rheocles is a genus of madagascar rainbowfish .

rheocles has a restricted distribution , being found only in certain forested freshwater habitats in the central and eastern highlands of madagascar including the nosivolo river .

the genus appears to feed almost exclusively on allochthonous material , primarily insects falling onto the water surface .

rheocles

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arkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )
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rheocles is an exclusively freshwater genus of madagascan bedotiid ecologically restricted to heavily forested streams ( stiassny 1990 ) .
rheocles vatosoa begins to spawn in late october and early november and is believed to have an extended breeding season ( 2 ) . based on the reproductive behaviour of a closely - related species , rheocles alaotrensis , along with an absence of aquatic plants in its habitat , it is thought that rheocles vatosoa deposits its eggs in patches of coarse gravel ( 2 ) .
based on recent work , rheocles alaotrensis is now considered to be restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .
rheocles species belong to the family bedotiidae and are closely related to the madagascar rainbowfishes . many of the differences that separate the genera rheocles and bedotia are skeletal and are difficult for the average hobbyist to detect . externally , the presence of a bedotia notch on the premaxillae ( upper jaw ) of malagasy rainbowfish helps to readily distinguish bedotia from rheocles in all known species . cichlids of madagascar > >
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arkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )
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arkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )
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a freshwater species , rheocles vatosoa occupies clear waters of both rapidly flowing rivers and small brooks , over gravel or coarse sand bottoms ( 2 ) .
rheocles wrightae is distributed along mangoro catchment in madagascar . a subpopulation is also found in the upper reaches of the lakato river ( ravelomanana unpublished data ) .
not much is known about the captive husbandry of rheocles species , which is both bad news and good news . this is bad news because not only are rheocles species hard to get hold of , but the little that we know about them shows that they can be finicky when it comes to captive care .
description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031
this species is known from lac alaotra , upstream of maningory and betsiboka rivers , in madagascar . a recent ambatovy project study discovered that the rheocles alaotrensis occurring in mangoro system is a new species , and the rianila subpopulation is also a new species . therefore , rheocles alaotrensis is restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .
although there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for rheocles vatosoa , the catchment of streams in the lokoho basin is now protected by the marojejy national park ( 1 ) .
males defend a small territory that is typically centered around a landmark , such as a rock or collection of mops . they display rapid up - down swimming motions when ripe females approach . rheocles species lay small sticky eggs on the aquarium substrate . unlike bedotia species that typically lay their eggs in tight clusters , rheocles species lay their eggs singly and prefer a firm substrate to spawning mops .
details - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 - biodiversity heritage library
the type series and all available specimens of rheocles vatosoa have been collected in upper reaches of the lokoho river in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( stiassny et al . 2002 ) .
very little information is available on the biology of rheocles vatosoa . its diet appears to be somewhat opportunistic , consisting of both terrestrial insects , likely to have fallen into the water from overhanging trees , and aquatic insect larvae ( 2 ) .
rheocles derhami only known from amboaboa and mangarahara rivers in the sofia drainage . recent surveys ( 2013 - 2014 ) only found one specimen in amboaboa near the marotandrano village . no other subpopulations are found elsewhere ( pers . obs . ) .
eggs hatch in six to eight days at temperatures near 80 degrees fahrenheit . rheocles fry are small and will have trouble consuming brine shrimp nauplii as their first food so have an infusoria culture or some vinegar eels for starting foods . keep in mind that rheocles fry are extremely fragile for the first few months of life , and attempting to move young ones to a rearing aquarium often leaves you with nothing to rear . it is best to move the parents and leave the fry where they hatch .
rheocles alaotrensis was caught in the middle of alaotra lake where the depth was about one metre . the water was coloured between red or yellow . the lake substrate was silt . it is found is forested and semi - forested streams and small lakes .
rheocles species grow to an average total length of 3 inches with larger individuals reaching close to 3¾ inches . two species — r . vatosoa and r . derhami — show constant sexual dichromatism while the other five species are monochromatic outside the reproductive season .
what the heck are silversides from madagascar , you might ask . well , these small sleek fishes belong to the genus rheocles and are found , for the most part , in cooler faster flowing waters around madagascar’s northern territories . however , just to make things difficult , paul loiselle , ph . d . , recently discovered a new species of rheocles in the far south near ft . dauphin . there are currently seven species recognized in this genus , which was first described in 1891 . killifish of madagascar > >
stiassny , m . l . j . ( 1990 ) notes on the anatomy and relationships of the bedotiid fishes of madagascar : with a taxonomic revision of the genus rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) . american museum novitates , 2979 : 1 - 33 .
stiassny , m . l . j . , rodriguez , d . m . and loiselle , p . v . ( 2002 ) rheocles vatosoa , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the lokoho river basin in northeastern madagascar . cybium , 261 : 71 - 77 .
loiselle , p . v . and stiassny , m . l . j . ( 2003 ) rheocles , malagasy rainbowfish , aona . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .
ty - book ti - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 ur - urltoken py - 1992 au - reinthal , peter . au - stiassny , melanie l . j . er -
stiassny , m . l . j . and d . m . rodriguez , 2001 . rheocles derhami , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the ambomboa river in northeastern madagascar . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 12 ( 2 ) : 97 - 104 . ( ref . 39832 )
throughout its range , rheocles vatosoa is found predominately in clear streams over gravel or coarse sand bottoms . such streams are characterized by soft , slightly acidic to moderately alkaline water , total and carbonate hardness value < 1°dh , electrical conductivity between 23 and 30µs / cm and ph values between 6 . 8 and 7 . 5 .
filtration was easily supplied with undergravel filter plates covered in small - diameter gravel and supplemented with air - driven sponge filters . this filtration was sufficient for 15 specimens in a 50 - gallon aquarium . i see no reason to forego canister or hang - on filters if that is your preference , and rheocles species might appreciate the increased flow rate .
malagasy silversides live in waters ranging from 5 . 0 to 8 . 5 ph , low hardness ( less than 3 dkh ) and cool temperatures usually lower than 73 degrees fahrenheit . analysis of gut contents shows that , like pachypanchax and bedotia species , rheocles species are somewhat opportunistic feeders that prey on both aquatic insects and terrestrial insects that fall into the water .
rheocles vatosoa is currently known only from the lokoho river in north - eastern madagascar , where it occurs in the upper and middle reaches of the main river channel in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it typically occurs between 400 and 940 metres above sea level ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
the second challenge with rheocles species is disease . like the malagasy cichlids , malagasy silversides are highly susceptible to ich ( ichthyophthirius multfiliis ) infection and it can be deadly if not caught in time . treatment with an over - the - counter ich medication ( malachite and formalin - based , if possible ) coupled with increased temperatures between 78 and 82 degrees does the trick .
in andreba village , the rheocles alaotrensis fishery is very important . they use mosquito nets as seine . significant quantities of this species go to ambatondrazaka , moramanga and antananarivo markets . the alaotra lake habitat loss is well studied by moreau ( 1977 ) . continued deforestation throughout its range is a threat . the species is also threatened by the alien invasive species of channidae and xiphophorus helleri .
justification : based on recent survey work this species is more widespread than previously hypothesized . the eoo is still less than 5 , 000 km² , it is known from four separate locations , and the habitat quality is declining , largely due to the impacts of deforestation . rheocles wrightae is therefore assessed as endangered . it should however be noted that taxonomic work is required to confirm the species range .
more worrisome is the rheocles susceptibility to a bloatlike condition , at least in wild - caught specimens . the founder population i worked with in denver developed bloat after one year in captivity . abdominal swelling with sudden listlessness defied both water parameters adjustment and pharmaceutical use and eventually caused 100 - percent mortality in the population . subsequent generations seem less prone to bloat and no definitive cause was ever identified .
rheocles alaotrensis males undergo a dramatic color change when coming into breeding condition , with unpaired fins becoming a deep red with the main body a dark , sooty black . i would hazard a guess that in the four other species that are normally monochromatic ( r . wrightae , r . pellegrini , r . sikorae and r . lateralis ) , a distinct change in coloration is associated with spawning .
@ book { bhl170907 , title = { description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { reinthal , peter . and stiassny , melanie l . j . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
rheocles alaotrensis , r . vatosoa and r . wrightae have all been kept in aquaria for varying lengths of time . the lake alaotra silverside ( r . alaotrensis ) was bred at the denver zoo for four generations before populations stopped breeding and began showing severe signs of physical malformation . during that time , we found that although our r . alaotrensis were collected in soft acidic waters with an average temperature of 66 degrees , they reproduced quite readily in our tap water ( ph of 7 . 2 , 8 dgh , 3 dkh ) with temperatures ranging from 75 to 82 degrees . we were never able to determine what caused the malformations and die off of our populations ; hypotheses included inbreeding depression and mercury poisoning of the founders .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 19 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 21 ; vertebrae : 35 - 38 . rheocles derhami is readily distinguished from r . sikorae and r . wrightae by length of upper jaw ( 32 - 41 % hl versus 46 - 58 ) and absence of black pigmentation of genital papilla , from r . pellegrini by number of gill rakers on lower limb of first arch ( 9 - 10 versus 6 - 7 ) , from r . lateralis by caudal peduncle length ( 67 . 3 - 78 . 6 % sl versus 84 . 6 - 96 . 7 ) , and from r . alaotrensis by absence of chest and belly scales and paired predorsal scale rows ( ref . 39832 ) . in life males normally light grey , the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins are bright silvery blue , the throat region is orange - red , light grey females are not brightly colored ; preserved specimens are creamy yellow , scale rows in dorsal midline heavily pigmented and darkened ( ref . 39832 ) .
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a recent study done by the ambatovy project revealed that the rianila and mangoro subpopulations are genetically different from the alaotra subpopulation .
justification : the species has a restricted eoo ( 170 km² ) , is found in a single location threatened by the spread of invasive alien species , and suffers an ongoing decline and loss of habitat , primarily due to conversion to rice fields . the species is therefore assessed as endangered .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is still abundant in nosivolo tributaries and around anosibe an ' ala and mangabe . it is rarer in the upper reaches of the mangoro river to the north of moramanga ( ravelomanana , unpublished data ) .
the main threats are habitat loss and degradation through siltation caused by deforestation of a small remaining forested region ; and competition / predation from exotic invasive species .
some populations of this species are inside of different protected areas : corridor ankeniheny zahamena , couloir forestier anjjozorobe angavo , marolambo and nosivolo .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )
reinthal , p . n . and m . l . j . stiassny , 1997 . revision of the madagascan genus ptychochromoides ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with description of a new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 4 ) : 353 - 368 . ( ref . 26236 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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africa : central east madagascar , lake alotra , maningory river system ; anjozorobe and in the tributaries of betsikiboka on the west slope of madagascar .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4114 )
maugé , l . a . , 1986 . atherinidae . p . 277 - 279 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4114 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : a recently described species known from the lokoho and andapa river basins , madagascar . even though the catchment of the streams in the lokoho basin is protected by the marojejy and anjanaharibe sud national parks , the restricted range ( eoo less than 5 , 000 km² ) , single location ( based on the threat from invasive alien species ) , and a continued decline in habitat extent and quality outside the national park ( mainly due to deforestation and rice farming ) , lead to an assessment of endangered for this species .
in forested streams within portions of its range , this species is still abundant . within the andapa basin and in andrakata river , this speces is now very rare .
fishery activity using mosquito net is common in the andapa rice fields . during the time period of our observations , this species was completely extirpated from this area ( ravelomanana , pers . obs . )
ongoing deforestation , mosquito net fishery activity and the presence of the exotic species : gambusia holbrooki , xiphophorus hellerii and channa maculata pose the principal threats to the long - term survival of r . vatosoa . the central part of the species range has also been converted into extensive areas of rice fields where this species is no longer present .
raminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r & velosoa , j .
justification : this species is very restricted in the mandolotra river where it is only found in the clear running headwaters . it has an eoo of approximately 10 km² is found at a single location and suffers from the impacts of ongoing habitat decline and invasive species resulting in a continuing decline in the quality of habitat . the species is therefore assessed as critically endangered .
this species is known only from the mandolotra river affluent of nosivolo river in madagascar .
it was still abundant at the two places where it was found in 2007 ( ravelomanana pers comm . ) at the headwaters and confluence of the mandolotra and the nosivolo rivers .
loss of habitat quality following significant levels of deforestation . competition and predation from gambusia holbrooki and xiphophorus maculatus are also threats . overfishing with mosquito nets is also a threat .
raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
justification : until the past decade , this species had not been collected since the 1930s , largely because its exact type locality was not known . in the past decade , additional specimens have been collected from the region of the type locality . however , there are little data available upon which to base statements about the quality of its habitat or the size of its population . it is assessed as data deficient .
the single known locality for r . pellegrini is given by nichols and lamonte ( 1931 ) as being
one day west of andapa .
the fish were collected by a . l . rand and p . a . dumont who were participants in the
archibold expedition
to the island ( stiassny , 1990 ) . subsequent specimens have been collected from this region in the past decade . it is endemic to madagascar .
subpopulations in the region of the type locality are extant and appear relatively stable .
deforestation and resulting habitat degradation in the region is a threat to this species .
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< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
authenticated ( 17 / 08 / 10 ) by dr . paul v . loiselle , curator of freshwater fishes , new york aquarium . pvl2413 @ urltoken
kiener , a . ( 1963 ) poissons , pêche et pisciculture à madagascar . centre technique forestier tropical , nogent - sur - marne .
dr . paul v . loiselle curator of freshwater fishes new york aquarium surf ave . and west 8th st . brooklyn ny 11224 united states of america tel : ( 718 ) 265 - 3406 fax : ( 719 ) 265 - 3420 ploiselle @ urltoken
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raminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
this species is only known from a single location , a tributary of the sofia river in madagascar . the species was formerly abundant in this area as recorded by stiasnny et al . ( 1992 ) but surveys in 2013 ( tsilavina ravelomanana , brian zimmerman et al . ) found only one specimen despite extensive survey .
the species was formerly found in clear , pristine river habitat . it occurs in the upper part of the catchment where the water is relatively cool .
this species is facing a significant degree of habitat loss , which is the main cause of its decline . sedimentation changes the main river facies into shallow pools and runs . this kind of habitat is not suitable for this species especially when it is exposed to the sun , as the temperature climbs .
this species also faces huge overfishing pressure . local fishers use mosquito nets for fishing in the shallows and they practice poisoning in deep sections .
créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
named for patrick de rham , director of the aquatic conservation network ( ref . 39832 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
bonus content from the november 2009 fama magazine article fishes from the red island .
aquarium décor and lighting should attempt to mimic forested streams , so save the compact fluorescents and bubble curtains for other species . spawning mops or live plants can provide appropriate cover and subdued lighting is best for these somewhat skittish fishes .
the katrana is one of a family of small , colourful fish , the bedotiidae or madagascan rainbowfish , which inhabit the waters of madagascar . this species is one of the largest in the family , with an attractive yellow , pink and brown body ( 3 ) . male and female katranas can be distinguished by the colour of their fins ; while the male’s fins are bright red , those of the female have a pale rose colouration ( 4 ) .
the katrana is a schooling fish ( 5 ) , which feeds primarily on insects that have fallen into the water from the surrounding vegetation , as well as aquatic insect larvae ( 6 ) .
the eggs of the katrana are adhesive and attach to the stream banks and vegetation , preventing them from being swept away to unfavourable habitats . after spawning , the katrana leaves its eggs unguarded ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . the eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days , and the resulting fry ( young fish ) are capable of swimming and feeding as soon as they hatch ( 9 ) .
endemic to madagascar , the katrana is found in lake alaotra , the largest lake on the island , as well as the maningory and rianila river systems and tributaries of the betsiboka river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
this freshwater species inhabits small rivers and streams that are clean , silt - free and well oxygenated , often with over - hanging vegetation ( 5 ) , as well as the open waters of lake alaotra ( 4 ) .
this small , colourful fish is threatened by an increase in human activities in the areas surrounding its habitat . large - scale slash - and - burn deforestation , such as that occurring around lake alaotra ( 10 ) , results in soil erosion and run - off into the surrounding rivers and streams . the increased silt suspended in the water disrupts water flow , smothers fish eggs , and generally creates an unfavourable environment ( 6 ) .
there is also an active fishery for this species in lake alaotra ( 4 ) . heavy fishing pressure has resulted in the katranas in the lake having a much smaller average length than that of populations inhabiting rivers ( 9 ) .
invasive fish species , introduced by humans to increase fishery productivity , are an ever - increasing problem to the native fishes of madagascar . it is not known how precisely these species displace the native fishes , but it is suspected a mix of predation and competition is responsible ( 6 ) .
although there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the katrana in its natural environment , denver zoo is working on a captive breeding programme ( 11 ) and there are several broad - spectrum projects working on wetland preservation in the region ( 12 ) . while this species is currently doing much better than previously expected , like the other species in its family the katrana is still under considerable threat ( 1 ) .
maugé , l . a . ( 1986 ) atherinidae . in : daget , j . , gosse , j . p . and thys van den audenaerde , d . f . e . ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa . volume 2 . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren .
reinthal , p . j . , riseng , k . j . and sparks , j . s . ( 2003 ) water management issues in madagascar : biodiversity , conservation and deforestation . in : crisman , t . l . , chapman , l . j . , chapman , c . a . and kaufman , l . s . ( eds . ) conservation , ecology and management of african fresh waters . university press of florida , florida .
breder , c . m . and rosen , d . e . ( 1966 ) modes of reproduction in fishes . natural history press , new york .
mutschler , t . ( 2003 ) lac alaotra . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .
andrianandrasana , h . t . , randriamahefasoa , j . , durbin , j . , lewis , r . e . and ratsimbazafy , j . h . ( 2005 ) participatory ecological monitoring of the alaotra wetlands in madagascar . biodiversityand conservation , 14 : 2757 - 2774 .
information on the zono is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken


broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal , coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe .

its habitat in europe spans from western europe into western siberia .

the species was introduced recently ( circa 1975 ) in the eastern areas of canada .

the beetle has since spread farther south and west into the united states .

the carabidae family , of which broscus cephalotes is a part , is generally considered as a family that is beneficial to humans due to their predatory habits .

their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms .

broscus cephalotes

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
jymykiitäjäinen
to
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
kopfläufer
to
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
matalin , a . v . and budilov , p . v . , “geographical variability of sexual and age structure of populations and the life cycle in broscus cephalotes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , ” zool . zh .
297 . larochelle , a . and m . - c . larivière . 1989 . first records of broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus ) ( coleoptera : carabidae : broscini ) for north america . the coleopterists bulletin 43 : 69 - 73 .
broscus cephalotes attacks everything : in our experiments , its most preferred prey was woodlice and ants . co - specific beetles were attacked by a broscus at the opening of its tube when they run across . in most cases , fights started and ended without any obvious reason . a real hunting behavior could not be observed . the fighting behavior can be characterized as catch - as - catch - can and , in our experiments , was displayed most frequently under artificial daytime conditions . it is interpreted as fighting for prey .
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : godet et al . ( 2010 ) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] godet , l . , le mao , p . , grant , c . & olivier , f . 2010 . marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago : an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008 . cahiers de biologie marine , 51 : 147 - 165 .
carabus cephalotes linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 414 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
html public
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urltoken
description : large ( 16 - 23mm ) dull black ground beetle which burrows under stones and driftwood , preying on supralittoral amphipods and isopods . on the seaward edge of sand dunes around the coast .
world distribution : a eurosiberian wide - temperate species ( 64 ) found across west and central europe to western siberia . recently reported as an introduction to the eastern seaboard of the united states ( larochelle , 1989 ) .
ecology : a strongly thermoxerophilic species favouring loose , dry sand and confined to coastal habitats in ireland , although it also occurs inland in europe . mostly recorded from bare sand between the strandline and the front of fore dunes on sandy coasts , more rarely on sparsely vegetated fore dunes .
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for more content , see archives néerlandaises de zoologie ( vol 1 - 17 ) and animal biology ( vol 53 and onwards ) .
the 24 carabid species investigated appeared to be polyphagous , but not equally so . among species showing a smaller degree of polyphagy , oligophages and specialized feeders were distinguished , the latter species specializing on collembolans . the
phytophagous
genera amara and harpalus were found to behave similarly to the generalists . cannibalism was not observed , although larvae , among which it may well occur , were not studied . specialists are mainly confined to the carabinae , and the literature suggests that they can also be distinguished by their morphology and behaviour , which reflect their specialization . it seems unlikely that their specialization is in response to food shortage .
functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus l . )
functional morphology of the head of the perch ( perca fluviatilis l . ) : an electromyographic study
legakis , a . ( 2001 ) . insecta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 323 - 324 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
siobhan leachman added an association between
n102 _ w1150
and
pterostichus cristatus
.
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tronquet ( 2014 ) : 115 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by peter w . messer on 17 december , 2017 - 9 : 52am
this article is available online . abstract : sixty - nine carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in 37 genera and 19 tribes were documented from cove point , calvert county , maryland , during surveys from 2010 to 2016 . three species , anisodactylus haplomus chaudoir , pterostichus permundus ( say ) , and stenocrepis mexicana ( chevrolat ) are documented for the first time from maryland .
contributed by peter w . messer on 20 september , 2017 - 9 : 38am
new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and [ . . . ]
by igor m . sokolov , yuliya y . sokolova , and christopher e . carlton
full title : new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and phylogeography of the a - langdoni species group a . cieglerae and a . pusillus are described .
by will , k . , madan , r . , hsu , h .
edited abstract : additions to the list of carabidae known for nevada , usa and carabid beetles found in the great basin national park , nv are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources . for 79 species of carabids , the authors present 57 new state records , two state records previously reported in online resources [ bugguide ] , one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state , and report 22 records for the great basin national park that includes three new state records . this paper is available online .
contributed by peter w . messer on 13 june , 2017 - 3 : 02pm
pp 67 - 92 in
the distributional history of the biota of the southern appalachians . part i . invertebrates .
edited by p . c . holt , r . l . hoffman , and c . w . hart jr . barr writes on the distribution and natural history of endemic carabid species of the southern appalachians .
contributed by peter w . messer on 19 december , 2015 - 12 : 59pm
ground beetles from the quantico marine corps base : 2 . thirty additional species from recent collections ( coleoptera : carabidae )
. in both quantico papers , differences and similarities between carabids found at quantico and plummers island are discussed most thoughtfully .
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : [ . . . ]
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : an analysis of fauna in relation to size , habitat selection , vagility , seasonality , and extinction .
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corresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhravý 1959 ; novák 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; østbye and hägvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
the last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .
in the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .
ground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47’n , 46o39 . 75’e ) were studied in 2006–2007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .
pitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .
plastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .
all captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhravý 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .
recently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .
cuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
the separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .
detection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .
) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of
) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .
chronology of changes in periods of activity of individual ‘age’ groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in ‘spring’ ( a ) and ‘autumn’ ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ) .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs – new generation ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 – first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .
) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of
) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
importantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult ‘age’ groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .
thus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered ‘residents’ and their habitats ‘residential’ .
an incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,
was by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of
) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
yet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of
was mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (
) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered ‘migrants’ and their habitats as ‘transit’ .
the spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for
) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for
in summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :
residents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .
migrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .
sporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .
without question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of
were trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of
, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of
fed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (
) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist
seasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
“stable” and “labile” components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .
the ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6–35 % of the species list and 15–90 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15–35 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (
) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
species diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars – labile component , white bars – stable component , line – number of species ; n ( sp . ) – number of species ) .
firstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants
numbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
secondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the ‘biological’ ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,
) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,
, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (
because we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .
a study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .
up to 65–75 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .
results from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
knowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .
we extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor lövei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .
classification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
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feeding ecology of grassland - inhabiting carabid beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) in relation to the a . . .
in 1979–2008 , serological investigation of carabid beetles as predators of the colorado potato beetle was carried out in the fields of potato and other solanaceae crops in nine regions of russia , moldova , and ukraine . the fraction of carabid beetles feeding on the pest in the potato , tomato , and egg - plant fields grows with the duration of the pest presence in the region and is proportional to its population density .