the ornate skink , cyclodina ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand .

this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf and north of the coromandel peninsula .

habitat destruction and predation by introduced species has now reduced their range to scattered localities throughout the north island as far south as wellington , as well as on the three kings islands , great barrier island , and a few other offshore islands .

ornate skinks co-exist widely with copper skinks , and at selected localities with robust skinks , mokohinau skinks , mcgregor 's skinks , poor knights skinks and on great barrier and little barrier islands , marbled skinks .

ornate skinks are not currently known to co-exist with whitaker 's skinks .

ornate skinks can be identified by the white or yellowish " teardrop " edged with black , below each eye .

ornate skink

taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand .
ornate skinks occur in and around forestry blocks of northland , waikato and wellington .
taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand . - pubmed - ncbi
the ornate skink , oligosoma ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand . this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf . this ornate skink in living in the bottom of my fire wood shed as it has for many years only seen of sunny days
a robust medium - sized skink with a tear drop below the eye . very secretive and does not enjoy dry habitats .
towns dr ( 1999 ) cyclodina spp . skink recovery plan , 1999–2004 , threatened species recovery plan 27 . department of conservation , wellington , 75p
aorangi skink ; morphology ; new zealand ; north island ; oligosoma roimata sp . nov . ; poor knights island ; taxonomy , oligosoma ornatum ; oligosoma aeneum
dumont ct ( 2015 ) an investigation into declining skink populations and their behavioural responses to introduced mammalian predators . masters of science thesis , university of canterbury , christchurch , 154p
fawcett , j . d . ( 1970 ) reproduction in the new zealand skink , sphenomorphus pseudornatus . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science , 7 , 43 .
chapple dg , daugherty ch , ritchie pa ( 2009 ) origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . mol phylogenet evol 52 : 470–487
towns dr , neilson ka , whitaker ah ( 2002 ) north island oligosoma spp . skink recovery plan , 2002–2012 , threatened species recovery plan 48 . department of conservation , wellington , 62p
although the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .
although the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .
o’donnell cfj , hoare jm ( 2012 ) monitoring trends in skink sightings from artificial retreats : influences of retreat design , placement period , and predator abundance . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 1 ) : 58–66
barwick , r . e . ( 1959 ) the life history of the common new zealand skink leiolopisma zelandica ( gray , 1843 ) . transactions of the royal society of new zealand , 86 , 331–380 .
hoare jm , adams lk , bull ls , towns dr ( 2007a ) attempting to manage complex predator - prey interactions fails to avert imminent extinction of a threatened new zealand skink population . j wildl manage 71 : 1576–1584
lettink m , norbury g , cree a , seddon pj , duncan rp , schwarz cj ( 2010 ) removal of introduced predators , but not artificial refuge supplementation , increases skink survival in coastal duneland . biol conserv 143 : 72–77
bell , t . p . & patterson , g . b . ( 2008 ) a rare alpine skink oligosoma pikitanga n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from llawrenny peaks , fiordland , new zealand . zootaxa , 1882 , 57–68 .
chapple , d . g . , ritchie , p . a . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2009 ) origin , diversification and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 52 , 470–487 .
patterson , g . b . & bell , t . p . ( 2009 ) the barrier skink oligosoma judgei n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from the darran and takitimu mountains , south island , new zealand . zootaxa , 2271 , 43–56 .
chapple , d . g . & patterson , g . b . ( 2007 ) a new skink species ( oligosoma taumakae sp . nov . ; reptilia : scincidae ) from the open bay islands , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 347–357 .
chapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , bell , t . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2008b ) taxonomic revision of the new zealand copper skink ( cyclodina aenea ; squamata : scincidae ) species complex , with description of two new species . journal of herpetology , 42 , 437–452 .
chapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , gleeson , d . m . , daugherty , c . h . & ritchie , p . a . ( 2008a ) taxonomic revision of the marbled skink ( cyclodina oliveri , reptilia : scincidae ) species complex , with a description of a new species . new zealand journal of zoology , 35 , 129–146 .
chapple , d . g . , bell , t . b . , chapple , s . n . j . , miller , k . a . , daugherty , c . h . & patterson , g . b . ( 2011 ) phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the new zealand cryptic skink ( oligosoma inconspicuum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex . zootaxa , 2782 , 1–33 .
mainland sanctuaries , where introduced mammalian predators are controlled or excluded , have the potential to improve the conservation status of new zealand lizards . this is due to the reliance of a large number of species on habitats unavailable on offshore islands . however , despite considerable predator control efforts , lizard populations are still in decline , even in some mainland sanctuaries . the main cause of this failure appears to be that predator control is hard to sustain and largely targeted at protecting bird populations , which require lower levels of predator suppression than lizard populations . even fenced , mainland , predator - exclusion sites are prone to reinvasions , particularly of mice , which are difficult to exclude at the outset . episodic irruptions of mice within fenced sanctuaries , and other mammalian predator species in unfenced sanctuaries , can quickly decrease lizard numbers . small lizard populations are particularly vulnerable . we discuss two case studies to illustrate population dynamics and limitations to understanding mechanisms underlying patterns of population declines in new zealand skinks : ornate skinks ( oligosoma ornatum ) in a fenced mainland site and speckled skinks ( o . infrapunctatum ) in an unfenced mainland site . we also speculate about the effects on lizards of native and non - native birds and introduced social insects , including wasps and ants . understanding biological interactions and obtaining more species - and situation - specific data for lizards will provide information on limits to recovery , detection time frames after management actions , risks and benefits of habitat enhancements and density targets for introduced species where total eradication is impractical .
4k it ' s blue ! playing cat & mouse with a pretty lizard . nature , fishing , herping , travel .
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149 mairangi road , wilton , wellington , new zealand ; email : geoffjoss @ clear . net . nz .
department of conservation , terrestrial conservation unit , po box 10 - 420 , wellington 6143 , new zealand ; email : unknown .
school of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand ; email : unknown .
new zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .
( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .
geckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .
geckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .
geckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .
geckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .
is the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .
oligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .
lizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .
predation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .
maintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .
raise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .
take photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .
survey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .
electronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .
department of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .
gill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .
department of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .
you can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .
david g chapple school of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand
bioweb herpetofauna database ( 2011 ) electronic atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of new zealand . available from urltoken atlas - of - the - amphibians - and - reptiles - of - nz / electronic - atlas / ( accessed 1 july 2011 )
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thanks to the friends of rotoiti volunteers , diana mcmahon , eric dumont , sirin gnadeberg and richard meutstege ; ingrid mcconchie for site access and genevieve taylor , kimberly parlane , tamsin bruce , sally leggett , petrina carter , grant harper , elena moltchanova , laura azzani , matt hanson , the department of conservation and friends of rotoiti for project support . our work was conducted under the following permits : department of conservation ( nm–29621–fau , we / 31544 - fau , we112 / res , we / 297 / res , we / 340 / res , we / 33952 / cap ) , university of canterbury animal ethics ( 2010 / 28r ) and victoria university of wellington ( 2003r16 - 06 , 2005r11 - 08 , 2008r14 , 2012r11 ) . the todd foundation award for excellence , federation of graduate women trust award , university of canterbury alumni association scholarship , the bayer boost scholarship and the university of canterbury part funded this research . we thank david towns for reviewing an earlier version of this chapter .
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“southern forest” in the catlins , southland . n z j zool 40 ( 2 ) : 129–136
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lester pj , beggs jr , brown rl , edwards ed , groenteman r , toft rj , twidle am , ward df ( 2013 ) the outlook for control of new zealand’s most abundant , widespread and damaging invertebrate pests : social wasps . n z sci rev 70 ( 4 ) : 56–62
) to the new zealand mainland . master of science thesis , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 82p
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nelson nj , hitchmough r , monks jm ( 2015 ) new zealand reptiles and their conservation . in : stow a , maclean n , holwell gi ( eds ) austral ark : the state of wildlife in australia and new zealand . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 382–404
norbury g , byrom a , pech r , smith j , clarke d , anderson d , forrester g ( 2013 ) invasive mammals and habitat modification interact to generate unforeseen outcomes for indigenous fauna . ecol appl 23 : 1707–1721
norbury g , van den munckhof m , neitzel s , hutcheon a , reardon j , ludwig k ( 2014 ) impacts of invasive house mice on post - release survival of translocated lizards . n z j ecol 38 : 322–327
norbury gl , pech rp , byrom ae , innes j ( 2015 ) density - impact functions for terrestrial vertebrate pests and indigenous biota : guidelines for conservation managers . biol conserv 191 : 409–420
) despite a closed social structure and regular population crashes . conserv genet 17 ( 1 ) : 91–102
; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand . zootaxa 3736 ( 1 ) : 54–68
phillpot p ( 2000 ) the skinks of north brother island : abundance , habitat use and species interactions . master of science thesis , victoria university of wellington , 138p
skinks ( reptilia : lacertilia ) in auckland , new zealand . n z j zool 14 : 493–507
reardon jt , whitmore n , holmes km , judd lm , hutcheon ad , norbury g , mackenzie di ( 2012 ) predator control allows critically endangered lizards to recover on mainland new zealand . n z j ecol 36 : 141
saunders a ( 2000 ) a review of department of conservation mainland restoration projects and recommendations for further action . department of conservation , wellington , 219p
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) , a rare new zealand lizard ( lacertilia : scincidae ) . n z j zool 21 : 457–471
towns dr ( 2002 ) interactions between geckos , honeydew scale insects and host plants revealed on islands in northern new zealand , following eradication of introduced rats and rabbits . in : veitch cr , clout mn ( eds ) turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species . iucn , gland , pp 329–335
towns dr , broome kg ( 2003 ) from small maria to massive campbell : forty years of rat eradications from new zealand islands . n z j zool 30 : 377–398
towns dr , daugherty ch ( 1994 ) patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the new zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation . n z j zool 21 ( 4 ) : 325–339
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towns dr , borrelle sb , thoresen j , buxton rt , evans a ( 2016b ) mercury islands and their role in understanding seabird island restoration . n z j ecol 40 ( 2 ) : 235–249
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) and potential implications for threatened species translocations . n z j zool 39 ( 3 ) : 201–208
) on stephens island , cook strait . n z j ecol 4 : 89–97
watts ch , armstrong dp , innes j , thornburrow d ( 2011 ) dramatic increases in weta ( orthoptera ) following mammal eradication on maungatautari—evidence from pitfalls and tracking tunnels . n z j ecol 35 : 261–272
) control on skinks in auckland , new zealand . master of science thesis , massey university , auckland , 133p
whitaker t ( 2000 ) lizards of nelson and marlborough : a field key . nelson / marlborough conservancy , department of conservation , wellington , 20p
wilson dj , clarke da , mulvey rl , reardon jt ( 2017 ) assessing and comparing population densities and indices of skinks under three predator management regimes . n z j ecol 41 ( 1 )
wilson dj , mulvey rl , clark rd ( 2007 ) sampling skinks and geckos in artificial cover objects in a dry mixed grassland - shrubland with mammalian predator control . n z j ecol 31 : 169–185
in the north island , new zealand . n z j zool 14 : 219–229
worthy th ( 2016 ) a review of the fossil record of new zealand lizards . chap . 3 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham
nelson n . j . et al . ( 2016 ) lizard conservation in mainland sanctuaries . in : chapple d . ( eds ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1bcf210d - 49c7 - 4257 - ae3f - 364891b059b0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52f0706c - c2e3 - 4fdd - a4b9 - 13fe96cf7fc1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8df70ad0 - adec - 4d39 - 88ff - 1f4007e6f765
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94116ad2 - 0516 - 4c71 - b249 - a354a9419650
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9d168502 - 6da8 - 44cd - b07f - ee22ff8bb2c9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e217232 - c347 - 4ce5 - 96c4 - 254ec9b17608
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8e950f5a - 5f33 - 48c0 - 887c - cee7d161deb9
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the rough bollworm ( earias perhuegeli ) is a moth of the nolidae family .

it is found in the northern two-thirds of australia and several islands in the south pacific .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the larvae feed on gossypium australe , gossypium populifolium , abutilon otocarpum , abelmoschus ficulneus , hibiscus trionum , hibiscus panduriformis , alyogyne hakeifolia and adansonia gregorii , and are considered a pest of gossypium hirsutum .

earias perhuegeli

vouchers : mangaia : specimen + photo , 2007 / 2 , vaitate inland , g . mccormack with id from photo by j . dugdale as earias sp . and then by robert hoare as earias perhuegeli 2007 / 3 .
the caterpillars of this species feed on the young shoots , flowers , and seed pods of their foodplant . they are a pest on :
the adult moths are pale brown with arcs of dark spots across each forewing . the wingspan is about 2 cms . the species has been considered to be a variant of
melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 48 . 8 , pp . 59 , 65 , 458 .
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common names : rough bollworm global distribution : native australia - marquesas ; n . to kiribati ; s . to rapa cook islands status : native ; s . group ( mangaia , so far ) ; n . goup - absent ; land
cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
references : special reference : holloway , j . d . 1977 : the lepidoptera of norfolk island : their biogeography and ecology . series entomologica 13 , 291pp .
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
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balbaroo fangaroo is an extinct species of kangaroo .

it was discovered at the riversleigh world heritage area in northern australia and described as a new species in 2000 .

the species was described from fossilized remains of part of the skull .

the skull is approximately the size of that of a modern wallaby .

the curved upper canine teeth are more than twice as long as the adjacent incisors and form " fangs " which may have been visible on the living animal even when its mouth was closed .

this feature is reflected in the fossil 's nickname , " fangaroo " , which later became part of its official scientific name .

balbaroo fangaroo

skull of balbaroo fangaroo , a member of the fanged kangaroos that may have been in direct competition with cookeroo hortusensis .
the two species , cookeroo bulwidarri and the cookeroo hortusensis were very small animals that moved on all fours , and outlasted a competitor species the balbaroo fangaroo .
the fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .
belongs to balbaroo according to l . r . s . schwartz and d . megirian 2004
the newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time – but the rival species had fangs . the ancient kangaroos outlived this fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , because it was more able to adapt to the environment . bones of the balbaroo is pictutred
a new species of fanged kangaroo has been described from 15 - 13 million year old sites at the riversleigh world heritage area , but it seems to represent one of the last living members of the fanged kangaroo family , balbaridae . the study published in plos one , reviews all species in the genus balbaroo , which contains the famous fanged kangaroo , balbaroo fangaroo . the new species , named balbaroo nalima , has a partial skeleton associated with its skull , providing some information about the locomotion of the animal . it appears that fanged kangaroos were mostly walking on four legs , and probably galloped rather than hopped .
black kh , travouillon kj , den boer w , kear bp , cooke bn , et al . ( 2014 ) a new species of the basal ‘‘kangaroo’’ balbaroo and a re - evaluation of stem macropodiform interrelationships . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112705 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0112705
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full reference : b . n . cooke . 2000 . cranial remains of a new species of balbarine kangaroo ( marsupialia : macropodoidea ) fromthe oligo - miocene freshwater limestone deposits of riversleigh world heritage area , northern australia . journal of paleontology 74 ( 2 ) : 317 - 326
type specimen : qm f3699 , a partial skull ( right half of a cranium and an associated left dentary ) . its type locality is upper site , which is in a miocene terrestrial limestone in the system b formation of australia .
researchers have discovered two new species of extinct , tiny , non - hopping kangaroos that could help uncover the evolutionary story of modern kangaroos and wallabies .
the genus was discovered after an analysis of ancient fossil deposits at the riversleigh world heritage area in north - west queensland , and is thought to be between 15 and 23 million years old .
a team of researchers at the university of queensland , the university of new south wales , and the western australian museum published a paper last week officially describing the new genus .
university of queensland researcher and lead author of the publication kaylene butler said the discovery highlights evidence that the cookeroo are a direct ancestor of the kangaroos and wallabies that exist today .
what is really interesting about this new species , and the family they belong to , is that they represent the ancestors of our modern kangaroos and wallabies ,
ms butler said .
what ' s happened is at some point [ competitor ] kangaroos have gone extinct , while the descendants of cookeroo , and the other kangaroos that are closely related to it , have diversified and increased in numbers .
so what we ' re trying to understand is … how they were able to survive and increase in numbers at the same time that the fanged [ competitor ] kangaroos went extinct .
the new genus was named in honour of queensland museum researcher dr bernard cooke , who led research into the ancestry of ancient kangaroo fossils at riversleigh .
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the fanged kangaroo have no descendants today , and appear to go extinct sometimes in the middle to late miocene ( around 10 million years ago ) . they were a very diverse family , with many species , and ranged in size from 3 - 10kg .
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skull of cookeroo hortusensis , a new species of ancient kangaroo from the riversleigh world heritage area .
two newly described species of tiny kangaroos that lived between 18 million and 23 million years ago scurried rather than hopped , a new study finds . but although these pint - size kangas were short on bounce , they outperformed their fanged kangaroo relatives , which lived alongside them and eventually went extinct , researchers say .
in a recent study , researchers described a new kangaroo genus , cookeroo , and two new species : cookeroo bulwidarri , dated to about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived between 18 million and 20 million years ago .
both species were found at the riversleigh world heritage area in northwestern queensland , australia , a location recognized as one of the richest fossil deposits in the world , according to the united nations educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) world heritage center . [ see photos of kangaroos , wallabies & other cute marsupials ]
according to kaylene butler , the study ' s lead author , the new genus occupies a position near the base of the kangaroo family tree that includes all modern kangaroos and wallabies , their close relatives . butler , a paleontologist at the school of earth sciences at the university of queensland in australia , told live science in an email that the team figured out where to place cookeroo by comparing 119 different features representing 69 kangaroo species .
cookeroo is distinguished as a genus by the combination of a number of features on the skull and teeth
— points of comparison that were also used to distinguish between the two new species , butler said .
the newfound minikangaroos are
the size of very small wallabies ,
with bodies that probably measured about 17 to 20 inches ( 42 to 52 centimeters ) long , butler said . the landscape at the time was very different from the arid outback it is today , butler said . c . bulwidarri and c . hortusensis likely inhabited a dense forest , moving through it on all fours and sharing it with a diverse collection of animals : marsupial moles , feather - tailed possums , ancient koalas and crocodiles .
cookeroo also lived alongside other species of small kangaroos that were part of the ancestral group for kangas alive today , as well as a related group of fanged kangaroos , butler told live science . the fanged kangaroos were also plant eaters , and they probably competed with the ancestors of modern kangaroos over their habitat ' s vegetation .
however , the fanged kangaroos went extinct , while the ancestors of modern kangaroos continued to diversify and thrive ,
butler said .
the direct competition between the two groups may have contributed to the fanged kangaroos ' extinction , butler suggested in a statement , though it is not certain what features provided cookeroo with the advantage .
the fossil record for kangaroos is quite rich ,
butler said .
we have giant kangaroos from the pleistocene [ 2 . 6 million to 11 , 700 years ago ] and pliocene [ 5 . 3 million to 2 . 6 million years ago ] , as well as other sites similar in age to riversleigh where we see our tiny ancestors of modern kangaroos as well as the fanged kangaroos .
however , there is still much to learn about kangaroo evolution , and new fossil finds help to bring this ancient lineage more clearly into focus , butler said .
hopefully , further study of these new species will help us understand just what is so special about the ancestors of modern kangaroos — why did they survive when , at the same time , the fanged kangaroos went extinct .
the findings were published online feb . 17 in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .
follow mindy weisberger on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
mindy weisberger is a senior writer for live science covering general science topics , especially those relating to brains , bodies , and behaviors in humans and other animals — living and extinct . mindy studied filmmaking at columbia university ; her videos about dinosaurs , biodiversity , human origins , evolution , and astrophysics appear in the american museum of natural history , on youtube , and in museums and science centers worldwide . follow mindy on
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
the riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . ( supplied )
giant carnivorous platypuses , galloping fanged kangaroos and tree - climbing crocodiles sound like creatures from a strange dream , but all these animals were real a few million years ago .
and they have all been discovered at the same fossil site – riversleigh , queensland .
riversleigh today - fossils here are 24 million years old . photo by ross arnett .
david attenborough has called riversleigh one of the four most important fossil deposits in the world . originally a cattle station , the site gained world heritage listing in 1994 because of the amazing fossils found there .
“riversleigh itself has at least 300 individual fossil deposits and we continue to find a mass of new sites every year . the fossil deposits range in age from approximately 25 million years old to about 30 , 000 years old , ” says palaeontologist dr karen black from the university of new south wales ( unsw ) .
here , the combination of calcium carbonate , phosphates , and a rainforest full of animals has led to 25 million years of pristine and highly detailed fossils .
species rich rainforest at riversleigh 19 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .
“anything that landed in that water was guaranteed to become a fossil , because almost immediately limestone began to precipitate around the object . . . it could have been a leaf , we ' ve even found butterfly wings , ” says professor michael archer , also from unsw , who has been digging fossils at the site for over 35 years .
reconstruction of the 15 million - year - old malleodectes from riversleigh chomping down on what appears to have been its favourite food - snails . the massive , shell - cracking premolar tooth is clearly visible in the open mouth . reconstruction by peter schouten .
the snail eater is the newest weird animal found at riversleigh . it’s distantly related to marsupial carnivores , but has a weird premolar which scientists think it used to crush up snails .
“it wasn ' t until we found the tooth that was part of a mammal jaw that we realised what it was , and how strange it was . there ' s no other mammal in the world that has teeth like this , ” says archer .
“it is speculation , but its informed speculation , based in part… [ by ] actual study of the teeth itself , that lead us to the conclusion that it is primarily a snail eater . ”
the riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . the powerfully - built tooth of obdurodon tharalkooschild shown in the inset is vastly different than the vestigial , dysfunctional teeth of the living platypus . ( artwork by peter schouten ; photo of tooth by rebecca pian )
“the giant platypus was far bigger than any known platypus and at around 80cm to 1m in length . it also differs to the living platypus in that it has well developed teeth – whereas those of the modern species are poorly developed and absent in adult individuals , ” says black .
there were a wide variety of platypuses 25 million years ago - a far cry from the one lone species we see in rivers today .
the skull of carnivorous kangaroo ekaltadeta from riversleigh , 19 million years old . photo by henk godthelp .
kangaroos that have teeth like a wolf , are nearly the size of a human , and gallop instead of hopping , right towards you . definite nightmare material .
“the carnivorous kangaroo was something that shocked us when we first found them . we didn ' t believe it , but we couldn ' t come to any other conclusion , ” says archer .
“there was a whole group of these [ types of kangaroos ] that would have stood up to about a human shoulder with teeth that show unmistakably that they are eating flesh and bone . ”
these types of species would have made their home in lush rainforests , not open plains like today’s kangaroos .
cleaver - headed crocodile in riversleigh forest 24 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .
these crocodiles could grow up to 5 metres in length , and the first skull found at riversleigh was discovered with the bones of a marsupial lion in its mouth .
although this species may not have been able to climb trees , some other species like mekosuchus whitehunterensis , which were goanna - like , may have been able to climb , possibly to eat bird eggs .
thylacoleo carnifex , pencil drawing based on the skeleton at the victoria fossil cave . artist - nobu tamura , cc by 3 . 0
these guys aren’t actually related to lions , but they are still the largest meat - eating mammal known to have existed in australia .
“riversleigh 20 - 15 million years ago was a biodiversity hotspot because of the palaeoenvironment of temperate rainforest with rain all year round , ” black explains .
“the diversity of plants in the riversleigh rainforests was able to support a high diversity of mammals . mammals at this time were occupying niches no longer seen in the much drier environments of australia today . ”
sponges are thought to be some of the earliest animals to have evolved on earth , and this one is a true giant .
native australian animals such as bats and rodents don ' t get enough attention - which puts them at risk , according to a new study .
rare whiteness isn ' t just for giraffes - we ' ve rounded up a bunch of pale animals closer to home .
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the iconic hop of modern - day kangaroos make the species instantly recognisable , and a firm favourite among children .
but 23 million years ago , an ancient relative of these marsupials scurried through dense forests on four legs , instead of two .
this wallaby - sized kangaroo also outlived another species of fanged marsupial that lived alongside it because it was better at adapting to their changing environment .
ancient bones ( skull pictured ) belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in queensland . the genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos
ancient bones belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in the riversleigh world heritage site in queensland , australia by researchers at the university of queensland .
the genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos .
and the two new species within the genus are cookeroo bulwidarri , which lived about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived 18 to 20 million years ago .
world ' s biggest bony fish gets its closeup : divers are . . .
helping ötzi the iceman ' speak ' from beyond the grave : scans . . .
the first was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found .
the second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site at riversleigh , where the bones were found .
the new species of kangaroo couldn ' t hop like modern - day kangaroos ( stock image pictured ) but it is thought to be an ancestor of all wallabies and kangaroos alive today . the tiny marsupial was the size of a wallaby and lived between 15 and 23 million years ago
the newly discovered non - hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos were in the same place as fanged kangaroos at the same time .
but one group , the fanged kangaroos , went extinct while the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived .
the non - hopping ancestors appear to have won and outlived the fanged species .
the fanged species might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .
' they moved on all fours , scurrying across a densely forested landscape quite different from the dry outback we see in western queensland today , ' kaylene butler , graduate student at the universiy of queensland who worked on the paper , said .
the newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time – but the rival species had fangs .
' we also know that both the fanged kangaroos and the ancestors of modern kangaroos were plant eaters .
' surprisingly fangs have nothing to do with diet but the molar teeth tell us both were likely herbivores .
' so we know they were likely to be competing for the same resources and clearly the ancestors of modern kangaroos appear to have won .
' exactly why the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived while fanged kangaroos went extinct requires further study , ' she added .
the first genus was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found ( marked ) . the second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site
after uncovering the bones , the researchers were able to identify the new genus and two species within the genus by looking at the skull bones and teeth and comparing them to known species .
' currently we are unsure as to exactly what makes these non hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos so special .
' trying to determine what makes these animals better adapted is where our research is headed in the future , ' butler told mailonline .
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the white-bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

its natural habitat is temperate forests .

white - bellied green pigeon

select an image : 1 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 2 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 3 . white - bellied green pigeon > > females 4 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 5 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 6 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 7 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 8 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 9 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 10 . white - bellied green pigeon > > in flight from below 11 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock in flight 12 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock 13 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male 14 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 15 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 16 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male taking off 17 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 18 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 19 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 20 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 21 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 22 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 23 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 24 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 25 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 26 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 27 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 28 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 29 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 30 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 31 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male
the white - bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - bellied green - pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
, except golden tinge generally less pronounced on breast and almost lacking on crown and forehead ; belly paler , nearly white ; . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to very rare ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) , while national population estimates include : < c . 10 , 000 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration in china ; c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
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in the past , sometimes placed in genus sphenurus . closely allied to t . sphenurus , t . permagnus and t . formosae , and more distantly to t . oxyurus species - group . race sororius only slightly differentiated from nominate , and possibly better merged with it . little - known hainan form initially assigned to sororius , but later named oblitus owing to its smaller size ; this race , although said to be closest to sororius , was subsequently included in t . sphenurus ( e . g . in hbw ) , presumably in error ; oblitus now considered indistinguishable from murielae . described form “ sphenocercus sphenurus lungchowensis ” is likewise a synonym of murielae # r . four subspecies currently recognized .
( temminck , 1835 ) – japan and e china ( jiangsu , fujian ) .
cheng , tan & sun , 1973 – c china ( s shaanxi , e sichuan ) .
( delacour , 1927 ) – sc china ( guizhou , guangxi , hainan ) s to extreme n thailand , laos and n & c vietnam ( tonkin , annam ) .
a variable phrase of long mellow pure whistles , typically modulated with sudden changes in pitch ( . . .
forest , including dense temperate mixed woodland in japan , and second growth , from coastal regions . . .
little information . nesting commences in may–jun in japan , with territorial calling from mid feb . nest is a flimsy , shallow , cup - . . .
resident in most of its range , with some local movements in response to food supply . on hokkaido , . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . previously considered near threatened . formerly common , but now uncommon in japan . apparently still common in taiwan . very rare in n . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a slow motion view of a group of males and females flying , landing on a rock and taking off .
a number of males and females drinking from a coastal rock , amidst breaking waves .
a flock of birds flying over the sea and landing on a coastal rock to drink .
flock of birds flying over the sea , near the coast , seen at slow motion .
a male perched atop bare tree , down - slope giving perfect eye - level views with a nice background .
alder , lars petersson , stijn de win , josep del hoyo , phillip edwards , fran trabalon , phil gregory , petemorris , pedroyayadrums , johannes pfleiderer , ksan , joris bertrand .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron sieboldii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
there was a short cut in the initial part ( due to prerecording operation ) . slightly amplified around the frequencies .
in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . some noise is present .
in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . noise of a stream ( not suppressed ) .
in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . slightly distant and amplified . low - pass filter has been used .
wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . wing beat and then flew away .
slightly distant and with noise of a stream . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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it is found in china , japan , south korea , laos , russia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .
this article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .
please note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .
important note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .
© thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )


thliptoceras fulvimargo is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by warren in 1895 .

it is found in china ( guangxi ) , india ( khasia hills ) and burma .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

the wings are smoky fuscous .

thliptoceras fulvimargo

mimocomma fulvimargo warren , 1895 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 473
thliptoceras calvatalis swinhoe , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 2 ) : 275
thliptoceras distictalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : katha , burma
thliptoceras ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 178 ; [ globiz ]
zhang , d . d . & he , f . x . ( 2010 ) two new records of thliptoceras warren , 1890 ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) from china , entomotaxonomia , 32 ( 1 ) , 71–73 .
the species of the genus thliptoceras warren , 1890 from the oriental region of china are reviewed , and a description of the genus is given . five new species , t . bicuspidatum sp . nov . , t . semicirculare sp . nov . , t . bisulciforme sp . nov . , t . filamentosum sp . nov . and t . impube sp . nov . are described . t . fulvimargo ( warren , 1895 ) is newly recorded for china . a key to the species of the oriental region of china is provided , along with diagnoses for previously described species . illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented .
bänziger , h . ( 1987 ) description of new moths which settle on man and animals in s . e . asia ( genera thliptoceras , hemiscopis , toxobotys , pyralidae , lepid . ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 94 ( 4 ) , 671–681 .
munroe , e . g . ( 1967 ) a new species of thliptoceras from thailand , with notes on generic and specific synonymy and placement and with designations of lectotypes ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 99 ( 7 ) , 721–727 . urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
circobotys phycidalis snellen , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 4 ) : 599
thliptocera coenostolalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : sierra leone
thliptocera polygrammodes hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 180 ; tl : natal , mooi river
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto möller
warren , 1896 new species of pyralidae from khasia hills ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 ( 102 ) : 452 - 466 , 18 ( 103 ) : 107 - 119 , 18 ( 104 ) : 163 - 177 , 18 ( 105 ) : 214 - 231
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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aurivillius , c . ( 1910 ) lepidoptera . in : sjöstedt , y . ( ed . ) , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , dem meru und den umgebenden massaisteppen deutsch - ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter leitung von prof . dr . yngve sjöstedt . 9 . königl schwedische akademie der wissenschaften , stockholm , pp . 1–56 , pls . 1–2 .
caradja , a . ( 1925 ) ueber chinas pyraliden , tortriciden , tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen , zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt ( eine biogeographische skizze ) . academia romana memoriile sectiunii stiintifice , seria 3 , 3 ( 7 ) , 257–383 , pls . 1–2 .
de joannis , j . ( 1932 ) lépidoptères hétérocères des mascareignes . annales de la société entomologique de france , 427–456 , 1 pl .
fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . ( 1984 ) the generic names of moths of the world , volume 5 : pyraloidea . publications british museum ( natural history ) , london , 1–185 .
hampson , g . f . ( 1891 ) illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii . the lepidoptera heterocera of the nilgiri district . printed by order of the trustees , london , i–iv , 1–144 , pls . 139–156 .
hampson , g . f . ( 1896 ) the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma , moths . vol . iv . printed by taylor and francis , london , i–xxviii , 1–594 .
hampson , g . f . ( 1899 ) a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part ii . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london , 172–291 .
hampson , g . f . ( 1913 ) descriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , series 8 , 11 , 322–342 . urltoken
hampson , g . f . ( 1918a ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 1 , 265–280 .
hampson , g . f . ( 1918b ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 2 , 181–196 .
heppner , j . b . ( 1995 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . vol . 3 . checklist : part 2 hyblaeoidea - pyralidae - tortricoidea . association for tropical lepidoptera . gainesville , i–liv , 1–243 .
leech , j . h . ( 1889 ) new species of deltoids and pyrales from corea , north china , and japan . the entomologist , 22 , 62–71 , pls . 2 - 4 .
li , h . h . & zheng , z . m . ( 1996 ) methods and techniques of specimens of microlepidopera . journal of shaanxi normal university ( natural science edit ion ) , 24 ( 3 ) , 63–70 .
mabille , p . ( 1899–1900 ) lepidoptera nova malagassica et africana . annales de la société entomologique de france , 68 , 723 –753 .
maes , k . v . n . ( 1994 ) some notes on the taxonomic status of the pyraustinae ( sensu minet 1981 [ 1982 ] ) and a check list of the palaearctic pyraustinae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d ' entomologie , 130 , 159–168 .
maes , k . v . n . ( 1995 ) a comparative morphological study of the adult crambidae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d ' entomologie , 131 , 383–434 .
marion , h . ( 1952 ) ebauche d’une classification nouvelle des pyraustidae . revue français lépidoptérologie , xiii , 260–270 .
marion , h . ( 1961 ) révision des pyraustidae de france . alexanor , 2 ( 1 ) , 11–18 ; 2 ( 3 ) , 83–90 ; 2 ( 5 ) , 173–180 ; 2 ( 6 ) , 224–226 ; 2 ( 8 ) , 297–304 .
munroe , e . g . ( 1976 ) pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick , r . b . , et al . ( eds . ) , the moths of america north of mexico including greenland , 13 . 2a . e . w . classey ltd et the wedge entomological foundation , london , 1–78 .
munroe , e . g . & mutuura , a . ( 1968 ) contributions to a study of the pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) of temperate east asia ii . the canadian entomologist , 100 ( 8 ) , 861–868 . urltoken
nuss , m . , landry , b . , vegliante , f . , tränkner , a . , mally , r . , hayden , j . , segerer , a . , li , h . , schouten , r . , solis , m . a . , trofimova , t . , de prins , j . & speidel , w . ( 2003–2013 ) global information system on pyraloidea . available from : urltoken ( accessed 8 april 2014 )
robison , g . s . ( 1976 ) the preparation of slides of lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the microlepidoptera . entomologist’s gazette , 27 , 127–132 .
rose , h . s . ( 1982 ) male genitalia of the type - species of some pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) from north india and its taxonomic significance . journal of entomology research , 6 ( 1 ) , 51–67 .
schaus , w . ( 1912 ) new species of heterocera from costa rica . pyralidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 8 , 9 , 289–311 .
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