policeman ( 16 april 1977 – 2001 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he raced only as a three-year-old in 1980 , when he won three of his eleven races including a 54/1 upset victory in the prix du jockey club .

he began his racing career at cagnes-sur-mer where he won two minor races before being transferred to the major french racecourses in spring .

after finishing third in the prix de guiche and the prix matchem he won the prix du jockey club with a front-running performance , defeating a field which included shakapour , providential and argument .

he went on to finish third in the grand prix de saint-cloud but ran poorly in his last two races and was retired to stud at the end of the year .

policeman was exported to stand as a breeding stallion in new york state but had little success as a sire of winners .

policeman ( horse )

a policeman has been sacked after taking sick days to watch his horse race .
illustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style .
plymouth , u . k . union street , policeman , horse drawn wagon , devon , c . 1909
vector - illustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style .
policeman and a horse on isolated background royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 57246785 .
illustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style . | pinterest
policeman on horse old cars background 20 ' s / 30 ' s - $ 9 . 44 | picclick
a policeman faces a gross misconduct hearing for allegedly calling in sick three times so he could watch his horse at the races .
illustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse . . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 36303123 .
the woman who pushed over a policeman at the races has updated her facebook profile pic to this .
if you think back to the turn of the century every village had a policeman that used horses . the aim of this is to bring police back into the countryside - you ' ve basically got a 10ft policeman .
he was caught on television celebrating the horse’s victory in the group one commonwealth cup .
a woman has been arrested after she pushed a victorian policeman into a bush during the melbourne cup at flemington . courtesy channel seven
and a policeman and a paramedic who both volunteered to jump in were given orders not to do so by a fire station watch manager .
18 months ago darren smith ' s horse training operation was shut down by racing new south wales stewards .
play policeman horse and spend some fun time with one more horse puzzle game . meet the new super hero in your neighborhood ! it is the best police - horse in the world . use your mouse to interact and rearrange the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle . click and hold left mouse button while the cursor is over a piece of the jigsaw and drag it to its correct position . depending of your skills you can choose and set the difficulty mode before you begin the game . the easy mode is reserved for the youngest and the beginners , while the other two modes have more jigsaw pieces and are little bit heavier to be solved . choose the one that fits you and solve the policeman horse puzzle now !
we do not accept he was sick at all . he was throwing a sickie to go horse racing .
instead he went to royal ascot , where another horse he had an interest in — quiet reflection — was running .
webby said yesterday ' s win was not expected despite the horse having won a trial at foxton on december 15 .
the policeman , who serves in the gloucestershire constabulary , will face a gross misconduct hearing at their head office in waterwells , gloucester on monday , july 17 .
pc adams , an officer at gloucester ' s barton street station , part - owned a horse with a racing syndicate .
pc jonathan adams failed to turn up to work on three occasions and instead went horse racing , it has been claimed .
photo : darren smith ' s newcastle horse training operation was shut down by racing new south wales stewards 18 months ago .
stewards based their decision to ban smith by relying on a rule prohibiting any substance which alters the blood pattern of a horse .
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a cancer - suffering trader had his final wish fulfilled when his much - loved market horse visited him at hospital before he died .
a newcastle horse trainer , found guilty of dozens of doping charges , has today lost an appeal against the length of his sentence .
a police officer who threw a
sickie
three times to watch horse racing has been sacked after being found guilty of gross misconduct .
he is accused of going to ascot to see his syndicated horse , quiet reflection , win the commonwealth cup on day four of royal ascot .
“but you know what ? it’s not all about strength . it’s about getting a horse into a rhythm for you . it’s being patient . ”
plans for yours are uncertain , but thurlow was not ruling out the horse contesting next month ' s wellington cup at trentham on january 29 .
the tragic death of a well - regarded stallion at the widden stud in the hunter this week has put a dampener on horse birthday celebrations .
in june 2016 he reported in sick again and went to royal ascot to watch quiet reflection , another horse owned by his syndicate , win the commonwealth cup .
the horse won a trial at waverley late in november before finishing a good third at new plymouth on december 9 at her first start of her current campaign .
thomas thorpe , 74 , was well - known in chesterfield , derbyshire , as the man who welcomed visitors to to the town along with ben the horse .
stormin norman is prepared at new plymouth by robert patterson for webby , his son , zane , a new plymouth policeman , and long time friends and racing associates john and darren carter , of the bay of plenty .
on both occasions it is alleged he actually went to nottingham racecourse to watch his horse little lady kate , which he co - owned as part of a syndicate .
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before going into duty the specials and their mounts had to pass an assessment with jacko jackson , a field officer with world horse welfare ( whw ) , and former police officer .
the panel was told that in september 2015 and april 2016 he had reported in sick and went to nottingham racecourse to watch the horse he part - owned , named little lady katy .
stephen morley , presenting the case for the force , told the hearing :
in a nutshell , on three occasions he deliberately reported sick in order to go to the horse races .
you couldn ' t see anything inside the bus , as a big horse was in the way . but it was obvious a mounted police officer was assisting at the scene .
' he loved those horses so much . he was always out wanting to spent time with them . he loved being on the market , with ben and the other horse sam . '
fans have this week paid their respects to sonny . one , dean hallsworth , said : ' r . i . p town won ' t be the same without the horse and cart ' .
as the only north american graded winner by french - bred policeman , who in his entire career sired only four black - type stakes winners and also had no group winners in europe , claramount entered stud in 1990 with a certain degree of understandable prejudice against his sire line .
however , instead of going to work he went to watch the racing at nottingham where a horse he had a share in — little lady katie — was running . this happened again on 6 april 2016 .
' ' we set up a racing partnership in 1980 and every horse we have raced since we have bred . we ' ve replaced members that have died with our sons , ' ' said webby senior .
“it is such a chauvinistic sport , ” she said . “some of the owners wanted to kick me off the horse , but i thought he had what it takes to run a race in the melbourne cup . ”
it shows how the force is helping to address concerns like fly - tipping , metal theft and most importantly , for the farmers and stables - they see horse patrols where you ' d never normally see police patrolling .
insp george holland , who leads the project in hertfordshire , said :
part of the idea was to get people that ride , who live in the countryside and interested in country issues , to use their horse as transport .
in the official french rating for two - year - olds in 1979 , argument was rated ten pounds inferior to the top - rated dragon , a colt he had beaten in the prix la rochette . in the following year , timeform rated argument on 133 ( four pounds below the sprinter moorestyle ) and named him the season ' s best middle - distance horse . in the official international classification he was rated the best horse trained in france and equal - second among all european racehorses , level with ela - mana - mou and one pound below moorestyle . in the following year he was given a rating of 129 by timeform and was rated six pounds behind the top - rated older horse northjet in the international classification .
fantasticprivilege ( 07g , seasoned star , racing is fun ) . 10 wins from 1300m to 1700m , macau race horse owners association bowl , 2d macau sand mile , hull h . , avondale h . , 3d macau spring trophy , l .
he won 14 races while campaigning under five different sets of colors at seven tracks in two countries and on both sides of the north american continent , earning $ 484 , 039 . as a sire , the son of french derby winner policeman out of 1988 new york broodmare of the year fifties galore , by cornish prince , has compiled a generally overlooked record .
edwin wachtel ' s claramount , 1988 new york bred horse of the year , died of a ruptured aorta on feb . 17 at james edwards ' the stallion park in millbrook , where he had stood since entering stud in 1990 . he was 19 years old .
argument was a dark - coated bay horse with a white coronet on his right hind foot bred in france by pierre ribes . argument was by far the best horse sired by kautokeino , who won the prix juigne on his debut before his racing career was ended by injury when finishing third to sassafras in the 1970 prix la force . he was one of at least five winners produced by the mare arantelle . the colt raced in the colours of his breeders ' wife and was sent into training with john cunnington , jr . at chantilly .
we had actually got lost when we came across this strange scene of a horse appearing to get on a bus outside sainsbury ' s . it was just a very unusual image , and i always keep my phone handy due to the nature of my work , crowcroft told the islington gazette .
mr pommeroy ( 11c , rahy , green dancer ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1300m , 2000m , €98 , 600 , 234 , 880dhs , cagnes - sur - mer prix policeman , l , 2d meydan jebel ali port h . , 3d meydan al rashidiya s . , gr . 2 , chantilly prix daphnis , gr . 3 , longchamp prix la force , gr . 3 , meydan dubai millennium s . , l , chantilly prix des dormants , 4th longchamp prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 .
on 30 august , argument was sent to chicago to represent france in the inaugural running of the arlington million , then the world ' s most valuable horse race , and finished sixth behind john henry . argument ' s final european race came in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on 4 october when he started at odds on 34 / 1 and made steady progress in the straight to finish sixth in a field of twenty - four runners behind gold river . for his final two races , argument competed in north america , finishing fourth behind open call in the canadian international stakes and seventh to providential in the hollywood turf cup .
argument began his second season by winning the prix mary over 1600m at saint - cloud racecourse in april . he was then moved up to group one class for the first time for the poule d ' essai des poulains . starting at odds of 13 / 1 he finished fourth behind in fijar , moorestyle and ruscelli , but was promoted to third when ruscelli was disqualified for causing interference . argument was moved up in distance for the prix lupin over 2100m at longchamp on 18 may . he started a 21 / 1 outsider and finished second , beaten half a length by belgio , with in fijar in third . in the prix du jockey - club at chantilly racecourse on 8 june , argument produced his worst effort of the season as he finished last of the fourteen runners behind the 54 / 1 outsider policeman . on 21 july argument was sent to belgium for the grand prix prince rose over 2200m at ostend and won the race by two lengths from dhausli and strong gale . he returned to france in august for the prix de la cote normande over 2000m in which he was beaten a head by glenorum , to whom he was conceding nine pounds . he then traveled to germany for the grosser preis von baden in which he finished fifth behind nebos : desaint was fined by the local racecourse stewards for his riding performance in a rough and slowly run race .
picture topic : patrolman on horse with old cars as background dated : 20 ' 30 ' s detail : patrolman on horse / measures 4 1 / 2 x 3 1 / 4 condition : good unless otherwise specified - some curving item will be in plastic and backed on cardboard for safe transit . i do combine shipping on multiple items . each delivery comes with a delivery confirmation so that i know that your treasure arrived safely . 100 % satisfaction guaranteed ! inventory being added daily so come back often . only a fraction of our inventory is listed at auction for vintage photo ' s . . alot more in our store . to search all listings , enter your search term ( photo ) in the search box in the store home page then click search . please note $ 2 . 50 u . s . shipping and handling includes ; cardboard backing , mailer , plastic sleeve for safe transit & 1st class us postal service . insurance available on request . photos can be shipped together to save on postage , one shipping $ 2 . 50 charge ships as many photos as you can buy ! please take a look at our other auctions and store items ! be sure to add me to your favorites list ! i have hundreds of vintage photos which i will be listing . all kinds of topics , scenes , holdiays and plus more . . will be listing a few each week so stop by often you ' ll never know what you will find in your topic area . . . . . please visit my online ebay store for similar items : lastcenturyephemera international buyers please note : yes . . i will ship out of the country but only if i can get online tracking . this online tracking is required with paypal . understand that it might be very expensive for this online tracking . . and this is paypals rule to send it like this . . not mine . if paypal is your option for this item shipping will be expensive overseas . you are free to email me with other options . powered by ebay turbo lister the free listing tool . list your items fast and easy and manage your active items .
claramount ' s history as racehorse and sire is an intriguing journey for a new york - bred . foaled at tom martin ' s kinderhill farm in old chatham , he traveled from new york to kentucky as a weanling , then to florida , mexico city , northwards to agua caliente near the u . s . border , then to southern california , and finally back to new york , where he became a grade ii stakes winner .
despite that drawback , he compiled a sire record that is a statistical marvel , getting better than 78 percent winners from starters with average earnings per runner of more than $ 62 , 000 to date . his runners include three - time graded winner stalwart member , whose earnings in 2002 climbed to $ 758 , 696 , plus other stakes winners broomesse ( $ 396 , 434 ) , fickle fanny ( $ 382 , 370 ) , diplomatic corps ( $ 301 , 129 ) and mount intrepid ( $ 284 , 118 ) , named foals , claramount was represented by progeny earnings of over $ 1 - million in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . offspring of claramount have earned over $ 7 . 4 - million to date .
jockey : jose a . santos trainer : howard m . tesher owner : wachtel edwin breeder : farm & breeding racing program - 1 979 - series , kinderhill
* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .
* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .
equibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .
proprietary to and © 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .
the haplotype reported in contemporary samples from family 6e represents a different founder than those responsible for other branches of family 6 . the haplotype identified in the remains of hyperion is quite close , but not completely consistent , with the 6e haplotype . it does not necessarily represent a separate founder . see equine genetic genealogy and deep - rooted anomalies .
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
pc jonathan adams , of ross - on - wye , went twice to nottingham racecourse and to royal ascot where he was seen celebrating a win on television .
the officer said the trips were
therapeutic
to deal with a
toxic
work environment .
a disciplinary hearing concluded pc adams was
not as sick as he claimed
.
the misconduct panel was shown a television clip of pc adams jumping around and celebrating .
pc adams said he had taken time off to avoid a
toxic
environment at barton street station . he described suffering stomach cramps , migraines and irritable bowel syndrome .
the hearing was told it was
quite clear
he was
not ok
and was
struggling with his environment
.
richard shepherd , representing pc adams , said :
he would not have let his colleagues down to go on a jolly at the races . it is not in his dna .
but alex lock , chair of the panel , said :
we are forced to conclude that pc adams was not suffering the degree of sickness that he claimed he was .
it is important that police officers are honest and that public confidence should be upheld .
in the circumstances we conclude that dismissal without notice is appropriate in order to maintain public confidence in the force .
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
pc jonathan adams , 32 , of gloucestershire constabulary , called in sick multiple times when he was actually at the races .
on 30 september 2015 , he did not turn up for work and told the force he was unwell .
pc adams requested time off from 14 - 20 june 2016 , which was refused by his line manager due to the operational problems this would cause .
pc adams then failed to turn up to work on 17 june and again told the force he was sick .
in his defence , the hearing was told how pc adams was genuinely sick on those days found going to the races helped him cope . several positive character references were made in his favour , it has been reported by multiple news outlets .
all three of these gross misconduct allegations were proved at a two - day hearing , which took place at the force’s headquarters on 17 - 18 july , and pc adams was dismissed without notice .
in a statement released after the hearing , deputy chief constable jon stratford said the behaviour was “clearly unacceptable and not befitting an officer” .
“we are aware that our officers have a high workload at this time , which makes it all the more unacceptable for an officer to let their colleagues down in this way , ” he added .
“policing in any area or department can be very challenging , particularly as the number of officers has decreased over the last few years .
“we recognise the impact this can have on welfare and have a number of safeguards in place , including a wellbeing programme and an occupational health nurse who specialises in mental health , to help ensure the welfare of our officers . ”
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it has been played 6924 times and has been rated from administrators of urltoken with 4 . 70 stars out of 5 . if you like this kind of games you are welcome to play other amazing games in
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number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980
he faces a separate allegation of phoning in ill on a day he had already unsuccessfully tried to book off as annual leave . the request was turned down by his line manager .
flying on top of the world : british daredevil and his team . . .
in a summary of the hearing published online , a police spokesman said : ' if proven , this allegation has been assessed as being sufficiently serious so as to amount to gross misconduct . '
pc adams is alleged to have failed to have turned up to work after calling in sick on september 30 , 2015 and on april 6 , 2016 .
pc adams was then allegedly refused leave from june 14 to june 20 , 2016 , but is accused of calling in sick and attending ascot to watch quiet reflection , which he also part - owned in a syndicate .
quiet reflection ended up winning the commonwealth cup on day four of the royal ascot where it was the 7 - 4 favourite .
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invictor tries to help his owner save a man collapsed on a bus in london .
the number 43 bus was travelling through north london ' s borough of islington when politician simon crowcroft saw the equine passenger try to board the bus , cnn reported .
there was no horsing around . invictor was with his owner , metropolitan police constable dan smith , who had boarded the bus to help a man who collapsed .
the metropolitan police task force ' s congratulated invictor on being a
team player
and stepping
to help pc dan smith with a person collapsed on a bus
.
i think the photo appeals to a lot of people , particularly those who like animals . but it also says a lot about the met police - - that they are on hand to assist the general public . . . i think that is very reassuring in the world that we live in ,
crowcroft said .
paramedics treated the man who collapsed and took him to hospital
as a precaution
, a spokesperson for the metropolitan police told cnn .
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sarah finn , who shot to notoriety as the melbourne cup’s “blue dress woman” , has apologised . but her friends seem amused by the situation .
the woman who pushed over a senior police officer in full view of television cameras is reticent over the attention she’s received , issuing an apology for her actions .
sarah finn told seven news : “my level of intoxication is no excuse . ”
“i deeply apologise for my actions . i acknowledge a massive error in judgement on my behalf . ”
the 25 - year - old sent acting superintendent steven cooper flying backwards into a flower bed after the melbourne cup at flemington racecourse , and will be charged with assaulting police .
the woman earlier appeared to be revelling in the national attention , posting a new profile picture to her facebook account on wednesday afternoon of herself seated on a police motorcycle holding four packets of chips .
the photo appears to have been taken at flemington , because she is in the same short blue dress she was wearing when the incident occurred .
her friends seemed amused by the update , with one posting “you are a funny lady ! ” and another writing “that cop would have been loving it” .
on tuesday , acting supt cooper had been about to speak to media about the behaviour of the 94 , 000 strong crowd when the woman approached him .
after he fell she turned around and giggled and seemed surprised when she was quickly led away by officers .
she was seen chatting to members of the media just before the incident and acting supt cooper said he believed she had made comments along the lines of “what do i have to do to get on the news ? ” .
the woman posted a message on channel 7’s facebook page saying : “you guys forgot to mention that you told me to do it . ”
“she wanted her five minutes of fame and got it , ” he told melbourne radio station 3aw this morning .
however seven news cameraman james paul has denied she was told to do it . “no , no one said unequivocally go and push a police superintendent in the chest that will be a grand idea — no one at all said that at any point of time . ”
at first , he thought the woman was a reporter and wondered what she wanted . “very odd behaviour . she walked up to me and i thought ‘what’s she doing , is she just come over say hello or something . . . clearly not , ” he told channel 7 .
he didn’t speak to her but the colleague who interviewed her indicated she wasn’t affected by alcohol .
“she’ll be charged with assault and damage because during the push she broke a pair of glasses . ”
a victoria police spokeswoman confirmed to urltoken the woman would get a summons to appear in court on a charge of assaulting police .
acting supt cooper said he was “copping it from all my mates” after the clip went viral .
“i certainly don’t condone the behaviour but i see why ( it’s got so much attention ) . ”
finn became the sixth person to be evicted from the crowd . the others were for trespass , being drunk or anti - social behaviour .
as urltoken reported yesterday , the fans at flemington really let loose towards the end of the day . sometimes the revelry can take an ugly turn , leaving the nation in a state of cultural cringe .
by 4 . 30pm , before the final race for the day had kicked off , a violent punch - up had broken out in front of the stands in the general admission section , with several men and a few women involved in the brawl . one man had blood streaming from his head as he was restrained by an officer .
a scuffle breaks out tuesday afternoon after the running of the melbourne cup in flemington .
the nasty scuffle , which had to be broken up by up to 10 police officers , was captured on camera by urltoken and reveals just how rough things can get when racegoers have been drinking in the sun since 10am .
most involved in the fight were swiftly ejected by security guards , who worked quickly to maintain order .
drunk , but unquestionably more peaceful , were the hordes of punters passed out among the cigarette butts , broken plastic cups and discarded clothing items . one young woman leaving the birdcage stumbled into a bush and had to be retrieved by a bemused girlfriend .
a woman stumbles into a bush after the race and was helped to her feet by a passer by . courtesy : simone mitchell .
the wheels start to fall off the melbourne cup cart . picture : jake nowakowski
staff members were already working quickly to clean the debris , but they were fighting an uphill battle against the thousands of seagulls , who got the hot tip on the leftovers and descended upon flemington to feast .
of course , the crowd chaos did occur against a much more positive backdrop , with michelle payne becoming the first female jockey to win the melbourne cup . she did it on 100 / 1 outsider prince of penzance .
on a day full of questionable behaviour , payne was a model of maturity . she used her victory to hit out against sexism in the racing industry .
“racing is a very male dominated sport , ” she said at the victory presentation , clearly alluding to the fact that many owners believe male jockeys are stronger .
she then reserved a classic aussie insult for those who thought she might have performed her job more effectively if she had a deep voice and a bulge in her pants : “get stuffed” .
world cup fifa 2018 : harry maguire photo goes viral , kyle wa . . .
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waverley trainer bill thurlow is a believer of keeping himself in the best company and his horses in the worst .
following the old racing adage paid dividends for thurlow when yours scored an easy victory in the rating 80 2000m race at stratford last friday .
' ' i placed him to win . i was sick of him running third , fourth or fifth in open company , ' ' thurlow said when asked way he hadn ' t opted to line yours up in the stratford cup , the feature race on the day .
yours ' recent racing has been against open class opposition and he had finished a creditable fifth in the manawatu cup at his previous start on december 18 .
yours , now the winner of seven races , including last year ' s waverley cup , is not in the list of entries for the wellington racing club ' s feature staying race , but there is a late entry clause should his connections decide to pay a late fee of $ 3700 prior to january 25 .
* i predict a riot looked a sound purchase when scoring an impressive victory in the the maiden 1200m race on her home track yesterday .
the king ' s chapel three - year - old stormed from well back for winning rider lisa allpress to snatch victory by a head right on the line from another debutant , curiousity , with first starter feistybabe a further 1 - 3 / 4 lengths third .
the race produced a stratford - trained trifecta of $ 2166 . 80 with the second and third horses both representing the bothwell stable .
i predict a riot is trained on the course by tina egan for owners john gray and his mother dale goldfinch , manager of the airspresso cafaacé and bar at new plymouth airport .
it is goldfinch ' s first venture into racing as an owner , while gray , egan ' s partner , races the capable winter galloper monkey briscoe out of egan ' s stable .
' ' i paid $ 2100 for him at the karaka festival sale , ' ' gray said after the win , adding he liked the filly because she was out of a kaapstad mare and he liked the look of her .
i predict a riot was given one start as a three - year - old last season before being put aside for a spell to strengthen .
gray said monkey briscoe was enjoying a well earned break and will be brought back into work in preparation for racing next winter .
* retired stratford panelbeater norm webby tasted success as a racehorse owner for the first time in almost six years when his namesake stormin norman scored an upset win at odds of 15 to 1 in the maiden 1600 yesterday .
webby has raced a number of talented gallopers during the past 30 years or so , including open class performer call me stumpy , somojo and group race winner mollotoff and prince of toffs to name a handful .
webby rated somojo , who won a counties cup , his best , while mollotoff ' s success in the lion red classic at a night meeting at avondale was a memorable win .
' ' this is my first winner since prince of toffs won the wairarapa in january 2005 . ' '
' ' it ' s pretty exciting more because our trainer thought that being so lazy , he might need the experience . ' '
stormin norman woke up in the home straight snatching victory on the line from pacemaking and race favourite captain cruising , who had looked all over the winner 200 metres from the post .
argument ( 7 february 1977 – after 1996 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in his early racing career he showed consistent form and was placed in several important races , but showed marked improvement in the autumn of 1980 . he was considered an unlucky loser when narrowly beaten in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe and then traveled to the united states where he won the washington , d . c . international stakes . at the end of the year he was officially the best racehorse trained in france . in the following spring he won the prix d ' harcourt and prix ganay but his form deteriorated thereafter and he was beaten in his remaining six races . he made no impact as a sire of winners .


ctenosaura is a lizard genus commonly known as spinytail iguanas or ctenosaurs .

the genus is part of the large lizard family , iguanidae and is native to mexico and central america .

the name is derived from two greek words : ctenos ( κτενός ) , meaning " comb " ( referring to the comblike spines on the lizard 's back and tail ) , and saura ( σαύρα ) , meaning " lizard " .

ctenosaura

the spiny - tailed iguanas are composed of the following species : ctenosaura acanthura , ctenosaura alfredschmidti , ctenosaura bakeri , ctenosaura clarki , ctenosaura conspicuosa , defensor , ctenosaura flavidorsalis , ctenosaura hemilopha , ctenosaura macrolopha , ctenosaura melanosterna , ctenosaura nolascensis , ctenosaura oaxacana , ctenosaura oedirhina , ctenosaura palearis , ctenosaura pectinata , ctenosaura praeocularis , ctenosaura quinquecarinata , and ctenosaura similis .
cyclura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha cope 1863 : 105 ctenosaura hemilopha — cope 1866 : 312 ctenosaura interrupta bocourt 1882 ctenosaura hemilopha — boulenger 1885 : 197 ctenosaura insulana dickerson 1919 ctenosaura hemilopha insulana — lowe & norris 1955 ctenosaura hemilopha interrupta — lowe & norris 1955 ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha — smith 1972 ctenosaura hemilopha — stebbins 1985 : 236 ctenosaura hemilopha — liner 1994 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha — köhler et al . 2000 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha — köhler 2003 ctenosaura hemilopha interrupta — liner 2007 ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha — liner 2007
lacerta acanthura shaw 1802 : 216 uromastyx acanthurus — merrem 1820 cyclura teres harlan 1825 ct . [ enosaura ] cycluroides wiegmann 1828 iguana ( ctenosaura ) cycluroides — gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) acanthura — gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) cyclura shawii gray ( substitute name for lacerta acanthura shaw ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) armata gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) lanceolata gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) bellii gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( cyclura ) teres — gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) c . [ yclura ] articulata wiegmann 1834 c . [ yclura ] denticulata wiegmann 1834 ignana [ sic ] ( cyclura ) acanthura — blainville 1835 : 288 cyclura acanthura — duméril & bibron 1837 : 222 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) denticulata — fitzinger 1843 cyclura semicristata fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) articulata — fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) shawii — fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) bellii — fitzinger 1843 ctenosaura acanthura — gray 1845 cyclura denticulata — hallowell 1855 cyclura acanthura — sumichrast 1864 : 500 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura — cope 1869 ctenosaura teres — bocourt ( in duméril & bocourt ) 1874 ctenosaura acanthura — boulenger 1885 : 1915 ctenosaura acanthura — günther 1885 : 56 ctenosaura multispinis cope 1886 : 267 ctenosaura teres — cope 1886 : 269 ctenosaura acanthura — smith & taylor 1950 ctenosaura acanthura — liner 1994 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura — köhler et al . 2000 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura — köhler 2003 ctenosaura acanthura — mata - silva et al . 2015
ontogenetic variation in digestion by the herbivorous lizard ctenosaura pectinata . - pubmed - ncbi
this is a male san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura conspicuosa ) .
ontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata .
schmidt ( 1922 ) and grismer ( 1999 ) synonymized ctenosaura insulana with ctenosaura hemilopha . grismer ( 1999 ) also elevated conspicuosa , macrolopha , and nolascensis to full ( evolutionary ) species status .
kento furui added the japanese common name
トギレトゲオイグアナ
to
ctenosaura hemilopha cope 1863
.
malfatti , m . ( 2007 ) genus ctenosaura . west coast iguana . available at : urltoken
invasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa .
the animal ageing and longevity database , 2016 . ctenosaura similis . human ageing genomic resources . urltoken
ontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata . - pubmed - ncbi
ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; male . caye caulker , belize . march 2016 .
informations on ctenosaura similis has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .
invasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa . - pubmed - ncbi
effect of feed type and sex on digestibility and feed efficiency utilization in black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) .
ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; female . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .
of the species depicted in our species chart , the yucatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura defensor ) comes in the smallest at roughly 10 inches whereas ctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , can ascertain lengths of 5 feet .
bocourt , m . f 1882 . note sur les espèces appartenant au genre ctenosaura . le naturaliste 2 : 47 - get paper here
also known as the balsas armed lizard , the michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki ) is a small brown and tan coloured lizard . it belongs to a group of poorly understood iguanas , the ctenosaura , that all share a characteristic spiny tail ( 2 ) .
subgenus ctenosaura wiegmann , 1828 , status nov . - c . acanthura , c . hemilopha , c . pectinata and c . similis .
recommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : ctenosaura similis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .
effect of feed type and sex on digestibility and feed efficiency utilization in black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) . - pubmed - ncbi
ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; close view of a male . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .
gaal , r . and henningheim , e . ( 2008 ) studbook annual report : ctenosaura melanosterna . european studbook foundation , netherlands . available at urltoken
ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; male ( centre ) with two females . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .
fitch hs ; henderson rw , 1978 . ecology and exploitation of ctenosaura similis . university of kansas science bulletin , 51 ( 15 ) : 483 - 500 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - roatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura oedirhina )
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arkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri )
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this species was only fairly recently described , hence it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura bakeri or enyaliosaura bakeri , the sister species it was split from .
because this species was described relatively recently , it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura palearis or enyaliosaurus palearis , the sister species that it was split from .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki )
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arkive species - honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna )
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arkive species - honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna )
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smith , h . m . 1972 . the sonoran subspecies of the lizard ctenosaura hemilopha . great basin naturalist 32 ( 2 ) : 104 - 111 - get paper here
to cite this page : tran , e . 2001 .
ctenosaura similis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
durtsche rd , 2000 . ontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata . oecologia , 124 ( 2 ) : 185 - 195 .
henderson rw , 1973 . ethnoecological observations of ctenosaura similis ( sauria : iguanidae ) in british honduras . journal of herpetology , 7 ( 1 ) : 27 - 33 .
ctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , black iguana , or black ctenosaur , is a lizard native to mexico and central america that has been introduced to the united states in the state of florida . it is the largest species in the genus ctenosaura and has been recorded as the fastest - running species of lizard .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata )
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arkive species - five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata )
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anderson c ; enge km , 2012 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura similis ( gray ' s spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review , 42 ( 4 ) : 568 .
cook , david g . and dennis haussler . 2013 . ctenosaura hemilopha ( baja california spiny - tailed iguana ) dispersal phenomenon . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 321 - 322
enge km ; krysko kl ; borgia ap , 2006 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review , 37 ( 4 ) : 494 .
mora - benavides jm , 1987 . predation by loxocemus bicolor on the eggs of ctenosaura similis and iguana iguana . journal of herpetology , 21 ( 4 ) : 334 - 335 .
integrated taxonomic information facility ( itis ) , 2012 . ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) summary : available from : urltoken ; _ value = 585835 [ accessed 27 february 2012 ]
bailey , j . w . 1928 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ctenosaura . proc . us natl . mus . 73 : 1 - 55 . - get paper here
mora jm , 2010 . natural history of the black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) at parque nacional palo verde , costa rica , with comments on the conservation of the genus ctenosaura . in : conservation of mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles [ ed . by wilson ld , townsend jh , johnson j ] . utah , usa : eagle mountain publishing , 716 - 734 .
barrio - amorós cl ; rivas - fuenmayor g , 2008 . spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) in venezuela : a preliminary report . iguana , 15 ( 3 ) : 161 .
kohler g ; schroth w ; streit b , 2000 . systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . amphibia - reptilia , 21 ( 2 ) : 177 - 191 .
blázquez , m . c . ; rodríguez estrella , r . & munguía vega , a . 2006 . characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in the spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura hemilopha . molecular ecology notes 6 : 753–755
pasachnik , s . and pineda , e . a . ( 2009 ) iif supports research on the distribution of honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna . international iguana foundation , texas . available at urltoken
ctenosaura similis , commonly known as black spiny - tailed iguana , is the largest and most widely distributed ctenosaur . its native range stretches from southern mexico to panama where is exploited for food and t . . .
avery ml ; eisemann jd ; keacher kl ; savarie pj , 2011 . acetaminophen and zinc phosphide for lethal management of invasive lizards ctenosaura similis . current zoology , 57 ( 5 ) : 625 - 629 . urltoken
flores d ; esqueda lf , 2008 . first record of the spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) ( squamata : iguanidae ) in venezuela . herpetotropicos , 4 ( 1 ) : 41 .
zarza , eugenia ; victor h . reynoso and brent c . emerson 2008 . diversification in the northern neotropics : mitochondrial and nuclear dna phylogeography of the iguana ctenosaura pectinata and related species . molecular ecology 17 : 3259–3275
ruiz - campos , gorgonio and jorge h . valdez - villavicencio . 2011 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura hemilopha ( baja california spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 391 - get paper here
avery ml ; tillman ea ; krysko kl , 2009 . gopherus polyphemus ( gopher tortoise ) , ctenosaura similis ( gray ' s spiny - tailed iguana ) predation . herpetological review , 40 ( 4 ) : 435 .
köhler , g . and hasbun , c . r . ( 2001 ) a new species of spiny - tailed iguana from mexico formerly referred to ctenosaura quinquecarinata ( gray 1842 ) . senckenbergiana biologica , 81 : 257 - 267 .
gutsche a ; kohler f , 2008 . phylogeography and hybridization in ctenosaura species ( sauria , iguanidae ) from caribbean honduras : insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dna . zoosystematics and evolution , 84 ( 2 ) : 245 - 253 .
there has been considerable debate over the species status of the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana , and it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha ( lowe and norris 1955 ) or ctenosaura hemilopha nolascensis ( smith 1972 ) . the iguana was most recently recognized at the species level by grismer ( 1999a ) . genetic components of two lineages have been detected within the island ( cryder 1999 , davy et al . 2010 , reynoso et al . 2010 ) .
köhler , g . ; w . schroth & b . streit 2000 . systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 21 ( 2 ) : 177 - 191 - get paper here
spiny - tail iguanas have become more popular over recent years and can be ordered online and purchased at reptile shows . some specialty reptile shops can aquire varying species upon request . occasionally the big box pet stores will carry a ctenosaura .
the reptile database , 2016 . ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) . the reptile database . urltoken ; = similis & search ; _ param = % 28 % 28search % 3d % 27ctenosaura + similis % 27 % 29 % 29
ctenosaura hemilopha conspicuosa is very interesting reptile ! it’s a „bit bigger“ but very beautiful , with a lot of rough charm on my wish list ! can you tell mi something about its housing , personality etc . and post some photos ?
perez - ramos , e . and saldana - de la riva , l . ( 2005 ) distribucion ecologica de ctenosaura clarki ( reptilia : iguanidae ) en guerrero y micoacan , mexico . revista de zoologia , 16 : 16 - 24 .
buckley , l . j . and axtell , r . w . ( 1997 ) evidence for specific status of the honduran lizards formerly referred to ctenosaura palearis ( reptilia : squamata : iguanidae ) . copeia , 1997 : 138 - 150 .
engeman rm ; kennedy m ; constantin bu ; christie ml ; hall pt , 2009 . ctenosaura similis ( black spinytail iguana ) , gopherus polyphemus ( gopher tortoise ) concurrent burrow use . herpetological review , 40 ( 1 ) : 84 .
köhler , g . , and b . streit . 1996 . notes on the systematic status of taxa acanthura , pectinata , and similis of the genus ctenosaura ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . senckenbergiana biologica 75 : 33 - 43 .
mckercher , e . 2001 . ctenosaura pectinata ( iguanidae ) on gasparilla island , florida : colonization , habitat use and interactions with gopherus polyphemus . m . s . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , florida , usa . 117pp .
krysko kl ; king fw ; enge km ; reppas at , 2003 . distribution of the introduced black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) on the southwestern coast of florida . florida scientist , 66 ( 2 ) : 74 - 79 .
pasachnik , s . & mccranie , j . r . 2010 . � ctenosaura similis . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 27 february 2012 ]
kelly paul is a hobbyist with a lifelong interest in reptiles . he has bred more than two dozen species , including six ctenosaura . he has been a guest speaker at several events , including the international herpetological symposium . email him at blueghostreptile @ urltoken .
fitch hs ; hackforth - jones j , 1983 . ctenosaura similis ( garrobo , iguana negra , ctenosaur ) . in : costa rican natural history [ ed . by janzen dh ] . chicago and london : university of chicago press , 394 - 396 .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 1 . 0 green iguana - 4 . 4 . 5 chuckwalla - 1 . 1 . 0 ctenosaura hemilopha conspicuosa - 1 . 0 . 0 bosc monitor - 0 . 1 . 0 ctenosaura similis - 1 . 1 . 0 bearded dragon - 0 . 1 . 0 rainbow boa - 1 . 0 . 0 royal python - 1 . 2 . 6 corn snake - and lots n lots of geckos
köhler , g . and b . streit . 1996 . notes on the systematic status of the taxa acanthura , pectinata , and similis of the genus ctenosaura ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . senckenbergiana biologica 75 ( 1 / 2 ) : 33 - 43 .
malone , catherine l . ; víctor hugo reynoso , larry buckley 2017 . never judge an iguana by its spines : systematics of the yucatan spiny tailed iguana , ctenosaura defensor ( cope , 1866 ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 115 : 27 - 39 - get paper here
pasachnik , s . a . , martinez , a . & perez , m . s . 2011 . ctenosaura bakeri . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 15 januray 2012 )
until 1997 , the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana was thought to be conspecific with the guatemalan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura palearis ) , but it is now considered a separate species based on differences in colour , skeletal structure and behaviour ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
similar to other members of the ctenosaura genus , the five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana is oviviparous . little is known about the number of eggs laid in the wild , although a captive bred female is known to have laid five eggs in one clutch ( 2 ) .
this scheme was subsequently considered untenable , and 18 species of ctenosaura are now recognized ( iguana taxonomy working group , 2011 ) . according to the iguana taxonomy working group ( 2011 ) , “a well - resolved phylogenetic hypothesis of all taxa in this genus is sorely needed . ”
townsend , j . h . , k . l . krysko , and k . m . enge . 2003 . the identity of spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura , introduced to florida , usa ( squamata : sauria : iguanidae ) . herpetozoa 16 : 67 - 72 .
a prerequisite for breeding spiny - tailed iguanas , of course , is healthy animals . ctenosaura as young as 14 months have laid fertile eggs , but i wouldn’t recommend breeding spiny - tailed iguanas that are that young . i recommend waiting until they are at least 2 years old .
avery ml ; tillman ea ; spurfeld c ; engeman rm ; maciejewski kp ; brown jd ; fetzer ea , 2014 . invasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa . integrative zoology , 9 ( 5 ) : 590 - 597 . urltoken
farallo vr ; sasa m ; wasko dk ; forstner mrj , 2010 . reduced foraging in the presence of predator cues by the black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis ( sauria : iguanidae ) . phyllomedusa - journal of herpetology , 9 ( 2 ) : 109 - 119 . urltoken
morales - mávil , jorge e . ; emilio a . suárez - domínguez , and carlos r . corona - lópez 2016 . biology and conservation of the gulf spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura acanthura ) . herp . cons . biol . 11 ( monograph 6 ) - get paper here
krysko kl ; larson kw ; diep d ; abellana e ; mckercher er , 2009 . diet of the nonindigenous black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis ( gray 1831 ) ( sauria : iguanidae ) , in southern florida . florida scientist , 72 ( 1 ) : 48 - 58 .
krysko , k . l . , f . w . king , k . m . enge , and a . t . reppas . 2003 . distribution of the introduced black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) on the southwestern coast of florida . florida scientist 66 : 141 - 146 .
mendoza quijano , fernando , sol de mayo a . mejenes lópez , magaly hernández aquino and gunther köhler 2002 . ctenosaura acanthura ( shaw , 1802 ) . an addition to the known fauna of the mexican state of hidalgo . herpetozoa 15 ( 1 / 2 ) : 91 - 92 - get paper here
gonzález - garcía a ; belliure j ; gómez - sal a ; dávila p , 2009 . the role of urban greenspaces in fauna conservation : the case of the iguana ctenosaura similis in the ' patios ' of león city , nicaragua . biodiversity and conservation , 18 ( 7 ) : 1909 - 1920 . urltoken
suárez - domínguez , emilio alfonso ; morales - mávil , jorge eufrates ; chavira , roberto ; boeck , lourdes 2011 . effects of habitat perturbation on the daily activity pattern and physiological stress of the spiny tailed iguana ( ctenosaura acanthura ) . amphibia - reptilia 32 ( 3 ) : 315 - 322 - get paper here
the five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata ) is a medium - sized , robust lizard so named for the five rows of enlarged spines on its flattened , heavily armoured tail ( 2 ) . the adult five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana’s tail is almost twice the length of its body ( 3 ) .
the first part of the scientific name for the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna ) , ctenosaura , derives from two greek words meaning ‘comb lizard’ ( 3 ) and refers to its large , flattened spines ( 4 ) . the upper back , chest and forelimbs of the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana are dark - brown to black , and contrast with the pale blue lower body and tail . large tan - coloured scales cover the head , and the eyes are bright orange . the flap of skin , known as the ‘dewlap’ , which hangs from under the chin , is typically larger and more prominent on males ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
when it comes to invasive species in south florida , the black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis , holds its own . the central american native isn’t imported for the pet trade like the green iguana ( iguana iguana ) , but the species still has managed to spread far and wide , now numbering in the tens of thousands .
while removing iguanas would benefit county managers who are trying to eliminate brazilian pepper , that effort still doesn’t address the problem with raccoons , which are florida natives . even so , managers must try to remove all non - indigenous species , krysko said . “you can’t let up on plants , you can’t let up on the ctenosaura . ”
clutch size varies with species , size and age of the female . smaller ctenosaura and younger animals lay approximately four to 10 eggs . large , mature female mexican ( c . pectinata ) and black ( c . similis ) spiny - tailed iguanas may lay 40 to 55 eggs . the eggs of most species are about the size of bearded dragon eggs .
pasachnik , s . a . , ariano - s�nchez , d . , burgess , j . , montgomery , c . , mccranie , j . r . & k�hler , g . 2010 . ctenosaura oedirhina . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 15 januray 2012 )
hi all ! im new to this site and im curious about ctenosaura species . does anyone have experience in keeping them ? there are some species that seem to be very interesting for housing , like : c . clarki , c . quinquecarinata , c . palearis , c . bakeri . . . id like to now something about them from the first hand . thanks !
old cutler road , miami ( eggert 1978 ) , but this population was misidentified and was actually ctenosaura pectinata ( wilson and porras 1983 ) ; a large population of c . similis is present on key biscayne , and a large , breeding population occurs at amelia earhart park in hialeah ( townsend et al . 2003 ; k . enge , ffwcc , quincy , personal observation )
habitat loss and degradation , mainly due to conversion for agriculture and cattle grazing , are the primary reasons for the extreme rarity of the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( 1 ) . it is also hunted for its meat , skin and eggs and is collected for the exotic pet trade where , like all ctenosaura species , it is in high demand ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .
the black spiny - tailed iguana is native to central america , and has the widest range of all ctenosaura species from the isthmus of tehuantepec to northeastern nicaragua and western panama on the respective atlantic and pacific coasts . it is commonly found throughout costa rica , honduras and has been reported in colombia . in addition to its varied appearance it may interbreed with other ctenosaur species throughout this range .
history : etheridge ( 1982 ) cites shaw 1802 ( gen . zool . , london , 3 ( 1 ) : 216 ) as first author . however , the first part of “general zoology , vol . 3” appeared already 1795 . bailey ( 1928 ) mixed up c . acanthinura , similis , and pectinata . see smith & taylor ( 1950 : 74 ) for details . synonymy : zarza et al . ( 2008 ) demonstrated that this taxon is nested within the diverse taxon currently called c . pectinata . until the taxonomy of c . pectinata is clarified ( see comment on that species ) , we continue to recognize acanthura as a separate species from pectinata . type species : ctenosaura cycluroides wiegmann 1828 is the type species of the genus ctenosaura wiegmann 1828 ( designated by fitzinger 1843 ) .
this species is of limited value in the pet trade as it can be aggressive and “difficult” ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) . total imports of c . similis to the us peaked in 2004 ( 3296 animals ) , but decreased to 76 by 2008 ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) . illegal international trade involving this and other species of ctenosaura on the internet is common ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) .
on the mainland in the valle de aguán , a subpopulation occurs within pico bonito national park south , although limited protection or enforcement against collecting is allotted in this area . within the valle de aguán , locals are working to create a research and breeding station similar to the one established on utila for the protection and management of the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) . the board of directors for the utila station will advise the aguán station .
once considered one of the rarest iguanas in existence , the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is named after the single island it inhabits and the whorls of enlarged spiny scales that encircle the tail ( 2 ) . the colour of adult utila spiny - tailed iguanas varies from light grey to dark grey - brown , often with an attractive turquoise tinge ( 3 ) . all juveniles , however , are a uniform grey - brown ( 3 ) .
justification : ctenosaura clarki is known only from michoacán , mexico . area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km² ( vu b2 ) . current population size is estimated at perhaps less than 2 , 500 individuals distributed in 10–15 isolated subpopulations ( severe fragmentation – vu b2a ) , with several hundred individuals in each subpopulation . habitat status and threats to the species are unknown , however , there is habitat loss due to agriculture in the region ( vu b2b ( iii ) ) .
species account : this species is native to both drainages of southern mexico and has established populations in dade , lee , and charlotte counties in florida . it is difficult to distinguish this species from the mexican spinytail iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) , but ctenosaura similis has 0 - 2 scales separating the short crest along the back and tail , 2 complete rows of intercalary scales between the whorls of enlarged scales on the tail , and dark dorsal crossbands ( köhler and streit 1996 ) . adult males may reach nearly 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) in length . these primarily terrestrial lizards are extremely wary and typically dash to their burrows , although they will climb agilely if they cannot reach their burrows ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) . according to wilson and porras ( 1983 ) , eggert ( 1978 ) misidentified a population of this species along old cutler road in miami , but black spinytail iguanas are found on key biscayne in dade county ( townsend et al . 2003 ) .
spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura spp . ) are native to hot and dry areas of mexico and central america . they can make great pets or display animals . despite laws to protect them , most spiny - tailed iguana populations are declining in the wild due to hunting , loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade . every effort should be made to purchase captive - born - and - bred animals because they generally are hardier and less skittish , and purchasing them helps take pressure off wild populations .
remarks : the lizards that exist at the arizona - sonora desert museum are a genetic cross between ctenosaura conspicuosa ( san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ) and c . hemilopha macrolopha ( sonoran spiny - tailed iguana ) . by thomas c . brennan brennan , t . c . , & a . t . holycross . 2006 . a field guide to amphibians and reptiles in arizona . arizona game and fish department . phoenix , az stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , third edition . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .
i incubate all my ctenosaura eggs at 86 to 88 degrees fahrenheit with about 70 percent humidity . i have used perlite , vermiculite and sand as incubation mediums , though recommend vermiculite . mix it with enough water so that if you squeeze it with your hand as hard as you can , only a few drops of water will fall out . i live in phoenix , where it is hot and dry , and i check the moisture content of the incubation medium about every 15 days . if it is too dry the eggs will collapse , and if it’s too wet mold and fungal growth will develop . following these guidelines , eggs should hatch after 65 to 80 days .
justification : ctenosaura alfredschmidti is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in southern campeche , mexico . total range is not known , although it is currently known only from an area of less than 100 km² ( cr b1 ) . population size and trends are unknown , although it is thought that there may be fewer than 2 , 500 . quality of habitat is believed to be decreasing and future population declines may be seen due to habitat loss ( cr b1b ( iii ) ) . not enough data are available to be able to say how many locations this species occurs in or degree of fragmentation . however , it nearly meets the thresholds for cr b1ab ( iii ) and therefore is assessed as near threatened .
the primary threats to the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana are severe weather and climate change , causing habitat shifts , drought , extreme temperature , and hurricanes . high temperatures are particularly harmful to eggs and hatchlings . invasive alien rats occur on the island , however , the degree to which they negatively affect the iguana population is unknown . genetic data suggests that there may be some hybridization on the island with ctenosaura conspicuosa ( davy et al . 2010 ) . additional research is needed to quantify this occurrence and determine if this poses a future threat to the species . nolasco spiny - tailed iguanas occur within the pet trade on a limited scale . historically this species may also have been hunted for food but this practice is believed to have ceased .
ctenosaura similis , commonly known as black spiny - tailed iguana , is the largest and most widely distributed ctenosaur . its native range stretches from southern mexico to panama where is exploited for food and traditional medicine . it generally is found in seasonally dry , lowland habitats but can occur in sites up to 900 m elevation . it is often found in close proximity to human activity . the capacity of c . similis to co - exist in altered environments coupled with its high fecundity has contributed to its successful establishment and spread in florida , usa , where it consumes valuable horticultural plants , invades dwellings , and threatens imperilled native species through predation and usurpation of burrows . the invasive range of c . similis also includes venezuela and the colombian islands of providencia and san andres .
feed adult spiny - tailed iguanas a wide range of food , such as mixed greens , shredded carrots , mulberry and hibiscus leaves , and edible wild plants such as purslane , clover , dandelions , greens and flowers . seasonal fruit and vegetables can also be offered ( mine love figs ) . i feed baby and juvenile spiny - tails the same as the adults , except i also give them some insects , particularly crickets about half the size of the young lizards’ heads . i have also offered zoophobas , tomato hornworms and silk worms . i have never fed vertebrate prey such as mice to my ctenosaura , but know keepers who have with no harmful effect . calcium and vitamin supplements should be provided two to three times a week ( gravid females should receive supplemental calcium every day ) . dry commercial iguana diets are also available .
a great way to build trust and calm new ctenosaura is by hand - feeding them . once they are comfortable with your presence and are taking food from your fingers , you can begin to pick them up . when picking up a pet spiny - tailed iguana , it is best to approach slowly and place your hand palm side up in front of the lizard . try putting your other hand behind it and gently coax the spiny - tail onto your hand . never restrain your animal by the tail , as it can break off . every spiny - tailed iguana is different . some are so tame and inquisitive they seem to enjoy human interaction . others are a little flighty and require a bit more patience when interacting . any spiny - tailed iguana that does not like to be handled will still make a fine display animal .
spiny - tailed iguanas have been considered ill tempered , but this is not true for all ctenosaura , especially in regard to captive - born - and - bred animals that behave differently than their wild - caught counterparts . captive - born - and - bred mexican spiny - tails ( c . pectinata ) and baker’s iguanas ( c . bakeri ) can make great pets with very little effort . the san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( c . conspicuosa ) , sonoran black iguana ( c . macrolopha ) and honduran black - chested iguana ( c . melanosterna ) can also tame down quite nicely with a little effort and patience . wild - caught guatemalan spiny - tailed ( c . palearis ) and club - tailed ( c . quinqucarinata ) iguanas can make great display animals , and with time they will often take food from your hand .
black spiny - tailed iguana have distinctive black , keeled scales on their long tails , which gives them their common name . they , along with c . pectinata , are the largest members of the genus ctenosaura . the males are capable of growing up to 1 . 3 meters ( 4 ft 3 in ) in length and the females are slightly shorter , at 0 . 8 - 1 meter ( 2 ft 7 in 3 ft 3 in ) . they have a crest of long spines which extends down the center of the back . although coloration varies extremely among individuals of the same population , adults usually have a whitish gray or tan ground color with a series of 4 - 12 well - defined dark dorsal bands that extend nearly to the ventral scales . males also develop an orange color around the head and throat during breeding season with highlights of blue and peach on their jowls .
mexican law forbids national and international trade and lists this species with special protection under the name of ctenosaura hemilopha ( nom - 059 - 2010 ) . however , there are no international regulations in place , such as the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , to protect the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana from international trade . san pedro nolasco island is part of the gulf of california biosphere reserve . settlements cannot be constructed and the extraction of flora and fauna is not permitted in this area . the island can only be visited with special permits and research is regulated . though proper laws to protect these iguanas exist , additional enforcement is needed in order to regulate the extraction of individuals for the pet trade . a national plan to regulate invasive alien rats is in place , however , action on this plan has not yet been initiated on this island . additional research is needed to characterize the life history , taxonomy , and population trends of this iguana .
the relationship between locomotion and aspiration breathing was investigated in the lizards iguana iguana , ctenosaura similis , varanus exanthematicus and varanus salvator , and the quail coturnix coturnix . respiratory air - flow during walking and running on a 7 . 3 m track or on a treadmill was measured with a bidirectional flow meter attached to one nostril . in all four species of lizards , lung ventilation drops markedly during locomotion . tidal volume decreases as speed increases , often by more than an order of magnitude at intermediate and high speeds , and the rate of decline is most pronounced at the lowest speeds . minute ventilation peaks at or before the reported maximum aerobic speed and decreases at higher speeds . in contrast , quail increase their minute ventilation during running . several observations support the hypothesis that the aspiration of lizards is mechanically constrained by locomotion which employs lateral vertebral bending and sprawling posture . 1 . minute ventilation decreases as running speed increases . 2 . disruption of ventilation is temporally coincident with the locomotor movements . 3 . during running the largest breaths correspond to the strides of longest duration or to brief pauses in the locomotor movements .
habitat loss and modification associated with residential and commercial development , as well as small - scale agriculture and ranching , is the main threat to the iguana . the population is expected to decline dramatically if the current rate of habitat conversion continues ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) . small - scale eradication of individuals due to them being perceived as pests is also a threat . the wide - ranging congener , ctenosaura similis , has recently been introduced to a small satellite island , less than 50 m from roatán . this invasive species could easily disperse to roatán and also threaten the roatán spiny - tailed iguana through competition and hybridization . current efforts are under - way to minimize this threat through removal ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) . although this iguana is listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , exploitation for food and the pet trade are both contributing to the decline of this species . hunting for food , both whole animals and eggs , is a significant threat to the persistence of this species .
digestibility , feed efficiency , and the effect of sex were evaluated in black iguanas ( ctenosaura pectinata ) using two commercial pellets ( rabbit and chicken ) . the experiment was performed in 80 iguanas in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 2×2 over 105 days . no differences were detected by food type in weight gain ( chicken vs . rabbit : 121 vs . 154 mg / d ) and daily intake ( chicken vs . rabbit : 524 vs . 551 mg / d ) , but differences were detected ( p < 0 . 05 ) in feed conversion ( chicken vs . rabbit : 6 . 45 vs . 4 . 47 ) . rabbit pellets showed higher digestibility than chicken food ( p < 0 . 01 ) in dry matter ( 59 . 8 vs . 41 . 4 % ) and ndf ( 55 . 4 vs . 43 . 6 % ) , respectively . sex had no effect in any of the variable responses . black iguanas can be raised since 6 months old in captivity with commercial food designed for rabbit or broiler . no special physiological adaptations occur in black iguanas correlated with change in feeding habits during ontogeny .
i tested the hypothesis that an animal with an ontogenetic diet shift must have different digestive efficiencies for foods that correspond to its diet shift , so that nutrient and energy extraction are maximized . the iguanine lizard ctenosaura pectinata undergoes an ontogenetic diet shift from eating insects as a juvenile to plants as an adult . when fed six different pure foods from the natural diets of different age classes , c . pectinata assimilated nutrients and energy differently depending on food type and age class . extraction of energy and nutrients in insect larvae was maximized by juvenile lizards . calcium , phosphorus , and energy were readily assimilated from flowers and fruit by immature and adult lizards . magnesium levels were highest in leaves and were extracted by immature and adult lizards , but xenobiotic effects of one plant leaf ( croton suberosus ) , eaten by adults , killed juvenile lizards . although juvenile c . pectinata ate some flowers ( senna wislizenii ) naturally , they were less efficient at digesting cell walls from these plant parts than were older lizards . ontogenetic changes in ctenosaur digestive physiology were not the result of a trade - off involving ecological costs of different foods ; rather , each age class preferred a diet that maximized its physiological benefit .
the native range of ctenosaura similis extends from southern mexico through panama . from an initial introduction of 3 animals in 1979 , the species now numbers in the thousands on gasparilla island in southwest florida . in response to complaints of property damage from residents and threats to native species , local officials and the us department of agriculture wildlife services began a removal program in 2008 . through 2011 , trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs . the number removed declined from 32 iguanas / day in 2008 to 1 . 9 iguanas / day in 2011 despite no easing of the control effort . we necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural history . females outnumbered males overall , although the largest size class ( > 300 mm snout - vent length ) included 32 males and just 2 females . reproduction was seasonal . we found oviducal eggs in females from early apr to early jun , approximately 2 months later than c . similis in its native range . we trapped hatchlings from late jul to early oct coincident with the summer rainy season . clutch size increased with female body size , with 62 being the largest clutch size recorded . in general , the biology of the invasive population on gasparilla island resembles native c . similis populations in central america , except for the lack of large individuals . we suggest that shorter day length and colder temperatures create environmental conditions that are suboptimal for individual growth compared to those in the native range .
this study was conducted to compare the growth patterns of black iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) under captivity in two communities : montecillo , state of mexico ( temperate weather ) and nisanda , oaxaca ( tropical weather ) . two hundred and sixty black iguana newborns were included . in montecillo , iguanas were fed a diet containing 16 % to 22 % crude protein ( cp ) , and 13 to 25 % neutral detergent fiber ( ndf ) . in nisanda , iguanas were fed with “tulipacho” ( hibiscus sp ) containing 21 . 64 % cp and 31 . 62 % ndf . variables analyzed included : body weight ( g ) , snout - vent length ( mm ) , total length ( snout - tail , mm ) and percent mortality . growth parameters on each population were estimated with a sigmoid model . the average body weight after 761 d was greater ( p‹0 . 01 ) for the iguanas in montecillo ( 232 . 0 g ) than in nisanda ( 30 . 2 g ) . snout - vent length and total length variables were different ( p‹0 . 01 ) with values of 152 . 1 mm and 452 . 6 mm in montecillo , vs . 90 . 1 mm and 204 . 0 mm in nisanda , respectively . mortality was higher ( p‹0 . 01 ) in nisanda than in montecillo ( 81 . 2 % vs . 7 . 3 % ) . it is concluded that growth patterns of black iguana under captivity are determined by proper management and nutrition systems , when and if adequate temperature is provided in the iguana’s house .
ontogenetic shifts from insect consumption by juveniles to plant consumption by adults are rare in the herbivorous lizard family iguanidae . my investigations on diet and digestive tract anatomy of the iguanid lizard ctenosaura pectinata show that this species has an ontogenetic diet shift . insects were rare in adult diets but constituted 86 . 5 % ( by volume ) of the food eaten by the smallest juveniles . all age classes ate some plant parts from a range of plant types , but flowers and leaves of legumes were a primarily food source . non - adult lizards had the widest food niche breadths . arthropods in the diet of juveniles and immatures covaried seasonally with the decline of arthropod abundance . several hypotheses could explain this ontogenetic plasticity in diet . i rejected hypotheses that gut structure constrained juveniles to an arthropod diet and that insect consumption was purely an artifact of plant consumption because ( 1 ) size - adjusted gut morphology and capacity was similar among age classes , and ( 2 ) no food plants sampled had an excessive density of arthropods . i supported an alternative hypothesis that juveniles can eat plants but do not because insects provide a more nutritious diet . this conclusion was based on the observation that the juvenile hindgut is similar to that of herbivorous adults , and the propensity for juveniles to consume primarily , but not exclusively , insects when they were most abundant . the hindgut represents the site of fermentative plant fiber breakdown in many herbivorous lizards . insect foods can compensate for size - related nutritional needs ( energy and protein ) and digestive limitations in juveniles . opportunistic feeding to maintain a broad diet might help juvenile and immature lizards through high - predation - risk growth periods by reducing searching costs , increasing nutritional and energetic gains due to associative effects , and increasing new food exposure .
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checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
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grismer , l . l . 1999 . an evolutionary classification of reptiles on islands in the gulf of california , méxico . herpetologica 55 ( 4 ) : 446 - 469 .
justification : the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of san pedro nolasco , mexico . iguanas are found throughout the approximately 3 km² island . though this iguana has a very restricted range , the population size is not known to be decreasing or subject to extreme fluctuations . however , there are a number of threats and potential future threats , which , once these start to cause any declines , the species would immediately qualify for a critically endangered listing given the small size of the area and it essentially being a single location for most of the threats listed .
nolasco spiny - tailed iguana is found only on the island of san pedro nolasco , sonora , mexico ( smith 1972 ; grismer 1999a , b ) . the island is approximately 3 km² and the iguana occurs from sea level up to 328 m .
the population size is unknown but thought to be less than 2 , 500 animals due to its restriction on san pedro nolasco island . however , the density on the island appears to be high . approximately 40 individuals were observed during a single day of sampling on a 0 . 5 km transect , resulting in an estimate of 80 iguanas / km ( v . reynoso pers . comm . 2005 ) .
no historic population size data are available . it is known that iguanas are being extracted for the pet trade , however , the threat is minimal and the population is thought to be currently stable .
the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana is most often found under rocks , within hollow trees , and on cacti within tropical dry shrubland and rocky shoreline between 0 - 50 m above sea level . the island of san pedro nolasco is completely undisturbed by human activities other than fishing and sport diving . this iguana is primarily herbivorous , specializing on cacti fruits of the organ pipe cactus ( stenocereus thurberi ) and the endemic near threatened isla san pedro cactus ( echinocereus websterianus ) after the flowering season . in very dry seasons , iguanas may eat the stems of cholla ( cylindropuntia spp . ) .
nolasco spiny - tailed iguanas occur within the pet trade on a limited scale . historically this species may also have been hunted for food but this practice is believed to have ceased .
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justification : the roatán spiny - tailed iguana is found in an area less than 5 , 000 km² and the population is severely fragmented , occurring in 5–10 isolated subpopulations . the iguana is continuing to decline due to ongoing habitat loss and hunting pressure , and is therefore listed as endangered .
the roatán spiny - tailed iguana is restricted to isla roatán and isla barbaretta , honduras . this iguana has also been recorded from big pigeon cay , an islet of roatán ( mccranie
. 2005 ) , but this was not confirmed on recent surveys ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . 2010 ) . similarly , reports of this iguana occurring on morat , a small island between roatán and barbaretta , were not confirmed in 2006 ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . ) . there are small subpopulations of this iguana on multiple small cays around roatán , however , the names of these cays are often inconsistent , further hindering systematic surveying ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . 2010 ) . it is recorded as occurring from sea level up to 100 m .
total population size is not known , but perhaps is less than 2 , 500 mature individuals , split into 5 - 10 subpopulations . the sustainability of each subpopulation is not known . genetic data indicate that there are distinct haplotypes throughout the island , but more data are needed in order to understand the degree of divergence between subpopulations ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) .
the roatán spiny - tailed iguana occurs in a variety of habitat types including beach and rocky ocean front , mangrove , and tropical dry forest ( holdridge 1967 ) . it is semi - arboreal , and uses hollow branches and rocks as retreats . little is known about the ecology of this iguana , however , research is currently under - way to obtain natural history data for this species .