the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is an endangered sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento – san joaquin river delta , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .

the sacramento perch 's native habitat is in sluggish , heavily vegetated , waters of sloughs and lakes .

it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .

its adaptability to different habitats is high , and it can survive on a wide variety of food sources .

as young perch , they consume mainly small crustaceans and eventually move on to insect larvae and then smaller fish as adults .

sacramento perch

sacramento perch | photo : rené reyes , u . s . bureau of reclamation /
although called the sacramento perch , a . interruptus is not a perch strictly speaking ; the perches are members of the genus perca in family percidae .
vanicek dc ( 1980 ) decline of the lake greenhaven sacramento perch population . california fish and game 66 : 178–183
some of the ponds the perch lives in are within swimming distance of those islands . others live in maintained wetlands in the yolo bypass wildlife area , closer to sacramento . there are sacramento perch in ponds on the uc davis campus that occasionally escape into nearby putah creek , a delta tributary . the sacramento perch might just come back someday after all , given half a chance .
at least one sunfish family member seems to get along okay with the perch . at point reyes national seashore , both sacramento perch and largemouth bass thrived for some time at abbott ' s lagoons .
that ' s borne out by studies of ponds to which the sacramento perch has been introduced , often as a mosquito control method . ( juvenile perch are voracious eaters of mosquito larvae . ) introduce bluegill or green sunfish into a pond in which the perch are doing well , and the perch start to decline . in a research project in yolo county , bluegill drove a pond full of perch to extinction in just two years .
the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento – san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .
but one problem that seems specific to the perch is competition for habitat from introduced members of the sunfish family , such as the bluegill and green sunfish . such introduced sunfish tend to be more aggressive than the sacramento perch , and they chase the perch away from favored habitat , including spawning sites .
the sacramento perch eats primarily benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) prey , such at insect larvae , snails , and fishes . the species spawns throughout the spring and summer , and eggs hatch in about four days . the sacramento perch is not very aggressive , which often makes it difficult to catch .
sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) are members of the sunfish family . they virtually disappeared from california ' s central valley rivers and delta , when their habitat was altered and non native sunfish were introduced . sacramento perch were unable to compete with the black bass , bluegill and crappie , which raided the perch ' s nest . they were first introduced into pyramid lake in 1877 . sacramento perch , unlike the introduced sunfish , do not protect their nests and were steadily replaced in the ecosystem by the bass , crappie and bluegill .
the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) , a sunfish ( centrarchidae ) native only to the central valley of california , has been eliminated from most of its native range . to examine the role of interspecific competition in this decline , a series of experiments were conducted to assess the growth , aggressive behavior , and habitat use of sacramento perch in the presence of bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) , an introduced centrarchid . the experiments indicate that ( 1 ) sacramento perch gain less weight and show reduced growth when placed with bluegill , but that this interaction only occurs with food limitation , and is not affected by overall fish density ; ( 2 ) sacramento perch demonstrate less aggressive behavior than bluegill , but become more aggressive when they are conspicuously larger than bluegill ; ( 3 ) sacramento perch shift their habitat use in the presence of bluegill . overall the results imply that sacramento perch and bluegill exhibit interspecific competition where the mechanism of interaction is aggressive dominance by bluegill . it is suggested that long term persistence of sacramento perch may require a habitat that is free of introduced centrarchid fishes , or one controlled by a naturally variable hydrological regime .
and yet only a few sacramento perch remain in the native delta habitat , at best . widely planted in stockponds and reservoirs outside its native range , the perch is functionally extinct in the delta and throughout the rest of its limited original range .
competition between the fry of the sacramento perch and several species of eastern centrarchids for food resources may be another factor in the decline of the species . studies have indicated that all young centrarchids have similar food preferences , but the eastern centrarchids have evolved more aggressive feeding techniques than the sacramento perch , and have been observed chasing the latter from feeding areas .
the sacramento perch ' s wide tolerance of water conditions includes temperature . the adults can survive in water far warmer than many other delta fish can tolerate : until the water reaches about 72° fahrenheit , adult sacramento perch do just fine . warmer than that , and the adults will decline in fitness , leaving to cooler waters if they can . the perch ' s larvae can tolerate even warmer water . that ' s a good thing , because heavily vegetated , shallow , and turbid waters are where sacramento perch tend to spawn . vegetation slows water currents , and suspended silt and organic matter absorb sunlight , both process warming the water .
today , native sacramento perch populations are waning in their natural habitats , but are paradoxically flourishing in habitats into which they have been introduced . despite the decline of the sacramento perch in its native range , it is not endangered , and is doing quite well in several locations outside its natural range . due to its ability to withstand high alkalinity , it has been introduced into several alkaline lakes in nevada , colorado , nebraska , and north and south dakota , and is flourishing where most other centrarchid species cannot survive and reproduce . it has also become established in several california reservoirs where it has been planted , or where young fish were transported through the california aqueduct system into holding reservoirs such as san luis reservoir and o ' neill forebay . in addition , the california department of fish & game has promoted the sacramento perch for introduction into central valley farm ponds . when other centrarchid species are introduced , they often reproductively out - compete the sacramento perch . when left alone in a pond , most centrarchids , sacramento perch included , will develop stunted populations due to overcrowding . these problems make it difficult to establish the sacramento perch in areas that also harbor other centrarchids , but with thriving populations of this fish in lakes outside california , the sacramento perch is far from lost .
eastern species are also more aggressive in their site - selection . with the increase in the population of eastern species in many habitats in california , the sacramento perch is most certainly losing preferred spawning areas to the more aggressive bluegill and other non - native centrarchids . in aquaria , it has been observed that eastern sunfish will actually chase sacramento perch away from preferred spawning areas .
website editor ' s note : the article below states that sacramento perch
don ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in nests .
that was true in the references listed for the paper . however , more recent evidence suggest that male sacramento perch can and do build nests for the female to lay eggs , similar to their eastern counterparts . observations were made in aquaria where repeated attempts to cover or bury the nest caused the male to re - build the nest after each attempt . successful spawning did occur . the male sacramento perch also showed some signs of nest guarding from the female . this is by no means to say all sacramento perch build and guard nests , but that the ability is there .
needs : see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .
there is no limit on the perch at crowley , but the population seems to be doing fine .
sacramento perch , adult male . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , california in may 2001 . sl = 238 mm . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .
the effects on the perch have been dramatic . a survey in 1898 - 99 cited a commercial perch fishery in the delta , with more than 400 , 000 pounds of the fish sold some years in san francisco markets . by the 1960s , they were nearly gone from the delta . one adult sacramento perch was caught in a sacramento river survey in 1992 , but fisheries biologists think it unlikely that a self - sustaining population of the species exists anywhere in the central valley . the perch is likewise gone from the salinas and pajaro rivers , and adults are found now and then in clear lake - - possibly escapees from farm ponds .
to catch the perch now , you have to go to one of three places - crowley lake near bishop , pyramid lake in nevada or lagoon valley lake between fairfield and vacaville . the largest recorded sacramento perch caught in pyramid lake weighed in at 4 lbs , 9 oz ( 1971 ) , which is the current state record .
perch were historically abundant predators throughout the central valley of california , where they occupied sloughs , lakes , and slow moving rivers . today they are rare in their native waters , but still exist in clear lake and alameda creek / calaveras reservoir , as well as in some farm ponds and reservoirs . they have been introduced through the state including the upper klamath basin , upper pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed , and may exist in sonoma reservoir in the russian river watershed . sacramento perch are most often found in warm reservoirs and ponds where summer temperature range form 18 - 28°c . sacramento perch are capable of surviving high temperatures , high salinities ( up to 17 ppt ) , high turbidity , and low water clarity . though sacramento perch are often found in clear water among beds of aquatic vegetation , they achieve greater numbers in turbid lakes absent of plants . typically they are found along the bottom of inshore regions . young - of - year perch form shoals in these areas where aquatic and overhanging vegetation provide cover . sacramento perch are most abundant where other
examination of 510 stomachs of sacramento perch from five localities showed that they feed primarily by picking insect larvae and snails from the bottom and aquatic plants or by capturing zooplankton , fish , or emerging insects in midwater . the diet varies with season and size of fish but no daily feeding rhythms were found . similarity of their diet to that of bluegill indicates that sacramento perch may have been eliminated from their native habitat through competitive interactions with bluegill .
intentional stocking for sportfishing . the earliest introduction of sacramento perch took place circa 1877 , into western nevada ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . nebraska , north dakota , colorado , new mexico , texas , and arizona were all stocked in the 1960s ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . sacramento perch were discovered in crowley lake , california in the late 1960s , but the exact date and reason for the introduction is not known ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) .
the perch are showing in 12 - 15 feet in leighton springs , sandy point , and hilton and whiskey bays .
essentially extinct in its native range since before passage of the u . s . endangered species act in 1973 , the sacramento perch is neither listed nor protected under that law . the remaining perch in clear lake , if any , are considered a california species of special concern , a status that prompts the state to enact management measures to protect the species .
sacramento perch , juvenile ( 170 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , california . sl = 68 mm . photographed in january 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .
habitat destruction has also contributed to the decline of the sacramento perch in its native habitat , the filling of sloughs in the california delta and the draining of lakes and general reduction of backwater areas have reduced the number of suitable spawning areas substantially .
sacramento perch , juveniles ( 107 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , ca . average sl = 32 mm . photographed in october 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .
introduced sacramento perch , along with many other introduced fishes , may have contributed to the decline of the lost river sucker deltistes luxatus and the shortnose sucker chasmistes brevirostris in the upper klamath drainage in oregon ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1993 ) .
discussion : the sacramento perch is the only sunfish native to the western united states . in its native range , it declined rapidly as exotic fishes were introduced and its habitat destroyed . it has been introduced into some western lakes that are too alkaline for other fishes .
more panfish : crappie fishing at irvine lake might not rival the perch at crowley , but it has been spectacular in its own right .
sacramento perch ( probably a breeding male , based on dark color ) . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , ca in may 2001 . sl = 221 mm . weight = 260 g . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .
north america : sacramento - san joaquin , pajaro and salinas river drainages in california , usa . widely introduced elsewhere in western usa .
that seems to be part of the problem with the sacramento perch disappearing from the delta : introduced fish such as carp and catfish can chase the males off their nests to eat the eggs , and others move in to eat the larvae once the deadbeat dads leave home after hatching .
kyle , k . and r . kelsey . 2011 . results of the 2011 tricolored blackbird statewide survey . sacramento : audubon california . close
what can be done , if anything , to restore the perch to its native habitat ? a recovery plan for delta native fish species published nearly 20 years ago by the u . s . fish and wildlife service suggests that flooding islands in the delta to provide shallow water habitat might well be the answer , if it ' s done with careful attention paid to controlling the perch ' s competitors . while usfws admitted the sacramento perch has
low restoration potential ,
it suggested that reclaiming diked islands might provide the perch with some of its preferred habitat for spawning and just generally hanging out . the two islands it mentioned , liberty and prospect islands north of rio vista , have since been restored as tidal wetland .
. aquatic insect larvae and pupae become increasingly important as the fish grow . adult fish may begin to feed on other fish , including young - of - year perch . growth is variable and factors such as diet , overcrowding , and gender affect growth rates . females tend to be larger than males and adult fish grow more in weight than in length . sacramento perch reach sexual maturity in year 2 or 3 and generally spawn from march through early august when water temperatures range from 18 - 29°c . prior to spawning , perch gather in shallow areas abundant with filamentous algae and
the introduction of eastern sunfish species into california has exposed the sacramento perch to the complex world of centrarchid competition . eastern centrarchids generally build and vigorously guard a nest in a preferred spawning area . the female lays her eggs in the nest and is then chased away by the male , who guards the eggs from predators until they hatch and the fry are free - swimming . since the sacramento perch scatters its eggs on the substrate and may provide little or no protection for the eggs , they are left open to predation by introduced catfish , carp , or other centrarchids .
are absent . they feed by stalking , and prey items vary with time , availability , and fish size . sacramento perch are opportunistic and feeding occurs all day with peaks at dawn and dusk . their diet is more diverse in summer than in winter . young - of - year fish feed primarily on small crustaceans found on plants and in the substrate . juvenile perch in clear lake were found to feed mostly on copepods and later
the sacramento perch fishery is undeveloped , but those anglers who have done their homework to find these fish during late spring and early summer are often rewarded with lots of fish . because these fish compete with the trout for available forage , the tribal council has recently approved dropping the bag limit .
. these assembly areas may also have submerged roots , rock piles , and sticks . male fish begin defending territories along shore where they create shallow nests . they vehemently defend their space until the arrival of a female perch , at which time they begin courting . the male and female perch release eggs and milt simultaneously , and upon completion the female perch abandons the nest . females spawn with multiple males , producing a total of about 8 , 400 - 125 , 000 eggs . egg production varies with body size . male perch guard their nests and the embryos for several days . the emergent larvae are
the sacramento perch wasn ' t picky about that habitat . in addition to the streams of the delta and central valley , archoplites once thrived in the salinas and pajaro rivers in the monterey bay area , as well as in clear lake . though the perch did swim in clear , swift - flowing water , it seemed to prefer the other kind : stagnant pools and side - channels , sloughs viscid with algae , ponds choked with emergent vegetation .
sacramento perch , juvenile ( 5 months old ) . crowley lake strain , reared at contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca . fl = 131 mm . photographed on 11 / 19 / 09 by chris miller , ccmvcd . note : this fish is a cannibal and grew very fast .
range : sacramento , san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas rivers and clear lake , california . introduced in utah , nevada , oregon , and california .
if any fish native to the delta seemed tailor - made to withstand the drought , it would have to be the sacramento perch . tolerant of a wide range of water quality , the perch can thrive in clear , cold water or warm water so stagnant and thick with algae it would choke a cow . it can survive in slightly brackish water , in water contaminated by runoff , and in muddy ponds only a few inches deep : perfect for the drought - era delta .
comments : opportunistic ; diet mainly benthic insect larvae , snails , mid - water insects , zooplankton , and fishes ( moyle et al . 1989 ) . young feed mainly on small crustaceans , but as they grow sacramento perch consume more aquatic insects larvae and pupae . large adults feed mainly on other fishes when available .
and as with just about every other species of fish - - and species of not - fish - - native to the delta , our massive reengineering of the region ' s waterworks plays a role as well . there are fewer stagnant sloughs with fringing , seasonally flooded wetlands in which the sacramento perch can spawn and grow .
the sacramento perch ' s native habitat is in sluggish , vegetated waters of sloughs and lakes . it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3 . 6 kg ( 7 . 9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .
schulz pd ( 1994 ) fish remains from yol - 182 : a prehistoric village in the lower sacramento valley . brienes , west and schulz , davis , ca
sacramento perch can be considered reproductive deviants in the centrarchid world . they become sexually mature by their second or third year and spawn during late may and early june when water conditions needed for egg development are at their best . the deviant part comes when the males ignore the standard pattern for eastern sunfish ; they don ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in . instead , several males converge near heavily vegetated shallow areas near favorable spawning sites . then each male stakes out a chosen territory for a female to lay eggs in . during the spawning act , the females simply scatter eggs over the territory as the male fertilizes them . some researchers have observed the sacramento perch vigorously guarding the eggs from potential predators , while others have noted little or no post - spawning care of the eggs . in the evolutionary absence of other , competing centrarchid species in california , the sacramento perch probably had no need to develop the complex nest - guarding behavior that sunfishes perform .
male sacramento perch are negligent fathers , at least by sunfish family standards . perhaps because they went at least 5 . 3 million years without competition from other sunfishes for nest sites , male perch don ' t guard their nests after the eggs hatch , leaving their larvae vulnerable to predation . they ' re also pretty easy to chase off their nests before the eggs hatch . ( to be fair in this application of human standards to fish childrearing practices , the females leave the nests immediately after spawning . )
sacramento - - san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river drainages , and clear lake in lake county , california ( moyle 1976a ; page and burr 1991 ) .
as is so often the case with common names , the sacramento perch isn ' t actually a true perch . known to science as archoplites interruptus , it ' s a member of the sunfish family , centrarchidae , along with bluegills and largemouth bass . in fact , it ' s the only member of that family native to north america west of the rocky mountains , and has evolved without having to compete with other members of the sunfish family for food or habitat , perhaps since the miocene epoch , which ended 5 . 3 million years ago .
the sacramento perch is the only member of the family centrarchidae that naturally occurs west of the rocky mountains . evolving in isolation from the sunfish of the eastern united states , it kept the more primitive body form that closely resembles its fossilized forbears ' body plans . in the california that existed before the europeans arrived , these fish inhabited the sloughs , slow - water rivers , and small lakes of the central valley , as well as clear lake in lake county and the paiaro and salinas rivers . the sacramento perch evolved as one of the top piscivores ( fish - eaters ) in fish communities rich with prey , and in the past could be found in abundance throughout central valley waterways . for native californians , it served as a staple food fish , and , before game fish from the eastern united states were introduced into the state ' s waters in the late 1800 ' s , the sacramento perch was a primary food fish for the early settlers . variable water quality due to alternating periods of flooding and drought in california habitats selected for the ability of this fish to withstand extreme salinities , temperatures , and alkalinities that exclude other fish , including introduced centrarchids .
reasons : formerly widely distributed and common in much of california ; now restricted to just a couple remaining native populations in california , which are small but persistent ; native habitat is dominated by introduced species , which threaten sacramento perch through competition and predation ; reasonably secure in several watersheds outside native range . based on native populations , rank would be g1 ( g2g3 if introduced populations are considered ) .
the sacramento perch , archoplites interruptus , is the only sunfish native to the western united states , where it was historically found in northern and central california . only one native population of the species , located in clear lake , california , currently exists , however . the species is not native to utah , but it has been introduced to several reservoirs in the northern and western parts of the state , including pruess lake .
usually , the perch don’t come out to play until the summer months . but locals started catching them soon after trout season opened more than two weeks ago , and the bite has been as wide open as the trout .
an explanatory series focusing on one of the most complex issues facing california : water sharing . and at its core is the sacramento - san joaquin bay delta . stay with urltoken for all the project ' s stories .
the sacramento perch is different in several ways from other centrarchids . it takes advantage of different food resources during its life cycle instead of specializing in one certain feeding niche . feeding takes place at any time of the day , with peaks in the dusk and dawn hours . the adults are piscivorous , stalking their prey until they are close enough to inhale it by rapidly expanding their buccal cavities . they are most successful in habitats were they can take on the role of top predator . when stocked in small lakes and ponds , adults continue to feed on aquatic insects when small fish and crustaceans are scarce . nevertheless , sacramento perch will feed opportunistically when presented with an abundance of any type of food such as waterboatmen , aquatic beetles , or small fish . young fish feed primarily on small bottom or plant - dwelling crustaceans and move to larger insect larvae as they grow . extensive beds of emergent aquatic vegetation are important in providing food and cover for the young .
management requirements : management needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .
shore / boat fishermen can do well using light fly fishing gear , or 6 to 7 ft spinning tackle with 4 pound test line or less . the best lures include plastic minnows , tube baits , spinners , small jigs , and small streamers . the perch can be selective , so try different colored lures ( jigs ) until the bite is on . work lures in or around tufa rocks or off the bottom around submerged tufa rocks for best results . pyramid lake regulations : season is open year round for sacramento perch , from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset . there are no set possession limits for these non - native fish , which can compete with smaller native pyramid lake fish for the same food sources . only artificial lures with barbless hooks allowed when fishing in pyramid lake .
feeding can take place at any time of the day , with dusk and dawn hours being peak feeding periods . adult perch are mostly piscivorous ( fish eaters ) . however they are opportunistic , feeding on prey like amphipods , beetles , caddisflies , dragonfly / damselfly nymphs , or larger zooplankton ( daphnia , etc ) . during the day , they tend to hang in and around submerged tufa rocks off shore , or near shore tufa rocks ( or other structures ) . tufa rocks are ideal places for perch to set up where they can ambush tui chub minnows or other prey .
syntype ; paralectotype for archoplites interruptus catalog number : usnm 280 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : a . whipple locality : sacramento river san francisco , cal . , san francisco county , california , united states , north america
management needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) . review distribution and status at least once every 10 years ( moyle 2002 ) .
the perch spawn in loose schools , likely due less to any innate gregariousness than to multiple fish finding a location favorable . unlike other sunfish family members , the males don ' t spend time preparing a nest . instead , females lay their eggs in a likely patch of submerged , vegetated silt and one or more males will fertilize the eggs .
the sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .
global range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) the sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .
after reading ray katula ' s excellent article on the demise of some of california ' s native fishes (
eulogy for the san joaquin river ,
winter , 1993 ) , i thought i might try to continue the focus on california ' s finned fauna by highlighting one of the native species mentioned in that article , the sacramento perch . some of the information presented here was gleaned from an ichthyology class i took at cal state hayward under the guidance of one of my favorite professors , dr , sam mcginnes . the dearth of native california species inhabiting state waterways is a sad testament to the tremendous adaptive success of the many introduced non - native fish species in the state . after about nine weeks of seining a wide range of aquatic habitats in central california , our class ' nets brought up very few native species . ray katula isn ' t the only one with bad luck when it comes to fishing for california natives .
the conservation of the tricolored blackbird is a matter of increasing concern owing to population declines , and because the species ' habit of nesting in large colonies make it more vulnerable to nest failures that can affect thousands of nests at a single colony . studies in the 1970s reported that the overall population was greatly reduced from that observed during the 1930s . more recently , intensive population surveys in california identified a decline of 37 % between 1994 and 1997 , and a 63 % decline between 2008 and 2014 , followed by an increase of 22 % in 2017 . historically , this species was harvested as food for miners and residents of urban areas , and shooting by farmers attempting to reduce damage to rice and other grain crops in the sacramento valley has been documented since 2007 ( rjm , personal observation ) . the tricolored blackbird has experienced high annual breeding losses due to crop - harvesting activities ( except in 2016 ) and insufficient insect resources , and habitat loss resulting from conversion of rangeland to vineyards , nut orchards , other agricultural crops , and urban development .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the only living member of the genus ; the most
primitive
living member of the centrarchidae ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because remaining native extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 square kilometres , native area of occupancy is less than 500 square kilometres , only two native locations remain , distribution is severely fragmented , and habitat quality is likely to be declining .
this species is represented by only a couple of remaining native populations , plus several introduced populations . that may be reasonably secure ( moyle 2002 ) . most introduced pond and reservoir populations are not expected to persist over the long term because of changing conditions ( moyle 2002 ) . historically this fish was quite abundant . remaining native populations are small . no reliable population estimates are available . this species has been eliminated from more than 90 percent of the native range over the long term . only two native populations are maintaining themselves ( tenuously ) ; of the introduced populations , those in the upper klamath watershed , pyramid lake ( nevada ) , lower walker river , and owens river are reasonably secure ; most pond and reservoir populations will not persist indefinitely ( moyle 2002 ) .
native habitat included sloughs , sluggish rivers , and lakes with beds of rooted and emergent vegetation ; now this fish is found mostly in warm , turbid , moderately alkaline reservoirs or farm ponds , generally where other centrarchids are absent ( moyle 2002 ) . this fish is tolerant of a wide range in water turbity , temperature , salinity , and alkalinity , and large populations may occur in shallow , turbid reservoirs with no aquatic plants ( moyle 2002 ) . in moderately clear water , young stay in or close to submerged vegetation in shallow areas ( moyle 2002 ) . prior to spawning , males establish small territories in shallow areas ( 20 - 75 cm ) heavily vegetated with aquatic macrophytes , filamentous algae , or other cover ( moyle 2002 ) . eggs are deposited in shallow depressions constructed by males ( moyle 2002 ) .
formerly this fish was widespread and abundant in california , but the population declined rapidly probably due to factors such as habitat destruction , egg predation by non - native fishes , and interspecific competition with introduced centrarchids , especially black crappie ; competition may be the most important cause of the decline ( moyle 1976 , 2002 ) . most introduced populations are isolated and vulnerable to genetic bottlenecks and extirpation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
deep bodied ( depth up to 2 . 5 times sl ) , laterally compressed , max . 61 cm tl ( 3 . 6 kg )
please note , watersheds are at the usgs 8 - digit hydrologic unit code ( huc ) scale , so they often include a lot of sub - watersheds . if a species occurs in any sub - watershed within the huc , the species appears within the huc . link to an epa page that shows hucs .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
moyle ( 1976a ) ; sigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of archoplites interruptus are found here .
according to mccarraher and gregory ( 1970 ) , survival has been poor in most states . small numbers still persist in private lakes near fort collins , colorado ( walker 1993 ) . no longer present in walker lake , nevada ( sigler and sigler 1987 ) . probably extirpated in arizona . it was known to have reproduced at least once in that state after its introduction in 1968 ( minckley 1973 ) . extirpated in new mexico ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
this is the only native centrarchid west of the rockies . it is declining in its native range due to competition with introduced species ( moore 1968 ; mccarraher and gregory 1970 ; minckley 1973 ) .
' s warm water fishing with public access . [ online ] . url at urltoken
rasmussen , j . l . 1998 . aquatic nuisance species of the mississippi river basin . 60th midwest fish and wildlife conference , aquatic nuisance species symposium , dec . 7 , 1998 , cincinnati , oh .
tilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1993 . lost river ( deltistes luxatus ) and shortnose ( chamistes brevirostris ) sucker recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon .
fuller , p . , 2018 , archoplites interruptus ( girard , 1854 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 11 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
greek , archo = anus + greek , hoplites = long shield ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 73 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 4 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 9 years ( ref . 72491 )
adults occur in vegetated sloughs , pools of sluggish rivers and lakes ; now most common in ponds and impoundments ( ref . 5723 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01259 ( 0 . 00749 - 0 . 02115 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 6 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 60 of 100 ) .
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pyramid lake fisheries , 603 sutcliffe dr . , sutcliffe , nevada 89510 ph : 775 - 476 - 0500 fax : 775 - 476 - 0558
when a young man is found dead in a bookshop at the eastern market , phryne fisher is plunged into the diverse worlds of jewish politics , alchemy , and poison .
doña teresa makes an offer to andrés he can ' t refuse . alicia asks alaya for help with a mysterious package left for her by benjamin .
the entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well in california as huell visits the roton rocket , an unsuccessful yet imaginative attempt by a private company to create the first single stage to orbit space vehicle .
hoping to determine the effect of volcanoes on climate change , george heads to the island nation of vanuatu where he rappels into the fiery crater of one of the world’s most active volcanoes .
off the coast of west africa , george heads to a remote volcanic island where a river of molten lava is engulfing a mountain village .
deep in the amazon , george is determined to retrace theodore roosevelt’s legendary expedition and witness first - hand how deforestation and climate change are affecting one of the earth’s most critical ecosystems .
professional storm chaser george kourounis goes on a global adventure , travelling to some of the most dangerous places on earth .
the two - mile pelican bluffs trail has recently opened along the sandstone bluffs of mendocino county .
in this episode , niklas travels by horse sleigh into the mountainous region of roros , where he enjoys the culinary treats and sites that this old mining town has to offer .
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this episode recounts president eisenhower ' s diplomatic confrontations against the soviet union during the early cold war years , crises prompted by aggressive kremlin - sponsored action around the world .
deportations , assassinations , and dictator nations : a timeline of u . s . intervention in latin america
a timeline of major events in history that have impacted the latino presence in the u . s .
kerry kennedy talks about our current political climate , how one person can make a difference in the world every day and her new book about her father , robert f . kennedy .
in a move that could transform the supreme court for decades , justice anthony kennedy has announced his retirement , giving president trump a chance to pick a second conservative on the high court .
on thursday , attorney general jeff sessions quoted the bible to justify his department’s immigration policies .
the epa is facing a major new scandal after it worked with the white house to bury an alarming federal study detailing widespread chemical contamination of the nation’s water supply .
from the carefree beaches of san diego through the rugged , dramatic coastlines to the north , california has been building a trail , over 1 , 000 miles in length , within sight , sound , or smell of the ocean .
vera is an experienced and brilliant murder investigator in the north east england county of northumberland .
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to learn the truth about his sister ' s mysterious disappearance , a young man infiltrates a hotel in the guise of a footman and begins an investigation .
the detroit river , still one of the busiest rivers in the world and a witness to the glory times of american industrialization , today sees desolation and the occasional sunflower field in downtown detroit .
the building closed in 1989 , marking the end of william randolph hearst’s empire in los angeles .
chris clarke was kcet ' s environment editor until july 2017 . he is a veteran environmental journalist and natural history writer . he lives in joshua tree .
but that ' s scant good news . bluegill in particular have been a problem . introduced to california waters in the 19th century , bluegill have spread throughout most of the waters of the state .
the species isn ' t extinct . aside from those farm ponds up and down the length of california , planted populations still survive in several large reservoirs , including the san luis reservoir in merced county , and alkaline lakes such as pyramid lake north of reno , nevada .
for ongoing environmental coverage in march 2017 and afterward , please visit our show earth focus , or browse redefine for historic material . kcet ' s award - winning environment news project redefine ran from july 2012 through february 2017 .
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the threatened delta smelt is famous , but there ' s another smelt in the bay delta whose decline is worrying wildlife partisans .
the splittail was once abundant . now its numbers are dwindling . but it isn ' t protected by either the state or feds .
it used to be so common that trawlers caught it to send to markets . now , it will likely be extinct in a few years . . . if it isn ' t already .
a q & a will immediately follow with star elsie fisher and writer / director bo burnham .
the trump administration has been battling in the courts and on the streets against jurisdictions that call themselves
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arguing that they threaten the rule of law and allow criminal immigrants to roam free .
a newspaperman from the 1950s dives into a legend from over 40 years prior , and identifies a manhunt . but history and legend battle each other and make this story a timeless mystery . did willie boy get away ? you decide .
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trout isn’t the only fishing action making news at crowley lake in the eastern sierra these days .
“it’s definitely at least a month early , and it’s probably twice as good as it’s been since i’ve been here , ” said lane garrett , in his fourth year at crowley fish camp .
“a couple of employees went out this morning and caught 63 in two hours . ”
marlon meade , a mini - jig specialist from anaheim , has been among the locals finding excellent action on the silver slabs for three months .
travis bozman , 32 , of orange discovered the crappie bite in mid - february while trout fishing and has been into the popular panfish since .
it was slower than usual saturday with he and his son scout , 4 , ending up with 12 . but most of the time , limits of 25 have been the norm , though he only keeps 10 .


the spotted puffbird ( bucco tamatia ) is a species of puffbird in the family bucconidae .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical and tropical swamps and heavily degraded former forest .

spotted puffbird

spotted puffbird ; rare specie to find . . - picture of yasuni national park , ecuador
spotted puffbird ; rare specie to find . . - picture of yasuni national park , ecuador - tripadvisor
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
nystactes tamatia ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus bucco .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 11 . 9 - 12 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nystactes tamatia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
humid secondary forest . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
natural quiet vocalizations from a bird sitting 3 - 4m up off ground . it had been flushed up from 1m up , flew to perch , at which it started vocalizaing ( alarm call ? ) .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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pinctada longisquamosa is a species of pearl oyster , a saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pteriidae .

this species occurs in the tropical western atlantic , from florida to the virgin islands , including the gulf of mexico and the bahamas .

the species was originally described as being from the eastern pacific ocean , but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data .

partly because of this confusion , the species has in the past fairly frequently been misidentified as pteria colymbus or as pinctada radiata .

pinctada longisquamosa

pinctada longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . – mikkelsen & bieler , 2000 : 376 ( table 1 ) .
pinctada sp . – brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 [ “important florida bay faunal constituent” ] .
pinctada xanthia ( schwengel , 1942 ) . – mcginty & nelson , 1972 : 11 [ “rare” ; name only ] .
meleagrina longisquamosa “d’orbigny . ” – arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 : 268 [ name only ] .
avicula longisqvamosa dunker [ error pro longisquamosa ] . – krebs , 1864 : 131 - 132 [ name only , citing beau , 1858 ] .
avicula ( meleagrina ) longisquamosa dunker , 1852 : 76 - 77 ; – dunker , 1872 : 12 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 .
avicula longisquamosa dunker . – s . petit , 1856 : 151 [ name only ] ; – beau , 1858 : 21 [ name only ] ; – dall , 1885 : 34 [ name only , citing dunker ( 1852 ) , s . petit ( 1856 ) , beau ( 1858 ) and krebs ( 1864 ) ] .
pinctada radiata [ non pinctada radiata ( leach , 1814 ) ] . – smith , 1937 : pl . 5 , fig . 6 ; – pulley , 1952b : pl . 4 , fig . 14 ; – ? voss & voss , 1955 : 226 ; – ? abbott , 1958 : 115 ; – hudson et al . , 1970 : 7 ; – turney & perkins , 1972 : 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 - 16 , 30 , 31 , figs . 6 , 8 , table 3 ; – wingard et al . , 1995 : 7 ; – ishman et al . , 1996 : table 2 ; – brewster - wingard et al . , 1996 : 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , tables 3 , 4 ; 1997 : 9 , 11 , table 2 ; 1998a : 164 , 166 ; 1998b : 6 , 9 , 12 , 14 , table 2 , figs . 5 , 6 ; – brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 - 376 , fig . 4 .
pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . – hayes , 1972 [ unpubl . ] : 52 - 58 , pl . 2 , fig . 2 , pls . 6 - 8 , 11f ; – abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5121 ; – abbott & dance , 1982 : 301 , fig . ; – espinosa et al . , 1994 : 114 [ “rare” , name only , citing arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 ] ; – camp et al . , 1998 : 9 [ name only ] ; – brewster - wingard et al . , 2001 : 210 - 212 , 214 - 216 , 218 , 220 , 223 - 225 , 227 , 228 , 230 ; trappe & brewster - wingard , 2001 : fig . 3 , table 1 .
( of pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]
malacolog is a database for research on the systematics , biogeography and diversity of mollusks . malacolog attempts to document all names that have ever been applied to marine mollusks in the western atlantic from greenland to antarctica . the database was described in rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . malacolog also includes dictionaries for gender of names , a bibliography and browse lists for families and geographic ranges , as well as search help and an information model .
if you use data from malacolog in a scientific paper , please use this citation : rosenberg , g . 2009 . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url urltoken it is not necessary to cite the date on which malacolog was queried , as a new version number is assigned each time the data are updated .
malacolog was first described in : rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 .
to cite the search interface or information model , please use this citation : morris , p . j . and g . rosenberg , 2005 . search interface and documentation for malacolog , an online database of western atlantic marine mollusks . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url http : / / www . malacolog . org .
web served relational database using mysql and php , moved to www . malacolog . org , with version 4 . 0 . 2 remaining on urltoken includes 18912 names , of which 6949 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . significant revision of the scheme used to code the status of names and display of information about the status of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . added some dynamic html using walter zorn ' s tooltip library .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17287 names , of which 6174 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods added for the first time , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 14505 names , of which 4894 are names in current use .
web served relational database using mysql and php . display of parent / child lists in geographic name lists altered to remove repeating references to parent region . added experimental search . php ? nameid = url
web served relational database using mysql and php . display of family heirarchy revised .
web served relational database using mysql and php . substantial revision of familial placements . display of family heirarchy revised , with superfamily , family , and subfamily included . fixed outdated link on another search button . added description page for map drawing url .
web served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised . unlocalized within country added as a geographic region so that complete fauna for countries can be tallied . family assignments revised . format of references occuring in larger works fixed . changed counts of included entries in search results from names to species . added mapping url .
web served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised ( cuba in particular ) .
web served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of authorship link for names by an author in another authors publication . corrected authorship and added missing synonyms for extralimital synonyms .
web served relational database using mysql and php . no web interface changes from version 3 . 2 . 2
web served relational database using mysql and php . minor changes to format of search results . fixed bugs in bibliography search and added more explanatory text to bibliography search form
web served relational database using mysql and php . range and size summary added to result details . form added to search both generic and trivial gender dictionaries from one point . version history table shown on home page .
web served relational database using mysql and php . made new simplified search interface the standard interface with link to old web interface , uploaded new set of data to web .
web served relational database using mysql and php . linked new simplified and accessable search page ( on web and in development since early 2002 , but not linked ) to wasp home page .
web served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of commas in author , year and fixed several other display problems on web including display of original literal combination , display of partialy blank ranges . display of previous combinations only as combining genera list .
web served relational database using mysql and php . added parent / child relations of localities . corrected errors in locality abbreviations . fixed display of original combinations , type locality , and maximum size in details .
web served relational database using mysql and php . removed subgenera ( not maintained ) from full current name .
web served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses problem fixed . 4974 names currently regarded as valid
web served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses displayed incorrectly , format problems with display of taxon records .
wais indexed gopher search . more than 9000 names treated , with about 4240 currently regarded as representing valid species . described in rosenberg ( 1993 )
turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
tëmkin i . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives ( mollusca , bivalvia , pterioidea ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
distribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys , dry tortugas ; usa : texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : carabobo ; bermuda , bahamas : bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera , long island ; cuba : pinar del rio , golfo de batabano , north matanzas ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas
references : mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) llddnsewm ; temkin ( 2009 ) t
references : coan et al . ( 2000 ) s ; mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) s
comments : described from the eastern pacific , but type material appears to be mislocalized ( coan , valentich scott & bernard 2000 ) .
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biology and ecology of this species were described by mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) .
small western atlantic pteriid , with radial rows of narrow shell lamellae , generally bright coloration ( commonly green to yellow ) , thin nacre ( allowing external color and ornamentation to show through shell ) , a relatively strong ridge interiorly delimiting anterior auricle of lv , and anterior dentition with tooth in rv and corresponding socket in lv ; intestine with twisted loop within visceral mass and passing dorsal to heart ; pallial tentacles simple .
bermuda , peninsular florida ( from st . augustine to the florida keys to the panhandle ) , ? texas , bahamas , greater and lesser antilles , caribbean coast of mexico , colombia , and venezuela .
pteria viridizona dall , 1916b : 403 ; 1916a : 15 [ nomen nudum ] ; – abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5119 ; – keen , 1937 : 25 [ “extralimital” to eastern pacific fauna ] .
pteria viridozona [ error pro viridizona ] dall , 1916 . – dall , 1921 : 17 ; – oldroyd , 1924 : 48 ; – burch , 1944 : 8 [ “specimens in the golisch collection taken from the backs of deep sea crabs off san pedro … a very questionable species with no member of the club sure of what it is” ] ; – burch , 1945 : 5 [ name only ; “questionable member of our [ eastern pacific ] fauna” ] .
pteria xanthia schwengel , 1942 : pl . 3 , figs . 1 - 1a [ july , nomen nudum ] , 64 [ october ] ; – aguayo & jaume , 1948a : 1 ; – fischer - piette , 1982 : 174 .
pteria colymbus [ non pteria colymbus ( röding , 1798 ) ] . – tabb & manning , 1961 : 584 .
type material and repository : zmb 101 . 674 , 1 pair with byssus attached to rv ; rv 27 . 6 mm h , 35 . 9 mm l ; lv 34 . 0 mm h , 40 . 2 mm l . kind of type and mode of designation : holotype by monotypy . figured by : dunker , 1872 : pl . 2 , fig . 6 .


anabarilius macrolepis is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the genus anabarilius that was endemic to yilong lake .

it is believed that it became extinct when yilong lake dried up in 1981 , as a result of water abstraction for agriculture .

the species was not observed in 1983-4 , and was declared extinct in 2011 .

anabarilius macrolepis

zhou , w . and g . - h . cui , 1992 . anabarilius brevianalis , a new species from the jinshajiang river basin , china ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 3 ( 1 ) : 49 - 54 . ( ref . 26693 )
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justification : considered to have gone extinct when the yilong lake dried up as a result of water abstraction for agriculture in 1981 . the species was surveyed for in 1983 and 1984 , but was not found , and recent surveys by the kunming institute of technology have also not found the species ( w . zhou pers . comm . 2011 ) .
the water level of the lake declined since the 1950s . in 1981 the lake completely dried up ( for about 20 days ) as a result of water abstraction for agriculture . the lake is also polluted by increased organic pollution caused by sedimentation from the surrounding catchment .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 33784 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 01933 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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acryptolechia torophanes is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1935 .

it is found in china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , hubei ) and korea .

acryptolechia torophanes

this is the place for torophanes definition . you find here torophanes meaning , synonyms of torophanes and images for torophanes copyright 2017 © urltoken
acryptolechia torophanes ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word torophanes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word torophanes and , of course , torophanes synonyms and on the right images related to the word torophanes .
cryptolechia torophanes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 81
acryptolechia facunda ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
acryptolechia malacobyrsa ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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= meleonoma ; park & park , 2016 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 485
assam , japan , n . china , e . china . see [ maps ]
leptosaces facunda meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis
japan , korea , china ( fujian , henan , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]
= ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 35 ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , shanghai ) , korea . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
wang , 2003 a study of cryptolechia zeller ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in china ( i ) , with descriptions of fifteen new species ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195 - 213
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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pyroderces wolschrijni is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae .

the wingspan is 7 – 11 millimetres ( 0.28 – 0.43 in ) .

pyroderces wolschrijni

this is the place for wolschrijni definition . you find here wolschrijni meaning , synonyms of wolschrijni and images for wolschrijni copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wolschrijni . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wolschrijni and , of course , wolschrijni synonyms and on the right images related to the word wolschrijni .
pyroderces wolschrijni koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 127 , 20 ; tl : espana - alicante , la marina
pyroderces wolschrijni ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 55 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
pyroderces wolschrijni is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it is found in spain , morocco and on malta . it has also been recorded from crete , sicily and the united arab emirates .
pyroderces caesaris gozmány , 1957 ; acta zool . hung . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 132
pyroderces eupogon turner , 1926 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 50 : 140
pyroderces amphisaris meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 572 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
pyroderces anthinopa meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
pyroderces euryspora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 571 ; tl : fiji , nadi
pyroderces longalitella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 62
pyroderces oxyptila meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : new ireland
pyroderces argobalana meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 308 ; tl : queensland , cairns
pyroderces hapalodes turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 67
pyroderces paroditis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : fiji , lautoka
pyroderces pogonias turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 66
pyroderces rhizonympha meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 3 ) : 90 ; tl : bengal , pusa
pyroderces tenuilinea turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 67
pyroderces calefacta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 571 ; tl : kanara , supa , ramanguli
pyroderces klimeschi rebel , 1938 ; zs . öst . entver . 23 : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1
pyroderces is a genus of cosmet moths ( family cosmopterigidae ) . it belongs to subfamily cosmopteriginae . some authors include anatrachyntis here .
pyroderces strangalota meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 572 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft
pyroderces haemodryas meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 546 ; tl : malay states , kuala selangor
pyroderces syngalactis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : new hebrides , efate , espiritu santo
pyroderces ocreella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 106 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
pyroderces tethysella koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 126 , 20 ; tl : tadzhikistan , tigrovaya balka , env . dzhilikul
pyroderces jonesella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 63 , pl . 4 , f . 9
pyroderces anaclastis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 348 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
pyroderces anoista bradley , 1956 ; bull . br . mus . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 148 ; tl : lord howe is . , mt lidgbird
pyroderces mesoptila meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 347 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
pyroderces pyrrhodes meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : geraldton , west australia
pyroderces phaeostigma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 146 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
pyroderces klimeschi ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 125 , 20 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166 ; [ fe ]
pyroderces albistrigella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 48 , pl . 3 , f . 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 1514 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
pyroderces argyrogrammos ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 123 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 ; zhang & li , 2009 , zootaxa 2272 : ( 63 - 68 ) ; [ fe ]
pyroderces ( cosmopteriginae ) ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 46 , 16 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ aucl ] ; [ me5 ] , 123 , 20 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
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constant a . 1885 . notes sur quelques lépidoptères nouveaux , 3e et dernière partie . - annales de la société entomologique de france ( 6 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 5–16 , pl . 1 .
meyrick e . 1909a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 5 : 349–379 .
the wingspan is 7–11 millimetres ( 0 . 28–0 . 43 in ) . adults are on wing from mid april to mid may and again from early july to mid october . there are probably two generations per year .
proterocosma aellotricha meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 175 ; tl : hamilton
batrachedra albistrigella möschler , 1890 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 345 ; tl : puerto rico
gelechia apparitella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1027 ; tl : new zealand
ceu , seu , n . africa , c . asia . see [ maps ]
larva on carlina spp . , centaurea spp . koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 , carduus spp . , cnicus benedictus , scolymus hispanicus , carthamus lanatus , c . tinctorius , pycnomon acarna [ me5 ] , 124
larva on echinops ruthenicus , centaurea orientalis , c . salonitana , cirsium sublaniflorum [ me5 ] , 125
centropecta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 52
anatrachyntis centrophanes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 325 ; tl : coorg , dibidi ; s . india , nilgiris ; assam , khasis
syntomactis ? cervinella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 104 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas
syntomactis chalcoptila meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas
dactyliota meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 52
gelechia deamatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 654 ; tl : auckland , new zealand
diplecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 606
anatrachyntis exagria meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 326 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
syntomactis firma meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 284 ; tl : mahé
anatrachyntis hemipelta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 44 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
hungary , poland , slovakia , italy , austria , romania , mallorca . see [ maps ]
stagmatophora leptarga meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 54 ; tl : kankau
melanosarca meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 148
anatrachyntis mythologica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima
stagmatophora narcota meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : albert mine , pretoria
anatrachyntis nephelopyrrha meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : bengal , pusa
sesamivora meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 427
gracilaria [ sic ] terminella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 855 ; tl : sydney
stagmatophora urantha meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo
lacciferophaga yunnanea zagulajev , 1959 ; acta ent . sinica 9 ( 4 ) : 312 , f . 1 - 4
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )
matériaux pour la connaissance des momphidae paléarctiques ( lepidoptera ) . 9 . revue des momphidae européennes , y compris quelques espèces d ' afrique du nort et du proche - orient
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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