in utah and named for lee stokes , american paleontologist .
struthiosaurus pronunciation : strooth - ee - o - sawr - us translation : harsh lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : ankylosauria family : nodosauridae height : 1 . 5 feet ( . 46 meters ) length : 5 ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
notes : found in austria , struthiosaurus is the smallest known ankylosaur . its head had no armor ; however , its sides were probably well protected .
stygimoloch pronunciation : stig - ih - moe - lock translation : demon from the river styx also known as : description : herbivore , bipedaly order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 4 feet ( 1 . 2 meters ) length : 6 . 6 feet ( 2 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous
notes : stygimoloch received its name from the unusual appearance of its skull , which is adorned with three or four massive spikes , the largest of which was about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) long . like other pachycephalosaurs , stygimoloch may have used its horns in butting heads with rivals , like present - day bighorn sheep .
styracosaurus pronunciation : stih - rak - uh - sawr - us translation : spiked lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : ceratopsia micro - order neoceratopsia family : ceratopsidae height : 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) length : 17 feet ( 5 . 2 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 lb ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late cretaceous
notes : found in alberta , canada , styracosaurus was a short - frilled ceratopsian with 6 long spikes along the edge of its frill . its snout was shaped like a parrot ' s beak . and on its snout grew a horn that was nearly 2 feet ( 0 . 6 meters ) long and 6 inches ( 15 cm thick ) . possibly it used this great horn for self - defense .
supersaurus pronunciation : soo - per - sawr - us translation : super lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : saurischia suborder : sauropodomorpha infraorder : sauropoda family : diplodocidae height : 65 feet ( 20 meters ) length : 120 feet ( 36 . 6 meters ) weight : 120 , 000 pounds ( 54 , 432 kg ) period : late jurassic
notes : an immense dinosaur found in colorado in 1972 by
dinosaur jim
jensen , supersaurus had a 39 - foot long neck . most notable about the rather incomplete material is a scapula or shoulder bone 8 feet long , which suggests an overall height of 65 feet . supersaurus is a diplodocid , characterized by a long , narrow head , very long neck , and a tail that ended in a tapering whiplash . the same quarry that produced supersaurus also produced ultrasauros .
syntarsus pronunciation : sin - tar - sus translation : fused ankle also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : podokesauridae height : 4 . 5 feet ( 1 . 4 meters ) length : 9 . 8 feet ( 3 meters ) weight : 65 pounds ( 29 . 5 kg ) period : early jurassic
notes : found in zimbabwe and arizona , syntarsus was a slender predator with short arms and long legs with fused foot bones . related to coelophysis .
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stood about 3 . 7 meters long and 1 . 4 meters ( 4 ' 6
) tall at the hips and weighed around 150 kg ( 330 lb ) .
henry fairfield osborn , in 1917 . of the specimens found in alberta , some were found in and under piles of ash , suggesting a forest fire may have killed them .
were long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of
was , in fact , its only defence from predators , such as the dromaeosaurs ( e . g .
) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 30 to 50 mph ) .
its neck was slender and ended in a small , toothless , beaked skull , with relatively large eyes . the ' arms ' of
sloths . it also had the typical characteristics of most ornithomimids : a long , stiff tail and a toothless beak .
shrimp and possibly eggs from other dinosaurs . some paleontologists noted that it was more likely to be a carnivore given that it was nested within the likewise carnivorous theropod group . this theory has never been discounted but osborn , who described and named the dinosaur , proposed that it probaby ate buds and shoots from trees , shrubs and other plants , using its forelimbs to grasp branches and its long neck to enable it accurately to select particular items .
, before the later more balanced depictions with stiffened horizontal tails and bodies were widely accepted . this newer view creates an image much more reminiscent of modern flightless birds , such as the ostrich to which this dinosaur ' s name refers .
this reference article is mainly selected from the english wikipedia with only minor checks and changes ( see urltoken for details of authors and sources ) and is available under the gnu free documentation license . see also our disclaimer .
an international group of researchers led by bradley mcfeeters , currently a ph . d . student at carleton university in ottawa , canada , has announced the discovery of a new ostrich - mimic dinosaur ,
, from the lower dinosaur park formation near dinosaur provincial park , alberta . the new species lived about 76 million years ago during the late cretaceous period . research describing the new species is published online in the
( rat - iv - ate - eez ) would have resembled a modern ostrich , but with long , fingered arms instead of wings , and a long tail . it would have been approximately 3 . 3 meters ( 11 feet ) long , about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) tall and weighed about 90 kilograms ( 200 pounds ) .
, but lacks the key diagnostic characters of that species , ” said mcfeeters . “we can tell that it is a new species based on features of its skull , tail , pelvis and feet , including the shape of the long bones of the feet .
skull ( without lower jaw ) of rativates evadens , a newly described ostrich mimic dinosaur from alberta . credit : journal of vertebrate paleontology
field locality where the partial skeleton of rativates evadens was discovered near dinosaur provincial park in alberta in 1934 . credit : indiana university press , 2005
bradley mcfeeters of carleton university led research describing a new species of ostrich mimic dinosaur . credit : michael j . ryan
dr . michael ryan of the cleveland museum of natural history co - described a new species of ostrich - mimic dinosaur . credit : laura dempsey , cleveland museum of natural history
( latin ratis + vates ) means “ratite ( large flightless bird ) foreteller” and alludes to the paradox of an ostrich mimic dinosaur existing before ostriches . the name
means to evade , in reference to this swift - footed dinosaur’s ability to evade predators in the late cretaceous , as well as its recognition as a new species 80 years following the discovery of the original fossil .
lacked teeth and , similar to birds , had beaked mouths . they are believed to have been omnivorous , meaning they ate plants , insects and other small animals . their long , powerful legs would have made them fast runners ( like the
, also from alberta , is known to have had a downy covering over most of its body . it may have had true feathers as well .
to analyze its growth and determined it was at least eight years old and nearly adult - sized at the time of death . this is only 80 percent as long , and half as massive as , the adult size of the closely related
, that is estimated to have weighed approximately 175 kilograms ( ~ 385 pounds )
, said co - author thomas cullen , a ph . d . candidate at the university of toronto .
“this suggests that there are at least two differently - sized , but closely - related dinosaur species that lived together on the ancient landscape , similar to what we see today in the closely related predators like foxes , coyotes and wolves , ” said mcfeeters’ former co - supervisor and co - author claudia schröder - adams , of the department of earth sciences at carleton university .
is another exciting example of a new species of dinosaur being discovered among museum collections , ” said ryan . “these valuable collections allow modern researchers to build on the work of earlier scientists to advance what we know about the ancient earth and provide new insights into evolution . ”
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is derived from the greek
strouthion
( ostrich ) and
mimos
( mimic ) because the shape of its head , neck and legs are similar to those of a modern ostrich .
( nmc 930—a partial skeleton ) was discovered in the oldman formation ( belly river group ) , steveville , alberta , canada , by lawrence lambe in 1901 .
• l . m . lambe ( 1902 )
new genera and species from the belly river series ( mid - cretaceous )
.
, a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta
.
• parks , w . a . , ( 1933 )
new species of dinosaurs and turtles from the upper cretaceous formations of alberta
.
• d . a . russell ( 1972 )
ostrich dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of western canada
.
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the ornithomimidae ( ostrich mimics ) , so called as their skeletons superficially resemble modern , ground living birds are known from extensive fossil material from the northern hemisphere . however , the discovery of a set of dinosaur tracks , in south australia indicates that theropods such as members of the ornithomimidae may have roamed gondwanaland too . these trackways support body fossil evidence that suggest that these dinosaurs were indeed common in the southern hemisphere . indeed , the tracks made during the cretaceous period provide evidence of such dinosaurs living in polar regions in the southern hemisphere . scientists have speculated that with these trace fossils , plus evidence from dig sites in northern latitudes , the “ostrich mimics” may have been warm - blooded .
as the dinosaurs roamed the southern polar regions , they left a series of distinctive three - toed prints in the wet , sandy soil as they crossed a flood plain . over time , these trace fossils became compacted into cliffs and it was anthony martin ( emory university ) who discovered them in what is now victoria , ( australia ) .
all together he found twenty - four complete prints , their different sizes perhaps representing different species or may be juveniles and adults of a single type of dinosaur .
a single three - toed print can be made out in the picture , the ruler helps to provide scale .
the tracks indicated that the theropods were of three different sizes , ranging from the size of a chicken to around the size of a crane . their size and fossil bones found at other locations in victoria , suggest to the researchers that these tracks represent evidence of “ostrich mimics” .
the slabs of sandstone were found along the rocky and remote milanesia beach in otways national park , west of melbourne . the rough surf pounds the coastal cliffs , frequently fracturing slabs and breaking them away from the cliff face . when the tracks were made , australia was connected to antarctica and was located much closer to the south pole , as a part of the ancient continent of gondwanaland . it is thanks to amazing fossil sites such as the famous dinosaur cove and east gippsland locations ( victoria , australia ) that scientists have learnt about the incredible fauna and flora of the cretaceous polar regions .
martin set off on the trail toward the footprints among the ragged slabs scattering the shore after he noticed ripple marks and trace fossils of insect burrows .


the habitat consists of primary montane forests .

the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , cream along the costa preserved as some spots , otherwise suffused green .

there are some black-brown dots and refractive spots and there is subterminal grey suffusion in the dorsosubterminal area .

the hindwings are cream brown with rust-brown hairs and suffusion at the base .

sabahtortrix

sabahtortrix is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family . it contains only one species , sabahtortrix montana , which is found on sabah in malaysia .
abstract : ten genera and eighteen species are treated , of which six genera ( shafferograptis tuck & amp ; razowski , gen . n . , merguinia razowski , gen . n . , cordatijuxta razowski , gen . n . , sabahtortrix razowski , gen . n . , spinacleris razowski , gen . n . , curioseboda razowski , gen . n . ) and eighteen species ( shafferograptis michaeli tuck & amp ; razowski , sp . n . , merguinia merguinea razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis alleni razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis katmandana razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis phulchokia razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis viridphantasma razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia tarica razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia solomensis razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia impetigo razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis dipterocarpi razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis cypta razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis engis razowski , sp . n . , cordatijuxta thailandiae razowski , sp . n . , sabahtortrix montana razowski , sp . n . , acleris kerincia razowski , sp . n . , acleris schiasma razowski , sp . n . , spinacleris inthanoni razowski , sp . n . , curioseboda probola razowski , sp . n . ) are described as new .
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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
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ebscohost | 82150962 | descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
source : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2012 , vol . 40 issue 159 , p315 - 335 . 21p .
copyright of shilap revista de lepidopterologia is the property of sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .
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brachiolia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
panegyra is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
pareboda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
apotoforma kakamegae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family that is endemic to kenya .
beryllophantis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
elaeodina is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
herotyda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
anameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
pseudocroesia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
aleimma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
apotoforma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
archigraptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
sanguinograptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
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