the northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family .

it is native to most of north america , parts of central america , cuba , and the cayman islands , and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate .

over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known , including yellowhammer ( not to be confused with the eurasian yellowhammer ) , clape , gaffer woodpecker , harry-wicket , heigh-ho , wake-up , walk-up , wick-up , yarrup , and gawker bird .

many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its calls .

northern flicker

boreal flicker , common flicker , cuban flicker , gilded flicker , gilded woodpecker , golden - winged woodpecker , guadalupe flicker , malherbe’s flicker , mearns’ flicker , northwestern flicker , red - shafted flicker , red - shafted woodpecker , san fernando flicker , san pedro flicker , southern flicker , yellowhammer , yellow - shafted flicker .
there are five subspecies of northern flicker : the yellow - shafted flicker , the red - shafted flicker , the gilded flicker , the guatemalan flicker , and the cuban flicker and throat color , head color and the presence of a red marking on the neck can vary depending on the subspecies .
the northern flicker is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
gilded flicker the gilded flicker of the desert southwest is very similar , but slightly smaller and has an all brown crown .
the northern flicker can be found in open forests , woodlots and groves . it is common in parks and gardens .
the longest lifespan recorded is 9 years and 2 months for a yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker and 6 years and 8 months for a red - shafted form of the northern flicker . most northern flickers probably live much less than this , maybe surviving only a few years .
northern flicker male rolling rattle call ( territorial ) : wik - wik wik . seen on telephone pole outside house . not modified .
the oldest known yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker was a male and was at least 9 years , 2 months old when he was found in florida . the oldest red - shafted form of northern flicker lived to be at least 8 years , 9 months old .
early research on the northern flicker focused on phenotypic variation and dynamics of the hybrid zone . the detailed and descriptive work of lester short (
detection of 1 northern flicker by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .
the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often stay rather far north .
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a loud , repeated flicker or wicka - wicka - wicka ; also a loud kleeer .
to make it a female yellow - shafted flicker , add a red crescent on the back of the head . then add a black malar mark to turn it into a male yellow - shated flicker .
the red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms and some traits that are intermediate between them . the red - shafted flicker also hybridizes with the gilded flicker , but less frequently .
the northern flicker , which is a woodpecker , pecks on the sides of trees for food , but it mainly searches leaf litter and dead bark looking for its favorite prey — ants .
the northern flicker breeds throughout most of the u . s . , as well as large parts of canada and small parts of northern mexico . other subspecies occur in cuba , and in southern mexico south to central america . its population has been declining in recent years .
click the range map to learn more about the distribution of northern flickers in washington .
range : northern flicker ranges from alaska to quebec , and south throughout the entire united states . it winters in the southern part of its range , and in northern mexico . we can find it on grand cayman , cuba and as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .
gila woodpecker the gila woodpecker looks much like a flicker without the crescent black markings on the upper chest .
this is a hybrid flicker ( luteus x cafer ) . here is a photo of the bird : urltoken
although it can climb up the trunks of trees and hammer on wood like other woodpeckers , the northern flicker prefers to find food on the ground . ants are its main food , and the flicker digs in the dirt to find them . it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants .
conserving the northern flicker is of critical importance if biodiversity in north american forests is to be preserved as it acts as a keystone species by excavating a large proportion of the nest cavities used by many other cavity - nesting bird species . despite this , there have been few conservation actions targeting the northern flicker , and conducting further studies into determining the main cause of the species’ decline is of paramount importance . it is also recommended that snags should be left in managed forests to prevent the loss of nesting habitat ( 4 ) . the northern flicker is also protected by the migratory bird treaty act , which has been ratified by the governments of mexico , canada and the united states and prohibits the killing or harming of the northern flicker , including its nests and eggs ( 6 ) .
• the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often remain far to the north . they are permanent residents across much of the u . s .
northern flickers are migratory , moving between summer and winter ranges during the spring and fall .
adult male northern wheatear in breeding plumage , alaska . photo by mark peck via birdshare .
the northern flicker is a common , primarily ground - foraging woodpecker that occurs in most wooded regions of north america . its taxonomic status has been debated because of hybridization among subspecies groups , each readily distinguished by plumage coloration . two subspecies , the yellow - shafted flicker ( colaptes auratus auratus ) of eastern north america and the red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) of western north america , form a long , narrow hybrid zone in the great plains that parallels the rain shadow of the rocky mountains and crosses the canadian rockies extending to southern alaska . this hybrid zone has been of great interest to ornithologists and evolutionary biologists for more than a century . hybridization occurs on a more limited basis between the
red - shafted
flicker and the gilded flicker ( c . chrysoides ) , a separate species associated with the sonoran desert . two other subspecies groups of the northern flicker are allopatric ; the cuban flicker ( chrysocaulosus group ) occurs on cuba and grand cayman island , and the guatemalan flicker ( mexicanoides group ) occurs in the highlands of southern mexico south to northwestern nicaragua .
• the family picidae has over 200 species and is found almost everywhere , with about 20 species breeding in north america . the northern flicker , colaptes auratus , has many subspecies . the male yellow - shafted flicker ( c . a . luteus ) has the typical black mustache . the male red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) has a red i’ mustache . interbreeding can produce offspring with either black or red mustaches .
flicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .
moore , w . s . 1987b . random mating in the northern flicker hybrid zone : implications for the evolution of bright and contrasting plumage patterns in birds . evolution no . 41 : 539 - 546 . close
habitat : northern flicker lives in wooded areas , with stand of dead trees . it likes also open areas , forest edges , clearings , burnt areas , agricultural lands and residential areas , parks and large gardens .
in general , populations of the northern flicker across north america are stable . however , habitat loss is a main cause of any decrease in woodpecker numbers . the european starling is the flicker’s worst enemy in colorado , competing for food and nest holes . since woodpeckers damage trees and utility poles with their drilling , humans often target the birds .
the gilded flicker closely resembles the northern flicker and combines some features of the yellow - shafted ( yellow wings and tail base ) and the red - shafted ( head pattern ) . the gilded flicker is smaller and shows black on the distal half of the undertail ; northern flicker undertails are black on about the distal third ( note that all flicker tails look mostly black from above ) . the crown of the gilded is more extensively brown than in the red - shafted northern , and the back is paler , more gray - brown , with narrower and more widely spaced black bars ( but note that interior western red - shafted are paler backed than northwestern birds ) . the black crescent on the chest of the golden is thicker and more truncated on the sides . the spotting on the underparts is broadened into short bars or crescents on the flanks of the gilded ; northerns have round spots throughout the underparts .
the image below is a female red - shafted flicker . add a red malar strip and it would be a male .
unlike most woodpeckers , the flicker eats large numbers of ants , along with other insects as well as fruits and berries .
i supplied a link to an industry led magazine which details what causes led flicker , which is what this thread is about .
brigham , r . m . , m . j . sarell , and c . g . harris . 1990 . “roosting of northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) under a concrete bridge . ” northwestern naturalist 71 : 52 - 53 .
like most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that’s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects . one northern flicker in wyoming could be heard drumming on an abandoned tractor from a half - mile away .
northern flickers feed principally on ants but also take other insects and some fruit , seeds , and berries .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
breeding interval northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .
the northern flicker is a large bird measuring between 10 - 14 inches long . the back and wings are brown / tan and black - barred with a whitish or buffy breast with black spots and a wide black band across the breast .
when the northern flicker migrates to its breeding ground , the area resonates with sound . the flicker’s characteristic call , wick , wick , wick , sounds like “wake - up , wake - up , wake - up . ” the call announces the flicker’s arrival , and the male and female mate . the male flicker frequently drums , especially on metal , a noise that can be annoying to many humans . but overall , the bird does not tap as much as other woodpeckers do for communication . instead a loud klee - yer call is used for long - distance beckoning , especially by highly vocal fledglings . in short flight , the flicker rapidly beats its wings to rise , then slows to dip about every 3′ , stalling motionlessly for a brief moment before continuing the pattern . when flickers that live in the northern regions migrate , they follow fixed courses , traveling in large flocks . since the flicker is such an indeterminate egg - layer , humans have removed eggs to see just how many a female flicker will lay . the record is 71 eggs in 73 days . scientists have seen a male flicker treat his female partner as a rival when a fake black mustache was fastened on her face . as soon as it was removed , he accepted her back at the nest .
northern flickers range from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory . they winter in the southern part of the united states and in northern mexico . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .
the flicker is named for its flight pattern : it “flicks” up and down , revealing brilliant yellow underwings that glitter in the sunlight .
nowster wrote : flicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .
measuring almost 20″ in length , the great slaty woodpecker ( mulleripicus pulverulentus ) is 40 % longer than the northern flicker ; and at 19 oz . weighs three times as much . it is the largest old world woodpecker : the great slaty is slate - gray ( hence its name ) and has a long neck and tail , perfect for long days spent hammering and drilling on the sides of trees in southeast asia . this sharply contrasts with the varied colors of the flicker’s plumage and its shorter neck , adapted for life spent mainly on the ground in north america foraging for ants and other insects . northern flicker great slaty woodpecker
chances are , if you have northern flickers ; a suet feeder will bring them in for a close look .
the yellow - shafted flicker has a red patch on its neck and yellow feathers on the inside of its wings . the male has a black mustache . yellow - shafted flickers can be found in the east and the north . the red - shafted flicker has pinkish feathers on the inside of its wings and the male has a red mustache . the red - shafted flicker is common in the west . the gilded flicker can be found in the deserts of southeastern california and southern arizona . it has yellow wing linings and the males have a red mustache .
the northern flicker has a large range , estimated globally at 15 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to north and central america and nearby island nations , this bird prefers forest ecosystems , though it can live on arable or pasture land or in urban areas . the global population of this bird is estimated at 16 , 000 , 000 individuals and does not show signs of significant decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the northern flicker is least concern .
• the red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms .
behaviour : northern flicker male recognizes female by sight . pairs often mate for life , and typically return to the same area for nesting . it can have aggressive displays to protect its mate or territory . it may point the bill at a rival , with the head tilted forward , or pecks at an opponent . for a more aggressive display , a northern flicker may use side to side head and body movements against an opponent . a “head - bobbing” display may be used too . sometimes , these displays are accompanied by tail spreading .
wiebe , k . l . and moore , w . s . ( 2008 ) northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
diet : northern flicker main food is ants . but they consume others insects , including grasshoppers , crickets , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars and spiders . they consume also cherries and berries , and weed seeds , acorns and other nut kernels .
wiebe , karen l . and william s . moore . 2017 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) , version 2 . 1 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto northern flicker sings while is flying . its song is a loud “wick - wick - wick - wick - wick” . individual notes sound like a loud ‘klee - yer” and a squeaky “flick - a , flick - a , flick - a” .
the northern flicker is also unusual for being one of few north american woodpeckers that exhibits strong migratory behaviour ( 3 ) . those populations in the southern and central parts of the species’ range may remain in the same location all year round , but those at more northerly locations tend to travel southwards before the onset of winter ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . typically , they leave the northern breeding grounds from the end of august to late october or november , with most birds departing in september . whilst migrating , the northern flicker flies low over the ground , often in large flocks , and does not return to the breeding grounds until early march to may the following year ( 2 ) .
how often does reproduction occur ? northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .
the flicker can be found in much of north america from the tree line in canada and alaska south to nicaragua . flickers in alaska and canada are migratory .
) . the largest study dedicated to understanding the reproductive ecology , life history , and population ecology of the northern flicker is a long - term study by k . l . wiebe at riske creek , central british columbia , where 100–150 color - banded nesting pairs have been monitored annually since 1997 .
this is a yellow - shafted flicker eating suet . if you would like to attract these birds to your backyard just click the link below for some great ideas .
northern flickers use a drumming technique to attract a mate . unfortunately for many people , they often practice on the metal flues of fireplaces .
range / habitat : northern flickers can be found throughout most wooded regions of north america . prefers forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .
moore , w . s . 1995 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . species account number 166 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database
reproduction : breeding season occurs from february to july . northern flicker’s nest is excavated in dead tree trunks , or in a dead part of live trees , or telephone poles . it may be found in unlined tree cavities , or in earthen banks of termite’s nests . the nest is usually built below 3 meters .
as a broadly distributed species , the northern flicker occupies a diversity of habitats . it may be found in almost any habitat with trees and access to open ground , preferring open woodlands , savannas and forest edges , although it tends to avoid the densest forests ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
as its broad geographic distribution suggests , the northern flicker is a generalist in many respects , but in others it is a specialist . it is clearly a species of open woodlands , savannas , farmland with tree rows , and forest edges . it eats mostly ants but also beetle larvae and—during late autumn , winter , and early spring—a variety of berries . the northern flicker is well adapted to habitats altered by humans , commonly breeding in urban as well as suburban and rural environments , and visiting backyard bird feeders . nevertheless , data from the north american breeding bird survey indicate significant declines in abundance . reasons for these declines are unclear , but likely explanations are habitat loss and competition with the european starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) for nest cavities . although the northern flicker remains abundant , this declining trend should be viewed with concern because the species plays a central role in the ecology of woodland communities where it excavates many of the cavities later used by other hole - nesting species .
northern flicker : this species breeds from alaska east through manitoba to newfoundland and south throughout the u . s . and into mexico and cuba . it is a resident from approximately the u . s . - canada border southward , as the northernmost birds are migratory . preferred habitats include forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .
the flicker ' s diet is mostly insects , including ants . they also eat termites , beetles , caterpillars , fruits , and berries . they will sometimes eat seeds and nuts .
. once they reach adulthood , northern flickers are preyed upon by several birds of prey that specialize on hunting birds . in eastern north america this includes
distribution : northern flickers winter within north america throughout most of the contiguous united states . in summer , they range throughout most of alaska and canada . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , these birds were detected only rarely during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . one northern flicker was detected in the boreal forests of the ogilvie foothills ( of ) ecological unit during the survey . woodpecker species were not well inventoried using our sampling technique .
if you want to attract a flicker to your backyard keep a fresh birdbath , don ' t kill your ants in your backyard and lay out apples , peanut butter , or raisins .
northern wheatears breed all the way across northern eurasia and reach north america in both the west ( alaska and the yukon ) and the east ( the canadian arctic ) . so why don’t we get to see them in the winter , the way we get to see snow buntings , american tree sparrows , and snowy owls ? because all of the world’s northern wheatears , save a few vagrants , spend the winter in the same region : sub - saharan africa .
woodpeckers of the family picidae ( meaning
smeared with pitch
) are highly arboreal birds with chisel - like bills , strong claws , short legs and stiff tail - feathers . they usually occur singly in wooded areas , using their sharp claws to easily climb trees . most species
drum
or tap - out their songs on resonant trunks or branches . by using their stiff tail - feathers as props , they are able to anchor on tree trunks and drum signals or excavate cavities with their strong , sharp bills . five species of woodpeckers occur in yukon - charley rivers national preserve : the northern flicker and the three - toed , black - backed , downy and hairy woodpeckers . the northern flicker is so named for its distinctive
flicker
- sounding call note . in reference to their tree - boring habits and colaptes auratus aptly means
golden chisel !
moore , w . s . and j . t . price . 1993 .
the nature of selection in the northern flicker hybrid zone and its implications for speciation theory .
in hybrid zones and the evolutionary process . , edited by r . g . harrison , 196 - 225 . oxford , uk : oxford univ . press . close
the northern flicker ranges from the tree line in canada and alaska , south and eastwards across the north american continent , generally east of the rocky mountains , to the gulf of mexico , central america and the northern antilles ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the red - shafted form is largely restricted to the western half of the united states , while the yellow - shafted form is found in the eastern half , with a broad zone in the centre of the country where the two forms interbreed ( 4 ) .
despite being adept at climbing up the trunks of trees and hammering at wood to extract embedded insects , unlike other woodpeckers the northern flicker prefers to forage for food on the ground , hopping or running short distances between prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . ants may comprise as much as 75 percent of its diet ( 2 ) , which it captures by hammering and digging at the soil , before darting out its long , barbed tongue at the end of the bill to snare its prey ( 3 ) . the northern flicker also eats beetles , flies , butterflies , moths and snails , and often forages amongst other birds including sparrows and blackbirds , either alone , in pairs , in family groups , or in flocks of up to 15 birds ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when startled , unlike most other woodpeckers which quickly clamber up a nearby tree trunk , the northern flicker alights upon a thin horizontal branch and sits in a characteristic erect posture . it flies in a smooth rising and falling motion as it alternates periods of flapping with gliding ( 3 ) .
the northern flicker is a large brown woodpecker . it has a white tail with black bars and a black tip , a light brown to off - white breast with black to brown spots . it has a black
bib
on its upper chest . males have a black or red
mustache
that runs from its bill down to its cheek .
drumming ( 8 drums ) from two red - shafted flicker males in close proximity to each other in cottonwoods along the cache la poudre river . recording unmodified except for removal of 90 seconds of silence .
northern flickers generally nest in holes in trees like other woodpeckers . occasionally , they’ve been found nesting in old , earthen burrows vacated by belted kingfishers or bank swallows .
year - round area includes both resident and wintering populations . the northern limit of year - round range is variable . see figure 2 for breeding distribution of subspecies .
at the species level , northern flickers are partial migrants , because some individuals in the south are non - migratory , but northern populations would be considered short - distance migrants as all individuals leave the breeding area . the location of wintering areas on the continent suggests the main attribute of suitable habitat is snow - free ground favourable for foraging (
this bird will use a properly constructed bird house for nesting . as a cavity nester the flicker will excavate a nest in a tree , post , or catus anywhere from 8 - 100 feet above the ground .
the flicker is the only woodpecker in north american that commonly finds food on the ground . it often forages for ants and beetle larvae on the ground . it will sometimes perch on tree limbs to eat berries .
northern flickers usually excavate nest holes in dead or diseased tree trunks or large branches . in northern north america look for nests in trembling aspens , which are susceptible to a heartrot that makes for easy excavation . unlike many woodpeckers , flickers often reuse cavities that they or another species excavated in a previous year . nests are generally placed 6 - 15 feet off the ground , but on rare occasions can be over 100 feet high . northern flickers have been known to nest in old burrows of belted kingfishers or bank swallows .
although still widespread and relatively common , northern flicker populations have been in decline for several decades , estimated at around two percent per year . the principle cause of this decline is unclear , but it may be due to competition for nest cavities with other birds , reduced availability of nest sites , or the application of pesticides ( 4 ) . competition with introduced european starlings ( sturnus vulgaris ) is often evoked as an explanation for dwindling numbers of the northern flicker , but while some studies have found evidence to support this notion , others have not ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . similarly , the policy of removing snags , dead limbs and diseased trees from urban areas and managed forests may be limiting the availability of nesting cavities , but it is still unclear how significant a factor this is . there is also some limited evidence to suggest that the northern flicker is susceptible to ingesting pesticides used on golf courses , agricultural fields and suburban fields ( 4 ) . in cuba , deforestation is the greatest threat to the species , while it is now thought to be extinct in guadeloupe as a result of habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by cats ( 2 ) .
the distribution of distances travelled between breeding and wintering sites of individual northern flickers ( n = 199 ) . data are based on continent - wide banding recoveries and geolocator data .
the northern flicker is one of the largest and most beautiful woodpeckers in north america . we receive numerous calls each year along with customers stopping by wild bird habitat asking about this bird that they occasionally see in their yards . it does not frequent feeders and bird baths as often as other woodpeckers , but when it appears the shear size of this bird makes it very noticeable and a joy to see .
with ants as an important food source , the flicker often forages on the ground , but will also climb tree trunks and limbs like other woodpeckers . when eating fruits , it may forage out at the tips of branches .
to find northern flickers , try walking through open woods or forest edges , but scan the ground . you may flush a flicker from a feeding spot up into a nearby tree . look for the obvious white rump patch in flight . also , be sure to listen for their loud , ringing call and their piercing yelp . in late summer , listen for the incessant yammering of hungry nestlings to find a nest .
protection / threat / status : young in the nest are vulnerable to predators such as racoons , squirrels and snakes . later , they are preyed upon by birds of prey ( cooper ’s hawk , and sharp - shinned hawks in north america ) . populations are not seriously endangered by human activities , but they loose their habitat . northern flicker helps to control the populations of their preys , especially ant’s populations , and aphids .
northern flickers help to control the populations of their invertebrate prey , especially ant populations . they also create nests that are later used by other cavity - nesting species of birds and by squirrels .
at the start of the breeding season , the birds perform courtship displays including drumming , bowing and chasing in order to attract a mate . a flicker usually remains paired for life , but renews its bond each year through these rituals . after selecting a site , both birds excavate a hole that takes up to three weeks to construct . the number of eggs a flicker will lay is dependent on how many she observes in her initial clutch . if a predator robs an egg or two during egg laying , the flicker will lay replacements . the male and female share incubation duties , and an average of 5 - 7 chicks hatch after about 12 days . both sexes feed the chicks until they fledge about one month later .
q . can you tell a migrant just by its size or color ? a . although different populations of robins are slightly different sizes and the color intensity of the plumage varies somewhat geographically , robins don ' t really show the cut - and - dried plumage variations that populations and subspecies of others birds do . on average , robins are smallest in the warm , humid southeastern us , and smaller than average along the humid coast of northern california and the pacific northwest . robins are largest in the high , dry rocky mountains , northern great plains , and northern deserts of the west .
male and female northern flickers make a loud , evenly spaced , rapid drumming sound by hammering against trees or metal objects . you can often see a drumming bird pause , move its head just an inch or so away , and then begin drumming again with a very different quality of sound . flicker drumming lasts about a second , during which the bird strikes the tree around 25 times . drumming in woodpeckers takes the place of singing in songbirds .
northern flickers do not act like typical woodpeckers . they mainly forage on the ground often seen among sparrows and blackbirds . when you see a flicker in a tree they will be perched in an upright stance on thin horizontal branches . other woodpeckers cling to branches or tree trucks using their tail for leverage . neither do they fly in rapid undulating patterns as other woodpeckers . they will rise and drop smoothly as they alternate flapping their wings then gliding .
northern flickers do not respond strongly to predators . they may make tentative flights around the predator or make bill - poking movements towards the predator . young in the nest are vulnerable to nest predators such as
johnsgard , p . a . 1992 . birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . lincoln : university of nebraska press . xi + 504 pp .
kerpez , t . a . and n . s . smith . 1990 . nest - site selection and nest - cavity characteristics of gila woodpeckers and northern flickers . condor 92 : 193 - 198 .
] suggests that at least 69 species of birds show similar latitude - based migration tendencies with northern populations tending to be more migratory and southern ones sedentary ( e . g . red - tailed hawks (
northern flickers don’t habitually visit bird feeders , but you can find them in backyards and at bird baths . if your backyard has a mixture of trees and open ground , or if it’s near woods , you may find northern flickers simply by walking around the wooded edges . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .
aggressive displays such as
bill directing
or
bill poking
are used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head tilted forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is
head swinging ,
whereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a
head bobbing
display that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays .
northern flickers are found in wooded areas that have stands of dead trees . they are also found in open areas , forest edges , clear - cut areas , burnt areas , agricultural lands , and residential areas .
diet : northern flickers feed primarily on insects and dine on ants more than any other north american bird ! they also occasionally will consume seeds , acorns , nuts and grains . young birds are fed regurgitated food .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
the northern flicker is a large , mostly brownish woodpecker with extensive gray on the head and neck , a black bib , and large , round , black spots on the breast and flanks . its upperparts have black barring , and in flight it shows a white rump and colorful patches in the primaries , which may be red in western birds , or yellow in eastern birds . these patches are visible from above , but are much more extensive on the undersides of the wings .
northern flickers are large , brown woodpeckers with attractive black - scalloped plumage and black bars on the wings . they have a noticeable black patch on the upper breast below the throat resembling a bib while the lower breast and belly are beige with black spots . male flickers have marking on each side of the face referred to as a mustache . females lack these marks . if the markings are black it is a yellow - shafted flicker more common in the eastern united states . if they are red it is a red - shafted flicker a western bird . these colors may also be noticeable as a flash of yellow or red in the wings when they fly . both have a white rump under a brown tail that is very conspicuous in flight .
a few woodpeckers seasonally leave the northern high elevations of their nesting range while others are
irruptive
species , like some hawks and owls , which will move hundreds or thousands of miles based on their food supply .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
this brown woodpecker flashes bright colors under the wings and tail when it flies . its ringing calls and short bursts of drumming can be heard in spring almost throughout north america . two very different - looking forms - - yellow - shafted flicker in the east and north , and red - shafted flicker in the west - - were once considered separate species . they interbreed wherever their ranges come in contact . on the western great plains , there is a broad zone where all the flickers are intergrades between red - shafted and yellow - shafted .
this woodpecker ranges from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory and winter in the southern part of this range and in northern mexico ( palmer and fowler 1975 , farrand , jr . 1988 , winkler et al . 1995 ) . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua ( winkler et al . 1995 ) .
northern flickers are active during the day . they protect territories that may include small family groups . male flickers recognize females by sight . to protect their mates or territories , birds of the same sex become aggressive towards each other .
male northern flickers of the western form have a red malar stripe extending downward and rearward from the base of the bill . males of the eastern form have a black malar stripe and a red patch on the rear of the crown .
• like most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that’s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects .
northern flickers are partially migratory . red - shafted flickers tend to over - winter on their breeding grounds or migrate shorter distances than yellow - shafted flickers , but both tend to withdraw from higher elevations and winter in the western washington lowlands . yellow - shafted flickers , which are strongly migratory , become more common in washington , especially along the outer coast , in winter . this increase is probably due largely to yellow - shafted flickers that have migrated to washington from alaska and the northern rocky mountains .
the breeding season occurs from february to july . the nest is made in dead tree trunks , dead parts of live trees , or telephone poles . northern flickers will also build nests in nestboxes . nests are usually built below 3 meters above the ground .
northern flickers play an important role in forested ecosystems by excavating nesting and roosting holes that are subsequently used by other birds , animals , and reptiles that cannot make their own . they are abundant and widespread throughout their range and are the most common woodpecker in washington . the spread of residential development , roads , and the increasing fragmentation of the forest have increased the amount of habitat for northern flickers . however slight declines have been observed recently , which may be due to competition with european starlings for nest holes .
hutto , r . l . , and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service . u . s . forest service general technical report rmrs - gtr - 32 , ogden , utah .
open water during these winter months seems to attract them almost more than the backyard bird feeders do . most reports we receive are flickers visiting a bird bath . i have a 16 foot shallow stream between two small reservoirs in my backyard running over two waterfalls , even at thirty below windshield temperatures . you can just about count on multiple daily visits by a flicker , and each time it is just as exciting as the last . at a recent bird feeding workshop we conducted in columbus for the central community college extended learning services , several attendees asked about witnessing these large birds at their bird baths . it was the flicker .
open forests , woodlots , groves , towns , semi - open country . with its wide range , from alaska to nicaragua , the flicker can be found in almost any habitat with trees . tends to avoid dense unbroken forest , requiring some open ground for foraging . may be in very open country with few trees .
mcclelland , b . r . 1977 . relationships between hole - nesting birds , forest snags and decay in western larch - douglas fir forests of the northern rocky mountains . ph . d . thesis . , univ . of montana , missoula . 483 pp .
northern flickers can be found throughout north america in parks , suburbs , farmlands , woodlands , and deserts . their appearance differs depending on where they live . in the east the bird is know as the yellow - shafted since it has yellow under its wings .
vocalizations : the low - pitched song of the northern flicker is long and strong series of
kwikwikwikwik
notes . on the breeding grounds , their call notes are loud and repeated ,
flick
or
flicker .
they also give a shrill , descending
kee - oo
or
klee - yer
call year - round . while their drumming is moderate to fast in speed , the pattern is variable . nests : northern flickers nest within a variety of deep cavities that are used perennially . cavities such as bank swallow burrows , kingfisher holes or nest boxes may be used , though holes chiseled into trunks or large branches of trees and snags are preferred . while males tend to select the site , cavities are excavated by both sexes in about 12 days . occasionally , squirrels , starlings , screech owls or kestrels take over these excavations , displacing the poor flickers ! a clutch consists of 3 - 12 , 28mm , white eggs that are unmarked . although both parents incubate the clutch for 11 - 14 days , the female does most of the sitting and brooding . offspring fledge in 25 - 28 days post - hatching and are reared by both parents .
populations are not seriously endangered by human activity , although human activity sometimes destroys their habitat . few conservation measures are being taken because northern flickers are not recognized as endangered . as a migratory north american bird they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .
] . other climatic variables , such as rain , and cold temperatures are less likely than snow cover to restrict access to ground - dwelling arthropods . our data show that migration in flickers is not leapfrog or chain migration and indicate that more northern populations must travel longer distances to reach locations that remain snow - free during winter creating an overlap in the wintering sites of both southern - and northern - breeding individuals . among species with a large geographical breeding range , it is common for migration propensity to vary with latitude as we found in flickers [
description : northern flicker has a grey - brown barred back , and white rump . male has a tan head , grey crown , red nape , black moustache and a black crescent on the breast . the underparts are light tan with dense black spotting ( lower breast , flanks and belly ) . the tail is black - tipped . undertail coverts and wing lining are yellow . in flight , we can see its white rump patch and its largely yellow underwing . the bill is strong , straight and chisel - shaped . the greenish - grey legs are short , and the feet are zygodactylous . claws are long .
it prefers to feed on the ground , where it hops awkwardly . to feed , it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants . we can find it on dead trees where it moves as tits . it feeds mainly on ants and larvae , but also other insects , spiders , molluscs and some crustaceans . in winter , it consumes fruits , berries , seeds and acorns . usually seen alone , in pairs or in family groups , it may feed in small flocks during the migrations . the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that are strongly migratory , mainly the northernmost populations .
male flickers recognize females by sight . to protect his mate or territory , birds of the same sex become aggressive toward each other ( palmer and fowler 1975 ) . aggressive displays such as
bill directing
or
bill poking
are used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head inclined forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is
head swinging ,
whereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a
head bobbing
display that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays ( short 1982 , bent 1992 ) .
northern flickers mainly consume insects and invertebrates , such as grasshoppers , crickets , ants , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars , and spiders . they also consume fruits in the fall and winter , as well as weed seeds , acorns , and other types of nuts .
northern yellow - shafted flickers from alaska and canada strongly migratory , most traveling east and then south . big flights move down atlantic coast in fall , migrating by day . red - shafted flickers often migrate shorter distances , moving southward and from mountains into lowlands ; some spread eastward on great plains in winter .
) . many researchers have reported on aspects of behavior and nest use by northern flickers as part of general studies of cavity - nesting birds . recently , such interest has intensified as flickers have been recognized as
keystone
excavators that may influence the abundance of secondary cavity - nestering species in forest systems (
northern flickers make a loud , rolling rattle with a piercing tone that rises and falls in volume several times . the song lasts 7 or 8 seconds and is quite similar to the call of the pileated woodpecker . you’ll hear it in the spring and early summer , while pairs are forming and birds are establishing their territories .
spring is on its way when the loud joyful call of the flicker :
wicker , wicker , wicker
, echoes through the woodlands . males are known for drumming in long continuous rolls made by rapid blows with his bill . male flickers will often return to their favorite drumming spot where most likely it is the loudest and noisiest spot . flickers are found in southern states and east of the rocky mountains .
flight : the flight of a flicker is preformed in a straighter manner than that of any other woodpecker . their migrations are performed at night , even during the coldest winters . when passing from one tree to another on wing , they also fly in a straight line , until right before they land , they then suddenly raise themselves a few feet and fasten themselves to the bark of the trunk by their claws and tail .
birds exhibit diverse strategies for migrating between their breeding and wintering sites , such as variation in routes , timing and distances travelled . patterns of migration can be described at different taxonomic and spatial scales and vary between species , between populations and also within populations [ 1 ] . many individuals in the northern hemisphere show roughly north–south parallel movements meaning that western - breeding populations winter farther west than eastern - breeding populations , on a continental scale [ 2 – 5 ] . however , cases where eastern and western populations cross - over during migration are also known [ 6 ] . populations may also differ in their propensity to migrate based on latitude . for example , northern populations of european robins ( erithacus rubecula ) are migratory , whereas southern populations are resident [ 7 ] . in other cases ‘leapfrog’ migrations may occur where northern - breeding populations winter at more southerly latitudes than do the southern - breeding populations [ 8 ] . chain migration , in contrast to ‘leapfrog’ migration , occurs when winter populations occur in the same north–south sequence as breeding populations [ 1 ] .


gnathifera acacivorella is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 1968 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .

larvae have been reported feeding in galls on acacia species .

gnathifera acacivorella

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gnathifera punctata gaedike , 2013 ; beitr . entomol . 63 ( 1 ) : 158
gnathifera gaedike , 1978 ; beitr . entomol . 28 ( 1 ) : 208 ; ts : epermenia opsias meyrick
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epermenia aphronesa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : tasmania
ochromolopis bidentella gaedike , 1981 ; reichenbachia 19 ( 35 ) : 211 ( repl . _ ochromolopis bidentata gaedike , 1968 )
queensland , new south wales , south australia , tasmania . see [ maps ]
epermenia eurybias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 429 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; glen innes and sydney ; gisborne and healesville , victoria ; hobart , tasmania
epermenia opsias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : bathurst , blackheath , and mt kosciusco , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania
ochromolopis paropsias gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 145
epermenia proserga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 318 ; tl : barberton
ochromolopis pseudaphronesa gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 144
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
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meyrick , 1913 descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 267 - 336
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cicindela columbica is a species of beetle in the tiger beetle subfamily , cicindelinae , known commonly as the columbia river tiger beetle .

it is endemic to idaho in the united states .

today the beetle is probably restricted to the lower salmon river system in idaho .

its range once extended into oregon and washington , but it has been extirpated from these states by the installation of dams on the columbia river .

this beetle lives on sand bars and river beaches , especially near dunes , hunting and consuming smaller arthropods .

the larvae are also predatory , hiding in sand burrows for prey .

damming of the rivers has affected water levels , inundating their river bank habitat and causing widespread loss of populations .

cicindela columbica

beer , f . m . 1971 . note on cicindela columbica . cincindela 3 ( 2 ) : 32 .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363
bartels , p . 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363 .
bartels , peggy , 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp + .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica hatch ) in idaho ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 57 ( 2 ) : 359 - 363 .
cicindela columbica has no federal status at the present time . the u . s . fish and wildlife service was petitioned by g . shook in 1979 to list this species as endangered or threatened , based on the threat presented by a proposed dam on the lower salmon river . in 1988 , when the usfws wrote its finding , this dam was no longer proposed and the petition was declared to be unwarranted . cicindela columbica is ranked as a type 2 sensitive species by the bureau of land management , which indicates a species that is experiencing significant declines throughout its range with a high likelihood of being listed in the foreseeable future due to their rarity and / or significant endangerment factors .
leffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , s . r . and d . l . pearson . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , sanford r . , 1987 . synonmymic notes on , and additions to ,
note on cicindelid habitats in oregon by maser and beer ( 1984 ) . cicindela 19 ( 1 ) 1 - 12
cicindela columbica is in the family cicindelidae ( tiger beetles ) . adults are 12 - 14 mm ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 55 in . ) long , with an iridescent black body , metallic bronze elytra with pale wavy markings , and long slender antennae and legs . the head is dark with prominent eyes and large sickle shaped mouthparts ; the head and eyes together are wider than the thorax . the legs , thorax and head are pubescent ( hairy ) . tiger beetle larvae live in burrows in the sand . larvae hide at the mouth of the burrow and seize passing prey with large sickle - shaped mandibles .
pearson , d . l . , t . g . barraclough , and a . p . vogler . 1997 . distributional range maps for north american species of tiger beetles ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindela , 29 ( 3 - 4 ) : 33 - 84 . available online : urltoken
more recent surveys have found c . columbica populations in the lower salmon river canyon , from near slate creek to eagle creek ( ~ 42 km [ 26 mi ] reach ) , but not on the snake river from the mouth of the salmon river on the oregon - idaho border to heller’s bar , washington ( shook 1981 ) . no c . columbica were found on the lower salmon river below eagle creek , or along the idaho - oregon or idaho - washington snake river corridors . the largest populations on the lower salmon were estimated to number from 200 - 400 beetles , but it was noted that accurate population assessments are difficult due to the active and fast - moving nature of these beetles .
a few years ago i made a reduction blockprint of cicindela columbica , the columbia river tiger beetle . these beetles are member of a subfamily of brilliantly colored , sleek , swift and fierce predators , mostly found in sandy habitats . the columbia river tiger beetle has suffered grievously as a result of the epidemic of dam building in the northwest - found now only along a few select drainages in idaho , the sandbars it used to hunt on in oregon drowned by the huge slackwater lakes that stretch for miles behind the dams . i’m a big fan of tiger beetles - their jaws are wicked and their shells glint in the sun . yet another reason to call for the freeing of our rivers !
the lower salmon river , where this species still persists , is a popular destination for recreational users , with extensive boating , rafting , fishing , camping , and hiking activities . excessive foot , livestock , and / or vehicular traffic in the sandy riparian areas inhabited by c . columbica can seriously degrade habitat , destroying larval burrows and potentially killing young larvae . over - collecting has also been suggested as a potential threat to this species ( labonte 1995 ) .
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this riparian species has been extirpated from most of its range due to water level impacts from dams . it is now restricted to one river system at more than 20 scattered patches of sand bars and dune habitat , representing a single location . these patches may represent several metapopulation with a smaller number of subpopulations and may occur as only a single population . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 400 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 10 km 2 . it is subject to various riparian impacts , which are causing the observed continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality . therefore , it is assessed as endangered .
this species is now believed to be limited to the lower salmon river in idaho , usa . it is possible but doubtful that it occurs in a small section of the lower snake river in idaho , and surveys are needed to confirm this .
a survey along a portion of its range along the lower salmon river of idaho found it at 14 locations separated by approximately one or more river miles . the estimated adult population size at two of the largest sites , each over 400 m long , were greater than 200 and greater than 400 individuals . adults were abundant and gregarious at some of the other sites . the species is also known from five or more additional sites along another section of the salmon river , but this section has not been systematically surveyed . it has not been determined if there has been a recent decline of the species within its range .
this species occurs in patches of sand bars and beaches usually backed by dunes along the lower salmon river . adults are active visual hunting predators searching for small arthropods along the water edge habitats . larvae are sit - and - wait predators found in shallow burrows in the upper beach . development time is two or three years . adults that overwintered are active in april and may with a new adult cohort present in august in september . adults and larvae both overwinter .
the primary known threats throughout its limited range are natural water level changes which can episodically eliminate its sand bar and beach habitats . prolonged inundation of the habitat can result in larval mortality . disturbances from pedestrian and vehicular activity may impact some sites .
this species has been extirpated from a very larger portion of its range , but its current distribution and abundance is not fully known . there is currently no active management or monitoring of this species to determine any changes in its conservation status . it is not currently listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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adults and larvae are voracious predators on other insects . larvae use their jaws to capture prey that wander close to the mouths of their burrows . adults are active , fast - running , strong - flying hunters that forage for prey on sandbars and dunes during the day and burrow into the sand at night .
tiger beetles are popular with collectors due to their bright metallic coloration and striking patterning , and enthusiasts are often eager to obtain a rare specimen for their collections . additional potential threats such as the effects of disease , predation , and loss of open sandy habitat due to encroachment by vegetation , especially invasive species , have not been assessed .
hatch , m . 1938 . the coleoptera of washington : carabidae : cicindelidae . university of washington biology 1 : 225 - 240 .
labonte , j . r . 1995 . possible threatened or endangered terrestrial predaceous coleoptera of the columbia river basin . prepared for the blm / usfs eastside ecosystem management project . corvallis , or . 31 pp . available at urltoken
pearson , d . l . 1988 . biology of tiger beetles . annual review of entomology 33 : 123 - 147 .
stagliano , david , m . , george m . stephens and william r . bosworth . 2007 . aquatic invertebrate species of concern on usfs northern region lands . report to usda forest service , northern region . montana natural heritage program , helena , montana and idaho conservation data center , boise , idaho . 95 pp . plus appendices .
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a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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freitag , r . p . 1999 . catalogue of the tiger beetles of canada and the united states . national research council research press , ottawa , canada . 195 pp .
limited remaining range along a single river , with the usual threats for riparian tiger beetles . extirpated from most of recent range .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
formerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .
thirteen locations are known along the salmon river in id , but they may represent one population ( stephens 2002 ) . none of the several historical populations along the columbia in wa and or have been seen since 1976 .
loss of habitat and disturbances vehicles or excessive foot traffic the main threats at undammed sites . dams destroy habitat and fragment that which remains , limiting dispersal and recolonization .
( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) formerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .
a medium - sized ( 12 - 13 mm ) brown and white beetle .
sandbars and dunes along banks of the columbia river
( freitag , 1999 ) . however apparently the species no longer occurs there knisley and schultz ( 1997 , p . 70 ) .
this species probably has a three year life cycle and so larvae are always present in their burrows at any season .
an area of sand or other appropriate substrate , for high quality occurrences generally a cluster of several such areas , along a river or stream or occasionally ditch or some sort of embankment where a colony occurs with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a collection or photograph of an adult associated with a habitat patch . single isolated colonies should not be ranked higher than c and high quality occurrences will be clusters of several such colonies along a river or stream .
before trying to map an occurrence for any species consult the habitat comments field and relevant literature such as freitag ( 1999 ) , knisley and schultz ( 1997 ) , larochelle and lariviere , 2001 , and leonard and bell ( 1999 ) and if necessary the original references in them to determine the precise species - specific habitat parameters such as soil type , vegetation cover etc .
possibly dams , rip - raps , groins etc . but for now it is suggested the disturbances they create be treated as unsuitable habitat unless direct observations show them to be barriers . some adults should be able to move over or around them , especially during low water periods when unvegetated areas are exposed .
c . puritana is included with some reservation . these specs should be workable ( but the distances may be somewhat exceeded for practical reasons ) on the connecticut river , but probably not on its other occurrence on chesapeake bay .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
franklin , m . d . h . 2001 . the status of tiger beetles along the hanford reach or the columbia river . m . s . thesis . wa state univ . 75 pp .
hoback , w . wyatt , and john j . riggins . 2001 . tiger beetles of the united states . jamestown , nd : northern prairie wildlife research center online . urltoken ( version 12dec2003 ) accessed 10 dec . 2007 .
knisley , c . b . and t . d . schultz . 1997 . the biology of tiger beetles and a guide to the species of the south atlantic states . virginia museum of natural history special publication number 5 . virginia museum of natural history : martinsville , virginia . 210 pp .
leffler , sanford . 1979 . tiger beetles of the pacific northwest ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) phd dissertation , university of washington .
pearson , d . l . , c . b . knisley and c . j . kazilek . 2006 . a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada : identification , natural history , and distribution of the cicindelidae . oxford university press , new york , new york . 227 pp .
perkins , p . d . 1983 . north american insect status review . contract 14 - 16 - 0009 - 79 - 052 . final report to office of endangered species , u . s . fish and wildlife service , department of the interior . 354 pp .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
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this print is made from films recaptured from that blockprint - printed during the reduction process on tracing paper and then exposed as screens . it’s five colors , two of which are rich golds , and three of which are really intense split - fountain fades . it’s a vivid print , like the beetles themselves - the camera has a hard time capturing it !
if you missed it last week : the 2012 justseeds / eberhardt press organizer is out . i’m busy wiring them together as fast as i can , while charles of eberhardt stands behind…
here’s a new project : a bushmeat food - cart . the project is called viande de brousse , the french translation of bushmeat , meaning simply wild meat hunted from the forest , or bush , as…
bay - area arts organizer david solnit has been making art for protest movements for decades , and has established a practice of simple , reliable techniques for amplifying messages in the streets . i’ve…
here’s some pictures from the ongoing large print project in portland . icky , pete and roger have begun carving a 3′ x 10′ block of lino to make a counterpart to…
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .