the large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the darwin 's finch group of the tanager family thraupidae .

it is endemic to the galapagos islands .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

large tree finch

large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the thraupidae family .
protection / threats / status : the large tree - finch is common within its range , and its populations appear to be stable . this species is not currently threatened .
the large tree - finch is the largest and heaviest bodied of the three tree - finch species , imaginatively named the large , medium and small tree - finches . large tree - finches have a big and deep bill with a strongly arched culmen , being approximately as long as it is deep . the fine tips of the mandibles actually cross a feature that is difficult to see on live birds . males show a dark hood , greenish back and whitish underparts . this species is found in a number of the islands in the galapagos archipelago , and in many it is sympatric with the small tree - finch ( c . parvulus ) . it is never as common as the small tree - finch and it is found in areas with taller and larger trees .
habitat : the large tree - finch frequents mainly humid evergreen forest between 300 and 700 metres of elevation . however , during the dry season , it may move to lower areas with deciduous trees , shrubs and opuntia cacti .
the breeding season is associated with rains , involving abundant food resources . the large tree - finch is monogamous and the pair defends a small territory . they often have long - term pair - bonds . the male is territorial and guards the female during the egg - laying .
introduction : the large tree - finch is the largest of the genus camarhynchus . this is mainly an arboreal species and an insect - eater . both scientific and french names could illustrate the repetitive song of this species , but also its strongly arched bill a bit similar to that of a parrot .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the large tree - finch’s call is a nasal “tzeeuu” . the song is a series of repeated notes “chu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee” . this song can be given by both mates . like in other darwin’s finches , the song includes various trills and buzzes .
conservation and research actions underway no actions are currently known . conservation and research actions proposed implement a full - scale monitoring programme across the galápagos islands . ensure that management activities to control invasive alien plant species do not have a negative impact on large tree - finch . investigate drivers behind observed declines and assess the impact of philornis downsi on the population . protect and enhance existing habitat .
behaviour in the wild : the large tree - finch feeds primarily on arthropods , but it also takes cactus fruits and other fruits , flowers and seeds . during the nesting season , the chicks are fed with a mixed diet including arthropods , fruits and seeds . outside the breeding season , it feeds mainly on seeds according to the size of its bill . it forages in trees , probing and biting into the bark of twigs , in order to extract insects and larvae , but also caterpillars .
identification : the largest of the tree finches with a large , rather parrot - like bill , the tips of the mandibles crossing . adult male : head , neck , breast and mantle black when fully mature , the remainder of the upperparts being olive - grey with some dark streaking . underparts pale , often with a yellow tinge . female / immature : upperparts olive - grown with faint streaking . underparts paler and virtually unstreaked .
13 cm , largest tree - finch . deep bill , approximately as long as it is deep . mandible tips cross slightly when bill closed . male has upperparts greyish - olive and whitish below , with blackish hood . female is dull greyish brown ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) . voice song a repeated series of 4 - 6 notes given in pairs
chu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee
. call includes a nasal
tzeeuu
.
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
ashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , fisher , s . , harding , m . , sharpe , c . j .
justification : this species has been uplisted to vulnerable . the species has declined significantly on the island of santa cruz and is likely to also be declining on other islands within its range , owing to habitat loss and degradation .
this species is endemic to the galápagos islands , ( ecuador ) , with breeding populations on isabela , santa cruz , santa fé , fernandina , santiago , marchena , pinta and rábida ( castro and phillips 1996 , stotz et al . 1996 ) . it is extinct on pinzón ( castro and phillips 1996 ) and thought to be extinct on floreana ( kleindorfer et al . 2014 , jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' in at least parts of its range ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on the island of santa cruz its population has been estimated at 9 , 000 singing males ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . however no data exists for the islands of isabela and santiago . trend justification : the population is suspected to be decreasing rapidly . on the island of santa cruz , the species reportedly declined significantly in the dry zone between 1997 and 2010 , but not in the scalesia zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . habitat alteration , introduced pathogens and parasites and changes in insect availability may have contributed to declines . on the islands of isabela and santiago , where native forest has also been degraded ( by introduced herbivores ) population declines are also suspected ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) .
this species inhabits lowland deciduous and montane evergreen forest , between 300 and 700 m altitude ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on santa cruz in the dry zone it is restricted to areas with tall palo santo bursera graveolens trees , it is also found in the scalesia zone and locally in the agricultural zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . it feeds on the fruits of native plant species , and on insects for which it forages under leaves and excavates dead branches ( castro and phillips 1996 ) . it may move to lower elevations during the dry season ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .
the species is likely to be affected by a number of threats . development , introduced herbivores , the spread of invasive alien plant species and the herbicides used to manage these invasions may all have contributed to unfavourable habitat conditions for the species on santa cruz ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . the introduced parasitic fly philornis downsi is known to have a negative impact on nesting success in galápagos finches and the species may be susceptible to avian pox . severe weather and changes in rainfall patterns owing to climate change also pose a threat .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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the adult male of the nominate race has greyish - olive upperparts with blackish feather centres . the tail is short . the underparts are whitish with yellowish - buff wash . lower breast and flanks are streaked dark . the undertail - coverts are buffy - white and unstreaked . the head is dark , forming a blackish hood extending down to throat and breast . the deep , relatively long bill has strongly arched culmen . it is black when breeding , and dull orange with dark culmen outside the breeding season . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black .
the female has duller greyish - brown upperparts . the upperwing is brownish with two narrow pale wingbars . the underparts are whitish with indistinct dark streaking on breast , variable according to each bird . from belly to undertail - coverts , the plumage is plain pale buff . the head is greyish - brown with pale supercilium . the bill is dull orange with darker culmen . the eyes are dark . legs and feet are blackish .
the immature male resembles female , with blackish forehead , face and lower throat .
subspecies and range : there are three subspecies . c . p . habeli occurs on pinta and marchena islands , in n galapagos islands . this race is smaller than nominate . the male is darker too . the bill is longer , with less arched culmen .
c . p . affinis is found on fernandina and isabela islands , in w galapagos islands . this one is smaller than nominate , with smaller bill too .
c . p . psittacula ( here described and displayed ) occurs on santiago , rábida , santa cruz , santa fe and floreana , in c and s galapagos islands .
this species is resident in its range , only performing some altitudinal movements during the dry season .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs during the wet period . the male builds the nest , a spherical structure with lateral entrance towards the top . the nest is made with dry grasses , moss and lichen .
the female lays 4 whitish eggs with darker spots . she incubates alone during 12 days . the chicks are fed by both parents . they fledge about 13 - 15 days after hatching .
darwin finches , or galapagos finches , are small land birds with generally dull black , brown or olive , often streaky , plumage ; short tails ; and short , rounded wings . their bills vary greatly in size and shape ( a fact which was instrumental in inspiring charles darwin’s thinking in relation to the theory of evolution – and hence the name given to this fascinating group of species ) .
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camarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinzón , rábida , santiago is . )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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idiosoma nigrum , also called black rugose trapdoor spider , occurs only in south-western australia , in dry woodlands east of the darling scarp and north to moore river .

females can reach a length of about 30 mm , males about 18 mm .

i. nigrum digs burrows up to 32 cm deep .

idiosoma nigrum

ecologia environment ( 2013 ) . blue hills idiosoma nigrum targeted survey 2012 . sinosteel midwest corporation . urltoken
ecologia environment ( 2010a ) . weld range idiosoma nigrum population genetic study . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .
idiosoma nigrum main , 1952 : 133 , pl . i , f . 2 - 5 , f . 2c ( d f ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1957a : 439 , f . 2g - h , 9d , 14b , 24b ( d m ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1985a : 13 , f . 23 , 27 , 215 ( m f ) . idiosoma nigrum rix et al . , 2018b : 18 , f . 1 - 3 , 26 - 56 ( m f ) .
shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan ( avon catchment council ( acc ) , 2007 ) [ state species management plan ] .
ecologia environment ( 2009a ) . shield - back spider idiosoma nigrum survey . weld range iron ore project . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .
gray , m . ( 2014 ) . idiosoma nigrum ( family idiopidae ) . species bank . australian biological resources study , canberra . available from : urltoken .
anonymous ( 2010 ) . idiosoma nigrum . form to nominate a western australian species for listing as threatened , change of category or delisting . available from : urltoken .
avon catchment council ( acc ) ( 2007 ) . shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan . avon catchment council , western australia . available from : urltoken .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . idiosoma nigrum in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 15 : 41 + 1000 .
main , b . y . ( 2003 ) . demography of the shield - back trapdoor spider idiosoma nigrum main in remnant vegetation of the western australian wheatbelt . records of the south australian museum , monograph series . 7 : 179 - 185 .
the closest relatives to the shield - backed trapdoor spider are idiosoma sigillatum and idiosoma hirsutum , both of which lack the hardened shield on the abdomen ( anonymous 2010 ) .
in synonymy : idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 = idiosoma sigillatum ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1870 ) ( rix et al . , 2017a : 593 ) . idiosoma pulleinei ( hogg , 1902 ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1957a : 428 , sub aganippe ) . idiosoma schomburgki ( karsch , 1878 , t from idiommata ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1985a : 12 , sub aganippe ; placed by raven , 1985a : 161 in misgolas ) .
threatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2013cb ) . commonwealth listing advice on idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back trapdoor spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013g ) . approved conservation advice for idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .
idiops sigillatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1870c : 105 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ( d m ) . idiosoma sigillatum ausserer , 1871a : 150 . acanthodon sigillatum simon , 1892a : 91 . idiosoma sigillatum pocock , 1897a : 109 ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1053 ( f ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 : 132 , f . 2b ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1952 : 131 , f . 1a - c , 2a ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1957a : 440 , f . 15a - b ( considered a possible hybrid of i . sigillatum x aganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1964 : 32 , f . a - d , f ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1985a : 54 ( considered a valid species ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1985a : 14 , f . 26 , 190 , 216 ( m f ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2017a : 593 , f . 83 - 84 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 97 ( m , s of i . hirsutum ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2018b : 64 , f . 4 - 6 , 351 - 372 ( m f ) .
in synonymy : aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 ) anidiops pocock , 1897 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 )
the shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) belongs to the suborder mygalomorphae , commonly known as “trapdoor” and “funnel - web” spiders . they are primarily terrestrial burrowing spiders which occasionally make tubular silk nests on tree trunks . mygalomorphs are able to persist in small isolated areas due to their low dispersion powers , long life cycle and sedentary life style ( main , 1987a ) .
idiosoma gardneri rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 38 , f . 167 - 179 ( d m ) .
idiosoma gutharuka rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 39 , f . 180 - 192 ( d m ) .
idiosoma incomptum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 41 , f . 193 - 205 ( d m ) .
idiosoma kwongan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 53 , f . 272 - 284 ( d m ) .
idiosoma clypeatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 25 , f . 79 - 100 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma corrugatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 30 , f . 101 - 122 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma dandaragan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 32 , f . 132 - 144 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma formosum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 35 , f . 145 - 166 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma intermedium rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 43 , f . 206 - 227 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma mcnamarai rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 57 , f . 307 - 328 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma jarrah rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 46 , f . 7 , 228 - 249 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma kopejtkaorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 50 , f . 9 , 250 - 271 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma mcclementsorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 55 , f . 8 , 285 - 306 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma schoknechtorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 60 , f . 10 , 329 - 350 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma arenaceum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 23 , f . 11 - 12 , 57 - 78 ( d m f ) .
idiosoma galeosomoides rix , main , raven & harvey , in rix et al . , 2017a : 599 , f . 99 , 116 - 128 ( d f ) .
aganippe winsori faulder , 1985 : 89 , f . 9a - c ( d m ) . idiosoma winsori rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .
aganippe cupulifex main , 1957a : 436 , f . 7f , 9b , 12a , 13c ( d m f ) . idiosoma cupulifex rix et al . , 2017a : 599 ( t from aganippe ) .
aganippe castellum main , 1986b : 101 , f . 2 , 4a - h ( d m f ) . idiosoma castellum rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 89 , 92 , 95 ( m , t from aganippe ) .
aganippe montanus faulder , 1985 : 85 , f . 5a - c , 6a - c , 7a - c , 8a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma montanum rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .
aganippe planites faulder , 1985 : 91 , f . 10a - c , 11a - c , 12a - c , 13a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma planites rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .
aganippe occidentalis hogg , 1903b : 309 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . aganippe occidentalis main , 1957a : 414 , f . 11b ( m , d f ) . idiosoma occidentale rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .
nomina dubia : idiosoma modestum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 47 - 48 , f , australia ( south australia ) , originally in aganippe ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000633 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma pelochroa ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 100 , pl . 21 , f . 51 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000636 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma robustum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 97 , pl . 21 , f . 45 - 46 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000639 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma simpsoni ( hickman , 1944a : 22 , f . 7 - 10 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000640 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma whitei ( rainbow , 1915 : 774 , pl . 67 , f . 1 - 2 , f , originally in aganippe , australia [ south australia ] ) - - rix et al . , 2017a : 590 , contra main , 1957a : 426 , sub anidiops .
aganippe smeatoni hogg , 1902 : 126 , f . 23 , pl . 13 , f . 7 ( d m ) . aganippe smeatoni simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1054 - 1055 ( m ) . aganippe smeatoni main , 1957a : 429 , f . 11a ( m , d f ) . idiosoma smeatoni rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .
aganippe berlandi rainbow , 1914a : 199 , f . 9 - 13 ( d m ) . aganippe berlandi faulder , 1985 : 83 , f . 1a - c , 2a - c , 3a - c , 4a - b ( m , d f ) . aganippe berlandi main , 1985a : 51 ( not a junior synonym of a . smeatoni hogg , 1902 ) . idiosoma berlandi rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 96 ( m , t from aganippe ) .
aganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 93 , pl . 21 , f . 38 - 42 ( d m f ) . aganippe raphiduca main , 1957a : 433 , f . 2e - f , 7d , 12b - c , 13d , 26a - g , 27a - c ( m ) [ 13a - b is eucanippe nemestrina per rix et al . , 2018 : 153 ] . aganippe raphiduca main , 1964 : 34 , f . e - h ( m ) . idiosoma rhaphiduca rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .
anidiops manstridgei pocock , 1897a : 114 ( d f ) . anidiops manstridgei simon , 1903a : 903 , f . 1052 . anidiops manstridgei rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 101 , pl . 21 , f . 52 - 54 ( f ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1957a : 426 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a , 10a - c ( m , s ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1985a : 16 , f . 20 - 21 , 192 ( f ) . idiosoma manstridgei rix et al . , 2017a : 600 , f . 132 - 144 ( m , t from anidiops ) .
aganippe subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877c : 28 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . idiommata schomburgki karsch , 1878c : 820 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1892a : 106 , f . 104 . aganippe pulleinei hogg , 1902 : 128 , f . 24 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4 ( d m f ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1050 . aganippe subtristis rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 91 , pl . 21 , f . 32 , 35 - 37 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1957a : 428 , f . 7c ( m , s ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1964 : 34 , f . a - d ( m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1985a : 12 , f . 13 , 15 - 18 , 24 - 25 , 188 - 189 ( m f , s ) . idiosoma subtriste rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013 ) .
. canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from :
recovery plan not required , the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 26 / 04 / 2013 ) .
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
there is currently some discussion about whether the species found in the rangelands of the midwest region is the same as that found in the wheatbelt and the coastal regions of the midwest . there appears to be some taxonomic differences in the male morphology ( framenau pers . comm . cited in anonymous 2010 ) and these are currently being investigated ( anonymous 2010 ) . there are only two significant populations in the wheatbelt , east yorkrakine and minnivale , and these would be particularly important if the species is polyphyletic ( i . e . if it has a northern and southern species ) ( anonymous 2010 ) .
the shield - backed trapdoor spider is dark brown to black , large ( females up to 30 mm in body length ) and with a distinctive thick and hard cuticle on the abdomen . the end of the abdomen is flattened into a shield and the sides are deeply corrugated . the burrows always have a lightweight , leaf litter and silk door , with leaf and twig trip - lines fanning out from the centre of the front of the burrow rim ( gray 2014 ) .
the shield - backed trapdoor spider is endemic to semi - arid south - west western australia ( wa ) . it occurs in a number of severely fragmented populations in the central and northern wheatbelt ( e . g . minnivale and east yorkrakine ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in tssc 2013ca ) . further north , the species occurs in more arid areas in the midwest ( e . g . large isolated ranges at jack hills ( tssc 2013ca ) , weld range ( ecologia environment 2009a ) and blue hills ( ecologia environment 2013 ) ) and coastal areas of the midwest ( e . g . zuytdorp station north of the murchison river and nanga station south of shark bay ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in anonymous 2010 ) . the arid midwest populations are naturally fragmented or isolated because they persist only on ranges , but the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are all severely fragmented as a result of land clearing ( anonymous 2010 ) .
the avon catchment council ( 2007 ) includes a number of eastern records ( e . g . at westonia in 2007 ) that are not reported elsewhere ( e . g . tssc 2013cb ) . post - 1980 , verified records only extend as far east into the wheatbelt as durokoppin and trayning ( ala 2014 ) .
in 2010 , there were around 6100 burrows databased , although some of these would have been inactive or burrows of juveniles . the overwhelming majority ( around 5400 ) of these are from midwest ranges and were recorded as part of the environmental impact assessment process . many wheatbelt records , outside of the main populations at minnivale and east yorkrakine , were recorded decades ago and many of these are likely to be extinct ( anonymous 2010 ) .
the species extent of occurrence is approximately 21 000 km² . it is highly likely that the species occurs throughout much of the midwest region in association with large ranges with deep gullies and possibly with breakaways ( anonymous 2010 ) .
the species occurs in three areas at weld range ( weld range north , weld range south and hampton hill ) over an area of 15 km . in one study , the mean number of burrows per hectare in the area ranged between 11 . 3 - 43 . 9 ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . genetic studies indicated a strong population subdivision between weld range north and weld range south ( ecologia environment 2010a ) . the collections at weld range extended the species distribution by approximately 200 km further north , into more arid areas ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .
at blue hills , one study showed the mean number of burrows per hectare of 4 . 08 in an area of 13 ha ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .
survey work has been carried out at minnivale and east yorkrakine nature reserves , karara , weld range and jack hills mining leases and , more recently , on likely conservation areas and department of environment and conservation managed lands through the northern wheatbelt and the southern / central midwest ( anonymous 2010 ) . these surveys did not detect the species in much of the northern wheatbelt and southern midwest . these surveys demonstrated that there are unlikely to be any populations in the interior of the wheatbelt and midwest until you reach the large banded iron formation ranges of the midwest to the north and the higher rainfall of the central wheatbelt to the south ( anonymous 2010 ) .
this work also showed that there is a likelihood that the species occurs throughout more of the midwest region than currently known , with up to 60 sites identified as possibilities ( anonymous 2010 ) . however more than half of these occur east of the current known eastern extent , and a number of mining tenements in these areas have not found the species despite significant survey work . at least half a dozen occur further north than the northern known extent . there are about 20 sites that have a high potential for harbouring significant populations of this species ( anonymous 2010 ) .
in 2010 , there were seven locations with populations larger than 30 shield - backed trapdoor spider individuals ( anonymous 2010 ) . ecologia environment ( 2009a ) estimated that there is over 1000 ha of suitable habitat in weld range that could support over 20 000 individuals . based on detected adults , the site is estimated to have an effective population size of approximately 4000 with wilgie mia and weld range north supporting the largest effective populations 2300 and 1000 , respectively ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . proposed mining activity in the area is estimated to impact 11 % of the population ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .
total population reduction has not been investigated , but data from a study in east yorkrakine reserve from 1989 to 1999 showed a 95 % reduction in abundance at the site ( main 2003 ) . future reductions are possible due to ongoing threats in the wheatbelt and mining in the vicinity of populations at karara , weld range and jack hills ( anonymous 2010 ) .
in the wheatbelt , the shield - backed trapdoor spider typically inhabits clay soils whereas the arid midwest populations are associated with rocky habitats , primarily in positions with increased moisture retention properties like gullies and drainage lines on southern facing slopes ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a ) . the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are in areas with more consistent annual rainfall than those in the arid midwest , which is likely to be why the populations in these areas are primarily found in sheltered habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) . in the wheatbelt , populations are associated with eucalypt woodland and acacia shrubland , and in the arid midwest they are associated with acacia shrubland ( anonymous 2010 ) .
leaf litter and twigs are extremely important to the species as it provides material for the burrows , reduced soil moisture loss and increased prey availability ( anonymous 2010 ) . the species avoids areas of dense leaf litter as juveniles are unable to dig their initial hole in such areas ( main 1992 cited in ) . areas of lower grazing pressure may suport greater population abundance ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .
in the wheatbelt , habitat critical to the species is identified as open york gum ( eucalyptus loxophleba ) , salmon gum ( e . salmonophloia ) and wheatbelt wandoo ( e . capillosa ) woodland , where jam ( acacia acuminata ) forms a sparse understorey in heavy clay soils ( acc 2007 ) .
in a study at weld range , all burrows were found within boundaries of drainage lines underneath predominantly acacia vegetation ( mulga ( acacia aneura ) , a . sp . weld range , dead finish ( a . tetragonophylla ) , a . ramulosa , a . craspedocarpa , a . paraneura ) and also underneath hakea preissii and eremophila glutinosa ) . of 1708 burrows detected , 33 % were on slope - foot - plain , 30 % on the plain , 27 % on slopes and 10 % on hilltop - slope - foot ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . burrows were found in soil dominated by clay and rocks ( 54 % ) , or clay , rock and sand ( 38 % ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 7 - 100 % with a mean of 59 % ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .
in a study at blue hills , 53 burrows were recorded under a . ramulosa or a . caesaneura , in microhabitat ranging from loamy plains to rocky hillslopes ( ecologia environment 2013 ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 25 - 98 % with a mean of 63 % ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .
in a study at mummaloo , of a 52 quadrat survey the species was detected at 14 locations ( bennelongia 2012 ) . two records occurred in ecualyptus woodland and twelve occurred in mixed species shrubland . the eucalypt woodland consists of york gum , salmon gum and gimlet ( e . salubris ) with callitris columellaris usually present and occasionally casuarina obesa . the understorey contains 5 - 60 % cover of eremophila spp . , acacia spp . and allocasuarina spp . . the mixed species shrubland consists of melaleuca stereophloia , callitris columellaris and casuarina obesa ( of no more than 55 % overall cover ) , and 10 - 100 % cover of shrub species , especially kimberly ' s wattle ( acacia anthochaera ) and allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp . prinsepiana ( bennelongia 2012 ) .
the shield - backed trapdoor spider is protected from dessication partly through a deep burrow that extends into humid soil . additionally it has an extraordinary thickened abdominal integument ( tough outer protective layer ) . this is dorsally corrugated and posteriorly truncated with large button - like sigilla ( seal ) and in some parts of the geographic range has stout spines along the ridges . this morphology reduces evaporative water loss in contrast to most species in the related genus aganippe . the enlarged eyes and long legs together with the attached twiglines to the buttom rim are advantageous for foraging ( main 2010 ) .
spiderlings generally construct their burrows within a very short distance ( several centimetres ) of the matriarch female , forming a family cluster that is typical of mygalomorph spiders ( a group of large spiders that include tarantulas , trapdoor spiders and funnel - web spiders ) that do not have aerial dispersal . gene flow is maintained through the dispersal of mature males in search of females for mating ( travelling up to 500 m ) the only time males leave their burrows . females spend their entire life in the one burrow or within its proximity ( anonymous 2010 ) . the population at weld range north was shown to have uninterrupted gene flow over a range of at least 6 km ( ecologia environment 2010a ) .
both males and females reach maturity after approximately 5 - 6 years . males die shortly after reaching sexual maturity and mating , whereas females may live as long as 20 years , reproducing several times ( anonymous 2010 ) . it is believed that males mature and mate after the first significant rains of the year , dispersing up to 500 m ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . there is some evidence that females may store sperm ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) but whether this means that males only mate with virgin females or whether adult females mate repeatedly during their life is unclear . it is also unknown whether males mate within their matriarchal unit and whether they mate with more than one female ( anonymous 2010 ) . the very low dispersal capabilities of the males mean that fragmentation and isolation are likely to be playing a major role in the declining populations in the wheatbelt ( anonymous 2010 ) .
the shield - backed trapdoor spider is an opportunistic feeder and feeds primarily on ants , but also includes beetles , cockroaches , millipedes and moths ( clark & spier - ashcroft 2003 ) . the species relies on the twigs and leaves they have attached to the rim of their burrow for the detection of prey within the vicinity of their burrow ( anonymous 2010 ) . this reliance on leaf litter means that leaf litter loss through inappropriate fire regimes and management may impact significantly on the species ability to feed ( anonymous 2010 ) .
searching for burrows during the wetter parts of the year is the most common and most effective way of surveying for the shield - backed trapdoor spider . the burrow is quite distinctive but can be easily mistaken for other twig - lining species . the burrow has two tufts of leaf litter radiating out from the centre of the burrow rim , similar to a moustache . the atrium of the burrow is cup shaped and narrows to the main shaft of the burrow . it is this characteristic that is often missed or misinterpreted by surveyors ( anonymous 2010 ) . searching for burrows within and on the edges of leaf litter in suitable habitats is the most effective approach for detection . pit traps placed around vegetation in suitable habitats during autumn can be used to catch wandering males ( anonymous 2010 ) .
secondary salinisation : the widespread clearing of the wheatbelt has resulted in the water table rising and an increase in salinisation close to the surface . this results in vegetation changes that directly affect the shield - backed trapdoor spider because of it’s reliance on the vegetation and associated leaf litter for habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) .
grazing : grazing by stock and feral animals affects both the wheatbelt and midwest populations largely through the disturbance of leaf litter , vegetation and soil . work in the midwest has shown that areas where grazing occurs have fewer emergents and juveniles ( ecologia environment unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) .
fragmentation and clearing : the clearing of habitat has resulted in the severe fragmentation of populations in the wheatbelt . the populations at karara , weld range , jack hills and blue hills will all be negatively affected by land clearing because of the mining operations ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a , 2013 ) , which will fragment these significant populations . dust pollution associated with mining could negatively impact the species
vibrations : vibrations associated with vehicles and exploration drilling have the potential to affect nearby populations . recent work at jack hills and weld range has shown a possible reduction in emergents and juveniles within 50 m of exploration drilling pads ( phoenix environmental unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . exploration restrictions have been put in place at weld range and jack hills based on this research .
inappropriate fire : in the wheatbelt , the combination of fragmentation and intense fire has a high potential to result in local extinctions , with little to no chance of recolonisation ( main 1995 ) . intense fires can not only remove burrow doors but also remove all the leaf litter , providing no material for reparation work and dramatically affecting the prey population ( anonymous 2010 ) .
lack of litter management in reserves : although the species requires leaf litter to survive , excessive , deep litter canrestrict the establishment of emergent burrows , forcing them further away from vegetation and exposing them to the elements that likely decrease their chances of surviving to adulthood . similarly deep litter reduces the chances of understorey vegetation growing , reducing the diversity of invertebrates and the health of the habitat and increases the chances of hot , intense fires going through a population ( anonymous 2010 ) .
recovery actions for this species are provided in the conservation advice for the shield - backed trapdoor spider ( tssc 2013ca ) and the avon catchment shield - backed trapdoor spider conservation plan ( acc 2007 ) at the start of the profile .
atlas of living australia ( ala ) ( 2014 ) . atlas of living australia . available from : urltoken .
bancroft , w . & m . bamford ( 2012 ) . karara iron ore project : annual monitoring survey of the shield - backed trapdoor spider 2010 to 2012 . prepared for : karara mining limited .
bennelongia ( 2012 ) . mummaloo hill project : short - range endemic invertebrates . prepared for top iron . available from : urltoken .
clarke , g . & f . spier - ashcroft ( 2003 ) . a review of the conservation status of selected australian non - marine invertebrates . environment australia , canberra . available from : urltoken .
main , b . y . ( 1992 ) . the role of life history patterns and demography of mygalomorph trapdoor spiders for assessing persistence in remnant habitats of the western australian wheatbelt . report for the world wide fund for nature , world wide fund for nature , sydney .
main , b . y . ( 1995 ) . survival of trapdoor spiders during and after fire . calm science supplement . 4 : 207 - 216 .
main , b . y . ( 2010 ) . interactions of water , plants and ground - dwelling fauna : water harvesting and tapping by trapdoor spiders . landscapes : the journal of the international centre for landscape and language . 4 ( 1 ) .
anonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695e1e77 - a2b7 - 4786 - 9502 - 81be54ac63d9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5fba25c - 9301 - 4111 - bd1d - f020b12a5b0a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e67764dc - eda3 - 4e87 - aec6 - 15c1bee8e0a9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1892325 - 13b1 - 4247 - a2e0 - 986a69278e48
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301255
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these spiders are restricted to the northern wheatbelt region in western australia . they are currently ( 2017 ) the only species listed as threatened under federal legislation ( epbc act ) . they are believed to be threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation . a number of spider species have a rugose abdomen like this and are subject to a taxonomic study by michael rix ( queensland museum ) and collaborators .
n . b . : considered a senior synonym of aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ( type a . subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00072 ] and of anidiops ( type a . manstridgei pocock , 1897 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00073 ] by rix et al . , 2017 : 590 ; transferred from the ctenizidae to the idiopidae by raven , 1985a : 138 .
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050288 ]
| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000630 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000631 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050289 ]
| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050290 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000632 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050291 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050292 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 049619 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050293 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050294 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050295 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050296 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050297 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050298 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050299 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000644 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050300 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050301 ]
| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000634 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000806 ]
| | australia ( western australia , south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000635 ]
| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000637 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000638 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050302 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000807 ]
| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000641 ]
| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000642 ]
| | australia ( victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000643 ]
these spiders , from the sub - order orthognatha ( mygalomorphae ) or primitive spiders , are famous for their falsely suggested
deadly
bites . more about the exaggerated poisonous of these and other spiders can be read here . the bird - eating spider and tarantula , which is a common name for these spiders , the goliath spider ( theraposa blondi ) which is the largest spider on the world with a leg span of 30 cm and a weight of 130 grams , sydney funnel web spider ( atrax robustus ) and the mouse spider ( missulena ) are names given to species belonging to the order . in europe only two members of this sub - order can be found . in australia 13 % ( > 240 ) of the spiders belong to the mygalomorphae . the ancestral lineage of these spiders goes back over 360 million years .
most of these spiders live fearful lives buried deep in holes . many species react on unexpected events by cowering in fear , unable to move , or by violently plunging their pickaxe fangs . ( more about the fangs ) the spider can often be spotted when the males start searching for females and leave their burrows . females are more difficult to find because they can live for several years in their burrow with out leaving it .
the two long spinnerets at the back end of their abdomen and their large fangs that move up and down instead of sideways , like the modern spiders , are characteristic for this order .
distribution the eastern mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ) lives in eastern australia from queensland to victoria . the redheaded mouse spider ( missulena occatoria ) occurs across most of the mainland , except southern victoria and northern australia . the male of this species has a bright red cephalothorax . the northern mouse spider ( missulena pruinosa ) is found in northern australia around darwin . one species has been described outside australia in chile .
missulena bradleyi rainbow , 1914 ; new south wales missulena dipsaca faulder , 1995 ; australia missulena granulosa o . p . - cambridge , 1869 ; western australia missulena hoggi womersley , 1943 ; western australia missulena insignis o . p . - cambridge , 1877 ; australia missulena occatoria walckenaer , 1805 ; southern australia missulena pruinosa levitt - gregg , 1966 ; western australia , northern territory missulena reflexa rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ; south australia missulena rutraspina faulder , 1995 ; western australia , south australia , victoria missulena torbayensis main , 1996 ; western australia missulena tussulena goloboff , 1994 ; chile
there are over 150 species in the family barychelidae in australia . males are called silverbacks because they are silvery coloured on the head . females have dark to golden brown hairs on their heads .
idiomata are funnel web spiders that build their burrows with a door . not all genera in this family have a door to close their burrow . the flask - like chambers are just below the ground .
they are mostly terrestrial spiders , which build typical silk - lined tubular burrow retreats , with a collapsed
tunnel
or open
funnel
entrance from which irregular trip lines radiate out over the ground . exceptions , which lack trip lines but may have trapdoors , are those hadronyche from south australia , like
the silk entrance tube may be split into 2 openings , in a y or t form . in the case of
the burrow may be in the hollow of a tree trunk or limb , many meters above ground level .
adult male spiders leave the burrow permanently to seek a mate . such wandering male spiders may enter houses , sometimes even find their way into clothing , and thus account for many bites . most funnel - web spiders are ground or log dwellers but at least two are tree dwellers (
, the sydney funnelweb spider , has a distribution centering on sydney , extending north to the hunter river , south to shoalhaven river , and narrowing westwards as far as lithgow .
has a considerably wider distribution ; being the coastal areas and highland forest regions from tasmania to queensland .
the australian funnel - web spiders ( family hexathelidae , simon , 1892 ) are probably the most dangerous spiders we can encounter . the most famous spider is the sydney funnel web ( atrax robustus ) . chances to be bitten are small . there are only two cases of envenomation annually in the last 10 years . funnel - web spiders belong to the family hexathelidae and two ( atrax and hadronyche ) of the eleven genera are considered dangerous . of the 40 described species in this family , the six red printed species caused severe envenomation .
hadrochyne spiders are medium sized spiders with a size varying between 10 and 50 mm . the largest species , hadronyche formidabilis measures between 40 and 50 mm . the sparsely haired spiders are coloured between brown to black . not all species are dangerous but a bite from a funnel web spider should always be treated seriously .
the southern tree funnel - web spider , hadronyche cerberea , is common around sydney and in the central coast regions . they make their silk - lined retreats in rough - barked trees often covered with bark and other wood particles .
this family contains six subfamilies with 38 genera and 329 species , widely distributed worldwide . in australia 86 species in at least six genera are described .
these spiders live in silk - lined burrows up to 20 cm deep . some species close the burrow with a lid .
this is a large family of trap door spiders with about 270 species , mostly found in the southern hemisphere , worldwide . eight genera with about 70 species live in australia . all australian genera are endemic with the exception of misgolas that also occurs in new zealand . almost all members of this family live in arid areas where they live in burrows up to 60 cm deep .
misgolas spiders are 15 - 30 mm in length and commonly found in eastern australia . the spider can of course bite but the toxin is not dangerous . the penetration of the fangs throught the skin may hurt .
this is a large family with 111 genera and 883 species world wide . their body size varies from 13 to 90 mm . the largest spider theraphosa blondi also belongs to this family . spiders of this family are called tarantulas or bird - eating spiders . this is a very common name but it often refers to these spiders .
in australia inly six species occur ; selenocosmia crassipes , selenocosmia stirlingi , selenocosmia strenua , selenocosmia subvulpina , selenotholus foelschei , selenotypus plumipes .
a famous member is the barking spider or whistling spider selenocosmia crassipes . she makes a rasping sound with her mouthparts that can be heard from a one meter distance . spiders from this family make burrows that can reach a length of two meters when the spider is mature . young spiders can be found under rocks and roots . the spider lives in north eastern australia and papua new guinea . the spider is quite large with a body length of 70 to 90 mm . measured from the tip on her legs she can be 200 mm in length .
funnel web tarantulas occur almost worldwide in the tropics . the 175 world wide and 90 australian members of this family often build messy funnel webs . most species are uncommon and live in remote areas . most species are small hairy and dark brown to black . sometimes they can be found in holes in trees . their spinnerets are moderate long .
cethegus ischnotheloides has a body length of 15 mm . this spider lived in a dense web on the ground between shrub in leinster , western australia .
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bilobata subsecivella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by zeller in 1852 .

it is found in south africa , india , indonesia ( java ) and new zealand .

the species was first recorded from new zealand as stomopteryx simplicella , but was redescribed as a new species based on comparison of the genitalia .

furthermore , the white mark at three-fourths of the forewings which is found in both these species , is reduced to a mere spot in columbina ( while it often forms an almost complete fascia in simplicella ) .

bilobata subsecivella

host : grapholita critica ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , etiella behrii ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , bilobata subsecivella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on peanut ( arachis hypogaea ) , phthorimaea operculella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on potato ( solanum tuberosum ) ( gauld , 1980 ) .
biloba argosticha janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304
biloba torninotella janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
zeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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madagascar , reunion , seychelles . also australia , cyprus , india , thailand .
temelucha minuta is easily recognizable due to its small size and the m + cu vein of the fore wing basally spectral .
the coloration is known to be highly variable in this widespread species , which is a common parasitoid of p . operculella , the potato tuber moth ( gauld 1980 ) . the darkest malagasy specimens have extensive brown markings on the face so that the anterior half of genae and mesoscutum may be almost entirely black . lighter specimens have yellow notauli and the mesopleura with a yellow longitudinal band ( rousse et al . , 2011 ) .
gauld , i . d . 1980 . notes on an economically important species of temelucha forster ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) and a preliminary key to australian species . bulletin of entomological research . 70 , 43–47 .
morley , c . 1913 . the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , hymenoptera , vol . 3 . ichneumonidae . london , british museum . 531pp .
photographs by agničle touret - alby © mnhn ( specimens database urltoken ) . map illustration © simon van noort ( iziko museums of south africa ) .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
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[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , weenen , ix–x . 1925 , leg . s . p . thomasset .