the fine-rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae .

it was endemic to the drainages of the tennessee river and ohio river in the united states .

little is known about the habitat of this species beyond its preference for medium-sized rivers .

it appears to have been particularly sensitive to water quality degradation , and its populations diminished quickly after industrialization .

no live individuals have been seen since the 1924 .

fine - rayed pearly mussel

the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel or fine - rayed pigtoe ( fusconaia cuneolus ) is a species of bivalve in the unionidae family .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1984 .
fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel recovery plan .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta .
the fine - rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels . this species was endemic to the united states , its natural habitat rivers . it became extinct due to habitat loss ; not collected for more than a century , by 1983 it . . .
fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
medium - sized shell , yellow - green to light brown with numerous fine green rays .
the fine - rayed pigtoe occupies shallow riffles and shoals of freshwater streams and rivers . it buries itself in the stream bottom in gravel or compacted sand but is rarely found in pools . it displays a higher tolerance for muddy bottoms than most other freshwater mussels .
in the late twentieth century , this mussel was found at nearly 30 sites in the clinch river and its smaller tributaries between cedar bluff , virginia , and kelly branch , tennessee . since 1970 , the fine - rayed pigtoe has been collected from the elk and paint rock rivers , which are tributaries of the tennessee river above muscle shols , alabama . the mussel ' s former range and habitat suggests that additional populations may be located on other tributary streams of the tennessee river in tennessee and alabama .
a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
endemic to the southern appalachian mountains , the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel was first described in 1840 from the holston river , where it occurred in the river ' s north fork in washington county , virginia , downstream to grainger county , tennessee . it was subsequently documented in big moccasin creek in scott county , virginia ; the powell river from lee county , virginia , downstream to union county , tennessee ; clinch creek , emory river , and popular creek from clinchport , virginia , downstream to roane county , tennessee ; and in the clinch river from tazewell county , virginia , downstream to the norris reservoir in claiborne county , tennessee .
contact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .
the fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel , fusconaia cuneolus , is of medium size , up to 2 . 5 in ( 6 . 4 cm ) in length . this cumberlandian species is distinguished by the many fine green rays that radiate over the yellowish green to light brown background of its ovoid shell . the hinged end of the shell is rounded , while the front margin is straight . the shell surface has a smooth , satiny appearance and is indistinctly patterned with growth lines . the inner shell surface is white .
dennis , s . d . 1981 .
mussel fauna of the powell river , tennessee and virginia .
sterkiana 71 : 1 - 7 .
construction of dams and multi - purpose reservoirs across the former range of the fine - rayed pigtoe have altered the free - flowing character of these rivers . such impoundments produce siltation , fluctuating water temperatures , changes in water acidity , and lowered oxygen content . impoundments also fragment the range of the species into isolated populations , which are then unable to interbreed .
french , john r . p . , iii . november , 1990 .
the exotic zebra mussel : a new threat to endangered freshwater mussels .
endangered species technical bulletin 15 ( 11 ) .
in the early twentieth century it was discovered in the tennessee river and its smaller tributaries at and below knoxville . it is believed that the mussel has been extirpated from former locations in the little and sequatchie rivers .
strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .
campbell et al . ( 2005 ) found this species to be closely related to fusconaia cor , but held it up as distinct . a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
this species is sensitive to changes in water quality and has declined due to impoundments , siltation , and pollution . the remnant population in the powell river may be threatened by oil and gas drilling and coal mining ( neves 1991 ) . the clinch river population was reduced by toxic discharges and spills prior to 1972 . the invasion of the asian clam , and the possible invasion of the zebra mussel , also threaten remaining populations . reasons for decline listed in the recovery plan include : impoundment , siltation , and pollution ( usfws 1984 ) .
based on the separation distances outlined herein , for freshwater mussels in standing water ( or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs ) , all standing water bodies with either ( 1 ) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between ( i . e . lotic connections ) , or ( 2 ) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat ( including lentic shoreline , linear distance across water bodies , and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections ) , are considered separate element occurrences . only the largest standing water bodies ( with 20 km linear shoreline or greater ) may have greater than one element occurrence within each . multiple collection or observation locations in one lake , for example , would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes , and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element . for freshwater mussels in flowing water conditions , occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat , or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat . standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers ( see separation barriers ) are in place . several mussel species in north america occur in both standing and flowing water ( see specs notes ) . calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected . juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods ( hastie and cosgrove , 2002 ; neves and widlak , 1987 ) , therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance .
historically , this species was widespread in tributaries of the tennessee river system in tennessee ( above the mussel shoals area ) , virginia , and alabama including the tennessee , flint , paint rock , elk , nolichucky , clinch , emory , powell , holston , north fork holston rivers ; big moccasin creek ( virginia ) , poplar creek ( tennessee ) , bear creek ( alabama ) , limestone creek ( alabama ) , hurricane creek ( alabama ) , and little river ( tennessee ) ( usfws 1984 ) . it currently persists in portions of the clinch and powell rivers , the north fork of the holston , and in the paint rock river . the largest population resides in the clinch river , but it is reproductively isolated from the powell river population ( neves 1991 ) . it has been extirpated from tennessee river proper with a population extant in paint rock river in alabama ( mirarchi et al . 2004 ) .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species was historically placed in the genera dysnomia and plagiola ( johnson , 1978 ) .
this species is globally extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lowe wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .
all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) . in ohio , it historically occurred from the ohio river at cincinnati and scioto river at columbus ( watters et al . , 2009 ) .
this species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) .
this species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) . it historically occurred inthe ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in teh cumberland river it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) .
( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .
little is known about the former habitat of this species except that it was riverine .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
burch , j . b . 1975a . freshwater unionacean clams ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of north america . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 204 pp .
howard , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .
johnson , r . i . 1978 . systematics and zoogeography of plagiola ( = dysnomia = epioblasma ) , an almost extinct genus of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from middle north america . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 148 ( 6 ) : 239 - 320 .
lefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .
mirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .
moyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .
strayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .
strayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .
van der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .
watters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .
williams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .
cicerello , r . r . and g . a . schuster . 2003 . a guide to the freshwater mussels of kentucky . kentucky state nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 7 : 1 - 62 .
cummings , k . s . and c . a . mayer . 1997 . distributional checklist and status of illinois freshwater mussels ( mollusca : unionacea ) . pages 129 - 145 in : k . s . cummings , a . c . buchanan , c . a . mayer , and t . j . naimo ( eds . ) conservation and management of freshwater mussels ii : initiatives for the future . proceedings of a umrcc symposium , october 1995 , st . louis , missouri . upper mississippi river conservation committee , rock island , illinois .
parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .
watters , g . t . 1995a . a field guide to the freshwater mussels of ohio . revised 3rd edition . ohio department of natural resources , division of wildlife , columbus , ohio . 122 pp .
watters , g . t . , m . a . hoggarth , and d . h . stansbery . 2009b . the freshwater mussels of ohio . ohio state university press : columbus , ohio . 421 pp .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .
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bogan , a . e . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
has been assessed as extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the low wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati . this species is known from shells only , no live individuals have been observed .
this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river , but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi 2004 , williams
. 2008 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster 2003 ) . in indiana , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer 1997 ) . in ohio , it formerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters 1995 ) .
this species has not been collected since the early 20th century ( iucn 1996 ) . it historically occurred in the ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in the cumberland river , it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river , but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals , but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . 2008 ) .
this species presumably occurred in shoal habitat , primarily in large rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .
this species presumably became extinct due to habitat loss and degradation ( a . bogan pers . comm . 2010 ) .
williams et al . ( in press ) lists this species as extinct according to the afs assessment .
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endangered b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1
richman , n . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , ht , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . & duncan , c .
justification : fusconaia cuneolus has been assessed as endangered under criterion b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) . the species currently only occurs in four remaining fragmented locations , with an estimated area of occupancy of no more than 500 km 2 . because of its sensitivity to changes in water quality , the species has and continues to decline , in terms of reductions in area of occupancy , extent of occurrence , quality of habitat and number of sub - populations , due to river impoundments , siltation , and pollution . it is likely that this species will qualify for critically endangered a2ac once sufficient population information is established .
this species occurs in shoal habitats of creeks and rivers . historical distribution data suggest that it occurred in smaller streams than many other species of the genus . it prefers stable gravel substrates in moderate current ( williams
. 2008 ) , and was recorded as inhabiting clear , high gradient streams in firm cobble and gravel substrates ( neves and moyer 1988 ) .
bruenderman and neves ( 1993 ) detailed the life history of the species in the clinch river , southwestern virginia . it is a short - term brooder , apparently spawning in early may , with females gravid from mid - may through early august . developing embryos are bound in conglutinates and change color from pink to orange to light peach as they mature . however , mature glochidia are discharged in a loose , gelatinous matrix instead of well - defined conglutinates . fecundity was assessed in one gravid female , which contained approximately 113 , 000 embryos . glochidia were recovered from stream drift as early as late may and as late as mid - august . ortmann ( 1921 ) reported a similar gravid period for the species , from mid - may through mid - july ( williams
( tennessee shiner , cyprinidae ; bruenderman and neves 1993 ) . additional species found to serve as glochidial hosts in laboratory trials are
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this species is a short - term breeder , reproducing in the spring ( tachytictic ) . for more about the reproduction and diet of freshwater mussels , see the upland combshell ( epioblasma metastriata ) entry .
although this species was thought to have disappeared from its original collection site in the holston river , four freshly dead specimens were collected along the river in 1982 at cloud ford , tennessee . industrial and chemical pollution from upstream at saltville , virginia , has severely degraded the water quality there . live specimens have yet to be found but may indeed exist . recent surveys in other upper tennessee river tributaries , such as the nolichucky , french broad , flint , and buffalo rivers , failed to locate specimens .
from 1975 to 1981 , surveys of the powell river located populations at buchanan ford and mc - dowell shoal in tennessee , and at fletcher ford in virginia . water quality in this river has also deteriorated significantly due to strip mining , coal - washing runoff , and discharge of municipal wastes .
increased stream turbidity , caused by soil erosion and industrial runoff , reduces light penetration , which affects the growth of aquatic vegetation and decreases the population of fish hosts . suspended solids can be fatal to mussels . dead and dying mussels are often found with silt clogging their gills . mussels are very susceptible to agricultural and industrial pollutants , particularly heavy metals , which become concentrated in their tissues .
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 urltoken
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 300 westgate center dr . hadley , massachusetts 01035 - 9589 telephone : ( 413 ) 253 - 8200 fax : ( 413 ) 253 - 8308 urltoken
bogan , a . e . , and p . w . parmalee . 1983 . tennessee ' s rare wildlife : the mollusks . tennessee wildlife resources agency , tennessee department of conservation , and tennessee natural heritage program , university of tennessee press , knoxville .
carter , l . j . 1977 .
chemical plants leave unexpected legacy in two virginia rivers .
science 198 : 1015 - 1020 .
imlay , m . j . 1982 .
use of shells of freshwater mussels in monitoring heavy metals and environmental stresses : a review .
malacology review 15 : 1 - 14 .
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pyrausta demantrialis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by herbert druce in 1895 .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona , florida , indiana , michigan , new mexico , north carolina , pennsylvania , texas and west virginia .

it has also been recorded from mexico ( guerrero ) , ecuador ( loja province ) and venezuela .

adults have been recorded on wing from june to november in the united states .

pyrausta demantrialis

pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177
pyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru
pyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru
pyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene
pyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
pyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]
pyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro paraña
pyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22
pyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51
pyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63
pyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80
pyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba
pyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , são paulo ; paraña
pyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel
pyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m
pyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria
pyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california
pyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador
= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal
pyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12
pyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .
pyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a
pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c
pyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
pyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3
pyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california
pyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida
pyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington
pachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico
pyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california
pyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california
pyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona
pyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba
pyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
pyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california
pyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10
pyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona
pyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a
pyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b
pyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta
pyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zuñi mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 92 ; pl . 7 . 34 - 37 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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new york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]
from ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]
washington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]
paraedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california
loxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california
california ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]
botis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california
texas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]
botis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado
washington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]
metasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california
botis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage
from ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
washington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]
botis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado
from ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
botys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america
w . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
syllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19
nova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
endotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )
botys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26
pachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala
florida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]
botys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734
california , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]
south carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]
rhodaria insignitalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne
botis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico
florida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]
na . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]
larva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156
botys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california
larva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114
texas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]
botis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california
712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .
herbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )
from ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]
botys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania
newfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]
larva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120
w . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]
500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho jänkä , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .
500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
herbula subsequalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria
900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39°18 ' n 105°10 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
s . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )
( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .
botis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]
botys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california
botis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona
s . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]
botys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california
botys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california
s . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]
syllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20
new jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]
from ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
s . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]
botis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york
botys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california
larva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138
botis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada
= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446
botys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela
botys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?
botys catasemalis röber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .
botys aulicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica
botys villicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys matronulalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys collustralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys hilaralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys meropialis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys janiralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére , composée par leclerc de buffon , et redigée par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs sociétés savantes
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
whalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .


dichomeris thalamopa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1922 .

it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

the forewings are glossy deep purple with a small orange mark surrounded with black towards the costa near the base and a slightly curved irregular black antemedian fascia edged on each side with orange black-edged lines .

the apical area is wholly blackish beyond an orange transverse line at four-fifth , making a strong rounded loop inwards in the disc , its costal edge whitish .

the hindwings are dark fuscous .

dichomeris thalamopa

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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xenomigia wilmeri is a moth of the notodontidae family .

it is found in north-eastern ecuador .

the length of the forewings is 14 – 18 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is chocolate brown , the veins thinly lined with whitish orange .

the basal half of the hindwings is translucent light grey-brown with an extremely wide , translucent , dark grey outer band .

the larvae have been reared on chusquea cf. scandens .

xenomigia wilmeri

last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .
home » last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .
male genital similarities suggest that x . wilmeri belongs in a xenomigia subclade that includes x . noctipenna and x . phaeoloma .
last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) . | parasitoid - caterpillar - plant interactions in the americas
last instar larva of xenomigia caesura , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 29562 ) .
xenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines .
larvae of x . wilmeri have been recorded feeding on chusquea nr . scandens ( poaceae ) .
xenomigia wilmeri has been recorded from two localities in northeastern ecuador - yanayacu biological station and the south slope of cerro sumaco , roughly 35 km east of the station . both sites are at esssentially the same elevation ( 2150 m ) .
xenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines [ see miller and thiaucourt ( 2011 ) , annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 104 : 1033 - 1077 ] .
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siproeta epaphus , the rusty-tipped page or brown siproeta , is a new world butterfly that lives all year in tropical habitats .

it has large wings , averaging 7.0 – 7.5 cm ( 2.8 – 3.0 in ) , that are black in the inner portion of the top surface and brown throughout the underside .

both surfaces have a bold white transverse stripe continuing across both wings .

the outer portion of the forewings , beyond the white stripe , is rusty orange in the widespread subspecies s. epaphus epaphus ; it is mostly or entirely black in the other two subspecies .

s. epaphus is found throughout central america , where it is one of the most common butterflies .

its range extends from southern north america to central south america .

the range includes ( though may not be limited to ) south texas and rarely southern new mexico south through both eastern and western mexico to the guyanas , brazil , bolivia and peru .

siproeta epaphus

andrew brower marked
siproeta epaphus
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these are nice photos of siproeta epaphus ( schokoladenfalter ) . siproeta epaphus is a member of the
andrew brower marked
siproeta epaphus ( photo credit : dexter hinckley )
as trusted on the
siproeta epaphus
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here you can see the subspecies siproeta epaphus trayja . it is from brazil .
photo © by thomas neubauer ; 07 . 10 . 2006 , macro photograph of siproeta epaphus ( oberseite )
katja schulz added an association between
image of an unknown taxon
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siproeta epaphus ( latreille , 1813 )
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siproeta epaphus is a butterfly of the neotropic ecozone ( south america ) . the distribution extend from mexico to suriname , argentina and chile .
. the first description was in 1813 by latreille . with a wingspan of 7 . 5 – 8 . 5 cm siproeta epaphus is a small member of the family nymphalidae . this butterfly is dark brown , light brown and white .
the tribe victoriniini includes the asian genus rhinopalpa , the african kallimoides and vanessula , and the neotropical genera anartia , junonia , hypolimnas , metamorpha , napeocles and siproeta .
this species is scarce in lowland areas , but commonly seen in two ' s and three ' s in disturbed habitats at elevations between 400 - 1800m , favouring forest edges and clearings , well vegetated riverbanks , roadsides and pastures .
the eggs are dark green with yellow ribs , and are laid in small clusters on young leaves of ruellia or blechum ( acanthaceae ) .
the fully grown larva is maroon , adorned with orange branched spikes along the back and sides . its head is black with a pair of backward - curving horns .
the chrysalis is pale green with the thorax and abdomen covered in minute black dots and small orange thorn - like projections . it is suspended by the cremaster from leaves of the foodplant .
the butterflies are usually encountered singly or in two ' s and three ' s , flying on sunny mornings in disturbed habitats including pastures , forest clearings , riverbanks and roadsides . they have a rapid fluttering and gliding flight , settling frequently to bask on low foliage or bare ground . males often imbibe mineralised moisture from damp roads , muddy riverbanks , scree or rock faces and at such times usually hold their wings half - open while flitting gently from spot to spot . females make egg - laying runs back and forth along forest edges . both sexes nectar at cordia , stachytarpheta ,
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upperside from red - orange on the outer half by a cream - colored median band . hindwing is brown with a cream - colored submarginal band .
nectar from croton , cordia , impatiens , lantana , and stachytarpheta ; also rotting fruit , dung , and carrion .
the forewings are two coloured . nearby the body the wing is dark brown an the pinion is light brown . between these two tints there is a white line . the margin is ridged . there are some little bluish spots in the dark brown area . the underside is dark brown . the white line and the bluish spots from upside are also there .
the hind wings are dark brown and have little tails . the margin is ridged . there is a white line on wing . the underside is a cpoy from upside , but there is a secone line in light brown .
the first description of this butterfly was in 1813 by latreille . there are only two subspecies .
photo © by thomas neubauer ; from assortment of dr . hildegard winkler specialty shop of entomology ( see links )
cites : ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) : - no entry - ( as at 23 . 06 . 2005 )
eu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - ( as at 19 . 08 . 2005 )
geographic range : occurs commonly from 400 to 1500 m , on both slopes , in association with wet forest habitats that do not have a pronounced dry season .
unique characteristics : frequently seen along forest edges and rivers , where they parade back and forth across the edge vegetation about 1 or 2 meters above the ground .
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a widespread neotropical species , ranging from mexico to northern argentina . larvae feed on
devries , p . j . ( 1987 ) the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history . papilionidae , pieridae , nymphalidae , princeton university press , princeton , n . j .
lamas , g . , ed . ( 2004 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
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hirculops cornifer , the highbrow rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western indian ocean .

this species reaches a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

hirculops cornifer

justification : in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is only known from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia . hirculops cornifer occurs on coral and rocky reefs and likely in the sea grass beds . hirculops cornifer is not utilized . large - scale effects of coastal development throughout the region likely negatively impact this species . there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where hirculops cornifer has been recorded . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible . hirculops cornifer likely qualifies for least concern ; however , further records are needed in order to provide an accurate assessment of this species conservation status , therefore , hirculops cornifer is listed as data deficient .
hirculops cornifer occurs in the western indian ocean , from pondoland ( south africa ) to the seychelles , including the red sea and the persian gulf ( randall 1995 ) . single records of hirculops cornifer have been found from northwestern india ( lal mohan 1968 ) and indonesia ( de beaufort and chapman 1951 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where h . cornifer has been recorded ( krupp and almarri 1996 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , its distribution includes several marine protected areas , especially off of the east coast of africa ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .
in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) .
population information for hirculops cornifer is limited for the persian gulf . h . cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found in tropical climates . h . cornifer is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the persian gulf ( j . williams pers . comm . 2013 ) . h . cornifer has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . the maximum recorded standard length ( sl ) is 6 . 0 cm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hirculops cornifer ( rüppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
in the persian gulf , substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . it is not known whether or not hirculops cornifer is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given h . cornifer ' s habitat preferences , it ' s likely h . cornifer is impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs in tropical climates ( j . t . williams pers . comm . 2009 ) . maximum standard length for this species is 6 . 0 cm or 60 mm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) . this species has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .
justification : global assessment : this is a widespread species . it is not known whether human activities affect the global population , but in some parts of its range it may be impacted . it it known to occur in marine protected areas in parts of its range . currently it is listed as least concern . the persian gulf regional assessment : this species is known from a single record off saudi arabia and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the gulf . it is not known whether or not this species is directly affected by current coastal development throughout the persian gulf . given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely impacted negatively in some parts of the region . current data suggests a stable population so , this species likely qualifies for least concern . however , further records are needed , therefore this species is listed as data deficient .
this species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( g . allen pers . comm . 2009 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . for example , large number of desalination plants on the coast of the persian gulf leads to localized increases in temperature and salinity ( q . alghawzi , d . feary , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is not known whether this species is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely to be impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2014 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
springer , v . g . 1986 blenniidae . p . 742 - 755 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths & quot ; sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .
dark spot between membranes of 1st 2 dorsal spines ; females with spotted anal fin , uniformly dusky in males ; body banded and spotted ; 2 dusky spots anterior to pelvic fins .
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .
defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
western indian ocean : red sea south to pondoland , south africa . likely at seychelles .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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