lithophaga , the date mussels , are a genus of medium-sized marine bivalve molluscs in the family mytilidae .

some of the earliest fossil lithophaga shells have been found in mesozoic rocks from the alps and from vancouver island , the shells of species in this genus are long and narrow with parallel sides .

the animals bore into stone or coral rock with the help of pallial gland secretions , hence the systematic name lithophaga , which means " stone-eater " .

their club-shaped borings are given the trace fossil name gastrochaenolites .

lithophaga

species lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) accepted as lithophaga nigra ( d ' orbigny , 1853 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the temperature tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the salinity tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
species lithophaga abbotti h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as leiosolenus spatiosus carpenter , 1857
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
species lithophaga dixonae p . j . b . scott , 1986 accepted as leiosolenus dixonae ( scott , 1986 )
lithophaga bisulcata are suspension feeders , filtering plankton and other small invertebrates from seawater ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lithophaga teres ( philippi 1846 ) to their own page .
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga straminea dunker , 1880 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) zitteliana dunker , 1882 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
subgenus lithophaga ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 accepted as leiosolenus ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 represented as leiosolenus carpenter , 1857
lithophaga bisulcata have separate sexes and reproduce annually . the reproductive season begins in august and spawning occurs between november and february ( scott 1988a ) .
what made you want to look up lithophaga ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
s . galinou - mitsoudi , a . i . sinis ; age and growth of lithophaga lithophaga ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , based on annual growth lines in the shell , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 4 , 1 november 1995 , pages 435–453 , urltoken
species lithophaga erimitica kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 accepted as leiosolenus erimiticus ( kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 )
kleeman k . h . ( 1983 ) catalogue of recent and fossil lithophaga ( bivalvia ) . journal of molluscan studies , supplement 12 : 1 - 46 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988a . initial settlement behavior and survivorship of lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 97 - 108 .
kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988b . distribution , habitat and morphaology of the caribbean coral - and rock - boring bivalve , lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 83 - 95 .
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata can be found in the temperate and tropical regions of north and south america from north carolina to florida , bermuda , bahamas , west indies , gulf of mexico , caribbean central america , south america to uruguay ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) .
( of lithodomus saucatensis mayer , 1858 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus tirolensis tausch , 1890 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus isilensis parona , 1893 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus taurorugosus sacco , 1898 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus papilliferus joksimowitsch , 1910 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus styriacus teppner , 1914 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus mitzopoulosi charalambakis , 1952 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata grows to 45 mm ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) and becomes reproductive when the shell reaches 20 mm ( scott 1988a ) . in a jamaican population , the sex ratio of male to female individuals was reported to be 1 : 1 ( scott 1988a ) .
( of lithodomus lyellanus mayer in hartung , 1864 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus ornatissimus mayer - eymar , 1887 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . note : huber ( 2015 ) regarded this species as valid , but under the name lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) , which is a combination of the nomen oblitum modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the mahogany date mussel is often associated with sponges , corals , anemones , annelids ( worms ) , crustaceans , other bivalves , bryozoans , sea stars and sea urchins ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . they are found in living and dead corals . the most common hosts for lithophaga bisulcata are the corals siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) .
( of lithophaga obesus [ sic ] ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
the fossil record dating back to the paleozoic indicate that mussels in the genus lithophaga have long been associated with reef building corals ( scott 1988b ) . l . bisculata is a member of the family mytilidae . the mahogany date mussel attaches to the substratum and its congeners with bissal threads forming dense beds that can support rich epifaunal and infaunal invertebrate assemblages ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 551 [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 126 publications ) ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 135 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to genbank ( 13 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 )
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) cuvier , g . ( 1817 ) . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée . [ work generally dated 1817 ; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 31 ] . tome 1 , 540 pp . ; tome 2 , 528 pp . ; tome 3 , 653 pp . ; tome 4 , 255 pp . , 15 pl . deterville , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
coan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 705 [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) requien e . ( 1848 ) . catalogue des coquilles de l ' île de corse . seguin , avignon v - xii , 13 - 109 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) salis marschlins c . u . von ( 1793 ) . reisen in verschieden provinzen den königreischs neapel . zurich and leipzig , ziegler vol . i : pp . 442 + 10 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
zamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des côtes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammbô . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophagus communis megerle von mühlfeld , 1811 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 - 414 [ details ]
the shell of l . bisculata , a burrowing mussel , is elongated cylindrical and inflated with umbones near the anterior end . it is thin - walled , whitish with a yellow - brown periostracum and calcareous incrustation that projects bluntly beyond the posterior margin . it is smooth with a radial groove dividing the valve into two sections . the ventral half has periostracal pits that are more prominent in juveniles . the interior is yellow - brown with a purplish tint and a smooth margin ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
living specimens are found burrowed in soft rock or dead coral ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) . l . bisculata is a common burrower that excavates chemically secreting a mucoprotein - chelating agent from glands in the middle fold of the mantle margin to soften the calcareous substratum . the softened substratum is then scraped away with the valves ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . l . bisculata glands also produce secretions that prevent corals from depositing calcium carbonate into the hole that has been burrowed and inhibit the firing of coral nematocysts .
the mahogany date mussel is not common in the indian river lagoon . when they are encountered they are almost always living on live crassostrea virginica ( boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the mahogany date mussel is not reported to occur in high densities in florida and jamaica ( scott 1988b , boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the embryology of the mahogany date mussel has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory . within 3 hours of fertilization the embryo develops into the gastrula . the trochophore appears in 5 hours followed by the veliger in 12 hours . pediveligers ( competent larvae ) , possessing a foot and eyespots , develop within 8 - 21 days ( scott 1988a and b ) . laboratory observations suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed if a suitable settlement site is not encountered . pediveligers use their foot to explore potential settlement site . the competent larvae are immune to the nematocysts of their coral hosts siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) . pediveligers enter the coral polyps with other plankton but appear to be immune to the digestive enzymes . metamorphosis occurs once the pediveliger is in the host ( scott 1988a ) .
american museum of natural history , bivalves - research , training , and electronic dissemination of data .
boudreax ml , stiner jl , and lj walters . 2006 . biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in mosquito lagoon , florida . journal of shellfish research 25 : 1079 - 1089 .
mikkelsen pm and r bieler . 2008 . seashells of southern florida . princeton university press , princeton , nj . pg . 90 - 91 .
ruppert ee and rd barnes . 1994 . invertebrate biology . sixth edition . saunders college publishing , fort worth , tx pg . 451
report by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : october 1 , 2008
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
you could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .
most users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .
to purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : a . a . olsson . 1914 . new and interesting neocene fossils from the atlantic coastal plain . bulletins of american paleontology 5 ( 24 ) : 1 - 34
velásquez m . , valentich - scott p . & capelo j . c . ( 2017 ) . marine boring bivalve mollusks from isla margarita , venezuela . the festivus . 49 ( 3 ) : 247 - 269 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus antillarum d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of modiola corrugata philippi , 1846 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 [ details ]
( of modiola ferruginea philippi , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]


afrixalus ( commonly known as the banana frogs , spiny reed frog , cat 's eye reed frogs , or leaf-folding frogs , or ) is a genus of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

they occur in the subsaharan africa .

they lay their eggs in vegetation above water , often folding leaves around the eggs for protection — hence the common name " leaf-folding frogs " .

afrixalus

poynton and broadley ( 1987 ) referred to true afrixalus brachycnemis as
afrixalus sp .
. the species that they treated as afrixalus brachycnemis is now treated as afrixalus delicatus ( m . pickersgill pers . comm . ) . this species is a member of the afrixalus stuhlmanni group ( pickersgill 2005 ) .
we follow perret ( 1976 ) , rödel ( 2000 ) and pickersgill ( in prep . ) in separating afrixalus fulvovittatus from the so - called afrixalus vittatus complex of schiøtz ( 1999 ) , which includes afrixalus quadrivittatus , a . upembae and a . vittiger .
afrixalus unicolor — pickersgill , 1996 , herptile , 21 : 81 ; pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469 .
afrixalus fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus unicolor — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus fornasinii — schiøtz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 12 . rejected by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 .
afrixalus spinifrons is an endemic species complex comprising afrixalus knysnae and two subspecies , afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons confined to the central kwazulu - natal coast and a . s . intermedius from the kwazulu - natal midlands ( sensu pickersgill 1996 ) . subpopulations from the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal previously assigned to afrixalus knysnae were re - assigned to a . spinifrons ( pickersgill 1996 ) . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular and morphological descriptions , eastern cape populations should be referred to a . s . intermedius instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought . tarrant ( 2012 ) also suggested that the umkomaas river is a possible boundary to a . s . spinifrons . the two subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of morphology , genetics and calls .
conservation actions although there are many threats to individual sites , the species as a whole is not considered to require conservation effort at this time . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius occurs in the khahlamba - drakensberg national park , silaka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) and hluleka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) . afrixalus s . spinifrons occurs in a number of coastal protected areas .
afrixalus fornasinii unicolor — laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
it is common wherever it is the only dwarf afrixalus species present . where it is sympatric with arixalus delicatus , this species always appears to be the more rare of the two , and its populations are much smaller , with numbers of calling males at several sites estimated to be less 50 individuals .
afrixalus fornasinii fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication ; laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 ; loveridge , 1953 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 110 : 345 .
this species occurs in the hilly areas of the west african forest zone in côte d’ivoire , guinea , liberia and sierra leone . it has also recently been recorded from ghana in the ankasa conservation area ( aca ) a twin wildlife protected area comprised of nini - suhien national park to the north and the ankasa forest reserve to the south . the distributional limits of this species , especially in relation to afrixalus vittiger , remain largely unknown , and the map should be regarded as provisional .
many of the historical sites of this once common species have disappeared under development ( pickersgill et al . 2004 , pickersgill 2007 ) . certain subpopulations , especially in coastal kwazulu - natal , are affected by loss of wetlands . this habitat loss is a result of urban and recreational development and direct drainage of wetlands for afforestation , especially eucalyptus plantations and agricultural activities , including sugarcane ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . other threats include pesticides and overgrazing or trampling by livestock . coastal populations may be at higher risk than those inland due to heavier development pressure along the kzn coastline . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius has been highlighted as having particular conservation significance for kwazulu - natal since it is endemic to the province ( armstrong 2001 ) .
this species is difficult to detect , but it is known to be doing well at some sites where it appears to be abundant . the southern eastern cape subpopulation is scarce and very difficult to detect ( venter and conradie 2015 , j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) and this might be due to the fact that these subpopulations are on the edge of the species’ distribution . subpopulations in silaka nature reserve , near port st . johns in the eastern cape , occur in abundance ( venter and conradie 2015 ) , as do populations of afrixalus spinifrons intermedius in the kwazulu - natal midlands ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . coastal populations of a . s . spinifrons are less abundant ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) .
this species , which is endemic to south africa , occurs as two subspecies : afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons and a . s . intermedius . the nominate subspecies occurs at low to intermediate altitudes ( below 700 m asl ) in kwazulu - natal ; the latter occurs at altitudes up to 1 , 500 m asl in western kwazulu - natal , between the midlands and foothills of the drakensberg , and in the eastern cape province . according to pickersgill ( 2007 ) , a . s . spinifrons and a . s . intermedius appear to intergrade on the escarpment at about 700 m asl . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular , acoustic and morphological analyses , the eastern cape subpopulations of this species should be referred to a . s . intermedius , instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought .
see short accounts in poynton , 1964 , ann . natal mus . , 17 : 183 , poynton and broadley , 1987 , ann . natal mus . , 28 : 192–193 , and lambiris , 1988 , lammergeyer , 39 : 133–134 , as well as a longer one by schiøtz , 1975 , treefrogs e . afr . : 81–84 . see schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 for discussion ( and rejection ) of afrixalus unicolor . see also accounts by channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137–139 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134–135 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127–128 , pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 464–469 , and du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230–231 . loader , poynton , and mariaux , 2004 , afr . zool . , 39 : 71–76 , provided a record for mahenge mountain in tanzania and detailed the range . pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469–472 , provided an account for afrixalus unicolor ( boettger , 1913 ) by did not address the rejection of this taxon by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67–69 , who provided a brief account and map . mercurio , 2011 , amph . malawi : 148–152 , provided an account for malawi . see comments regarding a specimen from malundwe mountain , tanzania , by lawson and collett , 2011 , fieldiana , life earth sci . , 4 : 76 . channing , rödel , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 187–188 , reported on comparative tadpole morphology . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 160–161 , provided a brief account and photograph . ohler and frétey , 2014 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . , 103 : 84–85 , provided a brief discussion of a colleciton from northern mozambique .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
it occurs widely in degraded former forest ( farm bush ) in the forest zone . it is not found in primary or even secondary forest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds where they develop .
there are no obvious threats , though local populations might be impacted by very severe habitat clearance .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
channing , a . , rebelo , a . , turner , a . a . , de villiers , a . , becker , f . , harvey , j . , tarrant , j . , measey , j . , tolley , k . , minter , l . , du preez , l . , burger , m . , cunningham , m . , baptista , n . , hopkins , r . , davies , s . , conradie , w . & chapeta , y .
justification : listed as least concern due to its overall wide distribution and presumed large population . however , certain sites where this species occurs , particularly coastal kwazulu - natal , are experiencing ongoing habitat transformation which may seriously impact on long - term population viability . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) may therefore be prone to continuing decline and the species should therefore be carefully monitored . furthermore , should the two subspecies be spilt in the future , this would have implications for conservation status . since the taxa contained within this complex have different geographical ranges , and possibly differing ecological requirements , protection plans should be precisely defined in order to increase their impact on target populations .
research needed additional molecular work is required to to clarify taxonomic boundaries . because the ecological divergence and differences in geographical distribution between species of this complex could influence the relative conservation efforts , a clear description of their taxonomic status is necessary by way of various independent criteria . monitoring of breeding sites is recommended .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group & south african frog re - assessment group ( sa - frog ) . 2016 .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .
this species ranges from extreme southeastern guinea through liberia , côte d’ivoire and western ghana , with a disjunct population in southwestern nigeria . records on the guinean side of mount nimba were made in 2006 ( a . hillers unpubl . data ) . in 2010 , it was found in the yaya classified forest ( alépé region , southeast côte d ' ivoire ) ( n . g . kouamé pers . comm . may 2012 ) , and in atewa in ghana in 2006 ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . it has recently been confirmed in tanoé - ehy swamp forests ( kpan et al . 2014 ) and yakassé - mé village forest , southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( kouamé et al . 2014 ) . in côte d ' ivoire it is found in lowland areas ( 500–1 , 000 m asl ) , but it is likely to occur much lower in other parts of its range down to sea level . as such , the northern boundary of the range map follows the wwf ecozones for western and eastern guinean forests , and nigerian lowland forest .
this species is rare in southeastern côte d ' ivoire and in atewa ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
it is found mostly in primary rainforest , although it has been recorded in farm bush adjacent to forest ( degraded forest and farmland ) ( hillers and rödel 2007 ) and regenerating secondary forest along an old logging road ( n . l . gonwouo pers . comm . may 2012 ) . it is often found with
using more open , exposed sites , and this species calling from dense vegetation . during breeding , the eggs are laid on leaves overhanging temporary ponds , into which the larvae fall and develop .
forest habitat throughout the region is decreasing as a result of agricultural encroachment ( coffee and cacao plantations in liberia , côte d ' ivoire and ghana ) , expanding human settlements , and logging .
individuals from nigeria tested positive for bd ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) suggesting that chytridiomycosis could be a threat to this species , although no mortalities or ill effects have yet been observed .
conservation actions this species occurs in several protected areas including the mount nimba world heritage site in guinea , yaya classified forest in southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . may 2012 ) , atewa range forest reserve in ghana ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) and okomu national park in nigeria ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) . research needed research is needed for the life history of this species .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
this species apparently occurs in three major isolated populations : from eastern sierra leone east to western togo ; from western nigeria to western democratic republic of congo ; and in western angola . although the presence of the species is uncertain in togo , it is included in the species distribution on the map . however , it is possible that the angolan population is in fact contiguous with the one to the north . records from uganda and western kenya refer to
, and records from the central african republic presumably refer to another species . the record in rödel ( 2000 ) refers to another species .
it is a common species , and is probably increasing , as forest is lost .
it lives in grassy vegetation , cultivated land , bush land and degraded forest in the forest belt and in forest outliers and gallery forests in moist savanna . it is very adaptable , but needs some form of cover . it is not found in primary rainforest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above still water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds , puddles , ditches , ruts and herbaceous marshes where they develop .
it presumably occurs in many protected areas . it has been reported for kyabobo national park ( leaché
frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population .
this species ranges from western angola , up to gabon where it has been recorded in the invindo national park , east through the democratic republic of congo , to uganda and western kenya . it is likely that is occurs throughout the congo basin ( m . dehling pers . comm . november 2015 ) .
it lives in degraded secondary forest and heavily degraded former forest , including farm bush , in the central african rainforest belt . it breeds in small temporary and permanent water bodies with overhanging vegetation , including artificial waterbodies , e . g . in old drums ( m . dehling pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it is a very adaptable species that is unlikely to be facing any significant threats .
conservation actions it occurs in several protected areas , but no conservation actions are currently in place for this species . research needed further work is required to clarify its taxonomy .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species occurs above 400m asl in northern mozambique , malawi , and eastern zambia , north to southwestern tanzania in the rungwa area north of lake rukwa . there are very few records from the northern part of its range , presumably due to lack of survey work , and its distributional limits are still poorly known .
it is a species of grassy pools and marshes in moist grassland and savannah . it can survive in anthropogenic habitats . it breeds in ephemeral ponds and with dense peripheral vegetation .
, which appears to be an aggressive competitor . some populations might be impacted by agricultural spread . chemical spraying to control mosquitoes might impact some populations .
species boundaries in this complex are uncertain and taxonomic studies using calls , morphology and genetics are necessary .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence being 816 km 2 , the area of occupancy being 27 km 2 , with all individuals in five locations , and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat , area of occupancy , and number of mature individuals .
this species is known from around five locations at low altitudes , on either side of the border between the eastern cape and western cape provinces in south africa . this species was rediscovered at covie in 2011 , where it was previously not found for four years and thought to be extinct from that location ( w . conradie pers . comm . august 2016 ) . it occurs up to 300 m asl , its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 816 km 2 , and its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 27 km 2 .
the spatial distribution of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented as no one site holds > 50 % of individuals and the distances between subpopulations are considered to be too great for dispersal within one generation . there are four known subpopulations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . only the groenvlei subpopulation is a fairly large site , whereas the other sites are tiny waterbodies ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . at groenvlei , the frogs are concentrated in a few reed beds along the periphery ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . the saasveld and groenvlei subpopulations are relatively stable , but the other sites are being degraded and the species is suspected to be decreasing at these locations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . visits to six historic sites indicated that five of these no longer exist or are not suitable . specifically , the crags sites have been degraded to the extent that most of them no longer contain suitable habitat ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . ongoing studies will attempt to determine the viability and dispersal potential between sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it lives in a coastal mosaic of vegetation types , including mountain fynbos heathland and forest . it breeds in small dams and shallow semi - permanent water with much emergent vegetation , and even in well vegetated ornamental garden ponds . it is suspected that this species requires high water quality for breeding . species in this genus deposit between 20 and 50 eggs on vegetation above water , folded in a grass leaf . tadpoles emerge , drop into the water and remain there until metamorphosis .
although some known sites are pristine , others are threatened by habitat loss due to urban and recreational development , afforestation , invasive vegetation , agricultural expansion , chemical pollution , and livestock . these threats are likely to negatively affect breeding sites . habitat loss is the primary threat . the sites at saasveld groenvlei do not seem to have been impacted too severely , but the other sites are being degraded ; the crags sites have been seriously degraded to the extent that most of the historic sites no longer are suitable ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . livestock is a huge problem in the covie and especially the crags sites as these sites are used by cattle as drinking holes : this is an intensive milk producing area and the cattle destroy the vegetation these frogs need to breed ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . pollution in the form of urine and faeces from cattle , together with trampling , adds to habitat loss ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . drought may cause additional stressors for this species .
conservation actions it occurs in tsitsikamma national park , goukamma nature reserve , and diepwalle forestry area . an assessment of the health of all known sites is ongoing ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) . once this has been achieved , monitoring at known breeding sites should be instigated . conservation needed this species ranks amongst the highest in the need for conservation orientated research within south african threatened frogs ( measey 2 011 ) . in the light that many of the sites are so small , there is a need to take action to preserve these sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . control of invasive vegetation is imperative for this species ' survival . research needed the taxonomy of the species complex is in need of comprehensive review ( channing et al . 2011 ) . important questions are still unanswered concerning the call and tadpoles of this species , as well as its breeding phenology . there is a definite need to identify management areas and direct threats ; in particular , the effects of changes in water quality at sites with this species need to be documented . there is also a need to study the feasibility of restoring historical sites .
( males 25–28 mm , females 26–29 mm ) from bushland localities in west africa and the coastal regions of cameroun to coastal angola . dorsum dark with a pattern in silverish white , normally consisting of a triangle on top of the snout continuing into a broad dorsolateral stripe to the groin . a light spot in the lumbar region , sometimes confluent with the dorsolateral stripes , and two light spots on tibia , or tibia uniformly light . although normally constant in pattern , individuals in some populations can vary considerably , e . g . having a light middorsal stripe or even a uniform light dorsum .
( peters 1877 ) with a light upper side of tibia . rio muni to coastal angola . it is disputed whether the name
is widely distributed and common in bushland localities in the west african forest belt and in forest outliers in the humid savanna . the farthest west i have found it is in eastern sierra leone , while apparently suitable localities further west had populations of
instead . towards the east it is recorded commonly from coastal cameroun to coastal angola .
the voice consists of an initial sound followed by a number of figures , about 12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum at 3800–4100 cps .
the eggs are white , surrounded by clear jelly . they are deposited in small clumps on leaves which are then folded and glued together . the tadpoles are streamlined with a terminal mouth and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
( males 23–27 mm svl , females 25–28 mm ) from savanna and bushland . dorsum dark brown with three regular light longitudinal stripes of equal width , confluent on the head .
is a characteristic and abundant element of the savanna and open forest in the northern half of africa . perret has studied this form extensively and has noted small differences between the populations , differences which in cameroun are consistent so that two types are allopatrically distributed in savanna and bushland respectively . the differences are :
type a : slender , light stripes without fine dark midline , two dark dorsal lines without an expansion at eye level . small dorsal asperities in males . strictly savanna - living .
type b : stout , fine dark line or median punctuation in light lines , dark dorsal lines expanded on the upper eyelid ; no dorsal asperities in males . savanna and bushland , or bushland alone .
outside cameroun the picture becomes complicated . throughout west africa type a seems to be the only form which occurs except in sierra leone and liberia , where some samples taken in bushland show type b characters . further east , in the savanna of northern r . d . congo , south - western ethiopia and uganda the characters do not seem to vary consistently , and both type a and b can be found or , in uganda , populations with a mixture of characters ( such as expansion of dark lines at eye level but no fine dark midline ; male with asperities ) . laurent has analysed the populations from r . d . congo and found small morphological differences between bushland and savanna forms here , but cannot correlate these differences with those from populations in cameroun . in some literature ( schiøtz 1974 , 1975 ) it has been advocated that there are two species ,
( type a ) from northern cameroun westwards , and another , largely type b , from central cameroun east - and southwards . in other literature ( frost 1985 , rödel 1996 ) that there are two species ,
( type b ) both distributed from sierra leone eastwards to ethiopia , and that they are partly sympatric but that the latter has a disjunct distribution and is split up into several subspecies and distributed further to the south .
also the names applied show a certain level of confusion . perret ( 1976 ) , frost ( 1985 ) and rödel ( 1996 ) used the name
for type b , both with liberia as the type locality , but perret ( in . litt . ) has pointed out that his use of the name
for type a is probably incorrect . this use cannot be justified from the description , and it is unlikely that such a strict savanna species can be found in liberia , the type locality for
, and the widespread and abundant striped savanna form ( type a ) may be unnamed . schiøtz ( 1975 ) referred type b in uganda to
( type loc . sangmelina , cameroun ) has been regarded as the subspecies or species ( type b ) which occurs in the southern , forested cameroun . a name frequently used for the more eastern and southern type b specimens is
with a thin light midline and broad , irregular dorsolateral lines , as seen from peters’ illustration . unfortunately his type has disappeared .
strictly a savanna dweller in most of west africa , and seems more abundant in dry savanna than in the humid , southern savanna . in western sierra leone apparently occurring in bushland , possibly because a second species is involved . the name
should probably be restricted to the form occurring in dry , open forest in sierra leone and western liberia . the
complex is distributed from cameroun to south - western ethiopia and south through much of r . d . congo to western kenya and western tanzania .
it is not known whether there are consistent differences between the voices of the different forms or species . a voice from tamale , ghana ( type a ) has two motifs . the first , the initial sound , consists of a number of segments with rising frequency and repetition rate . the main motif is a series of figures , about 15–18 per second with an indistinct frequency - intensity maximum at about 3800–4000 cps . a second voice from the eastern form , from toro g . r . , uganda has an initial sound of varying length followed by a series of clicks , about 11–12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum of about 3000–3500 cps . a voice recorded from gambela , ethiopia ( largen ) has only 6–7 clicks per second , but is otherwise identical to the voice from uganda . in cameroun where both forms occur ( although not sympatrically ) , amiet has noted a conspicuous difference in their voices .
with respect to development , the tadpoles from west africa ( type a ) have the usual shark - like appearance , a size up to 21 mm ( 6 + 15 ) and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
species description : gilles s , grell o , sinsin b , rodel m - o , 2006 . the amphibian fauna of pendjari national park and surrounding , northern benin . salamandra 42 : 93 - 108 . ; asw
distributed throughout western africa , probably extending as far as western ethiopia . there is uncertainty about both the species delimitation and the name . see further discussion under the account for
species description : koehler , scheelke , schick , veith , and loetters , 2005 , afr . zool . , 40 : 132
from open vegetation in the forest belt and humid savanna in central africa . the name
this species is found in central africa . it inhabits open vegetation , in humid savanna and the forest belt . since both the taxonomy and nomenclature are unsettled , it is difficult to give an exact distribution with confidence .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
will find all uses of
hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
will find all uses of
. . . hyla
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla
will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor
interprets this as
lithobates or pipiens
so will find the union of all records that contain either
lithobates
or
pipiens
: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens
interprets this as
lithobates and pipiens
so will return all records that have the character string
lithobates pipiens
anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .
euchnemis fornasini bianconi , 1849
1848
, nuovi ann . sci . nat . , bologna , ser . 2 , 10 : 107 . syntypes : mzub 100174 , 100174a , and 100064 , according to bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 364 ; type locality :
mozambico
; restricted to
inhambane , mozambico
, by bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 362 . ( only a single i in original orthography—drf . )
hyperolius bivittatus peters , 1854 , ber . bekannt . verhandl . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1854 : 627 . syntypes : zmb 4529 ( 7 specimens ) , according to bauer , günther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 44 . type locality :
terra boror
, mozambique ; rendered as
tette
and
mozambique
by ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 . synonymy by günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 ; peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
hyperolius fornasinii — günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
rappia fornasinii — günther , 1869
1868
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1868 : 479 .
megalixalus fornasinii — peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
megalixalus fornasinii var . unicolor boettger , 1913 , in voeltzkow ( ed . ) , reise ost - afr . , 3 ( 4 ) : 349 . syntypes : smf , mcz 15429 ( on exchange from smf , according to barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 153 ) ; smf 7274 designated lectotype by mertens , 1967 , senckenb . biol . , 48 ( a ) : 48 . type locality : pemba island , tanzania .
megalixalus fornasinii — nieden , 1915 , mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 7 : 372 . loveridge , 1942 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 91 : 395 .
megalixalus loveridgii procter , 1920 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1920 : 418 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 83 , according to museum records . type locality :
morogoro
, kenya . synonymy by parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 .
megalixalus unicolor — ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 ; ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 443 .
megalixalus fornasinii loveridgei — parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 . suggested as a likely arrangement . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
fornasini ' s frog ( hewitt , 1937 , guide vert . fauna e . cape province , rept . amph . fishes : 113 ) .
spiny reed frog ( wager , 1965 , frogs s . afr . : 192 ) .
greater leaf - folding frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127 ; du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230 ) .
brown and white spiny reed frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
brown - striped spiny reed frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 70 ) .
fornasini ' s banana frog ( broadley , 1973 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 10 : 23 ; passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( lambiris , 1990
1989
, monogr . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 10 : 159 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 ) .
zaire banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 65 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137 ) .
mozambique banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
silver - banded banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
savannas of coastal southern kenya southward through eastern and southern tanzania , malawi , mozambique , and extreme eastern zimbabwe to extreme southern coastal kwazulu - natal , rep . south africa .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .


lipocosma nigripictalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found from southern mexico south to brazil .

the basal fascia of the forewings is white , while the remaining area is pale brownish-orange .

the lines are pale brown and there is a small spot in the tornal area .

the hindwings are light brown with a small spot near the wing margin .

lipocosma nigripictalis

this is the place for nigripictalis definition . you find here nigripictalis meaning , synonyms of nigripictalis and images for nigripictalis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigripictalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigripictalis and , of course , nigripictalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigripictalis .
lipocosma parcipunctalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 258 ; tl : corozal
liposcosma nigripictalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 612 ; tl : espiritu santo
this system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
walker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more


the red-banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .

it is endemic to papua new guinea .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

red - banded flowerpecker

red - banded flowerpecker - the red - banded flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - capped flowerpecker - the red - capped flowerpecker is a small passerine bird endemic to , and widespread within , new guinea and adjacent islands . red - chested flowerpecker - the red - chested flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - striped flowerpecker - the red - striped flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . more
red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .
the red - banded flowerpecker is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum eximium . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as common in canopy in central new britain . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
p . l . sclater , 1877 – new hanover and new ireland ( including selapiu and lihir group ) , in n bismarck archipelago .
salvadori , 1880 – new britain ( including islands of lolobau and watom ) , in s bismarck archipelago .
8–9·5 cm ; 7–9·5 g . male nominate race has brownish crown and side of head , contrasting olive - brown and bronze - green upperparts , rump scarlet , tail . . .
forest , including degraded forest and forest edge , but rarely coastal or montane forest ; also tall . . .
insects recorded as taken . few other data , but recorded as foraging for fruits and around flowers in canopy .
birds with enlarged ovaries in jul and aug ; thought to be possibly double - brooded . nest with overhanging roof , but no porch , usually below . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in new britain and new ireland eba . poorly known . although large areas of lowland forest have been or are being . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
note : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under “french . ”
in english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .
dicée des bismark : nom français uniformisé par la commission internationale des noms français des oiseaux .
en français , les noms des espèces d ' oiseaux acquièrent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs génériques de même que tous les qualificatifs spécifiques qui précèdent le substantif générique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : pétrel minime , petit butor .
access a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .
a collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken


liphyra grandis is a butterfly found in papua new guinea .

this species has a body length of 28 mm with a diameter of 7 mm .

the length of the forewings is 45 mm .

the body is dark brown , underside of same is brownish grey .

the antennae have a length of 16 mm .

the main coloration of the forewings is dark brown with a large reddish-yellow transversal line .

liphyra grandis

have a fact about liphyra grandis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for liphyra grandis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
the names in this tab present an overview of the relationships of this group to other groups in the tree of life , based on the classification hierarchies provided by eol classification partners .
parents
are more inclusive groups one level higher up in the hierarchy .
children
are the subgroups of the current group . in the classification tab , you can use the
display all classifications
link to see a complete list of all the hierarchies provided by our partners . these may include additional related names that are not featured here .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .