it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) .

its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern pacific .

it can grow as long as 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) in length , and can weigh up to 8.5 kilograms ( 19 lb ) .

kamchatka flounder

nmfs is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) . this action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2015 kamchatka flounder initial total allowable catch ( itac ) in the bsai .
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general information : until recently , harvest of arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder mainly occurred as bycatch in other higher valued fisheries . however , with the advent of technologies to improve meat quality and additional markets for arrowtooth flounder , a directed fishery has emerged . arrowtooth flounder is currently the most abundant groundfish species in the goa and most of the world’s arrowtooth flounder comes from alaska fisheries . arrowtooth flounder is harvested as a directed fishery or as bycatch in other fisheries throughout the calendar year mostly by catcher processors in the bsai ranging in size from 110 to 295 feet , and by a combination of catcher vessels and catcher processors in the goa . catcher processors harvest multiple species , conduct primary processing aboard the vessel , and freeze their products on board . catcher vessels exclusively deliver to shoreside processors or other vessels . for the 2011 season , kamchatka flounder was classified separately from arrowtooth and the quota was split off from the total arrowtooth flounder quota . arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder are caught together in the northern bering sea and aleutian island areas .
the flounder refers to commercial species , although the fat meat has a good taste of the intense watering .
this action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2016 total allowable catch of kamchatka flounder in the bsai and is issued pursuant to 50 cfr 679 . 20 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( iii ) .
polutov , i . a . and tikhonov , v . i . , new data about the distribution of arrowtooth flounder
in the 1930–1960s walleye pollock was the most important dietary component of kamchatka flounder in the western bering sea ( vernidub 1938 , gordeeva 1954 , novikov 1974 ) . no fishery offal was detected in stomach contents during previous studies for the same reason as for greenland halibut . according to novikov ( 1974 ) and orlov ( 2000 ) the most important dietary components of kamchatka flounder in the nk area were also shrimps , fish and cephalopods .
in the eastern part of their range , in the waters of the western bering sea , kamchatka flounder overlap with arrowtooth flounder ( atheresthes stomias , halibut strelozuby american , arasuka - abura - garei ) which are very similar in appearance . kamchatka flounder slightly larger in size ( the maximum length of 94 cm , while arrowtooth flounder up to 84 cm ) and have only a single row of teeth on lower jaw . they are well distinguished from each other provision of the left eye . the upper eye not reaching the upper profile of the head is not visible from the blind side , which is typical of the flatfish position . on arrowtooth flounder , one eye can be easily seen from the blind side of the body . the scales are more strongly ctenoid and the anterior nostril bears a long flap .
kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . . . . urltoken 5 flathead sole flatfish . atheresthes evermanni . glyptocephalus zachirus . hippoglossoides elassodon . eelpouts . . . © 2004 teresa jewell . more
kamchatka flounder in the western bering sea was noted . the diets of the species considered in both study areas are compared , and diet variations depending on fish size , capture depth , area , and sex are analyzed . more
season : bsai : may 1–december 31 , generally targeted may - august . iquique does not fish for arrowtooth flounder in the goa
the kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1 , 200 metres ( 3 , 900 ft ) . more
more than thirty species of fish can be found in kamchatka rivers , lakes , and seas , surrounding the peninsula . among them are salmon , herring , flounder , halibut , cod , sea perch , crucial and others . it is of special interest that some species of wild animals and birds widely spread in similar natural zones on the mainland , are not found in every place of kamchatka due to its harsh climate with long snowy winters . in particular , kamchatka has no snakes or frogs . neither do we have starlings , storks , herons , or swallows . it was only a few years ago that sparrows appeared in kamchatka and succeeded in settling here .
the national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) , effective 12 noon , alaska local time , may 26 , 2016 , according to james w . balsiger , administrator , alaska region , nmfs .
this paper presents the results of studies on the morphology of arrowhead flounders , the kamchatka flounder atheresthes evermanni ( 35 specimens ) , and the american arrowtooth flounder a . stomias ( 37 specimens ) collected in pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka in 1998–1999 . the morphology of the discussed species is compared with that of arrowtooth flounders from other areas . from this comparison , available information on the sharp increase in the density of the american arrowtooth flounder in the surveyed area ( since 1997 ) , and similarities in size compositions of the fish in kuril and aleutian waters , a conclusion has been made about the penetration of this species from aleutian pacific waters into the area of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . this is a result of expansion of the geographical range of this species due to general water warming in the northwestern pacific during the second half of the 1990s .
the number of stomachs used in the analysis was : greenland halibut 589 / 411 and 203 / 93 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; kamchatka flounder 446 / 184 and 1443 / 300 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; pacific halibut 262 / 206 and 386 / 270 in the wbs and nk .
europeans , who first appeared in kamchatka in the 18 th century , were stunned with the extensive number of brown bears . their size was terrifying , but the local bears , unlike their siberian relatives , happened to be quite harmless . perhaps the reason of kamchatka bears ' peaceful personality is their fish ' diet ' that they prefer to the meat one . since the dawn of times , ample salmon has been the basic food for the master of kamchatka , and the major source of fat stocks that allowed bears to survive through the long kamchatka ' s winter .
( catalogue of vertebrates of kamchatka and adjacent marine waters ) , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamchatskii pechatnyi dvor , 2000 , pp . 7 - 69 .
a . m . orlov , “trophic relationships of predatory fish in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , ” gidrobiol . zh .
the diet of kamchatka flounder in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 53 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 33 . 3 % w ) - mainly walleye pollock ( 15 . 5 % w ) and pacific herring ( 10 . 4 % w ) and cephalopods ( 12 . 7 % w ) mainly red squid ( 11 . 9 % w ) . in the nk this species eat mainly shrimps ( 53 . 7 % w ) , various fishes ( 26 . 3 % w ) , and cephalopods ( 18 . 6 % w ) . walleye pollock ( 5 . 1 % w ) was the most important fish in the diet of kamchatka flounder off the northern kuril islands and se kamchatka . mesopelagic fishes ranked second ( approximately 2 . 4 % w ) followed by spectacled sculpin ( triglopsscepticus ) ( 2 . 2 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may also result from wbs kamchatka flounders being considerably larger than nk fishes ( 54 . 83 and 49 . 37 cm , respectively ) .
the kamchatka flounder ( atheresthes evermanni ) , also known as arrowtooth halibut , halibut strelozuby asian , abura - garei , палтус стрелозубый азиатский ( in russian ) , is a relatively large flatfish which is widely distributed from northern japan , sea of japan through the sea of okhotsk to the western bering sea , western kamchatka north to anadyr gulf and east to the eastern bering sea shelf . in u . s . waters they are found in the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska where they generally decrease in abundance from west to east .
shuntov ( 1966 ) documented differences in the occurrence of squids , fishes and invertebrates in stomachs of various size groups for greenland halibut and kamchatka flounder . size - dependent diet differences of pacific halibut in the western bering sea were first described by napazakov and chuchukalo ( 2001 ) and novikov ( 1964 ) showed differences in the occurrence in stomachs of fishes and invertebrates for three halibut size groups : 30–60 , 60–90 and > 90 cm . orlov ( 1977 ) reported on distinctions in diet depending on fish size for all three halibut species in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka .
a . m . orlov , “ecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands , ” russ . j . aquat . ecol .
orlov , a . m . 2000 . trophic relationships of predatory fishes in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . gidrobiologicheskii zhurnal . 5 : 19–33 ( in russian ) .
differences in diet between various parts of nk study areas may be explained by differences in predator size ( 62 . 2 , 55 . 2 and 39 . 4 cm for greenland halibut ; 51 . 9 , 40 . 3 , and 35 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder ; and 52 . 7 , 54 . 9 , and 65 . 2 cm for pacific halibut in the southern , middle and northern parts respectively ) and probably by faunal differences .
greenland halibut was ≥ 29 , for kamchatka flounder , ≥ 31 and of pacific halibut , ≥ 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . more
diet composition of all three species changed with size ( figure 2 ) . in the wbs , increase in greenland halibut size was accompanied by an increase of fishes and fish offal and decrease of cephalopods in the diet . in the nk , larger greenland halibut ( size groups 46–80 cm ) ate more cephalopods ( 86 . 6 % w ) . the role of cephalopods in the wbs fish ' s diet of the same size group was considerably lower ( only 28 . 0 % w ) . small nk individuals ( fl < 45 cm ) ate mostly euphausiids , shrimps and fish . the role of fish offal in the diet of wbs kamchatka flounder increased with size . fish prey were important for all size groups . cephalopods played an essential role ( 34 . 6 % w ) in the diet of specimens 41–50 cm long . in the nk an increase in kamchatka flounder size was accompanied by a decrease in consumption of shrimps and increase of cephalopods and fish .
sheiko , b . a . and tranbenkova , a . g . , new for the fauna of russia and rare fish species found for the first time in the waters of kamchatka , kuril and commander islands ,
tokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , some problems of the biology of rare species of liparid fish ( liparidae ) in the pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ,
orlov , a . m . 1997 . ecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands . russian journal of aquatic ecology . 6 ( 1–2 ) : 59–74 .
( conservation of biodiversity in kamchatka and adjacent seas ) , collection of materials of ii scientific conf . , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii , april 9–10 , 2001 , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamshat , 2001 , pp . 187 - 190 .
the kamchatka flounder is a predatory benthic marine fish , inhabits the sandy - muddy bottoms of continental slope and shelf in the great depths from 20 to 1200 m at a temperature of bottom waters from - 0 . 3 to + 10 °c . the maximum concentrations are confined to the isobaths of 300 - 700 m , but in the summer live in the middle of the water column . on the shelf rests mainly juveniles . the active predator : the composition of food in all areas dominated by fish , mainly pollock , benthic crustaceans , shrimp and squid .
differences in the diet between males and females are mostly related to size ; average size of males in both areas were shorter than females : 63 . 5 vs . 74 . 1 cm and 53 . 8 vs . 55 . 7 cm for greenland halibut in wbs and nk , respectively ; 52 . 3 vs . 56 . 6 cm and 40 . 9 vs . 42 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder , respectively ; and 72 . 5 vs . 75 . 9 cm and 59 . 9 vs . 62 . 3 cm for pacific halibut , respectively .
the feeding habits of halibut in the western bering sea have been investigated by vernidub and panin ( 1937 ) , vernidub ( 1936 , 1938 ) , novikov ( 1974 ) and shuntov ( 1966 ) . recently published papers on feeding and ecology of four halibut species in the western bering sea deal mostly with food rations and seasonal changes of feeding intensity ( napazakov and chuchukalo 2001 ) or the diet of pacific halibut ( chikilev and palm 2000 ) . other publications have dealt with the feeding habits of the species in the kuril - kamchatka area ( novikov 1974 , orlov 2000 ) . however , descriptions of diet in these papers were based on the frequency of occurrence of dietary components in stomachs . a recent paper by moukhametov ( 2002 ) mostly concerned food rations of pacific halibut . no studies have been conducted recently of the feeding of greenland halibut , kamchatka flounder , and pacific halibut based on quantitative data on stomach contents in the northwestern pacific . this paper describes diets depending on size , sex , depth of capture and area , of three halibut species inhabiting the western bering sea ( wbs ) and pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ( nk ) .
a . m . orlov , “role of fishes in predator diets of the pacific slope of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . forage fishes in marine ecosystems , ” univ . alaska sea grant college program rep . , no . 97 - 01 , 209–229 ( 1997b ) .
kamchatka flounders eat mostly fish offal at shallower depths ( 201–400 m ) and mainly pacific herring , walleye pollock and other fish at greater depths . in the nk this species fed predominantly on shrimp and fish at shallower depths ( 101–300 m ) ; at greater deeper depths they ate mainly red squid and fish .
in the kronotsky park a very old nest was found , its height reaches nearly two meters ! the eagles loyally used the nest for years , renovating and expanding it , until the erman birch which held this
aerodrome
finally cracked . an eagle usually lays two eggs , but only one of the two survives . the steller ' s sea eagle is very cautious and protective of his privacy . kamchatka is the only place on earth where these eagles reside . the eagle ' s population ( over 4 , 000 birds with a 1 , 000 nesting pairs on the peninsula ) is relatively stable and this status can be maintained as long as unless the human beings don ' t start their
victorious
march across wild kamchatka .
even though after winter hibernation bears are very hungry , they still do not represent a threat to the warm - blooded species , except for ground squirrels , which bears sometimes dig right out from of the winter burrow . it may seem incredible , but the huge predator follows an almost exclusively vegetarian diet for several months before the rivers are full of fish . in july you can observe an idyllic picture of bears grazing like domestic cattle in the forest ' s berry fields and in the coastal tundra . kamchatka ' s bears are pragmatic and cowardly . they are easily satisfied and save themselves from a lot of trouble that bears in the siberian taiga face . this is why nine in ten kamchatka bears prefer to run away from a potentially dangerous situation .
the animal world of kamchatka is diverse with such important species as brown bear , which is common to see as you travel , red fox , arctic fox , hare , sable , mink , wolf , lynx , elk , reindeer , snow sheep , otter , and others . among the sea mammals are seal , fur seal , sea - lion , and sea otter . there are frequent sightings of dolphins , and occasionally , whales .
no other bird in kamchatka can rival with steller ' s sea eagle in beauty and majesty . this relict predator inhabits both coasts of the peninsula . its disproportionately large beak and monstrous claws can cause lethal wounds to a deer or a sheep ; however , they are mostly used to catch salmon . the steller ' s sea eagle is one of the biggest russian birds , its wings stretch up to 2 , 5 meters , and it has enormous nests .
the diet of all three species consisted of a wide spectrum of items ( table 1 ) . total number of identified organisms in stomach contents of greenland halibut was ≥ 29 , for kamchatka flounder , ≥ 31 and of pacific halibut , ≥ 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . red squid ( berryteuthis magister ) ( 11 . 2 % w ) was most common cephalopod prey . in the nk greenland halibut consumed mainly cephalopods ( 73 . 6 % w ) , small crustaceans ( 10 . 6 % w ) , shrimps ( 8 . 5 % w ) and fishes ( 7 . 3 % w ) . red squid ( 69 . 4 % w ) was most common prey among cephalopods but the northern smoothtongue ( leuroglossus schmidti ) was the most important fish prey ( 3 . 3 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may be explained by the larger size of wbs fish ( 69 . 30 cm vs . 58 . 62 cm ) and regional faunistic distinctions .
female kamchatka flounders in the wbs fed mostly on fishery offal ( 64 . 4 % w ) while males consumed more fishes ( 50 . 6 % w ) , especially pacific herring - 25 . 1 % w and red squid ( 22 . 2 % w ) . in the nk , females ate more shrimps ( 59 . 8 % w ) and large fish ( 27 . 4 % w ) while males fed mostly on red squid ( 26 . 6 % w ) and small fish species ( 25 . 0 % w ) . nevertheless , the most abundant prey items of male diets by weight were shrimps - 45 . 8 % .
food composition of pacific halibut hippoglossus stenolepis has been considered in three areas of the northwestern pacific : in the western part of the bering sea , in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , and waters off the southern kuril islands . the main food items in all studied regions were shrimp , cephalopods , and fish . it has been noted that fish offal plays a considerable role in the feeding of h . stenolepis in the western part of the bering sea . changes in food composition in relation to fish growth , depth of catch , and sex of individuals have been analyzed ; and differences in the composition of food items consumed by h . stenolepis in different parts of the studied areas have been considered .
if you are serious in your intention to meet a kamchatka ' s bear , forget a fairy - tale image of a foolish bumpkin . this is an animal of enormous strength and endurance , excellent reaction , and exact movements . its teeth break a bone of any size , its claws can shift boulders , it can climb almost vertical slopes , and sit in the icy water for hours . bears are wonderful swimmers , they can catch up with a horse at a short distance . though bears can not run long distances , they are the first - class walkers that can cover a good hundred kilometers a day . the only thing is that bears can ' t do very well is climb trees : they are presumably too heavy for it . . .
the diet of kamchatka flounders in the western part of wbs consisted mostly of fish ( 71 . 2 % w ) and cephalopods ( 22 . 7 % w ) ; in the eastern part they ate mainly fish offal ( 73 . 6 % ) ; fish prey ranked second . in the nk area , the importance of cephalopods decreased from south to north while the reverse was true for shrimps . thus , in the southern part of the study area cephalopods were the most important dietary component ( 53 . 7 % w ) , in the mid - part they were second in importance ( 22 . 4 % w ) but in the north , cephalopods were negligible ( 1 . 6 % w ) . shrimp presence increased from 8 . 6 % w in the south to 82 . 9 % w in the north .
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atheresthes evermanni jordan & starks . 1904 . flatfishes ; atheresthes .
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they have elongated body , depth is 1 / 3rd of a length , and head length is 1 / 3rd in length , covered with relatively large , thin scales . mouth is large with upper jaw reaching to or very slightly past the vertical from posterior margin of lower eye . mouth armed with sharp , long and slender teeth with arrow - shaped points , in a single row on lower jaw , their length unequal . teeth arranged in two rows on the upper and lower jaws ; a double row of smaller teeth on side of upper jaw , the outer row the smaller ; they grow larger anteriorly , become curved inward , fanglike and some of them depressible . 3 + 10 gill rakers rather slender , the longest a trifle less than half length of eye .
profile of snout on same curve with that behind eye ; very slightly depressed above eye . the eyes are on one side of the body , scarcely reaching to upper profile , the lower one the more anterior . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . interorbital appearing rather flat and moderately broad , the bone , however , narrow and convex , its width less than half diameter of pupil ; nostrils close together , the posterior of eyed side in a broad , short tube , anterior in a narrower , longer tube ; anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap nearly a third as long as upper eye , broadening toward its tip and becoming conspicuously opaque white ; snout with many pores scattered among the irregularly placed scales .
scales very finely ctenoid , the spinules short , fine , and numerous , only seen upon careful examination with a lens ; many scales have only a few irregular spinules ; others are entirely without them , appearing as if they had been rubbed off ; head and body everywhere with numerous , small , cycloid supplementary scales crowded in ; scales of blind side all cycloid ; snout , mandible , maxillary , and interorbital with numerous small cycloid scales , those on latter extending out on eyeball to edge of iris ; all fins rather closely covered with fine scales . lateral line is straight , just slightly bending upward from opposite tip of pectoral . pectoral of eyed side longer and more pointed than that of blind side ; first ray of dorsal inserted above anterior margin of pupil ; ventral short , scarcely reaching to front of anal . caudal fin shallowly concave on posterior outline .
mouth large , upper jaw extends beyond the vertical center of the eye . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . caudal fin slightly sinuate . lateral line is straight . arrow shaped teeth in 2 rows . scales are cycloid .
eye of the body is olive - brown to dark brown , without markings , light the blind side . differ from most other fish from the family of flatfish more elongated body . the asymmetry of the skull is preserved , but it is expressed to a lesser extent than in plaice .
reach sexual maturity between the ages of 7 to 17 years ( usually 10 - 14 years ) . the males reach sexual maturity at 7 and up years , females - in 10 and up years . spawning takes place during the cold season , in winter and spring - october to april at depths ranging from 120 to 1000 m at a water temperature of 2 to 10 °c . females emit spawn at depths ranging from 300 to 1000 m at a temperature of 2 - 10 °c , the number of eggs varies from 300 , 000 to 3 . 5 million . the eggs are pelagic , large , thin , long , hatch at a temperature of 6 ° c after 16 days and undergo development with the conversion , as well as eggs of other flatfishes . a notable feature of the larvae is the presence of spines over the eyes and on the operculum , which are absent in the larvae of other halibut . the average life is up to 30 years . males are at maximum performance smaller than females at 20 - 27 cm lives up to 20 years .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
size : length to 86 cm , whole fish weight to 7 . 7 kg , general h & g / t size : . 5 - 2 . 0 kg .
size specification : h & g / t weight per fish m : 2 – 3 kg s : 1 – 2 kg ss : . 5 – 1 kg sss : – 500 grams
greek , atheres = spike + the name of astyanax , hector´s son in the greek mithology ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate ; 66°n - 35°n , 130°e - 153°w ( ref . 6793 )
north pacific : sea of japan and the sea of okhotsk north to the anadyr gulf , through the eastern bering sea to the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 ) ; common length : 54 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 8 . 5 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 33 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 98 - 116 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 76 - 94 . mouth very large ; gill rakers slender ; caudal fin strong and lunate ( ref . 559 ) .
cooper , j . a . and f . chapleau , 1998 . monophyly and intrarelationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with a revised classification . fish . bull . 96 ( 4 ) : 686 - 726 . ( ref . 30193 )
) : 0 . 7 - 5 . 4 , mean 1 . 7 ( based on 287 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00611 - 0 . 00820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref .
) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ; tmax = 33 ) .
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( annotated list of fish of russian far - eastern seas ) , vladivostok : pacific institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 .
dudnik , yu . i . , kodolov , l . s . , and polytov , v . a . , on the problem of distribution and reproduction of sablefish ,
kodolov , l . s . , kulikov , m . yu . , and syutina , t . i . , peculiarities of distribution and spatial structure of fish in the mainland slope and submarine elevations of the northern pacific ,
( biology of fish and invertebrates in the northern pacific ) , vladivostok : far - eastern state university , 1991 , pp . 21 - 38 .
( fishes of the sea of japan and the adjacent parts of the okhotsk and yellow seas ) , st . - petersburg : nauka , 1993 , part 6 .
( commercially important fish of continental slope of the northern pacific ) , moscow : pishchevaya promyshlennost ' , 1974 .
promyslovo - biologicheskie issledo - vaniya ryb v tikhookeanskikh vodakh kuril ' skikh ostrovov i prilezhashchikh raionakh okhotskogo i beringova morei v 1992–1998 gg .
( biological field investigations of food fish in pacific waters of the kuril islands and adjacent waters of the okhotsk and bering seas in 1992 - 1998 ) , moscow : all - union institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 , pp . 187 - 215 .
pertseva - ostroumova , t . a . , reproduction and development of arrowtooth flounders
tokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , distribution and some features of ecology of a new for the fauna of russia species of sculpins , the aleutial lord
( biological backgrounds of stable development in coastal marine ecosystems ) , rep . abstr . internat . conf . , murmansk , april 25–28 , 2001 , apatity : murmansk marine biological institute , 2001 , pp . 236 - 237 .
( modern problems in fish systematics ) , rep . abstr . all - russian conf . , st . - petersburg , november 17–19 , 1998 , st . - petersburg : zoological institute ras , 1998 , pp . 62 - 63 .
sheiko , b . a . and fedorov , v . v . , chapter 1 : class cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys . class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes . class holocephali - chimeras . class osteichthyes - bony fishes ,
( integrated studies of the ecosystem of the sea of okhotsk ) , moscow : all - russian institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 1997 , pp . 64 - 67 .
allen , m . j . and smith , g . b . , atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the bering sea and northeastern pacific ,
bouwens , k . a . , paul , a . j . , and smith , r . l . , growth of juvenile arrowtooth flounders from kachemak bay , alaska ,
bouwens , k . a . , smith , r . l . , paul , a . j . , and rugen , w . , length at and timing of hatching and settlement for arrowtooth flounders in the gulf of alaska ,
, san francisco : california academy of science , 1998 , vol . 1 - 3 .
cooper , j . a . and chapleau , f . , monophyly and relationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with revised classification ,
hare , s . r . and mantua , n . j . , empirical evidence for north pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989 ,
matarese , a . c . , kendall , a . w . , jr . , blood , d . m . , and vinter , b . m . , laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast pacific fishes ,
wilimovsky , n . j . , peden , a . , and peppar , j . , systematics of six demersal fishes of the north pacific ocean ,
yang , m . - s . and livingston , p . a . , food habits and diet overlap of two congeneric species ,
zimmermann , m . and goddard , p . , biology and distribution of arrowtooth ,
mukhametov , i . n . & orlov , a . m . russian journal of marine biology ( 2002 ) 28 : 178 . urltoken
effective 1200 hours , alaska local time ( a . l . t . ) , june 6 , 2015 , through 2400 hours , a . l . t . , december 31 , 2015 .
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original russian text © a . m . orlov , i . n . moukhametov , 2007 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2007 , vol . 47 , no . 6 , pp . 783–793 .
e . a . best and g . st . - pierre , “pacific halibut as predator and prey , ” iphc tech . rep . , no . 21 ( 1986 ) .
r . d . brodeur and p . a . livingston , “food habits and diet overlap of various eastern bering sea fishes , ” u . s . dept . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs f / nwc - 127 ( 1988 ) .
w . n . eschmeyer , e . s . herald , and h . hamman ,
( dvnts akad . nauk sssr , vladivostok , 1984 ) [ in russian ] .
k . t . gordeeva , “feeding of halibuts in the bering sea , ” izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
d . e . kramer , w . h . barss , b . c . paust , et al . , “guide to northeast pacific flatfishes , ” mar . adv . bull . , no . 47 , 1–104 ( 1995 ) .
p . a . livingston , a . ward , g . m . lang , and m . - s . yang , “groundfish food habits and predation on commercially important prey species in the eastern bering sea from 1987 to 1989 , ” u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 11 ( 1993 ) .
l . v . mikulich , “feeding of flatfish off the coasts of southern sakhalin and the southern kuril islands , ” izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
i . n . moukhametov , “feeding and food diets of halibuts inhabiting pacific waters off the northern kuril islands . biology , state of resources , and habitat conditions of hydrobionts of the sakhalin - kuril region and adjacent water areas , ” tr . sakhalin . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
schmidt ) in the bering sea , ” tr . vses . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
( pishch . prom - st’ , moscow , 1974 ) [ in russian ] .
fish feeding ecology and digestion . gutshop’98 . symp . proc . int . congr . biol . fish , towson univ . , baltimore , 1998
ecosystem approaches for fisheries management . alaska sea grant college program . ak - sg - 99 - 01
a . m . orlov and i . n . moukhametov , “feeding characteristics of greenland halibut
v . p . shuntov , a . f . volkov , o . s . temnykh , and e . p . dulepova ,
m . - s . yang , “food habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the gulf of alaska in 1990 , ” u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 22 ( 1993 ) .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate , preferred 5°c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 66°n - 35°n , 130°e - 153°w ( ref . 6793 )
the most important bird species are the magnificent steller ' s sea eagle , golden eagle and peregrine , rock and willow ptarmigan , black - billed capercailye , long - tailed hawk , and owl . some birds , for instance partridges , capercailye and swans , - stay on the peninsula throughout the year , while others - in particular geese and ducks , - come to this remote place every spring for nesting . the coastal cliffs and rocky islands are inhabited by sea gulls , cormorants , puffins , and others .
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deep sea 2003 : conference on the governance and management of deep - sea fisheries . part 2 : conference poster papers and workshop papers . queenstown , new zealand , 1–5 december 2003 and dunedin , new zealand , 27 - 29 november 2003 .
r . melville - smith 1 , r . gould 2 and l . bellchambers 1 1 department of fisheries , western australian marine research laboratories p . o . box 20 , north beach wa 6920 , australia < rmsmith @ urltoken > < lbellchambe @ urltoken > 2 department of fisheries 3rd floor atrium , 170 st george ' s terrace perth wa 6000 , australia < rgould @ urltoken >
in western australia several large crab species occur in the offshore waters . however , only three , the giant crab , ( pseudocarcinus giga ) , the champagne crab ( hypothalassia acerba ) and the crystal crab ( chaceon bicolor ) are of commercial importance .
the biogeographical boundary separating the cool water of the south coast of the state from the warmer waters of the west coast has provided a logical boundary between crustacean fisheries in western australia ( figure 1 ) . these fisheries are managed as the south coast deep sea crab fishery ( scdscf ) and the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery ( wcdscimf ) . permit holders in the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs but not rock - lobsters . the wcdscimf operates along side australia ' s largest rock - lobster fishery , the west coast rock - lobster managed fishery ( wcrlmf ) , where fishing generally occurs in 0–200 m . although managed separately licencees in the wcrlmf are permitted to retain 12 deep - sea crabs , primarily champagne crabs , per day per boat . on the other hand , licencees in the south coast deep sea crab fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs and as a result of the licensing framework surrounding the development of this fishery most fishers are also entitled to take southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) .
the department of fisheries have records of various fishers from the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s expressing interest in establishing commercial fishing operations based on champagne , giant and ‘deep - sea crabs’ on the west coast . although most of these proposed ventures did not go any further , some small - scale exploratory fishing targeting champagne crabs by rock - lobster fishers was undertaken between 1985 and 1990 with some rekindled interest in the 1990s . champagne crab catches peaked between 30 and 45 tonnes from 1997 to 1999 , before decreasing to negligible levels ( < 100 kg ) from 2001onwards . the decrease in catches was in part due to a decline in champagne crab stocks , however low beach prices and increased interest in the more valuable crystal crab also contributed ( k . smith , murdoch university , australia , pers . comm . ) . therefore , on the west coast , management of giant and champagne crabs is primarily focused on ensuring biological sustainability and maintaining breeding stocks of the species rather than developing a viable commercial fishery .
crystal crabs have only been targeted on the west coast since the late 1990s and the wcdscimf is now almost entirely dependent on the size and productivity of the crystal crab resource .
figure 1 map of the w . a . coastline showing the crystal crab management zones and depth contours between 500–1000 m
both giant and champagne crabs landings have been larger and more regular in the south coast crustacean fishery than on the west coast . since 1990 the combined giant and champagne crab catch has , in most years , been in excess of 30 tonnes , with occasional annual catches reaching 40 to 50 tonnes . in the past , crystal crabs have not formed a significant contribution to the south coast crustacean fishery , apart from one year ( 2002 ) when over 10 tonnes were landed before a moratorium was placed on targeting the species pending further research . the size and distribution of the fishable stock in this region is unknown .
in 1991 it was recognized that with increasing interest in deep - sea crabs of all species there was a need to move to more formal management . in january 1992 following a request for expressions of interest , the minister for fisheries issued a press release announcing that by 1 april 1992 a plan would be in place to develop the fishery . this resulted in more than 80 expressions of interest for endorsements to take deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . in response , in june 1993 , 53 endorsements were approved ( 49 on the south coast and four on the west coast ) . a one - tonne catch per year minimum performance criteria was placed on each approved vessel . following a review of these allocations , in may 1993 a further three endorsements were granted on the west coast . in 1992 a commercial fisherman working in cooperation with the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro , hobart , australia ) conducted some limited research fishing . the fishing focused on champagne and giant crabs , but was of limited success due to the size of the fishing vessel used and lack of gear suitable for fishing in depths greater than 150 m .
new complexities were introduced into the management of both the scdscf and wcdscimf when permit holders realized the potential quantities of crystal crab available and the species ' commercial value . the dilemma is one that besets the managers of many new fisheries : i . e . on one hand faced with a previously unfished resource that has a potentially long term yield , together with an industry geared up and keen to exploit it ; while on the other hand having no catch history , biological information , or information on the spatial extent of the fishery . given the current focus in western australia on the exploitation of crystal crab , this paper deals only with a description of crystal crab catches on the west and south coasts of western australia and the proposed management of this resource .
crystal crabs occurring off the western australian coast are considered at this stage to be chaceon bicolor , a species which is also found in the central pacific from the emperor seamount chain to eastern australia ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) and along the west and north coast of australia ( jones and morgan 1994 ) . at this stage chaceon appears to have a wide distribution , although some systematics experts have suggested that further work may show that the pale coloured specimens found off the western australian coast are a different species to the purple , tan and yellowish coloured specimens of c . bicolor found in the pacific . the depth distribution of chaceon species is reported to be between 275 and 1 600 m ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) . however on the western australian coast the species has only been reported in commercial catches from 450 to 1220 m ( lance hand , bellenden nominees , geraldon , australia , western australian museum records ) .
until 1995 the take of deep - sea crabs seaward of the 200 m isobath was the responsibility of the australian commonwealth government and some 22 vessels were licensed by the commonwealth to fish for deep - sea crabs in commonwealth managed waters off western australia . however , under the offshore constitutional settlement agreement of 1995 , and on the basis of the links with the state managed rock - lobster fisheries , management of deep - sea crab fisheries became a state government responsibility .
the fishery for crystal crabs began in 1997–1998 when one fisher undertook exploratory fishing for deep - sea crabs on the west coast between 34° 24 ' and 22° 19 s ' in depths of 540 to 1080 m . the promising catches of crystal crabs by this exploratory fishing trip generated more interest in commercially exploiting this fishery on the west coast and by the end of 1999 the catch had increased to almost 25 tonnes .
the fishery was originally open to all 595 west coast rock - lobster fishers as the fishery had historically taken small quantities of deep - sea crab ( mainly champagne crabs ) as byproduct in their rock - lobster traps . however , to take deep - sea crabs out of the rock - lobster fishing season ( 15 november to 30 june ) a specific fishing boat licence endorsement was required . in april 1999 , 26 vessels on the south coast and six vessels on the west coast had acquired these licence endorsements as a result of earlier interest and activity related to deep - sea crabs .
the need to more formally manage these fisheries arose in 1998 in addressing reporting requirements that environment australia proposed to impose as a condition of export approval under section 10a of the wildlife protection ( regulation of exports and imports ) act 1982 . the downturn in the asian economy and concerns about its impact on rock - lobster export prices also resulted in increased targeting of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers during the 1998–1999 rock - lobster season and increased interest from rock - lobster fishers wanting to target deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . there was also increased attention from rock - lobster processors interested in processing and marketing champagne crabs and other deep - sea crabs . in april 1999 these issues culminated in the existing endorsement holders , through the western australian fishing industry council ( wafic ) , asking the minister for fisheries to restrict the catch of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers .
in may 1999 , in order to prevent overexploitation , the department indicated its intention to separately manage the crystal crab fishery and obtained support from the minster for fisheries to consult with existing licencees regarding how this fishery should be managed . existing licencees were subsequently advised of the department ' s intentions by letter . this letter in part said : “it is envisaged that , depending on the number of applicants , access will be granted to those who best demonstrate a financial and personal commitment to the ongoing development of their nominated fishery . ”a subsequent letter of 18 june 1999 referred to access being granted to “those who best demonstrate a personal and financial commitment to developing a sustainable , market - orientated snow ( crystal ) crab fishery . ”


the pygmy eagle or new guinea hawk-eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) is a bird of prey in the accipitridae family .

it is found in new guinea .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is often considered a subspecies of the little eagle , but some taxonomists separate it into a distinct species .

pygmy eagle

an active nest of the pygmy eagle hieraaetus weiskei is described , providing the first documented observation of a downy chick in late january and hence an indicative laying date of late november / early december . the first documented record of this species for waigeo island ( west papua province ) is presented . a prey item being carried by another pygmy eagle is identified as a probable brown ( slender - billed ) cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , and another pygmy eagle had fed upon a mountain fruit - dove ptilinopus bellus .
gjershaug , j . o . , lerner , h . r . l . & diserud , o . h . ( 2009 ) . taxonomy and distribution of the pygmy eagle aquila ( hieraaetus ) weiskei ( accipitriformes : accipitridae ) . zootaxa 2326 , 24–38 .
debus , s . j . s . ( 2011 ) . parental time - budgets and breeding behaviour of the little eagle hieraaetus morphnoides in northern new south wales . corella 35 , 65–72 .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
del hoyo , j . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2016 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .
astrolabe mountains , new guinea , altitude 3000 feet [ c . 915 m ]
until recently considered conspecific with h . morphnoides , but differs in its smaller size , ( wing length 308–317 mm vs 332–396 mm in males , 327–342 mm vs 367–413 mm in females ) ( score at least 2 ) ; less - pronounced or non - existent malar stripe ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; more evenly distributed dark crown streaks on white base ( vs more densely packed broader dark central crown streaks on biscuit - coloured base , creating capped effect with more prominent pale postocular supercilium ) ( 2 ) ; breast streaking more prominent and extensive ( 2 ) ; absence of broad pale brown ( biscuit - coloured ) collar ( from neck sides around nape ) ( 3 ) ; less - crested crown ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; seven ( not six ) tail bars , darker and broader in pattern and reaching edges of feathers ( ns [ 2 ] ) ; darker upperparts including flight feathers ( ns [ 1 ] ) . full details published elsewhere # r # r . monotypic .
new guinea and moluccas ( halmahera , ternate , buru , seram ) # r , # r , # r .
38–48 cm ; male 483 g ( one ) ; wingspan 112–126 cm . like closely related
uses primary rainforest , riparian forest , monsoon forest , and forest edges ; soars low above forest . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread in new guinea but generally considered uncommon . no data on population trends or numbers , but probably declining wherever . . .
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some systematists favour merging this genus into aquila # r . recent molecular study , however , indicated that two distinct lineages are involved , the smaller species forming a separate clade ; the five species currently placed in this genus are closely related # r . composition of these two genera has recently been reassessed and modified on the basis of several phylogenetic studies # r # r # r # r .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
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birdlife international ( 2016 ) . species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .
knobel , j . ( 2016 ) . eagles of africa . game parks publishing , pretoria , south africa , and sunbird publishers , cape town .
marchant , s . & higgins , p . j . ( eds ) ( 1993 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds , volume 2 : raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .
pratt , t . k . & beehler , b . m . ( 2015 ) . birds of new guinea . 2nd edn . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , usa .


astacoides caldwelli is a species of crustacean in family parastacidae .

it is endemic to madagascar .

a. caldwelli is mostly found in rivers draining forested areas at elevations between 600 - 800m .

the populations are threatened by habitate loss as well as predation by introduced species and harvesting at a subsistence level from local fishermen .

astacoides caldwelli

here ' s a compilation of some pics i took of what probably is astacoides betsileonensis .
[ l & apos ; examen des spécimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii guérin , 1839 , et l & apos ; étude de la litérature ont montré que les noms corrects des sous - espèces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en réalité astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - espèces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donné . , l & apos ; examen des spécimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii guérin , 1839 , et l & apos ; étude de la litérature ont montré que les noms corrects des sous - espèces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en réalité astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - espèces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donné . ]
astacoides caldwelli is only found in large rivers draining forested catchments , mainly on the eastern side of the escarpment ( jones et al . 2007 ) . most localities where this species is known from are in relatively recently deforested areas abutting natural forest ( jones et al . 2007 ) . astacoides caldwelli is a tertiary burrower ( jones et al . 2007 ) meaning it creates a burrow but spends the majority of its time in the water . eggs are laid in june or july and carried for approximately four months , hatching in october or november ( jones et al . 2007 ) .
justification : astacoides caldwelli has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of approximately 11 , 930 km² and is known from eight locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure and competition from introduced species .
astacoides caldwelli occurs mainly in the eastern highlands of madagascar , and is largely found between the latitudes 18° to 21° s , longitudes 46° to 48° e ( hobbs 1987 ) . this is a rare species found in rivers draining forested catchments ( jones et al . 2007 ) in the antananarivo ( including mandraka , andasibe , lac mantasoa , behenjy , vakinankaratra , ambatolampy and antsampandrano ) and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 11 , 930 km² .
( of astacus caldwelli spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) spence bate . ( 1865 ) . astacus caldwelli , spence bate , sp . nov . in p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . in : p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 469 , 470 , 1 plate . [ details ]
here by three more pics of crayfish from madagascar . it is not entirely clear which species these are , according to a reliabe source and friend , who kindly had a look at these photos , they may be astacoides caldwelli or possibly a smooth carapaced form of a . betsileonensis but he stresses they are difficult to determine by photo . both pictured specimens were collected in the same forest stream near fianarantsoa , at least that is what my local collector tells me . i ' ll email you more pics of crayfish from other parts of madagascar in the weeks to come . best regards olaf thank you olaf
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livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
) . at none of the sampling localities was this species abundant . a maximum of nine individuals were found in a two hour search .
, however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones
monitoring of this species ' range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting ( hockley
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( spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 472960 on 2018 - 07 - 09
crandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]
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h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
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i just found your crayfish website . great site ! i live on madagascar and like crays .


mystus atrifasciatus ( known locally as trey kanchos chhnoht ) is a species of catfish endemic to cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam , known from mekong river , chao phraya river and mae klong river and was described from phitsanulok , thailand .

it inhabits rivers , streams and reservoirs and moves to floodplains when the water level increases and can also be found near submerged woody vegetation .

it feeds on crustaceans and zooplankton along with some algae and fish scales .

it is commonly fished and marketed and is also found in the aquarium trade .

it may be threatened by pollution and overfishing and more research is needed about the species .

mystus atrifasciatus

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30866 . jpg [ 2532102 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30865 . jpg [ 1685243 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30864 . jpg [ 3222095 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
feeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales . may forage in schools like the other small striped species of mystus . moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134824 . jpg [ 851706 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134826 . jpg [ 788440 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83099 . jpg [ 661707 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm ventral view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83098 . jpg [ 654813 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm lateral view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83096 . jpg [ 586593 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm dorsal view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
fishes of the genus mystus scopoli are small to medium - sized bagrid catfishes occurring in south asia . roberts ( 1994 ) recognized mystus to have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11–30 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37–46 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus . mo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage . jayaram & sanyal ( 2003 ) and ferraris ( 2007 ) respectively listed 44 and 33 species of mystus as valid . has three faint dark and two whitish stripes on the sides ; adipose fin longer than anal fin and almost contiguous with the dorsal fin ; eyes not visible when head is viewed from below .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83715 . jpg [ 857677 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 10 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm x - ray copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 200849 . tif [ 3931520 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm xray copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134829 . jpg [ 1455240 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , tail copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134827 . jpg [ 799054 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm lateral view , left side copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134828 . jpg [ 747181 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , head copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200847 . jpg [ 1844918 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm lateral view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200845 . jpg [ 1653669 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200848 . jpg [ 2019003 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104598 . jpg [ 1071901 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104595 . jpg [ 947833 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29845 . jpg [ 305503 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm ventral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104596 . jpg [ 1832944 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral head view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104597 . jpg [ 1848925 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral head view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104593 . jpg [ 1998657 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm anal fin view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29844 . jpg [ 301059 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsal view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29846 . jpg [ 386518 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465405 . jpg [ 1273926 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus gulio standard length : 147 mm locality : pointcalimere , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright©a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465403 . jpg [ 323540 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus bleekeri standard length : 132 mm locality : muthupet , mangrove , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright©a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30870 . jpg [ 1771222 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30872 . jpg [ 1977072 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30871 . jpg [ 2082304 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30867 . jpg [ 2071593 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30868 . jpg [ 2406689 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30869 . jpg [ 2102284 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 105290 . tif [ 2315420 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 105288 . tif [ 2574032 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648545 . jpg [ 694564 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , ventral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648547 . jpg [ 1565067 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648548 . jpg [ 670779 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97183 . jpg [ 582461 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus mysticetus standard length : 0 mm photo taken april 1 , 2005â at thai fisheries dept . aquarium of kasersart university , bangkok , thailand copyright©jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 1228678 . jpg [ 1057100 ] approved = yes submission by : lumbantobing , daniel n . on 2007 - 07 - 22 photographed by : lumbantobing , daniel n . mystus punctifer usnm standard length : 0 mm locality : kluet river , lawe sawah , province of nanggroe aceh darussalam collected : 2006 - 07 - 15 copyright©daniel lumbantobing , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29110 . jpg [ 83505 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 20 mystus armatus pers . coll . 102m locality : india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97181 . jpg [ 472589 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97179 . jpg [ 443631 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97182 . jpg [ 433947 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29143 . jpg [ 164231 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 19 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 12 / 27 mystus montanus pers . coll . 287 locality : hill stream ( medium flow ) , india specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29111 . jpg [ 136048 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 6 mystus cavasius pers . coll . 204 locality : indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary , india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mekong , chao phraya and maeklong basins in southeast asia . it is considered least concern at present based on its wide distribution , but further information on threats and population trends is required and it should be reassessed if further information becomes available .
this species was described from a specimen collected from pitsanulok , thailand . it is recorded from the
adults inhabit rivers , streams and reservoirs . the species moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation ( rainboth 1996 ) . it feeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales , and it may forage in schools like the other small striped species of
. the species is usually marketed fresh and may also be sold smoked ( froese and pauly 2010 ) .
this fish is found in commercial and subsistence fisheries . occasionally it is found in the aquarium trade .
it is likely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing . more species - specific information is needed .
research into population trends and threats to the species and its habitats is needed .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .
150mm or 5 . 9
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
( 1 ) marisco1729 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
get or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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description max size : 21 . 0 cm sl . color : color in life varies with age ; generally delicate gray - silvery to shining golden , with several ( about 5 ) pale blue or dark brown to deep black longitudinal bands on side . a narrow dusky spot often present on the shoulder . the fins glass , with dark tips . dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 13 ; vertebrae : 31 - 37 . body elongate and slightly compressed . maxillary barbels extending beyond the pelvic fins , often to the end of the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , finely serrated on its inner edge . adipose fin small , inserted much behind rayed dorsal fin but anterior to the anal fin . dioecious , external fertilization , oviparous , non - guarders , open water / substratum egg scatterers . makes sounds during spawning .
ecology habitat : estuarine prey : plants , shrimps , insects , mollusks and fish .
menon , agk ( 1999 ) checklist : fresh water fishes of india occasional paper no . 175 zsi , kolkata 366 pp available at - ncl , pune
singh , df and yazdani , gm ( 1993 ) ichthyofauna of konkan region of maharashtra ( india ) records of the zoological survey of india . occasional paper no 145 zsi , calcutta 46 available at - nio , goa
nandi , nc ; das , sr ; bhuinya , s and dasgupta , jm ( 1993 ) wetland faunal resources of west bengal , i . , north and south 24 - parganas districts occasional paper no 150 records of the zoological survey of india zsi 18264


plicatoperipatus is a monospecific genus of velvet worm containing the single species plicatoperipatus jamaicensis .

it is endemic to jamaica .

the species is listed as near threatened by the iucn red list .

plicatoperipatus

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1983 . evolution of animal mitochondrial dna . in : nei , m . and koehn , r . k . ( eds ) ,
agn that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop , and of serine - specifying aga and agg codons .
as a living fossil . in : eldredge , n . and stanley , s . m . ( eds ) ,
mitochondrial dna . in : warner , a . w , bradshaw , j . c . and macrae , t . h . ( eds ) ,
methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes .
1984 . the evolutionary significance of genetic diversity : ecological , demographic , and life history correlates . in : mani , g . s . ( ed . ) ,
a review of the new world onychophora with the description of a new cavernicolous genus and species from jamaica .
from lexington , virginia : the isolation and characterization of their mitochondrial dna , the implications for their origin and climatic selection .
genetic divergence among fishes of the eastern pacific and the caribbean : support for the molecular clock .
present address : section of ecology and systematics , cornell university , ithaca , ny 14850 usa .
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urltoken 2001 - 2017 leaf group ltd . / / leaf group education , all rights reserved . database is based on wordnet 3 . 0 , a lexical database for the english language .