rhynchactis is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family gigantactinidae , containing three species found worldwide at depths greater than 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .

adult female rhynchactis reach a standard length ( sl ) of 11 – 13 cm ( 4.3 – 5.1 in ) and have a dark-colored , streamlined body and a relatively small head bearing a very long illicium ( the " fishing rod " formed by the first ray of the dorsal fin ) .

unlike almost all other deep-sea anglerfishes , the illicium bears no bioluminescent esca ( the " lure " ) at the tip .

the mouth is almost devoid of teeth , and the inside of both jaws are covered by numerous white glands that are unique to this genus .

the lack of an esca , greatly reduced dentition , and glands inside the mouth all point to rhynchactis having a highly specialized mode of feeding , the nature of which has yet to be deciphered .

as in other deep-sea anglerfishes , there is enormous sexual dimorphism with males being much smaller than females and lacking an illicium , though they do not appear to be parasitic as in some families .

reproduction is oviparous , with the larvae having a rounded shape and enlarged pectoral fins .

rhynchactis

there are no species - specific conservation efforts at this time for rhynchactis macrothix .
revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .
revision of the deep - sea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new apecies .
species of the family gigantactinidae are meso - bathypelagic anglerfish ( pietsch in press ) . species in the genus rhynchactis have a wide distribution in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32°n and 12°s ( bertelsen and pietsch . 1998 ) . rhynchactis macrothrix is known to inhabit waters as shallow as 300 m and as deep as 2 , 000 m ( pietsch 2009 ) .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583590 .
bertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
bertelsen , e . and t . w . pietsch , 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 . ( ref . 28611 )
color of females in preservative uniformly dark brown to black over entire external surface of head , body , and fins ( except for unpigmented transparent parts of escal bulb , escal appendages , and stem of illicium ; for ontogenetic and specific variation , see species accounts below ) ; oral cavity more or less pigmented . skin of metamorphosed males weakly pigmented in rhynchactis , varying among species - groups of gigantactis from unpigmented to dark brown or black . subdermal pigment of larvae , males , and juvenile females varying between genera and among species groups of gigantactis from absent ( e . g . , gigantactis longicirra ) to dense , dorsal and peritoneal groups of melanophores ( e . g . , rhynchactis ) .
justification : rhynchactis macrothix is distributed in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32°n and 12°s . it is a meso - bathypelagic species , residing between 300 m and 2 , 000 m . little is known about its population or ecology . there are no known major threats . based on the limited information , r . macrothix is assessed as data deficient .
the whipnose anglers are placed in 2 genera , gigantactis brauer , 1902 , with 18 species , and rhynchactis regan , 1925 , with 3 . the rare , primarily tropical rhynchactis is known just outside our area ( off madagascar ) from a single female of r . macrothrix bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 and is not included here . six species of gigantactis have been found in our area . females of gigantactis reach about 41 cm sl , and adults of both sexes are primarily bathypelagic . metamorphosed males are non - parasitic and reach 22 mm sl ; none are yet known from our area . parr ( 1927 ) described the first male of gigantactis but placed it in a new genus , laevoceratias , family aceratiidae . bertelsen ( 1951 ) tentatively placed it in the family diceratiidae . the gigantactinids were last reviewed by bertelsen et al . ( 1981 ) who examined all the then known material and recognized 17 species . kharin ( 1984 ) described g . balushkini from off japan .
the fishing
lure ,
or illicium , in ceratioids is tipped with a luminescent organ , the esca , except in the caulophrynidae , and in the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis . the illicium of rhynchactis macrothrix , a species that has been taken just outside our area , is tipped with a slight bulbous swelling , but this is not an esca ( bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) . often the esca is adorned with spinules , papillae and a variety of filaments and appendages . illicium length is measured from its base only to the distal end of the bulb of the esca . other light organs include the hyoid barbels of linophryne and the dorsal midbody caruncles in ceratiids . tooth counts are a summation of both sides of each jaw . free - living metamorphosed males have a unique toothy bone articulating with the anterior ends of both jaws called the upper and lower denticulars ; their denticles form into rows and are counted . scales are often modified into skin spinules ( = prickles or dermal spines elsewhere ) , or greatly enlarged bucklers ( himantolophidae ) .
both genera of the family are represented in all three major oceans of the world . females of gigantactis have been reported from as far north as southern greenland , with the southernmost record close to 50°s in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean . the known distribution of rhynchactis is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions between about 30°n and 10°s . the great majority of the recorded metamorphosed specimens of the family have been captured in nets fished in maximum depths exceeding 1000 m . gigantactinids thus appear to be among the deepest - living ceratioids , with greatest abundance between 1000 and at least 2500 m .
ceratioid anglerfishes differ further from their shallow - water relatives in having a bacterial light - organ that serves as bait to attract prey , a structure technically called the “esca”—exceptions among members of the suborder include the monotypic family neoceratiidae ( bertelsen , 1951 ) , the three species of the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) , and the five members of the family caulophrynidae ( pietsch , 1979 ) . parr ( 1927 ) was the first to recognize the diagnostic value of the external morphology of escae in ceratioids , pointing out the need for a closer examination of individual variation in the structure of this organ . since that time , differences in the number , shape , and size of escal appendages and filaments , as well as variation in external escal pigment patterns , have been , for the most part , the sole basis on which new species have been described ( e . g . , see pietsch , 1974 ; bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .
bertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of frv
walther herwig
to south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv
walther herwig .
arch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171 - 189 .  . 1983 . the ceratioid anglerfishes of australia . recs . australian mus . , 35 : 77 - 99 .  . 1984 . results of the research cruises of frv
walther herwig
to south america . lxiii . a resurrection of the ceratioid anglerfish ceratias tentaculatus ( norman , 1930 ) with notes on the occurrence of the species of ceratias in the atlantic ocean ( pisces : lophiiformes ) . arch . fischwiss . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 51 .  . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401 - 409 .  . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
rhynchactis has undergone such a drastic reduction and loss of parts that clearly it is the more derived of the two gigantactinid genera . within the genus gigantactis , there are four morphological trends that seem to characterize anglerfish evolution in general ( pietsch , 1972 , 1974 : 87 , 88 ) : ( 1 ) an increase in the length of the illicium , ( 2 ) a decrease in the number of median - fin rays , ( 3 ) a loss of jaw teeth , and ( 4 ) an increase in morphological complexity of the luring apparatus , in this case , reflected in a general tendency to increase the number of distal filaments of the esca and filaments of the illicium . giagantactis longicirra appears to be the least derived member of the genus , having the shortest illicium , the greatest number of longitudinal series of dentary teeth , the highest dorsal - ray count , and the least number of distal escal filaments . members of the g . macronema group ( g . macronema , g . microdontis , and g . ios ) are the most derived , having the longest illicium , the fewest series and total number of dentary teeth , the lowest dorsal - ray counts , and numbers distal , escal filaments . the remaining species of the genus are more or less intermediate in specialization . members of the g . vanhoeffeni group , include g . vanhoeffeni , g . meadi , g . gibbsi , g . gracilicauda , and g . paxtoni , are united in sharing a relatively short illicium and a similar escal morphology . members of the g . gargantua group , including g . gargantua , g . watermani , and g . herwigi , likewise share a similar escal morphology but are also united on the basis of having a relatively long illicium and an elongation of the second and seventh caudal - fin rays .
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the gigantactinidae is one of the most well - defined and highly specialized families of deep - sea anglerfishes . the females are readily distinguished from those of the other ten families of the suborder by having an elongate streamlined shape , a relatively small head and slender caudal peduncle , five pectoral radials , and a greatly prolonged illicium that reaches a length between one and four times standard length . the family includes 22 species in two genera .
as is the case with nearly all ceratioid groups , little is known about the ecology of the gigantactinids . however , recent evidence suggests that this group lives a benthic lifestyle and may even swim upside down while foraging , drifting motionless as the esca lures prey off the bottom ( moore , 2002 ) . rov jason , of woods hole oceanographic insitutue , captured a whipnose anglerfish ( gigantactis sp . ) on video ( hawaii - 2 observatory video clips ) swimming ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 1 ) and apparently foraging upside down ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 3 ) .
metamorphosed females of the gigantactinidae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in lacking the vomer , mesopterygoid , and an ossified scapula ; in having the preopercle reduced to a short narrow strut of bone ; the interopercle reduced , without ligamentous connection to the angular ; the caudal fin emarginate ( except in the largest known females of gigantactis kreffti and g . macronema ) , with nine caudal - fin rays , the ventralmost ray reduced and embedded within skin surrounding the adjacent ray ; the pterygiophore of the illicium exceptionally large , the compressed posterior end butting up against the supraoccipital ; and five pectoral radials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) .
free - living male of gigantactis male group i , 14 . 5mm , zmuc p921533 ( after bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) . © 1981 , e . bertelsen et al . , k . elsman
metamorphosed gigantactinid males differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having the following combination of character states : eyes minute , only 3 - 5 % sl in most specimens ; olfactory organs large , depth 8 - 10 % sl in most specimens ; anterior nostrils close together , directed anteriorly ; premaxillae degenerate , but maxillae well developed ; jaw teeth absent ; denticular teeth all or nearly all mutually free ; upper denticular teeth 3 - 6 ( rarely 2 ) , not connected to pterygiophore of illicium ; lower denticular teeth 4 - 7 ( rarely 3 ) ; hyomandibular with a single head ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( rarely 7 ) ; pectoral radials 5 ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; pelvic bones absent ; skin naked or densely covered with dermal spinules ; free - living , no evidence that males ever become parasitic , but temporarily attached males are unknown ( see pietsch , 2005 ) .
in addition to the sexual dimorphism common to all metamorphosed ceratioids , gigantactinid males differ further from females of the family in having a symphysial cartilage , a vomer , and a basibranchial ossification ; they differ also in having fully developed frontals , parietals , opercular bones , and ceratobranchials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 , figs . 11d - f , 14 , 15 ) .
gigantactinid larvae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having exceptionally large pectoral fins ( length 45 - 55 % sl ) , comparable only to those of the caulophrynidae ; they differ further in having the following combination of character states : short , nearly spherical ; skin highly inflated ; pelvic fins absent ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; metamorphosis beginning at 8 - 10 mm sl , metamorphosal stages 9 - 20 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1981 , 62 , 1984 : 326 , fig . 168a - b ) .
gigantactinids are among the largest known ceratioids . while some of the 30 or so females of gigantactis greater than 200 mm have relatively large ovaries , none contain ripe or ripening eggs . eggs larger than about 0 . 5 mm in diameter have not been found . at the same time , none of the more than 175 metamorphosed females in collections around the world are parasitized by males , thus it is assumed that males remain free - living . the largest known male , a member of the gigantactis male group i measures 22 mm and has ripe testes .
bertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .
bertelsen , e . , t . w . pietsch , and r . j . lavenberg . 1981 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family gigantactinidae : morphology , systematics , and distribution . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , contri . sci . , 332 , vi , 74 pp .
brauer , a . 1902 . diagnosen von neuen tiefseefischen , welche von der valdivia - expedition gesammelt sind . zool . anz . , 25 , 668 ( 4 ) : 277298 .
moore , j . a . 2002 . upside - down swimming behaviour in a whipnose anglerfish ( teleost : ceratioidei : gigantactinidae ) . copeia , 2002 ( 4 ) : 11441146 .
pietsch , t . w . 1972 . ergebnisse der forschungsreisen des ffs
walther herwig
nach südamerika . xix . systematics and distribution of ceratioid fishes of the genus dolopichthys ( family oneirodidae ) , with the description of a new species . arch . fischwiss . , 23 ( 1 ) : 128 .
pietsch , t . w . 1974 . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes lütken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .
pietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207236 .
regan , c . t . 1912 . the classification of the teleostean fishes of the order pediculati . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 9 ( 28 ) : 277289 .
regan , c . t . 1925 . new ceratioid fishes from the n . atlantic , the caribbean sea , and the gulf of panama , collected by the
dana .
ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 8 ( 62 ) : 561567 .
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greek , ' rhynch ' = beak or snout + greek , ' aktis ' = ray ( in reference to the illicium that arises near the tip of the snout ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2250 m ( ref . 28611 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 3 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 4 . length of illicium 210 % sl , tip with 4 tiny filaments ; irregular series of 19 filaments on distal 14 % of length of illicium , five longest 2 - 4 % sl , all gradually tapering from base to tip ( ref . 86949 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 2000 m ( ref . 86949 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 3 . length of illicium 109 - 144 % sl , distal tip bearing 3 - 4 small unpigmented filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; distal 28 - 57 % illicial length bearing series of 11 - 20 secondary filaments , five longest filaments measuring 6 - 15 % sl ; each secondary filament with 1 - 2 unpigmented terminal filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; large specimens ( 110 - 113 mm ) with secondary filaments darkly pigmented to base of terminal filaments , divided on each side by a narrow , well - defined longitudinal transparent band ( ref . 86949 ) .
) : 2 - 9 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 368 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
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the gigantactinidae are known for their extreme sexual dimorphism . males of the gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size . they are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2 . 2 cm , while the females are significantly larger than the males with the ability to reach 43 . 5 cm in size ( pietsch in press ) . in the gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer - like denticles . in this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time ( pietsch 2005 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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of the five major taxa of lophiiform fishes , the deep - sea ceratioidei is the most phylogenetically derived ( bertelsen , 1984 ; pietsch , 1984 ) . ceratioidei are distributed throughout the world’s oceans below a depth of 300 m . with 160 species , it constitutes by far the most species - rich vertebrate taxon within the bathypelagic zone and below—more than twice as many families and genera and more than three times the number of species as the cetomimoidei , the next most species - rich deep - sea vertebrate taxon ( see paxton , 1998 ; herring , 2002 ) . at the same time , new species are being added to the suborder at a steady if not increasing rate .
the internal structure of ceratioid escae is infinitely more complex , involving a confusing array of bacteria - filled vesicles , light - absorbing pigment layers , reflecting tissues , tubular light - guiding structures , nerves , blood vessels , and smooth muscle fibers ( munk and bertelsen , 1980 ; munk , 1988 , 1998 , 1999 ; herring and munk , 1994 ; munk and herring , 1996 ; munk et al . , 1998 ) . there is some evidence also that ceratioid escae contain pheromone - producing secretory glands that function to attract a conspecific male ( munk , 1992 ) , but the true nature and adaptive significance of these structures and most of the other internal parts of escae are unknown .
in addition to the esca , all 23 currently recognized species of the ceratioid genus linophryne ( family linophrynidae ) bear an elaborate bioluminescent hyoid barbel , the light of which does not originate from symbiotic luminescent bacteria but rather from a complex array of intrinsic , intracellular , paracrystalline photogenic granules ; the bacteria - filled esca is ectodermal in origin , whereas the barbel light organ appears to be derived from the mesoderm ( hansen and herring , 1977 ) . this remarkable dual system , involving two entirely separate mechanisms of light production , is unique among animals .
in summary , ceratioid anglerfishes are among the most intriguing of all animals , possessing a host of spectacular morphological , behavioral , and physiological innovations found nowhere else . the suborder is taxonomically diverse : with 160 currently recognized species ( and many more certain to be discovered in the future ) , it forms a major contribution to the biodiversity of the deep - sea . it is exceedingly widespread geographically , occurring in deep waters of all major oceans and seas of the world , from high arctic latitudes to the southern ocean ; while some species appear to be almost cosmopolitan in distribution , many others have surprisingly small , restricted , vertical and horizontal ranges . their relative abundance , high species diversity , and trophic position as the top primary carnivores in meso - and bathypelagic communities make them important ecologically . their unique mode of reproduction has significant biomedical implications to the fields of endocrinology and immunology . yet , despite these many aspects of biological interest and importance , as well as a large amount of revisionary work published in the 1970s and early 1980s , including repeated attempts to resolve phylogenetic relationships , ceratioid anglerfishes have remained poorly known .
a suborder of lophiiforms unique and derived in lacking pelvic fins ( except in larval and newly metamorphosed caulophrynidae ) , pelvic bones reduced or absent ; extremely sexually dimorphic , males dwarfed , a fraction of size of females . spinous dorsal - fin of two spines ( the illicium and second cephalic spine ) , both supported by a single pterygiophore ; anteriormost dorsal - fin spine modified to serve as a lure , emerging from dorsal surface of cranium ( somewhat behind cranium in bufoceratias , from roof of mouth in thaumatichthyidae , absent in neoceratiidae ) ; second dorsal - fin spine reduced to a tiny remnant ( but relatively well developed in adolescent diceratiidae and ceratiidae , absent in neoceratiidae and linophrynidae ) , embedded beneath skin of head and lying on , or fused to , dorsal surface of pterygiophore just behind base of illicial bone ; postcephalic , spinous dorsal - fin absent ; palatine teeth absent ; interhyal without medial , posterolaterally directed process ; ceratobranchial v toothless , reduced to a slender rod - shaped element in most families , represented by tiny remnants in the gigantactinidae ; epibranchial i simple , without ligamentous attachment to epibranchial ii ; pharyngobranchial iv absent ; cleithral spine absent ; interopercle reduced , elongate and narrow ; subopercle with ascending process absent or reduced to a small spine or projection detached from opercle ; gill filaments present as holobranchs on gill arches ii and iii , extending as hemibranchs onto proximal end of arch i in some families ( i . e . , caulophrynidae , himantolophidae , melanocetidae , diceratiidae , some oneirodidae , centrophrynidae , and neoceratiidae ) , and as hemibranchs on arch iv ; pseudobranch absent ( tiny remnants present in some gigantactis ) ; swimbladder absent .
males with elements of cephalic dorsal - fin spines greatly reduced , remnants embedded beneath skin of head ; eyes and olfactory organs greatly enlarged in most taxa ; tip of snout and chin bearing hooked denticular teeth , used for attachment to females ; in some families and genera attachment becomes parasitic through fusion of male and female tissue .
females with body short and deep , almost spherical in most families , but elongate and somewhat laterally compressed in thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , ceratiidae , gigantactinidae , neoceratiidae , and some oneirodidae ; head length usually greater than 40 % sl , but only about 25 % in elongate species ; mouth moderate to extremely large ( compared to other lophiiforms ) , length of premaxilla as little as 10 % sl ( in some gigantactinidae ) to as great as 40 % sl ( in some linophrynidae ) ; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal ( e . g . , thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , and gigantactinidae ) or oblique to almost vertical ( e . g . , melanocetidae and ceratiidae ) .
sexual dimorphism extreme : males dwarfed , those of most genera reaching a maximum standard length of only 6 - 8 % of that of females , and less than 25 % of that of the largest females of genera for which mature females are known ; body elongate , head less than 40 % sl ; mouth small , length of premaxilla usually less than 15 % sl ; cleft of mouth horizontal . metamorphosed males of all families with hooked denticular teeth apparently adapted especially for gripping the skin of females ; becoming permanently attached and parasitic in caulophrynidae , ceratiidae , neoceratiidae , linophrynidae , and the oneirodid genera bertella and leptacanthichthys .
fin - ray counts the same for males and females , highly variable : dorsal rays 3 - 8 in most families , 11 - 13 in neoceratiidae , and 12 - 22 in caulophrynidae and melanocetidae ; anal rays 3 - 7 in most families , 5 - 19 in caulophrynidae , and 10 - 13 in neoceratiidae ; caudal rays nearly always 9 , but 8 in the ceratiid genus cryptopsaras and 10 in some specimens of neoceratiidae ; pectoral rays 12 - 30 . pelvic fins absent ( except in larval and early metamorphosis stages of caulophrynidae ) . rays of unpaired fins sometimes greatly elongate ( e . g . , in females of caulophrynidae and gigantactinidae ) and often not interconnected , or interconnected with extremely thin , transparent , membrane - like tissue . caudal fin rounded in nearly all families , but emarginate in some gigantactinidae ; caudal rays of some large individuals of ceratiidae terminating in spherical skin - covered ossifications .
coloration of males and females usually uniform dark brown to black over entire head , body , and fins ; dermis everywhere unpigmented and translucent in the linophrynid genus haplophryne .
in some ceratioid taxa , the male ' s attachment to the female is followed by fusion of epidermal and dermal tissues and , eventually , by a connection of the circulatory systems so that the male becomes permanently dependent on the female for blood - transported nutrients , while the host female becomes a kind of self - fertilizing hermaphrodite ( regan , 1925a , b , 1926 ; parr , 1930 ; regan and trewavas , 1932 ; bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1975 , 1976 ; munk and bertelsen , 1983 ; munk , 2000 ) . permanent attachment is usually accomplished by means of separate outgrowths from the snout and tip of the lower jaw of the male , both of which eventually fuse with the skin of the female . in some species a papilla of female tissue protrudes into the mouth of the male , sometimes appearing to completely occlude the pharynx . the heads of some males become broadly fused to the skin of the female , extending from the tip of the lower jaw to the rear of the skull , appearing as if embedded or absorbed by their mate , while in others , the male is carried at the tip of an elongate , cylindrical stalk of female tissue .
increasing considerably in size once fused , their volume becoming much greater than free - living males of the same species , and being otherwise completely unable to acquire nutrients on their own , the males are considered to be parasites . they apparently remain alive and reproductively functional as long as the female lives , participating in repeated spawning events . a single male per female appears to be the rule in some taxa , but in others multiple attachments are relatively common , with as many as eight coupled to a single host ( saruwatari et al . , 2001 ) .
since its discovery some 80 years ago ( saemundsson , 1922 ; regan , 1925a , b ) , the story of sexual parasitism in ceratioid anglerfishes has become a part of common scientific knowledge . however , the known facts concerning this remarkable reproductive mode have never been thoroughly and satisfactorily analyzed , despite the work of bertelsen ( 1951 ) and more recently of munk and bertelsen ( 1983 ) , munk ( 2000 ) , and pietsch ( 2005 ) . the physiological mechanisms ( endocrinological and immunological ) that allow for sexual parasitism , which could be of significant biomedical importance , have never been explored .
males of the caulophrynid genus robia , the single known female of which has dorsal - fin rays 6 and anal - fin rays 5 , are unknown .
males of the thaumatichthyid genus lasiognathus , the females of which have naked skin , are unknown .
males of eight of the 16 recognized oneirodid genera are unknown , including spiniphryne , the females of which have spinulose skin .
bertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .
bertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1965 . on a rare ceratioid fish , linophryne lucifer collett , 1886 . vidensk . medd . fra dansk naturh . foren . , 128 : 293301 .
bertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1988 . the ceratioid family himantolophidae ( pisces , lophiiformes ) . steenstrupia , 14 ( 2 ) : 989 .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1975 . results of the research cruises of frv “walther herwig” to south america . xxxviii . osteology and relationships of the ceratioid anglerfish genus spiniphryne ( family oneirodidae ) . arch . fischwiss . , 26 ( 1 ) : 111 .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of the frv “walther herwig” to south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv “walther herwig . ” arch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171189 .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) , with the description of a new species . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401409 .
hansen , k . , and p . j . herring . 1977 . dual bioluminescent systems in the anglerfish genus linophryne ( pisces : ceratioidea ) . j . zool . , london , 182 : 103124 .
herring , p . j . 2000 . species abundance , sexual encounter and bioluminescent signaling in the deep sea . phil . trans . roy . soc . london , b , 355 : 12731276 .
herring p . j . 2002 . biology of the deep sea . oxford univ . press . 314 pp .
herring , p . j . , and o . munk . 1994 . the escal light gland of the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( pisces : ceratioidei ) , with observations on luminescence control . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 74 : 747763 .
herring , p . j . , e . a . widder , and o . munk . 1994 . flashing anglerfish ; an unexpected signalling system . abstracts of the eighth deep sea biology symposium , monterey , california , 1997 : 52 .
hickling , c . f . 1925 . a new type of luminescence in fishes . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , n . s . , 13 : 914937 .
kottelat , m . , and c . vidthayanon . 1993 . boraras micros , a new genus and species of minute freshwater fish from thailand ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthy . explor . freshwaters , 4 ( 2 ) : 161176 .
marshall , n . b . 1967a . the olfactory organs of bathypelagic fishes . symp . zool . soc . london , 19 : 5770 .
marshall , n . b . 1967b . the organization of deep - sea fishes . pp . 473479 , in : f . m . bayer , c . p . idyll , j . i . jones , f . f . koczy , a . a . myrberg , c . r . robins , f . g . w . smith , g . l . vos , e . j . f . wood , and a . c . jensen ( editors ) , proceedings of the international conference on tropical oceanography , 1724 november 1965 , miami beach , florida , studies in tropical oceanography , miami , vol . 5 .
munk , o . 1964 . the eyes of some ceratioid fishes . dana rept . , 62 , 17 pp .
munk , o . 1966 . ocular anatomy of some deep - sea teleosts . dana rept . , 70 , 62 pp .
munk , o . 1988 . glandular tissue of escal light organ in the deep - sea anglerfish oneirodes eschrichti ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . a light and electron microscopic study . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren , 147 : 93120 .
munk , o . 1992 . accessory escal gland ( aeg ) in some deep - sea anglerfishes . acta zool . , 73 ( 1 ) : 3337 .
munk , o . 1998 . light guides of the escal light organs in some deep - sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 79 ( 3 ) : 175186 .
munk , o . 1999 . the escal photophore of ceratioids ( pisces ; ceratioidei ) a review of structure and function . acta zool . , 80 ( 4 ) : 265284 .
munk , o . 2000 . histology of the fusion area between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish neoceratias spinifer pappenheim , 1914 ( teleostei , ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 81 ( 4 ) : 315324 .
munk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1980 . on the esca light organ and its associated light - guiding structures in the deep - sea anglerfish chaenophryne draco ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 142 : 103129 .
munk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1983 . histology of the attachment between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( brauer , 1902 ) ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 144 : 4974 .
munk , o . , and p . j . herring . 1996 . an early stage in development of escae and caruncles in the deep - sea anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 76 : 517527 .
munk , o . , k . hansen , and p . j . herring . 1998 . on the development and structure of the escal light organ of some melanocetid deep sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 78 : 13211335 .
parr , a . e . 1927 . scientific results of the third oceanographic expedition of the
pawnee
1927 . ceratioidea . bull . bingh . oceanogr . coll . , yale university , 3 ( 1 ) : 134 .
parr , a . e . 1930 . on the probable identity , life - history and anatomy of the free - living and attached males of the ceratioid fishes . copeia , 1930 ( 4 ) : 129135 .
paxton , j . r . 1998 . squirrelfishes and their allies . pp . 160164 , in : j . r . paxton and w . n . eschmeyer ( editors ) , encyclopedia of fishes , second edition , weldon owen pty limited , mcmahons point , new south wales , australia .
pietsch , t . w . 1975 . precocious sexual parasitism in the deep - sea ceratioid anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi gill . nature , 256 : 3840 .
pietsch , t . w . 1976 . dimorphism , parasitism and sex : reproductive strategies among deepsea ceratioid anglerfishes . copeia , 1976 ( 4 ) : 781793 .
pietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 125 .
pietsch , t . w . 1984 . lophiiformes : development and relationships . pp . 320325 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .
pietsch , t . w . 1986 . systematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of the family ceratiidae ( order : lophiiformes ) . copeia , 1986 ( 2 ) : 479493 .
regan , c . t . 1925a . dwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic angler - fishes ( pediculati , ceratioidea ) . proc . roy . soc . , b , 97 : 386400 .


lyclene acutiseriata is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland forests , but the species has also been recorded from cultivated areas .

the length of the forewings is about 7 mm .

lyclene acutiseriata

lyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn
lyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java
lyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169
lyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168
lyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184
lyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207
lyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170
lyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209
lyclene
synestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195
lyclene cuneigera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .
lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .
lyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288
lyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )
lyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )
lyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak
lyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok
lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215
lyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra
lyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta
lyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft
lyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon
lyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo
lyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu
lyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m
lyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m
lyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m
lyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m
lyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98°57 ' e , 3°09 ' n
lyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494°n , 104 . 296°e , 51m
lyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10°37 ' 37
n 104°01 ' 33
e
lyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e
lyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17°15 , 7 ' n , ; 100°51 , 4 ' e
hampson ( 1900 ) included the more lightly marked l . assamica moore as a synonym , but this needs confirmation . the male genitalia have valves with only the saccular process strong . the aedeagus has an unusual apical comb of spines , but the vesica is typical of lyclene with some scobination and a single , blade - like cornutus at the end of a diverticulum . the female genitalia have a bursa consistent with placement in lyclene but more heavily sclerotised than average , including an appendix - like structure that presumably receives the cornutus .
lyclene weidenhofferi cerný , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29°54 ' 10
n , 99°2 ' 28
e
lyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
, possible 7mm . the size is as in biseriata , but the forewing central fascia is present . the valves have bilateral symmetry , the costal process diagnostically straight and acute . the aedeagus vesica has the cornuti well separate , the more basal one set on a diverticulum .
1 ( slide 5210 ) sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) ; 2 ( slide 2713 ) sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8 ( j . d . holloway et al . ) , site 20 , mar . - april , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas ; 1 sarawak as previous but site 23 , 250m . 430558 , feg 4 , limestone forest ; 1 ( slide 5427 ) sarawak as previous but site 11 , camp 1 , mulu , 150m . 385470 , mixed dipt . f . / river .
the species has been taken in a wide range of lowland forest types and in a cultivated area .
asura lutaroides van eecke , 1926 , zool . meded . leiden , 9 : 289 , syn . n .
see under l . pudibunda above for distinction of cuneigera and allies . the holotype male of lutaroides has genitalia that match those of the bornean male ( slide 5329 ) collected by a . r . wallace . the original description refers to a male , but the specimen labelled as the type of cuneigera in bmnh is female ( slide 5318 ) , following hampson ( 1900 ) . the male genitalia have the saccular process with a distinctive ‘ball and spur’ apex , and the aedeagus vesica bears two large cornutus spines . the female has sclerotised disc - like pads on either side of the seventh segment . in balinese specimens the apical part of the male saccular process is more complex , and the female has double pads on each side of the seventh segment ( slides 5351 , 5360 ) .
the only material seen is that originally collected by a . r . wallace in sarawak , probably in the lowlands .
this species is recorded from a range of lowland forest types , including heath forest , and lower montane forest as high as 1000m .
, 8 - 9mm . the facies is as in pudibunda , but the hindwing lacks a medial band . the male genitalia have only three cornuti ( two opposite one ) in the vesica rather than a row of five or more opposite a single one ; the valve lacks a central angle to the sacculus but has a complex round flap in the centre just dorsal to the sacculus . in the female the ductus is longer , with a deep cleft in the ostium .
sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8
( slide 4771 ) as holotype but site 16 , march , long pala ( base ) , 70m 324450 , alluv . / secondary for . ; 1
the species is infrequent in lowland forest of various types : hill dipterocarp , heath and alluvial .
the species resembles a lighter yellow , more heavily marked version of peloa , the zig - zag postmedial being particularly intense and extending further basad into the medial zone subdorsally .
the only specimen seen is the male noted by hampson ( 1900 ) from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo . further confirmation of its occurrence in borneo would be valuable .
asura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek
asura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2
india ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
asura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71
miltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang
larva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30
india ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854
asura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]
nw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang
india ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
larva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431
nudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
setina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling
miltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam
asura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13
sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]
ceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]
sikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]
china ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855
asura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
miltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang
asura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856
asura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3
tricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachträge
new lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
new species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai
descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya
die gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schwärmer
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .