condessa ( 15 march 1978 – 2005 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse .

in two seasons of racing she was highly-tried , racing twenty-one times , winning five times and finishing second twice .

as a two-year-old she won two minor races from eight attempts , but appeared to be well behind the best of her generation .

in the following year she developed to become one of the best staying fillies of her generation in europe , beating an exceptionally strong field in the musidora stakes at york racecourse , finishing second in the irish oaks , and recording her biggest win at the same track when she won the yorkshire oaks .

her victories in 1981 were the first major successes for her trainer jim bolger .

she was later transferred to the united states where she made no impact and was retired from racing at the end of the year .

she has had some influence as a broodmare .

condessa

condessa apartment accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival .
condessa apartment is located in lisbon . the rossio square is within a 3 - minute walk of the apartment .
infografia com representação do exterior e dos espaços interiores no chalet da condessa d’edla , no piso térreo e piso superior .
quarto de vestir da condessa d’edla , evidenciando a pintura mural das paredes e teto , imitando rendas sobre fundo de cor azul .
with reverso you can find the portuguese translation , definition or synonym for condessa and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of condessa given by the portuguese - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , freelang , priberam , freedict , wordreference , oxford , collins dictionaries . . .
16202 condessa is located in mission bend south sec 5 subdivision in fort bend county appraisal district . the market value per appraisal district is $ 118 , 740 for this 3 bedroom ( s ) , 2 bath ( s ) , 1story , 1 , 205 building square feet and was built in 1982 . view 16202 condessa property features , tax value , calculate mortgage value , nearby schools and similar homes for sale . the current tax rate for the property is 2 . 25 % . the market land value for 16202 condessa is $ 29 , 400 .
dr . condessa curley , md is a family medicine specialist in los angeles , ca and has been practicing for 17 years . she graduated from university of california , davis , school of medicine in 1996 and specializes in family medicine .
condessa have been making the finest liqueurs for over 40 years . ranging from fruit to cream liqueurs , cocktail recipes and liqueur gift boxes . condessa welsh liqueurs are available from shows and exhibitions throughout the uk , where you will be able to taste our range of award winning fruit liqueurs and cream liqueurs and buy the ones you prefer , or if you can’t decide your favourite you could take a pick from our gift boxes that contain a small selection of our finest liqueurs .
bolger , who trained his first group one winners in 1981 with the filly condessa landing the yorkshire oaks after coming from the clouds to win and erins isle taking the tattersalls gold cup , said dawn approach was a different character to his sire new approach .
in recognition of condessa curley ' s efforts to improve community health in underserved populations , uc davis school of medicine is honoring her with the 2008 humanitarian award . while practicing family medicine and training medical students in southern california , curley has also developed and implemented successful health projects in africa .
“i knew then , ” says bolger savouring the details very exactly , “that if i could beat a henry cecil trained 1 , 000 guineas winner , anything was possible . a man i had bought a house from gave me 20k to buy a racehorse and i got condessa for 13k at goffs but for the life of me could not find another with the rest of the money so had to give him 7k back . that hurt . but we did sell condessa for 350k at the end of things . ” jim bolger did a tv interview with me after the musidora . he was 39 and very composed for a first timer . you didn’t need to be einstein to sense something special .
condessa m . curley , md is a practicing family practitioner in los angeles , ca . dr . curley graduated from university of california davis school of medicine in 1996 and has been in practice for 22 years . she currently practices at jan barbara king md and is affiliated with california hospital medical center and keck hospital of usc . dr . curley also practices at pediatric & family medical center in los angeles , ca .
over ten and a half furlongs . she appeared to be travelling well for most of the race , but began to struggle early in the straight and finished third of the five runners , beaten four lengths and one length by condessa and madam gay . fairy footsteps remained in the oaks field for a few days but then performed diappointingly in training and was withdrawn from the race . according to henry cecil :
the fact is that she does not stay . she moved smoothly but had nothing left after a mile . there is no point in running her in the oaks
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out of a half - sister to australian group 1 winner redoute’s dancer ( aus ) ( redoute’s choice { aus } ) , yankee rose is the fourth winner from four foals to race from her dam . yankee rose’s third dam is g1 yorkshire oaks heroine and g1 irish 1000 guineas runner - up condessa ( ire ) ( condorcet { fr } ) . tout seul ( ire ) ( ali - royal { ire } ) , a winner of the g1 darley dewhurst s . , is also under the third dam . condesaar ( aus ) ’s last know produce is a yearling filly by magic albert ( aus ) . click for the
among contemporary thoroughbreds attributed by stud book record to family 5 three different mitochondrial dna haplotypes have been found , representing no fewer than three separate founder mares . one of these haplotypes is found in 5g and 5h , another in 5d and 5e , and the third in an unspecified part of the ' trunk ' of family 5 . see deep - rooted anomalies and equine genetic genealogy .
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info = link with more information australia mc : melbourne cup england d : epsom derby o : epsom oaks sl : doncaster st . leger 1g : 1 , 000 guineas 2g : 2 , 000 guineas dc : doncaster cup france gpp : grand prix de paris pjc : prix du jockey club ( french derby ) arc : prix de l ' arc de triomphe fo : prix de diane ( french oaks ) usa kd : kentucky derby cca : cca oaks p : preakness stakes b : belmont stakes germany dd : deutches derby italy di : derby italiano io : italian oaks steeplechases gn : grand national ( england ) gsp : grand steeple - chase de paris ( france ) agn : american grand national ( usa ) cgc : cheltenham gold cup ( england ) gpm : the gran premio merano ( italy ) ign : the irish grand national ( ireland ) mhc : the maryland hunt cup ( usa )
includes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england , the u . s . a . , france , germany , italy , australia , and some principal steeplechase races . info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .
a selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .
virtually all 500 , 000 of the world’s thoroughbred racehorses are descended from 28 ancestors , born in the 18 th and 19 th centuries , according to a new genetic study . and up to 95 % of male thoroughbreds can be traced back to just one stallion .
thoroughbred horses were developed in 18 th century in the uk . english mares were bred with arabian and other stallions to create horses with great stamina for distance racing . today , thoroughbreds are the most valuable of breeds , representing a multi - billion dollar annual industry , worldwide .
to assess the genetic diversity of modern racing horses , geneticist patrick cunningham of trinity college in dublin , ireland , compared 13 microsatellite dna loci – repeating sequences of dna which vary in length – in 211 thoroughbreds and 117 other shetland , egyptian and turkish horses . he also examined studbooks dating back to 1791 .
he found the majority of the half million progeny alive today are descended from just 28 “founder” horses .
it was already known that just a handful of stallions ( but many mares ) were used to found the thoroughbred breed . but startlingly , the new research finds that , in 95 % of modern racehorses , the y - chromosome can be traced back to a single stallion – the darley arabian , born in 1700 .
related work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina . screening for these traits could one day guide owners’ and breeders’ decisions when buying horses , which may sell for many millions of dollars .
“we hope to produce sounder , faster and better - performing horses , ” says cunningham . he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .
“horses are flight animals naturally selected for speed and stamina in the wild , ” explains hill . “with domestic selection , speed was further augmented in the thoroughbred . ”
thirty - five per cent of the difference in racing performance between horses can be explained by genetics alone , says hill . she is cross - referencing up to 140 recently discovered human genes for fitness and performance in a bid to track down equine equivalents . these genes are involved in traits related to the cardio - respiratory system , muscle strength and metabolism , she says .
however , the analysis of thoroughbred genetics is also revealing the other side of the coin , notes matthew binns of the royal veterinary college in london , uk . many negative traits are associated with inbreeding in the diminutive gene pool , he says . “the selections we’ve made for fantastic beasts have had some detrimental consequences . ”
one tenth of thoroughbreds suffer orthopaedic problems and fractures , 10 % have low fertility , 5 % have abnormally small hearts and the majority suffer bleeding in the lungs , says binns .
but as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes , elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits , he says .
“now we have a good amount of the horse genome , there are interesting times ahead , ” says binns . “over the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry . ”
cunningham presented his findings on monday at the british association festival of science in dublin .
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jim bolger has cracked racing better than anyone else alive . with no background in the game he has built his own training centre and his own studs to the extent that three quarters of his 100 horses , including dawn approach , the world’s most awaited three year old , have also been bred by him in his native ireland . and that’s before we start talking about the press ups . at 71 , jim still does 100 every morning .
“it’s a lazy man’s way of keeping fit , ” he says characteristically dry , witty and challenging at the same time . in the early days the challenge and the dryness were more marked than the wit and the warmth beneath . it made him both a formidable opponent and a fearsome employer accentuated by his own rigid no - smoking , no - drinking , mass - every - sunday regime , and by the self - belief necessary for his own entirely untutored entry into the training ranks . “he seemed to come from nowhere , ” says the lucid and legendary john oxx , himself the son of a trainer , “we looked at each other and said ‘jim who ? ’”
when they first asked the question jim was already all of 35 . by then most top trainers are a couple of classic winners into their careers having earlier spent several years sitting at the feet of some favoured mentor . jim had come via accountancy , car sales and show jumper trading , and as one of six siblings of a farming family in county wexford there was so little time for sitting down that he did not watch a film until he was 16 and did not see a traffic light until two years later when he went to dublin to start work as a cost clerk in an electrical firm .
thoughts that jim bolger , the cool , neat and meticulous mastermind who has saddled no less than five of the last seven dewhurst winners , was ever a mere horny handed son of soil are dispelled by the news that his father’s sister married robert brennan who became the irish free state’s first minister to washington having earlier been founder of the irish press newspaper , national director of elections for sinn fein and been condemned to death but not executed in the easter rising of 1916 . it may have been a simple farmhouse but there can’t have been many in county wexford in the early 50s with the new yorker on the table complete with stories from robert brennan’s daughter , jim’s cousin maeve , whose brilliant , troubled life is a cherished landmark on the irish literary scene just as her lipstick and nylon stocking appearance was a wondrous visitation to her uncle’s home .
nonetheless this was deepest , rural ireland with horses working the land and central to its being . jim was bright enough to move on from first school to the christian brothers in enniscorthy but vowed to make a living with horses someday . significantly his early experience was as much to do with dealing as riding . not for him the jockey and trainer’s nursery of pony racing and point to points , but the breaking and selling of young horses and , when possible , doing a bit of show jumping for himself . “for years while i was working in dublin , ” he said quietly as we watched dawn approach come out on to the woodchip gallop at the training base bolger has moulded on to the shoulder of coolcullen hill in county kilkenny , “i used to say that i had never lost money on a horse . i even sold a grade b show jumper to a young libyan called major gaddafi . wonder what happened to him . ”
jim loved his riding – “besides winning , ” he says , “the best thing in racing is riding a good jumper over fences at speed” – but he was always a pragmatist . “with the show jumpers i would ride them in the ordinary competitions but i was not good enough for the top classes and had a friend who rode them for me in them . i did have three winners from 12 rides in bumpers but that was only by default , and after i got kicked to bits in my second point to point i said that this was an indulgence i could not afford . ”
dawn approach is the ultimate example of how pragmatism is still attached to what he calls his original “grandiose dream that we would one day breed and run our own” . for after winning at royal ascot last summer he was sold to sheikh mohammed but stayed on at coolcullen just as his sire new approach did when the sheikh bought him after success in the 2007 dewhurst . dawn approach is slightly bigger , stronger and an even more lustrous copper chestnut than his father and without the unmanageable tendencies that saw new approach become the first horse to be ponied to the start before the derby . he won all six of his races last season , beginning with ireland’s very first two year old race of 2012 exactly a year ago this sunday .
when dawn approach won that day most people saw it as a brisk piece of bolger business to ensure new approach made a good start as a stallion . the idea that we had been looking at the future dewhurst winner seemed ridiculous – until you remembered who trained it . “jim was always very resourceful and had such a belief about him , ” says his long standing if not long suffering wife jackie , “that i always thought we would make it . ” marrying jackie in the dublin years was the best thing jim ever did and the partnership is infinitely deeper than the fact that their horses run in her white silks with the purple panel down the centre .
the plunge into full time training was taken on the back of selling a show jumper for £13 , 000 , almost eight times as much in today’s money . the former head of accounts for the o’flaherty group would then ride ten lots a day using gallops in the phoenix park which ended at the american embassy and his wife would pick up the pieces . “we only had three staff and david downey is with us still , ” jackie says simply . “we all had to get by . ”
two years later he was winning the musidora again with a filly called give thanks . she and her stable mate flame of tara were the best two of their sex in the country . it was jim’s first full season since moving from dublin to coolcullen . “i thought i would like to have a pair like them every year , ” he reflects wryly looking back at the high - hedged gallop up which dawn approach is about to wing on an “easy canter” having done a “half speed” the day before . “we were able to build two gallops here , the other is sand and both rise 150 feet , and to start the stud at redmondstown but it has not all been easy . i was never actually insolvent but there were times when we were certainly overtrading . ”
outwardly the flag continued to fly . he trained over a hundred winners a season three times between 1990 and 1994 and st jovite’s irish derby and king george victories in 1992 still make jim feel he was the best horse he has had so far . but a combination of major owners either dying or leaving and a disastrous conviction that breeders cup winner last tycoon would make a leading stallion almost cleaned bolger out . “it was a disaster” admits the trainer . “i sent mares to him and bought his stock and got nothing . it cost me practically everything , hundreds of thousands of pounds . ”
but jackie bolger had not been wrong to trust to her husband’s resourcefulness . “for 15 years before i began training i had been invisible in racing , ” says jim , “but i had always been to the sales , always studied pedigrees , had my own ideas . we began to build up our mares . that ‘grandiose’ dream’ took shape . ” as the world now knows he hit the jackpot by backing the stallion galileo and selling both new approach and the unbeaten dewhurst winner teofilo to sheikh mohammed at a life changing profit . but the horses have not just delivered because of their breeding . the way jim bolger trains them makes you shake your head in both wonder and surprise .
ahead of us on the gallop dawn approach touches 50 kph , his red gold tail flowing elegantly behind the smooth punching of those hindquarters . jim may finally depend on his original wexford horseman’s instinct or his years of pedigree study to take his training and breeding decisions , but having built things up in his own way he is prepared to use as many modern aids as seem appropriate . there is a treadmill for controlled exercise which was crucial in getting new approach back after mid - season injury and which dawn approach was on three times a week during his winter break . there is a gps system to track all fast work . there are scales to log weights every thursday and two days after every race . and the results of the equinome genetics testing system has become central to bolger’s planning of his breeding operation and his analysis of his horses .
the system categorizes a horse’s stamina capabilities from a tt for middle distance to a cc for sheer speed . “galileo was a tt but he had class , ” says jim slipping effortlessly into the detail . “the ideal for a classic horse is ct . new approach was a ct while dawn approach is a cc . i trained his dam who had talent although she got injured , but she was by a sprinter so the derby distance is unlikely , but as he settles so well , i would not rule it out entirely . ”
adrian taylor slides out of the saddle and dawn approach is led off for a 20 minute cool down on the walker . he had been ridden for just 15 minutes but would have been on the machine for twenty minutes at the walk and 15 at the trot before adrian took over and , unlike many top stables in both ireland and england , he would also do full exercise on sunday . “he’s very much where i want him , ” says the trainer , “he would be 512 kilos now . he went up to 525 during the winter after running in the dewhurst at 495 . he will probably be on 500 for the guineas . of all the mechanical aids the one i would least like to lose is the weigh bridge but i am chasing fitness not chasing scales and anyway the most important element in the whole operation are the riders . we have some 13 very good ones and four or five who are exceptional . the riders are everything . remember what adrian said to me at the end of dawn approach’s canter – ‘who would have thought that new approach would sire something better than him in his very first crop . ’”
out they come again . there is adrian taylor on grand criterium de saint cloud winner loch garman – “he’s a lovely big horse , 535 at the moment , goes for the derrinstown and then the irish guineas . ” there is pat o’donovan on 2011 dewhurst winner parish hall who could not run last here – “he’s in great shape and will have a good season . ” there is ronan whelan on trading leather – “could be my derby horse , but must have good ground . ” all three colts are home bred and run in the bolger colours just as did their sire teofilo and all will be ridden as the sire was by bolger’s son in law kevin manning . loyalty and family excellence does not come any greater than this .
head man brian o’connor strides over . he is young , bright , carrot - haired and earnest . he makes you think of aidan o’brien and a . p . mccoy , the two most famous of the other young men who would have looked at jim bolger in that way . time was when jim had a seemingly well won reputation of being a control freak and litigious to boot . several times he took on and beat the turf club albeit the last occasion was the hardly onerous task of overturning apprentice ronan whelan’s conviction for excessive use of the whip by pointing out that his jockey had dropped the wretched thing at the start . but today’s jim bolger has a serenity amidst the precision . he claims to run the redmondstown stud with just one ten minute phone call to his nephew kevin each morning , that he has not actually stepped into his five staff office since christmas , and that while he does not indulge in soft things like holidays his idea of a break is to take off to dublin for four days to read books , meet friends and go to the theatre . “they say that i have 102 employees , ” he says , “but i tell them there are 102 people who have just one employee . that’s me and i will only go on as long as i want it to .
over a ridiculously lucky racing life i have been privileged to visit many of the most famous places in the racing game . in all that time the only self - created , cradle - to - grave , one man breeding and training operation to compare would be the one that colin hayes crafted amongst the sighing gum trees of the barossa valley 80 km up from adelaide . but even colin was dependent on investors like robert sangster . jim bolger rides alone . “i don’t have nearly enough words to describe him properly but i do have one , ” says kevin manning , “the man’s a genius . ”
can we see some id please ? it ' s part of our commitment to responsible drinking .
you can book tables in two different areas of the restaurant , the dining area or the bar / high tables . please make your choice in the drop - down menu , when you make your reservation
when you reserve a table before 20 . 00 , you will have the table for 2 hours . from 20 . 00 there is no time limit on most tables .
we have lots of high table seats in our bar area that we keep reserved for walk - ins only .
if you are more than 7 people dining or have questions regarding allergies or special diets please write us at reservation @ condesa . dk
request by mail will be answered as soon as possible . mostly within 24 hours .
- pork shank– al pastor marinated , coriander , lime . - osso buco - salsa macha , pico de gallo . served with guacamole , re - fried beans , salsa , tortillas and more . min . 2 pers . 265 , - pr . person
min . 2 pers . 345 , - pr . person , must be ordered by the whole table .
chicharon - pork cracklings , sambal belachan , sprouts and salad 65 kr . tostada – guacamole and salsa 65 kr . oysters 4 stk . - salsa piloncilo and onion 110 kr . grilled avocado – grape criolla and roe served on an tostada 85 kr . ceviche - redfish , arbol peanuts , pomelo , coriander and avocado 110 kr . tartar – habanero oil , hazelnuts , onion , egg and tostada 120 kr . squid noodles – poached egg , chili and sprouts 120 kr . fried chicken – fried chicken with chili , coconut and mint yoghurt 125 kr .
pollo a la brasa - peruvian style chicken on an green chili mayo 155 kr . pollack– fish baked in an banana leaf with green curry paste 165 kr . flat iron steak – corn salsa 185 kr .
choy sum - kimchi 65 kr . fries – tarragon and aioli 45 kr . grilled corn - browned butter with an worm vinegar salt 55 kr . salad –carrot , daikon , dried prawn / lime dressing 45 kr .
- macha ice cream , - salted caramel / peanut ice cream , - blood orange sorbet and chocolate sorbet . topped with caramel , chocolate and peanut crumble . pick 2 scoops 55 kr .
vincente gandia el miracle cava brut , valència fresh , rich organic cava . gl 55 , - / btl . 275 , -
2014 cava brut nature , can suriol , penedès mineral and extremely crisp . gl . 75 , - / btl . 350 , -
sui lieviti , omero moretti , umbrien dry and aromatic . ( nature ) btl : 350 , -
blanc de blancs , josé dhondt , oger – champagne . concentrated take on blanc de blancs champagne . btl : 650 , -
2016 trafalgar , domaine mamaruta , fitou floral and aromatic flavours ( 100 % muscat ) . ( nature ) btl : 325 , -
le petit blanc , vin de france . crisp and fragrent gl : 55 , - / btl : 275 , -
2016 bergerac sec , chateau barouillet . fresh , floral and full - bodied fruit . ( nature ) gl . 65 / btl : 325
2015 chablis , domaine christophe . a mineral , dry and citrussy wine btl : 450 , -
le petit rosé , vin de france floral and juicy . gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -
blaufränkisch + zweigelt , pittnauer lively rosé with notes of berries and grape gl : 65 , - / btl . 325 , -
2014 les gardettes rouge dark spice and intense fruit gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -
2015 les tondeuses , domaine mamaruta , fitou a light , juicy and almost sweet red ( nature ) gl . 70 , - / btl . 325 , -
2015 arbois rouge ”dd” , tissot btl . elegant cherry and funky woodland ( nature ) btl : 475 , -
swedish bastard - you won’t regret it vanilla infused vodka , passion fruit and champagne . 95 , -
pina - rita - if you like pina coladas . . . reposado tequila , pineapple , coco cream , lime and chocolate bitters 95 , -
left hand - perfect after dinner drink . rye whiskey , campari , vermouth and chocolate bitters . 105 , -
el tosoro - for the negroni lovers ' amaro , vida mezcal , ginger , elderflower and lime . 105 , -
tommys margarita - tequila goodness at it’s best classic tommy’s or tommy’s with hibiscus & ginger tequila , lime and agave . 90 , -
12 mile limit - boozy prohibition drink rye whiskey , cognac , rum , grenadine and lemon . 110 , -
bathtub gin with coriander and orange zest beefeater 24 with grapefruit hendricks with cucumber & rose pepper ipsmiths gin with strawberries .
tuesday 15 - 00 - kitchen : 18 - 22 wednesday 15 - 02 – kitchen 18 - 22 thursday 15 - 02 – kitchen 18 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 friday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30 - kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 saturday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30– kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30
condesa – bar & spiseri ved stranden 18 1061 københavn k phone . : + 45 3119 6601 e - mail : info @ urltoken
we ' re always up for new , exciting challenges . contact us if you want to host an event at condesa or if you want us to cater at your own event . note : we don ' t accept bachelor partys at condesa .
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airport shuttle . airport shuttle available at an additional charge . you can request this in the next step .
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a casa está bem localizada , próximo de tudo . conseguimos passear à pé pelo rossio , baixa chiado , restaurador´ , enfim , a localização é nota 10 . eu e os meus acompanhantes adoramos , tanto mais que a casa é acolhedora .
prettig appartement , hele fijne locatie , zeer centraal gelegen in een rustige straat .
la posizione è perfetta per la vicinanza ai mezzi di trasporto e per la vita notturna . la casa è attrezzata per tutte le necessità .
la situation géographique , le calme , la propreté , la facilité des conditions de départ de l ' appartement .
unocación perfecta , comodidad y limpieza . bien equipado y máxima flexibilidad de horarios , y una gran acogida
the apartment has 3 bedrooms , a kitchen with an oven , and a bathroom . a flat - screen tv with cable channels is provided .
dona maria ii national theatre is 900 feet from the apartment . humberto delgado airport is 3 . 7 miles away .
this is our guests ' favorite part of lisbon , according to independent reviews .
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located in the real heart of lisbon , this property has an excellent location score of 8 . 8 !
a lisbon holidays , in the short term rentals business since 2008 , manages about 80 apartments located in lisbon , essentially inside the historic districts - bairro alto , alfama , madragoa and baixa chiado . company
full service
, lisbon holidays beyond the bookings management , does the check - in and check - out of guests , the cleaning the apartments and the linen and towels washing . the well - being of our guests is the main reason of our work .
stay in the charming center of one of the oldest cities in europe – predating london , paris , and rome by centuries .
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offering a garden and free wifi , t3 in casa da mariquinhas ( 3 bedroom flat ) is located in the arroios district in lisbon , half a mile from dona maria ii national theatre .
alfama beco da lapa flat is a self - catering property located in lisbon near dona maria ii national theatre .
this small , unique hostel in a quiet , green area of sintra features budget rooms with individual décor , free wi - fi and a large garden . it is located about 984 feet from sintra national palace .
são mamede downtown apartment is a property located in lisbon , 400 yards from dona maria ii national theatre and a 5 - minute walk from rossio square . the property has free wifi .
눉 no lights in stairs well up to apartment . wifi network specified in the apartment didnt exist . keys were difficult to use , had to go in a certain way , key provider didnt advise on this .
눉 there wa noting in the apartment - no toilet rolls , shampoo , soap , shower gel , kitchen cleaners , we had to buy everything .
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condoleezza rice was the first african - american woman to be appointed national security adviser and u . s . secretary of state .
“i think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would ' ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i ' m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation’s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough . ”
“i never wanted to run for anything . i don ' t think i even ran for class anything in school . ”
“i ' m enough of an historian to know that my reputation will be what my reputation is . it might be different in five months from five years to 50 years , and so i ' m simply not going to worry about that . ”
“i think september 11th was one of those great earthquakes that clarify and sharpen . events are in much sharper relief . ”
“people may oppose you , but when they realize you can hurt them , they ' ll join your side . ”
“we don ' t want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud . ”
“i find football so interesting strategically . it ' s the closest thing to war . what you are doing is taking and yielding territory and have certain strategies and tactics . ”
“my parents had me absolutely convinced that you may not be able to have a hamburger at woolworth ' s , but you can be president of the united states . ”
“there cannot be an absence of moral content in american foreign policy . europeans giggle at this and say we are naive , but we are not european , we are american and we have different principles . ”
“you were told in segregated birmingham that if you ran twice as hard , you might get half as far . and there were also people willing to run four times as hard so they could stay abreast . and once in a while , somebody was willing to run eight times as hard so they could get ahead . ”
“miss rice is like my sister . we are completely in sync . when she speaks , you know that she is speaking for me . ”
condoleezza rice is the first black woman to serve as the united states ' national security adviser , as well as the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state ( 2005 - 09 ) .
condoleezza rice was born in 1954 in alabama . she became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university .
in 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post , and went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state .
condoleezza rice was born on november 14 , 1954 in birmingham , alabama . the only child of a presbyterian minister and a teacher , rice grew up surrounded by racism in the segregated south .
she earned her bachelor & apos ; s degree in political science from the university of denver in 1974 ; her master & apos ; s from the university of notre dame in 1975 ; and her ph . d . from the university of denver & apos ; s graduate school of international studies in 1981 .
that same year , she joined stanford university as a political science professor—a position that she has held for more than three decades and plans to soon return to , full - time , according to a statement she made in 2012 .
in 1993 , rice became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university—a post she held for six years . during that time , she also served as the university & apos ; s chief budget and academic officer .
in the mid - 1980s , rice spent a period in washington , d . c . , working as an international affairs fellow attached to the joint chiefs of staff . in 1989 , she became director of soviet and east european affairs with the national security council , and special assistant to president george h . w . bush during the dissolution of the soviet union and german reunification .
in 1997 , she served on the federal advisory committee on gender - integrated training in the military .
a few years later , in 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post . she went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state—she became the nation & apos ; s 66th secretary of state in 2004 , following colin powell & apos ; s resignation , and served from january 2005 to 2009 .
as secretary of state , rice dedicated her department to
transformational diplomacy ,
with a mission of building and sustaining democratic , well - governed states around the world and the middle east in particular .
to that end , she relocated american diplomats to such hardship locations as iraq , afghanistan and angola , and required them to become fluent in two foreign languages . she also created a high - level position to defragment u . s . foreign aid .
rice & apos ; s books include germany unified and europe transformed ( 1995 ) with philip zelikow , the gorbachev era ( 1986 ) with alexander dallin and uncertain allegiance : the soviet union and the czechoslovak army ( 1984 ) .
in august 2012 , rice and south carolina businesswoman darla moore became the first women to ( simultaneously ) become members of the augusta national golf club , located in augusta , georgia .
the event was monumental : the augusta national golf club , which opened in 1933 , had infamously been known for its all - male membership and repeated failure to admit women .
just a few weeks later , on august 29 , 2012 , rice attended the republican national convention in tampa , florida , showing her support for the republican party & apos ; s 2012 election candidates , mitt romney and paul ryan .
rice delivered a riveting speech on the second day of the convention , spurring positive media attention :
i think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would & apos ; ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i & apos ; m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation & apos ; s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough ,
she said , adding that her future plans focus on being an educator , not a politician .
i & apos ; ll go back and be a happy stanford faculty member ,
rice said .
and , obviously , i & apos ; ll do what i can to help this ticket . but my life is in palo alto . my future is with my students at stanford and in public service on issues that i care about like education reform .
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netflix has named susan rice to its board of directors . the former obama ambassador has been criticized for her handling of the 2012 attack on the u . s . embassy in benghazi . meanwhile , barack and michelle obama are reportedly in talks to provide shows for the company .
anne rice is a best - selling author of popular series including ' vampire chronicles , ' which includes the books ' interview with the vampire ' and ' queen of the damned . '
hall of fame football wide receiver jerry rice played for the san francisco 49ers and is widely considered the greatest ever to play his position .
the ‘new york post’ ran a speculatory op - ed that hillary clinton might run for president again in 2020 based on emails from the former senator to her supporters . meanwhile , conservative tv show ‘fox and friends’ broke from the thailand soccer team rescue efforts to cover the rumor .
government official , u . s . first lady , women ' s rights activist
madeleine albright became the first woman to represent the u . s . in foreign affairs as the secretary of state .
jeane kirkpatrick was a professor and diplomat who was a close adviser to president ronald reagan and the first woman to be u . s . ambassador to the u . n .
sandra day o ' connor was the first woman appointed to the u . s . supreme court . a republican , she was considered a moderate conservative and served for 24 years .
supreme court justice and the first woman to serve as solicitor general of the united states of america .
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the chinese hwamei or melodious laughingthrush ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia in the family leiothrichidae .

the name " hwamei " comes from the chinese 画眉 ( huà-méi ) and means " painted eyebrow " referring to the distinctive marking around the bird 's eyes .

the species is a popular cagebird because of its attractive song .

chinese hwamei

, where it is fairly common . it was recently split from the widespread chinese hwamei
genetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , an . . .
garrulax canorus ( chinese hwamei ) ; adult , captive specimen . san diego zoo , california , usa .
hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) : in accord with most authorities , chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) and taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) are split by ebird , resulting in the common name difference between the nacc and ebird / clements .
the chinese hwamei or ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia . the name
hwamei
comes from the chinese , means
painted eyebrows ,
referring to the distinctive mark around the eyes . the species is popular for her singing attractive .
the chinese hwamei inhabits scrubland , open woodland , secondary forest , parks and gardens , from sea level up to an altitude of 1800 m .
information on the taiwan hwamei is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
zhang keyin , ruan xiangfeng , du zhiyong , gao zhenjian , xiong xiuyong , zhu jiagui , 2003 . hwamei nesting habitat selection . chinese journal of zoology , 38 ( 3 ) : 86 - 89 .
field guide to birds of north america , 2015 . hwamei . field guide to birds of north america . urltoken
miyazawa e , suzuki t , 2013 . the nest location and breeding activity of the introduced chinese hwamei garrulax canorus in hachioji , tokyo , japan . japanese journal of ornithology , 62 ( 1 ) : 38 - 44 .
li sh , yeung ckl , feinstein j , han l , le mh , wang cx , et al . ( 2009 ) sailing through the late pleistocene : unusual historical demography of an east asian endemic , the chinese hwamei (
li sh , yeung ckl , han l , mhle , wang cx , ding p , yao ct , 2010 . genetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , and the endemic taiwan hwamei l . taewanus : a multiple marker systems analysis . journal of avian biology , 41 ( 1 ) : 64 - 73 .
caged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and in other countries with a significant chinese population .
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these bird is often referred to as the huamei or hwamei in the literature , a name taken from the chinese word for thrush . it is possible this name derives from a description of the bird’s distinctive postocular white stripe , since the translation for ‘draw eyebrow’ sounds like huamei . some sources give a translation of the chinese name as ‘painted eyebrow’ ( sibagu , 2015 ) . g . canorus is also referred to as a babbler or laughing thrush .
huang zh , liu nf , liang w , zhang yy , liao xj , ruan l , et al . ( 2010 ) phylogeography of chinese bamboo partridge ,
the chinese hwamei has a very large breeding range and is described as relatively common . the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes . the species is also the target of massive exploitation for the cage - bird trade , but it is not considered threatened at present .
rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis
caged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and other countries with a significant chinese population , and so are likely to have a positive social impact .
tu hw , severinghaus ll , 2004 . geographic variation of the highly complex hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) songs . zooloogical studies , 43 ( 3 ) : 620 - 640 .
collar n , robson c , 2007 . chinese hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum ) . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive [ ed . by hoyo , j . del \ elliott , a . \ sargatal , j . \ christie , d . a . \ juana , e . de ] . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions . urltoken
identification of interspecific hybrids is often a subject of primary concern in the development of conservation strategies . here we performed a genetic analysis combining mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) , microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) to assay the level of hybridization and introgression between an introduced babbler , chinese hwamei leucodioptron canorus , and its . . . [ show full abstract ]
rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis | request pdf
our last special site is erlang shan where lady amherst ' s pheasant , firethroat , brown - breasted bulbul , black - streaked scimitar - babbler , barred laughingthrush , chinese babax , streaked barwing , chinese leaf - warbler and godlewski ' s bunting can be found . we will stay at conveniently located lodges / hotels , very close to all of the birding sites .
not globally threatened . cites ii . relatively common in chinese range . in recent fieldwork in s china found at 36 sites ( 67 % of those visited ) , including shiwandashan . . .
collar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
li sh , li jw , han lx , yao ct , shi h , lei fm , yen c , 2006 . species delimitation in the hwamei garrulax canorus . ibis , 148 ( 4 ) : 698 - 706 .
following an afternoon arrival in chengdu we can check out a nearby park in search of a few species we may not see elsewhere on the tour . in particular we shall look for the endemic chinese bulbul and chinese blackbird , as well as rufous - faced warbler , ashy - throated and vinous - throated parrotbills , white - browed laughingthrush , oriental greenfinch , crested myna , yellow - billed grosbeak , and both red - billed and white - cheeked starlings . night in chengdu .
xia ss , yu aw , zhao ld , zhang hy , zheng wh , liu js , 2013 . metabolic thermogenesis and evaporative water loss in the hwamei garrulax canorus . journal of thermal biology , 38 ( 8 ) : 576 - 581 .
, which is illegally imported as a cage bird , due to its beautiful song . birds which have lost their vocal capacity are released , and a recent study found that 20 % of hwamei in a wild state in taiwan are hybrids ( y . cheng - te
citation : li y , wu x , zhang h , yan p , xue h , wu x ( 2015 ) vicariance and its impact on the molecular ecology of a chinese ranid frog species - complex ( odorrana schmackeri , ranidae ) . plos one 10 ( 9 ) : e0138757 . urltoken
yoshino t , yoshino t , sasaki h , sasaki h , asakawa m , asakawa m , kawakami k , kawakami k , miyamoto k , miyamoto k , 2003 . a parasitological survey of hwamei garrulax canorus and red - billed leiothrix leiothrix lutea ( passeriforms : terimiidae ) . japanese journal of ornithology , 52 ( 1 ) : 39 - 42 .
li jw , yeung ckl , tsai pw , lin rc , yeh cf , yao ct , han l , hung lm , ding p , wang q , li sh , 2010 . rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis . molecular ecology , 19 ( 3 ) : 494 - 507 .
abstract we isolated 20 anonymous nuclear loci ( 8556 bp in total ) from the taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) , an endemic songbird of taiwan . a panel of nine to 15 individuals with unknown relationship was used to characterize polymorphism of these loci . we identified 46 single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) in 15 polymorphic loci . frequency of snps was one per every 186 bp in average . . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . all rights reserved . to overcome the forces of divergence ( e . g . , slatkin , 1987 ; but see garant et al . , 2005 ; gavrilets and vose , 2005 ) , but postdivergence gene flow now seems more common in speciation processes than previously assumed ( e . g . , bank et al . , 2012 ; j . w . li et al . , 2010 ; niemiller et al . , 2008 ; won and hey , 2005 ; yeung et al . , 2011 ) . to test these alternative hypotheses of continental island speciation , we used evidence from multiple sources to evaluate the taxonomic status and the level of post - divergence gene flow of an endemic resident passerine in hainan , the hainan hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum owstoni ) , which occupies the margins of lowland secondary evergreen woodlands ( mackinnon and phillipps , 2000 ) . . . .
sichuan lies in the very heart of china and is situated on the eastern edge of the vast tibetan plateau . it is a huge province , the size of france and hosts the richest concentration of chinese specialities and endemics in this vast country . there is a remarkable wealth of birdlife waiting in its rich evergreen and temperate forests , alpine meadows , mighty snow - capped mountains and grasslands of the tibetan plateau which form some of the most spectacular scenery of any bird tour ! china is a vast country and it is impossible to do justice to the amazing diversity of superb birds in one trip , so this tour concentrates on the mountainous province of sichuan . our unique and special tour takes in the well - known sites of labahe , balang shan , mengbi shan and finishes with a spectacular visit to the tibetan plateau . we also visit several lesser - known mountains during this unique
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
. 2011 ) , suggesting that it has declined over decadal time scales . despite high trapping pressure , it remains common in china , and the species readily inhabits areas in the vicinity of human habitation ( w . duckworth
. 2011 ) . overall , the population may be in decline , but the rate of decline is probably slow to moderate .
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calls of agitated bird from tangle above road . not seen . associated individual heard singing a little later in xc401664 and xc401665 .
song of bird in response to playback , singing from concealed perch in bamboo close to road . not seen but song astounding from mere metres away !
bird was in dense scrub 2 - 3 metres above ground . scrub on edge of clearing on steep slope above a river . rural district c . 100 km south of hangzhou . garden farms on river flats less than 100 m away . slopes above partially forested . warm humid weather .
an eyebrowed thrush turdus obscurus was seen in the exact same location the previous evening . in the morning the bird calling did not show . i think it is the eyebrowed thrush but as it was unsighted during recording i can ' t be sure .
natural song from an unseen bird perched in fern and o ' hia tangles within about 2m of ground in fairly natural habitat with 4m canopy .
a pair in low scrubby habitat near the forest edge . different song from the same bird as on xc113336 .
same bird ( s ) as on xc182992 in response to playback . [ heavy rain drops interfering with recording ]
natural song from a bird in understory of low mostly - native forest on ridge . wind .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : garrulax canorus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in ta . . .
g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in tall grass , reeds and gardens . it is thought that the population in its native range is in slow decline due to trapping and other pressures . due to its popularity as a caged songbird , g . canorus has been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . in japan , singapore and hawaii escapees and released birds have established breeding populations . the birds are sedentary and have spread slowly in the surrounding areas . the effects of these introductions on native species are only just starting to be monitored in japan . in hawaii , it is thought that g . canorus may now be competing with some endemic native species for food and / or nesting sites , and it could possibly have contributed to the likely extinction of myadestes myadestinus , an endemic species of kauai .
the taxonomy of garrulax spp . and related birds is confusing due to unclear interspecific relationships ( lou et al . , 2009 ) . they are often described as belonging to the timiliidae ( a family in the superfamily sylvioidea ) as well as the leiothrichidae .
three subspecies of garrulax canorus are often described in the literature : g . canorus canorus , g . canorus owstoni and g . canorus taewanis , that broadly speaking are found in central and southern mainland china , hainan island , and taiwan , respectively .
after collar ( 2006 ) , g . canorus was split into two separate species : g . canorus and g . taewanus . phylogenetic analysis ( li et al . , 2006 ) also suggested that g . canorus should be delimited into two species , g . canorus and g . taewani . the same study also suggested that the status of the subspecies g . canorus owstoni should remain until more analysis has taken place .
g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird , 21 - 25 cm long , weighing 49 - 75 g , with broad rounded wings , a fan - shaped tail and weak flight .
for individuals native to mainland china , plumage is reddish - brown with dark streaks on the crown , back and throat . flight feathers are darker brown and the tail fathers have dark bars and base . the underside is a lighter reddish - brown colour and the belly is grey . the bird has a blue - white eye ring that extends backwards to form a distinctive postocular stripe . inner orbital skin is blue and irises vary from brown to pale green - brown / yellow . legs vary from pink to yellow . g . canorus has a generalised yellow bill .
the sexes look similar , although the song of the male is far more elaborate , varied and rich . the song starts out low then gradually increases in volume and pitch . the female generally produces a series of more monotone calls that , when produced near the male , cause him to sing .
birds on hainan island , off the south coast of china , have plumage that is more olive - coloured and have a paler underside .
for birds native to taiwan , the upper plumage is a grey - olive colour , the crown and nape are more buff and heavily streaked , and the eye ring and postocular stripe are absent .
g . canorus is native to southern and western china , vietnam and northern laos . it is now scarce in its former range in vietnam , possibly due to trapping pressure ( avibase , 2015 ; birdlife international , 2015 ) .
although g . canorus is ranked as least concern by iucn ( 2015 ) , it has been suggested by some sources that trapping pressure and other factors may be causing a moderate decline in its natural range ( avibase , 2015 ) and some measures are being taken to protect its habitat .
has been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . it has established breeding populations in japan , singapore and the hawaiian islands of kauai , oahu , maui and hawaii following accidental and deliberate introductions ( alien species in
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
listing proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; avibase , 2015 ; ebird , 2015
listing proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; birdlife international , 2015
g . canorus ( leucodioptron canorum canorum ) considered a threat to the genetic integrity of the endemic g . taewanus
g . canorus was introduced to japan as a cage bird in the 1980s . populations in japan have expanded significantly since its arrival in the 1980s . import , transport and possession of the bird are now prohibited in japan under the invasive alien species act ( invasive species of japan , 2015 ) .
wherever g . canorus is imported and kept as a cage bird there is the potential risk that birds could escape and breed .
g . canorus is found in scrubland , woodland , forest regions , tall grass , reeds , bamboo , parks and gardens . it can also be found in abandoned urban areas . in china , it is usually found up to 1800 m above sea level . a comparison of rainfall maps and bird sighting maps for china and hawaii island suggests that g . canorus prefers to live in subtropical , continental or temperate areas that are wet for much of the year .
the species is fairly terrestrial in habit , foraging among leaf litter for insects and fruits . nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs and hedgerows ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .
the population endemic to taiwan is mostly found in secondary woodland and in foothills and low mountains with ficus - machillus and machilus - castanopsis vegetation up to 1200 m above sea level ( birdlife international , 2015 .
there do not seem to be any major crops affected by g . canorus , presumably as it is mostly insectivorous .
g . canorus may compete with native bird species for food and nest sites . in hawaii , birds that may have been affected are the kamao ( myadestes myadestinus ) , now classified as extinct , and the puaiohi ( myadestes palmeri ) , classified as critically endangered ( iucn , 2015 ) .
the g . canorus karyotype is 2n = 78 ( guo and dong , 1991 ) .
there are several nucleotide sequences from g . canorus and closely related species / subspecies in genbank ( ncbi , 2014 ) .
molecular genetic studies on g . canorus have focused on species delimitation , due to the complex intergeneric relationships in the polyphyletic genus garrulax . li et al . ( 2006 ) conducted phylogenetic analysis using the entire mitochondrial cyt b gene . they found that the basal clade was g . canorus taewanus , which split from the other taxa around 1 . 5 million years ago . it was also found that g . canorus owstoni diverged from g . canorus canorus 0 . 6 million years ago . as a result , it was suggested that it should be delimited into the two species : g . canorus and g . taewanus ( having previously been considered as two subspecies ) . a later study using 18 nuclear loci suggested that divergence had occurred 2 million years earlier than the mitochondrial dna study has suggested , and also showed that there had been gene flow between the two species post - divergence ( li et al . , 2010a )
hybridization between g . canorus canorus and g . canorus taewanus on taiwan was investigated by li et al . ( 2010b ) . of the birds sampled , 20 . 3 % were probably hybrids .
is monogamous . in its natural range it breeds from march to august . in hawaii , it breeds from april to july ( field guide to
the large , cup - shaped nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs , bamboo clumps and hedgerows from approx . 139 to 208 cm above the ground ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) . nesting material includes grasses , bamboo leaves and roots . another study found nests in bushes to be close to ground level in forests ( average height above ground was 15 . 6 cm ) and were made from a larger range of plant materials and lined . it was suggested that nesting habit varied according to the availability of cover at 1 m above ground , height of other vegetation and slope position ( zhang et al . , 2003 ) .
typically g . canorus lays 2 - 5 blue or blue - green eggs . occasionally these may be speckled . it is possible that egg colour is related to social interactions in some garrulax spp . ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .
eggs are incubated by the female for 13 - 16 days , with a similar nesting period . both parents feed the chicks , and there are typically 1 - 2 broods per year .
g . canorus has a low basal metabolic rate , a narrow thermal neutral zone , and minimal tolerance of water restriction ; normal traits for birds from warm , mesic environments ( xia et al . , 2013 ) .
g . canorus has a thin triangular tongue with many setae and backward pointing comb papillae at the base . it has a relatively developed small intestine accounting for 87 - 89 % of the intestinal tract total length . the liver is large and divides into two ( sun et al . , 2010 ) .
captive birds can live to be 18 years old , although it is assumed that wild birds do not live this long .
g . canorus is a non - migratory sedentary bird and this is likely to have contributed to its diverse social behaviours . birds tend to associate in small groups and it has been suggested that garrulax spp . may defend group territories and adopt cooperative breeding strategies ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .
not as gregarious as other similar species , g . canorus is more likely to be found skulking and foraging among leaf litter in pairs or small groups .
where g . canorus is introduced and living in gardens , it has been described as not shy ( allen , 2012 ) , although this could be due to the fact that there is less dense scrub cover for the birds to hide in compared to the wild .
mainly insectivorous , g . canorus may switch to foraging for seeds in crop fields after the crops have been harvested .
in hubei province , china , was estimated at 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 million (
there is some evidence that populations are expanding in some areas of japan ( arase , 2014 ) .
its diet consists mainly of insects , especially in the breeding season , including locust eggs ( locustidae ) and ants ( formicidae ) . g . canorus also eats seeds and sometimes cultivated maize ( zea ) and fruits ( collar and robson , 2007 ) .
during crop growth the bird’s diet is mostly insect - based , and it may eat more seeds after crops have been harvested .
as its diet mainly consists of insects g . canorus is loosely restricted to areas where these are abundant in vegetation and leaf litter . nests tend to be above 139 cm off the ground ( although can be as low as 40 cm ) , so vegetation is required .
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , wet all year
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry summers
continental climate , wet all year ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , wet all year )
continental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , dry summers )
g . canorus does not migrate and has fairly weak flight . studies in japan have shown that fledglings do not disperse far from the area in which they are raised ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .
g . canours was accidentally introduced to singapore and has established small populations , with breeding reported on sentosa island , just south of singapore ( allen , 2012 ) .
as the most popular cage bird in china that has been exported to other areas , there have been several accidental introductions of g . canorus . it is assumed that movement of g . canorus outside of its natural range has been mostly due to the trade in cage birds .
g . canorus has been introduced into taiwan , where it hybridising with g . taewanus ( li et al . 2010b ) . it was imported to taiwan , despite the similar g . taewanus there , because of the superior quality of its song . it is thought that when individual birds stopped singing they were released into the wild and , along with escaped birds , founded the population in taiwan .
g . canorus was also introduced to hawaii as a cage bird . escaped birds were able to colonise this new territory and it is now widespread in many of the hawaiian islands . a large fire in honolulu in 1900 allowed it to escape out of the city into oahu ( lever , 2010 ) .
introduced populations in peninsular malaysia did not breed and have possibly already died out ( allen , 2012 ) .
trade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . for instance , over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (
there is also evidence that g . canorus may compete with native species in japan ; however , as of 2004 , serious adverse effects of these established populations had not been reported in japan ( eguchi and amano , 2004 ) .
li et al . ( 2010b ) suggested that hybridisation between g . canorus and g . taewani could be potentially threatening the evolutionary integrity of the g . taewani population in taiwan . the study suggested that prevention of further hybridization should be a primary management concern in taiwan .
a popular cage bird in china . trade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (
( especially females , whose song is less rich ) is also traded as food in china . it has been estimated that many thousands of birds per year may be removed from the wild in the country to be traded as either cage birds or for meat (
g . canorus is similar to the spot - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus mcclellandi ) and the streak - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus ruficollis ) .
there is evidence that the song of mainland g . canorus is more complex than that of g . taewanus ( tu and severinghaus , 2004 ) .
it is unlikely that the general public is aware of any issues with g . canorus as an introduced species since the bird does not have significant impacts on livelihood or economics .
there are no studies detailing the control of g . canorus in the wild . control measures for this species in areas where there are established breeding populations appear to be limited to legislation involving the export , import and sale of g . canorus .
the council of agriculture in taiwan banned the sale of g . canorus in 2002 in an attempt to prevent the pet trade that has resulted in the release of the species and its hybridization with the endemic g . taewanus .
evidence for direct causal effects between g . canorus and the decline of native species is limited at present , and appears to be complicated by the presence of other alien species in the study areas .
long term studies in areas where the populations are expanding , such as areas of japan and singapore , to explore their effects on the native flora and fauna , would be beneficial .
research and monitoring on hawaiian islands where the birds are not currently widespread would provide baseline studies for any potential invasion by g . canorus , so that action can be taken swiftly if the birds do begin to colonise .
there are few reports in the literature that specifically discuss physical control and management of the spread of g . canorus either in their native range or elsewhere .
there are some studies on parasites of g . canorus in japan ( yoshino et al . , 2003 ) , and viruses carried by the birds in vietnam ( takakuwa et al . , 2013 ) , but research on whether these birds are vectors for parasites and diseases that could affect native species is absent .
research on whether there is a strong illegal export trade of g . canorus from its native ranges , and whether this poses a threat of further introductions to new areas , is required .
allen j , 2012 . field guide to the birds of peninsular malaysia and singapore , 2nd edition . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 322 .
arase t , 2014 . bird fauna observed in terasawayama research forest at shinshu university from 2004 to 2013 . bulletin shinshu university alpine field center , no . 12 : 107 - 114 .
birdforum , 2015 . birdforum - the net ' s largest birding community . urltoken
campbell b , lack e , 2010 . a dictionary of birds . london , uk : bloomsbury publishing .
clements jf , schulenberg ts , iliff mj , roberson d , fredericks ta , sullivan bl , wood cl , 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . urltoken
collar nj , 2006 . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail , 22 : 85 - 112 .
eguchi k , amano he , 2004 . spread of exotic birds in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 3 - 11 .
foster jt , robinson sk , 2007 . introduced birds and the fate of hawaiian rainforests . conservation biology , 21 ( 5 ) : 1248 - 1257 . urltoken
guo c , dong y , 1991 . analysis of karyotypes in four species of wild birds from anhui . journal of anhui normal university , 3 : 50 - 54 .
invasive species of japan , 2015 . invasive species of japan . , japan : national institute for environmental studies . urltoken
kawakami k , yamaguchi y , 2004 . the spread of the introduced melodious laughing thrush garrulax canorus in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 13 - 21 .
lever c , 2010 . timaliidae ( babblers and parrot - bills ) , melodious laughing thrush , garrulax canorus . in : naturalised birds of the world . london , uk : a & c black , 173 .
liang wei , cai yan , yang canchao , 2013 . extreme levels of hunting of birds in a remote village of hainan island , china . bird conservation international , 23 ( 1 ) : 45 - 52 . urltoken
lou l , qu yh , han lx , li sh , lei fm , 2009 . phylogenetic analysis of laughingthrushes ( timaliidae : garrulax ) and allies based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . zoologica scripta , 38 ( 1 ) : 9 - 22 .
ncbi , 2014 . genbank . bethseda , maryland , usa : national center for biodiversity information . urltoken
sibagu , 2015 . list of bird species of china . birds of china . urltoken
sun jx , zhang j , mi zp , cheung yq , guo l , 2010 . preliminary morphological observations on the digestive system of garrulax canorus . sichuan journal of zoology , 29 ( 2 ) : 267 - 271 .
takakuwa h , yamashiro t , le mq , phuong ls , ozaki h , tsunekuni r , usui t , ito h , yamaguchi t , ito t , murase t , ono e , otsuki k , 2013 . the characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009 . comparative immunology , microbiology & infectious diseases , 36 ( 6 ) : 581 - 590 . urltoken
us fish and wildlife service , 2006 . in : revised recovery plan for hawaiian forest birds . us fish and wildlife service , 622 pp .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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formerly treated as conspecific with g . taewanus , but differs significantly in plumage , iris colour , morphometrics and genetics , and to some degree in voice . genetic differentiation also used to suggest race owstoni could be treated specifically # r . proposed race mengliensis ( described from menglian , sw yunnan ) probably best included in nominate # r . two subspecies recognized .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) – se china from s gansu , s shaanxi , hubei , se henan and s jiangsu s to yunnan ( except nw ) , guangxi and guangdong , also e laos and vietnam ( s to nc annam ) .
21–24 cm ; 49–75 g . relatively plain medium - sized laughingthrush , warm brown with darker streaking on head and breast , and with bold white eyering and postocular . . .
song by male rich , varied , quite high - pitched , including regular repetition and some mimicry ; . . .
shrublands , open woodland , thickets , scrub , bamboo , reeds , tall grass , gardens , vacant lots in . . .
mar–aug ; multi - brooded . nest is reported to be a large cup , outwardly rough but with well - defined walls , made of leaves ( including . . .
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recently split from a broader timaliidae . to date , traditionally recognized genera cutia , kupeornis , phyllanthus , turdoides , garrulax , babax ( now in garrulax ) , heterophasia , leiothrix , minla , liocichla and actinodura have been recovered as members of a clade separate from those now placed in timaliidae or pellorneidae ; however , garrulax , actinodura , minla , heterophasia and turdoides , as typically circumscribed , have also been discovered to be polyphyletic . as a result , genetic data available to date # r # r # r # r # r ( many species have not been screened ) can be interpreted in various ways , permitting for a smaller number of larger genera , or many more genera characterized by fewer species , so listing presented here is provisional and dependent on additional molecular data for most of the as yet untested taxa . family name has been spelt in variety of different ways ; above is the original spelling , which is correctly formed and so must be used # r .
genera leucodioptron , stactocichla , ianthocincla , dryonastes , rhinocichla , melanocichla and babax all provisionally sunk within a re - expanded garrulax , but denser taxon sampling for dna might necessitate restoration of at least some of these , given morphological and sometimes vocal or other differences shown by representative taxa # r .
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the ebird taxonomy is a hierarchical approach to creating a species list for data entry and listing purposes across the world . you can download an excel version of the ebird taxonomy at the bottom of the page . since understanding exactly what is meant by every bird species or taxon on a given list is an essential part of reporting your sightings , we detail our approach below to help clarify any questions .
the ebird taxonomy is much more than a list of species . it includes every field - identifiable taxon that could be relevant for birders to report . the taxonomic categories are each dealt with differently in ebird output and the eight categories are clearly indicated in the downloadable file below ( a ninth category , clements ssp . , is available only in the clements checklist ) . the eight ebird categories are as follows :
hybrid between two issf ( subspecies or subspecies groups ) , e . g . ,
distinctly - plumaged domesticated varieties that may be free - flying ( these do not count on personal lists ) e . g . ,
our species and subspecies taxonomy follows the clements checklist . the clements checklist is a global bird taxonomy which follows regional authorities . in the new world , the clements checklist largely defers to the two aos committees - - the north american classification committee ( nacc ) and the south american classification committee ( sacc ) - - with the goal of near - complete compliance . the few departures from their taxonomy and nomenclature tend to be in the handful of the cases where the two committees are not in agreement , or where one or both committees makes a taxonomic or nomenclatural decision that is at odds with prevailing usage elsewhere in the world . in the latter case , this most often applies to very rare vagrants in north america ( e . g . , siberian stonechat , dusky thrush ) . all such departures are listed in detail in appendix a ( nacc ) and appendix b ( sacc ) .
the ebird taxonomy ( v2017 ) is current with clements v2017 which is itself current with the 57th supplement to the aos - nacc check - list and the aos - sacc check - list through 22 apr 2017 ( the nacc issues updates once a year in august , whereas the sacc updates their taxonomy continually . )
clements updates occur once a year in the late summer / autumn , and are documented in full , and can be downloaded directly here . the downloadable list is very useful since this checklist includes a description of the world range for each species and subspecies as well . ebird taxonomic updates coincide with the clements updates in august .
the clements checklist includes identifiable groups , which we also use in ebird . identifiable groups - - which ebird refers to as issf ( identifiable subspecific form ) - - are taxonomic units below the species level that follow subspecific boundaries as defined by the clements checklist . these may be a formally described subspecies ,
junco hyemalis hyemalis / carolinensis . . . . . dark - eyed junco ( slate - colored )
junco hyemalis [ oreganus group ] . . . . dark - eyed junco ( oregon )
these groups or issfs allows ebirders to make note of identifiable differences ( which may be helpful if the species are later split ) to study the distribution and abundance of different subspecific forms where they both occur . we encourage ebirders to use these groups to report whenever possible ; note that you can always add any species or group to your checklist by clicking
rare species
and using the
add a species
box .
the clements checklist is a work in progress . new species are described each year and new splits are justified in print almost weekly . in addition to keeping up with these rapid advances in bird taxonomy , the clements team also endeavors to add a number of new subspecies groups to the checklist in the coming years . assistance is welcome , especially from south america and the old world .
in addition to the formal taxonomic concepts that are included in the clements checklist , the ebird taxonomy includes an expanded list of other bird taxa that birders may report . like the clements list , we have rules governing the nomenclature and taxonomic placement of these birds , so that they appear in predictable places on any bird list . these additional categories of bird taxa are listed below , and are identified accordingly in our ebird taxonomy .
we have made an effort to include many known hybrids that occur in the wild . while this is not a list of every single hybrid combination reported , we have tried to include those that are frequent enough and distinctive enough that they might be reported by birders . these range from the common combinations like
american black duck x mallard
and
western x glaucous - winged gull
to considerably rarer combinations like
berylline hummingbird
and
white - throated sparrow x dark - eyed junco .
note that the hybrid names always follow phylogenetic sequence , with the first species in sequence coming first in the hybrid name . hybrids are listed immediately following the issf groups in the second parent species in the sequence . all hybrids are followed by the parenthetical note
( hybrid )
- - thus you can review all hybrids by searching for ( hybrid ) within the
find a species
text box during checklist entry .
we also include intergrades , where hybridization between two subspecies or issfs produces an identifiable cross . for example , since the two forms of green - winged teal ( american and eurasian ) are distinctive and each is treated as an issf in the ebird taxonomy , we consider the hybrid result of a mixed pairing to be an intergrade .
spuhs ? what is a spuh , you ask ? for difficult to identify groups ( like flycatchers ) or distant birds ( hawkwatchers regularly cope with this problem ) , birders will often record their identifications only to the genus level , or to some other level above species .
spuh
is our affectionate term for birds not identified to the species level . examples include : empidonax sp . , scoter sp . , accipiter sp . , or duck sp . many birders keep track of these sightings , and they can be tracked in ebird as well .
note that we have two ways of tracking spuhs . some are listed with the group name and
sp .
but when there are only two members of a species pair are possible , we instead have opted to list these with a slash . for example , we do not use
murre sp .
but instead list
common / thick - billed murre .
the often - used
dowitcher sp .
is instead listed as
short - billed / long - billed dowitcher .
other useful listings include : greater / lesser yellowlegs , semipalmated / western sandpiper , and parasitic / pomarine jaeger . we refer to each of these as a slash in our taxonomy .
you can review the available spuhs by searching for
sp .
in the
find a species
box and you can review all slash combos by searching for
/
.
in some cases , there are additional bird entities that can ' t be described with a formal scientific name . these may include new species ( or suspected new species ) that birders are already reporting and documenting . since the clements checklist will not add them until the formal description has appeared in a peer - reviewed paper , it can be years ( or decades ) until the species would be available via that list . collecting data on these entities is important , so we include them as a
form
, which is a catch - all for additional birds which we want birders to report , but which do not yet have a formal scientific name ( some of them may never have such a name ) . we expect to expand this list in the future to include other yet - to - be - described species .