thiotricha fusca is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by omelko in 1993 .

it is found in japan , the russian far east ( primorye ) and china ( jilin ) .

thiotricha fusca

pyla fusca ( = matilella fusca ) brown knot - horn - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204
polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196
thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45
thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142
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thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns
thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi
thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos
thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa
thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft
thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209
thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205
thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand
thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand
thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana
thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching
thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba
thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island
thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills
thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft
thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton
thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab
thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda
thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns
thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon
thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft
thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland
thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]
thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia
thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]
thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales
thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen
thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania
thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]
chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10
gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota
ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes
polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107
dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561
gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63
polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent
polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78
lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84
herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]
ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina
microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254
polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81
eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]
syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch
mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch
polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68
anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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recorded in 22 ( 32 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2017 .
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the malabar large-spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , also known as the malabar civet , is a viverrid endemic to the western ghats of india .

it is listed as critically endangered by iucn as its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals , with no subpopulation greater than 50 individuals .

in the 1990s , isolated populations still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar but were seriously threatened by habitat destruction and hunting because they lived outside protected areas .

it is known as kannan chandu and male meru in kerala വെരുക ( veruk ) in malayalam , and in karnataka as mangala kutri , bal kutri and dodda punugina .

malabar large - spotted civet

* * * the malabar large spotted civet is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .
the diet of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .
main characteristics malabar large - spotted civets have a body length between 76 and 85 cms ( 30 - 33 . 5 inches ) , a tail length between 33 and 40 cms ( 13 - 16 inches ) and they weigh between 8 and 9 kgs ( 18 - 20 lbs ) . they are grey in colour with large black spots and their tail is banded with black and has a black tip . habitat malabar large - spotted civets live in plantations and wooded areas in south malabar , india . they are solitary and active at night . diet malabar large - spotted civets mainly feed on small mammals , birds , snakes , frogs , fruit and eggs . breeding little in known about reproduction in malabar large - spotted civets . predators humans are predators of malabar large - spotted civets . subspecies there are no known subspecies of the malabar large - spotted civet . interesting facts malabar large - spotted civets are also known as : malabar civet jawad similar animals malayan civet otter civet large indian civet small indian civet large - spotted civet binturong
the weight of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , is 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) .
malabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - malabar large - spotted civet facts
( online ) . accessed
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
malabar large - spotted civet
.
. extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar forests to a series of isolated patches . cashew plantations are a refuge , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of the malabar large - spotted civet , and are now threatened by large - scale clearance for
extensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet ( see
habitat
below ) , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .
the malabar large - spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the malabar coast moist forests belt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar forests to a series of isolated patches . cashew plantations are a refuge , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of the malabar large - spotted civet , and are now threatened by large - scale clearance for rubber plantations .
the malabar large spotted civet was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india . by the late 1960 ' s it was thought to be nearing extinction . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of calicut on the southwest coast of india . a 1990 survey revealed that isolated populations of malabar large spotted civet still survive in less disturbed areas of south malabar . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) extensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .
* * * species of the genus viverra are sources of
civet
( or
civet - musk
) , a substance which is used in the production of perfume . the civet - musk of the malabar large spotted civet was apparently in widespread use 20 - 25 years ago ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) .
the original home of the malabar large spotted civet was in the western ghats , a mountain range in southwest india . the species lived in the wooded plains and natural forests surrounding the mountains . today the malabar large spotted civet is one of the rarest mammals of the world . in 1999 , it was estimated that there were less than 250 surviving adult animals in the wild . small , scattered populations are thought to exist in certain areas of south malabar .
the malabar large spotted civet was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india . by the late 1960 ' s it was thought to be nearing extinction . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of calicut on the southwest coast of india . a 1990 survey revealed that isolated populations of malabar large spotted civet still survive in less disturbed areas of south malabar . ( ashraf et al . 1993 )
the malabar large - spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , is a civet . it is also known as the malabar civet and called jawadi veruku - ജാവാദി വെരുകു് in malayalam , the local language of kerala . the species was once common along the lowland coastal tracts of kerala and karnataka in south india . it became rare by the beginning of the 20th century , but was still often used for producing civetin musk in the 1960 ' s . in 1990 , isolated populations of the malabar large - spotted civet still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar . in 1999 , fewer than 250 mature individuals were thought to survive in the wild .
information on the malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
☛ little is known about the species though the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .
although most civets resemble spotted , long - nosed cats , civets of the genus viverra are the most dog - like in appearance , with long legs and rather canine heads and muzzles . based on data for the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet ( and considered by some to be conspecific ) , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . oriental civet - viverra tangalunga the malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) thickets in cashew plantations may also provide important cover . the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter . the malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . malabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .
☛ the population status of malabar civet is unknown . it was thought to be possibly extinct , then rediscovered but there is no further recent information and no recent sightings of live malabar civets .
the malabar large spotted civet ( viverra civettina blyth , 1862 ) was once a common species in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india in the low elevation moist forests of the western ghats . by the late 1950s it was reported to be almost ' extinct ' . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km east of calicut in kerala . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar civet ' s .
the malabar large - spotted civet is considered by some authorities as viverra megaspila civettina , a subspecies of the large spotted civet viverra megaspila . based on data for the large spotted civet , considered by others to be conspecific , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . the coat is greyish dull white with indistinct black spots that roughly form vague vertical stripes on the body . another distinguishing feature from the sympatric small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , with which it might be confused , is its shorter tail when compared its body length and the presence of a crest of black erectile hairs on the back , which are characteristic of all the four species under the genus viverra .
the malabar large spotted civet is nearly identical to , or is in fact the same species as , the large spotted civet ( viverra megaspila ) . adults of this species usually weigh about 18 to 20 pounds ( 8 to 9 kilograms ) . their long gray coats are mottled with large black spots . they have long tails banded in black and a black crest of long fur down their backs . although most civets look like cats , the malabar large spotted civet more closely resembles a dog with its long legs and dog - like head . malabar civets stay hidden in the thickets during the day and forage for food at night . they have never been seen in trees , and probably obtain their food on the ground . they are thought to eat eggs , small mammals , and some vegetation . solitary animals , they can become aggressive when they encounter members of their own species . female malabar large spotted civets usually have from one to four offspring at a time , and they raise their young in the cover of thickets in the woods .
malabar civet was considered a subspecies of large - spotted civet v . megaspila by ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) . most standard sources , e . g . pocock ( 1939 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) considered it a separate species , but purported morphological differences are slight and its taxonomy therefore needs re - evaluation . it is even possible that it is not a taxon at all , but a result of transport of large - spotted civet ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) . for the present assessment , the precautionary stance is taken of assuming that malabar civet is a valid taxon , and that it is distinct at the species level .
* * * about 90 % of the people interviewed in a 1990 survey in the area where the malabar large spotted civet is found were not even aware of its existence . those who were aware of it were mainly hunters , trappers and civet rearers . scarcely anyone recognized it as a critically endangered species . ( ashraf et al . 1993 )
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arkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina )
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arkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina )
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the malabar civet is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix iii of cites ( 2 ) .
☛ the malabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) .
the malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . evidence suggests that the young are raised in secluded thickets . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ; nowak 1999 )
at one time the malabar large spotted civet roamed about southwest india in the districts of malabar and travancore . as more and more humans moved into the area , clearing it for residential , industrial , and agricultural purposes , the forests have nearly disappeared . with the elimination of its habitat , the malabar large spotted civet population declined drastically . by the 1960s , the species was thought to be extinct . however , members of the species were found in the late 1980s , and some isolated groups are still known to exist . one of the reasons for the disappearance of the malabar civet was that they were once hunted as a source of “civet musk , ” a product used in perfumes . the largest threat to the species , however , is the deforestation of its original habitat in the western ghats , which forces the population into tiny isolated areas . the refuge of the last remaining malabar civets during the last decades of the twentieth century was the area’s cashew plantations , which are not weeded and therefore provide the dense thickets the animals can use as their homes . these are now being cleared for rubber plantations .
the malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . natural forests have almost completely disappeared in the entire stretch of the coastal western ghats due to human activities . the present vegetation consists mostly of plantations . the cashew plantations are the least disturbed . they are not weeded and have a dense understory of shrubs and grasses . for a terrestrial species such as the malabar large spotted civet , these thickets can provide important cover . however , it is likely that the cashew plantations are a refuge ' rather than a preferred habitat . furthermore , most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) the malabar large spotted civet lives in both the western ghats and sri lanka biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) and the western ghats moist forests global 200 ecoregion ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 ) .
the use of civet - musk is said to have been widespread within this species ' s range during 1965 - 1970 ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . in the past , this species might have been used to collect civet oil , although there are no records to authenticate this claim . small indian civet is still illegally ‘farmed’ and kept in captivity to extract civet , and any remaining malabar civets are likely to be at risk for the same reason .
lynam , a . j . , maung , m . , po , s . h . t . and duckworth , j . w . ( 2005 ) . recent records of large - spotted civet viverra megaspila from thailand and myanmar . small carnivore conservation 32 : 8–11 .
malabar civet viverra civettina has sometimes been included in this species , but the two are usually recognised as separate species ( pocock 1939 , corbet and hill 1992 ) , albeit on thin grounds ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .
the masked palm civet or himalayan palm civet ( paguma larvata ) is a species of civet spread across the indian subcontinent and southeast asia , which in recent times was considered to be a likely vector of sars . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it occurs in many protected areas , is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification , and widely distributed with presumed large populations that are unlikely to be declining .
brown palm civet ( paradoxurus jerdoni ) also called the jerdon ' s palm civet is a civet endemic to the western ghats of india . the brown palm civet ' s distribution extends from the southern tip of western ghats in kalakkad mundanthurai tiger reserve to castle rock in goa to the north . brown palm civet is a solitary , nocturnal small carnivore . the brown palm civet is a key mammalian seed disperser in the western ghats rainforest by being predominantly frugivorous and dispersing a diverse array of plant species . their large range and presence within several protected areas have led them to be classified as being of low conservation concern . the brown palm civet occurs in fragmented landscapes containing remnants of tropical rainforest amid commercially exploited land patches such as tea and coffee plantations . their ability to persist in such landscapes depends on the occurrence of a diversity of fruit tree species in these areas ( e . g . , shade trees in coffee plantations ) . however , these areas often do not have large mammalian dispersers and birds like hornbills and large pigeons due to habitat loss and hunting . hence , the brown palm civet gains importance in such human - impacted landscapes as an important disperser and maintains biodiversity . ( source : wikipedia )
the large indian civet ( viverra zibetha ) is a member of the viverrid family native to southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as near threatened , mainly because of the known heavy trade as wild meat .
belt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and
the small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) or rasse is a species of civet found across south and south - east asia as well as in the indonesian archipelago . in sri lanka ' s sinhala speaking community , this civet is known as kalawedda . the assamese name johamaal refers to its glandular odour similar to a scented rice variety called joha . the species has been introduced to madagascar . ( source : wikipedia )
much of the species ' s range , particularly viet nam and lao pdr but increasingly other areas , has seen very heavy market - driven hunting using often non - selective methods such snaring . this is resulting in huge declines and , evidently , widespread local extirpations of many ground - dwelling mammals ( e . g . , willcox et al . 2014 ) . moreover , there has been an increased demand for civets as luxury food in chinese and viet namese markets ( bell et al . 2004 , lynam et al . 2005 ) . although there has been no specific assessment of the extent to which large - spotted civet is taken , it is likely to be neither positively sought nor actively avoided . w . chutipong ( pers . comm . 2014 ) saw in an internet video of civet - coffee farming in thailand a large - spotted civet ; whether the animal was part of the coffee processing operations or was simply a quirky trophy - pet was not clear .
described the large - spotted civet as varying in colour from silvery - grey to golden - buff or tawny with a black to brown pattern and large or comparatively small spots , which are separated or sometimes fusing into blotches or into vertical stripes behind the shoulders . white bands on the tail are mostly restricted to the sides and lower surface but very seldom form complete rings . adults measure 30–30 . 5 in ( 76–77 cm ) in head and body with a 13–15 . 5 in ( 33–39 cm ) long tail . its weight ranges from 14 . 5–18 . 5 lb ( 6 . 6–8 . 4 kg ) .
the small - toothed palm civet ( arctogalidia trivirgata ) , also known as the three - striped palm civet , is a civet . it lives in dense forests of southeast asia . the diet is varied and omnivorous , and usually consist of insects , small mammals , nesting birds , fruits , frogs and lizards . matching the habits of other palm civets , this species is solitary , arboreal and nocturnal . it is threatened primarily by deforestation , as are many southeast asian forest animals . ( source : wikipedia )
malabar civet is possibly one of the rarest and most threatened species of western ghats . this small carnivore has been pushed to the brink of extinction by hunting and habitat loss . it has long legs with a long grey coat and there is a prominent black , bristly dorsal extending from neck up to the tip of the tail . there are large , black spots on the flanks which do not form any pattern . the tail has five white rings , the last one being only about two inches from the tip .
the rough - toothed dolphin ( steno bredanensis ) is a fairly large dolphin that can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world . the species is social . group sizes are commonly as large as fifty and groups as large as 100 have been reported . rough - toothed dolphins adapt well to captivity and have proven to be intelligent and creative . less than a dozen rough - toothed dolphins live in various dolphinariums around the world . ( source : wikipedia )
the asian palm civet ( paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , also called toddy cat , is a small member of the viverridae family native to south and southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats , is widely distributed with large populations that are unlikely to be declining . ( source : wikipedia )
there is no reliable information about malabar civet ' s habitat use or other aspects of its ecology . the several descriptions of habitat use are speculative or based in whole or part on confusion with other species . it seems that it once inhabited lowland forests , lowland swamp and riparian forests in the coastal plain districts of the western ghats . village reports suggested occurrence in thickets in cashew plantations and in highly degraded lowland forests in northern kerala ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . it could possibly occur in lowland riparian forests in the coastal plain districts ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . based on the natural history of congeners , the species is probably nocturnal , ground - dwelling and readily camera - trapped when present . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats . present vegetation is secondary in origin ( champion and seth 1968 ) , and is mostly plantations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . of these , cashew plantations are the least disturbed , because they are not weeded , providing a dense understorey of shrubs and grasses for this ground - living species to take refuge in ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . the pelt records from 1980 - 1990 were in the region of river valleys , suggesting a possible association with shallow water courses ( ashraf et al , 1993 ) . the closely related large - spotted civet is strongly associated with the forested level lowlands ( e . g . , chutipong et al . 2014 ) ; whether this is also true of malabar civet , which occurs within a rather different small carnivore community ( notably , no other species of viverra overlaps with it ) is unknown .
☛ the main threat to this species is the loss and degradation of forest habitat . in the past , this species was widely used to collect civet oil . it is now threatened by habitat loss and retaliatory killings for raiding poultry .
the rusty - spotted cat ( prionailurus rubiginosus ) is the cat family ' s smallest member and found only in india and sri lanka . being one of the lesser studied south asian carnivores it has been listed as vulnerable by iucn only in 2002 . ( source : wikipedia )
the sri lankan spotted chevrotain or white - spotted chevrotain ( moschiola meminna ) is a species of even - toed ungulate in the tragulidae family . it has been proposed that the populations of moschiola meminna in india and sri lanka be split into two species - moschiola meminna and moschiola indica , however the current accepted name for both populations , according to itis and catalogue of life is still moschiola meminna . in sri lanka , this species is found in the dry zone of sri lanka and is replaced in the wet zone by the yellow - striped chevrotain moschiola kathygre . ( source : wikipedia )
large - spotted civet has been found in many protected areas , particularly in thailand and cambodia ( gray et al . 2014 , chutipong et al . 2014 ) . most of these are not well managed , with some level of hunting , and many comprise largely unsuitable terrain and altitude for the species . some of the pas supporting it in cambodia are afforded high ranking in conservation prioritisation , notably mondulkiri protected forest , and gray et al . ( 2010 ) called for large - spotted civet to be given specific consideration in management of this area . the species is nominally legally protected in most or all range states ( excepting china , apparently ) , but these laws are widely flouted and over large parts of the species ' s present range have no deterrent effect on hunting levels . recent great reductions in gun usage by civilians for hunting in lao pdr and perhaps other countries have led to increased snaring efforts ( in compensation ) ; the latter is probably the more damaging form of hunting for this species ( lynam et al . 2005 ) . the overwhelming need is to secure multiple protected areas across its range by reducing hunting and habitat encroachment to levels not detrimental to this species . a firm legal basis already exists to do this in lao pdr , cambodia , thailand and myanmar . such pas should include khao ang rue nai ws and , perhaps , huai kha khaeng ws , thailand ( the latter already one of the best - protected areas in south - east asia ; the former not ) , mondulkiri protected forest and preah vihear protected forest ( cambodia ) , some in myanmar ( currently with too little information to decide which ) , and perhaps xe pian npa in lao pdr ( although recent information is lacking and regional trends suggest it is quite likely the species will now be very rare there ) .
, this species should be readily snared . despite the massive levels of civet hunting , and the often - taken opportunities to check large numbers of civets in trade , this species is not recorded in the widespread trade in china ( lau et al . , 1997 ; kadoorie farm and botanic garden , 2004 ) and viet nam , which suggests that the populations are already reduced to overall extremely low levels ( scott roberton and wang ying - xiang , nguyen xuan dang , michael lau pers . comm . ) .
the chital or cheetal ( axis axis ) , also known as chital deer , spotted deer or axis deer is a deer which commonly inhabits wooded regions of sri lanka , nepal , bangladesh , bhutan , india , and in small numbers in pakistan . it is the most common deer species in indian forests . ( source : wikipedia )
the large - eared pika ( ochotona macrotis ) is a species of mammal in the ochotonidae family . it is found in afghanistan , china , india , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , nepal , pakistan , and tajikistan . ( source : wikipedia )
malabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) . this species is not known to occur in any protected area and the declaration of large new protected areas in its range is unlikely because of the dense human populations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . ashraf et a l . ( 1993 ) recommended the following conservation actions for this species : captive breeding ( with the possibility of reintroduction if suitable undisturbed areas are identified ) , field surveys ( to investigate whether this species occurs in protected areas ) and ecological studies ( to determine the threats to this species ) . an urgent conservation action plan is needed . given that recently it has been not possible to find the species at all , the option of captive breeding is not currently practical . reintroduction , assuming that some environmental threats have dissipated the populations , it would need considerable amount of work to nullify those threats having firstly established what they are . field survey should be continued , although many in the last decade have not yielded any positive results ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . as noted by nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) in a detailed review of the knowledge of the malabar civet , none of the historical specimens have reliable provenance ; and even for the more recent ones it is fairly vague : not one has a precise wild locality of origin . it therefore is imperative to assess the status of the specimens in various museums and collections using advanced techniques of molecular genetics . this should consider whether the species is in fact a valid taxon native to india , or an incidental result of the wide trans - shipment of various civet species that occurred around the indian ocean counties for many centuries .
the dhole is highly social animal , living in large clans which occasionally split up into small packs to hunt . it primarily preys on medium - sized ungulates , which it hunts by tiring them out in long chases , and kills by disemboweling them . unlike most social canids ( but similar to african wild dogs ) , dholes let their pups eat first at a kill . though fearful of humans , dhole packs are bold enough to attack large and dangerous animals such as wild boar , water buffalo , and even tigers .
) , also called orca , or blackfish , is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family . killer whales are found in all oceans , from the frigid arctic and antarctic regions to tropical seas . killer whales as a species have a diverse diet including fish , sea lions , seals , walruses and even large whales . killer whales are regarded as apex predators , lacking natural predators and preying on even large sharks . being an apex predator , the killer whale is particularly at risk of poisoning from accumulation of toxins , including polychlorinated biphenyls
fraser ' s dolphin ( lagenodelphis hosei ) or sarawak dolphin is a cetacean in the family delphinidae found in deep waters in the pacific ocean and to a lesser extent in the indian and atlantic oceans . fraser dolphins ' swim quickly in large tightly packed groups of about 100 to 1000 in number . often porpoising , the group chop up the water tremendously . the sight of seeing a large group fleeing from a fishing vessels has been reported as
very dramatic
. it is also marked by having the smallest genitalia of any open sea dolphin . ( source : wikipedia )
a century ago because of extensive conversion of forest to agriculture . coastal plain forest was never extensive in its presumed range because the western ghats hill range run quite close to the coast along its length . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats ( champion and seth 1968 ) . land - use and habitat changes have not been too drastic in the last century within the assumed distribution range of the malabar civet . the records late in this period , if they were of wild animals , therefore suggest an ability to persist in today ' s habitat matrix , specifically in deforested areas and / or forest above the plains . in either case , many areas of potentially suitable habitat persist . thus , habitat factors alone are unlikely to have been an unlikely driver of
☛ natural forests have completely disappeared in the entire stretch of coastal western ghats , thus the present vegetation is of secondary origin , and is mostly plantations . however , cashew plantations , which may hold most of the surviving populations of this species , are threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber trees .
the onager ( equus hemionus ) is a large member of the genus equus of the family equidae ( horse family ) native to the deserts of syria , iran , pakistan , india , israel and tibet . it is sometimes known as the wild asian ass . onagers are a little larger than donkeys and they are notoriously untameable .
the pantropical spotted dolphin ( stenella attenuata ) is a species of dolphin found in all the world ' s temperate and tropical oceans . the species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines . the 1980s saw the rise of
dolphin - friendly
tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern pacific ocean and it is now one of the most abundant dolphin species in the world . ( source : wikipedia )
the spotted linsang ( prionodon pardicolor ) is a linsang found in the forests of the central and eastern himalaya . it is short , light coloured , and has a slender body with a pointed head and small limbs . it stalks its prey by crawling on its belly , when it is often mistaken for a python or other heavy - built poisonous snakes due to its slender appearance . its diet consists of insects , rodents , lizards , birds and small mammals . it weighs less than 1 kilogram . ( source : wikipedia )
the population status is unknown but the lack of any even possible record since the advent of widespread camera - trapping suggests that very few animals , at most , persist . three recent attempts to find the species failed ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . this species was formerly believed to be very common in the districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india , based on jerdon ( 1874 ) . however , nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) concluded that jerdon’s statements were a case of misidentification of the more common ( even now ) small indian civet , supporting pocock’s ( 1933 ) doubts about jerdon’s report . but by the late 1960s it was thought to be near extinction . no sighting was claimed until 1987 ; then , and subsequently , there have been no confirmed records of wild or captive animals : only equivocal sightings ( without any supporting evidence to confirm the species identification ) and dead animals plausibly from captivity ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .
the urial ( ovis orientalis ) , also known as the arkars or shapo , is a species of wild sheep . noticeable features are the reddish - brown long fur that fades during winter ; males are characterized by a black ruff stretching from the neck to the chest and large horns . it is primarily found in western central asia , but populations also exist in ladakh ( source : wikipedia )
bryde ' s whales are baleen whales , one of the
great whales
or rorquals . they prefer tropical and temperate waters over the polar seas that other whales in their family frequent . they are largely coastal rather than pelagic . bryde ' s whales are very similar in appearance to sei whales and almost as large . they inhabit tropical and subtropical waters worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )
the brown bear ( ursus arctos ) is a large bear distributed across much of northern eurasia and north america . it can weigh from 300 to 780 kilograms and its largest subspecies , the kodiak bear , rivals the polar bear as the largest member of the bear family and as the largest land - based predator . grizzly bears form a very small population in northern himalayas in india . ( source : wikipedia )
the markhor ( capra falconeri ) is a large species of wild goat that is found in northeastern afghanistan , pakistan , jammu and kashmir in india , southern tajikistan and southern uzbekistan . the species is classed by the iucn as endangered , as there are fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals which continued to decline by an estimated 20 % over 2 generations . the markhor is the national animal of pakistan . ( source : wikipedia )
the snow leopard is perhaps the most endangered of the large cats , with an estimated population of only 400 to 700 individuals in five himalayan states in india . this species suffers from intense conflicts with rural communities , habitat degradation and depletion of natural prey base , poaching for its exquisite fur and valuable bones ( used in traditional chinese medicine ) . the state of jammu & kashmir has the distinction of harbouring a major portion of existing snow leopard population in india .
the sambar ( rusa unicolor ) is a large deer native to southern and southeast asia . although it primarily refers to r . unicolor , the name sambar is also sometimes used to refer to the philippine deer ( called the philippine sambar ) and the rusa deer ( called the sunda sambar ) . the sambar inhabits much of southern asia , from southern china to indonesia . genetic analysis shows that the closest living relative of the sambar is probably the javan rusa of indonesia . ( source : wikipedia )
the gaur ( pronounced / ˈɡaʊər / ) ( bos gaurus , previously bibos gauris ) is a large , dark - coated forest ungulate of south asia and southeast asia . the largest populations are found today in india . the gaur belongs to the bovinae subfamily , which also includes bison , domestic cattle , yak and water buffalo . the gaur is the largest species of wild cattle , bigger than the african buffalo , the extinct aurochs ( the ancestor of domestic cattle ) , wild water buffalo or bison .
the short - finned pilot whale ( globicephala macrorhynchus ) is one of the two species of cetacean in the genus globicephala . it is part of the oceanic dolphin family ( delphinidae ) , though its behaviour is closer to that of the larger whales . short - finned pilot whales are very sociable and are rarely seen alone . they are found in groups of ten to thirty , though some pods are as large as sixty . hey are known as the ' cheetahs of the deep ' for the high speed pursuits of squids at depths of hundreds of metres . ( source : wikipedia )
dugong ( dugong dugon ) is the only herbivorous mammal that is strictly marine and the only member of the order sirenia found in india . dugongs are restricted to coastal shallow marine habitats and grazes on the sea grass meadows in coastal waters and are therefore called as “sea cows” . in india , it is one of the most seriously endangered species of large mammals . dugongs are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures as they are solely dependent on sea grasses in coastal areas , which now have been seriously damaged by mining , trawling etc . dugongs have also been hunted for their meat , oil , hides , bones and teeth .
the indian rhinoceros ( rhinoceros unicornis ) is also called greater one - horned rhinoceros and asian one - horned rhinoceros and belongs to the rhinocerotidae family . listed as a vulnerable species , the large mammal is primarily found in parts of north - eastern india and in protected areas in the terai of nepal , where populations are confined to the riverine grasslands in the foothills of the himalayas . the indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the indo - gangetic plain but excessive hunting reduced their natural habitat drastically . today , about 3 , 000 rhinos live in the wild , 2 , 000 of which are found in india ' s assam alone . ( source : wikipedia )
the indian pangolin ( manis crassicaudata ) is a pangolin that is found in many parts of india and some parts of pakistan and sri lanka . like other pangolins , it has large , overlapping scales on the body which act like armour . it can also curl itself into a ball as self defence against predators such as the tiger . it is an insectivore and feeds on ants and termites , digging them out of their mounds using its long claws that are as long as its forelimbs . it lives mainly in burrows and is known to climb trees . it is also considered to be a curious animal and has been killed for so - called medicinal value . ( source : wikipedia )
the dugong ( dugong dugon ) is a large marine mammal which , together with the manatees , is one of four living species of the order sirenia . it is the only living representative of the once - diverse family dugongidae ; its closest modern relative , steller ' s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) , was hunted to extinction in the 18th century . it is also the only sirenian in its range , which spans the waters of at least 37 countries throughout the indo - pacific , though the majority of dugongs live in the northern waters of australia . the dugong is the only strictly - marine herbivorous mammal , as all species of manatee utilize fresh water to some degree . ( source : wikipedia )
the fin whale ( balaenoptera physalus ) , also called the finback whale , razorback , or common rorqual , is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales . it is the second largest whale and the second largest living animal after the blue whale , growing to nearly 27 meters . like all other large whales , the fin whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an endangered species . almost 750 , 000 fin whales were taken from the southern hemisphere alone between 1904 and 1979 and less than 3 , 000 currently remain in that region . the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale , although iceland and japan have resumed hunting . ( source : wikipedia )
the yak ( bos grunniens ) , is a long - haired bovine found throughout the himalayan region of south central asia , the tibetan plateau and as far north as mongolia and russia . in addition to a large domestic population , there is a small , vulnerable wild yak population . in the 1990 ' s , a concerted effort was undertaken to help save the wild yak population . domesticated yaks are kept primarily for their milk , fibre and meat , and as beasts of burden . their dried dung is an important fuel , used all over tibet , and is often the only fuel available on the high treeless tibetan plateau . yaks transport goods across mountain passes for local farmers and traders as well as for climbing and trekking expeditions . ( source : wikipedia )
the sun bear ( ursus malayanus ) , sometimes known as the honey bear , is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests of southeast asia . adult sun bears have almost no predators except humans , due to their fierce reputation and formidable teeth . occasionally , they may be overwhelmed by tigers , or large reticulated pythons . the recent decline in the sun bear population can be largely attributed to the hunting of
nuisance bears
that destroy crops and widespread poaching driven by the market for their fur and for their bile , which is used in chinese medicine . sometimes , sun bears are captured or bred to be domestic pets . the iucn reclassified the sun bear from
data deficient
to
vulnerable
status in 2007 . ( source : wikipedia )
the sei whale ( pronounced / ˈseɪ / or / ˈsaɪ / ) , balaenoptera borealis , is a baleen whale , the third - largest rorqual after the blue whale and the fin whale . it inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas , and prefers deep offshore waters . it is among the fastest of all cetaceans , and can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres per hour over short distances . following large - scale commercial whaling during the late - nineteenth and twentieth centuries , when over 238 , 000 whales were taken , the sei whale is now internationally protected , although limited hunting occurs under controversial research programmes conducted by iceland and japan . as of 2006 , its worldwide population was about 54 , 000 , about a fifth of its pre - whaling population . ( source : wikipedia )
the wild water buffalo ( bubalis bubalis arnee or ' bubalus arnee ) is a large ungulate , a member of the bovine subfamily and the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . it is the second largest wild bovid , smaller only than the gaur . it is an endangered species , thought to survive in ( from west to east ) india , nepal , bhutan , myanmar and thailand . wild asian water buffalo are extinct in pakistan , bangladesh , laos and viet nam . ( source : wikipedia ) although domesticated water buffalo are thriving and are distributed well beyond their native range , true wild water buffalo are in jeopardy . it may be that no true wild water buffalo exist , but have been lost to interbreeding with domesticated or feral buffalo . ( source : encyclopedia of life through animal diversity web )
the humpback whale ( megaptera novaeangliae ) is a species of baleen whale . it is an acrobatic animal , often breaching and slapping the water . found in oceans and seas around the world , humpback whales typically migrate up to 25 , 000 kilometres each year . humpbacks feed only in summer , in polar waters , and migrate to tropical or sub - tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter . like other large whales , the humpback was and is a target for the whaling industry . due to over - hunting , its population fell by an estimated 90 % before a whaling moratorium was introduced in 1966 . stocks have since partially recovered ; however , entanglement in fishing gear , collisions with ships , and noise pollution also remain concerns . there are at least 80 , 000 humpback whales worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )
the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) is the largest of the true foxes , as well as being the most geographically spread member of the carnivora , being distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the arctic circle to north africa , central america , and the steppes of asia . its range has increased alongside human expansion , having been introduced to australasia , where it is considered harmful to native mammal and bird populations . because of these factors , it is listed as least concern for extinction by the iucn . the species has a long history of association with humans , having been extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for centuries , as well as being prominently represented in human folklore and mythology . because of its widespread distribution and large population , the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . ( source : wikipedia )
nine species of vultures are recorded from india of which five belong to the genus gyps . three gyps vultures , namely the oriental rumped vulture ( owrv ) gyps bengalensis , long - billed vulture ( lbv ) gyps indicus and slender - billed vulture ( sbv ) gyps tenuirostris are residents , and the remaining two , the eurasian griffon vulture gyps fulvus and himalayan griffon vulture gyps himalayensis are largely wintering species . owrv and lbv were abundant across india until the 1990s . vultures are nature ' s most efficient scavengers . the gyps vultures are specialized to feed on the soft tissue of the large ungulate carcasses . they play a vital role in the ecosystem by cleaning up the rotten carcasses left in the open . the population of gyps vultures in the indian subcontinent has crashed since 1990s onwards . the populations of owrv , sbv and lbv had declined by around 97 % during the last two decades . veterinary use of the non - steroidal anti inflammatory drug ' diclofenac ' is the main cause attributed for this drastic population decline .
the snow leopard ( uncia uncia or panthera uncia ) is a moderately large cat native to the mountain ranges of south asia and central asia . the classification of this species has been subject to change and its exact taxonomic position will not be resolved until further studies are conducted . snow leopards live between 3 , 000 and 5 , 500 metres above sea level in the rocky mountain ranges of central asia . their secretive nature means that their exact numbers are unknown , but it has been estimated that between 3 , 500 and 7 , 000 snow leopards exist in the wild and between 600 and 700 in zoos worldwide . snow leopards cannot roar , despite possessing some ossification of the hyoid bone . this ossification was previously thought to be essential for allowing the big cats to roar , but new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other morphological features , especially of the larynx , which are absent in the snow leopard . snow leopard vocalizations include hisses , chuffing , mews , growls , and wailing . ( source : wikipedia )


gymnoscelis admixtaria is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by walker in 1862 .

it is found in sri lanka , india and japan .

gymnoscelis admixtaria

gymnoscelis yurikae is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to japan .
gymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde .
the double - striped pug ( gymnoscelis rufifasciata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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eupithecia dentifascia hampson , 1891 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln br . mus . , 8 : 117 .
bastelberger , 1905 , ent . zeits . ( guben ) , 19 : 76 , syn . n . eupithecia eupitheciata walker sensu holloway , 1976 : 67 .
both this and the next species have forewing facies as in the generic description . the anterior half of the forewing postmedial is straight in dentifascia , slightly concave distad in intentata walker . the hindwing of the male in the latter is reduced in size , rather triangular , grading from pale fawn basally to brown distally , without the fasciation seen in male dentifascia and females of both species . examination of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .
true m . eupitheciata walker appears to be restricted to the australasian tropics . the ductus bursa in the female is unsclerotised , the seventh segment unmodified and the boomerang signum narrow . in both bornean species the ductus is sclerotised and the seventh segment modified .
all bornean material seen was taken between 1200m and 2110m on g . kinabalu .
hampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 154 .
the taxon malachitis is brought into synonymy with filicata as the new guinea race . the male genitalia differ little from those of himalayan filicata . the australian thalassia turner may also prove to be a race of filicata .
n . e . himalaya , borneo ; sulawesi ( ssp . mochleutes ) ; seram , new guinea ( ssp . malachitis ) .
the only bornean specimen seen is a female from 1930m on g . kinabalu .
a related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .
most records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .