† placostylus cuniculinsulae was a species of large air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family bothriembryontidae .

this species was endemic to lord howe island , australia .

it is now extinct .

placostylus cuniculinsulae

syn . bulimus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , bulimus cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ( cox )
scientific name : placostylus bivaricosus . common name : lord howe flax snail . other names : lord howe placostylus . three subspecies of the lord howe flax snail are currently recognised on the basis of shell morphology ( australian museum 2001 ) ; placostylus bivaricosus bivaricosus , p . bivaricosus cuniculinsulae and p . bivaricosus etheridgei .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2005bn ) . non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on lord howe placostylus ( placostylus bivaricosus ) . available from : urltoken .
left : rabbit island flax snail ( placostylus cuniculinsulae ) depiction from ' james c . cox : descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1872 , 18 - 20 ' urltoken
lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricus ( gaskoin , 1855 ) recovery plan ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2001b ) [ state recovery plan ] .
new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 2001a ) . lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricosus ( gaskoin 1855 ) recovery plan . hurstville , new south wales : new south wales national parks and wildlife service .
lord howe island placostylus - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2012ap ) [ internet ] .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : placostylus bivaricosus j . s . gaskoin , 1854 - id : 3884965709
blackburn island ( also named as rabbit island ) is a tiny islet within the lagoon of lord howe island . the flax snails of this island were described as a distinct species in the year 1872 . but they are sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the lord howe flax snail ( placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ) . the flax snails of blackburn island died out already in the 19th century . after the islet ' s vegetation was destroyed by feral animals , the snails and their eggs were eaten by introduced rats ( rattus rattus ) .
ponder , w . & r . chapman ( 1999 ) . survey of the land snail placostylus bivaricosus on lord howe island . unpublished report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service .
placostylus bivaricosus ( a large land snail ) - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1997e ) [ internet ] .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . placostylus bivaricosus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 52 : 50 + 1000 .
parrish , r . , g . sherley & m . aviss ( 1995 ) . giant land snail recovery plan placostylus spp . , paraphanta sp . threatened species recovery plan series no . 13 . new zealand : threatened species unit , department of conservation .
sherley , g . , i . a . n . stringer , g . r . parrish & i . flux ( 1998 ) . demography of two land snail populations ( placostylus ambagiosus , pulmonata , bulimulidae ) in relation to predator control in the far north of new zealand . biological conservation . 84 : 83 - 88 .
sherley , g . ( 1994 ) . translocations of the mahoenui giant weta deinacrida n . sp . and placostylus land snails in new zealand : what we have learnt ? . in : reintroduction biology of australian and new zealand fauna . serena , m : 57 - 63 . surrey beatty and sons , chipping norton , new south wales .
the age of sexual maturity and lifespan of the lord howe flax snail are unclear , but related placostylus species in new zealand reach sexual maturity at three to five years and may live for 20 years or more ( parrish et al . 1995 ) . the lord howe flax snail lays small clutches of round eggs in the soil beneath leaf litter , probably during late spring and summer . the eggs hatch into small - shelled snails about 7 mm in length and 5 mm in width . hatchling and juvenile mortality is high ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
. department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from :
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
listed as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
listed as extinct ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the lord howe flax snail is a large land snail . it has a pointed , conical shell up to 8 cm long , is medium to dark brown in colour ( weathering to white in older specimens ) and has a thickened lip in mature adults . the soft body parts are black ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2006 ) .
the total population of the lord howe flax snail is estimated to be less than 1000 mature individuals . the abundance of dead snail shells provide an indication of the historical widespread abundance of the lord howe flax snail in the mid - island lowlands . in some areas , shells occur in densities of up to 30 shells / m² in many parts of the settlement area ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
p . bivaricosus etheridgei has declined in range and abundance . it may survive as a number of small , isolated local populations , based on the identification of hatchling snails collected from leaf litter in the 1970s ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) . given the persistent threats to the species , it is suspected the lord howe flax snail will continue to undergo a reduction in numbers .
the two populations of the lord howe flax snail are included in permanent park preserve and environment protection areas ( lord howe island board 1986 ) . however , the majority of recent records are outside the island ' s formal reserve system , with many occurring in the settlement area where they may be at risk from development ( nsw npws 2001a ) .
the lord howe flax snail is believed to feed on the fallen dead leaves of broadleaf trees ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
adult lord howe flax snails are readily identifiable due to their large size and pointed , conical shell . however , juvenile snails may be easily confused with other species and generally require expert identification .
preparing and distribute educational brochures and erect signage to inform the local community and tourists about the species .
a captive breeding program for the lord howe flax snail has commenced , which engages the help of the local school on lord howe island . the program involves the construction of a number of rat - proof pens , which are provided with shade and appropriate leaf litter , in which breeding populations of the lord howe flax snail may be established and maintained . adult snails reared in the program are released back into natural populations to maintain genetic diversity ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .
documents relevant to the management of the lord howe flax snail can be found at the start of the profile .
australian museum ( 2001 ) . threatened and endangered land snail species . page ( s ) 2001 . australian museum invertebrate zoology internet site .
billing , j . ( 1999 ) . the management of introduced rodents on lord howe island . unpublished report by lord howe island board .
brazier , j . ( 1889 ) . mollusca . the general zoology of lord howe island ; containing an account of the collections made by the australian museum collecting party , aug . - sept . , 1887 . etheridge , r . , ed . memoirs of the australian museum . 2 : 3 - 42 .
curtis , h . s . ( 1998a ) . snail collection - lord howe island . unpublished report to lord howe island board .
department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) ( 2007 ) . lord howe island biodiversity management plan . department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - may - 2008 .
hutton , i . ( 1991 ) . birds of lord howe island : past and present . coffs harbour , nsw : author published .
iredale , t . ( 1944 ) . the land mollusca of lord howe island . australian zoologist . 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 330 .
lord howe island board ( 1986 ) . lord howe island regional environmental plan 1986 .
pickard , j . ( 1983 ) . vegetation of lord howe island . cunninghamia . 1 : 133 - 265 .
smithers , c . , d . mcalpine , p . colman & m . gray ( 1977 ) . lord howe island . special issue of australian natural history . page ( s ) 23 - 26 . sydney : the australian museum .
sutherland , l . & a . ritchie ( 1977 ) . defunct volcanoes and extinct horned turtles . in : smith , n . , ed . lord howe island . page ( s ) 7 - 12 . australian museum , sydney .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2005b ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 37 ) ( 26 / 10 / 2005 ) . f2005l03547 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - nov - 2005 .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
iredale t . ( 1944 ) .
the land mollusca of lord howe island
. australian zoologist 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 334 , plates 17 - 20 .
crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .
by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
smith , b . j . 1992 ,
non - marine mollusca
, ed . houston , w . w . k . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . non - marine mollusca , vol . 8 , australian government publishing service , canberra
iredale , t . 1944 ,
the land mollusca of lord howe island
, the australian zoologist , vol . 10 , pp . 299 - 334
gaskoin , j . s . 1855 ,
descriptions of two new species of land shells
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1854 , p . 152
cox , j . c . 1872 ,
descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1872 , pp . 18 - 20
hedley , c . 1891 ,
the land and freshwater shells of lord howe island
, records of the australian museum , vol . 1 , pp . 134 - 143
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b525af06 - 7e8a - 4744 - 858a - 56f04065230e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e1dbbc77 - b9b0 - 4250 - 82c3 - 62f45c6029db
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1e6b79a - 3238 - 4401 - 9765 - 0ea2968c5627
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468264
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
point radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .
the ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en


malacoctenus zonogaster , the belted blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of the americas from baja california to peru including the galapagos islands .

it is an inhabitant of tide pools and rocky shores being found from near the surface to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl .

malacoctenus zonogaster

the following term was not found in genome : malacoctenus zonogaster [ orgn ] .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .
) has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion d2 . this species is only known from a single location ( galapagos islands ) . major threats to this shallow water species are oceanographic environmental changes from enso events and global warming .
the belted blenny is the second most common blenny in the galapagos islands ( allen and robertson 1994 ) .
the belted blenny is a reef - associated species , found in shallow rocky and coral reef areas to depths of 10 m , as well as in tidepools .
there are no known major threats to the belted blenny . however , given its shallow reef habitat and restricted range it may be negatively impacted by localized stochastic events , such as oceanographic environmental changes from current or future enso events and climate change ( soto
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the belted blenny . however , this species is present in the galapagos marine reserve , the galapagos archipelago particularly sensitive sea area , the galapagos island world heritage site , and the galapagos island man and biosphere reserve ( wdpa 2006 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
greek , malakos = soft + greek , kteis , ktenos = comb ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5227 )
lives in tide pools , shallow , rocky , boulder strewn areas and walls . prefers deeper water habitats ( ref . 5227 ) .
allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )
) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .
radios dorsales xx a xxii , 10 - 12 ( usualmente xxi , 11 ) ; radios anales ii , 20 - 22 ( usualmente 21 ) ; radios pectorales 14 ; escamas de la línea lateral 57 - 64 ; escamas presentes o ausentes en la línea media enfrente de la aleta dorsal , presente en el torso , ausentes en la región prepectoral ; mandíbulas con una sola fila de dientes cónicos grandes ; con dientes vomerinos ; dientes palatinos ausentes ; con cirros en las aberturas nasales , arriba del ojo y en la nuca .
verdusco en la mitad superior y blanco abajo , con 5 - 6 barras oscuras de forma irregular en el costado ; una mancha oscura grande ( del tamaño del ojo ) en la mitad superior del opérculo , y bandas café verduscas en la parte inferior de la cabeza y del pecho .
attributes abundance : común . cites : no listado . climate zone : ecuatorial ( costa rica hasta ecuador + galápagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 10 m . depth range min : 1 m . diet : gusanos móviles bentónicos ; crustáceos móviles bentónicos ( camarones / cangrejos ) . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : béntico ; larva pelágica . feeding group : carnívoro . fishbase habitat : asociado a arrecifes . global endemism : pacífico oriental tropical ( pot ) endémico ; pacífico este endémico ; todas las especies . habitat : asociado a arrecife ( arrecife + bordes - columna de agua y fondo suave ) ; rocas ; arrecife ( rocoso y / o coralino ) ; arrecife solamente . inshore offshore : costeros ; solamente costeros . iucn red list : no evaluado / listado . length max : 8 . 5 cm . regional endemism : solo islas ; isla ( s ) ; pot endémico ; pot isla ( s ) oceánica ( s ) endémico ; islas galápagos endémico ; todas las especies . residency : residente . salinity : marino ; solo marino . water column position : fondo ; fondo solamente ;
heller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .
humann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .
kendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .
snodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .
) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
head slender , snout pointed ; a close - set pair of heavily branched nape cirri , a branched cirrus over eye ; 3 - 8 ( 1 - 14 ) pores behind chin , between bases of operculae ; upper part of rear end of top jaw covered by bone under eye ; no small teeth behind outer row of large teeth on upper jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; gill rakers 10 - 13 ; dorsal fin xxi , 11 , ( xx - xxii , 10 - 12 ) , notch between spines and rays ; anal ii , 21 ( 20 - 22 ) ; pectoral 14 ; 3 pelvic soft rays ; 57 - 64 lateral line scales ; belly scales smaller than flank scales ; scales present or absent on midline in front of dorsal fin , present on breast , absent from prepectoral region .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical , preferred ?
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .


almita portalia is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by b. landry in 1995 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and california .

almita portalia

almita portalia landry , 1995 n . sp . , mem . entom . int ' l . , v . 1 , p . 1 - 242 .
have a fact about almita texana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for almita texana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .


jackson 's climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .

it is endemic to guatemala .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

jackson 's climbing salamander was last seen in 1975 .

the salamander is among the 25 “ most wanted lost ” species that are the focus of global wildlife conservation ’s “ search for lost species ” initiative .

jackson ' s climbing salamander

but the vision remains tantalizing , as the elusive jackson’s climbing salamander eludes us once more .
jackson’s climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) , first and last seen by jeremy jackson almost four decades ago . ( photo by sam sweet )
the jackson’s climbing salamander is a beautiful species and unique in that it has the inverse coloration of all of the other species in the mexicana group of salamanders . rather than black with yellow bands , the jackson’s climbing salamander is yellow with black bands .
in 2014 , paul elias and jeremy jackson returned to the cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala nearly 40 years after they had discovered three new species of salamander there—the jackson’s climbing salamander , the finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander . they hoped to catch a glimpse of the previously rediscovered finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander and were in luck on that trip , though the jackson’s climbing salamander remained elusive .
update ( 10 / 30 / 17 ) : the jackson ' s climbing salamander is the first of the search for lost species ' top 25
most wanted
species to be found .
the following year , a consortium of international groups—including global wildlife conservation and local ngo fundaeco— joined together to protect some of the last remaining forest home of the three rare salamander species , establishing a reserve called the finca san isidro amphibian reserve . the reserve is home to a treasure trove of amphibian species , including the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog . elias and jackson discovered jackson’s climbing salamander within a few hundred meters of the reserve’s current borders .
“ we called it the ‘golden wonder . ’ i found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of the jackson’s climbing salamander that exist don’t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . ” –jeremy jackson
when paul elias discovered the jackson’s climbing salamander in the mid - 1970s , he named it after colleague jeremy jackson and called it the “golden wonder” because of its astounding beauty . the species has not been seen since , and eluded a 2014 expedition that gwc launched with elias and jackson to retrace their steps four decades later . this is an elusive cloud forest species , possibly a canopy dweller . if it is not extinct , it is adept at escaping human attention .
after a little more than a week in guatemala it is time to start our journey home . but our salamander hunting is not over just yet . before leaving the remote reaches of the cuchumatanes we pay a return visit to a small village where one of the locals excitedly presents us with a salamander that they found close by . it is a beautiful müller’s mushroomtongue salamander ( bolitoglossa mulleri ) , an uncommon chocolate brown animal with a splash of yellow running down its back , as if it had walked under a leaky tin of royal yellow paint . it is as close to jackson’s climbing salamander as we will come .
what follows is a firsthand account of a 2014 expedition in search of lost and rare salamanders in guatemala’s cuchumatane mountain range by gwc’s conservation officer , robin moore .
a long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) spotted by jeremy jackson 38 years after he last saw the species . ( photo by robin moore )
“we called it the golden wonder , ” says jeremy jackson , reminiscing about a salamander that he was the first , and last , to find in the wild 38 years ago . time has not dulled his memory : “i found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of bolitoglossa jacksoni [ aka jackson’s climbing salamander ] that exist don’t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . ”
on returning to the cuchumatanes after 38 years , jackson says : “i enjoyed remembering sights and smells and tastes from many years past . i had at least one goose bump moment . it was quite familiar and totally different at the same time . ” although he was disappointed that we did not find jackson’s salamander , jackson says he was buoyed by how many nyctanolis we turned up , and is optimistic that something can be done to preserve the salamanders and their home .
day after day we spend hours with our backs arched sifting through leaf litter , and under the cloak of darkness we enter the forest to illuminate leaves and mossy trunks with our headlamps , willing a brilliant yellow and chocolate brown salamander to appear in front of us . we talk about how amazing it would be to find a jackson’s salamander , and we even allow ourselves to imagine , with a jolt of adrenaline , the prospect .
, a second potential locality will be explored . this second locality has extant populations of two other rare salamander species (
“my having discovered a new salamander species rarely comes up in conversation , ” he says . “but when it does , people are usually surprised if not just a little startled . one of my boys , when he was in fourth grade , told his class that i had a salamander named after me . they all thought i must be just like indiana jones . ” he adds , “i’ve always felt honored by paul’s naming it after me . it’s an unusual way to remember an exciting time of my life . ”
it was not until 2009 , during an expedition led by the museum of vertebrate zoology at berkeley , that bradytriton silus was rediscovered 32 years after it was last seen . the following year nyctanolis pernix also re - appeared . still missing , however , was jackson’s salamander , which promptly climbed its way into the top ten “most wanted” amphibians in the world during the search for lost frogs in 2010 .
royal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) in the ethereal pine forests of puerta del cielo . ( photo by robin moore )
acevedo , m . , wake , d . , elias , p . , rovito , s . , and vasquez , c . ( 2008 ) .
elias returned to the cuchumatanes the following two summers , bringing jackson to help him . rain - soaked weeks spent exploring forest and lifting logs resulted in the discovery of bolitoglossa jacksoni , which was later named by elias in honor of jackson . but despite months of fieldwork , only two individuals of the species were ever found , and neither elias or jackson could have predicted that , a quarter of a century later , none of the three salamanders that they had discovered would have been seen again .
july 14 , 2014 . i am sitting with jeremy jackson and paul elias in a small rural village in the cuchumatanes mountains . elias is studying his original field notes – every page photocopied and bound , to compare how things are now to how they were then . it is the first time that either of them has been back in 38 years . we are joined by eight others , an eclectic mix that includes the inspirational local amphibian biologist and conservationist carlos vasquez , on a quest to retrace elias and jackson’s steps in search of some of the most elusive of creatures on earth .
the long - limbed salamander , nyctanolis pernix , one of two major species discoveries made by paul elias in his first expedition to guatemala in 1974 . ( photo by robin moore )
the next day the team returns triumphant with a bradytriton silus– the only one we will find on the expedition . elias shares jackson’s excitement at seeing the salamanders again , saying , “i was really moved to see both nyctanolis and bradytriton alive and happy in their forest . nyctanolis in particular is just an extraordinary animal ; its nimble ectomorph body with huge alert black eyes , its high speed agility , and its goofy polka dots make it something almost unlike a salamander . i never thought i would see one alive again , and i just could not get enough of watching them . the fact of these two missing links living in that primeval forest on the ancient karst uplands makes one think that the cuchumatanes were the old cradle of the great salamander radiation of central america . ”
one of the three properties acquired for the reserve has been named the sabin family salamander sanctuary in honor of businessman andrew sabin’s contributions to amphibian conservation in guatemala and around the world . thanks to additional support from paul elias , marie lossky , focus on nature and the quick response biodiversity fund , which is a 1 % for the planet and weeden foundation fund for high - priority habitat acquisitions for the purpose of protecting biodiversity .
mayer , k . r . ( 2017 ) . ' ' found : remarkable salamander rediscovery heralds early success for worldwide quest to find and protect lost species ' ' global wildlife conservation . urltoken downloaded on 30 october 2017 .
after 11 days of slashing rain - soaked forests in search of rare salamanders , the team parts ways in guatemala city . elias and jackson return to boston to resume their lives as a partner in a private investment firm and a woodworker respectively . while elias remains actively involved in conservation as a trustee of the nature conservancy in massachusetts , jackson had not been in the field in almost four decades prior to our expedition . i am curious as to how people respond when they learn about his previous life as a field biologist .
our final stop before leaving the cuchumatanes is puerta del cielo–the appropriately named gateway to heaven–to scour mist - shrouded forest for the royal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) . in the ethereal pine forests we find more than a dozen salamanders–it is a fitting end to our expedition .
in 2014 , gwc conservation officer robin moore traveled with carlos vasquez , coordinator of the amphibian conservation program at fundaeco , and the two men , jeremy jackson and paul elias , who had discovered the finca chiblac and long - limbed salamanders in the 1970s . robin captures that trip–and the exciting re - discovery of those salamanders–in this vivid blog post .
in the local language q’anjob’al , salamanders are referred to as “sleeping child . ” it makes sense , then , that “yal unin yul witz” means “sleeping child behind mountains . ” this consortium of international groups is working to protect some of the last remaining habitat of the finca chiblac salamander ( bradytriton silus ) and the long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) . the natural reserve is also home to the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog ( agalychnis moreletii ) . ten of the 20 amphibian species that live in or near finca san isidro are classified as critically endangered or endangered by the iucn red list .
the species was described by elias ( 1984 ) and the type specimen is held at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz 134634 ) . it was named in honor of the collector , jeremy l . jackson , who accompanied paul elias of the mvz on his field expedition to the cordillera de los cuchumatanes and the montañas de cuilco of western guatemala ( elias 1984 ) .
was rediscovered in the recently established finca san isidro amphibian reserve ( also known as yal unin yul witz ) on the northern slopes of the sierra de los cuchumatanes , guatemala , very close to the original discovery site . a sub - adult found by reserve guard , ramos leon , is only the third specimen ever seen . the species had not be seen since september 1975 , and was listed among the top 25 most wanted species in the world by global wildlife conservation’s the search for lost species ( mayer 2017 ) .
spirits are high , and it is not long before we strike gold . jackson describes the moment : “when i spied that oh - so - familiar pose of a nycatanolis basking in the rain with feet splayed and spine bent with that beautiful long tail hanging down , i was thrilled . it really brought back much of what it had been like in 76 ; going out night after night in the rain . finding a nycatanolis is was very rewarding just as it was years ago . ”
it is our fifth day in guatemala , and we have yet to find a salamander . optimism is beginning to wane . as the light fades and heavy afternoon rain subsides , we don our headlamps and waterproofs and prepare to head into the forest . we target a patch with large buttressed trees–ideal for nyctanolis . in the evening , the salamanders start to emerge from their daytime retreats among the tangle of roots to scale the trees , and so our hope is to find them as they emerge and before they climb out of reach .
but what brought jackson to the remote forests of guatemala all those years ago ? his good friend , paul elias . elias had ventured to guatemala for the first time in 1974–his findings had been so remarkable that he was compelled to return . elias writes of that first visit : “i had just completed freshman year and was 18 years old . i had a chance to visit guatemala because my mother was involved in a harvard nutrition study there and offered to buy my ticket . i went to [ eminent herpetologist ] dave wake and asked what i could collect that would be of use to him . he gave me a one - page photocopy of a map of guatemala and circled the cuchumatanes . ”
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as data deficient , as although it is currently known only from a single site , there has been little survey work in the area and it is possible that the species is more widespread . the extent of occurrence is poorly known . there is ongoing habitat loss throughout much of the escarpment .
this species has only been found within 1km of the type locality on the caribbean escarpment of the western cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , western guatemala . the exact locality is the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , approximately 12km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , at about 1 , 400m asl . there has been little nearby sampling and the species may range more widely within the escarpment .
there is no information on the population status of this species ; it has not been collected since its discovery , despite recent searches .
the only two individuals known were taken from under bark from felled logs in a clearing in very wet ( approximately 6 , 000mm annual precipitation ) montane forest . it presumably breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water .
severe habitat loss is known to have taken place at its only known site due to the settlement of refugees and expanding agriculture , and more broadly throughout the range .
there are no protected areas near where this species has been found . surveys are urgently needed to establish its current range and population status in the wild .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
species , with females reaching 65 mm in standard length ( known from only two specimens ) . this species has few maxillary teeth ( 31 in the young adult female holotype ) and a moderate count of vomerine teeth ( 21 in the holotype ) . it has a simple vertebral tail autotomy mechanism ( see wake and dresner 1967 on tail autotomy in salamanders ) .
by tail autotomy mechanism and color pattern , a brilliant yellow with a wide mid - dorsal band of chocolate brown bordered by a thin white edge .
) by virtue of having the dark coloration restricted to the mid - dorsal area ( elias 1984 ) .
coloration in life : a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , with a wide dark brown mid - dorsal band edged thinly in white ( with the white edging complete in the young adult female and incomplete in the older adult female specimen ) . in the holotype , the dark brown band originates at the level of the eyelids and runs straight across the head , spanning across the head from the center of one eyelid to the center of the other , then runs down the body , diminishing and finally vanishing just before the tail tip . in the larger female specimen , the brown mid - dorsal band is interrupted by a large , oval spot of yellow on the nape and a break on the tail ; also , a brown spot is present on the otherwise yellow right hind foot . the holotype lacks ventral markings ; it is not known whether the larger adult female lacked ventral markings . the eyes are metallic gold ( elias 1984 ) .
coloration in preservative : pale yellow ground color with broad mid - dorsal band of dark brown ; the mid - dorsal brown band begins at the level of the eyelids ( and spans from center to center of each eyelid ) , diminishing gradually toward the tail tip ( elias 1984 ) .
endemic to western guatemala . the type locality is in the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , roughly 12 km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , on the caribbean escarpment of the western sierra cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , guatemala , at 1 , 400 m asl . known only from the type locality and a nearby locality within 1 km away , all within finca chiblac . the habitat is very wet subtropical montane rainforest , receiving more than 6 meters of rainfall annually ( elias 1984 ) .
both individuals ( a larger adult female and a young adult female ) were found under the bark of felled hardwood logs in forest clearings ( elias 1984 ) . details of the life history are not known but like other members of the genus
, this species is thought to breed by direct development ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .
nothing is known about the population trend for this species . only two individuals were initially found , and no sightings occurred its discovery in 1975 until october 2017 . both the type locality and the broader escarpment area have suffered severe deforestation due to increased agriculture and increased human settlement of refugees from the guatemalan civil war . until 2015 , there are no protected areas near the type locality ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .
range from san luis potosi , mexico , to central panama . all are arboreal and lay eggs that hatch as miniatures of adults and have no aquatic larval stage . hence , they typically are difficult to find ( wake personal communication ) .
in 1975 at finca chiblac . a team will go out for a short search in mid - october 2010 , led by robin moore of conservation international , and a second team will conduct a more extensive search in mid - november 2010 , led by carlos vasquez of the museo de historia natural , universidad de san carlos de guatemala .
new information : in october , 2017 , a subadult of this species was found , photographed ( see photos on amphibiaweb ) and released . it is from a new but undisclosed locality , not far from the type locality . only two
individuals have ever been collected and only one specimen was preserved , the young adult female holotype . the larger adult female was brought into captivity at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz ) at u . c . berkeley , where two photographs were taken , but the female either escaped or was stolen from the animal care facility within the first few days of captivity ( t . papenfuss , pers . comm . ; its disappearance was not due to a deliberate release in the field by a student , as dubois and nemésio 2007 thought ) .
although one of the two amphibiaweb photos ( of the same specimen ) shows the color of the flanks as being caramel , this is due to underexposure and the color was actually a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , as in the first photograph .
. in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 31 august 2010 .
elias , p . ( 1984 ) . ' ' salamanders of the northwestern highlands of guatemala . ' '
parra - olea , g . , garcía - parís , m . , wake , d . b . ( 2004 ) . ' ' molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical american genus
wake , d . b . , and i . g . dresner ( 1967 ) . ' ' functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders . ' '
edited by kellie whittaker ; updated by ann t . chang ( 2018 - 03 - 26 )
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
© 2014 amphibian specialist group ( asg ) and amphibian survival alliance ( asa ) . all rights reserved . the asa is a fiscally sponsored program of global wildlife conservation a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) . tax id # 26 - 2887967 .
the cuchumatanes mountains were , as far as wake was concerned , a final frontier for exploration in central america . after being dropped off by his parents at a road rising sharply up to a karst plateau , elias hitchhiked as far as he could away from civilization and into uncharted territory , sleeping nights on a dirt floor among “bugs , predatory spiders , scorpions and centipedes that had gathered . ” he collected a couple of hundred salamanders in three weeks . “i had no guide to the species in guatemala so i had no idea if i had anything of value or not , ” he says .
when elias returned to berkeley he left some of his specimens to soak in water before preserving them . dave wake happened to come across them , and he was astonished . elias recalls : “both nyctanolis pernix and bradytriton silus were in that collection and turned out to be new genera that were significant missing links in the neotropical plethodontid [ a group of lungless salamanders ] radiation . word traveled to me by rumor in the next day or two and i suddenly discovered that i had found something extraordinary . the rest is history . ”
bradytriton silus , unique in its high , vertically flattened tail , flattened nose and stumpy feet . was rediscovered after 32 years in 2009 . ( photo by robin moore )
with two of our target species under the belt , our full attention turns to finding the holy grail : bolitoglossa jacksoni .
“what is different now , ” he says , “is the presence of carlos vasquez . i remember on my first visit seeing a man by the name of mario dari . he was president of the university down there , and we checked in with him out of respect . he was assassinated some time after that . there was no one like carlos , and there were no groups [ such as local ngo fundaeco ] that could safely pursue the kinds of programs that are now in existence . there were maryknoll priests , but even they got bumped off . carlos is a very charismatic , intelligent , genuinely nice guy who is exactly the kind of person needed to push in all directions for the betterment of the natural resources in guatemala . ”
the cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) , a species discovered and described as recently as 2012 . ( photo by robin moore )
elias too was thrilled to have had the opportunity to return to guatemala with his old friend , something he never thought he would do . “i was delighted to see jeremy treated as a mythic figure at the natural history museum , as he posed in front of posters of bolitoglossa jacksoni , ” he says . “he deserved to come back to experience that , to see the animals once more , and to close a loop that had been open since his youth . ”
black - eyed leaf frog ( agalychnis moreletii ) a critically endangered species in the project area . ( photo by robin moore )
robin is a scientist , photographer and director of communications at global wildlife conservation . robin has built on his early career research on amphibian and reptiles to devote himself to providing a voice for the vanishing and the forgotten .
no matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .
© 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .
the cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala is a last frontier for conservation—vast swathes of forest in the remote northwest of the country harbor unique and rare amphibians , birds and reptiles . here , at la finca san isidro , global wildlife conservation has worked with fundaeco , world land trust , rainforest trust , the international conservation fund of canada and the amphibian survival alliance to support the protection of the most amphibian diverse region in guatemala , with the highest number of species that live here and nowhere else , through the establishment of the yal unin yul witz natural reserve in 2015 . this marks the first protected area in the western highlands of guatemala .
the remoteness of the cuchumatanes mountain range has protected much of the forest to date , but increasing pressures from the coffee industry has put these forests at risk . local and international scientists and conservationists have identified the area as one of the highest priorities for conservation action . the establishment of the reserve was a tremendous success for fundaeco and partners , helping to bolster the conservation efforts in this region of the world , but protecting the land is only part of the overall goal . project partners aim to :
continue to carry out more extensive biodiversity surveys for birds , amphibians and reptiles .
work with community members , leaders and private land owners to ensure their support and participation in the implementation of sustainable strategies for habitat protection and sustainable development .
expand the conservation efforts to the adjacent flooded high mountain area , a magnificent and rare open area that is paradise for amphibians , as well as resident and migratory birds .
expand the area of the reserve to the highest elevation in the adjacent mountain el quetzal , to protect the yulwitz river basin that runs through the reserve .
evaluate the potential establishment of an agroforestry demonstration plot that combines conservation and productivity and looks for the implementation of the best ecological practices as a technical example to be replicated in the region .
using this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from david wake . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact david wake wakelab [ at ] berkeley . edu . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )
0000 0000 0910 0289 copyright © 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .


brycon insignis , the tiete tetra , is a species of fish in the family characidae .

b. insignis migrates upstream to spawn and has traditionally been important to fisheries , but it is now a threatened species .

some authorities recognize b. acuminatus as a separate , possibly extinct species , but recent authorities treat it as a synonym of b. insignis .

brycon insignis

figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon müller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae )
structural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characiformes ) .
figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon müller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae ) | zenodo
figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 mm sl : brazil , rio de janeiro , rio paraíba do sul .
structural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characifor . . . - pubmed - ncbi
brycon insignis is a species of fish in the characidae family . it is endemic to the paraíba do sul river basin in southeast brazil . 1999 research suggests it may actually be extinct but no status changes have been made .
world conservation monitoring centre 1996 . brycon acuminatus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 4 august 2007 .
greek , ebrykon , brykomai = to bite , to gnaw ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38504 )
lima , f . c . t . , 2003 . characidae - bryconinae ( characins , tetras ) . p . 174 - 181 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38504 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01202 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 02589 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257b0c4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325d0972 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32ab226b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75c78437 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
isaú za 1 , rizzo e , amaral tb , mourad nm , viveiros at .
department of animal science ( dzo ) , federal university of lavras ( ufla ) , mg , brazil .