ptychochromis makira is a species of cichlid only known from the antainambalana river in the northernmost part of the toamasina province in madagascar .

it is threatened by habitat loss and overfishing , and has suffered a severe decline in recent years .

it reaches a length of 14.6 centimetres ( 5.7 in ) sl .

ptychochromis makira

ptychochromis makira is known only from the type series , collected in the antainambalana river just north of maroansetra in northeastern madagascar . the southern range limit of p . makira is not known with certainty as that region has not been extensively surveyed for freshwater fishes ( stiassny and sparks , 2006 ) .
ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , sparks , john s . & stiassny , melanie l . j . , 2010
it is not currently known whether p . makira is found and is widespread or not within the boundaries of the makira forest protected area / national park , the largest ( c . 3 , 500 km² ) contiguous tract of principally lowland rainforest remaining in madagascar .
although once common throughout the region of maroansetra , ptychochromis makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance in recent years , according to local fishermen ( ref . 57663 ) . they report that the species is now rare ( ref . 57663 ) .
although once common throughout the region of maroansetra , ptychochromis makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance in recent years , according to local fishermen ( ref . 57663 ) . they report that the species is now rare ( ref . 57663 ) .
according to fishermen near the type locality , p . makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance and is considered to be rare ( stiassny and sparks 2006 ) .
figure 1 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , adult male , 146 . 6 mm sl ( scale bar = 1cm ) .
figure 7 . lateral pigmentation pattern in preservation for : a ) ptychochromis makira ( amnh 237131 , holotype , 151 . 0 mm sl , adult male ) , and b ) p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249488 , paratype , 99 . 5 mm sl , adult ) . dashed lines indicate relative adult lateral barring pattern and orientation .
figure 1 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , adult male , 146 . 6 mm sl ( scale bar = 1 cm ) .
figure 3 . left lateral view of the dorsoposterior margin of the neurocranium illustrating morphology of the supraneural bones ( in black ) and their relationship to the supraoccipital bone . a ) ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , b ) p . makira , c ) p . c ur v id e ns , and d ) p . oligacanthus . arrows indicate degree of overlap of supraoccipital crest by anterior supraneural .
figure 3 . left lateral view of the dorsoposterior margin of the neurocranium illustrating morphology of the supraneural bones ( in black ) and their relationship to the supraoccipital bone . a ) ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , b ) p . makira , c ) p . c u r v i d e n s , and d ) p . oligacanthus . arrows indicate degree of overlap of supraoccipital crest by anterior supraneural .
figure 5 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , 146 . 6 mm sl , adult male . freshly captured specimen illustrating adult coloration in life . photo by paul loiselle .
table 2 . morphological character matrix for species of ptychochromis and outgroups included in phylogenetic analysis . inapplicable character assignments are designated by ( - ) . “ a ” = character states 0 & 1 . character state descriptions presented in appendix 1 .
martinez , c . m . , j . arroyave and j . s . sparks , 2015 . a new species of ptychochromis from southeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) . zootaxa 4044 ( 1 ) : 79 - 92 . ( ref . 105395 )
sparks , john s . & stiassny , melanie l . j . , 2010 , a new species of ptychochromis from northeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with an updated phylogeny and revised diagnosis for the genus , zootaxa 2341 , pp . 33 - 51 : 34 - 48
sparks , john s . , stiassny , melanie l . j . ( 2010 ) : a new species of ptychochromis from northeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with an updated phylogeny and revised diagnosis for the genus . zootaxa 2341 : 33 - 51 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 193312
table 1 . morphometric and meristic data for ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , new species . proportional measurements ( mm ) in percent standard length ( sl ) or percent head length ( hl ) , unless noted otherwise . values in parentheses indicate number of specimens examined with that count . ( h ) indicates count corresponding to holotype .
figure 6 . relative geographic distributions of species of ptychochromis exhibiting the
eastern type palatine
configuration , including the geographically proximate sister species , p . ma k ira and p . ernestmagnusi , new species . note : arrow for p . grandidieri indicates that distribution for species extends southward along the eastern coast of madagascar .
figure 6 . relative geographic distributions of species of ptychochromis exhibiting the “ eastern type palatine ” configuration , including the geographically proximate sister species , p . m a k i r a and p . ernestmagnusi , new species . note : arrow for p . grandidieri indicates that distribution for species extends southward along the eastern coast of madagascar .
stiassny , m . l . j . and j . s . sparks , 2006 . phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the endemic malagasy genus ptychochromis ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with the description of five new species and a diagnosis for katria , new genus . am . mus . novit . 3535 : 1 - 55 . ( ref . 57663 )
greek , ptyx , = fold + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )
the species is named after the region in which the type specimens were collected ( ref . 57663 )
africa : antainambalana river , northeastern madagascar ( ref . 57663 , 83427 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57663 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 27 . it is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of three laterosensory pore foramina on the lachrymal and a unique pigmentation pattern consisting of four distinctive v - shaped black bars on the flanks superimposed on an overall whitish base ( ref . 57663 ) . extremely deep - bodied and laterally compressed ( ref . 57663 ) . it has a total of six infraorbital bones ( ref . 57663 ) . in preservative , the ground coloration is pale creamy white to yellow , body much lighter ventrally ; 4 black v - shaped bands present on flanks , which extend ventrally to lateraly midline ; fins pale yellow to grayish and blackish terminally , except pectoral fins ( ref . 57663 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl maschio / sesso non determinato ; ( ref . 57663 )
spine dorsali ( totale ) : 13 ; raggi dorsali molli ( totale ) : 12 ; spine anali 3 ; raggi anali molli : 8 - 9 ; vertebre : 27 . it is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of three laterosensory pore foramina on the lachrymal and a unique pigmentation pattern consisting of four distinctive v - shaped black bars on the flanks superimposed on an overall whitish base ( ref . 57663 ) . extremely deep - bodied and laterally compressed ( ref . 57663 ) . it has a total of six infraorbital bones ( ref . 57663 ) . in preservative , the ground coloration is pale creamy white to yellow , body much lighter ventrally ; 4 black v - shaped bands present on flanks , which extend ventrally to lateraly midline ; fins pale yellow to grayish and blackish terminally , except pectoral fins ( ref . 57663 ) .
resilienza ( ref . 69278 ) : alto , tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione meno di 15 mesi ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 3 january 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 jan 2014 ) .
raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
this species is endemic to madagascar . it is only known from the type series comprising two specimens , collected in the antainambalana river just north of maroansetra in northeastern madagascar ( stiassny and sparks 2006 ) .
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this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
figure 8 . strict consensus cladogram of nine optimal topologies recovered ( tree length = 1018 , ci = 0 . 67 , ri = 0 . 61 ) based on the simultaneous analysis of the nucleotide dataset of stiassny and sparks ( 2006 ) and 24 morphological transformations . unambiguously optimized morphological features supporting recovered nodes are designated by solid ( unique feature ) and open ( homoplasious feature ) circles . character numbers ( above braches ) and states ( below branches ) correspond to the morphological transformations listed in table 2 and appendix . . .
figure 2 . left lateral view of the oral jaws and anterior region of the suspensorium of p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249489 , paratype , 87 . 5 mm sl , female , c & s ) illustrating the
eastern type palatine
( shaded in gray ) morphology .
249490 , 146 . 6 mm sl , male , mananara ( du nord ) river at antanambaobe village ( 16 ° 16 ′ 0 1 ″s , 49 ° 40 ′ 0 1 ″e ) , madagascar , 120 m a . s . l . , mg 10 - 06 , coll . p . v . loiselle , 4 october 2006 .
249488 , 9 ex . , incl . 1 ex . c & s , 75 . 9–99 . 5 mm sl , mananara ( du nord ) river at antanibaolina village ( 16 ° 15 ′ 0 1 ″s , 49 ° 40 ′ 41 ″e ) , madagascar , 108 m a . s . l . , mg 09 - 06 , coll . p . v . loiselle , 4 october 2006 . amnh
249489 , 8 ex . , incl . 1 ex . c & s , 51 . 5 –99 . 0 mm sl , data as for holotype . mnhn
2009 - 1674 , 2 ex . , 79 . 4 –98 . 0 mm sl , data as for holotype . ummz
1935 - 0007 , 1 ex . , 128 . 5 mm sl , mananara ( du nord ) river , madagascar . no additional collection locality information available .
by an anterior displacement of the first supraneural such that it overlies the dorsoposterior margin of the supraoccipital ( fig . 3
the possession of supraneurals with a characteristically flattened dorsal profile , which is interpreted here as a synapomorphy uniting these two geographically proximate species . also shared with p . m a k i r a is the presence of strong ( paired ) lateral barring as a prominent component of pigmentation patterning ; however , p . m a k i r a can be distinguished by distinctively v - shaped lateral flank bars , whereas in
is further distinguished from p . m a k i r a by conspicuous iridescent spangling on the flank and dorsal fin near its base , dusky grayish - green base coloration ( vs . whitish ) , four lachrymal laterosensory foramina ( vs . three ) , and a total of seven ( vs . six ) infraorbital bones .
description . morphometric and meristic data presented in table 1 . external anatomical characteristics and general pigmentation pattern in life and preservation can be observed in figures 1
b . moderately deep bodied and laterally compressed . dorsal body profile convex , becoming significantly more so in larger specimens ( ca . 100 mm sl and larger ) . ventral body profile weakly to moderately convex . lateral snout outline straight in smaller specimens , and becoming weakly curved ( convex ) in larger individuals . predorsal profile moderately to strongly convex from mid - orbit to dorsal - fin origin , becoming more pronounced in larger specimens and creating weak “nuchal hump” . supraoccipital crest prominent in lateral view and conspicuously deep bodied in larger individuals ( ca . 100 mm sl ) . caudal peduncle short , deep , and laterally compressed . origin of dorsal fin located well anterior to vertical through pectoral - fin insertion . origin of pelvic fin located considerably posterior to vertical through pectoral - fin insertion .
total vertebral count 27 or 28 , with formulae of 13 + 14 ( mode ) , 13 + 15 , and 14 + 14 precaudal and caudal vertebrae , respectively .
oral jaws isognathous and small . oral dentition bilaterally symmetrical and bicuspid , with moderately to well - developed distally expanded and slightly recurved cusps ( fig . 2
) . outer row teeth of both premaxilla and dentary enlarged relative to teeth of inner rows and graded in size ( i . e . , becoming smaller ) posterolaterally .
outer row teeth procumbently implanted in rostral portion of lower jaw , and oriented vertically elsewhere . outer row teeth in upper jaw more or less vertically oriented . upper jaw with three or four rows of teeth anteriorly and tapering to single ( i . e . , outer ) row posteriorly . lower jaw with three rows of teeth rostrally , and tapering to single ( i . e . , outer ) row posteriorly . although smaller , inner rows of teeth on both premaxilla and dentary of same morphology ( bilaterally symmetrical and bicuspid ) as those of respective outer row . dentition covers about anterior 2 / 3 of dentary and nearly entire surface ( > 80 % ) of premaxillary arcade .
scales : lateral line to dorsal fin 18 4 ( 8 ) , 4 . 5 ( 2 ) , 5 ( 7 , h ) , 6 ( 1 )
lower pharyngeal jaw ( lpj = fused 5 th ceratobranchial elements ) robust with interdigitating suture on posteroventral margin . dentition on lpj and upper pharyngeal jaw ( upj ) comprised of numerous , closely set , strongly hooked and bicuspid teeth . cusps on lpj teeth better developed posteriorly . posteromedially on both lpj and third pharyngobranchial toothplate , dentition becoming robust and molariform ( fig . 4 a ) ; other teeth of these elements hooked and bicuspid . expansive second pharyngobranchial toothplate bearing five or six rows of well - developed , hooked and bicuspid teeth . two or three rows of hooked and bicuspid teeth present on “free” second epibranchial toothplate . fourth upper toothplate covered with numerous , closely - set rows of smaller hooked and bicuspid teeth ; teeth becoming progressively smaller and much less well developed posteriorly . strong concavity and associated sickle - like prong present on caudomedial margin of fourth upper toothplate . dorsal surface of fourth ceratobranchial elements bearing numerous robust , laterally expanded , toothplates . fourth ceratobranchial toothplates confluent with outer row gill rakers of these elements . dentition on fourth ceratobranchial toothplates unicuspid and more or less conical to weakly hooked and bicuspid laterally , and becoming progressively more strongly hooked and bicuspid medially ( similar to pattern observed for lateral lpj dentition ) . contralateral fourth ceratobranchial elements bearing strong concavity and associated prong ( = hook ) on medial margin .
eleven or 12 relatively elongate gill rakers arrayed along lower limb of first arch , excluding raker in angle of arch ( fig . 4 b ) . lower limb rakers of first gill arch denticulate dorsomedially , bearing numerous conical to weakly hooked and bicuspid teeth . nine weakly developed and triangular epibranchial gill rakers . remaining gill arches bearing short , robust , and strongly laterally expanded ( particularly , distally near crown ) rakers . these rakers strongly denticulate dorsally , bearing numerous elongate and conical ( becoming bulbous apically ) to weakly hooked and bicuspid teeth .
. ( a ) dorsal view of the lower pharyngeal jaw ( fused 5 th ceratobranchial elements ) illustrating molariform caudomedial tooth morphology . left lateral view of the : ( b ) lower limb of the first gill arch ( ceratobranchial 1 and hypobranchial 1 ) with gill rakers shaded in gray , and ( c ) lachrymal ( pores shaded in gray ) and additional bones of the infraorbital series .
flank squamation comprised of large , regularly imbricate , weakly ctenoid scales . scale margins becoming progressively more ctenoid posteriorly on flank . ctenoid scales extend from about dorsal - fin origin ( i . e . , ranging from slightly anterior to somewhat posterior of fin insertion ) dorsal to upper branch of lateral line and somewhat posterior to pectoral - fin base below upper lateral line , to proximal portion of caudal fin . scales on anterior portion of nape and throughout head region cycloid . scales on opercle and subopercle cycloid . cheek scales cycloid and comprising four rows ; fourth ( ventral ) row frequently poorly developed and comprising few scales . snout , lachrymal , and anterior portion of interorbital region to about level of mid - orbit asquamate . anterior chest scales somewhat reduced in size and embedded . scales extending onto caudal fin reduced in size and ctenoid anteriorly , markedly smaller and cycloid posteriorly . pored scales of lower branch of lateral line frequently extending onto caudal fin ( i . e . , beyond hypural flexure ) for one or two rows . lateral - line scales with well - developed canals , and numbering 34 to 37 ( mode 34 ) . four or five ( mode ) scale rows between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins . four ( mode ) to six scales in diagonal from upper branch of lateral line to dorsal - fin origin . no scale rows extending onto dorsal - and anal - fin membranes proximal to base of fins .
dorsal fin with xii or xiii spines and 11 to 13 soft rays . anal fin with iii spines and seven to nine soft rays . first anal - fin spine conspicuously short , whereas second and third spines elongate and more or less similar in length . distal margins of soft dorsal and anal fins becoming produced and tapered in larger specimens ; posteriorly margins reaching to about caudal - fin origin in smaller individuals ( < 80 mm sl ) and extending well beyond origin in larger specimens ( fig . 1
) . pectoral fin elongate , deep bodied and paddle - like ; becoming tapered distally ( i . e . , dorsal rays much longer than ventral ) . adpressed pelvic fin terminating well before anal - fin origin in smaller specimens , and extending to about anal - fin origin in larger individuals ( > 90 mm sl ) . caudal fin emarginate , trailing margins of upper and lower lobes becoming at most weakly produced in larger individuals ( > 80 mm sl ) .
miscellaneous osteology and anatomy . exoccipital foramina on posterior of neurocranium poorly developed ; simple and lacking complex interior chamber ( see stiassny , 1991 , and sparks , 2008 , for a discussion of exoccipital foramen development in malagasy - south asian cichlids ) . paired , anterior gas bladder diverticula well developed , elongate , and tube - like ; however , rather feeble in structure ( i . e . , not rigid and thick walled ) and similar to main gas bladder chamber . diverticula in contact with exoccipital region of neurocranium via connective tissue but not penetrating into exoccipital foramina ( sparks , 2008 ; fig . 3
a ) . infraorbital series composed of seven distinct elements ( fig . 4 c ) . lachrymal ( = first infraorbital or io 1 ) with four neurosensory pores ; fourth pore communicating with anterior pore of second infraorbital ( io 2 ) . second infraorbital excluded from orbital margin by io 3 . cephalic laterosensory canals well developed with enlarged pores ( e . g . , including those on preopercle and dentary ; figs . 2
& 4 c ) . uncinate process and anterior arm of first epibranchial element short and robust ( fig . 4 b ) . well - developed process ( = prong / hook ) and deep indentation ( = excavation ) present on medial face of fourth ceratobranchial element . supraneurals ( fig . 3
a ) rostrally positioned , with first supraneural overlying dorsoposterior margin of supraoccipital crest . both supraneurals characteristically shaped with flat dorsal margins ( fig . 3
) . overall uniform greenish base coloration with a dusky gray overlay , not notably darker dorsally than ventrally . many scales bearing a small , conspicuous iridescent spot along posterior scale margin . pigmentation pattern composed of five or six ( mode , holotype ) prominent midlateral blotches intersected by six to eight less strongly pigmented vertical bars . nape dark gray , snout and cheek dusky grey , and gular region black . fins uniformly dark blackish - gray , with some small iridescent spots proximally in soft dorsal . pectoral fin hyaline .
) . ground coloration reddish - brown , slightly paler ventrally than dorsally . traces of iridescent spangling present , particularly in larger specimens , and most evident ventrally on flank . pigmentation pattern consisting of five or six ( mode , holotype ) prominent midlateral blotches with significantly paler intersecting vertical bars retained in preservation . most posterior blotch , located on caudal peduncle ( i . e . , sixth blotch in series if present ) , significantly paler than others . fins pale reddish - brown , trailing margins of soft anal and dorsal fins blackish . pectoral fin hyaline . pelvic fin pale reddish - brown , and becoming charcoal to blackish distally . anterior interorbital region , snout , and lachrymal dark gray . lower lip creamy brown . gular region dark grayish - black .
) . currently known only from the type localities , which are located in the middle to lower reaches of the mananara ( du nord ) river , northeastern madagascar . this region is characterized by humid , lowland rainforest ( unesco - mab biosphere reserves directory , 2009 ) , and remains poorly surveyed for freshwater fishes . it is unknown whether the new species is more widely distributed within the region , and also whether it occurs in smaller tributaries of the mananara ( du nord ) river or other adjacent drainage basins to the north and south . substantial forest cover remains in the region and it is likely the new species has a significantly more widespread geographic distribution than current collection data would indicate . the mananara ( du nord ) river is a relatively large basin that extends from its headwaters through regions of intact forest and low population density . it is a typical eastern drainage , with a steep overall profile , and a generally rocky to sandy substrate . it is likely that the new species of
is restricted to the middle to lower reaches of the river and its tributaries , given that suitable habitat and adequate trophic resources are most likely lacking at higher elevations , as is typical for other eastern basins ( sparks , 2005 a , b ) .
conservation status . although forested portions of the coastal region to the south of the mananara ( du nord ) river are encompassed by the mananara - nord biosphere reserve ( designated in 1990 ) , which extends from 16 ° 09 ' to 16 ° 36 ' s and 49 ° 31 ' to 49 ° 53 ' e , and covers 140 , 000 hectares , the mananara river and its south bank tributaries are not included within the terrestrial component of the protected area ( which also includes a smaller marine component ) ( unesco - mab biosphere reserves directory , 2009 ) . we anticipate that the new species is not only more widespread in the region due to similar available habitats , but that it also receives some degree of protection from habitat degradation , deforestation , and overfishing within the biosphere reserve , which protects some of the last remaining remnants of lowland rainforest in eastern madagascar . in general , species of
, which remains relatively common and widespread along the highly developed and densely populated eastern coast of the island ) . nevertheless , members of the genus are rapidly extirpated from areas where habitats have become severely disturbed and water quality is negatively impacted ( e . g . , severe deforestation and development resulting in highly turbid drainage basins ) ( sparks & stiassny , 2003 , 2008 ) .
etymology . named in honor of mr . ernest magnus of berlin , germany , and new york city , at the request of the family of dr . rudolph g . arndt , whose support of ichthyological exploration and research at the american museum of natural history is gratefully acknowledged .
was problematic in that study . based primarily on features of the palatine bone of the suspensorium , stiassny and sparks ( 2006 ) recognized two groups of
: a “western clade” characterized by a compact palatine head with an upright orientation and marked elevation of the lateral ethmoid process ( i . e . , “western type palatine” ) , and an “eastern group” in which the palatine exhibits a markedly horizontal orientation , an elongate palatine prong , and less prominent ( weakly elevated ) lateral ethmoid process ( i . e . , “eastern type palatine” ) . on the cladogram presented by stiassny and sparks ( 2006 : fig . 2
) , unambiguous optimization of the “western type palatine” configuration ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : character 14 , node d ) was interpreted as evidence for monophyly of a “western clade” ; however , the “eastern type palatine” morphology described above was not unambiguously optimized on that phylogenetic reconstruction . as a result , the relationships of the four eastern species included in our 2006 analysis ( viz . ,
) were represented as a polytomy ( stiassny & sparks , 2006 : fig . 2
here we have identified an additional putatively homologous anatomical feature unique to the “eastern group” , rostral displacement of the supraneural elements such that the anterior supraneural comes to overlie the dorsoposterior margin of the supraoccipital of the neurocranium . this supraneural configuration is lacking in all other members of
to test this hypothesis , we reran our prior phylogenetic analysis ( stiassny & sparks , 2006 : fig . 2
) using the same methodological approach , search parameters , and combined morphological and molecular dataset , with the inclusion of the new species and including coding for the unique “eastern group” supraneural configuration described above and the two features ( discussed below ) hypothesized to unite p . m a k i r a and the new species ( for a total of 24 morphological transformations and 2053 total characters ; characters 1–21 are described in detail in sparks & stiassny , 2006 : table 1 and results ) . a complete list of the morphological character descriptions is presented in the appendix and the corresponding data matrix is presented in table 2 . as the results indicate ( fig . 7
) , we again failed to recover a monophyletic “eastern group” despite the fact that these five species possess both the novel supraneural feature ( character 22 , fig . 3
a–c ) and “eastern type palatine” configuration ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : character 21 ; fig . 2
that exhibit an “eastern type palatine” configuration , p . m a k i r a shares with
is the presence of a characteristic lateral barring pattern , in which each prominent midlateral blotch is intersected by a pair of narrow and less strongly pigmented vertical or oblique bars ( fig . 7
; character 24 ) . however , in p . m a k i r a these pairs of lateral flank bars are distinctively v - shaped ( fig . 7
b ) . despite inconclusive results in our earlier phylogenetic analysis ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : fig . 2
, our new analysis recovered a sister group relationship between p . m a k i r a and
supported by the two unambiguously optimized anatomical features ( characters 23 & 24 ) discussed above .
is readily distinguished from p . m a k i r a by conspicuous iridescent spangling on the flank and dorsal fin membrane near its base , dusky grayish - green base coloration ( vs . whitish ) , four lachrymal laterosensory foramina ( vs . three ) , and a total of seven ( vs . six ) infraorbital bones . although only two specimens of p . m a k i r a have been collected to date and admittedly represent a rather limited size range , the new species is also more shallow bodied ( 41 . 7–46 . 1 vs . 48 . 1–48 . 9 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , has a larger eye ( 29 . 5–37 . 4 vs . 25 . 6–27 . 6 % hl in p . m a k i r a ) , a longer head ( 34 . 2–37 . 1 vs . 32 . 0– 32 . 2 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , a shorter preanal length ( 71 . 6–73 . 5 vs . 75 . 1 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , and a greater lateral line scale count ( 34–37 vs . 33 in
) than its sister taxon , p . m a k i r a .
217739 , holotype , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo , below zule’s village , large side - pool off mainstream . amnh
93701 , 20 ex . , 10 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo below ampasimaniona village , 26 km east - northeast of marolambo . ummz
97111 , 10 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , mangoro drainage , village of marolambo , nosivolo river . amnh
97150 , 4 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo by ambarimasina village , ca . 16 km east northeast of marolambo . ummz
235046 , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , nosivolo river , near village of marolambo , mangoro drainage .
216068 , 25 ex . , eastern madagascar , large baylake , behind dunes 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - mananjary road , ca . 100 meters from sea . ummz
235043 , 2 ex . c & s , northeastern madagascar , lac anjavibe , nosy be . ummz
235045 , 2 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , sahapindra river , near vevembe .
237130 , paratype , 1 ex . ( c & s in part ) , data as for holotype . mnhn
2006 - 0 780 , paratypes , 3 ex . , data as for holotype .
237131 , holotype , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , north of maroansetra , near town of marovonona , antainambalana river , purchased from local fishermen by augustin sarovy , j . s . sparks , w . l . smith , and k . l . tang . amnh
237132 , paratype , 1 ex . ( c & s in part ) , data as for holotype .
232462 , holotype , male , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , north of sambava , mahanara river at antsirabe - nord , just upstream of bridge over route n - 5 ( 13 ° 58 . 49 ′s ; 49 ° 57 . 81 ′e ) , pvl - 01 - 29 , p . v . loiselle and local fishermen . amnh
231249 , paratype , 1 ex . , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , main channel of the mahanara river at antsirabe - nord , at bridge on route n - 5 ( 13 ° 38 . 49 ′s 49 ° 57 . 81 ′e ) , pvl - 00 - 07 , p . v . loiselle . amnh
231258 , paratypes , 3 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , main channel of the mahanara river at antsirsabe - nord , at bridge on route n - 5 ( 13 ° 58 . 49 ′s 49 ° 57 . 81 ′e ) , pvl - 00 - 12 , p . v . loiselle . mnhn
232458 , paratype , 1 ex . , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , mahanara river , ca . 4 km northwest of antsirabe - nord ( 13 ° 57 . 30 ′s 49 ° 56 . 20 ′e ) , pvl - 01 - 27 , p . v . loiselle and local fishermen . mhng
2623 . 82 , holotype , northern madagascar , antsiranana ( diego suarez ) province , andranofanjava , andranofanjava - sandriapiana river system , p . de rham and j . - c . nourissat . mhng
2676 . 096 , paratypes , 2 ex . , data as for holotype . amnh
237133 , paratypes , 2 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , data as for holotype . mhng
2623 . 84 , paratype , 1 ex . , northern madagascar , antsiranana ( diego suarez ) province , mirosolava , p . de rham and j . - c . nourissat .
237066 , holotype , juvenile ; northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , near town of mandritsara , sofia drainage basin , amboaboa ( = ambomboa ) river ( 15 ° 50 ′ 1 ″s ; 48 ° 42 ′ 51 ″e ) , j . s . sparks and k . j . riseng .
237492 , holotype , adult female , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , anjingo river ( 14 º 50 ′ 41 . 0″s , 48 º 14 ′ 38 . 3 e ) , jss 94 - 19 , j . s . sparks , k . j . riseng , and local malagasy guides . ummz
237063 , paratypes , 5 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , data as for holotype . amnh
237064 , paratypes , 5 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , bora special reserve , bemahavony river ( tributary of anjingo river ) ( 14 º 52 ′ 20 . 4 ″s , 48 º 14 ′ 52 . 2 ″e ) , jss 94 - 20 . amnh
237065 , paratype , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , lake andrapongy ( 14 º 41 ′ 49 . 3 ″s , 48 º 0 7 ′ 54 . 3 ″e ) , jss 94 - 21 . ummz
237067 , paratypes , 7 ex . , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , anjingo river ( 14 º 50 ′ 39 . 7 ″s , 48 º 14 ′ 39 . 5 ″e ) , jss 94 - 54 .
a . 4147 , holotype , madagascar , region of high forests , humblot and grandidier . see discussion in sparks ( 2003 ) regarding the locality of the holotype . additional non - type material examined : mnhn
a . 310 , 1 ex . , rivers that cross the eastern slope , lantz . amnh
88018 , 56 ex . , 1 ex . , c & s , southeastern madagascar , mananjary , estuary of mananjary river , 21 º05′s 48 º 27 ′e . amnh
88053 , 2 ex . , southeastern madagascar , mananjary , estuary of mananjary river , 21 º 0 5 ′s , 48 º 27 ′e . amnh
88076 , 2 ex . , eastern madagascar , vatomandry , 19 º 20 ′s , 49 º 0 0′e . amnh
88090 , 3 ex . , eastern madagascar , mahanoro , 19 º 55 ′s , 48 º 50 ′e . amnh
88092 , 17 ex . , eastern madagascar , mahanoro , pangalanes canal north of mangoro river . amnh
88102 , 36 ex . , 14 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , baylake behind dunes , ca . 100 m from sea . amnh
88117 , 18 ex . , eastern madagascar , tamatave market , 18 º 10 ′s , 49 º 25 ′e . amnh
88140 , 1 ex . , eastern madagascar , 25 km north of tamatave , pangalanes canal , 18 º 0 0′s , 49 º 25 ′e . amnh
88153 , 11 ex . , eastern madagascar , between fenerive and tamatave , pangalanes canal , 18 º 0 0′s , 49 º 25 ′e . amnh
96999 , 52 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , mangoro river near mouth . amnh
97008 , 185 ex . , eastern madagascar , salehy village , 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - mananjary road , 19 º 55 ′s , 48 º 50 ′e . amnh
97028 , 7 ex . , 3 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , bay lake behind first dune ca . 100 m from sea , east of road by sahey village , 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - manajary road . amnh
97057 , 1 ex . , eastern madagascar , ambodisovoka village , savalany river . amnh
228067 , 3 ex . , southeastern madagascar , lopary , mananizo river . amnh
228072 , 6 ex . , southeastern madagascar , ampataka village , sahambavy river . amnh
228074 , 3 ex . , southeastern madagascar , 12 km north of farafangana , manampatrona river , 22 º 43 ′ 47 ″s , 47 º 47 ′ 25 ″e . amnh
231347 , 1 ex . , southeastern madagascar , ampataka village , sahambavy river , 23 º 21 ’ 04”s , 47 º 28 ′ 18 ″e . amnh
231352 , 4 ex . , southeastern madagascar , manombo special reserve , takoandra river , 23 º 0 1 ′ 27 ″s , 47 º 43 ′ 16 ″e . mnhn
233524 , 17 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , madagascar , southeastern coastal region . ummz
237312 , 3 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , manombo special reserve . ummz
237495 , 5 ex . , southeastern madagascar , 6 km north of karianga at mahavelo , rienana drainage , andriambondro river , 22 º 21 ′ 47 ″s , 47 º 22 ′ 0 5 ″e . ummz
238453 , 2 ex . , southeastern madagascar , near manombo special reserve . ummz
238472 , 11 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , farafangana market . ummz
3 . 936 , lectotype , “ madagascar , in flumine samberano , nossibé , in lacu pambilao” , pollen and van dam . additional non - type material examined : amnh
18841 , 1 ex . , madagascar ( probably mainland , sambirano region ) . amnh
58491 , 9 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake amparihibe , at the mouth of the inflowing small stream , lake antsidihy , nosy be . amnh
215522 , 4 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake bemapaza , nosy be . amnh
215523 , 15 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lakes djabala and ampombilava , nosy be . amnh
230699 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake andjavibe , nosy be . amnh
232399 , 2 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake ampombilava , nosy be . amnh
232415 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake djabala , nosy be . mnhn
1962 - 322 , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , sambirano river . ummz
236591 , 26 ex . , 4 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , lake ampombilava , nosy be . ummz
237498 , 22 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , lake djabala , nosy be . ummz
237493 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lac de deux soeurs , nosy be . ummz
237494 , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake amparihibe , nosy be . ummz
237496 , 6 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake bempazava , nosy be . ummz
237497 , 8 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake anjavibe , island of nosy be . ummz
237499 , 11 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , mananjeba drainage , andranomaloto river , northeast of town of ambanja .
: bmnh 1882 . 2 . 25 : 69 , lectotype , betsileo , madagascar . bmnh 1882 . 2 . 25 : 70 , paralectotype , betsileo , madagascar . amnh
217763 , 1 ex . , south - central madagascar , manantanana river , headwaters near iaritsena , ambalavao region , mangoky drainage . ummz
238115 , 5 ex . , dry skeletons , south - central madagascar ilanana river , south of isalo national park .
figure 2 . left lateral view of the oral jaws and anterior region of the suspensorium of p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249489 , paratype , 87 . 5 mm sl , female , c & s ) illustrating the “ eastern type palatine ” ( shaded in gray ) morphology .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
named after the malagasy word for black , mainty , referring to the species’ uniform dark pigmentation pattern in preservation and large black midlateral blotch in life ( ref . 105395 )
afrika : known only from fort dauphin region near taolagnaro in extreme southeastern madagascar ( ref . 105395 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .


the cabalian frog or leyte slender stream frog ( hylarana albotuberculata ) is a species of frog in the ranidae family .

it is endemic to the islands of leyte , samar , and mindanao in the philippines .

it is threatened by habitat loss through deforestation and habitat conversion to agriculture as well as by the pollution due to agricultural run-off .

cabalian frog

the cabalian frog , leyte slender stream frog is classified as data deficient ( dd ) , inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction .
» blue frog ? » lucky money frog » frog ring - any pictures ? » the perfect store bought blended compost for a sfg » so far . . .
hylarana caesari ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - maharashtra golden - backed frog
hylarana indica ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - indian golden - backed frog
hylarana magna ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - large golden - backed frog
hylarana serendipi ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - sri lankan golden backed frog
hylarana urbis ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - urban golden - backed frog
hylarana doni ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - don ' s golden backed frog
hylarana sreeni ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - sreeni ' s golden - backed frog
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2018 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . american museum of natural history , new york , usa available at : urltoken .
this species was transferred from the genus hylarana to sanguirana by fuiten et al . ( 2011 ) . brown et al . ( 2017 ) use new data phylogenetic data to resolve species boundaries associated with the southwest mindanao stream frogs , sanguirana everetti ( boulenger , 1882 ) , its junior synonym , rana mearnsi , stejneger , 1905 , and the northeast mindanao stream frogs , s . albotuberculata ( inger , 1954 ) . consideration of relationships , distributions , type localities , phenotypic data , and type specimens clearly indicates that the names r . mearnsi and s . albotuberculata refer to the same lineage , and therefore brown et al . ( 2017 ) recognize s . mearnsi as the oldest available name for this species .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from very few localities on leyte , samar , and mindanao islands in the philippines .
moderately - sized numbers of samples in museums suggest that it might be common in preferred high - altitude stream habitats . however , there is very little field information regarding this species ' population status .
it inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests .
the most important threats to this species include deforestation through logging , habitat conversion to agriculture , and the pollution of streams and rivers due to agricultural run - off .
some populations are protected in national parks , although more protected areas need to be established on leyte to protect the remaining forest on this island .
this amended assessment has been generated to change the species epithet from albotuberculata to mearnsi ( see taxonomic notes ) . the name of the species on the range map has been updated accordingly .
arvin diesmos , angel alcala , rafe brown , leticia afuang , cynthia dolino , genevieve gee , katie hampson , mae leonida diesmos , aldrin mallari , perry ong , liza paguntalan , marisol pedregosa , dondi ubaldo , baldwin gutierrez . 2018 .
( amended version of 2004 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t58539a128381145 .
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iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 10 november 2011 .
occurence status describes how common or rare a taxon is in a given area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .
establishment means describes how the taxon came to be established in an area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .
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are small to large - sized frogs . males have an average snout - vent length of
( nostrils ) are oval in shape and covered by a flap of skin . the
( parietal eye ) are present . the toes are webbed , but the fingers are not .
s . d . biju ; sonali garg ; stephen mahony ; nayana wijayathilaka ; gayani senevirathne ; madhava meegaskumbura ( 2014 ) .
liqiao chen ; robert w . murphy ; amy lathrop ; andre ngo ; nikolai l . orlov ; cuc tho ho ; ildiko l . m . somorjai ( 2005 ) .
anna gawor ; ralf hendrix ; miguel vences ; wolfgang böhme ; thomas ziegler ( 2009 ) .
larval morphology in four species of
ramlah zainudin ; mustafa a . rahman ; badrul munir m . zain ; m . n . shukor ; r . f . inger ; a . norhayati ( 2010 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 13 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


scaphiophryne marmorata is a species of frog in the family microhylidae .

it is commonly known as the green burrowing frog and the marbled rain frog .

it is endemic to madagascar .

it is classified as " vulnerable " by the iucn as it is threatened by habitat loss .

scaphiophryne marmorata

a marbled rain frog ( scaphiophryne marmorata ) from the plzen zoo in the czech republic .
scaphiophryne ( scaphiophryne ) marmorata — grosjean , glos , teschke , glaw , and vences , 2007 , zool . j . linn . soc . , 151 : 572 .
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some of the beautifully colored scaphiophryne species are offered regularly in the pet trade .
scaphiophryne gottlebei busse and böhme , 1992 , isalo , vallée des singes , madagascar .
information on scaphiophryne menabensis is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
a native of madagascar , the green burrowing frog , or scaphiophryne marmorata , belongs to the family microhylidae . the family’s near - global distribution presents an evolutionary puzzle of how its species are related to one another . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
scaphiophryne marmorata boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 472 . holotype : bmnh , by original designation ; bmnh 1947 . 2 . 30 . 81 according to blommers - schlösser and blanc , 1991 , faune de madagascar , 75 : 32 . type locality :
east betsileo
, madagascar .
several scaphiophryne species ( e . g . , s . gottlebei ) seem to have a quite restricted distribution , but more research is necessary to assess their conservation status reliably .
scaphiophryne spinosa has been separated from this species by vences et al . ( 2003 ) . the western subpopulations have also been separated as s . menabensis ( glos et al . 2005 ) .
examples of tongue aiming in microhylid frogs : ( a ) phrynomantis bifasciatus ; ( b ) dyscophus insularis ; ( c ) scaphiophryne marmorata ; ( d ) dermatonotus muelleri ; ( e ) kaloula pulchra ; ( f ) callulina sp . ; ( g ) gastrophryne olivacea ; ( h ) breviceps adspersus ; ( i ) microhyla sp . ; ( j ) probreviceps sp . note the angle of the tongue in relation to the midline of the head . all pictures were taken with the camera positioned at 45° , except h and j , which were head - on profiles .
adult scaphiophrynids are 0 . 8–2 . 4 in ( 20–60 mm ) in snoutvent length . the general body form of scaphiophryne is somewhat toadlike . the legs are short , and well - developed metatarsal tubercles are present on the hind limbs . some species ( e . g . , s . marmorata and s . gottlebei ) have distinctly enlarged fingertips that may help them climb . the coloration varies widely , but some species are beautiful and have symmetrical markings on the back . the habitus of paradoxophyla is different ; at first glance , it resembles that of aquatic pipid frogs of the genus hymenochirus .
busse , k . , and w . böhme .
two remarkable frog discoveries of the genera mantella ( ranidae : mantellinae ) and scaphiophryne ( microhylidae : scaphiophryninae ) from the west coast of madagascar .
revue française aquariologie 19 , no . 1–2 ( 1992 ) : 57–64 .
spiny burrowing frog - scaphiophryne pustulosa ( angel & guibé , 1945 ) a fairly active species , especially around dusk from the ankaratra mountains of central madagascar . occurs in cool , very dense forests where it may be active during day . the dorsum shows a grey , green colour with a beautiful yellow reticulate pattern . like the green burrower , its front digit pads are enlarged suggesting it too is semi arboreal . females represent the largest of the scaphiophryne , attaining 55mm although it is not as stocky as other species . like other scaphiophrynes , it is also still fairly uncommon in captive collections .
vences , aprea , capriglione , andreone , and odierna , 2002 , chromosome res . , 10 : 127 - 136 , reported an unnamed species , closely similar to scaphiophryne marmorata , and removed scaphiophrnye spinosa from synonymy . vences , raxworthy , nussbaum , and glaw , 2003 , herpetol . j . , 13 : 70 - 74 , discussed the species and range . see brief account by glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 114 . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 461 .
representatives of the scaphiophrynidae occur in all climatic regions of madagascar ; s . calcarata , s . brevis , and s . gottlebei inhabit the hot and arid regions of the west and south . they are found in rocky formations , deciduous dry forest , open savanna , and even dry sand dunes close to the sea . another group of species ( e . g . , s . madagascariensis ) occurs in the cold , high montane savannas of central madagascar below and above the tree line . scaphiophryne marmorata and paradoxophyla palmata inhabit primarily low and mid - elevation rain - forests of eastern madagascar . despite the different habitats of the adults , the larval habitat is similar in all species ; tadpoles develop in stagnant and mostly temporary ponds and swamps .
moquard ' s burrowing frog - scaphiophryne calcarata ( boulenger , 1895 ) another rather plain dark brown species hailing from the entire western coastal area from north west madagascar ( andoany ) to the south west tip in tolagnaro . quite a small species rarely attaining 32mm . an explosive breeder after heavy rains during which huge number congregate in small temporary pools . lays up to 500 eggs which float on the water surface and develop very quickly to metamorphose in just 3 or 4 weeks .
madagascan burrowing frog - scaphiophryne madagascariensis ( boulenger , 1882 ) perhaps the least fossorial and certainly the most behaviourally interesting of the genus . although is possesses a ' spade ' on each hind limb , i have found is reluctant to burrow and certainly quite active in captivity . attaining 50mm , it is a large but rather streamlined and agile species , attractively adorned in an unusual lime green and black pattern . a mountain dweller of east betsileo ( central east & central madagascar ) , it occurs in both savannah - like environments and sometimes in humid forest .
scaphiophrynids are primarily nocturnal and terrestrial , spending the day buried in the ground under stones , fallen tree trunks , or other refuges . the species with expanded finger disks have some climbing abilities . the rainforestdwelling s . marmorata can be found in the leaf litter on the ground and climbing on mossy trees as well . sometimes , it is even active during the day . activity patterns in scaphiophrynids are highly seasonal . this is especially true for the species in arid regions and those in cold mountain habitats in which good climatic conditions for the development of tadpoles and juveniles are restricted to a short period of time . most observations have been made at the beginning of the rainy season in december or january , when breeding takes place and activity is at its peak . after the rainy season the frogs in the arid habitats disappear for about six months and presumably estivate buried in the ground .
scaphiophrynids are primarily explosive breeders and reproduce after heavy and prolonged rains at the beginning of the rainy season ( generally in december , january , or february ) . males aggregate in or at the edge of temporary ponds and often form large choruses that produce a continuous loud noise that can be heard from long distances . before they start calling , scaphiophryne greatly inflate the extremely large vocal sac and the body as well . sometimes calling males swimming at the water ' s surface are unable to dive when they are disturbed , because they cannot get rid of the air quickly . amplexus is axillary . females lay numerous small , pigmented eggs , which generally are deposited as a film on the surface of the water . the free - swimming and mainly filter - feeding tadpoles develop quickly to froglets if the water temperature is high .
this is the smallest known scaphiophryne ; the snout - vent length is 0 . 8–1 . 1 in ( 20–27 mm ) in males and 1 . 1–1 . 3 in ( 28–33 mm ) in females . the dorsum is pale brown , gray , or green with or without darker symmetrical markings and a pale vertebral line . the flanks are dark brown , and the venter is white ; the ventral surfaces of the thighs are red to violet . the throat is black in males and marbled brown and white in females . the tips of the fingers are not enlarged . the skin on the back is smooth or slightly granular . the tympanum is indistinct , and the webbing between the toes is poorly developed . the tadpoles have a sinistral spiracle and keratinized mouthparts , although the latter are poorly developed . on the other hand , they have unperforated nares , as is typical of microhylid larvae .
certainly the most conspicuous and sought after species , s . gottlebei was discovered fairly recently in the dry , hilly regions of vallée des singes , isalo , south central madagascar . i must confess that i have seen fewer amazingly coloured and patterned frog with its ivory white , red , yellow , green and black mottling . females grow to 35mm while males are slightly smaller . it is fossorial species to escape the searing heat and dry winds of that region . however its fingerpads are enlarged suggesting that it does climb and this may be due to it being a poor swimmer , so that flash floods of that region necessitates climbing small bushes or clinging to rocks to avoid drowning .
these frogs can be very gluttonous , devouring a wide variety of bugs , grubs and the like although they can easily reject food if one type is offered constantly . feed every 3 or 4 days with several items and coat every other sitting in a multivitamin powder , although initially they may refuse or spit out the coated item .
a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar - glaw / vences - 2nd edition 1994 the strange frogs of madagascar - staniszewski ( reptilian magazine , vol . 4 no . 6 )
you can e - mail me at : marcstan @ urltoken all rights reserved . all text and photo ' s - copyright ©1996 - 8 marc staniszewski most recent revision : 30 / 09 / 98 back to my personal file
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listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 14 , 718 km 2 , it occurs in fewer than ten threat - defined locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in eastern madagascar .
this species occurs in east - central madagascar from zahamena south to the andasibe area , from 100 - 1 , 000m asl . it occurs in fewer than ten threat - defined locations and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 14 , 718 km 2 .
it is locally abundant . however due to continuing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
it is a species of rainforest and degraded secondary vegetation in the east , and deciduous dry forest in the west . it does not survive in very open areas . breeding takes place by larval development in shallow , temporary pools . although not observed despite intensive fieldwork around andasibe , the species is assumed to be an explosive breeder ( like other species in the genus ) that only reproduces once per rainy season after the first heavy rains ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
it occurs in analamazaotra special reserve , andasibe - mantadia national park and zahamena national park . mattioli
. ( 2006 ) undertook a study into the economics of captive breeding this species , concluding that it is well suited to intensive commercial captive breeding programmes , and indeed that market demand could potentially be fully met with captive - bred animals .
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m 32 - 36 mm , f 35 - 44 mm . tympanum indistinct but typically visible . tibiotarsal articulation reaches at the most between insertion of forelimb and tympanum . tips of fingers and toes strongly enlarged . skin relatively smooth with a number of large granules . typically there are two symmetrical pairs of larger tubercles , a pair of elongated tubercles in the shoulder region and one of smaller tubercles on the posterior back . dorsally green with symmetrical darker markings . ventral pattern often with contrasted dark - white marbling , the dark colour extending onto the posterior belly ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
is larger and has tubercles of more spiny appearance , especially above forelimb insertion .
is much larger , lacks the two pairs of symmetrical tubercles on the dorsum and often has reddish colour on the terminal discs of fingers and toes ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
located in ampahanana forest ( near fierenana ) , andasibe , zahamena ( volotsangana river ) ( glaw and vences 2007 ) at 100 - 1000 m asl ( vences and glaw 2008 ) .
habits : largely unknown . tadpoles probably belonging to this species have recently been found in large temporary pools in rainforest at the edge of analamazoatra reserve . at andasibe , especially close to analamazoatra reserve entrance , single specimens , especially juveniles , can often be observed moving on the ground at night . since reproduction has almost never been observed despite intensive fieldwork by many researchers around andasibe , it is likely that this species , as other
, is a very explosive breeder that reproduces only once per rainy season after the first heavy rains ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
, its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in eastern madagascar . it does not survive in very open areas . its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture ( including livestock grazing ) , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the spread of invasive eucalyptus , fire , and expanding human settlements . the bright colouration of this species might make it more attractive for commercial collecting in the future . there are currently small numbers in the pet trade , but probably not at a level to have a negative impact on the species . it occurs in the rï¿½serve spï¿½ciale dï¿½analamazaotra , parc national de mantadia and parc national de zahamena ( vences and glaw 2008 ) .
. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 08 april 2009 .
miguel vences and frank glaw ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .
iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .
classified as vulnerable ( vu b1ab ( iii ) ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
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marbled rain frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 114 ) .
mid - altitude rainforest in central eastern madagascar from zahamena south to the andasibe area , 100 - 1000 m elevation .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
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similar species : morphologically closest to s . menabensis which , however , is distributed in western madagascar . s . spinosa is larger and has tubercles of more spiny appearance , especially above forelimb insertion . s . boribory is much larger , lacks the two pairs of symmetrical tubercles on the dorsum and often has reddish colour on the terminal discs of fingers and toes ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
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this little frog looked very much like a toad in the family bufonidae , but it ' s classified in the small family scaphiophrynidae instead . our guide mary noticed it hopping across the grass in the morning while the rest of us were admiring
in the trees . my sister , also named mary , took the second photo above , which shows how well camouflaged this frog is against the decomposing leaf litter .
here is a list of all the reptiles and frogs i saw on this trip to madagascar .
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the food seems to consist mainly of insects , but few data are available .
the snout - vent length is 0 . 8–1 . 0 in ( 20–24 mm ) ; males are slightly smaller than females . this is a distinctive , small frog with a triangular body form , a pointed snout , small eyes , and fully webbed toes . the tympanum is indistinct , and the fingertips are not enlarged . the dorsum is brown , gray , or beige , with some small black spots . the venter is mostly white with distinct dark spots . males have a dark vocal sac .
known from pristine and degraded primary rainforest up to elevations of 3 , 300 ft ( 1 , 000 m ) .
from december to february , males call after dusk at the edge of puddles or larger ponds , mainly after heavy rains .
the males ' calls are rather loud trills reminiscent of crickets . occasionally , males and couples in axillary amplexus swim on the surface of the water and dive quickly when disturbed . females lay several hundred small pigmented eggs about 0 . 04 in ( 1 mm ) in diameter surrounded by a gelatinous capsule . the gelatinous capsules and eggs emerge above the water surface . embryonic development is rapid , and larvae hatch one day after egg deposition . the tadpoles are typical microhylid filter - feeding tadpoles and swim in open water .
because the range of this unique species covers most of the eastern rainforest belt , including several nature reserves , it may be considered as not threatened .
distributed widely in western and southern madagascar at elevations below 1 , 000 ft ( 300 m ) .
it seems nearly impossible to find this nocturnal species during the dry season . after the first heavy rains , however , large numbers of individuals walk around at night , and calling males and amplectant pairs gather in temporary , sun - exposed ponds and swamps .
males aggregate in large choruses and produce loud , noisy calls . a female was observed approaching a calling male . the male became very excited and strongly enhanced the repetition rate of his vocalizations before clasping the female . breeding activity is explosive at the beginning of the rainy season and often is finished after a few nights . each female lays several hundred small eggs about 0 . 04 in ( 1 mm ) in diameter . the tadpoles are largely transparent , mostly swim in open water , and are mainly filter feeders , but they also feed on larger particles . the larval development is rapid , in a race against the desiccation of waters . after a few weeks , metamorphosis is completed , and tiny froglets , 0 . 2–0 . 3 in ( 5 . 5–7 . 5 mm ) in snout - vent length , emerge .
being widely distributed and common in primary and secondary habitats , the species is not threatened .
at the beginning of the rainy season , s . calcarata occasionally may penetrate the huts of madagascan people .
the snout - vent length reaches 1 . 4 in ( 36 mm ) . this is a toadlet that is colored conspicuously with contrasting colors . four pink or red symmetrically arranged patches surrounded by black and green are present on the dorsum . the flanks and legs are white with black bands on the legs . the venter is dark grayish violet . the tips of the fingers are distinctly enlarged . the skin on the back is smooth , and the tympanum is indistinct . the webbing between the toes and the inner metatarsal tubercle is well developed .
lives in eroded sandstone formations . in the isalo massif , humid forests persist in canyons and on the slopes , although the climate is rather arid .
found under stones during the day in the rainy season . it probably estivates during the dry season . the expanded terminal finger disks may indicate partial climbing habits . disturbed specimens inflate themselves , probably as a strategy to protect against predators .
the diet in nature is unknown . in captivity the frog feeds on crickets and other insects .
nothing is known , but probably an explosive breeder at the beginning of the rainy season . recently metamorphosed juveniles have been found at the edge of stagnant ponds .
the species is not categorized by the iucn and is not protected by cites . however , because of the small known range , it may be considered potentially threatened .
glaw , frank , and miguel vences . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . 2nd ed . köln : vences & glaw verlag , 1994 .
blommers - schlösser , r . m . a .
observations on the larval development of some malagasy frogs , with notes on their ecology and biology ( anura : dyscophinae , scaphiophryninae and cophylinae ) .
beaufortia 24 , no . 309 ( 1975 ) : 7–26 .
blommers - schlösser , r . m . a . , and c . p . blanc .
amphibiens ( première partie ) .
faune de madagascar 75 , no . 1 ( 1991 ) : 1–379 .
wassersug , r .
the pseudohemisus tadpole : a morphological link between microhylid ( orton type 2 ) and ranoid ( orton type 4 ) larvae .
herpetologica 40 , no . 2 ( 1984 ) : 138–149 .
madagascaran toadlets ( scaphiophrynidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
madagascaran toadlets ( scaphiophrynidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
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native to madagascar , boophis picturatus lives in moist forests and rivers . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
the mass extinction that obliterated three - fourths of life on earth , including non - avian dinosaurs , set the stage for the swift rise of frogs , a new study shows .
in a paper published this week in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , an international team of researchers presented a new tree of life for frogs that helps solve longstanding riddles about relationships and sheds light on the history and pace of frog evolution .
unexpectedly , their analyses showed three major lineages of modern frogs — about 88 percent of living species — appeared simultaneously , evolving on the heels of the extinction event that marked the end of the cretaceous period and the beginning of the paleogene 66 million years ago . previous research suggested a more ancient origin of many of these modern frog groups .
“frogs have been around for well over 200 million years , but this study shows it wasn’t until the extinction of the dinosaurs that we had this burst of frog diversity that resulted in the vast majority of frogs we see today , ” said study co - author david blackburn , associate curator of amphibians and reptiles at the florida museum of natural history on the university of florida campus . “this finding was totally unexpected . ”
herpetologist david blackburn , shown with a goliath frog from the museum’s collection , co - authored a study that presents a new frog tree of life . florida museum of natural history photo by kristen grace
the speed at which frogs diversified after the asteroid or comet impact that triggered a massive die - off of most plant and animal life suggests the survivors were probably filling up new niches on earth , blackburn said .
“we think there were massive alterations of ecosystems at that time , including widespread destruction of forests , ” he said . “but frogs are pretty good at eking out a living in microhabitats , and as forests and tropical ecosystems rebounded , they quickly took advantage of those new ecological opportunities . ”
frogs rose to become one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates , with more than 6 , 700 described species . but sparse genetic data has hindered scientists from reliably tracing their evolutionary history and the links between frog families .
blackburn joined researchers from sun yat - sen university , the university of texas at austin and the university of california , berkeley to tackle the mystery of frog evolution with a dataset seven times larger than that used in prior research . the team sampled a core set of 95 nuclear genes from 156 frog species , combining this with previously published genetic data on an additional 145 species to produce the strongest - supported evolutionary tree , or phylogeny , to date . the tree represents all 55 known families of frogs and generates a new timeline of frog evolution .
the researchers then used fossil records to translate genetic differences between frog lineages into dates at which they likely diverged from one another . when the analyses pointed to a simultaneous evolution of the three major frog clades — hyloidea , microhylidae and natatanura — the researchers initially eyed the finding with skepticism , said peng zhang , a corresponding study author and professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at sun yat - sen university in china .
the analyses that generated this frog tree of life showed 88 percent of modern frogs evolved after the mass extinction that killed non - avian dinosaurs , marked here by a dotted red line . graphic by feng et al . in proceedings of the national academy of sciences
“nobody had seen this result before , ” he said . “we redid the analysis using different parameter settings , but the result remained the same . i realized the signal was very strong in our data . what i saw could not be a false thing . ”
when examined in the context of the evolution of other animals , however , the finding makes sense , blackburn said .
“looking at bird or mammal phylogenies , we can see a reflection of earth’s history — its climatic and geologic events , ” he said . “you’d expect these major events — mass extinction and the breakup of continents — would have impact on frog evolution and that divergences between major lineages would relate to those in some respect . we see that in this phylogeny . ”
the close resemblance of distantly related frog species around the world , a factor of frog evolution and biology that has long confounded scientists , might be illuminated by the simultaneous evolution of major frog clades , blackburn said . after the extinction event decimated ecosystems and stimulated a reset , modern frogs may have faced similar evolutionary paths .
“you could easily go to central africa , the philippines and ecuador and find what look like the same frogs that might have last shared a common ancestor 120 million years ago , ” he said . “these different lineages seem to have diversified in similar ways after the extinction . ”
while the extinction event opened new opportunities for frogs , notably leading to the evolution of tree frogs worldwide , it snuffed out many frog lineages , particularly in north america , blackburn said .
“except for a small handful of species , all other north american frogs are ‘post - dinosaur’ colonists , ” blackburn said . “if you could travel back to the time of t . rex in north america , there would be frogs , but the chorus you would hear at night would have been nothing like you’d hear today . they’re not even the same families . ”
these petropedates cameronensis in the vicinity of manjo , cameroon , belong to the frog clade natatanura , which originated in africa soon after the mass extinction that wiped out three - fourths of life on earth . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
the call of this mantidactylus lugubris from madagascar is a single , quick trill . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
the range of the african ornate frog , or hildebrandtia ornata , spans much of africa . this species is rarely seen above ground outside of the breeding season and often lives in lowland savannah , like this one in tanzania . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
found only in madagascar , mantella baroni’s bright colors warn would - be predators of its toxicity . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
this cameroon slippery frog , or conraua robusta , was found near manjo , cameroon . a relative of the goliath frog , the world’s largest frog species , it can kill mice , rats and large insects . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
tree frogs , such as this boophis marojezensis from madagascar , all evolved after the extinction of the dinosaurs , taking advantage of the gradual rebound in forests . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth
the study also indicates that global frog distribution tracks the breakup of the supercontinents , beginning with pangea about 200 million years ago and then , gondwana , which split into south america and africa . the data suggests frogs likely used antarctica , not yet encased in ice sheets , as a stepping stone from south america to australia .
blackburn is eager to use the new phylogeny as a roadmap for the fossil record , particularly for frogs that occurred in the cretaceous .
“this sets up expectations of what we should or shouldn’t find , ” he said . “it’s exciting to think about what discoveries could lay ahead in the frog fossil record . ”
while the survival and subsequent comeback of frogs testifies to their resilience , zhang said , their current vulnerability to disease , habitat loss and degradation is cause for concern .
“i think the most exciting thing about our study is that we show that frogs are such a strong animal group . they survived from the mass extinction that completely erased dinosaurs and boomed back quickly , ” he said . “however , frog species are declining nowadays because humans are destroying their habitats . does that mean humans are making a huge extinction event even stronger than this one ? we need to think about it . ”
other study co - authors are yan - jie feng and dan liang of sun yat - sen university , david hillis and david cannatella of the university of texas at austin and david wake of the university of california , berkeley .
the research was funded by the u . s . national science foundation , national natural science foundation of china , the national youth talent support program and the national science fund for excellent young scholars of china .
note to reporters : david blackburn is out of the office the week of july 3 and best reached by email or by contacting natalie van hoose at nvanhoose @ urltoken , 352 - 273 - 1922 .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
miguel vences and frank glaw institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics ( ibed ) zoological museum university of amsterdam mauritskade 61 1092 ad amsterdam netherlands m . vences @ urltoken
tongue aiming ability was quantified by having individuals of phrynomantis bifasciatus aim into five quadrants : ( a ) left– 46° to –105° , ( b ) left –6° to –45° , ( c ) 0° to 5° to either side , ( d ) right 6° to 45° , ( e ) right 46° to 105° . the quadrant is essentially a bib , with the midline of the head designating 0° . as the head of the animal turns , the quadrant follows this movement so that a line drawn down the midline of the head would always be located at 0° .
ventral view of the buccal region of a cleared and stained specimen of phrynomantis bifasciatus . left and right sides are nearly identical . major cranial nerves are labeled on the left side and rami of the nerves that innervate the tongue and hyobranchial musculature are labeled on the right side . branches of the trigeminal nerve ( v ) innervate the m . submentalis ( 1 ) and the m . intermandibularis ( 2 ) . branches of the hypoglossal nerve ( xii ) innervate the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis , longitudinalis and transversalis ( 3 ) and the m . hyoglossus ( 4 ) . the glossopharyngeal nerve ( ix ) is dorsal to the hypoglossal nerve and innervates other hyobranchial musculature and the tongue pad . numbers 1 and 3 are located at the approximate sites of nerve transection for denervation of the m . intermandibularis and m . genioglossus lateralis and dorsoventralis , respectively .
ventral view of the superficial throat musculature in two anurans . ( a ) undifferentiated m . intermandibularis posterior of a typical frog . ( b ) differentiation of the m . intermandibularis posterior into two separate accessory slips in phrynomantis bifasciatus . mm , mentomeckelian element ; sm , m . submentalis ; ip , m . intermandibularis posterior ; m , mandible ; ih , m . interhyoideus ; ipa1 , m . intermandibularis posterior accessory 1 ; ipa2 , m . intermandibularis posterior accessory 2 .
sagittal section of the tongue of phrynomantis bifasciatus . ( a ) note that the fibers of the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis are directed longitudinally and then dorso - ventrally . ( b ) magnified view of the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis . single fibers run in both the longitudinal and vertical planes . d , dentary ; gh , m . geniohyoideus ; ggdv , m . genioglossus dorsoventralis ; ggl , genioglossus longitudinalis ; h , hyobranchium ; hg , m . hyoglossus ; im , m . intermandibularis ; ggt , m . genioglossus transversalis ; m , mucosal layer . scale bar , 1 mm .
tongue protraction in phrynomantis bifasciatus when prey is placed directly in front of the animal . ( a ) normal feeding . there is no deviation of the tongue when attempting to capture prey . ( b ) after right unilateral m . submentalis and m . intermandibularis denervation , the tongue is protracted normally . ( c ) after right unilateral m . genioglossus ( both longitudinalis and dorsoventralis ) denervation , the tongue deviates towards the right ( inactive ) side . animals are no longer able to capture prey placed directly in front of the head or towards the active side .
test examining the effect on aiming after right unilateral m . genioglossus denervation on one individual
species in which tongue aiming ability was examined , including the number of animals observed , presence or absence of aiming , maximum tongue angle when aiming , mean angle of tongue deviation after unilateral m . genioglossus denervation ( when prey is presented directly in front of the frog ) and direction of deviation after unilateral denervation
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photo credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .
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in our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .
a new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .
photo credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso’s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .
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this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
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