quelea / ˈkwiliə / is a genus of small passerine birds that belongs to the weaver family ploceidae , confined to africa .

these are small-sized , sparrow - or finch-like gregarious birds , with bills adapted to eating seeds .

queleas may be nomadic over vast ranges ; the red-billed quelea is said to be the most numerous bird species in the world .

quelea

male ( right ) and female red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) .
a flock of red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) , etosha national park , namibia .
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
: a red - billed bird ( q . quelea ) often kept as a cage bird
the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .
( red - billed quelea ) is the most numerous bird in the world , numbering thousands of millions .
…of the african weaverbird ( quelea ) have been estimated to exceed 1 , 000 , 000 individuals . …
…a grain - eating finch , the red - billed quelea ( quelea quelea ) , occurs like locusts , in plague proportions so numerous that alighting flocks may break the branches of trees . the use of city buildings for roosts by large flocks of starlings and blackbirds is also a problem , as is the nesting of albatrosses on…
quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
…red - billed weaver , or quelea ( quelea quelea ) , of the african savannas can sometimes become an agricultural pest ; it has been reported nesting in colonies covering several square miles of trees and harbouring millions of birds . bishop birds ( euplectes ) weave nests with a side entrance , generally in wet grassy areas . ( see …
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research in this programme centres on the ecotoxicological risk and environmental impact assessments of quelea control operations in terrestrial and wetland biomes .
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quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
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early detection is essential for preventing pest establishment . if you have seen or are in possession of a red - billed quelea contact biosecurity queensland on 13 25 23 .
the waxy preen - gland secretions have not been studied extensively in passerine birds . poltz & jacob ( 1974 ) analysed samples from four ploceinae , including q . quelea and p . cucullatus . they found that the fatty acids were identical in three ploceus species , while the dominant compound in q . quelea was different . the alcohol component was almost exclusively one type in ploceus , and this was also the major constituent in quelea , with significant contributions from other alcohols . this suggests that that these secretions may be informative at the generic level .
craig , a . ( 2018 ) . cardinal quelea ( quelea cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .
tens of thousands of quelea ' s came to feed on the superabundance of grass seed after the rains on our home estate . the recording includes both hundreds of birds calling whilst they feed but also the whirring of wings as they fly up and down from one patch of seed to another .
crook ( 1963 ) examined nest structure and classified the nests of p . bicolor , p . ocularis , p . philippinus and p . cucullatus in separate types , while the nests of euplectes , quelea and f . madagascariensis all were placed in the same category . later schnell ( 1973 ) carried out a phenetic analysis of crook ' s data . clustering by correlation coefficients grouped quelea and euplectes together ; f . sechellarum was linked with p . bicolor , f . madagascariensis with p . ocularis , and p . cucullatus with p . velatus . a slightly different arrangement resulted when he used distance coeeficients : quelea , euplectes , and f . madagascariensis formed one cluster , and p . cucullatus and p . velatus still were in the same cluster , but p . bicolor was isolated . in both these analyses , p . philippinus was not associated with any of the other species considered here .
pesticide fate and behaviour in the environment is followed in biotic matrices ( invertebrates , vertebrates , plants ) as well as abiotic matrices ( water , air - borne residues and soil ) . in addition , integrated decision support systems are being developed to assist managers in the integrated control of redbilled quelea in south africa .
…or eliminated ( locusts , tsetse flies , quelea finches—which do immense damage to grain crops—and some ungulates or carnivores ) , ( 3 ) species that provide a spectacle and bring economic benefit ( elephants , the larger plain ungulates , primates , or carnivores ) , and ( 4 ) endangered , rare , or unique species . …
…numbers of birds , the red - billed quelea , or “millet eater , ” which destroys crops , is notable , as are the partridge and the guinea fowl . reptiles are numerous and include pythons , as well as cobras and other venomous snakes . crocodiles , hippopotamuses , and turtles are found in the rivers . the rivers and the coastal…
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( order passeriformes ) . it occurs in such enormous numbers that it often destroys grain crops and , by roosting , breaks branches . efforts to control quelea populations with poisons , napalm , pathogens , and electronic devices have had poor success ; but dynamiting the dense colonies , which may contain more than two million pairs in less than 50 hectares ( 125 acres ) , has achieved local control .
native to africa , the red - billed quelea is a small finch with a brown body and red bill . it can form nomadic super - colonies of up to 30 million birds , feeding on grains such as sorghum , wheat , barley , rice and corn . red - billed queleas are one of the world’s most abundant and destructive birds , causing us $ 70 million damage to grain crops each year .
basing his conclusions primarily on morphology and plumage characters , moreau ( 1960 ) suggested that foudia was closer to euplectes than to quelea . he also suggested that p . sakalava and p . nelicourvi had a recent common ancestor , and represented dry - country and forest versions of the same stock . elsewhere he commented that asian weavers appeared to have been better island colonists than african species , though he did not infer that asia was therefore a more likely source for the madagascar ploceus species .
four ploceidae occur naturally on madagascar : forest fody foudia omissa and madagascar fody f . madagascariensis , and nelicourvi weaver ploceus nelicourvi and sakalava weaver p . sakalava . a preliminary phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters and features of their breeding biology supports the view that the genus foudia may be closest to the african genera quelea and euplectes . the madagascan ploceus species may be linked to the solitary , insectivorous african weavers , or the asian baya weaver p . philippinus , rather than derived from the colonial savanna weavers of africa .
in a comparative study of limb musculature bentz ( 1979 ) dissected specimens of p . ocularis , p . cucullatus , q . quelea , f . madagascariensis and e . afer . four characters of the forelimb muscles and six on the hindlimb were shared by all these species . although f . madagascariensis had one autapomorphy on the forelimb and e . afer one on the hindlimb , comparison with the estrildidae suggested that the most significant variation in limb muscle morphology was at the family or subfamily level , rather than at the generic level .
karyotyping has not been used widely in bird studies . christidis ( 1986 ) commented that f . madagascariensis appeared to have a karyotype identical to that of p . velatus and p . philippinus . thus this character may not provide useful information on relationships within the sub - family . dna studies have yet to include any madagascar ploceids . dna - hybridization showed q . quelea and q . erythrops as close relatives , with euplectes their sister taxon , and ploceus species , including p . cucullatus , forming part of the same branch ( sibley & ahlquist 1990 ) .
table 2 shows the character states for the species in fig . 1 . the uninformative characters , which showed the primitive condition in all taxa , were disregarded in the analysis . with regard to skeletal characters , these are remarkably uniform in the three genera foudia , euplectes and quelea . i have data for eight other euplectes species , and all members of this genus share the same character states for these nine skeletal features . in contrast , the 17 species of ploceus examined so far represent seven different combinations of skeletal characters . this implies that the current genus , which includes more than 60 species in most checklists , is likely to be paraphyletic .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as possibly the most abundant bird in the world ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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less than 5 in . ( 13 cm ) long and weighing slightly more than 1 / 2 oz ( 1 . 4 grams ) , these tiny birds are found throughout sub - saharan africa in areas receiving less than 30 in . ( 76 cm ) of annual rainfall .
with the spread of grain farming and irrigation , they have extended their natural habitats , generally picking new breeding grounds every year . highly mobile , they often descend in a locustlike manner upon fields and in flight may indeed be mistaken for locusts . queleas are often found in concentrations of more than a million birds ; such a flock can destroy up to 60 tons of grain in a single day , consuming half and knocking the rest to the ground . hence , they are hunted aggressively with poisons and fire , but , as with locusts , to little effect .
queleas nest in thick thornbushes and trees ; a colony may cover up to 4 sq mi ( 10 . 4 sq km ) . the males build the simple grass nests , and a single thatched nest may house hundreds of females and their young , with only a few highly polygamous males . queleas are persistent and prolific breeders , beginning as early as nine months of age . in addition to grain , queleas also feed on insects and , in the
, strip the leaves from trees . the size of their groups is sufficient to break branches and flatten plants . queleas are classified in the phylum
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© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
a family of small , stocky birds that have short , stout bills . the weavers ( e . g .
, of which there are about 56 species , many kept as cage birds ) are mainly black with yellow , red , or brown . sparrows are mainly brown . some members of the genus
( bishops and whydahs ) have long tails . many ploceids are gregarious , inhabit forest , grassland , desert , urban areas , and cultivated land , and feed on seeds and insects . many build elaborate woven nests , suspended from trees , with a long entrance tunnel . others build untidy nests in trees , grass , and buildings . some are parasitic and most are colonial .
( house sparrow ) , one of 18 species in its genus , is particularly associated with humans . rock sparrows ( five species of
) inhabit open , rocky country , bush , and forest . there are 17–19 genera , comprising 145 species , many kept as cage birds ( e . g .
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
queleas breed in thorn - scrub country : every bush and tree for miles around may contain hundreds of their globular nests , which are built by the males ( black - faced , with pinkish foreparts at that season ) . each pair has two or three young , which within the year may wander hundreds of miles and breed in their turn . the “locust bird” plague has been the indirect and complicated result of human exploitation of marginal land for stock raising and of the large - scale cultivation of grains . queleas are thought to be among the most populous bird species in the world .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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several birds calling and singing at a small colony ; most nests still under construction .
flock calls from group in trees in the rest camp . flocks of many thousands of post - breeding birds seen over nearby grasslands .
relaxed chattering and some descending whistles from a whole bunch of queleas resting in the crown of an acacia tree in the heat of the day .
several hundred birds at dawn in mangrove , before taking off from the roost .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324311 .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324312
flock feeding on the ground and in short grass . habitat : accacia savanna .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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red - billed queleas coming to a waterhole for a drink chasing an african elephant away .
juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , doug and denise norris , daniêl jimenez , per . alstrom , yoël jimenez , marc de bont , trheijnen .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon though locally abundant ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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sometimes placed with q . erythrops in a separate genus , queleopsis . proposed race rhodesiae ( described from e zambia ) alleged to have brown on nape more extensive , but individual variation occurs throughout species’ range . treated as monotypic .
s south sudan , ne drcongo , uganda , w kenya , rwanda and nw & n tanzania s to e zambia and , rare , c malawi ; rare non - breeding visitor to s ethiopia .
11 cm ; 11–15 g . small , short - tailed weaver . male breeding has bright red head down to throat and to variable extent onto breast ; nape and upperparts light brown with . . .
song a repetition of buzzes or sizzles introduced by sharp notes , terminating in nasal whistle ,
. . .
rank grass and wooded grassland , generally in dry areas . recorded at altitudes of 400–3000 m . . .
breeds aug–sept in drcongo , mar–jul in uganda and kenya , feb–may in tanzania and feb in zambia . polygynous . colonial , in . . .
flocks appear in many areas after rain , but may move on without breeding ; not clear if seasonal . . .
not globally threatened . locally abundant . a pest of agricultural crops in some parts of e africa .
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a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) .
department of zoology , göteborg university , box 463 , 405 30 göteborg , sweden .
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this tool provides a simple way to produce distributions of trees with subsets of taxa . the upper limit for the tool is 2 , 500 species . if larger subsets ar required you can download full trees .
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craig , a . j . f . k . 1999 . weaving a story : the relationships of the endemic ploceidae of madagascar . in : adams , n . j . & slotow , r . h . ( eds ) proc . 22 int . ornithol . congr . , durban :
, primarily on the basis of their nesting and courtship behaviour . crook ( 1964 ) tentatively assigned the two endemic
, to a group that includes both african and asian ploceids , noting that little information was available for them .
previous accounts of the biogeography of the madagascar avifauna have neglected the ploceidae ; they were not mentioned at all by griveaud ( 1967 ) nor by keith ( 1980 ) . apart from incidental observations , little has been recorded concerning the biology of these species , which are also of minor conservation concern compared to other malagasy endemics . recent research has focussed on endangered
also comes from populations introduced on other indian ocean islands ( e . g . , crook 1961 ; safford 1997 ) . in this paper i have used published information and data from museum specimens to compare the four madagascar ploceids ,
, to possible relatives in africa and asia . from asia , i selected only baya weaver
, the most widespread and best - known species . from africa , i chose four
there is a long tradition of including many species of weavers in the genus ploceus . reichenow ( 1886 ) recognised 38 taxa in six subgenera . he included p . sakalava in the subgenus ploceus alongside the asian species streaked weaver p . manyar , black - breasted weaver p . benghalensis and asian golden weaver p . hypoxanthus ; p . velatus was placed in the subgenus sitagra ; and p . cucullatus in hyphantornis . ploceus ocularis and p . bicolor were assigned to the genus symplectes ( reichenow 1887 ) . in the most recent comprehensive afrotropical checklist , dowsett & forbes - watson ( 1990 ) recognise 56 species of ploceus . of the current world checklists , only wolters ( 1979 ) has broken up this large genus . he restricted ploceus to the five asian species ; placed sakalava and nelicourvi as the only two species making up nelicurvius ; ocularis in hyphanturgus ; bicolor in symplectes ; and velatus and cucullatus in textor . unfortunately wolters did not publish any reasons for these decisions , but morlion ( 1980 ) noted differences in pterolyosis within the genus ploceus that could support such subdivisions .
my original field studies of ploceids in south africa were stimulated and guided by the late profs . g . j . broekhuysen and k . immelmann , and by prof . g . l . maclean and dr . c . j . skead . for access to museum specimens , i am grateful to d . allan , t . cassidy , k . garrett , j . hinshaw , a . c . kemp , w . e . lanyon , m . louette , r . b . payne , and d . willard . research funding has been provided by rhodes university , and the foundation for research development . n . barker assisted with the systematic analysis , and p . e . hulley and c . j . whittington - jones commented on a draft of the paper .
benson , c . , colebrook - robjent , j . f . r . & williams , a . 1977 . contribution à l ' orithologie de madagascar . l ' oiseau et le revue française d ' ornithologie 47 : 167 - 191 .
bentz , g . d . 1979 . the appendicular myology and phylogenetic relationships of the ploceidae and estrildidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history 15 : 1 - 25 .
christidis , l . 1986 . chromosomal evolution in finches and their allies ( families : ploceidae , fringillidae , and emberizidae ) . canadian journal of genetics and cytology 28 : 762 - 769 .
collar , n . j . , crosby , m . j . & stattersfield , o . j . 1994 . birds to watch 2 . cambridge ; birdlife international .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1984 . the spectacled weaver ploceus ocularis and monogamy in the ploceinae . proceedings of the fifth pan - african ornithological congress : 477 - 483 .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1995 . adaptation and evolution in ploceid weaver nests . ostrich 66 : 100 - 102 .
crook , j . h . 1960 . studies on the reproductive behaviour of the baya weaver ploceus philippinus ( l ) . journal of the bombay natural history society 57 : 1 - 44 .
crook , j . h . 1961 . the fodies ( ploceinae ) of the seychelles islands . ibis 103a : 517 - 548 .
crook , j . h . 1963 . a comparative analysis of nest structure in the weaver birds ( ploceinae ) . ibis 105 : 238 - 262 .
crook , j . h . 1964 . the evolution of social organisation and visual communication in the weaverbirds ( ploceinae ) . behaviour supplement 10 : 1 - 178 .
davis , t . a . 1971 . variation in nest - structure of the common weaverbird ploceus philippinus ( l . ) of india . forma functio 4 : 225 - 239 .
de queirez , a . & wimberger , p . h . 1993 . the usefulness of behavior for phylogeny estimation : levels of homoplasy in behavioral and morphological characters . evolution 47 : 46 - 60 .
dowsett , r . j . & forbes - watson , a . d . 1993 . checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . vol . 1 : species limits and distribution . liege ; tauraco press .
farris , j . s . 1988 . reference manual for hennig86 , version 1 . 5 . new york ; the author .
frith , c . b . 1976 . a twelve - month field study of the aldabran fody foudia eminentissima aldabrana . ibis 118 : 155 - 178 .
griveaud , p . 1967 . le peuplement ornithologique de madagascar : origines - biogéographie . cahiers orstrom , serie biologie , number 4 : 53 - 76 .
keith , s . 1980 . origins of the avifauna of the malagasy region . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 99 - 108 .
langrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . new haven & london ; yale university press .
moreau , r . e . 1960 . conspectus and classification of the ploceine weaver - birds . ibis 102 : 298 - 321 , 443 - 471 .
morlion , m . l . 1980 . pterylosis as a secondary criterion in the taxonomy of the african ploceidae and estrildidae . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 27 - 41 .
newton , r . 1959 . notes on the two species of foudia on mauritius . ibis 101 : 240 - 243 .
poltz , j . & jacob , j . 1974 . bürzeldrüsensekrete bei ammern ( emberizidae ) , finken ( fringillidae ) , und webern ( ploceidae ) . journal für ornithologie 115 : 119 - 127 .
rand , a . l . 1936 . the distribution and habits of madagascar birds . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 72 : 143 - 499 .
reichenow , a . 1886 . monographie der gattung ploceus cuv . zoologisches jahrbuch 1 : 113 - 164 .
reichenow , a . 1887 . monographie der gattung symplectes sw . zoologisches jahrbuch 2 : 625 - 638 .
safford , r . j . 1997 . the nests of sympatric native and introduced fody foudia species on mauritius . ostrich 68 : 27 - 30 .
schnell , g . d . 1973 . a reanalysis of nest structure in the weavers ( ploceinae ) using numerical taxonomy techniques . ibis 115 : 93 - 106 .
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds . new haven & london ; yale university press .
swofford , d . l . 1993 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 1 . 1 . champaign ; illinois natural history survey .
wolters , h . e . 1979 . die vogelarten der erde , lieferung 4 . hamburg & berlin ; paul parey .
character states of male birds used for a phylogenetic comparison of selected ploceidae ; the presumed primitive condition is coded as 0 .
the ploceidae , or weavers , are small passerine birds related to the finches .
the weaver group is divided into the buffalo , sparrow , typical , and widow weavers . the males of many species are brightly coloured , usually in red or yellow and black , some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season .
the birds build their nests together for protection , often several to a branch . usually the male birds weave the nests and use them as a form of display to lure prospective females . the weaver bird colonies may be found close to water bodies . they sometimes cause crop damage , notably the
craig , adrian ( 2010 ) .
family ploceidae ( weavers )
. in del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; and christie , d . a . handbook of the birds of the world 15 . barcelona : lynx edicions . pp . 74–197 .
fry , c . h . & keith , s . ( 2004 ) the birds of africa vol . vii . christopher helm , london
allende , luis m . ; rubio , isabel ; ruíz - del - valle , valentin ; guillén , jesus ; martínez - laso , jorge ; lowy , ernesto ; varela , pilar ; zamora , jorge ; arnaiz - villena , antonio ( 2001 ) .
the old world sparrows ( genus passer ) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes
( pdf ) . journal of molecular evolution 53 ( 2 ) : 144–154 . pmid 11479685 . archived from the original on 21 july 2011 .
arnaiz - villena , a ; gómez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .
phylogeography of finches and sparrows
. nova science publishers . isbn 978 - 1 - 60741 - 844 - - 3 .
red - headed fody ( f . eminentissima ) ( comoro fody and aldabra fody if species split )
cuckoo - finch also called parasitic weaver ( a . imberbis ) ( probably belongs in viduidae )
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red - billed queleas are occasionally kept as pets in australia . they have not been recorded in the wild in queensland , but would be well suited to queensland’s tropical and subtropical savannas .
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syrmoptera amasa , the white false head , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in nigeria ( east and the cross river loop ) , cameroon and gabon .

the habitat consists of forests .

syrmoptera amasa

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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anacampsis tephriasella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by chambers in 1872 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , kentucky and maine .

the forewings are pale grey , about equally intermixed with white , becoming gradually darker grey and fuscous towards the tip , each of the darker scales tipped with white .

there is a small , very oblique white streak or spot on the costa , just behind the middle , and at the beginning of the costal ciliae the wing is crossed by a narrow white fascia .

an indistinct fuscous hinder marginal line or row of spots is found at the base of the ciliae .

anacampsis tephriasella

gelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky
anacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65
anacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362
gelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181
anacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran
anacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para
anacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins
anacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover
anacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos
anacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem
anacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania
anacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; mém . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40
anacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos
anacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins
anacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban
anacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada
anacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada
anacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora
anacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos
anacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada
anacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teffé
anacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
anacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]
anacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teffé
anacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy
anacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca
anacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington
anacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida
anacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
anacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas
anacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico
anacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california
anacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos
anacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama
anacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana
anacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
anacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida
anacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )
anacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city
anacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,
e . e . a . de cuba
anacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]
anacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31
anacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
anacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31
820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
compsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai
larva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231
untomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
chlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197
compsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine
crypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384
larva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761
= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30
lita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581
tachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes
homoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197
gelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas
agriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
aproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey
compsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )
larva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231
strobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4
compsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
larva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15
maculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256
gelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali
gelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada
agriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
tachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106
agriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
gelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega
= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )
larva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .
agriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
larva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737
larva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121
gelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?
larva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens
cathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
tachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv
gelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths
icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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colias gigantea , the giant sulphur or giant northern sulfur , is a butterfly in the family pieridae found in north america .

its range includes alaska across canada to the east coast and wyoming , montana , and oregon .

flight period is from june until early august .

wingspan is from 37 to 55 mm .

larvae feed on salix spp .

colias gigantea

dana campbell set
image of colias gigantea
as an exemplar on
colias gigantea strecker 1900
.
giant sulphur ( colias gigantea gigantea ) . churchill , man . j . t . troubridge
colias gigantea mayi f . chermock and r . chermock , 1940 ( tsn 778499 )
for now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudderi are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .
for now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudder i are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .
b . c . conservation data centre . species summary : colias gigantea gigantea . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
there are three subspecies of colias gigantea recognized : c . g . gigantea , c . g . mayi and c . g . harroweri ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . layberry et al . ( 1998 ) state
some authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur
. c . g . gigantea and c . g . mayi are documented in british columbia . c . c . gigantea is documented only from the extreme northwestern region of bc .
remarks : some authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur ( c . scudderi reakirt , 1865 ) .
the northwestern bc populations are the nominate subspecies c . g . gigantea strecker , 1900 ( tl :
west coast of hudson bay above fort york , [ manitoba ]
) . females are usually white ( occasionally yellow ) and males are a cold yellow with a narrow black wing border . atlin populations have been called c . pelidne or c . interior by some authors . the northeastern bc populations are subspecies mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ( tl : riding mountains , mb ) , with females usually yellow ( occasionally white ) and males a warmer yellow than the nominate subspecies . adults of subspecies mayi are much larger than those of subspecies gigantea .
c . g . gigantea are an overall yellowish colour , brighter in males and paler yellow to white in females . the males have a black border to both the fore and hind wing dorsal surfaces . there is a pinkish fringe outlining both the extreme wing edges . within the centre of the hindwing there is an obvious white spot . the wingspan ranges from 37 - 55 mm .
subspecies : the nominate subspecies gigantea occurs in most of the canadian range . subspecies harroweri , which is smaller , occurs from wyoming into southwestern alberta north to crowsnest pass . some authors believe that the larger form from southern manitoba , mayi f . & r . chermock , should be recognized as a separate subspecies ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) , but the differences are slight .
resident in northern north america and intermountain west ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are willow bogs . host plants are usually shrubs with hosts restricted to a few species mostly in one genus ( salix ) of family salicaceae . eggs are laid on the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as 2nd , 3rd or 4th instar larvae . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time jun15 - jul15 ( scott 1986 ) . sometimes listed as a subspecies of colias scudderi ( scott 1986 ) .
diagnosis : this is one of the largest ( wingspan : 37 to 55 mm ) sulphurs found in canada . it is bright , lemon yellow above with a narrow black border on the upperside in the male . the dark border is largely absent in the female ; some females are white . there is a yellow spot in the centre of the hindwing and a bright pink fringe on the wings . the yellow underside has almost no dark shading and a silver , brown - rimmed spot in the middle of the hindwing .
range : a widespread western species , it is found from the arctic ocean in yukon , east along the northern limit of the boreal forest to the western shores of hudson bay and james bay , and southward into the western u . s . it is absent from open prairie habitats and from most of southern british columbia , except for a small area around jesmond and 100 mile house .
similar species : queen alexandra ' s sulphur ( c . alexandra ) lacks the pink fringe on the wings . the pink - edged sulphur ( c . interior ) is smaller , with more rounded wings , and has an orange spot in the middle of the hindwing above . the pelidne sulphur ( c . pelidne ) is smaller , and has dusky shading on the underside of the hindwing , often with pink shading over the white spot . [ compare images ]
early stages : the larvae feed on a variety of willows ( salix spp . ) .
abundance : the giant sulphur is localized to willow bogs , but is widespread in western canada . it is described as common in northern manitoba ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) .
habits : in the northern boreal forests and southern tundra , the giant sulphur is found in moist areas with willows . farther south it is restricted to willow bogs and their immediate surroundings . it is an active species that flies swiftly around its chosen territory , stopping to feed on a variety of flowers , including asters .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
upper surface of male yellow with narrow black borders ; lower surface without submarginal black spots . female with 2 forms , yellow or white ; both may have black border reduced or lacking .
g4 - apparently secure globally , though it might be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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naba checklist of north american butterflies occurring north of mexico - edition 2 . 3
[ cite : 1318989 this link is a list of just the names including typo corrections , additions and updates to the following checklist : cassie , b . , j . glassberg , a . swengel & g . tudor . 2001 . north american butterfly association ( naba ) checklist & english names of north american butterflies . second edition . north american butterfly association , morristown , nj .
the second edition of the checklist includes all 722 species of butterflies that have been recorded in north american , north of mexico and in hawaii , giving both english and scientific names .
a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada - - by jonathan p . pelham
taxonomic checklist used on bugguide for butterflies - - does not seem to have a link , so here it is . link updated 16 october 2016 as per comments .
a downloadable pdf file with extensive data on habitats , hostplants , flight dates , and range in the carolinas . you must give an e - mail address to reach the download - - the authors want to inform you of updates . ( this is produced by the north carolina wildlife resources commission , a state agency . ) ( i thought i had posted this before , but cannot find it . )
sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600
an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955
the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952
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species account authors : crispin guppy and jon shepard . extracted from butterflies of british columbia
giant sulphurs , the largest sulphur in bc , have yellow males and pale yellow to white females . the hindwing discal cell spot is very large on both the upper and lower hindwing , and usually has a satellite spot on the underside . there are no submarginal spots on the underside of the wings . unlike in most sulphurs , on the upperside of the wings there is very little dark scaling at the wing bases .
giant sulphurs are univoltine , and fly from late june through july . near nordegg , ab , oviposition occurred on several varieties of dwarf willows on hillocks in muskeg . the eggs hatched after 10 days and larval growth was slow , suggesting that the larvae hibernate ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . in the peace river region of alberta , they are universally restricted to wet willow fens and catchment marshes with willows ( kondla et al . 1994 ) . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . oviposition on salix reticulata at churchill , mb , was observed by klots ( 1975 ) , who reared the resulting larvae to the third instar .
giant sulphurs inhabit boreal willow fens in northern bc and in the cariboo region .
giant sulphurs occur from northern ak and yt , across southwestern nt and central and northern bc , to hudson bay and on .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
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layberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press : toronto , canada . 280 pp . + color plates .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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guppy , c . s . and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press and royal british columbia museum : victoria , british columbia . 414 pp .
miller , l . d . and f . m . brown . 1981 . a catalogue / checklist of the butterflies of america north of mexico . the lepidopterists ' society memoir no . 2 , sarasota , florida . 280 pp .
considered an ' active ' species that flies swiftly ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .
documented in moist boreal forests and bogs with abundant willow . larvae are thought to feed upon various species of willows ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .
there are no specific subnational food habits for this subspecies . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ; guppy and shepard 2001 ) .
one generation per year . records for this species are from june through july ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . information on the life history of this subspecies is not available .
this is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .
guppy , c . s . , and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press in collaboration with royal b . c . mus . 414pp .
layberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press . 280pp . + color plates .