tephris cyriella is a species of snout moth in the genus tephris .

it was described by erschoff in 1874 .

it is found in spain , romania and turkmenistan .

the wingspan is 20 – 23 mm .

tephris cyriella

tephris verruculella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae . it was described by ragonot in 1887 . it is found in russia ( transcausia ) , morocco and israel . . . .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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choristostigma perpulchralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found in mexico ( tehuacan , veracruz ) and the united states , where it has been recorded from new mexico and texas .

the wingspan is 18 – 22 mm .

the forewings are bright yellow with a bright pink costa and terminal area , as well as a pink antemedial line .

the hindwings are white and the terminal area is yellowish suffused with pink scales .

adults are on wing in march , may and september .

choristostigma perpulchralis

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
warren , w . 1892 . description of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british museum collection . the annals and magazine of natural history . p . 440 .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
annotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico scholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . 2015 . zookeys 535 : 1–136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 535 . 6086 .
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hampson , 1899 . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 188 , pl . 50 , fig . 24 . .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 9 july , 2013 - 9 : 17pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 3 : 51pm
davis mountains ( private ranch ) , jeff davis county , texas , usa june 5 , 2016 size : fw 10mm .
ph . at a porchlight on a private ranch in the davis mountains . adds a jeff davis co . record for bg . mpg shows a previous record for the county as well .
= diasemia ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 213
botis plumbosignalis fernald , 1888 ; ent . amer . 4 : 37 ; tl : colorado
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a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
warren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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gibbovalva kobusi is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from china ( guizhou , zhejiang , hunan and guangxi ) and japan ( hokkaidō and honshū ) .

the wingspan is 6.5-9.2 mm .

the larvae feed on magnolia kobus .

they probably mine the leaves of their host plant .

gibbovalva kobusi

a review of the genus gibbovalva ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae : gracillariinae ) from china .
gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is similar to gibbovalva magnoliae and gibbovalva tricuneatella in the aedeagus lacking a flap - like process , but it is distinguishable by the forewing markings . in gibbovalva clavata , basal 1 / 3 of forewing is white with four black costal specks ; apical 2 / 3 of forewing has four white fasciae , whereas in gibbovalva magnoliae forewing has a v - shaped speck at base and five white fasciae and in gibbovalva tricuneatella forewing has three white fasciae which markedly dilate towards wing fold . in addition , gibbovalva clavata resembles gibbovalva quadrifasciata ( stainton ) in the male genitalia , as in both species the ventral surface of valva is covered with lanceolate setae , but it is distinguishable by other characters .
gibbovalva kumata & kuroko , 1988 , in : kumata , kuroko and ermolaev , 1988 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 40 : 3
the paper presents four chinese species belonging to the genera metriochroa busck , eumetriochroa kumata , and gibbovalva kumata & kuroko ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) , including two new species : metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , is newly recorded from china . photographs of adults and figures of the genital structures are provided , along with keys to the chinese species of metriochroa , eumetriochroa , and gibbovalva .
contribution to the knowledge of the genus gibbovalva kumata et kuroko , 1961 ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) with description of g . squamosa sp . n . from west africa .
adults . 1 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 2 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 3 metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . 4 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 2000 μm .
male genitalia . 5 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 6 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 7 metriochroa alboannulata bai sp . n . 8 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 μm .
of the four gracillarid moth species treated in the present paper , eumetriochroa hiranoi is newly recorded from china , and metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata sp . n . are new to science .
a new species of gibbovalva , with antennal scape bearing a ventral flap and valva with a costal process as for other members of the genus , with which it also shares the fore wing markings and characteristics of vinculum and saccus . the basal 1 / 3 of the forewing of gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is white in ground color and has four black costal specks ; the distal 2 / 3 is ochreous yellow in ground color and has four white fasciae . the valva is blade - shaped , the costa possesses a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 ; saccus is thumb - shaped with rounded apex ; the aedeagus does not have a flap - like process , and its thorn - like cornuti are arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to subapex .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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notes : records of china , russian far east and japan refer to misidentifications of other species ( kuznetzov 1999 : 17 ) . the record of japan ( issiki 1957 : 30 ) is a misidenfification of gracillaria japonica kumata , 1982 ( see kumata 1982a : 11 ) . this species was introduced to north america from europe . it was first found in ontario ( canada ) in 1923 and in washington ( u . s . a . ) in 1927 ( pohl et al . 2015 : 43 ) .
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doganlar , m . 1980 . two new species of chrysocharis foerster and a new synonymy and record of sympiesis foerster ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ; eulophidae ) from western canada . - türkiye bitki koruma dergisi 4 ( 2 ) : 119–129 .
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sawoniewicz , j . & buszko , j . 1994 . ichneumonidae ( hymenoptera ) reared from mining lepidoptera in poland . - wiadomosci entomologiczne 13 ( 1 ) : 55–61 .
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1 department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , no . 73 , east street north of the city , changzhi , 046011 shanxi province , p . r . china
2 school of life and environmental science , gannan normal university , south of college road , economic - technological development area , ganzhou , 341000 jiangxi province , p . r . china
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eumetriochroa kumata , 1998 and metriochroa busck , 1900 are small genera of gracillariidae oecophyllembiinae ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . the genus eumetriochroa contained four new species worldwide when it was erected ( kumata , 1998 ) , namely eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa kalopanacis kumata , 1998 and eumetriochroa miyatai kumata , 1998 . a new species , eumetriochroa araliella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 , was subsequently added to the genus ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . accordingly , five species are currently recognized in eumetriochroa worldwide , all of them originally recorded from japan . larvae are leaf - miners on aquifoliaceae , araliaceae , and styracaceae . to date eleven plant species in seven genera have been recorded as host plants of eumetriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 , 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . prior to this study , eumetriochroa was represented in china by only one species , eumetriochroa hederae , firstly reported there by kobayashi et al . ( 2011 ) .
the genus metriochroa contains twelve described species worldwide . there are seven species in the afrotropical region , three in the palearctic region , and one each in the oriental and nearctic regions . metriochroa was not recorded in china until metriochroa symplocosella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 was described on the basis of chinese material ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . a total of twenty plant species in twelve genera of six families are known as host plants of metriochroa . eleven species in five genera of the family oleaceae serve as the most common host plants for the larvae of metriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) .
all adult specimens were obtained after by rearing from immature stages . adult external morphology was examined by using a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope , and photographs were taken with a leica dfc - 450 digital camera connected to a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope . genitalia were prepared following the methods of li and zheng ( 1996 ) . dissections of genitalia were conducted under an olympus szx - 7 stereomicroscope . genital morphology was examined with an olympus bx - 53 microscope , and the illustrations were prepared by using an olympus dp - 26 digital camera connected to the olympus bx - 53 microscope . terminology follows kumata ( 1998 ) and kumata et al . ( 1988 ) .
all specimens studied are deposited in the insect collection , department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , changzhi , shanxi , china ( iccc ) .
eumetriochroa kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 83 .
kumata ( 1998 : 85 , figs 1 , 2a , 12a , b , 14a , 17 , 18a , 22a , 24a , b ) .
female genitalia . 9 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 10 eumetriochroa hederae kumata . scale bar 500 μm .
eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 96 .
de prins & de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2013 : 119 ) .
2♂♂ , 2♀♀ , china . feng shan , ganzhou , jiangxi province , 8 september 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu and chengqing liao ; genitalia slide nos
eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana . ( n . s . ) 54 : 85 .
de prins and de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2011 : 28 ) .
china . 1♂ , daqiutian , jiulian mountain , jiangxi province , 18 january 2013 , leg . xiaohua dai ; 2♀♀ , yangling national forest park , chongyi county , jiangxi province , 700 m , 10 march 2012 , leg . jinshui liang ; genitalia slide nos
araliaceae : hedera sinensis ( tobler ) hand . - mazz . ; hedera rhombea ( miq . ) bean ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 ) .
) , especially in fore wing markings . their fore wing has a white stripe situated between the third and fourth fasciae which extends from the dorsal edge of the third fascia towards costa to the middle of the fourth fascia . this character was not recorded by
in the original description based on japanese specimens . in addition , instead of the fourth fascia as described by kumata , it is the apex of the fifth fascia which is edged with remarkable darker spots . however , the structures of the male ( fig .
) are in accordance with the original description , which provides us confidence to assign the specimens reared in china to this species .
metriochroa busck , 1900 , proceedings of the united states national museum 23 : 244 .
wing venation of metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 μm .
flagellum of metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . has six white rings on distal part . forewing has two silvery white fasciae : one placed at the basal 1 / 4 and is slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , the other situated preapically ; forewing possesses white costal and dorsal specks , two of them at the middle , and opposite each other , and one near the tornus . valva is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a sclerotized ridge , the former shorter than the ventral one . aedeagus is tubular , and with a clavate cornutus on vesica .
forewing markings of metriochroa vary notably . metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . is similar to metriochroa argyrocelis vári , 1961 and metriochroa celidota bradley , 1965 in forewing with obvious white or silvery white markings . these characteristics easily distinguish these species from other members of the genus .
metriochroa alboannulata is close to metriochroa celidota in forewing with two silvery white fasciae , especially as the first fascia is present at the basal 1 / 4 in both species . however , in metriochroa alboannulata the first fascia is evident and joins with dorsum , and the second fascia is closer to the apex of forewing than in metriochroa celidota ; in addition , metriochroa alboannulata has a silvery white speck near tornus , which does not occur in metriochroa celidota .
both metriochroa alboannulata and the female of metriochroa argyrocelis ( forewing markings of male metriochroa argyroscelis are clearly dissimilar from those of metriochroa alboannulata ) have a silvery white fascia at the basal 1 / 4 of forewing , and a silvery white speck near tornus , but they differ in the following characteristics : in metriochroa alboannulata , the fascia is of uniform width , and is narrower than that of metriochroa argyrocelis , in which it gradually widens towards dorsum ; in addition , in place of the fascia near the apex of forewing and the silvery white bar - shaped specks at the middle of costa and dorsum present in metriochroa alboannulata , metriochroa argyrocelis has two silvery white specks at the middle and basal 3 / 4 of costa , respectively .
) . wingspan 6 . 5–7 . 5 mm . head fuscous with metallic luster . antenna fuscous , flagellum with six white rings on distal part . labial palpus whitish - yellow , with the outer side of second and third segments fuscous . thorax , tegula , and fore wing fuscous . fore wing shining with purple ; two silvery white fasciae present , first fascia at the basal 1 / 4 , and slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , second fascia at subapex and outwardly oblique ; costa and dorsum with an outwardly oblique bar - shaped silvery white speck each at the middle , costal speck longer than the dorsal one ; dorsum with a silvery white speck near tornus ; cilia grayish - brown , those on termen with median and apical fringe lines of black spots , which run parallel with termen . hindwing and its cilia fuscous . legs fuscous . external surface of profemur and mesofemur , internal surface of metafemur ochreous white ; protibia basally , mesotibia and extremities of metatibia ochreous white ; both ends of first tarsomeres , apical tarsomeres and the apex of other tarsomeres white . abdomen dorsally fuscous , ventrally ochreous white , anterior margin of each sternite fuscous .
100 μm in length , with widely rounded apex . tuba analis bilobed apically , with setae on each lobe . vinculum y - shaped ; saccus
160 μm in length , about three times as long as wide ; inner surface with a sclerotized longitudinal ridge which divides the valva into dorsal and ventral portions ; dorsal portion slightly shorter than ventral one , with obliquely truncated apex , and covered with a group of partite scales on its distal part ; ventral portion with spine - like setae on its rounded apex . aedeagus tubular ,
700 μm long , obliquely truncated along apical 2 / 7 , pointed apically ; vesica with a clavate cornutus , which is approximately 160 μm long .
holotype ♂ . china . wuzhifeng , shangyou county , jiangxi province , 2 january 2013 , leg . chengqing liao ; genitalia slide no .
the specific name is composed of “ albus ” and “ annulatus ” , meaning “with white ring” , referring to the flagellum of antenna with white rings on its distal part .
) . wingspan 7 . 0 mm . head white , with frons fuscous . labial palpus white , second segment apically and third segment basally with a fuscous spot on their outer side . thorax white , its sides edged with fuscous line ; tegula fuscous with white apex . basal 1 / 3 of forewing white , with four black specks along costa , of which the last one smallest ; distal 2 / 3 of forewing ochreous yellow with fuscous band along costa and four white , nearly equally spaced fasciae which obliquely extend outwards from costa to dorsum ; two basal fasciae , approximately twice the width of the two distal ones , enclose a black spot on costa . cilia black from dorsal third fascia to costal fourth fascia , white at the apical angle , the remaining cilia pale grey . hind wing and its cilia pale grey . legs with coxae and tarsi white ; tarsi with three fuscous rings , the last tarsomere ochreous yellow apically . profemur fuscous ; protibia white in basal 1 / 3 , the remaining part fuscous . mesofemur with external surface fuscous , internal surface ochreous white ; mesotibia white , with three fuscous rings , of which one at the basal 1 / 3 , two at the distal part . metafemur white , external side with a fuscous spot at base and middle respectively ; metatibia white , with a median fuscous ring , the last tarsomere fuscous apically .
) . tegumen approximately 400 μm long , tongue - like , slightly wider on apical half , densely covered with fine setae on ventral and dorsal surfaces and with a sparse row of longer setae on each side . valva approx . 600 μm long , blade - shaped , slightly narrowed at base , obliquely truncated at apex and almost parallel - sided ; costa straight with a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 , dorsum slightly upcurved near apex ; inner surface covered with usual setae except for lanceolate setae clustered on distal part . saccus thumb - shaped , rounded apically . aedeagus nearly 650 μm long , tapering to a pointed apex from around the distal 1 / 4 ; vesica with acute , thorn - like cornuti arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to aedeagus subapex , some cornuti arranged between apical 1 / 5 and apex being larger than others . antero - dorsal apodeme of the eighth tergite approx . 150 μm long , with slender sclerotization extending caudad to the middle of the eighth tergite ; eighth sternite with a pair of very slender invaginations , nearly equal in length to dorsal apodeme .
holotype ♂ . china , jiulian mountain , longnan , jiangxi province , 600 m , 30 march 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu ; genitalia slide no .
the species name is derived from the latin “ clavatus ” , meaning “clavate” , in reference to the costal process of valva .
we are most grateful to mr . paolo triberti of the museo civico di storia naturale of verona , for his help in providing valuable references . financial assistance rendered by the national nature science foundation of china ( no . 41361009 and no . 31260116 ) , the natural science foundation of jiangxi province , china ( no . 20132bab204008 ) , the program for the philosophy and social sciences research of higher learning institutions of shanxi province , china ( pssr . no . 2012331 ) , and the natural science foundation of shanxi province , china ( no . 2011011033 - 3 ) are gratefully acknowledged .
bai h , xu j , dai x ( 2016 ) two new and one newly recorded species of gracillariidae from china ( lepidoptera ) . zookeys 559 : 139–150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 559 . 6812
de prins w , de prins j . ( 2005 ) gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) . in : landry b . ( ed . )
two species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) new to china , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis and eumetrichroa .
kobayashi s , huang gh , nakamura a , hirowatari t . ( 2013 )
four new species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) from china and japan , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis , eumetriochroa , guttigera , and metriochroa .
japanese species of the subfamily oecophyllembiinae réal et balachowsky ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , with descriptions of a new genus and eight new species .
japanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , part ii .
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the yellow-winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red-faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch .

it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250,000 km ² .

it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d'ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .

yellow - winged pytilia

scientific name : pytilia phoenicoptera = red winged . pytilia hypogrammica = yellow winged pytilia .
common name / s : aurora finch , aurora waxbill , crimson winged pytilia , red faced pytilia , red winged pytilia , yellow winged pytilia .
status in ( australian ) captivity : red winged = secure . red faced and yellow winged are harder to find .
a / a vol 59 no . 2 feb 2005 page 25 - 26 ( yellow winged pytilia - cover photo ) .
the yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red - faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch . it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250 , 000 km 2 .
strike three in formulating my tree of pytilia genetics was / is the continuing debate as to the notion of the ‘split’ red - winged pytilia . some say that if a red - winged pytilia has one yellow parent it must be a split – in other words even though it looks like a red - winged pytilia it carries the gene for yellow wing colour in its genetic make up and if two such splits are mated together then it is possible to obtain yellow winged offspring .
the basics : the yellow - winged pytilia is a dashing african waxbill that shares a very close relationship ( and sometimes the name aurora finch ) with the red - winged pytilia . the rather rare yellow - wing is found in mostly open country in western central africa .
i have had no experience in keeping the yellow - winged pytilia , a colour variation of the red - faced pytilia , which is difficult to obtain and is kept by a few breeders , predominantly in victoria and tasmania . the red - faced pytilia is the dominant species , so let us hope that the dedicated few who are lucky enough to own the yellow - winged pytilia will have much success in keeping them .
cost ( victoria ) per pair : - red faced ( approx . ) $ 250 . red winged approx . $ 100 . yellow winged approx . $ 500 .
green - winged pytilia - pytilia melba - this common species of finch belongs to the family estrididae . it is found throughout most of sub - saharan af… | pinteres…
appearance : the adult male yellow - winged pytilia is much like the red - winged pytilia , a bird with a gray background color that possesses barred underparts and a red rump . however , his primary feathers are yellow instead of red , and he has a bright red face and a black tail . the female lacks the red face and is overall somewhat duller .
in australia , the melba finch pytilia melba and the aurora finch pytilia phoenicoptera are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades . in recent years , there has been increased interest in the red - faced pytilia pytilia hypogrammica and its very close look - alike , the yellow - winged red - faced pytilia , which is a colour variation with the same scientific name . it is not a subspecies .
breeders can have a struggle setting up pairs . it ' s a tough call to distinguish the yellow - winged pytilia female from its cousin , the red - winged pytilia . the birds may agree about that , since the two species apparently hybridize where they overlap in the wild . in captivity , you might sometimes encounter a red - faced , red - winged pytilia which turns out to be a yellow - winged pytilia with a bit of red - wing in its background . the red wing color is dominant over the yellow . australian breeders in particular have noted that they may have trouble finding pure - bred examples of either of these two species . fortunately , the hybrid is beautiful and requires the same care .
behavior / temperament : the yellow - winged pytilia is held in high regard by serious aviculturists as a peaceful aviary bird but the pure form may have been somewhat forgotten in the rush to create the more colorful red - faced red - winged pytilia hybrid . the nickname red - faced aurora adds to the confusion as well . this species does not like humans disturbing or checking their nest .
housing : yellow - winged pytilias will show beautifully in a large planted aviary , but you must monitor the situation to make sure that there is enough cover and nest sites for all the birds to nest safely without conflict . you should not allow them to share quarters with melba finches or other pytilias , because they will hybridize . an additional issue is that the feisty male melba finch may attack other red - faced birds , including his cousin , the yellow - winged pytilia .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the red - winged and yellow - winged pytilias are very similar in appearance with the males of both ‘types’ having the distinctive red head and , as the name suggests , with one having red wings and the other yellow . i once read somewhere that the husbandry for all three was very similar but it has been our experience that the aurora is the far easier species to propagate than either of the other ‘types’ .
basic seed mix should include canary seed , white french millet , japanese millet , and yellow and red panicum .
the family of finches called pytilia are a colourful and popular group of finches that are always in demand by australian and overseas aviculturists alike .
the red - faced pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) is a beautiful species that has gained popularity in recent years . it is very similar in nature to the aurora finch , although the plumage is more colourful . as the cock becomes older , the colourful plumage intensifies . the hen is slightly darker in colour than the aurora finch hen .
maybe , just maybe , this all came about because of the infusion of aurora blood that went into both the red & yellow - winged forms throughout their journey in our aviaries . every honest pytilia keeper will cite an example of where they purchased a pair of red - wing pytilas only to find they had a red - wing cock and a
hen
normal aurora male ! ! i even know of one person who used to cull these
grey headed hybrids
until i assured him that they were normal auroras and not some new hybrid at all .
fast forward a few months and he rang me back and said he had just had a ‘hen’ yellow - wing dna sexed and it confirmed that the bird was a cock – yes , a yellow - wing cock with no red head at all ! ! following that a few people i knew started to report similar ‘occurrences’ within their flocks . turned out that these startling throwback hens were in fact startling throwback cocks ! !
some breeders have enjoyed success in large cages that give the birds room to fly , court , and exercise , without coming into contact with competitors . a good size for each pair would be 36” wide by 24” deep by 18” tall . have barriers between the cages so that the pairs can hear but not see each other . all pytilias are sensitive to cold and damp , so your aviary yellow - winged pytilias will need access to warm , dry winter quarters .
however , you cannot ultimately expect much success with yellow - winged pytilias unless you provide a good supply of live insects . variety may be important , and you may wish to construct a home trap for collecting small moths , beetles , and so on , as well as providing the standard small commercial insects like mealworms and waxworms . in the wild , they prefer termites , and some australian breeders have experimented with supplying termites , but most homeowners won ' t be willing to risk it .
now when we first reached the top of a breeder’s sale list and were able to obtain 2 pairs of both yellow & red - wings there were a few differences that appear to have disappeared from the present day birds available in australia .
some unscrupulous breeders may attempt to pass off an aurora finch hen for a red - faced pytilia hen , so be aware of this and buy only from reputable breeders . the husbandry of this species is identical to that of the aurora finch .
some say this is set in concrete other say it is not . unfortunately i cannot contribute to this debate suffice to say that when i once had a cock yellow - wing and a hen red - wing breed in a holding aviary all six youngsters had red wings .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pytilia hypogrammica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
diet : the pytilias have thinner beaks and larger bodies than the other waxbills , reflecting the fact that they crack fewer seeds and devour more insects . true , the backbone of the diet is a high quality small seed mix , fresh enough to sprout – and you should test it by sprouting regularly . the yellow - winged pytilias love the milky seeding heads of grasses , in addition to the sprouts . . you should also supply a finely chopped salad that includes greens , apple , carrot , and broccoli , as well as eggfood and / or a high quality finch pellet that the birds will eat .
how do i know ? well , i also received one of these birds - supposedly a hen pytilia but in reality a cock aurora – and when paired to a normal hen aurora produced me a couple of nests of normal healthy auroras . not a red head feather on any of them i hasten to add ! !
health wise they have a reputation for suddenly ‘fluffing up’ with very few fully recovering . if you have them autopsied the usual cause of death comes back as liver damage but we have yet been able to pin - point the causes of this . droppings show the usual signs of malabsorption and tend to be a cheesy yellow colour and very large .
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the melba finch ( pytilia melba ) is considered the most colourful of this group and as such is the most popular . this particular species always catches the eye of beginners and experienced breeders alike . in recent years there has been a very high demand for these finches . however , as the numbers available to meet this demand are low , there has been a fairly sharp increase in this bird’s retail price .
the most obvious was the colour of the hens – these were vivid grey much akin to the cock aurora and nothing at all like the dour hen aurora . the hens also had fine stippling of black lines through the chest feathers and were striking in their own right . this is no longer the case with many hen red & yellow - wings resembling hen auroras and it is a rarity to see the dark coloured hens .
the pytilia species discussed have similar housing and feeding requirements . i feed a basic commercial finch mix during the non - breeding season . as the breeding season commences i add niger seed , maw , linseed and black and white lettuce seed . i also introduce a dry egg and biscuit mix along with plan madeira cake . the birds show more interest in grit , when they start nesting . during this period i substitute the basic small plain grit for a mix containing charcoal , canundra shell and baked crushed fowl eggshells .
due to their less colourful plumage the aurora finch ( pytilia phoenicoptera ) is not as popular as the melba finch . however , in my experience , this species is easier to breed and keep than the melba finch and is not as aggressive or as intimidating . their reliance on livefood is high but not as high as that of the melba finch . they tend not to be as tight sitters as melba finches so nest inspections or disturbance should be avoided . as these birds like thick , well - protected nest sites , plenty of tea - tree branches lining the aviary shelter is a definite asset .
of the pytilia family , the melba finch is the most heavily reliant on livefood . they will abandon chicks if a good supply of livefood is not continuously supplied . this reliance on livefood has seen a geographical trend , as to where this bird is more popularly kept . in the past , larger inner city areas have not been recognised as a stronghold for this bird . this species was bred in areas with large population of termites . in new south wales the species has been bred in numbers in the hunter valley and the southern highlands , where there are plenty of termites . in recent years , breeders from non - traditional areas are having success by offering the birds bush fly maggots instead of termites .
so if you are looking for the ultimate finch breeding challenge you could do worse than consider tackling the pytilia family . a large group of australian breeders worked tirelessly to ensure that we would have all three species remaining in our aviaries for years to come so the rest of us mere mortals owe it to them to preserve their
legacy
! before purchasing these species try and gain as much information from breeders as possible and be prepared for some heartbreak along the way , but stick to it as these are one of the most stunning finches available to us . if after several attempts you have not managed to ‘crack’ this species you can always join us at finch keepers anonymous where you can announce yourself with
hi , my name is…… . . and i’ve been keeping pytilis for too long ! ! !
we’ll all understand ! ! !
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departamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .
estrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .
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open access journals are freely available online throughout the world , for you to read , download , copy , distribute , and use . the articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields .
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it is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals . researchers , faculty members , and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of bentham science publishers ltd . in this category .
male having red wings , as well as red face , described as p . lopezi ( type from near bunda , in central african republic ) , but considered a morph or , possibly , a race of present species ; further study required . monotypic .
w guinea e to s chad and w central african republic ( on r shari ) , s to coastal ghana and togo .
12·5 cm ; 14·3 - 15 g . male has face from forehead to ear - coverts and down to cheek and throat red , lores grey ; crown to back grey , rump and uppertail - coverts red . . .
alarm call notes rise from 1 khz to 2·4 khz ( most energy at 2·6 khz and an overtone at 3·4 khz ) , . . .
mature s guinean woodland and derived bushland , edges of riverine forest , coastal thickets , woods . . .
small grass seeds ; also insects , mainly termites ( isoptera ) and ants ( formicidae ) . in examination of contents of 19 stomachs , seeds found . . .
season oct–jan in nigeria . courting male bows to female , tail angled toward her , and calls ; in another display , male holds feather in . . .
not globally threatened . uncommon to locally fairly common ; uncommon to rare in several parts of range . rare in liberia , and uncommon to rare in burkina faso and benin ; . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as scarce and little known ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
average size : 11 - 13 centimeters ( 4 . 5 - 5 in . )
these birds are beautiful and sweet , and while very friendly , unlike most finches they are not easily handled , but make for great viewing and companionship . their chirps are lovely . these birds prefer the company of many of their peers , so dont keep just one ! i love finches for their sweet quality . these birds will build their own nest in the brush or will use a finch nest box but do like a small plant pot with an open end attached to the wall , so make sure you give them a space to cuddle ! .
to those with a scientific bent is a denizen of sierra leone , north - east guinea through to cameroon in africa .
the aurora or p . phoenicoptera is a common exotic finch species which is a free breeder and has a charming quiet disposition in the aviary .
similar to the blue - cap i believe the frequency of live food delivery is a key factor with this species . they eat both smaller & mini mealworms and maggots with relish but , naturally , favour termites ( white ants ) when feeding young . in case you do not feed termites relax as we have bred them here in tasmania without them as have a number of english aviculturists that ian spoke to .
they seem ambivalent to green food and soaked / sprouted seed in my aviaries but a mate tells me his birds love the lowe - type blended vegetable mix he feeds – yet our initial stock came from the same source ! ! they also love the african waxbill mix we feed as outlined in an earlier edition of australian birdkeeper – in fact blue - caps . orange cheeks and pytilias seem to be drawn to this mix .
a general finch mix is fed – we use elenbee seeds clifton finch mix – supplemented with a little extra red panicum .
i have also seen them build behind seed hoppers , bowls and small cages in their aviary – unfortunately eggs can be and regularly are lost if the nest is not supportive enough ! i favour the medium sized cane wicker baskets feely available in good pet outlets . white medium sized emu feathers are favoured to line the nest while swamp / november / blown grass is a firm favourite for the nest proper . if made solely from this grass the nest has a propensity to be brittle and non - supportive so watch that eggs do not fall through !
pairs are variable as to nest inspection so know your birds well before checking nests . young pairs seem to be infertile for their first few nests so it is not such a bad idea to inspect nests to avoid them spending days sitting on clear eggs or even laying fresh eggs amid old , rotten ones !
in keeping with the aurora they are a placid species and we do not recommend keeping them in with the more boisterous finches as they tend to be dominated by such species . in my specialist flights i keep them with a pair of blue - capped waxbills in a 3x1m flight .
chicks are black and easily identified if found jettisoned on the floor . i have had some success rearing difficult finches under the
new
javan munias but they have baulked at rearing pytilias so far !
as a general rule of
finchkeepers thumb
we recommend a 3 monthly worming regime supplemented with coccidian control medication at least 3 times a year or even concurrently with your worming program – depending upon your climatic conditions .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
* small bird with generally green - grey plumage * the male has a prominent res ' mask ' . red upperside of the tail . * size : about 12 cm
as an aviary species , the melba finch can be aggressive in mixed collections . one of my hens killed three cocks in succession until i caught her in the act . this species can be overzealous when protecting their nests .
these birds require an enclosed aviary where they can seek shelter from bad weather . long periods of wet weather are not good for this species and they will succumb if adequate shelter is not provided .
in australia , the melba finch and the aurora finch are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades .
during the breeding season , livefood is increased and is essential . termites are excellent and have been the most widely used . as termites are becoming harder to obtain , i now supply bush fly maggots with great success . all my birds take these without hesitation . to provide dietary variety i also feed mealworms . some breeders have had success using fruit fly and crickets .
greenfoods in the form of summer grass , winter grass , chickweed and seeding millets are also consumed . these species are not as reliant on greenfood as our native finch species , however they will consume a reasonable amount .
these species will breed in very dense cover and show no preference for live shrubs over tea - tree branches . my birds have bred in both nest boxes , tins and gourds and sometimes build their own nests . nests are lined with feathers , coconut fibre and finer grasses such as november grass .
nest disturbances or inspections must not be undertaken as the finches will toss young out easily . once they breed they can produce nests in quick succession . it is wise to house only compatible pairs in the breeding aviary , and previous young should be removed , as unmated adults or previous young are inquisitive and can cause disturbances to nesting pairs .
the clutch size is usually 4 - 6 eggs with a reasonably high fertility rate of 70 - 75 % . incubation lasts for approximately 13 days with fledglings leaving the nest three weeks later .
as with many species , chicks will often leave the nest early and are difficult to return to the nest . in warm weather i place a good quantity of soft grass on the shelter floor , which in my set - up is separate from the flights and the chicks snuggle up in this for a few days until they fly . in cold weather i put them in a carry box overnight and return them to the aviary the next morning .
if these birds are provided with good quality food and well - sheltered aviaries they will thrive and produce many healthy chicks . they are a long - lived and hardy species that deserve a place in your aviary .
© 2018 hawkesbury finch club . all rights reserved . website by roy peake .
the hawkesbury finch club is a branch of the finch society of australia inc . and has been established since 1986 . we are located at the castlereagh community hall , on the corner of
at the foot of the blue mountains . it will only take you approximately 13 minutes from the mulgoa road exit on the m4 . the club meets at 7 . 30pm on the fourth wednesday of each month , except december .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
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we specialise in xxxxxxxx birds / product contact us on : ( 0x ) xxxx xxxx or e - mail us @ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
temperament : do well in a mixed finch collection with one pair of these birds per aviary . generally less aggressive than the melba finch .
length : approx . 115 - 120 mm ( or about 4 . 5 - 5 inches )
colour (
normal
colour ) : refer photo / s above if available .
read notes on
finches - non australian
web page and use in conjunction with details outlined on this page .
level of knowledge required : beginner / intermediate / advanced / specialist breeders only .
government regulations & by - laws : refer to
government laws
web page .
housing requirements : click on
housing birds
web page for general details on the housing of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .
the aurora finch likes a planted aviary . the aurora finch likes to forage on the ground so care must be taken to ensure the floor of the aviary or cage is kept clean . mating and courtship may take place at ground level so it is preferable to have an open area on the floor of the aviary . the open area on the floor is often covered with a layer of dry sand .
they can be bred in a canary style breeder cage of about 900mm long x 400mm high x 400mm deep ( 36 x 16 x 16 inches ) . only one breeding pair per cage .
do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . the aurora is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization .
diet / feeding : click on
feeding birds
web page for general details on the nutrition of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .
the aurora finch requires a good quality finch seed mix , seeding grasses and some fruits ( e . g . apple ) and vegetables . leafy green vegetables can be offered , e . g . silverbeet , cos lettuce & endive . sprouted or soaked seed if available . live food is not essential during the non - breeding season but is beneficial . live food is essential during the breeding season . mealworms are commonly used . small crickets can be used .
nesting months : spring to early autumn , but may breed year round if conditions are suitable .
nesting receptacles : the aurora finch will build a dome shaped nest in a shrub or dry brush such as tea tree . equally it will build a nest in a wide variety of artificial nests .
nest : the cock bird will make a dome shaped nest from grasses , coconut fibre , moss and soft materials . nest is lined by the hen with feathers and soft fine grasses .
who incubates the eggs : hen at night / cock / both share during the day .
the nest is usually built at mid height in the aviary . nest inspections are not recommended . young should be removed from the parent birds as soon as they are fully independent so as to avoid possible aggression from a parent . more details on finch nests and a selection of finch nest photos can be located on the
nests
,
finch nests
and
finch nest photos
web pages . click on
up
then
nests
then
finch nests
and
finch nests photos
in the navigation bars .
breeding : egg colour white . clutch / s per year 3 . eggs per nest 3 - 5 . incubation approx . 12 - 13 days . fledge approx . 21 days . independent approx . another 3 - 4 weeks .
do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . live food is essential during the breeding season . nest inspections are generally not tolerated . adequate new nest material must be available for the hen to rebuild the old nest or build a new nest for the next clutch . the aurora finch is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization . it is best to restrict the adult breeding pair to 3 clutches per breeding season .
young birds ( when they become fully independent ) must be removed when bred in a cage . generally safe to remove the young from the parent birds about 4 weeks after they have left the nest .
artificial incubation , hand rearing or fostering will not be covered on this web site . it is too complex and diverse in nature to be attempted here . refer
specific references
as listed below and
general references
listings .
health issues : refer
avian health issues
web page for information and references .
worming and parasite control and quarantine requirements of new birds or sick birds are considered to require veterinary advice and therefore not covered on this web site . refer above option
avian health issues
web page .
avian medicine is advancing at a rapid pace . keep updating your knowledge and skills .
general references : refer to references listed on
book references
web page .
a / a vol 59 no . 11 nov 2005 page 255 - 259 ( background notes on some african waxbills ) .
a / a vol 25 no . 2 feb 1971 page 21 - 22 .
abk vol 18 issue 11 . oct - nov 2005 page 676 - 681 ( what ' s genetically pure and what ' s not )
abk vol 15 issue 3 . jun - jul 2002 page 157 - 158 .
urltoken is one of the world ' s largest and most informative avian or bird web sites . copyright urltoken 2002 - 2008 inc . all rights reserved . disclaimer : this web site has been compiled from material provided from a large number of sources . personal experience and personal contacts have been used . results vary according to factors such as environmental factors , aviary design and the physical and genetic backgrounds of all living birds / animals . every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material but no responsibility is accepted by urltoken for the accuracy of the material on this web site . the intent of this web site is to provide a
care sheet
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this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .
origin and phylogeny has been obtained by antonio arnaiz - villena et al . [ 2 ] estrildinae may have originated in india and dispersed thereafter ( towards africa and pacific ocean habitats ) .
- - module : hatnote - - - - - - - - this module produces hatnote links and links to related articles . it - - - - implements the and meta - templates and includes - - - - helper functions for other lua hatnote modules . - -
local libraryutil = require ( ' libraryutil ' ) local checktype = libraryutil . checktype local marguments - - lazily initialise module : arguments local yesno - - lazily initialise module : yesno
local function getargs ( frame ) - - fetches the arguments from the parent frame . whitespace is trimmed and - - blanks are removed . marguments = require ( ' module : arguments ' ) return marguments . getargs ( frame , { parentonly = true } ) end
local function removeinitialcolon ( s ) - - removes the initial colon from a string , if present . return s : match ( ' ^ : ? ( . * ) ' ) end
function p . findnamespaceid ( link , removecolon ) - - finds the namespace id ( namespace number ) of a link or a pagename . this - - function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets . colons - - are trimmed from the start of the link by default . to skip colon - - trimming , set the removecolon parameter to true . checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 2 , removecolon , ' boolean ' , true ) if removecolon ~ = false then link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) end local namespace = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) : ' ) if namespace then local nstable = mw . site . namespaces [ namespace ] if nstable then return urltoken end end return 0 end
function p . formatpages ( . . . ) - - formats a list of pages using formatlink and returns it as an array . nil - - values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local ret = { } for i , page in ipairs ( pages ) do ret [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( page ) end return ret end
function p . formatpagetables ( . . . ) - - takes a list of page / display tables and returns it as a list of - - formatted links . nil values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local links = { } for i , t in ipairs ( pages ) do checktype ( ' formatpagetables ' , i , t , ' table ' ) local link = t [ 1 ] local display = t [ 2 ] links [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end return links end
function p . makewikitexterror ( msg , helplink , addtrackingcategory ) - - formats an error message to be returned to wikitext . if - - addtrackingcategory is not false after being returned from - - module : yesno , and if we are not on a talk page , a tracking category - - is added . checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 1 , msg , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 2 , helplink , ' string ' , true ) yesno = require ( ' module : yesno ' ) local title = mw . title . getcurrenttitle ( ) - - make the help link text . local helptext if helplink then helptext = ' ( help ) ' else helptext = end - - make the category text . local category if not title . istalkpage and yesno ( addtrackingcategory ) ~ = false then category = ' hatnote templates with errors ' category = string . format ( ' % s : % s ' , mw . site . namespaces [ 14 ] . name , category ) else category = end return string . format ( ' % s ' , msg , helptext , category ) end
- - format link - - - - makes a wikilink from the given link and display values . links are escaped - - with colons if necessary , and links to sections are detected and displayed - - with
§
as a separator rather than the standard mediawiki
#
. used in - - the template .
function p . formatlink ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local link = args [ 1 ] local display = args [ 2 ] if not link then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no link specified ' , ' template : format hatnote link # errors ' , args . category ) end return p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end
function p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) - - find whether we need to use the colon trick or not . we need to use the - - colon trick for categories and files , as otherwise category links - - categorise the page and file links display the file . checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 2 , display , ' string ' , true ) link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) local namespace = p . findnamespaceid ( link , false ) local colon if namespace = = 6 or namespace = = 14 then colon = ' : ' else colon = end - - find whether a faux display value has been added with the | magic - - word . if not display then local prepipe , postpipe = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) | ( . * ) $ ' ) link = prepipe or link display = postpipe end - - find the display value . if not display then local page , section = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) # ( . * ) $ ' ) if page then display = page . . ' § ' . . section end end - - assemble the link . if display then return string . format ( ' % s ' , colon , link , display ) else return string . format ( ' % s % s ' , colon , link ) end end
- - hatnote - - - - produces standard hatnote text . implements the template .
function p . hatnote ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local s = args [ 1 ] local options = { } if not s then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no text specified ' , ' template : hatnote # errors ' , args . category ) end options . extraclasses = args . extraclasses options . selfref = args . selfref return p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) end
function p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 1 , s , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 2 , options , ' table ' , true ) local classes = { ' hatnote ' } local extraclasses = options . extraclasses local selfref = options . selfref if type ( extraclasses ) = = ' string ' then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = extraclasses end if selfref then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = ' selfref ' end return string . format ( '


the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .

it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

snow - capped manakin

snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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urltoken
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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probably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) – c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapajós and its affluents ) .
( hellmayr , 1903 ) – sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .
male 8·5 cm , 8 g ; female 9·2 cm , 8·8 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .
small insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .
a nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amazônia ( tapajós ) national park , in brazil , and . . .
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often merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge’s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte’s name appears to have priority # r .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )
previously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song
distance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220
distance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215
perch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215
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urltoken
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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jennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
lumilakkitanssija
from
lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 )
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