the yellow-vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) , or eastern yellow-vented bulbul , is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds .

it is resident breeder in southeastern asia from indochina to the philippines .

it is found in a wide variety of open habitats , but not deep forest .

it is one of the most common birds in cultivated areas .

they appear to be nomadic , roaming from place to place regularly .

yellow - vented bulbul

juvenile yellow - vented bulbul at hindhede nature park . photo credit : francis yap
english : yellow - vented bulbul , dark - capped bulbul , black - eyed bulbul , white - eared bulbul , garden bulbul ; french : bulbul commun , bulbul des jardins ; german : graubülbül ; spanish : bulbul naranjero .
yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
english : madagascar bulbul , madagascar black bulbul , comoro bulbul , comoro black bulbul ; french : bulbul malgache , bulbul des comores ; german : madagaskarfluchtvogel , rotschnabel - fluchtvogel ; spanish : bulbul negro .
english : ashy bulbul , brown - eared bulbul , chestnut bulbul ; french : bulbul à ailes vertes ; german : braunohrbülbül ; spanish : bulbul ahumado .
english : yellow - whiskered bulbul ; french : bulbul à moustaches jaunes ; german : gelbbartbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes amarillos .
observations of the behaviour of the yellow - vented bulbul , pycnonotus goiavier ( scopoli ) in two instances of failed nesting .
the diet of yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) in durafarm oil palm plantation , sarawak , mal . . .
english : joyful bulbul ; french : bulbul joyeux ; german : dotterbülbül ; spanish : bulbul feliz .
english : crested bulbul , red - eared bulbul ; french : bulbul orphée ; german : rotohrbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes rojos .
english : lesser icterine bulbul ; french : bulbul ictérin ; german : zeisigbülbül ; spanish : bulbul icterino .
english : straw - crowned bulbul ; french : bulbul á tête jaune ; german : gelbscheitelbülbül ; spanish : bulbul bigotudo .
the first time ck kim had a pair of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) nesting in . . .
french : bulbul à ventre rouge ; german : russbülbül ; spanish : bulbul ventrirrojo .
english : shelley ' s bulbul ; french : bulbul des monts masukus ; german : shelleybülbül ; spanish : bulbul de shelley .
english : red - tailed bulbul ; french : bulbul à barbe blanche ; german : swainsonbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de cola roja .
english : ashy - fronted bearded bulbul ; french : bulbul flavéole ; german : weisskehlbülbül ; spanish : bulbul barbudo de frente ahumado .
french : bulbul d ' arabie ; german : gelbsteißbülbül ; spanish : bulbul capirotado ; .
french : bulbul crinon oriental ; german : haarbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de lomo verde .
french : bulbul à collier noir ; german : rüttelbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de collar negro .
french : bulbul à gorge jaune ; german : gelbkehlnicator ; spanish : bulbul de garganta amarilla .
the plain dark - and - white patterns on yellow - vented bulbul and on white - eared bulbul are relieved by conspicuous yellow undertail coverts ( neither is shown in these particular poses ) ; red - whiskered has a prominent red spot ( ear - tuft ) behind the eye . other fairly similar species ( e . g . , red - vented bulbul p . cafer in india , sooty - headed bulbul p . aurigaster in southeast asia ) have bright red undertail coverts .
“the yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) is a common bird and a delight to watch . been seeing numerous nests in recent weeks and occasionally had an opportunity to watch feeding behaviour .
on 14th june 2008 , a pair of yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) suddenly arrived in my garden and perched on the branches of a tree . the vocalisation of the pair was unfamiliar .
heather goessel’s image of the yellow - vented bulbul below shows the bird eating the flowers of the starfruit ( averrhoa carambola ) . according to heather this bulbul loves the starfruit flowers and appears several times a day to snack on them . obviously the … continued
5 . 5 in ( 14 cm ) ; 0 . 88 oz ( 25 g ) . upperparts dark green , head tinged gray . short yellow stripe above the eye , bordered on top with a black line , cheeks grayish . yellow throat , undertail greenish yellow , yellow tip on tail . conspicuous yellow wing spots . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but greener fore - head and less yellow on throat .
the black bulbul ( hypsipetes leucocephalus ) , also known as the himalayan black bulbul or asian black bulbul , is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds . it is found in southern asia from india east to southern china .
photos © don roberson , except the yellow - wattled bulbul © blake t . matheson and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
the yellow - vented bulbul is one of the most familiar birds in the parks and gardens . it can often be seen feeding on small flowering shrubs such as the sendudok ( melastoma malabaricum ) and simpoh air ( dillenia suffructicosa ) .
hypsipetes flavala blyth , 1845 . some authors consider races of chestnut bulbul ( hemixos castanonotus ) as races of the ashy bulbul .
138 - yellow - billed chough pyrrhocorax graculus ( resident in the valley ) .
islam , k . , and r . n . williams .
red - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus cafer ) , red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) .
in the birds of north america . 520 ( 2000 ) .
english : finch - billed bulbul ; french : bulbul á gros bec ; german : fimkenbülbül ; spanish : pico de pinzón copetón .
whenever i am in my garden and hear this somewhat gurgling call , i know that the yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) are nesting in a tree nearby ( video above ) . the bulbul would initially be somewhere among the branches of the wayside … continued
birds in the park are - - himalayan griffon vulture , laggar falcon , peregrine falcon , kestrel , indian sparrow hawk , egyptian vulture , white cheeked bulbul , yellow vented bulbul , paradise flycatcher , black partridge , cheer pheasant , khalij pheasant , golden oriole , spotted dove , collared dove , larks , shrikes , wheatears and buntings .
olive - yellow patch on wings . sexes alike . juvenile similar , but browner upperparts .
from
black - crested bulbul
to
black - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )
moments with a ' himalayan black bulbul ' . . . explored ! by rohit .
a pair of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) built their nest in a hanging pot of orchid . the birds were extremely shy so it was difficult to capture their activities on camera . feeding behavior indicated that there were hungry chicks in … continued
7 . 8 in ( 20 cm ) ; 1 . 5–1 . 9 oz ( 43–55 g ) . one of the most brightly colored bulbuls , yellow - green upperparts , bright yellow chin and throat , golden - green underparts . olive tail edged with yellow . sexes alike . juvenile washed - out brown , greenish under - parts .
the characteristic distraction call of the yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) in my garden has been going on for more than a week now link . the eggs must have hatched as the adults were seen bringing food to the nest ( above , … continued
as only my second ever species of bulbul , the yellow - vented came as a bit of a contrast to the brown - eared ones of japan . while certainly one of the top ten most common birds i saw on the trip , it wasn ' t ubiquitous in the same way the brown - eared is and certainly considerably quieter . unlike in japan though , there are a number of species of bulbul present which makes identification slightly more effort , especially as there are a few similar looking species - the yellow rump but otherwise fairly drab colouration is distinctive here .
“i have shared on birds feeding on the nectar of the african tulip tree ( spathodea campanulata ) in the past link . “the brown - throated sunbirds and yellow vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) are regulars . but i have also seen little spiderhunters ( arachnothera … continued
“some time ago i posted on my long standing observations of the difference in social behaviour / organisation of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) that dwell in cities and those in ‘rural’ environment . see : here . “wells 2007 states that ‘typical day - time social … continued
62 - himalayan bulbul pycnonotus leucoenys ( regularly encountered throughput the year in lower reached of palas ) .
this bulbul eat insects and other small invertebrates , and berries , fruits , seeds , buds and nectar .
the yellow - vented bulbul is one of the more common resident birds in singapore . found in most habitats except dense forest , it is now slowly getting less common in urban areas . a rather dull bird , the splash of yellow undertail coverts brings some colour to its brown plumage . its rich bubbling song is often heard in the early morning and late evening in urban gardens and parks , the bulbul builds its cup - shaped nest in the most surprising locations , often close to human habitation - garden shrubs , potted plants , artificial plants and baskets hung in garages and balconies . it does not recycle its nest or reuse the old materials .
english : leaflove ; french : bulbul à queue rousse ; german : uferbülbül ; spanish : amante de hojas .
the himalayan bulbul ( pycnonotus leucogenys ) , or white - cheeked bulbul , is a species of songbird in the bulbul family found in central asia . the himalayan bulbul is about 18 cm in length , with a wingspan of 25 . 5 - 28 cm and an average weight of 30 g . its head , throat , and crest are black and white . the back , side , and lengthy tail are brown , the underside is pale yellow . sexes have similar plumage . the song is a beautiful 4 - piece whistle , which resembles an accelerated oriole whistle . ( from wikipedia )
fishpool , l . , tobias , j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
identification : adult has brown upperparts , dark crown and loral stripe , broad white supercilium , white throat , whitish underparts with vague streaks and yellow vent .
11 . 5 in ( 29 cm ) . large bulbul with orange - yellow crown and cheek , white throat lined with black on top , and large bill . whitish belly and orange rump , olive - green back and wings . sexes alike . juvenile duller with brownish head .
8 . 6 in ( 22 cm ) . large , olive - green bulbul with prominent blackish crest and stout , pale - yellow , finchlike bill . gray fore - head , blackish throat , broad blackish green tail . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but browner head and throat .
brosset , a .
the social life of the african forest yellow - whiskered greenbull andropadus latirostris .
z . tierpsychol . 60 ( 1981 ) : 239–255 .
bulbuls ( p . cafer ) , were introduced to the hawaiian island of o ' ahu in the late 1960s . populations of both birds have dramatically increased . red - vented bulbuls are now found across the island , while the red - whiskered bulbul is found throughout southeastern areas . these birds are considered serious pests and threats to native bird populations .
the rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .
156 - black and yellow grosbeak mycerobas icterioides ( the most common grosbeak recorded in the valley , occasionally observed as a winter resident as well as breeding in the valley ) .
5 . 9 in ( 15 cm ) ; 0 . 5–0 . 8 oz ( 15–25 g ) . top of head and upper - parts olive green , uppertail rusty , rump feathers long and fluffy . chin and throat sulfur yellow , breast and belly yellow washed with green . reddish tail . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but upperparts greener and washed brownish breast and throat .
bulbuls can be quite aggressive towards members of their own species , and other species as well . some , such as the puff - throated bulbul ( criniger pallidus ) and the mountain bulbul ( hypsipetes mcclellandii ) will aggressively mob birds of prey . if the face - off is against a bulbul of the same species , the threat display may be different than against other birds . among pycnonotus , there are roughly three to seven threat displays . these include tail - flicking , tail - spreading , crest - raising , undertail - covert spreading , wing - flicking - and - spreading , and crouch display ( the latter may also be an appeasement display ) . the red - vented bulbul has been observed attacking birds by poking with its bill . the red - tailed greenbul ( criniger calurus ) and other criniger bulbuls will puff out their fluffy beard - like throat feathers , both as a preening gesture and as an aggressive display .
this bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter .
7 . 5–8 . 3 in ( 19–21 cm ) ; 1 . 3–1 . 5 oz ( 38–45 g ) . large bulbul ; breast and head gray , few black bristles on hindneck and mantle . mantle , rump , and wings yellow - green olive . tail bright rust - maroon . chin and throat white , appears puffy and beard - like , creamy belly . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult .
zuccon , d . , and p . g . p . ericson . 2010 . the phylogenetic position of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus . ibis 152 : 386 - 392 .
19–20·5 cm ; 24–37 g . medium - sized , noisy , conspicuous bulbul with stubby , erectile crest . nominate race has broad supercilium , crown side , cheeks and throat white . . .
himalayan bulbul length is about 18 cm , wingspan of 25 . 5 to 28 cm and the weight of an average of about 30 g . bird ' s head , throat , and crest are black and white . the back side , and a lengthy tail are brown , the underside and pale yellow . both sexes have the same color . the song is a beautiful 4 - piece whistle , which resembles an accelerated oriole whistle .
although most bulbuls prefer areas with lots of green vegetation , a small number are found in drier scrub habitats , especially pycnonotus . the african red - eyed bulbul ( pycnonotus nigricans ) occupies drier areas , including savanna , semiarid scrub , and bushy hillsides . the northern brownbul ( phyllastrephus strepitans ) also prefers scrub , and is often the only bulbul present in the driest parts of its range .
it was recently learned , however , that the enigmatic black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus of central africa — which some had proposed might be a shrike — is in fact within the bulbul lineage ( zuccon & ericson 2010 ) . its origin goes back to the base of that lineage , and there is more to learn about its affinities , but it is not a shrike and is , for now , a bulbul . on the other hand , five species of assumed
greenbuls
in madagascar , now known as tetrakas ( genus bernieria , xanthornixis ) , are in a new family , the bernieridae .
a black bulbul ( hypsipetes leucocephalus ) was inspecting the right choice fruits for the taking under afternoon sunshine from a twig . the sweet colour tones of the bird specially the beak was just looking gorgeous against that beautiful yellow - green bokeh backdrop . i liked the way the bird posed with the leaves standing in symmetry with perfect distances . it seems like a painting with sweet lighting . pics was taken from great himalayan national park under tirthan range , himachal pradesh , india .
8 . 6 in ( 22 cm ) . brownish crest , back olive - brown , lemon - yellow breast and belly , white fluffy throat . wings and tail have rusty tinge . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but crest not as prominent and browner belly .
my macarthur palm ( ptychosperma macarthurii ) is fruiting again . i only noticed it during the late evening of 5th march 2018 . the palm was bearing long bunches of ripening yellow and orange fruits ( below ) . on that evening , i only managed to … continued
there are at least 50 species of african greenbuls in the
african clade
that evolved in sub saharan africa . most are hard - to - see forest birds . some are canopy species , such as slender - billed greenbul ( left ) , but others are undergrowth skulkers and some bear names like brownbuls or bristlebills . some join mixed species flocks , including the brown - bodied gray - capped leaf - love phyllastrephus scandens , and the very green - and - yellow yellow - bellied greenbul ( below ) . many are birds of lowland forests , including leaf - love and yellow - bellied greenbul , but there is a set of montane species also ( roy 1997 ) . johansson et al . ( 2007 ) proposed a new phylogeny for the african greenbuls , dramatically shifting the species sequence into 13 genera .
apparently monogamous ; holds same breeding territory for several years . nest often exposed , two grayish eggs spotted with yellow , red , and gray ; spots form
cap
on end . incubation by female , while male stays nearby and sings . young fed by both parents .
sadly , the species with the most celebrated song , the straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized and traded for its voice . described as
a prolonged series of magnificently warbled notes , richer and more powerful by far than the songs of such celebrated performers as the nightingale and the blackbird ,
the song of the straw - headed bulbul is by no means typical of the pycnonotidae .
typically found singly or in pairs , may forage in larger groups . unusually silent for a bulbul , has soft song of
chip , wa - da - tee , chee - tu , ti - wew .
nonmigratory .
only the atriceps race of black - headed bulbul pycnonotus atriceps ( left ) is not well - differentiated from bornean populations , as it is from the most recent invasion . but whether borneo - palawan populations of black - headed bulbul should be split from mainland asian populations is not yet known . given the general molecular diversity between island populations and the asian mainland , i suspect that there will be evidence to support another split sometime ' down the road . '
this bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .
7 . 4 in ( 19 cm ) , 1 . 2–1 . 6 oz ( 35–46 g ) . black head with white eye - ring . brownish underparts , white in center of belly . conspicuous yellow undertail ( vent ) . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but head brown .
although bulbuls are a morphologically and ecologically homogenous group , they evolved into two lineages eons ago : an asian clade and an african clade ( pasquet et al . 2001 , moyle & marks 2006 ) . it makes logical sense to call those in the asian clade
bulbuls ,
and those in the african clade
greenbuls
( johansson et al . 2007 ) . the brown - breasted bulbul of china ( right ) is a pycnonotus bulbul within that asian clade , but so is the black - fronted bulbul of southern africa shown above . rather , the asian clade arose in asia and then expanded westward , bring some
asian bulbuls
to africa , where there are now three common species of pycnonotus . bulbuls in the asian clade are often gray and white , or brown and white — as is brown - breasted bulbul — while the vast majority of the
greenbuls
in africa are primarily green or olive in color .
dowsett , r . j . , s . l . olson , m . s . roy , and f . dowsett - lemaire .
systematic status of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus .
ibis 141 ( 1999 ) : 22–28 .
in 1960 a population of red - whiskered bulbuls ( pycnonotus jocosus ) became established in florida when a few birds escaped while being transported from one aviary to another . this population had increased to 500 birds by 1973 , at which time it was still expanding in a southerly direction . redwhiskered bulbuls also became established in los angeles county , california , in 1968 . both the red - whiskered and red - vented
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest .
7 . 1 in ( 18 cm ) ; 0 . 7–1 . 2 oz ( 22–35 g ) . head and hindneck olive brown , long black bristles on hindneck . bright yellow under - parts contrast with olive flanks . white conspicuous
beard ,
often puffed out . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but is dull cinnamon on wings .
several bulbuls show a preference for water and are found alongside rivers and forest streams . the gray - olive bulbul ( phyllastrephus cerviniventris ) is one such bird . infrequently entering the forest , this smallish bulbul frequently inhabits streamside thickets . primarily an insect eater in zambia , it is especially fond of feeding on logs that have fallen across streams or ravines . the swamp greenbul ( thescelocichla leucopleura ) and the leaf - love ( pyrrhurus scandens ) are also partial to water , both prefer swampy areas with luxuriant vegetation and palm trees , especially raphia and the oil palm elaeis .
6 . 3–7 . 5 in ( 16–19 cm ) ; 0 . 6–1 . 1 oz ( 19–32 g ) . upperparts and head sooty olive , rump with rufous tinge , back and wings brownish , tail dark reddish brown . bright yellow moustache stripes on sides of throat . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but more dingy brown , no moustache .
6 . 3 in ( 16 cm ) , 0 . 7–1 oz ( 19–27 g ) . distinctive , forehead to hindneck gray , black mask continues down neck to form a broad black band across the white breast . back and tail olive - greenish brown , wings with yellow stripe . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but duller , crown and neck greenish .
himalayan bulbul habitat are at the and forests , and in the rich shrub layer . he also appear gardens and roadsides . sometimes you can also find him in the gardens and parks where human visitors , who would leave food . this invites flies and other insects that are its main food .
3 . 6–4 . 2 in ( 93–107 mm ) , 0 . 8–2 . 1 oz ( 23–60 g ) . thrush - sized with dark , slightly crested head , dark eye - ring and black bill . grayish brown upperparts and breast , white belly and white or yellow undertail . sexes alike , female slightly smaller . juvenile duller than adult with rusty tones .
the author has tried to study the food and feeding habits of bulbul . good . however , the classification of prey items is confusing . because the order hemiptera is divided into two sub divisions such as homoptera and heteroptera . hence when you are discussing about homoptera , you can not say again as hemiptera .
5 . 9 in ( 15 cm ) ; 1 . 1–1 . 9 oz ( 33–53 g ) . gray head , back gray - olive , bright , rusty tail , feathers of tail and rump fluffy . some black bristles on nape of neck and near bill . belly creamy whitish yellow . sexes alike . juvenile mostly olive - gray with rusty wash , chin and underparts white , undertail pale rust .
red - vented bulbuls feed on fruits , petals of flowers , nectar , insects and occasionally geckos . they build their nests in bushes at a height of around 2–3 m ( 6 . 6–9 . 8 ft ) two or three eggs is a typical clutch . nests are occasionally built inside houses or in a hole in a mud bank . in one instance , a nest was found on a floating mat of water hyacinth leaves and another observer noted a pair nesting inside a regularly used bus . nests in tree cavities have also been noted .
mammals in the park include - - asiatic leopard ( t ) , wild boar ( c ) , golden jackal ( c ) , rhesus macaque ( v ) , leopard cat ( r ) , gray goral sheep ( v ) , barking deer ( v ) , chinkara gazelle ( r ) , red fox ( c ) , pangolin ( r ) , porcupine ( c ) , yellow throated marten ( r ) and fruit bats ( c ) .
most insect - eating bulbuls forage on and among vegetation , but will also sally for insects in the air and hunt along the ground on fallen logs and branches . many favor caterpillars and dragonflies , and several species have been found attending swarms of army ants . the yellow - bellied greenbul ( chlorocichla flaviventris ) frequently forages on antelopes , landing on the animal and grooming its head , ears , and even eyes , presumably searching for small insects in the antelope ' s coat .
the straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized for its voice and hence traded as a caged bird . listed on appendix ii of cites , some measures have been taken to protect this bird , but it is still widely traded , and captive - breeding programs are subject to theft . habitat protection might also help as long as areas are guarded .
the outward radiation of asian bulbuls includes the dispersal of bulbuls to islands in the indian ocean . one of those is madagascar bulbul ( right ) , which is a sooty color with a black cap and red bill . endemic bulbuls on madagascar , the seychelles ( hypsipetes crassirostris ) , réunion ( h . borbonicus ) , mauritius ( h . olivaceus ) and the comoros ( h . parvirostris ; probably two species here ) are all most closely related to other sooty bulbuls in india and asia . although the indian ocean islands are much closer to africa today than they are to india , all appear to be evolved from asian ancestors ( warren et al . 2005 ) . all are fairly similar , differing in eye color ( the reunion bulbul is white - eyed ) or belly color , and in vocalizations .
most bulbuls are found in pairs , or in small groups that tend to be family parties and often include juveniles . mostly monogamous and territorial , except for the yellow - whiskered greenbul ( pycnonotus latirostris ) , a lekking species , some bulbuls will form groups that defend a large home range together . both the leaf - love and the swamp greenbul will gather and chorus to defend communal territory . in the case of the swamp greenbul , the loud vocalizations are accompanied by displays of spread wings and tail .
many other species occur in abundance , including : rhesus macaque red fox , jackal , himalayan ibex , grey goral , stone marten , yellow - throated pine - marten , stoat , white - footed weasel , weasel , small kashmir flying squirrel , giant - red flying - squirrel , royle’s pika , indian crested porcupine , long - tailed marmot , black rat , turkestan rat , house mouse , wood mouse , birch mouse , burrowing vole and shrew , vole and at least two species of bat pipistrellus .
the himalayan bulbul ( pycnonotus leucogenys ) is a species of songbird in the pycnonotidae family . if they are mixed with humans from a young age , they will become friendly to humans . it is found in the northern regions of the indian subcontinent as well as some adjoining areas . it is found in afghanistan , bhutan , india , nepal , pakistan and tajikistan . it is the national bird of bahrain .
the majority of the pycnonotidae are nonmigratory , either sedentary or only locally nomadic . banding and recapture records from asia indicate that some bulbuls remain in the same few hundred yard area for several years . a handful of the cooler - climate , temperate - zone species , such as the black bulbul ( hypsipetes madagascariensis ) , are partly migratory . flocks of several hundred of these birds move to southern china in winter .
this bulbul is preparing a small cup - shaped nest , made of herbs , roots and twigs . the nest is usually built in the bush or low tree branch . the female lays usually three eggs , which are incubated for 12 days . the chicks leave the nest 9–11 days old . flips are evaluated as two or three during the summer . during the breeding of this bird is very combative towards other birds
this bulbul is preparing a small cup - shaped nest , made of herbs , roots and twigs . the nest is usually built in the bush or low tree branch . the female lays usually three eggs , which are incubated for 12 days . the chicks leave the nest 9–11 days old . flips are evaluated as two or three during the summer . during the breeding of this bird is very combative towards other birds .
the taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , ganeesa has often been considered as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is here treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .
forest , open woodland , gardens , and cultivated areas all constitute bulbul habitat . essentially arboreal birds , the majority of pycnonotids live in or next to forested areas , but many are well adapted to human - made habitats . many bulbuls show a preference for a particular level of the forest canopy . so as long as there is enough fruit and insects , a relatively small area of forest may support a large number of birds .
the taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all orange and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .
some bulbuls are common and easily seen , making them very familiar to old world birders in either asia or africa . an african example is black - fronted bulbul ( left ) , widespread in southern africa . it is in the genus pycnonotus , which has more than 40 species spread from south africa to japan . it is curious and conspicuous and , like most bulbuls , is a generalist forager . it is equally adept at eating insect and small vertebrates as it is in finding fruit , berries , or pollen .
also controversial is the placement of two of the endemic african genera neolestes and nicator . the striking plumage of the black - collared bulbul ( neolestes torquatus ) allies it with the shrikes ( malaconotidae , laniidae , or prionopidae ) , dna data ally it with other bulbuls . similarly , nicator has also been allied with the shrikes , but feather protein and dna evidence suggest the birds are bulbuls . because the three nicator species and neolestes lack a thin sheet of nostril - covering bone that is present in the rest of the bulbuls , they are sometimes placed elsewhere .
taxonomy aside , bulbuls are an interesting component of the old world avifauna . many are skulkers in lowland forests . others , such as mountain bulbul ( left , in china ) are found only in the highlands . many others , as we have seen , are island endemics . although almost all bulbuls are now considered
resident ,
they have obviously shown the potential to evolve and to disperse over long distances , including over substantial oceanic barriers . the sheer number of species is staggering and can be daunting for the traveling birder . and we are just now finding out that we know very little about them at all .
the bulbul diet spans the range of fruits and berries to insects and other arthropods , as well as small vertebrates such as frogs , snakes , and lizards . a few eat nectar and pollen . the jaw apparatus of pycnonotids is rather generalized compared to other passeriform birds , and while some pycnonotids eat mainly fruit or insects , most can and do have a mixed diet . this flexibility may be critical during the dry season : since most bulbuls are non - migratory , they must take advantage of the food sources available within in their range , which can mean shifting to feeding on more plant matter when insects are not as abundant .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
is a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to
is in prevailing usage . based on
turdoïde de gourdin
of homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )
nigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola
now considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )
rwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi
montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]
based on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017
as a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet
( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .
kuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
dalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )
is a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common throughout its range and abundant in lowland and mid - altitude areas of borneo ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing rapidly as this species benefits from deforestation and the creation of artificial habitats ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) .
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se asian–sundaic subspecies and philippine subspecies form two distinct groups on basis of genetic studies # r # r , which reveal deep mtdna divergence , combined with clear differences in dawn song # r ; may be better treated as two separate species , but further study needed . proposed race personatus ( sumatra ) indistinguishable from analis ; similarly , karimuniensis ( karimunjawa i , n of java ) merged with gourdini . spelling gourdini is a justified emendation of original yourdini . six subspecies provisionally recognized .
deignan , 1955 – s myanmar ( tenasserim s from 12 . 5° n ) , c & s thailand , laos ( expanding n along the mekong and its major tributaries
– peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( including riau and lingga archipelagos , bangka , belitung ) , java ( including kangean is ) , bali , lombok and sumbawa .
g . r . gray , 1847 – borneo ( including maratua i , off e coast ) and karimunjawa i ( n of java ) .
– n & c philippines from luzon , polillo is and mindoro s , including most smaller islands , to panay , guimaras , negros and masbate .
rand & rabor , 1960 – c philippines ( ticao , samar , biliran , buad , cebu , olango , camotes , leyte , bohol ) .
mearns , 1909 – s philippines , from dinagat , nipa and camiguin sur s to mindanao ( including several offshire islets ) , basilan and sulu archipelago ( east bolod and west bolod s to sanga - sanga and bongao ) .
introduced in s sulawesi around ujung pandang ( analis ) and , recently , on buton i ( presumed same race ) .
song a choppy musical stream of notes , varied and difficult to transcribe . dawn song relatively . . .
coastal scrub , pioneer sea - dune scrub , semi - open banks and shoals of large rivers , scattered bushes . . .
an opportunist and generalist , with very broad foraging niche . diet primarily fruits , also seeds and nectar ; also large quantities of . . .
dec–oct ; nests found in all months in tropical regions ; multi - brooded . nest a deep cup , typically of dry grass stems and blades , . . .
resident , subject to some dispersive movements . non - breeding aggregations form , including large . . .
not globally threatened . common in se asia ; first recorded in c laos , along r mekong , in 1966 , and has since then rapidly spread north , along r mekong and some major . . .
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g . r . gray , the author of this name ( gen . birds 1 p . [ 237 ] ) spells this
the basis for and validity of the altered spelling
gourdini
, as employed here and elsewhere , is unknown to me .
the original description in this case amounts merely to gray ' s introduction of the name , as
p . yourdini
, together with his reference to hombron & jacquinot ( voyage au pole sud et dans l ' océanie sur les corvettes l ' astrolabe et la zélée : pendant les années 1837–1838–1839–1840 . plate 14 , fig 1 of their atlas ) .
as gray ' s name lacks any sort of description , it would be unavailable but for art . 12 . 2 . 7 , which for names published before 1931 permits their availability if presented
. . . in association with an illustration . . . or with a bibliographic reference to such an illustration . . .
( art . 12 . 2 . 7 ) . gray does indeed refer to such an illustration , namely the one noted above , where the figure is labelled :
the plate therefore becomes an intrinsic part of the od , as it is required in order to enable availability .
our opinion is that the use of the spelling
gourdin
on the plate , with an indisputable link to the species , amounts to
. . . clear evidence of an inadvertent error . . .
and as such requires that the spelling be corrected ( art . 32 . 5 . 1 ) . thus we agree with peters ( 9 : 247 ) in using the emended form . the use of
yourdini
in cbbm 6 : 140 does not come into play , as it unquestionably forms no part of the od .
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as currently constituted probably polyphyletic ; in - depth analysis of morphology , voice , behaviour and genetics required to redefine its limits . in past , included numerous other genera .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an individual in a tree , preening , eating insects in spiderwebs , and flying away .
this is one of the more common bulbuls on bali and i found it nesting in the garden of the palm garden hotel in sanur .
josep del hoyo , philip griffin , pieter de groot boersma , green3birdy , juan sanabria , mkennewell , nick talbot , keith blomerley , desmond allen , rusli , joe angseesing , yoël jimenez .
lukasz michal pulawski , marcos wei , lmarce , gerrit alink , luke matam , bent . ronsholdt , paul van giersbergen , brunojadurand , bluesrock , nick talbot , ian barker , gerard visser , ken havard , arodris , marco valentini , jacob . wijpkema , djop tabaranza , guy poisson , sammy paran , lars petersson , tomas grim , manakincarmelo , mehdhalaouate , subirshakya , chairunas adha putra , pablopg , billonneau jean claude , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , christophe gouraud , khaleb yordan , frédéric pelsy , dannie polley , lousca , william ip , bruce ramsay , colintrainor , rose69 , holger teichmann .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pycnonotus goiavier . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this species ranges from indochina , thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore to sumatra , borneo , java , bali , lombok and the philippines .
when not foraging , it spends most of the time in comfort behaviour like bathing , followed by preening .
the call has been documented on video : adult here and juvenile here . .
the nest is a cup - shaped structure of plant materials , sometimes incorporated with used used plastic bag and tissue paper .
an adult was found entangled in a large spider ' s web but after much struggling , managed to free itself . a chick fell or was pushed from its nest and rescued - see here . it was cared for until fully recovered - see here .
4 . insects that include ants , alate termites , grasshoppers , beetles , caterpliiars , etc . much of these are taken from the air , especially alate ants and termites ,
snatched by rocketing up vertically from an exposed perch into swarms passing overhead…” according to wells ( 2007 ) .
breeds all year round . the nest is cup - shaped , composing of dried plant matter like leaves , slender stems of creepers , fibres , twigs and even tissue paper . the clutch of 2 - 4 eggs takes 12 - 13 days to hatch and the chicks need 10 - 14 days to fledge . both adults help in incubating , leaving the nest regularly during the day to forage for food . only at night will one adult broods the chicks throughout the night . the first - hatched chick in a brood of two may indulge in sibilicide , kicking the younger out of the nest ( wee , 2003 ) . the fledglings are cared by both adults . although able to feed independently after four days or more , the adults remain caring for them for about a month ,
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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it was recorded early in the morning . unfortunately , i was not able to get the image .
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black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .
it builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .
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rinconsaurus is a genus of dinosaur from the late cretaceous .

it was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived in what is now argentina .

the type species , rinconsaurus caudamirus , was described by calvo and riga in 2003 , and is based on three partial skeletons .

rinconsaurus

skeletal reconstruction showing known parts of rinconsaurus caudamirus . from calvo & gonzalez riga , 2003 .
without the ability to grind food ,
rinconsaurus
, like other sauropods , would have stripped foliage .
sin la capacidad de moler el alimento ,
rinconsaurus
, como otros saurópodos , habría pelado el follaje .
read ebook rinconsaurus 6139233828 by oscar sundara
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rinconsaurus was a relatively small titanosaur that lived in south america during the late cretaceous period .  not too much is known about rinconsaurus other than it appears to have had a more gracile ( lightweight ) build than some titanosaurs .  teeth associated with the type specimen are also termed chisel - like which means that rinconsaurus probably snipped off fronds of vegetation rather than stripping it between peg - like teeth like some sauropods .  rinconsaurus is thought to be closely related to aeolosaurus which has sometimes seen it described as a member of the aeolosaurini . another titanosaur from the same formation as rinconsaurus is antarctosaurus .
this video is about
rinconsaurus
. here ' s the entire dinosaur names playlist . this will play all the dinosaur names .
rinconsaurus is a dinosaur from the late cretaceous period . it was a titanosaurian sauropod which lived in what is now argentina . unlike its relatives brachiosaurus and diplodocus rinconsaurus was very slender . it was a herbivorous animal that fed on plants like cycads and fern . its egg , possibly the rinch egg is featured in dino run
text - fig . 2 . skeletal reconstruction of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , showing preserved bones ( estimated total length : 11 m ) .
revista geológica de chile - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina
text - fig . 1 . map of neuquén basin ( patagonia , argentina ) showing the locality where the holotype of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . sp . nov . was found .
like all sauropods , rinconsaurus was a large long - necked quadrupedal animal , with a long , whip - like tail and four pillar - like legs . although fossil discoveries are incomplete , and no complete necks or heads have been found , fully grown rinconsaurus are estimated to have been 11 meters ( 36 ft ) long and approximately 2 . 5 meters ( 8 ft ) high at the shoulder . though only a portion of one skull has been recovered , rinconsaurus may have had a long , narrow skull , based on fossil evidence of the skulls of related titanosaurs .
rodrigo m . santucci y antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) en su análisis cladístico encontró que
aeolosaurus
,
gondwanatitan
,
maxakalisaurus
,
panamericansaurus
y
rinconsaurus
son aeolosáuridos .
rodrigo m . santucci and antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) in their cladistic analysis found
aeolosaurus
,
gondwanatitan
,
maxakalisaurus
,
panamericansaurus
and
rinconsaurus
to be aeolosaurids .
rinconsaurus information tells us about its characteristics , diet , habitat etc . rinconsaurus diet tells us whether it is carnivorous , herbivorous or omnivorous . herbivores feed on plants and grass , whereas the carnivores feed on other animals or even other dinosaurs . omnivores eat both animal and plants . depending on its diet , we can say that it is herbivore . the meaning of the name will also tell you something about that dinosaur . the correct pronunciation of it is rin - con - sore - us .
text - fig . 4 . cladogram determined by cladistic analysis ( 68 steps ; ci 0 . 79 ; ri 0 . 78 ) showing the phylogenetic relationships of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . synapomorphies supporting each node are listed and discussed in the text .
j . o . calvo and b . j . gonzález riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 .
full reference : j . o . calvo and b . j . gonzález riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353
los titanosaurios fueron un linaje diverso de dinosaurios herbívoros que incluye desde las especies más pequeñas , como rinconsaurus o saltasaurus de alrededor de 6 toneladas ( el equivalente aproximado en tamaño a un elefante adulto ) , hasta las más grandes conocidas , tales como argentinosaurus o puertasaurus , especies de más de 60 toneladas .
text - fig . 3 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . a , right ischium in lateral view , mrs - pv 101 . b , left ilium in lateral view , mrs - pv 96 , c , right femur in posterior view , mrs - pv 49 . scale bars equal 10 cm .
further reading - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . - revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 . - j . o . calvo & b . j . gonzález riga - 2003 .
rinconsaurus belongs to the family of titanosaurid sauropod that has been found existed in the turonian to coniacian age of late cretaceous period . the fossil remains of this species was first recovered in argentina , neuquén province - neuquén formation . this herbivore species comes under the classification of chordata , reptilia , dinosauria , saurischia , sauropodomorpha , sauropoda , titanosauria .
' aeolosaurus rionegrinus belongs to aeolosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' alamosaurus sanjuanensis belongs to alamosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' andesaurus delgadoi belongs to andesaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' antarctosaurus brasiliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan britoi belongs to baurutitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan belongs to titanosauridae ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' epachthosaurus sciuttoi belongs to epachthosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' gondwanatitan faustoi belongs to gondwanatitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' laplatasaurus araukanicus is recombined as titanosaurus araukanicus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' lirainosaurus astibiae belongs to lirainosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' mendozasaurus neguyelap belongs to mendozasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii belongs to opisthocoelicaudia ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' pellegrinisaurus powelli belongs to pellegrinisaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' rinconsaurus caudamirus belongs to rinconsaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' saltasaurus loricatus belongs to saltasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus australis is recombined as neuquensaurus australis ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus colberti is recombined as isisaurus colberti ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005
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revista geológica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 , 4 figs . , 3 plates , 1 appendix , 2 tables , december 2003 .
laboratorio de paleovertebrados , ianigla - cricyt , centro regional de investigaciones científicas y tecnológicas , avda . r . leal s / n , parque gral . san martín ( 5500 ) , mendoza , argentina ( bgonriga @ urltoken ) .
has preserved short articulated posterior caudal series with amphicoelous , opisthocoelous and biconvex centra . this unusual morphology represents the first such occurrence in sauropod dinosaurs . from the systematic point of view , this discovery is important because titanosauridae were traditionally defined , among other characters , by strongly developed procoelia in their caudal vertebrae .
key words : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , late cretaceous , neuquén , argentina .
gen . et sp . nov . , un nuevo titanosáurido ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) del cretácico tardío de patagonia , argentina .
gen et sp . nov . ( dinosauria , saurpoda ) es un nuevo y esbelto titanosauridae proveniente de la formación río neuquén , cretácico superior de rincón de los sauces , provincia de neuquén , patagonia , argentina . sus restos están integrados por 13 vértebras caudales articuladas y materiales craneales , cervicales , dorsales y apendiculares desarticulados , que pertenecen a tres individuos , dos adultos y un juvenil . este nuevo taxón se caracteriza por la siguiente asociación de autapomorfías : ( 1 ) vértebras dorsales medioanteriores con espinas neurales inclinadas posteriormente más de 60 grados con respecto a la vertical , ( 2 ) vértebras caudales medias con procesos óseos que sostienen las carillas articulares de las poszigapófisis y ( 3 ) vértebras caudales procélicas con intercalaciones de series con centros anficélicos y bioconvexos , o con centros anficélicos , opistocélicos y biconvexos . un análisis filogenético cladista permite incluir a
presenta dos cortas secuencias caudales posteriores articuladas con centros anficélicos , opistocélicos y biconvexos . esta inusual morfología se registra por primera vez en dinosaurios saurópodos . es importante desde el punto de vista sistemático , ya que titanosauridae ha sido tradicionalmente definido , entre otros caracteres , por la presencia de fuerte procelia en sus vértebras caudales .
palabras claves : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , cretácico tardío , neuquén , argentina .
) . in south america the record of titanosauridae is particularly abundant . they are known since the xix century (
) . during the late cretaceous , titanosaurids were important primary consumers in the ecosystems of patagonia , as the ornithischians were in the north america . this difference has been explained by the gradual isolation of south america during most of the late cretaceous (
in the last five years , extraordinary titanosaurid fossils were found in the region of rincón de los sauces , northern neuquén province . some of these discoveries include articulated specimens (
) . the excavations of these discoveries were coordinated by investigators of the national university of comahue and they have been partially supported by the local town hall .
) . they were extracted by the paleontologist j . calvo and his team of the paleontology museum of the national university of comahue . fossil remains are housed at the laboratory of rincón de los sauces museum under the abbreviation mrs - pv .
( pl . 1 , a - h ; pl . 2 , a - c ; pl . 3 , a - b ; text -
( latin ) , astonishing , amazing , in reference to the unusual morphology of posterior caudal vertebrae ; freely ' the dinosaur from rincón with amazing tail ' .
mrs - pv 26 , 13 articulated anterior - middle and middle - posterior caudal vertebrae and two ilia .
the following bones associated with the holotype are included : teeth ( mrs - pv 117 , 263 ) , prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) , angular and surangular ( mrs - pv 112 ) , cervical vertebrae ( mrs - pv 2 , 3 , 8 , 4 and 21 ) , dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 and 19 ) , anterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 27 ) , middle caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 27 , 28 and 31 ) , posterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 , 32 - 40 ) , haemal arches ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) , scapula and coracoid ( mrs - pv 43 ) , sternal plates ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 , 104 ) , humerus ( mrs - pv 47 ) , metacarpals ( mrs - pv 98 ) , ischia ( mrs - pv 94 , 101 ) , ilia ( mrs - pv 96 ) , pubes ( mrs - pv 97 , 100 ) , femora ( mrs - pv 49 , 92 ) and metatarsal ( mrs - pv 111 ) .
correspond to three individuals , two adults and one juvenile . all fossil remains ( dorsal vertebrae , articulated caudal vertebrae and appendicular bones of different sizes ) were found associated , exhibit similar morphologies and constitute a monospecific assemblage . the best preserved bones , the articulated caudal series mrs - pv 26 , were associated ' in life position ' with two ilia . moreover , associated with them , several articulated dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 05 ) were preserved that probably correspond to the same specimen , as well as several limb bones . in the same fossil assemblage were found several articulated vertebrae and limb bones that correspond to other two specimens . duplicate bones represented by caudal vertebrae , ilia , sternal plates , ischium and femur exhibit the same morphological characters . these paleontological evidences confirm the presence of a monospecific assemblage . for this reason , all bones recovered were included in the same type series ( holotype and paratypes ) such as the
) . a cranial fragment , one mandible and teeth have been recovered . the right prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) is small and anteroposteriorly elongated . its posterior end is transversally wide and it is arched posteroventrally . the anterior end is acute in its exposed portion . the articular surface for the nasal is extensive . its posterior border is concave and of triangular shape . the lateral border of the prefrontal contributes to the skull roof and the posterodorsal border of the orbit . its rugose surface contains small grooves .
) . the surangular is a delicate and elongated bone lamina . posteriorly , the ventral border is slightly convex in lateral view and it becomes concave anteriorly . in medial view , the angular forms a weakly concave surface .
) . one of them ( mrs - pv 117 ) has a suboval section , and has two crests that allow us to differentiate slightly convex lingual and more convex labial surfaces . its apex is incomplete . the other tooth ( mrs - pv 263 ) , more complete and bowed lingually , presents the same features as the anterior one but in more marked form . the worn surface is parallel to the tooth axis . it is remarkable with respect to the development of sharp crests forming the anterior and posterior borders . in general , titanosaurid teeth are pencil - chisel like (
) with a sharp worn surface placed almost parallel to the tooth axis . some have oval section with rounded borders depending the position in the jaws . the suboval teeth with labial and lingual faces well differentiated by crests present in
) is an unusual character for derived titanosaurids . however , a similar morphology , with some differences in the cross - sectional shape , is also present in the basal titanosaurid
) . two anterior cervical vertebrae were recovered ( mrs - pv 08 , 21 ) . they possess relatively short , opisthocoelous centra , wider than high . in their lateral side is a deep , acute depression that defines the pleurocoels . the parapophyses are located at the base of the centra . laterally , the centroprezygapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal laminae are inclined strongly forward . this inclination differs considerably from that of the saltasaurinae (
) , but it is very similar to the inclination observed in the titanosauridae indet . ' series b ' from brazil (
posteriorly , the opisthocoelous centra increase in length . this character is observed in the middle cervical vertebra mrs - pv 02 and in the posterior cervical vertebrae mrs - pv 03 and mrs - pv 04 , the last one not complete (
. the ventral face is wide and smoothly concave anteroposteriorly . in the lateral face of the centum there is a long anteroposterior depression with small pleurocoels . this depression is divided by a posteroventrally directed lamina . the parapophyses are laminar and subtriangular . they are located in the anterior half of the vertebral body and extend lateromedially . in anterior view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae reach each other at the level of the postzygapophysis , defining a subtriangular depression . the diapophysis is located on the anterior half of the body , at the level of the prezygapophysis . it is reinforced by the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae , the prezygadiapophyseal lamina and the postzygadiapophyseal lamina . in this way , these laminae form four deep depressions around the diapophysis . the prezygapophyses are relatively long , extending beyond the anterior end of the vertebral body ; the postzygapophyses do not extend beyond the center . the opposite is observed in
) . the articular surfaces of the prezygapophyses are elongated anteroposteriorly and inclined toward the medial plane . the prezygapophyses are reinforced by two centroprezygapophyseal laminae that in anterior view define a deep depression . the neural spine is low and distally expanded .
) . the authors have collected three articulated anteromedial dorsal neural arches ( mrs - pv 05 ) . the neural arches are wider than long and have suffered dorsoventral compression . the prezygapophyseal facets are reduced and have an oval outline . the centroprezygapophyseal lamina is absent . in contrast ,
) . in the most anterior dorsal , an accessory centrodiapophyseal lamina extends parallel to the centrodiapophyseal lamina . at this level , the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae are not forked as they occur in the middle - posterior dorsal arches ( mrs - pv 06 ) . the prezygadiapophyseal lamina presents a straight border in dorsal view . the almost horizontal postygadiapophyseal lamina has a concave border in dorsal view .
the neural spine is reduced and transversely expanded distally . it is reinforced ventrally by a spinopostzygapophyseal lamina . the neural spines is strongly inclined posteriorly . in spite of that , in most of titanosaurs an inclination of the neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae is present (
the prespinal lamina extends to the base of the neural arch . the accessory spinodiapophyseal laminae are not present . in contrast , these laminae are present in
the authors have also recovered an isolated middle - posterior dorsal neural arch ( mrs - pv 06 ) . in lateral view , there is a bifurcation of the centrodiapophyseal lamina . the neural spine is reinforced by a prespinal and postspinal laminae . in dorsal view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae form a wide and deep cavity .
) . in their lateral faces , they have well developed , eye - shaped pleurocoels . the pleuro coels are elongated and deep , and they occupy 60 percent of the centrum length . the hyposphene - hypantrum articulation is absent . in only few posterior dorsal vertebrae the neural arch is partially preserved . the neural arch has a wide lateral base , which occupies more than 60 percent of the centrum . the transverse process is relatively thin . the diapophyses are directed laterally and upward . they are reinforced ventrally by centrodiapophyseal , postygadiapophyseal and paradiapophyseal laminae , and are supported dorsally by the spinodiapophyseal lamina . the distal end of the diapophysis present a horizontal and plane surface , similar to that in
) . the parapophyses are not well preserved but they are reinforced ventrally by robust anterior and slender posterior centroparapophyseal laminae . the last one unites to the inferior portion of the centrodiapophyseal lamina , similar to that of
. the articular surface of the postzygapophysis prolongs as the postzygadiapophyseal laminae . the postzygapophyses are well separated . the neural spine is undivided . it is composed by the spinodiapophyseal , spinopostzygapophyseal , prespinal and postspinal laminae ; all unite in the transversal broadening of the distal end . the prespinal lamina is well developed , extending to the base of the neural spine . besides the described materials we have collected 6 dorsal centra , some with incomplete neural arches ( mrs - pv 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 19 ) .
two fused centra have been preserved ( mrs - pv 41 ) without any diagnostic character .
. the authors have collected several caudal vertebrae ; some are isolated , but others are articulated . below , the authors describe their shape and morphology in different parts of the tail . all the caudals collected belong to two individuals of
. the first part of the tail is represented by two poorly preserved centra and neural arches . the ? first caudal ( mrs - pv 22 ) has thin , laminar and laterally directed transverse processes . at the base of the postzygapophyses , the transverse processes possess two foramina . the second caudal ( mrs - pv 23 ) is strongly procoelous and has smaller lateral expansion than the first one . in lateral view , the centrum presents a depression with the shape of a pleurocoel .
the series of anterior caudals is not complete . three articulated series have been collected . mrs - pv 23 is represented by five vertebrae , mrs - pv 24 by six vertebrae and mrs - pv 25 by three vertebrae . the holotype (
) includes an articulated series of caudals ( mrs - pv 26 ) represented by four anterior caudals , eight middle caudals and five posterior ones .
) . the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) preserves eight middle caudal vertebrae and five posterior ones . there is also an articulate series of three middle caudals ( mrs - pv 27 ) , two incomplete disarticulated middle caudals ( mrs - pv 28 ) and an isolated one ( mrs - pv 31 ) .
middle caudals are similar to the anterior caudals except for the neural spine , that is directed posteriorly , and for the absence of transverse processes . middle caudal centra are strongly procoelous , as high as wide . the lateral faces are flat , slightly concave anteroposteriorly . the ventral face of the centra is narrow and flat , with a strong compression in its middle part . the prezygapophyses are directed horizontally or slightly upward . both prezygapophyses fuse proximally , developing a small platform .
the articular faces of the postzygapophyses are inclined lateroventrally . they are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . as in anterior caudals , the articular faces of the postzygapophyses are separated from the neural spine by a bony process which can be seen clearly in dorsal view (
) . the postzygapophyses and the prezygapophyses are well separated from the axial plane due to the development of the postzygapophyseal processes .
) . there is an articulated section of five posterior vertebrae that are part of the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) . there are also two series of three articulated caudals each one ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 ) and several isolated posterior caudals ( mrs - pv 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) . all these posterior caudals are similar to the middle caudals in having the typical procoelous centrum . the bony process of the postzygapophysis is not present .
in contrast to the caudals described above , the authors have recovered two articulated series with an unusual centrum . one of the series ( mrs - pv 29 ) is composed of a procoelous vertebra , an amphicoelous vertebra and a biconvex vertebra (
a ) . the centrum , dorsoventrally compressed , is wider than high . the lateral faces are convex laterodorsally . the ventral border is slightly convex . the posterior border of the neural arch is placed in the posterior half of the centrum . the postzygapophyses are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . the distal ends of the neural spine reach the posterior border of the centra . the anterior border of the neural spine is at a lower level than the posterior one . the processes for the chevrons are not present . the prezygapophyses fuse in their proximal end , developing a small platform as in anterior and middle caudal vertebrae . measurements of the caudal mrs - pv 29 / 2 : length , width and height of the centrum : 104 , 82 and 38 mm , respectively .
) . they present characteristics similar to the anterior series , although their neural spines are more reduced due to their more posterior position in the sequence .
) . this unusual morphology can be interpreted as an autapomorphy of this new taxon . as indicated
, the finding of non - procoelous isolated caudal vertebrae in the late cretaceous must be interpreted carefully because they can belong to a titanosaurid .
measurements of the caudal mrs - pv 30 / 1 : length , width and height of the centrum : 114 , 57 and 33 mm , respectively .
. there are several haemal arches ; some are deformed and others are incomplete ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) . in general , they are relatively long and thin , open proximally , and lack strong articular faces .
. the authors have collected a complete right scapula ( mrs - pv 43 ) . it is a relatively long and laminar bone with its external face convex . the scapular blade is thin and slender . the contact between the scapular blade and the proximal end is narrow and there is a crest that separates both of them . the ventral border is straight up to its union with the proximal end , forming an angle of approximately 140 degrees . the supraglenoid process is prominent . the supracoracoid depression is wide because the diagonal acromion coincides with the border of the acromial process . the proximal end of the scapula contacts the coracoid . the distal end , although incomplete , has a convex border . the coracoid has a square shape . its posteromedial border forms a 90 degree angle with the anteromedial border of the scapula . the coracoid foramen , in the external face , is surrounded by a depression directed toward the anteromedial border . measurements : length : 820 mm ; proximal width : 440 mm ; distal width : 215 mm ; minimum width of the blade : 130 mm .
) . three sternal plates have been preserved ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 and 104 ) . the right sternal plate mrs - pv 46 is relatively complete . it is laminar and it has a semilunar shape . the concave external border is very thin , while the internal one is convex . measurements : length : 560 mm ; width : 260 mm . the other sternal plates are not well preserved .
) . the incomplete left humerus is relatively slender ( mrs - pv 47 ) . its anterior face presents a prominent deltopectoral crest anteriorly projected . in its distal end , the radial condyle is well developed . measurements : estimated length : 790 mm ; preserved length : 740 mm ; proximal width : 260 mm ; distal width : 210 mm ; perimeter and diameter of the diaphysis : 300 and 120 mm , respectively .
. the authors have recovered five isolated metacarpals with their ends eroded . their lengths range between 260 and 240 mm .
mrs - pv 98 / 5 ) exhibits a robust proximal end of subtriangular shape . one of its lateral sides is slightly rounded . its distal end is relatively reduced and it has been crushed .
( mrs - pv 98 / 4 ) presents a subtriangular shape at the distal end . both extremities are well developed .
( mrs - pv 98 / 1 ) presents an incomplete proximal end of subtriangular shape . it is characterized by slender shape . the diaphysis has two flat faces , with the sharp angle directed toward the posterior side .
( mrs - pv 98 / 2 ) exhibits a very robust distal end of subtriangular shape . the proximal end is incomplete .
( mrs - pv 98 / 3 ) , strongly crushed , is characterized by having the distal end more developed than the proximal one .
) . the authors have recovered four incomplete ilia corresponding to two individuals . one pair ( mrs - pv 26 ) is associated with a series of caudal vertebrae . the other pair is incomplete ( mrs - pv 96 ) .
specimen mrs - pv 96 possesses a left ilium that preserves the acetabulum and great part of the preacetabular lamina . this lamina is wide , and it is directed upward and outward . the incomplete right ilium also preserves the acetabulum , and the lower part of the preacetabular and postacetabular laminae .
specimen mrs - pv 26 possesses a right ilium that preserves the preacetabular lamina , most of the postacetabular one , and also the complete acetabula and their peduncles . the preacetabular lamina exhibits a straight ventral border and a curved anterodorsal border . the left ilium lacks part of the iliac lamina , but it is complete in the lower part of the postacetabular and preacetabular laminae , the acetabulum and their peduncles . the length of the left ischium is 480 mm and the diameter of the acetabulum is 110 mm . the postacetabular lamina presents a rounded posterior border . the pubic peduncle is wide transversally .
) . the authors have collected three pubes . one specimen has both pubes preserved ( mrs - pv 97 ) , and the other specimen has just the right pubis ( mrs - pv 100 ) .
the right pubis of mrs - pv 97 is a relatively thin and laminar bone . the oval pubic foramen is closed . the pubic blade is wide and flattened , with its thick lateral border concave . the medial border is thin , and not well preserved . the distal end becomes wider anteroposteriorly . the acetabulum is reduced . measurements : length : 770 mm ; pubic foramen : 70 x 35 mm ; distal with : 255 mm .
the incomplete pubis mrs - pv 100 lacks its distal end , part of the proximal one in the area of the pubic foramen and part of the pubic lamina ; it corresponds to a smaller specimen than the one describe above .
) . two ischia have been collected ( mrs - pv 94 and 101 ) corresponding to two individuals . specimen mrs - pv 101 is an almost complete right ischium of small size . it lacks only a small central portion of the contact region with the pubis . this contact occupies 50 percent of the total length of the ischium . the acetabulum is complete and the thin iliac pedicel is well developed ; it is as large as that of
) . the distal lamina of the ischium is relatively wide with regard to the width of the ischiac articulation . measurements : length : 360 mm , width 130 mm .
specimen mrs - pv 94 , from larger animal , is not well preserved .
) . two femora have been collected ; the right one is complete and the left one is incomplete ( mrs - pv 49 and 92 ) . the most complete is relatively slender . the anteroposterior diameter of the traverse section at the level of the diaphysis is shorter than the posteromedial one . the fourth trochanter is well developed and it is 490 mm below the femoral head . the femoral head is placed at a right angle with respect to the axis . on the lateral margin , the lateral bulge is present as in
) . measurements : length : 990 mm ; greatest diameter and perimeter of the diaphysis : 140 and 340 mm , respectively .
. just one metatarsal has been recovered . it is probably metatarsal iii ? ( mrs - pv 111 ) . it is relatively slender and twisted . the proximal end , more developed than the distal one , has a subtriangular shape . the distal end presents a convex articular surface . measurements : length : 160 mm ; diameter of the diaphysis : 30 mm .
most of sauropod titanosaurs are represented by incomplete and fragmentary skeletal elements . in this context , the discovery of
gen . et sp . nov . , integrated by cranial , vertebral and appedicular remains , is relevant from a systematic viewpoint .
, in cladistic analyses already proposed by other authors . the authors have improved characters proposed by
, and have added new characters according to the evidence presented by this new taxon . this paper does not comprise a phylogenetic reevaluation of the titanosauridae family , because more taxa and characters should be included . the phylogenetic relationships of
gen . et sp . nov . ( this paper ) formed the ingroup .
) with a length of 68 steps and high consistency and retention indices ( c . i . = 0 . 79 ; r . i . = 0 . 78 ) . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .
, it presents differences due to the inclusion of new taxa and characters . they allow the authors to improve the knowledge of the relationships among
and titanosauria and all of its descendants ' . the clade is supported by nine synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : teeth with sharply inclined wear facets ( 2 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in cervical vertebrae ( 6 . 1 ) , elongate cervical centra ( 7 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae ( 10 . 1 ) , prespinal lamina present in the distal end of neural spines in dorsal vertebrae ( 12 . 1 ) , neural arches placed anteriorly in middle and posterior caudal centra ( 26 . 1 ) , pubic peduncle of the ilium perpendicular to the sacral axis ( 40 . 1 ) , preacetabular lobe of ilium expanded and dorsally directed ( 41 . 1 ) and lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter ( 46 . 1 ) .
) . in the authors ' analysis it is united by five unambiguous synapomorphies : centroparapophyseal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 13 . 1 ) , slightly forked centrodiapophyseal laminae in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 14 . 1 ) , acuminate ( eye shaped ) pleurocoels in dorsal vertebrae ( 16 . 1 ) , bone internal structure of somphospondylous - camellate type ( 18 . 1 ) , and pubis longer than ischium ( 39 . 1 ) .
saltasaurinae and all of its descendants . in this analysis , it is supported by five synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : presence of pencil - chisel like teeth ( 1 . 2 ) , absence of cervical pleurocoels divided by septa ( 5 . 1 ) , absence of hyposphene - hypantrum articulation in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 15 . 1 ) , anterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent posterior condyles ( 24 . 2 ) , and semilunar sternal plates ( 34 . 1 ) .
) have ambiguous distributions in the authors ' analysis and might be excluded from the diagnosis of this clade . they are : middle and posterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , absent in
, and six sacral vertebrae ( 19 . 1 ) , which is unknown in most of the analyzed taxa .
) , show that the caudal procoelia was not a permanent and uniform character . in these sauropods , the mid and posterior section of the tail exhibit complex morphological variation that must be analyzed carefully . for example ,
shows a typical strongly procoelous caudal sequence discontinued by amphicoelous , opisthocoelous , and biconvex centra . on the other hand , a new titanosaurid from mendoza province has slightly procoelous middle caudal centra with reduced posterior condyles , associated with typical strongly procoelous anterior caudal vertebrae (
from the lower cretaceous of africa . it has strongly procoelous anterior caudal centra apparently associated with gently amphicoelous or platycoelous middle and posterior caudals (
. it is united by three unambiguous characters : presence of prespinal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae up to the base of the neural spine ( 12 . 2 ) , middle caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , and slender and well - developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 1 ) . the first two characters were cited by
. the third is proposed in this paper . this character has allowed recognition of morphological variation in the ischium of titanosauridae .
it is supported by two unambiguous characters : humerus with slightly curved proximal border ( 33 . 1 ) and coracoid of quadrangular shape ( 36 . 1 ) .
it is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : teeth with cylindrical cross - section ( 3 . 1 ) , reduced neural spines on posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 17 . 1 ) , and absence of phalangeal articular facets on the metacarpals ( 38 . 1 ) . node 7 includes node 11 (
. it is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : posteriorly inclined neural spines ( 20 to 50 degree from vertical ) on anterior and middle dorsal vertebrae ( 11 . 1 ) , 35 or fewer caudal vertebrae ( 21 . 1 ) , and metacarpal i longer than metacarpal iv ( 37 . 1 ) .
+ saltasaurinae . this clade is supported by three unambiguous characters : the presence of depressed middle and posterior caudal centra ( 23 . 1 ) , prominent lateral crest in the base of the neural arch in middle caudals ( 27 . 1 ) and wide and well developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 2 ) .
) . it is diagnosed by two unambiguous synapomorphies : depressed anterior caudal centra ( 22 . 1 ) and the posterior orientation of the anterodorsal border of the neural spine in middle caudals ( 28 . 1 ) .
) . it is supported by one character : the presence of relatively long prezygapophyses ( 29 . 1 ) . this character is not exclusive of these taxa , since it is also present in
shows that the caudal morphology of titanosaurs is a complex subject to analyze . the inclusion of
among titanosauridae is well recorded according to the morphological evidence . however , unique among sauropods ,
has procoelous posterior caudal centra with intercalation of a series of amphicoelous - biconvex or amphicoelous - opisthocoelous - biconvex centra . this unusual morphology is important because titanosauridae were usually defined , among other characters , by having procoelous caudal vertebrae .
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( sauropoda , titanosauridae ) en la formación los alamitos , cretácico superior de la provincia de río negro , argentina .
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, vol . 14 , special issue 1 , p . 235 - 255 . [
seeley , h . g . 1887 . on the classification of the fossil animals commonly called dinosauria .
sowfford , d l . 1989 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 0 . computer software and documentation distributed by illinois natural history survey . illinois . [
wedel , m . j . ; cifelli , r . l . ; kent sanders , r . 2000 . osteology , paleobiology and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur
wilson , j . a . ; sereno , p . 1998 . early evolution and higher - level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs . society of vertebrate paleontology , memoir 5 , journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 18 , no . 2 , p . 1 - 68 . [ links ] manuscript received : january 22 , 2002 ; accepted : november 25 , 2003 .
tooth in transverse section ( c ) and lateral view ( d ) , mrs - pv 117 .
anteromedial dorsal neural arch in lateral ( g ) and anterior ( h ) views , mrs - pv 05 / 3 .
references : dp ; diapophysis , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapophysis . scale bar equals 1 cm in figure d and 5 cm in the other figures .
articulated series of anterior - middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 26 .
articulated series of middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 27 .
references : cc : caudal centrum , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapohysis , pozp : process of the postzygapophysis . scale bars equal 5 cm .
articulated posterior caudal vertebrae with procoelous , amphicoelous and biconvex centra , mrs - pv 29 .
articulated posterior caudal vertebrae with opisthocoelous , biconvex and procoelous centra , mrs - pv 30 .
left pubis in dorsal view , mrs - pv 97 . scale bars equal 5 cm .
) the distribution of 46 characters corresponding to 12 taxa of sauropods is shown . in this work , characters 32 and 43 are proposed , and characters 1 , 7 , 11 , 18 , 24 , 25 and 44 are redefined . the other characters have been proposed by the authors indicated on the list . the data matrix was analyzed with the computer programs paup ( swofford , 1989 ) and nona ( goloboff , 1993 ) . the application of heuristic method produced one most parsimonious tree with a length of 68 steps , c . i . = 0 . 79 and r . i . = 0 . 78 . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .
7 . middle cervical centra , anteroposterior length / height of the posterior face : between 2 . 5 - 3 ( 0 ) ; more than 3 ( 1 ) ; less than 2 . 5 ( modified from
32 . humerus , breadth of proximal end : less than 50 percent of total length ( 0 ) ; more than 50 percent of total length ( 1 ) .
43 . iliac pedicel of ischium : short and poor developed ( 0 ) ; slender and well developed ( 1 ) ; wide and well developed ( 2 ) .
45 . humerus / femoral ratio of 0 , 90 or more : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) . (
46 . lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( mcintosh , 1990 ; salgado , 1993 ; calvo and salgado , 1995 ; salgado et al . , 1997a ; wilson and sereno , 1998 ) .
2 departments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .
3 centre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .
science 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1118806
departments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .
centre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .
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silica particles from grass in fossil dung from cretaceous sauropods suggest that grasses evolved earlier than had been thought , providing food for dinosaurs and early mammals .
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is derived from
rincón de los sauces
( the area where its fossils were discovered ) and the greek
sauros
( lizard ) . the
, is derived from the latin
cauda
( tail ) and
mirus
( amazing , wonderful , marvellous ) , in reference to the unusual shape of its tail vertebrae .
( mrs - pv 26 ) is a series of 13 tail vertebrae and two ilia ( hip bones ) .
• jorge o . calvo and b . j . g . riga ( 2003 )
gen . et sp nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina
revista geológica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 .
• vandana prasad , caroline a . e . strömberg , habib alimohammadian and ashok sahni ( 2005 )
science 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 .
• casal , g . ; martínez , r . d . ; luna , m . ; sciutto , j . c ; and lamanna , m . c . ( 2007 )
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see also calvo and gonzález riga 2003 , calvo et al . 2007 , calvo and porfiri 2010 , campos et al . 2005 , casal et al . 2007 , filippi and garrido 2008 , franco - rosas et al . 2004 , gonzález riga et al . 2009 , kellner et al . 2005 , kellner et al . 2006 , lopes and buchmann 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , salgado and carvalho 2008 and santucci and bertini 2006
type specimen : mrs - pv 26 . its type locality is cañadón río seco , which is in a santonian fluvial - lacustrine sandstone in the bajo de la carpa formation of argentina .
average measurements ( in mm ) : femur length 900 . 0 , femur diameter 140 . 0 , femur circumference 340 . 0 , humerus length 790 . 0 , humerus diameter 120 . 0 , humerus circumference 300 . 0 , scapula 820 . 0 x 130 . 0
estimated body mass : 3 . 59 tons based on femur circumference , femur length , and humerus circumference
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in reference to rincón de los sauces ( neuquén province , argentina ) where the dinosaur was found ; saurus ( greek ) , lizard .