hagnagora mirandahenrichae is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

it is only known from the sectors santa maria and pitilla from área de conservación guanacaste , province guanacaste in north-western costa rica .

adults are easily distinguished from hagnagora croceitincta by its wing patterns .

the yellow ground colour of mirandahenrichae is slightly more intensive than in hagnagora clustimena .

hagnagora mirandahenrichae

three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae
on average smaller than hagnagora croceitincta and slightly larger than hagnagora mirandahenrichae ( see hagnagora croceitincta ) . the white transversal blotch on the forewing stretches to the costal margin and the apical dark - brown area reaches vein cua 2 , as also observed in mirandahenrichae . hagnagora clustimena is slightly paler than hagnagora mirandahenrichae . the male genitalia of both species are similar , but the valves are broader and differently shaped to mirandahenrichae . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 4 . 6 % .
one species a day : three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae
hagnagora clustimena was originally assigned by druce to heterusia and then transferred to hagnagora by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora croceitincta appear to occur allopatrically .
hagnagora elianne was described and illustrated by sullivan ( 2011 ) . the species closely resembles the other species in the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora unnia .
resembles most closely hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi , but is larger than hagnagora anicata , and the signum of the bursa copulatrix is more complex than in hagnagora richardi . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora anicata ) is 3 . 1 % .
three new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora :
hagnagora
ignipennis ,
hagnagora
mesenata ,
hagnagora
vittata , and
hagnagora
ceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .
three new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora : “ hagnagora ” ignipennis , “ hagnagora ” mesenata , “ hagnagora ” vittata , and “ hagnagora ” ceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .
hagnagora lex was described by druce ( 1885a ) together with hagnagora buckleyi . while buckleyi was collected on the western slopes of the andes , hagnagora lex originates from the amazon slopes of the eastern andes .
closely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade . on average significantly larger than hagnagora anicata , but the female has about the same size as hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is larger and broader than in hagnagora anicata . the signum of the bursa copulatrix is less complex than in hagnagora anicata and hagnagora hedwigae . easily distinguishable from hagnagora marionae by the cream - white colour of the blotches on the forewing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora marionae ) is 6 . 6 % .
15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
most species of the hagnagora anicata clade are very similar , and the most reliable current method for diagnosis is the coi barcode . hagnagora anicata tends to be smaller than the other species occurring sympatrically , namely hagnagora richardi and hagnagora hedwigae : the wing length of the male ( holotype ) is only 17 . 5 mm in comparison to 19 mm in the male holotype of hagnagora richardi . the structures of the female signum are also more complex than in hagnagora richardi , but similar to those in hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is smaller and shorter than in hagnagora richardi . aedeagi of the known males are ( hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi ) similar . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumbably most closely related species ( hagnagora hedwigae ) is 3 . 1 % .
2 hagnagora buckleyi druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 3 hagnagora buckleyi female , paralectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 4 hagnagora lex druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 5 hagnagora catagrammina druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 6 hagnagora catagrammina druce female , paralectotype ( paralt ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
hagnagora subrosea has a unique combination of a pale brown wing colour with two white transversal bands on the forewings not found in any other species of hagnagora .
the species closely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora elianne ; see there for a diagnosis . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora elianne ) is 5 . 0 % .
smaller than hagnagora buckleyi and of similar size to hagnagora catagrammina . the extension of the blue blotches is significantly smaller than in hagnagora buckleyi . the form of the transversal band on the forewing is similar to that in hagnagora buckleyi , but the band does not stretch as far towards the wing margins . hagnagora lex is the species with the smallest extensions of metallic blue blotches on the underside , with the upperside completely devoit of these blotches .
the oldest described hagnagora species , assigned by guenée to scordylia gn ( = heterusia ) .
two new species of the hagnagora anicata clade ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from costa rica .
23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .
23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .
males are on average slightly larger than males in hagnagora unnia and can be distinguished from hagnagora anicata by a swollen as opposed to a gently tapered distal half of the uncus and by the absence of a moderately large , upcurved spine at the end of the costa in hagnagora elianne ( sullivan 2011 ) . females may be distinguished from females of hagnagora unnia by their longer , more complex signum . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora unnia ) is 5 . 0 % .
7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .
7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .
unusual flight activity of a new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from costa rica .
30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .
on average larger than the closely related species hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora mirandahenrichae : forewing length of the female holotype reaches 23 mm in comparison to about 20 mm in the other species . on the forewing , the white transversal blotch does not stretch to the costal margin as seen in the other two species , and the apical , dark - brown area reaches beyond veins 1a + 2a . the species is also generally more vividly coloured than the other species in this clade , with white spots on the forewing between veins cua 2 and 1a + 2a and around m 3 on the upperside of the hindwing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 7 . 1 % .
12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .
36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 “hagnagora” ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 “hagnagora” mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 “hagnagora” mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 “hagnagora” vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .
hagnagora mirandahenrichae is named in honour of ms . miranda henrich of california in recognition of her and her mother’s critical support for understanding the taxonomy and biodiversity development of the área de conservación guanacaste ( acg ) in northwestern costa rica , where this species has been found by the acg caterpillar inventory ( janzen et al . 2014 ) .
36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 “ hagnagora ” ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 “ hagnagora ” mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 “ hagnagora ” mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 “ hagnagora ” vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .
both discordata and ephestris show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . the yellow transversal band on the forewing is narrower than in ephestris , and it does not reach the outer margin of the wing . the yellow blotch on the hindwing is much broader than in hagnagora discordata . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance of brazilian hagnagora discordata is 2 . 3 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica and 2 . 6 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from ecuador . these short distances suggest a relatively young split within this species clade .
summary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi ‘barcodes’ using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . “hagnagora” mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .
three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus .
hagnagora living specimens 41 hagnagora anicata ( ? ) , ecuador , zamora chinchipe , estación biológica san francisco , 22 november 2008 in typical resting habitus , but alert because of disturbance by the photographer . the tympanal organ at the base of the abdomen is well visible 42 hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica a young caterpillar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458869 ) b caterpillar in last instar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458860 ) 43 hagnagora mortipax caterpillar from costa rica a dorsal view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487561 ) b lateral view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487557 ) .
summary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi ‘barcodes’ using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . “ hagnagora ” mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .
the species resembles the other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , but is easily distinguished by large orange - yellow blotches on the forewing . males have a spatula - shaped uncus . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora richardi ) is 6 . 6 % .
by far the smallest hagnagora species . the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing found in all other members of the mortipax clade .
hagnagora richardi is named in honour of richard philipp from jena , germany , in recognition of his and his parents’ support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths .
overview of taxa assigned to hagnagora and excluded from the genus , sorted according to six provisional clades , ordered alphabetically . lt lectotype , ht holotype , st syntypes .
three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . - pubmed - ncbi
contribution to an understanding of the biology and the morphology of the early stages of a neotropical larentiine : hagnagora vittata philippi , 1859 in chile ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
druce ( 1885b ) described catagrammina in the same year , but separately from hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the taxon was put in synonymy with buckleyi by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . as noted by druce , catagrammina is closely related to the other two species of the clade and particularly similar to hagnagora buckleyi . in agreement with druces’ original description of the three taxa , i revive the species from synonymy with hagnagora buckleyi due to small but overall significant differences of the wing patterns . the morphological differences hint to different species , particularly given the experience from many other species complexes of neotropical geometridae in which often more subtle differences – ideally combined with results from genitalia morphology and barcoding – can be observed in different species .
given as valparaíso , [ chile ] , requires confirmation . the cool - dry climate of this chilean lowland region differs strongly from the wet montane habitats where other hagnagora species are typically found .
apart from its colombian type locality , hagnagora anicata has recently been collected and barcoded from sites in southern ecuador to central bolivia at elevations ranging from 2000 to 2920 m a . s . l .
only a single female is known from hagnagora hedwigae collected in southern ecuador ( 2677 m ) . the wing length of the holotype ( female ) is 21 mm ( same size as richardi ) .
hagnagora mortipax is one of the earliest described species in the genus and among the smallest hagnagora species . together with hagnagora luteoradiata it also has the largest known geographical range . the taxon flavipectus remains in synonymy because it falls within the confirmed geographical range of mortipax and shows no significant deviations from the type specimen of mortipax . in comparison to the type specimen , the extension of the large white blotch on the forewing is smaller in ecuadorian specimens , where it does not reach the costal margin . since the barcode sequences of costa rican and ecuadorian populations are nearly identical , all respective specimens are treated as members of the same species , and slight differences in wing patterns are regarded as geographical variability .
druce ( 1885a ) described hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the upper - and undersides of the wings in hagnagora buckleyi are very similar , with the colour of the hindwings generally being paler . the forewings feature a deep orange transversal band on a dark brown background , and the hindwings show metallic blue fields between the veins , with three located on the upperside between m 3 and cua 2 and one in the cell , and eight between all veins on the underside . the pattern of the female is similar , with the blue fields extending further on the forewing , including the blotch between veins cua 2 and a . in the female , metallic blue scales are also present at the base of the forewing at both the wing upper - and underside .
brehm g ( 2015 ) three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . zookeys 537 : 131–156 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090
felder & rogenhofer described this species from colombia . it closely resembles hagnagora discordata and hagnagora luteoradiata . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) put luteoradiata in synonymy with ephestris , but freshly collected material from costa rica and ecuador shows that luteoradiata consistently lacks yellow blotches on the hindwing . it appears therefore to be more likely that ephestris is a junior synonym of discordata , and an increased knowledge of coi sequences could help to solve this question . given the current state of knowledge , it appears to be the most appropriate solution to revive luteoradiata from synonymy and to treat the other two taxa as full species .
only known from sectors santa maria and pitilla from área de conservación guanacaste , province guanacaste , nw costa rica , at elevations ranging from 675–920 m a . s . l . , and therefore with a lower elevational range than hagnagora clustimena ( observed : 850–1550 m a . s . l . ) .
both ephestris and discordata show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . different from discordata , the yellow transversal band on the forewing of hagnagora ephestris reaches the outer margin of the wing . moreover , the band is broader than in discordata , whereas the yellow field of the hindwing is narrower , particularly in the proximate half of the wing .
hagnagora hedwigae is named in memory of hedwig seppelt ( * 1919 in baumgarten , silesia ; † 2013 in korschenbroich , germany ) . mrs seppelt loved nature , and she took care that birds , small animals and insects found a habitat in her garden . the name is given in recognition of support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths provided by her daughter - in - law irmgard and her son winfried seppelt .
warren originally assigned subrosea to cophocerotis warren , but the genus - defining type species , cophocerotis jaspeata ( dognin ) , does not show the two prominent white transversal bands of the forewing present in subrosea . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) transferred the species to hagnagora . barcoding and genitalia dissections of fresh specimens from this species are required , but judging from the two transversal bands , subrosea might indeed be associated with the croceitincta clade .
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institut für spezielle zoologie und evolutionsbiologie mit phyletischem museum , vor dem neutor 1 , 07743 jena , germany .
pmid : 26798242 pmcid : pmc4714052 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090
corresponding author : gunnar brehm ( ed . anej - inu @ mherb . rannug )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
to accelarate the taxonomic progress and following a recently reached consensus amongst geometrid taxonomists ( forum herbulot 2014 ) , this study focuses not on extensive species descriptions , but on diagnostic characters and the synthesis of illustrated external characters , genitalia structures and coi barcodes .
moths were pinned and dissected following established techniques ( lafontaine 2004 , hünefeld et al . 2011 ) . genitalia slides were embedded in euparal , stained with chlorazol black , and digitised using an olympus dotslide system with 10x magnification . adult moths were photographed in raw format using a 60 mm nikkor macro lens mounted on a nikon d700 camera . photos were adjusted and colour plates were mounted using photoshop and indesign software ( adobe systems , san josé , usa ) .
sequencing of the barcode fragment of the coi gene was carried out at the canadian center for dna barcoding in guelph , ontario . barcode sequences were compared by nearest neighbour analyses ( kimura 2 parameter ) , as implemented on the barcode of life data systems website (
) . the resulting trees represent preliminary hypotheses of taxa groupings and can form the basis of future phylogenetic work . fig .
shows a summary tree of all available taxa with barcode data . it visualizes similarities and differences in the coi gene between the different taxa and it was instrumental in differentiating four of the six provisional larger clades indentified within
usnm national museum of natural history [ formerly united states national museum ] , washington d . c . , usa
were described from a wide range of central and south american countries ranging from mexico and jamaica ( 17–18° n ) to chile ( valdivia province , ca . 39° s ) . table
, but this record needs confirmation . judging from their type localities , most species have a predominantly montane distribution . this includes the three recently described costa rican species (
) , as well as species described from the colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian and chilean andes and mountains in se brazil .
imagines mandatorily fold their wings vertically while resting in the same way as most butterflies ( fig .
( druce , 1885 ) due to differences in the wing shape . the colourful
) : the forewings have an orange transversal band , and the hindwings display fields of metallic blue between the veins . notably ,
) . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) , following the card index of the natural history museum , transferred several species previously assigned to
in this revision share distinct wing patterns including a conspicuous white or yellow transversal band or blotch on the forewing . in addition , members of the clades
clade display distinctly different hindwing patterns . molecular genetic data are available for all groups , but unfortunately with the exception of the
) . this strongly suggests that at least these four clades form a monophyletic group ( see also fig .
clade to test whether the entire group represents a monophyletic taxon or possibly consists of two distinct lineages .
voucher specimens ( types and reference specimens for barcode index numbers ( bins ) with identification numbers , genbank accession numbers and bins .
{
type
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entrez - nucleotide
,
attrs
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am051082 . 1
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the largest species of the clade . the extension of the blue fields is significantly larger than in
nicaragua : chontales ; panama : volcán de chiriqui ; bugaba , 800–1500 ft .
was re - described with a description also of the male genitalia , by sullivan ( 2013 ) . the lectotype is illustrated in fig .
. a series of specimens collected in southern ecuador ( 1999–2013 ) ( fig .
) is larger than the male . a living specimen is shown in fig .
the species has recently been collected and barcoded in honduras ( cortes province ) and in several provinces of costa rica at elevations ranging from 1480 to 2840 m a . s . l .
( holotype ) : costa rica , cartago province , tapantí national park , 1275 m .
the species is known from several provinces in costa rica at elevations ranging from 587 to 2840 m a . s . l .
costa rica , heredia province , braulio carrillo national park , volcán barva , 2730 m a . s . l .
the species has been collected only at two high mountain areas in costa rica at elevations > 2500 m a . s . l .
, 2916 m , 20 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 18080 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .
: ( deposited in cisec , pmj , rcgb , zsm ) 4 males , 2 females . 1 female : same as holotype but
, 2897 m , f . bodner leg . ( id 15855 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 female ( fig .
, 2180 m , 16 november 2008 , f . bodner leg . ( id 16285 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male same as previous but 28 october 1999 , d . süßenbach leg . ( bc zsm lep 04774 , barcode sequence 529 bp ) ; 1 male : same as previous but
, 2677 m , 18 november 2008 ( id 16119 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male as previous but 25 november 2008 ( id 17863 , barcode sequence 621 bp ) .
. the wing length of the holotype ( male ) is 19 mm . the wing length of a female paratype ( fig .
only known from a small region around podocarpus national park , provinces zamora - chinchipe and loja , ecuador , with an observed elevational range of 2180–3021 m a . s . l . apart from the
and nearby sites , specimens were collected at elevations at ca . 3000 m at cerro toledo in the same national park ( 04°23 ' s , 79°07 ' w ) . however , this record is not fully reliable because genitalia preparation or barcoding was not conducted for these specimens .
, 2677 m , 25 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 17397 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 595 bp ) ( pmj ) .
epimena ( bastelberger , 1908 ) : type locality . peru ( east ) , cuschi [ cushi ]
species , it is conspicuously coloured , with orange , dark brown and white patterns . the taxon
recently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled from central colombia to southeastern peru at elevations between 1750 and 2540 m a . s . l .
besides the type specimens described by druce from mexico and panama , recently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled in honduras and costa rica between 850 and 1550 m a . s . l .
, 920 m a . s . l . , 20 june 2012 , s . rios & r . franco leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 103819 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .
: ( deposited in pmj , usnm ) 5 males , 1 female . costa rica , guanacaste province , área de conservación guanacaste , sector pitilla , estacion pitilla ,
) 16 may 2007 , f . quesada & r . franco leg . ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103401 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) , 1 male same as previous but 17 may 2007 ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103498 ) , 2 males , 02 apr 2011 , h . cambronero & s . rios leg . ( vouchers 11 - srnp - 102035 and 11 - srnp - 102036 , barcode sequences 658 bp ) , 1 male 12 november 2012 , r . franco & h . cambronero leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 105462 ) .
flavipectus ( warren , 1897 ) : type locality . [ colombia ] , bogotá .
) , from elevations ranging from 540–2180 m a . s . l . , and additional material from ecuador falls within the same elevational range (
has a dark brown base colour with a large cream - white blotch on the forewing . this blotch almost reaches the outer margin , also either reaching the costal margin ( costa rican specimens ) , or scantily not ( ecuadorian specimens ) . the white blotch is narrower in
originally described as a heterusia species by schaus ( 1901 ) , this taxon was down - ranked as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . in my view , the significantly different wing pattern in jamaicensis justifies schaus’ original species rank , but further evidence from barcoding is desirable in order to consolidate its species status .
in contrast to the other taxa in the mortipax clade , this species displays a very narrow , cream - white transversal band on the forewings . the striation on the underside of the hindwing is reduced in comparison to mortipax and acothysta .
together with jamaicensis , schaus ( 1901 ) originally placed this species in the genus heterusia . it was then ranked down as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . the major characteristic of acothysta is the reduction of the white transversal band ( found both in mortipax and jamaicensis ) to a smaller blotch that reaches about half the area found in mortipax . as in jamaicensis , further evidence from barcoding is desirable for the consolidation of the species status .
unlike mortipax and jamaicensis , this species shows no white transversal band on the forewing , but rather a reduced blotch that reaches only about 50 % of the size observed in mortipax .
schaus described guatica as belonging to scordylia gn ( a junior synonym of heterusia ) . the wing pattern of guatica strongly resembles that of other members in the mortipax clade , but the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing . further evidence from barcoding and the study of the genitalia will help to better understand the relationships of this species with other species of the mortipax clade .
apart from the doubtful type locality in chile , recently collected specimens were sampled in santa catarina , brazil ( 27°s ) , at elevations of 1300 m a . s . l .
) are genetically very similar ( distance only ca . 1 . 1 % ) and , together with the highly similar appearance , are therefore regarded as conspecific . the
specimens , but shows a different wing pattern , i . e . a prominent yellow blotch on the hindwing and a different shape of the blotch of the forewing . the taxon
costa rica to ecuador . observed elevational range in ecuador 1800–2890 m and 560–1480 m in costa rica .
the most prominent difference is the absence of any yellow blotches on the hindwing that are present both in ephestris and discordata . the transversal yellow band on the forewing is broader than in discordata , and has a different shape than in ephestris .
and set in quotation marks , following the convention applied by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) .
brehm g , bodner f , strutzenberger p , hünefeld f , fiedler k . ( 2011 )
neotropical eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) : checklist , biogeography , diversity , and description patterns .
a simple “hands - off” apparatus to inflate eversible soft parts of the genitalia of small insect specimens .
a dna - based registry for all animal species : the barcode index number ( bin ) system .
sihvonen p , mutanen m , kaila l , brehm g , hausmann a , staude hs . ( 2011 )
comprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
dna barcode sequencing from old type specimens as a tool in taxonomy : a case study in the diverse genus eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .
every day scientists discover and describe new species . this blog introduces at least one each day .
many of the caterpillars of the geometridae pull their bodies into loops as they move . these caterpillars lack the first two or three pairs of prolegs , so that looping is their best means of progression . it is this movement that gave them their name which is latin and means
earth measurer
. they are also very often called inch worms because they measure off one inch at a time as they progress . this method of progression has been suggested as being specially suitable for moving over rough terrain .
the three new species were found in ecuador and costa rica and named after several sponsors ( mr richard philipp , mrs hedwig seppelt , ms . miranda henrich ) , of the taxonomic research on geometrids .
meet the domesticated silkmoth ( bombyx mori ) better known in its caterpillar state in which it is called silkworm though it’s not a wor . . .
isopods are an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives . isopods can be found in the sea , in fresh water , or on la . . .
blister beetles are phytophagous ( plant - eating ) , feeding on a variety of plants including cultivated crops like potatoes and tomatoes . th . . .
lichens are fascinating organisms . in fact they are composite organisms build by algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multipl . . .
psoralea is a genus with its own family . most species are actually poisonous , but the starchy roots of two species , p . esculenta ( pr . . .
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; > 90 percent ) are found in the tidal salt marshes of the northern san francisco bay region , primarily in san pablo and suisun bays ( manolis 1978 , evens et al . 1991 ) . smaller populations occur in san francisco bay , the outer coast of marin county , freshwater marshes in the foothills of . . .
corturniculus ) : science foundation chapter 5 , appendix 5 . 1 in the baylands and climate change : what can we do ?
the black rail is the smallest member of the avian family rallidae and has a wide - ranging but highly scattered distribution throughout the new world . of five subspecies , two occur in north americaâthe eastern black rail ( l . j .
) . throughout its range , the black rail is a secretive inhabitant of tidal and freshwater wetlands and rarely ventures out from the cover of dense marsh vegetation . it is more likely to be heard than seen ; spontaneous vocalizations tend to be concentrated in the nesting season and are much less common during the rest of the year .
) offers an example of the way that the social ecological systems ( ses ) framework can be used to analyze a natural resource problem . at the outset , it was . . .
hull , joshua m . ; mindell , david p . ; mccormick , c . r . ; kay , emily h . ; hoekstra , hopi e . ; ernest , holly b .
these data suggest recent interbreeding and gene flow betweenâ b . j . harlaniâ and the otherâ b .
â subspecies examined , providing no support for the historical designation ofâ b . j . harlaniâ as a distinct species .
) soaring low ( ca 15 m ) over the grass - covered slopes of the galiuro mountains in southern arizona . the bird had , probably just moments before , captured a ca i m snake ( probably a glossy snake , arizona elegans , judging by size , shape and color ) . when the hawk passed near us , it was holding the snake by both feet near the snake ' s midpoint . with head elevated and mouth open , the snake appeared intent upon biting the hawk . when the hawk was ca 100 m distant from us , it made several shallow stoops over a scattered group of large boulders . on some ( and perhaps all ) passes , the bird swept sharply upward as it passed over and nearly collided with a boulder . the centrifugal force associated with this change in direction caused the snake to pendulate below the hawk ' s talons and strike the boulder . during one pass , we observed the snake ' s head and tail flipping up behind the hawk after slapping the boulder . not all swoops were over the same boulder , but one particularly obtrusive ( ca 1 m tall ) boulder was used at least
) . although first collected in 1859 or before and reported in 1874 ( ridgway 1874 ) , its life history , distribution , and status have remained so obscure that even a sight record of the bird is deemed worthy of a report in some ornithological publications . because degradation and loss of freshwater and saltwater marshlands in california may be detrimentally affecting the black rail , both the u . s . bureau of sport fisheries and wildlife ( 1973 ) and the california department of fish and game ( 1972 ) have classified it as rare and worthy of further study . â the 84 papers and notes both summarized in this report and included in its bibliography include essentially all that is currently known about the california black rail . only 11 of these papers consider the life history of this rail in any detail . the rest are distribution notes and some of the more important papers on the closely related eastern black rail ( l . j .
) . the latter are included for comparative purposes , or because they may lend clues to currently unknown facets of the life history of the western race .
tributyltin oxide ( tbto ) is the main constituent of tin - based antifouling marine paint used on the hulls of ships to prevent the growth of fouling organisms . tbto was shown to be hazardous to nontarget organisms . the stingray , urolophus
, may represent the ideal study organism for the adverse effects of tbto to elasmobranches . this study investigated the toxicity and accumulation of tin in the gill tissue of the stingray u .
after acute exposure to tbto . this work demonstrates the alterations in the morphological architecture of the gill using electron and light microscopy , the induction of stress proteins , and peroxidative damage in response to tributyltin ( tbt ) exposure . a captured population of u . jamaicencis was housed in isolated , static tank systems . after a minimum 30 - d acclimation period , the animals were exposed to one of 5 experimental doses of tbto ( 4 microg / l , 2 microg / l , 1 microg / l , 0 . 5 microg / l , or 0 . 05 microg / l ) . a sixth group served as a control population . at 3h following treatment , animals were sacrificed and gill tissue was extracted , processed , and stored for analysis . results indicate that u .
is hypersensitive to tbt exposure . the elasmobranch gill showed a distorted , swollen epithelium with exfoliation following acute exposure to as little as 0 . 05 microg / l tbto for 3 h . graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy ( gfaas ) results indicate that tissues of treated animals contained a significantly increased tin concentration as compared to controls . western blot analysis demonstrated the induction of the stress proteins hsp 70 and ho1 . 4 - hydroxynonenol ( 4hne ) adduct formation determined by western blot analysis provides further evidence that observed membrane degradation is a result of lipid peroxidation .
bats constitute one of the most numerous mammalian species . bats have a wide range of dietary habits and include carnivorous , haematophagous , insectivorous , frugivorous and nectivorous species . the salivary glands of these species have been of particular research interest due to their structural variability among chiropterans with different types of diets . myoepithelial cells ( mecs ) , which support and facilitate the expulsion of saliva from the secretory portions of salivary glands , are very important for their function ; however , this cell type has not been extensively studied in the salivary glands of bats . in this study , we characterized the mecs in the major salivary glands of the fruit bat artibeus
. herein , we describe the morphology of the parotid , submandibular and sublingual glands of a . â
at the light - and electro - microscopic level and the distribution of mecs in these glands , as defined by their expression of smooth - muscle markers such as î± - smooth muscle actin ( smaî± ) and desmin , and of epithelial cell markers , such as krt14 . we found that the anatomical locations of the major salivary glands in this bat species are similar to those of humans , except that the bat sublingual gland appears to be unique , extending to join the contralateral homologous gland . morphologically , the parotid gland has the characteristics of a mixed - secretory gland , whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands were identified as mucous - secretory glands . mecs positive for smaî± , krt14 and desmin were found in all of the structural components of the three glands , except in their excretory ducts . desmin is expressed at a lower level in the parotid gland than in the other glands . our results suggest that the major salivary glands of a . â
, although anatomically and structurally similar to those of humans , play different physiological roles that can be attributed to the dietary habits of this species . â© 2016 anatomical society .
) definitive host and ifn - î³ gene knockout mice as experimental intermediate host .
sperm capacitation occurs during the passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract . once the sperm binds to the pellucid zone , the acrosome reaction to enable penetration of the oocyte is completed . in this study , sperm of artibeus
bat sperm cells are able to be capacitated in a period from 6 to 8â h and to carry out the acrosome reaction .
netted , because it is abundant ( 2 / 3 of the total catch of bats on bci ) , easily captured by conventional means ( mist nets set at ground level ) , and responds well to handling and marking . an average artibeus
is a 45 g frugivore that eats roughly its weight in fruit every night . these bats prefer figs and often seek them out even when other types of fruit they might eat are far more abundant . they commute several hundred meters to feeding trees on the average , feeding on fruit from one to four trees each night , and returning to a single fruiting tree an average of four nights in succession . the bats tend to fly farther when fewer fig trees are bearing ripe fruit , and they feed from fewer trees , on the average , when the moon is nearly full . these bats , like their congeners , do not feed in the fruiting tree itself . instead , they select a fruit and
once thought to be uniquely human , prosocial behavior has been observed in a number of species , including vampire bats that engage in costly food - sharing . another social chiropteran , jamaican fruit bats ( artibeus
it is well established that elasmobranchs can detect dipole electric fields . however , it is unclear whether they can discriminate between the anode and cathode . to investigate this subject , we employed a behavioral assay to determine the discriminatory ability of the yellow stingray , urobatis
. we conditioned stingrays with food rewards to bite either the anode ( n = 5 ) or the cathode ( n = 6 ) of a direct - current dipole located on the floor of an experimental tank . all individuals successfully performed the task after 18 to 22 days . stingrays were then tested in experimental sessions when they were rewarded only after they identified the correct pole . stingrays successfully discriminated between the poles at a rate greater than chance , ranging among individuals from a mean of 66 % to 93 % correct . during experimental sessions , stingrays conditioned to distinguish the anode performed similarly to those conditioned to distinguish the cathode . we hypothesize that the ability to discriminate anode from cathode is physiologically encoded , but its utility in providing spatial information under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated . the ability to discriminate polarity may eliminate ambiguity in induction - based magnetoreception and facilitate navigation with respect to the geomagnetic field .


bucculatrix parvinotata is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and new mexico .

the wingspan is 11 mm .

the forewings are white with black scales .

the hindwings are ocherous tinged .

adults have been recorded on wing in july .

bucculatrix parvinotata

bucculatrix brunnella sp . n . ( lepidoptera , bucculatricidae ) from sicily and sardinia
bucculatrix mirnae ( h . a . vargas & g . r . p . moreira , 2012 )
most authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .
most authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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bucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .
adults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .
bucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .
adults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .
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