in chemistry , a molecular knot , or knotane , is a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture that is analogous to a macroscopic knot .

a molecular knot in a trefoil knot configuration is chiral , having at least two enantiomers .

examples of naturally formed knotanes are dna and certain proteins .

lactoferrin has an unusual biochemical reactivity compared to its linear analogue .

other synthetic molecular knots have a distinct globular shape and nanometer sized dimensions that make them potential building blocks in nanotechnology .

the first knot was synthesised by jean-pierre sauvage in 1989 .

the term knotane was coined by fritz vögtle et al. in angewandte chemie international edition in 2000 by analogy with rotaxane and catenane .

the term , however , has yet to be adopted by iupac .

several synthetic knotanes have been reported .

a pentafoil knot prepared using dynamic covalent chemistry has been reported .

later in 2016 , a fully organic pentafoil knot was also reported , including the very first use of a molecular knot to allosterically regulate catalysis .

in january 2017 an 8 ₁₉ knot ( the tightest knot yet synthesized ) was reported by david leigh 's group .

molecular knot

now leigh and his team have made a knot with eight crossings , making it the most complex molecular knot ever tied .
sauvage ' s knot was the simplest knot possible - a ' trefoil knot ' that looked kind of like a three - leaf clover . but it took scientists another 25 years to achieve another molecular knot .
the eight - crossings molecular knot is the most complex regular woven molecule yet made by scientists .
the first molecular knot – one of the most mathematically simple kinds called a trefoil knot – was tied in 1989 . from then until 2011 , chemists only knew how to coax molecules into that one type of knot .
braiding a molecular knot | january 16 , 2017 issue - vol . 95 issue 3 | chemical & engineering news
the first molecular knot was created by chemist jean - pierre sauvage , one of three scientists who won last year ' s nobel prize in chemistry for work in creating parts for future molecular machines .
in 2011 , leigh was part of the first team to create a synthetic pentafoil knot . whereas the strands of a trefoil knot cross over one another three times , those in a pentafoil knot have five crossings .
scientists have successfully manipulated strands of molecules to create the tightest physical knot ever , with eight crossings twisting molecules into a celtic knot - structure .
for the first time , scientists have synthesized a three - stranded molecular braid that twisted into a knot with eight crossings , as in this rendering .
“the eight - crossings molecular knot is the most complex regular woven molecule yet made by scientists , ” professor leigh said in a statement . “we ‘tied’ the molecular knot using a technique called ‘self - assembly’ , in which molecular strands are woven around metal ions , forming crossing points in the right places just like in knitting – and the ends of the strands were then fused together by a chemical catalyst to close the loop and form the complete knot .
a molecular knot with twelve amide groups - one - step synthesis , crystal structure , chirality extracts were presented during a talk at the universität . . . - pubmed - ncbi
the first molecular knot was tied back in 1989 by chemist jean - pierre sauvage , who went on to win last year ' s nobel prize in chemistry for related work .
scientists have twisted molecules into the tightest knot ever : the two - way this new knot has eight crossings , far more than previous molecular knots . the
rope
is very short — just 192 atoms long , or 500 times smaller than a red blood cell .
molecular knots are common in nature . polymer chains can often form them , and even circular dna and about 1 percent of known proteins show knotted structures . there are more than 6 billion known molecular knots possible and so far only three nontrivial knot topologies have been made by scientists .
this new knot has eight crossings , he says , and what ' s more , it ' s the tightest knot ever , which he says is defined by just
the length of your rope , and then how complex the knot is , how many crossings you have .
using iron atoms to guide their molecular building blocks , chemists have now constructed the first braided knot ( science 2017 , doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aal1619 ) . this new knot , crafted by david a . leigh and coworkers at the university of manchester , is considerably more complex than previous examples of molecular knots , which were based on just two twisted strands .
we ' tied ' the molecular knot using a technique called ' self - assembly ' , in which molecular strands are woven around metal ions , forming crossing points in the right places just like in knitting - and the ends of the strands were then fused together by a chemical catalyst to close the loop and form the complete knot ,
explained leigh in a press release .
for the first time , scientists have synthesized a three - stranded molecular braid that twisted into a knot with eight crossings , as in this rendering . stuart jantzen / biocinematics . com / science hide caption
molecular orbital conformational analysis of prototypical organic systems . 1 . ethylene glycol and 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane
to form these crossings , the team wrapped the molecular strands around metal ions to manipulate their formation .
his knot had loops that made it look a bit like a three - leaf clover . this
trefoil knot
is the simplest kind of knot possible , leigh says ,
and then for the next 25 years , chemists weren ' t able to make any more - complicated knots than that .
this latest knot is the tightest and most intricate yet . it looks a lot like a celtic knot , with three strands , and eight crossings holding it together . here it is in all its glory :
it looks a lot like a celtic knot and is designed to effectively tie itself in a test tube . molecular strands wrap around metal ions that act like knitting needles and set up strand crossings in just the right spots .
over the past few years , leigh and his colleagues , along with several other teams , have managed to produce a few more molecular knots - but they ' ve been limited to two molecular strands , and little more than three crossings .
molecular knots , held taut by zinc ions , can capture bromide by cleavage of carbon - bromine bonds and thereby promote catalysis .
over the past decade , chemists have used metal ion templating to prepare a wide variety of knotted molecular strands . marcos et al . now show that one such pentafoil knot can be applied to catalysis . when held taut by zinc ions , the knot can capture a chloride or bromide ion from a halocarbon , thereby unleashing the reactivity of the residual cation for applications such as lewis acid catalysis . removing the zinc ions lowers the knot ' s affinity for the halides , offering a reversible modulation mechanism for the catalysis .
a molecular knot with twelve amide groups - one - step synthesis , crystal structure , chirality extracts were presented during a talk at the universität düsseldorf on january 11 , 2000 . we thank dr . christian seel and dr . rudolf hartmann for suggestions and measurements .
molecular knots occur in dna , proteins , and other macromolecules . however , the benefits that can potentially arise from tying molecules in knots are , for the most part , unclear . here , we report on a synthetic molecular pentafoil knot that allosterically initiates or regulates catalyzed chemical reactions by controlling the in situ generation of a carbocation formed through the knot - promoted cleavage of a carbon - halogen bond . the knot architecture is crucial to this function because it restricts the conformations that the molecular chain can adopt and prevents the formation of catalytically inactive species upon metal ion binding . unknotted analogs are not catalytically active . our results suggest that knotting molecules may be a useful strategy for reducing the degrees of freedom of flexible chains , enabling them to adopt what are otherwise thermodynamically inaccessible functional conformations .
knots are being discovered with increasing frequency in both biological and synthetic macromolecules and have been fundamental topological targets for chemical synthesis for the past two decades . here , we report on the synthesis of the most complex non - dna molecular knot prepared to date : the self - assembly of five bis - aldehyde and five bis - amine building blocks about five metal cations and one chloride anion to form a 160 - atom - loop molecular pentafoil knot ( five crossing points ) . the structure and topology of the knot is established by nmr spectroscopy , mass spectrometry and x - ray crystallography , revealing a symmetrical closed - loop double helicate with the chloride anion held at the centre of the pentafoil knot by ten ch···cl – hydrogen bonds . the one - pot self - assembly reaction features an exceptional number of different design elements—some well precedented and others less well known within the context of directing the formation of ( supra ) molecular species . we anticipate that the strategies and tactics used here can be applied to the rational synthesis of other higher - order interlocked molecular architectures .
a crystal structure of the leigh group’s braided knot with ions . gray = c , blue = n , red = o , purple = fe , green = cl , turquoise shows one repeat unit of the knot . counter ions and hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity .
the ' rope ' that they used was just 192 atoms long - or 500 times smaller than a red blood cell - and yet , they were able to put an unheard - of eight crossings in it , knitting the structure together into the tightest molecular knot ever created .
the tightest knot ever is also one of the tiniest . made of strings of molecules braided together , the knot is only 20 nanometres long , and its properties are as yet unknown . but researchers hope that these tied - up molecules could lead to lighter body armour or more flexible surgical sutures .
now , in the journal science , a team of chemists says it has made a huge advance — manipulating molecules to create the tightest knot ever .
the researchers created the knot using a technique called “self - assembly , ” wherein molecular strands are woven around metal ions , forming crossing points in the right places — in this case , eight places . the ends of the strands were then fused together by a chemical catalyst to close the loop .
three molecular strands get braided together in this knot , he adds ,
and being able to braid , like you braid a girl ' s hair in elementary school , allows you to make much , much more complicated knots and ultimately opens the door for weaving as well , which will be very exciting .
knots may ultimately prove just as versatile and useful at the nanoscale as at the macroscale . however , the lack of synthetic routes to all but the simplest molecular knots currently prevents systematic investigation of the influence of knotting at the molecular level . we found that it is possible to assemble four building blocks into three braided ligand strands . octahedral iron ( ii ) ions control the relative positions of the three strands at each crossing point in a circular triple helicate , while structural constraints on the ligands determine the braiding connections . this approach enables two - step assembly of a molecular 8 19 knot featuring eight nonalternating crossings in a 192 - atom closed loop ~ 20 nanometers in length . the resolved metal - free 8 19 knot enantiomers have pronounced features in their circular dichroism spectra resulting solely from topological chirality .
it is not uncommon when braiding hair or bread to intertwine three different strands . at the molecular level , however , synthetic knots have thus far been restricted to architectures accessible from two - strand braids . danon et al . used iron ion coordination to guide three organic ligand strands to form a knot geometry with eight separate crossings .
tying a knot can be tricky . just ask any kid struggling with shoelaces . and scientists have it even harder when they try to make knots using tiny molecules .
they knew it was possible - mathematicians have predicted billions of possible molecular knots - but it ' s much harder to get chemicals to weave together than it sounds .
knots are extremely useful in everyday life , even at the nanoscale level . now , researchers from the university of manchester have just created the first three - strand molecular braid .
“tying knots is a similar process to weaving so the techniques being developed to tie knots in molecules should also be applicable to the weaving of molecular strands , ” leigh added .
molecular knots like this are probably more analogous with the knots in mathematics , which are closed loops twisted into different shapes , than with the knots in your phone charger’s cord .
but in just the past few years , scientists including leigh have managed to produce a few more complex knots . his team ' s latest knot is the most intricate yet .
in order to create it , the researchers actually had to take three molecular braids , and get them to self - assemble in a test tube and tie themselves up into the structure .
once the knot structure is assembled , the chemists remove the iron ions , as well as a chloride ion the structure sequesters at its center , to generate a metal - free knot . this molecule , leigh points out , is chiral . despite having no chiral centers , it can be made in two distinct forms that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another that can be separated using chiral chromatography .
“the strands that we’re knotting are so small that you can’t grab the ends and mechanically tie them like you would a shoelace , ” leigh , who was part of the first team that created a synthetic pentafoil knot in 2011 , told new scientist . “unlike tying your shoelaces , where you do them one at a time , with self - assembly we can tie many billions of molecular knots at the same time . ”
that might not sound too impressive , but researchers have only ever managed to tie a few , very simple molecular knots to date . and figuring out how to make these braided formations will be the key to unlocking powerful new materials .
knots should be just as important at the molecular level , but we can ' t exploit that until we learn how to make them , and that ' s really what we ' re beginning to do ,
added leigh .
“this is the long - awaited step into totally new molecular knots , ” adds amar flood , an expert in self - assembly at indiana university bloomington . “the design with circular helicates is elegant and expedient , and the execution masterful . ”
trying to knot tiny molecules together is a task that is exactly as difficult as it sounds . however , manipulating molecules into ever tighter knots is a goal that many researchers eagerly pursue , and not just for the daunting challenge it provides .
leigh and his team used a precise mix of ions under controlled conditions to braid the strands of molecules together in a process called self - assembly . the final knot is made up of 192 atoms and includes chlorine , hydrogen and nitrogen , among other elements .
leigh hopes to use what his group learned from making the braided knot to create even more complex braided knots and possibly even woven polymers . “what we’re really interested in doing is finding general ways that could be used to make whatever sort of knot that you want . there are six billion knots that have been tabulated by mathematicians , and chemists have only been able to make three of them up to now . this is the fourth , ” he says . “clearly there’s a huge unexplored area of chemical space out there . ”
leigh’s group made the 192 - atom knot with eight different crossing points by first assembling a circular triple helicate . helicates are helical complexes that contain metal ions . in this case , four iron ions were used to coordinate three bipyridine moieties on four identical ligand strands .
scientists believe that making different types of molecular knots can be used as a method to probe how knotting affects strength and elasticity of materials . this , in turn , can lead to the creation of polymer strands that can be used to build stronger and more flexible materials .
the team , led by professor david leigh , have developed a technique that uses iron ions to carefully direct and braid 192 atoms that intersect at eight distinct points . the breakthrough , published this week in science , represents the most complex knot synthesized in a lab so far .
a team of researchers from the university of manchester has now created a record - breaking knot . it contains eight crossings in a 192 - atom closed loop , and is roughly 10 , 000 times thinner than a human hair — the most tightly knotted physical structure ever created .
a team of researchers from the university of manchester has created a record - breaking knot . the structure contains eight crossings in a 192 - atom closed loop , and is roughly 10 , 000 times thinner than a human hair — making it the most tightly knotted physical structure ever created .
“in our everyday world , we know the benefits of weaving fabrics , ” he says . “you get materials that can stretch in different directions , hold their shape , they’re light and strong and flexible – hopefully we can use the same principles and get related effects at the molecular level . ”
“tying knots is a similar process to weaving , so the techniques being developed to tie knots in molecules should also be applicable to the weaving of molecular strands , ” david leigh from the university of manchester , one of the authors of the a study detailing the achievement , said in a statement . “for example , bullet - proof vests and body armor are made of kevlar , a plastic that consists of rigid molecular rods aligned in a parallel structure — however , interweaving polymer strands have the potential to create much tougher , lighter and more flexible materials in the same way that weaving threads does in our everyday world . ”
“the strands that we’re knotting are so small that you can’t grab the ends and mechanically tie them like you would a shoelace , ” says leigh . “unlike tying your shoelaces , where you do them one at a time , with self - assembly we can tie many billions of molecular knots at the same time . ”
bullet - proof vests and body armour are made of kevlar , a plastic that consists of rigid molecular rods aligned in a parallel structure - however , interweaving polymer strands have the potential to create much tougher , lighter and more flexible materials in the same way that weaving threads does in our everyday world ,
said leigh .
the chemists heated the metal - ligand mixture , allowing it to arrive at its thermodynamic minimum , which corresponds to the braided structure . they then used metathesis chemistry to link olefins at the ends of the ligand strands together to produce the knot . the tough part , leigh says , is designing the ligand strand so that it will coordinate the iron ions and so that the strand ends will meet up in just the right way .
historically , knotting and weaving have led to all kinds of breakthrough technologies ,
says david leigh at the university of manchester in the u . k . , who notes that knots led to prehistoric innovations such as fishing nets and clothes .
knots should be just as important at the molecular level , but we can ' t exploit that until we learn how to make them , and that ' s really what we ' re beginning to do .
“some polymers , such as spider silk , can be twice as strong as steel so braiding polymer strands may lead to new generations of light , super - strong and flexible materials for fabrication and construction , ” continued leigh . “for example , bullet - proof vests and body armour are made of kevlar , a plastic that consists of rigid molecular rods aligned in a parallel structure – however , interweaving polymer strands have the potential to create much tougher , lighter and more flexible materials in the same way that weaving threads does in our everyday world . ”
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angew chem int ed engl . 2000 may ; 39 ( 9 ) : 1616 - 1618 .
kekulé - institut für organische chemie und biochemie der universität bonn gerhard - domagk - strasse 1 , 53121 bonn ( germany ) .
science 13 jan 2017 : vol . 355 , issue 6321 , pp . 159 - 162 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aal1619
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science 24 jun 2016 : vol . 352 , issue 6293 , pp . 1555 - 1559 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3673
guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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braiding—the interlacing of three or more strands—seems fairly straightforward , but as any parent of a long - haired child will tell you , it takes skilled hands to master the technique . braiding a molecule poses an even greater challenge because no hands are nimble enough to entwine structures on such a small scale .
“it looks like magic , but it’s not , ” says alberto credi , an expert in supramolecular chemistry at the university of bologna , of the synthesis . “this work is an impressive demonstration that sophisticated structural programs can be executed by self - assembly through a careful design . ”
this article has been translated into spanish by urltoken and can be found here .
dear colleagues , the principle of the construction around the metal in octahedral complexes had been proposed by myself in 1973 ( russ . chem . revs ) and then within my book
introduction to theoretical stereochemistry
, russian version , moscow , 1979 , updated english translation , gordon @ breach , london , 1991 . this has been recognised by j - p . sauvage in the first publications leading to nobel prize . in one of previous papers david leigh referred to my work , but not here where his team reached the big success . probably , he did not expect that i am still acting scientist . viacheslav i . sokolov , institute of organoelement compounds , moscow , russia
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your idea however original , is not something that any skilled chemist wouldn ' t be able to come up with . ideas are cheap , it is the execution that should be prized . a little modesty mr . sokolov .
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the ability to weave complex molecules together can open the door to many applications for nano - knotted materials , from textiles to electronics .
this technology has potential applications in the production of many different types of knots and might soon be in a breakthrough material near you .
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“there are over 6 million different sorts of knots known to mathematicians , and chemists had been able to make just one , which was pretty pathetic , ” says david leigh at the university of manchester , uk .
“this is a synthetic masterpiece , formed in a very simple and extraordinarily elegant manner , ” says thorfinnur gunnlaugsson at trinity college dublin , ireland .
the method may enable chemists to synthesise more types of knotted molecules in large batches .
“it is quite likely that these knotted molecules will show properties different from un - knotted ones , but nobody’s done the research yet to show what those might be , ” says sophie jackson at the university of cambridge .
leigh says the practical applications of knotted molecules will probably only be discovered when chemists try to weave them together , a process that is similar to knotting . he imagines these woven materials could be used to make anything from lighter bulletproof vests to more flexible surgical sutures .
that ' s surprising , he says , considering that mathematicians have come up with billions of possible knots .
you can ' t tie the knots by grabbing the ends and mechanically tying them like you would a shoelace in our everyday world ,
leigh says .
instead , you have to use chemistry .
it ' s fantastic ,
says edward fenlon , a chemist at pennsylvania ' s franklin & marshall college who has a special interest in knots but was not part of this research team .
it ' s really impressive that they ' ve been able to go beyond some of the more simple knots with just three crossings .
in this case , the
rope
is very short — just 192 atoms long , or 500 times smaller than a red blood cell , leigh says .
knots are really fascinating objects or geometric shapes . they have always been around ; you observe them in art , in nature . as a boy scout you learn how to tie knots ,
says rigoberto advincula , a chemist at cleveland ' s case western reserve university , who notes that knots also are found in dna and proteins .
it ' s one of the fascinating things to stretch chemistry in terms of your ability to make synthetic objects .
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the authors thank the diamond light source ( uk ) for synchrotron beamtime on i19 ( xr029 ) , the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) national crystallography service for data collection , and the epsrc national mass spectrometry service centre ( swansea , uk ) and c . l . mackay ( sircams , university of edinburgh ) for high - resolution mass spectrometry . j . e . b . and d . s . are swiss national science foundation postdoctoral fellows . this research was funded by the epsrc and the academy of finland ( k . r . , projects 212588 and 218325 ) .
department of chemistry , nanoscience center , university of jyväskylä , p . o . box 35 , 40014 jyu , finland
j - f . a . , j . e . b . , r . t . m . and d . s . carried out the synthesis and characterization studies , helped plan the experiments , and participated in the preparation of the manuscript . k . r . solved the crystal structure . d . a . l . helped plan the experiments and prepare the manuscript .
nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .
just picture bullet - proof material that ' s as light and flexible as cotton .
historically , knotting and weaving have led to all kinds of breakthrough technologies ,
one of the researchers , david leigh , from the university of manchester in the uk , told nell greenfieldboyce at npr .
just think about clothes , fishing nets , even shoe laces - all inventions that came about thanks to our ability to tie knots .
you can ' t just grab two molecules like shoelaces and wrap them around each other - you actually need to nudge chemicals to bond with each other in specific ways .
the fact that the team is now able to take regular molecules and braid them together means we could be on the verge of creating materials with fascinating new properties .
for example , if we could learn to weave together the molecules in bullet - proof vests , we could develop materials that are lighter , more flexible , but even stronger than kevlar .
some polymers , such as spider silk , can be twice as strong as steel so braiding polymer strands may lead to new generations of light , super - strong and flexible materials for fabrication and construction .
it could also lead to applications beyond what we can picture at the moment , seeing as knots also play an important role in the formation of dna and proteins .
knots are really fascinating objects or geometric shapes . they have always been around ; you observe them in art , in nature . as a boy scout , you learn how to tie knots ,
chemist rigoberto advincula from case western reserve university , who wasn ' t involved in the study , told npr .
it ' s one of the fascinating things to stretch chemistry in terms of your ability to make synthetic objects .
the end product contained , among other elements , chlorine , hydrogen and nitrogen atoms , and its structure was confirmed using x - ray crystallography .


the international vale tudo championship is an mma fighting promotion based in brazil starting in 1997 .

the first events were no holds barred contests inspired by the ultimate fighting championship and gained an international reputation for its hardcore nature .

head butts and groin strikes were not forbidden .

head butts render fighters on the bottom in the guard position more vulnerable .

founded by sergio batarelli , it became one of the most important vale tudo tournaments in brazil during its existence .

while the ufc fights were held in an octagon , the ivc kept the normal ring shape .

a fight lasted a maximum of 30 minutes .

it was not uncommon for fighters to get a hand broken , lose teeth or receive cuts in their faces .

an ivc in 1999 concluded with 8 out of 10 matches finished with strikes .

after 14 events , the state of são paulo ( where the promotion was based ) prohibited the sanctioning of the vale tudo fights , and the event entered an hiatus period .

in january 2011 , during an interview to channel combate , sergio batarelli announced the return of the ivc in mid-2012 with a new ruleset ( based on the ufc rules ) and acting as a feeder promotion to the ufc .

ivc makes a return via kickboxing on saturday , august 20 , 2016 in sorocaba , sao paulo , brazil .

the main event at ivc 15 is felipe micheletti vs. rogelio ortiz for the world kickboxing network super cruiserweight world title .

the event also includes mma and kickboxing tournaments .

international vale tudo championship

to date , international vale tudo championship has held 17 events and presided over approximately 114 matches .
a highlight reel of old footage from international vale tudo championship . headbutts , soccer kicks , young chuck . . . and wandy , jesus .
a highlight reel of old footage from international vale tudo championship . headbutts , soccer kicks , young chuck . . . and wandy , jesus . : mma
vale tudo fights from the 90 , s check the fight fabio gurgel vs mark kerr 59 min . and other awsome fights
1994 . 07 . 29 ( 04 ) - rickson gracie vs . david levicki [ vtj 1994 - vale tudo japan 1994 ]
the international vale tudo championship was a brazilian vale tudo promotion which ran 13 events from 1997 to 1999 . while the mma in north america at the time was running towards ever greater regulation , the ivc reveled in its renegade reputation , pitting bare - knuckle fighters against each other in single round , 30minute no - holds barred brawls inside of a ring . nevertheless , mma luminaries like chuck liddell , wanderlei silva and dan severn competed in ivc . now , almost two decades on , ufc fight pass gives subscribers the chance to witness 1990s brazilian vale tudo fighting for themselves .
future ufc veteran mike van arsdale brought top - class american wrestling to the no - holds - barred squared circle of the ivc at the fourth international vale tudo championship event . some predicted his grappling skills would have as dramatic an effect on the ivc as dan severn’s had in the ufc . click here to see what happened .
along with the new moniker and as - yet - unannounced guidelines , ivc mma will trade its vale tudo - era net - lined ring for a cage upon its return .
in fact , the biggest mma organization in asia ( one fc ) allows soccer kicks , not to mention that vale tudo fights like in the video are still going on in brazil .
the promoter of the show is sergio batarelli . he is a former world kickboxing champion as well as a founder of international vale tudo council ( ivc ) . in addition , over the years batarelli has been involved in k - 1 and ufc promotions in brazil . he has also managed a professional boxer esquiva florentin .
world championship kickboxing felipe micheletti v rogelio ortiz headlines ivc sorocaba fight night on saturday , 20th august 2016 in sao paulo , brazil .
during his 30 - minute talk with “face to face , ” batarelli also recalled his days as a kickboxing champion and discussed his brazilian confederation of vale tudo , also founded in 1997 , which he believes could be an excellent solution for the lack of athletic commissions in brazil .
in retrospect , ivc 6 was an historic card because it featured future legendary rivals chuck liddell and wanderlei silva in action . “the iceman” liddell – fresh from his ufc 17 debut – had his second professional fight , albeit under vale tudo rules . “the axe murderer” silva , meanwhile , was anxious to make up for his previous ivc loss in the main event against ivc 4 tournament winner mike van arsdale .
parviz iskenderov is a muay thai fighter from perth , australia . he is a former national champion of belarus , and also a finalist of ifma european cup . he is an editor and journalist at fightmag . iskenderov is also the wkn ( world kickboxing network ) international coordinator for australia .
ivc sorocaba is a mixed show of kickboxing and mma bouts . in the main event brazilian felipe micheletti is facing rogelio ortiz from argentina . they will challenge a vacant wkn super cruiser - weight world title under k - 1 rules . also this challenge is a highly anticipated rematch . the two will square the differences following their 2013 encounter . back then the bout ended in the third round . although ortiz seemed keen to continue the referee stopped the contest . as a result micheletti earned a tko victory .
ivc sorocaba also includes two tournaments . kickboxing 8 - man eliminator will go side by side with mma 4 - man tourney . the event reportedly airs live on pay - per - view .
the ivc is one of the first original promotions for mixed martial arts . it saw legends from wanderlei silva to chuck liddell . the wkn brought ivc to europe . moreover , it made history as the first ever organization to promote mma contests on european continent .
this year wkn scheduled two ivc events in brazil . ivc sorocaba is the first show . the next event is happening in november .
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fightmag is an australian online magazine that covers kickboxing , muay thai , boxing and mixed martial arts internationally . fightmag exists only to create excellent journalism in the field of combat sports .
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daniel cormier knocks out stipe miocic to become two - division champion . . .
ufc 226 bonuses : cormier , pettis , rountree , costa capture $ 50k . . .
ufc 226 prelims : undefeated paulo henrique costa stops uriah hall , . . .
ufc 226 ‘miocic vs . cormier’ play - by - play , results & . . .
quick pictures from thursday ' s pfl 3 card in washington d . c .
thank you bellator for hiring big john mccarthy and for saving the . . .
nick and nate will be ok - stockton , ca will give a $ 500 monthly stipend . . .
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sergio batarelli and marcelo alonso chat on the set of “face to face . ”
and many others is primed to return to brazil after a 12 - year absence .
in 1998 . “they said the ufc needs a top event in brazil to select fighters , like i used to do in the ‘90s . after talking with them , i got together a group of top sponsors , and the ivc will be back in the middle of the year with a new name , ivc mma , and new rules . ”
and many others , ivc was the first brazilian event that foreigners wanted to take part in . they knew it would be a shortcut to japan and the u . s . a .
are good examples of that , ” said batarelli , who intends to continue featuring brazil - u . s . confrontations as a staple of the show .
daniel cormier brock lesnar doesnt like to get punched and im gonna punch . . .
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ivc 14 : usa vs brazil from november 11 , 2001 in caracas , venezuela .
the final ivc event of its original incarnation , ivc 13 featured stoppages in every single bout . the promotion went out as violently as it had exploded on the still developing mma scene just two years previously .
featuring fights ending with a broken limb and a submission to exhaustion , ivc 12 did little to diminish the renegade brazilian promotions reputation as one of the most extreme leagues in the world .
returning to the grueling eight - man tournament of earlier show , ivc 11 was one of the most action - packed events of its era .
by his third year as a professional fighter wanderlei silva had begun to resemble the champion who would reign over the pride organization for half a decade . the axe murderer’s appearance at ivc 10 vs ufc veteran eugene jackson reconfirmed that he was now ready to compete with anyone in the world . also on the card , the talented pedro otavio and carlos barreto went to war in the main event .
coming off his ufc 17 . 5 loss to vitor belfort , wanderlei silva was in a nasty mood going into ivc 9 – and let andrian serrano know all about it in 22 brutal seconds . also on the card , milton bahia broke tulio palahres’s sternum in a fight and future ufc champion coach rafael cordeiro competed .
ivc 8 featured a series of spectacular finishes from a roster of talented brazilian fighters , including rising prospect – and future ufc title challenger - babalu sobral – and carlao barreto , who holds wins over ben rothwell and former ufc champion kevin randleman .
the seventh ivc event featured lighter weight fighters – along with brutal kos , a disqualification and one of the more bizarre submissions you’ll ever see .
with seven stoppages – including one from legal headbutts – the fifth ivc card featured a wild eight - man tournament conducted under no - holds barred rules . the star attraction was jose landi - jons – known as pele – who never fought in the ufc but is well known today for beating both pat miletich and matt hughes during his long career .
the second no - holds barred tournament from brazil is remembered for the emergence of future pride fc and ufc superstar wanderlei silva , who stormed his way through the early rounds only to suffer the first defeat of his career in the shocking finale .
the inaugural event from the infamous bare - knuckle league saw ufc veteran gary goodridge enter an eight - man , no - holds barred tournament . the canadian kickboxer’s performances earned him his spot in the first pride fc event later that year . also on the first ivc card , ufc legend dan severn collided with dangerous veteran “pitbull” braga .
women’s mma has come so far in 13 years . it’s unbelievable . you guys are going to be blown away by tuf 20 . yeah , there’s a ronda rousey on this season of ‘the ultimate fighter . ’ absolutely .
diogo d ' avila vs . jesus ocampos ends in a no contest , accidental eye poke
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urltoken : the daniel cormier vs . brock lesnar matchup is so ridiculous , it’s perfect
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i love watching gary goodridge highlights . that was one of the strangest submissions i ' ve ever seen . haha
agreed . gary may not have the best record , but damn if he wasn ' t exciting to watch fight . and when he would win , he dominated guys .
they didn ' t show the fight where he squeezes some guys balls with his toes . i was waiting for that highlight the whole time lol
i thought the same , but it was effective , cranks your head down to your chest , ouch . . .
no wonder he got dementia pugilistica ( or so i read somewhere ) . those bare - knuckle strikes must not be very good for your brain .
they are much much much much much worse for your knuckles and hand . they are actually better for your brain compared to gloves .
legal move ! ! sport has evolved a little , hasn ' t it .
seriously . anyone who wants to knock on the guys from previous generations in comparison to those coming up through a modern mma background needs to appreciate how these guys were cutting their teeth back in the day .
didn ' t his son fight in pride ? i remember him in someone ' s corner .
something about the no gloves that makes it a bit more real and scary .
did he just tap ? i better head butt him to make sure . brutal .
i miss stomps and soccer kicks in mma , as some types of knees .
one fc is getting big in asia and soccer kicks are legal but stomps are only legal to the body / legs . . . better than nothing .
i don ' t . i believe that the sport got better since the ban .
what i meant is that they were mad illegal by athletic comissions in the states . i know that aside of one fc there are few others that allow soccer kicks .
probably about the same percent that are juicing today , if not even less .
it ' s effective enough . sometimes boxers will heabutt punches to hurt their opponents . i forget what it ' s specifically called , but nick diaz does it a lot .
using the top of the forehead towards more sensitive spots on the opponents face such as the nose .
use the part of your head above your eyebrows to hit parts of their head below the eyebrows .
i dunno if you ' ve ever hit your head very hard let ' s say around your hairline , but it doesn ' t really hurt much . the skin getting smashed does , but your head itself doesn ' t really hurt at all . it ' s a mild annoyance that you probably wouldn ' t even feel in a fight , but your opponent will certainly feel a broken nose or orbital bone .
if you ever question rampage ' s toughness you should watch the first 20 seconds of this .
dat moment when wanderlei silva hits his opponent so hard he starts trying to fight the ref .
only a few years back you could get most of the ivc on pretty much any torrent site . . . now your lucky to find a dream event
it ' s insane to realize just how much punishment all the ufc greats took before mma exploded . so much hespect .
interesting . . i was expecting more of those gloveless punches to result in knockout . i wonder if fighters change their form / power when fighting bare - fisted to protect their hands , resulting in fewer knockouts .
that ' s a correct assertion . that ' s why old bare knuckle boxers fought so different . that weird , underhand style . it was to keep their wrists straight and not hit the top or side of the skull .
bare knuckle fights actually make the fighter punch weaker , because they ' re not taped up and covered in padding .
gloves provide protection , but their main function is to allow the fighter to punch harder . if you hit someone ' s head anywhere near as hard as you are able , you will almost certainly break your hand . if not the 1st time , then surely the 2nd or 5th or whatever . that is no good if you are supposed to be punching for 15 - 45 minutes straight .
that and skin of the opponent . less cuts . more cuts = more premature ' technical ' stoppages .
thankfully , you do not define what is or is not sporting competition . these guys , with or without gloves , are 100x the athletes and competitors that golfers claim to be .


' boland 's bakery ' was the largest bakery in dublin in the late 19th century .

it was founded by the boland family .

the company would have sold a number of products such as bread , biscuits , cakes , confectionery and flour , although over the years the biscuit became the company 's main product .

the original bakery was off capel street between mary ( abbey ) street and little mary street .

the boland family lived on capel street .

following the death of patrick boland ( father of future mp and olympic champion john pius boland ) , in 1888 the company was floated by the executor of his will bishop nicholas donnelly , his brother in law .

a number of members of the boland family remained shareholders in the company .

the company had a number of production facilities around the city such as the buildings around grand canal street and dock as well as a distribution network .

vans with the company name on it were a familiar sight up until the last quarter of the twentieth century .

boland 's bakery building on the corner of grand canal street and macken street ( then great clarence street ) , now the treasury building , played an integral part in the 1916 rising and was occupied by éamon de valera .

also during a dispute when unemployed demonstrators , led by the writer liam o’flaherty , occupied the rotunda hospital , boland 's bakery in capel st. donated 500 loaves to the demonstrators .

in the late 1970s boland 's merged with jacobs biscuits ltd. , to form irish biscuits ltd. with much of the production moved to premises in belgard , tallaght .

although many products were now being produced in britain and labeled as the irish brands .

in 2004 production at the tallaght facility stopped .

irish biscuits were taken over by a number of foreign companies eventually ending up being owned the french groupe danone .

in 2004 it was sold to the irish fruitfield food group .

the name survives today in a number of brands produced by jacob fruitfield food group , such as custard creams , cream crackers and bourbon creams .

the name boland 's mill on grand canal dock is still clearly visible .

boland ' s bakery

1907 25″ historic ordnance survey map of boland’s bakery site on grand canal street .
1880s – boland’s bakery , 9 georges st . , dun laoghaire , co . dublin
1880 – boland’s bakery , 14 cumberland st . , dun laoghaire , co . dublin
the great clarence street ( now macken street ) entrance to boland’s bakery in the 1940s . source : urltoken
also known as the city of dublin bakery , this large complex was sited across grand canal dock from boland’s own steam mills .
designed as a bakery for patrick boland and incorporating an earlier presbyterian church in mary’s abbey ( a laneway to the rear ) .
view from the railway , of the former site of boland’s bakery and the dispensary 1916 h . q . on grand canal street
dr john gibney describes the activity around boland ' s mill during easter week 1916 .
grand canal street entrance to boland’s bakery . taken in the 1940s by the air corps . the railway yard can be seen in the distance . image : urltoken
east facing wall of boland’s bakery stable block , the plaster scars show exactly where the troughs and air vents were for each stable . image : alva mac gowan
one of the boland’s retail shops around dublin , this shop on george’s street was a fine victorian building , with ornate stucco and shopfront .
excellent article – and great pictures of the old boland’s bakery . one small clarification - the old bakery was demolished in the late 1940s to be replaced by a five - story bakery building . this , re - clad and re - purposed in the 1990 - 91 , is now the treasury building . see urltoken
the front of boland’s bakery in the 1940s , the railway yard and track , guinness stores on grand canal street , the distillery where the flag was hoisted can be seen in the distance . image : urltoken
boland’s mill the 3rd battalion under commandant eamon de valera occupied boland’s bakery around the corner from the ﬂour mills , one mile to the south - east of the gpo , on grand canal dock . the battalion was at a key location as it controlled the railway line and the main road from dun laoghaire ( then kingstown ) to the city centre .
boland’s bakey at one time had a network or shops as well as bakeries around dublin . there was two outlets in dun laoghaire ,
the first casualty at boland’s was volunteer radigan . “he was crossing over the wall separating the bakery from the railway when his strap caught in the trigger of his rifle and the shot wounded him in the leg . he had to be carried down a long stable roof into the bakery . ” bmh . ws1768
boland ' s bakery , grand canal street ,
held by assoc . prof . joseph brady . © unknown . digital content by dr . joseph brady , published by ucd library , university college dublin < urltoken >
boland ' s bakery , grand canal street ,
held by assoc . prof . joseph brady . © irish airways . digital content by dr . joseph brady , published by ucd library , university college dublin < urltoken >
abstract : construction of boland ' s bakery , grand canal street , rebuilt and expanded by g . & t . crampton in 1948 - 1951 . the architects were samuel stephenson & sons . the building is now the treasury building .
the former boland’s mill building was stripped back to its concrete framed structure and redeveloped into an office building in the late 1980s by treasury holdings .
abstract : aerial view of boland ' s bakery , grand canal street , rebuilt and expanded by g . & t . crampton in 1948 - 1951 . the architects were samuel stephenson & sons . the building is now the treasury building .
“…the route from the bakery to the railway was through a hole very high in a horse’s stall . you walked or crawled up a gangway through the hole and out on to the railway , which was much higher than the bakery . ” bmh . ws1768
an engineer broke a hole into the railway wall into a horse stall in the bakery yard to serve as a line of communication between the bakery and the railway which was now occupied from westland row to landsdown road . after knocking it open a gangway had to be built from bakery level to railway level .
former mill building , part of the large boland’s milling complex . the remainder of the complex has been demolished for redevelopment . the two six - storey stone warehouse buildings date from the 1830s .
the thing is , during easter week de valera never set foot in the building . his headquarters were actually in a since demolished dispensary on the corner of grand canal street next to boland’s bakery ( above ) , a complex of low buildings nestled into an embankment near the railway . physically the bakery wasn’t as commanding in appearance , this was completely intentional as its unassuming and discreet demeanor and strategic location next to the railway made it ideal .
the following day , the british gunboat helga sailed up the liffey and began shelling boland’s bakery and mill . a second naval gun was taken ashore from the helga and set up in percy place . de valera deftly neutralized the danger by flying a rebel flag from a nearby distillery , which attracted much of the subsequent shelling . an interesting memo survives , written by de valera to the british intelligence officer , urging that permission be given to provide food and water to the 90 van horses used by the bakery . with the british army now firmly focused on the rebels in the gpo and the four courts , there was no concerted assault on the boland’s bakery area . by the friday , the rebels at boland’s had seen little action . all week they expected a major assault by the british but it just didn’t happen . one night , de valera and some men slipped out to a nearby railway embankment where they silently watched the city burning to the west .
ireland : rosie ' s place , co . carlow - a sculptress at home
ireland : skeaghyvagh , co . kildare - lighting up the fox ' s den
as lowe was now focusing mainly on the gpo and the four courts , there was no further concerted assault on the boland’s bakery area . the garrison held out until sunday when nurse o’farrell brought the news of the general surrender . commandant de valera was sentenced to death , but the sentence was commuted to penal servitude for life .
using the railway line as a vital artery , eamon de valera and 120 men of the 3rd battalion thinly spread themselves across various outposts in the area surrounding grand canal dock and ringsend including the gas works , a dispensary , boland’s mills , boland’s bakery , a railway workshop , the dublin distillery and the guinness granary stores opposite the bakery . the intention was to prevent the advance of any enemy force which might come from the direction of ringsend to sandymount or from the river liffey . further down the line they seized westland row station , damaging tracks and signalling equipment to ensure british troops landing at dun laoghaire harbour could not travel into the city , sentries were also posted on each of the railway bridges in this area .
the former ( great clarence street , now macken street ) entrance to boland’s bakery , which is now bricked up with a yellow brick . the original gate posts are still evident . the former guinness stores building can be seen in the distance to the left . the covered car park is now on the other side of this wall . image : alva mac gowan
when éamon de valera stepped down as president of ireland on june 24th 1973 , one of his first stops was at boland ' s bakery , now the treasury building , at the southern entrance to the grand canal docks . this was where de valera had gained his first real revolutionary experience a staggering 57 years earlier . during the easter rising of 1916 , known locally as ‘the poet’s rebellion’ , the young mathematician made his name as the last of the rebel commandants to surrender to the british .
headquarters were located in boland’s bakery on grand canal street lower , the volunteers having given the bakers a holiday . outposts were set up at positions covering the entrance to beggar’s bush barracks on haddington road , around mount street bridge ( mckenny bridge on map ) on the main road from kingstown to the city centre , and at westland row railway station . the volunteers ripped up the railway tracks leading to kingstown to prevent troop trains getting too close . apart from minor skirmishes and the major action at mount street bridge on wednesday , there were no direct assaults on the boland’s bakery positions until thursday . the british shelled the complex from the gunship helga on the liﬀey and also with a naval gun taken ashore from the helga and set up in percy place close to the complex . commandant de valera neutralized the danger , however , by having a ﬂag ﬂown from a nearby distillery which attracted most of the subsequent shelling .
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“we put “kaiser” and “mack” into two of the best stalls we could find in the bakery stables and made sure they had plenty to eat . ” bmh . ws0198
eamon de valera let all the horses loose from the stables at boland’s bakery … his concern for animals didn’t stop there . there was a cats and dogs home north of the railway , since there was no one to feed them de valera famously asked that they be set free , after this they were often seen wandering on the railway and streets below . one wonders what happened to all of these animals after the rebellion .
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the dispensary and bakery site is now occupied by the treasury building , home of the national asset management agency . the bakery that was there in 1916 was built in 1888 and demolished in the late 1940s , in 1951 it was replaced by a 5 - storey building in 1951 which was re - clad and modernised in 1991 . during a recent site inspection we found the northern boundary wall which separated the bakery from the railway yard and the western boundary wall which formed part of the stables have been retained and incorporated into a covered car park .
in the 1893 thoms directory , bolands is shown as having the model bakery at no 14 cumberland st . , and as having a bakery at number 17 . in fact , number 14 was the location of the bakery shop , on the seaward side of the street . the actual bakery , called bolands model bakery was on the opposite side of the street at number 17 . in the 1850s , the site was that of the police station ( there were two police stations in the town at that time ) , but is shown as vacant in 1870 . the actual baking there ceased at some stage probably about the 1960s , but the premises continued to be used as a distribution centre for some time . in the 1970s , the technical school was established there . much of the site is now occupied by dun laoghaire further education institute ( formerly dun laoghaire college of further education ) ( see map , right ) .
referring to the 1907 historic 25″ ordnance survey map , which clearly depicts the bakery’s location in relation to the railway line . the macken street ( formerly great clarence street ) entrance to the bakery was bricked up , however the gate posts can still be seen today in this boundary wall . the stables were in the gate to the left . layers of plaster , air vents and brick work that are still evident today on the eastern face of this wall helped us identify the separate stalls for the horses .
early ad for the model bakery . from the days when phones were rare or non - existent . you could send a postcard asking the van ( probably horse - drawn ) to call to your house
this shows a boland ' s bakery team who won a tug - o - war event at a sports in the grounds of beaufort in , i ' d say , the early 50s . the only names i can remember : b / row : ( ? ) , ( ? ) , jack matthews , paddy matthews , tom holden , ( ? ) . f / row : ( ? ) , maurice walsh , mick duane , ( ? ) , ( ? ) , eddie boyle , ( ? ) connel
“kaiser” was a donkey and “mack” a pony . the animals were lent by the walsh’s , a family of green grocers from great brunswick street ( now pearse street ) , their sons’ thomas and james walsh were members of the “b” company in the 5th battalion that occupied the bakery . the two animals helped carry all the company’s equipment on any route marches which included a trek to pine forest in the dublin mountains , so they were well used to military activity .
the 3rd battalion under commandant eamon de valera occupied boland’s bakery and ﬂour mills , a mile to the south - east of the gpo . the battalion was in a crucial location as it controlled the railway line and the main road from kingstown ( dun laoghaire ) to the city centre , kingstown being the port through which british reinforcements would arrive . partly due to the confusion arising from macneill’s countermand , only about 100 volunteers reported for duty ; about half had modern riﬂes and many had to make do with shotguns or pistols . the plan was to hold a large area stretching along the railway line from sandymount to westland row railway station , which they also took over .
in 1916 land marks at grand canal dock such as the gas works , boland’s mills and the distillery building were all considered to be obvious outposts and therefore targets , they were lightly manned and used as decoys . the gas works were dismantled to plunge the city into darkness and confuse the enemy , then left empty due to lack of men . boland’s mills were occupied by a skeleton of volunteers who were rumored to have looted the flour and brought it home to their families who lived locally . the tall distillery was used as a decoy by raising a green flag on its roof which drained the enemy of ammunition and prevented them from occupying the strategic location themselves .
aside from the battle at mount street bridge on wednesday , there were no direct assaults on boland’s until thursday . the garrison held out until sunday when nurse elizabeth o’farrell brought news of the surrender . plans to develop the mills as a triple - tower multistorey hotel and office complex , complete with public plaza and restaurant , were rejected in october 2007 .
shortly after noon on easter monday 1916 , de valera and approximately 100 members of the third battalion stormed the boland’s premises and told all the bakers working there to take a half - day . both the mill and bakery had been identified as vital strategic locations . control could enable the rebels to prevent british reinforcements crossing the two bridges over the grand canal docks , as well as the bridge by lower mount street . they would also provide a key vantage point over the railway lines running between sandymount and westland row , and the main road between the por t at kingstown ( dún laoghaire ) and the city centre .
boland ' s mills was situated in south dublin , near grand canal dock and overlooking the grand canal itself ( the current treasury building is built on the site of the original mill ) . this complex of buildings was seized by members of the 3rd battalion of the irish volunteers led by éamon de valera : perhaps as few as 100 - 130 poorly armed volunteers were involved .
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the continued presence of some the structures associated with the site’s occupation in 1916 helps in giving legs to the witness statements . street names have changed , vistas blocked and others opened up . it is however , comforting to know that some of the dockland’s original fabric has been woven into the modern metropolis of grand canal dock .
having secured boland’s , de valera sent a sizeable detachment of volunteers to set up an outpost in westland row railway station . the men quickly ripped out the railway tracks on the kingstown line to prevent troop trains getting too close . de valera established his own headquarters in the dispensary beside the bakery . he ordered the removal of essential par ts from the gas works and the electricity supply station in ringsend , thus cutting off the gas supply and immobilizing the electric trams . some men were sent to mount street bridge and others to cover the entrance to the british military barracks at beggars bush . due to a lack of manpower , de valera was unable to organize scouting parties and he was thus unaware that the barracks were in fact virtually empty .
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one of the myths of the rebellion is that eamon de valera and his men used boland’s mills , as their headquarters during the occupation of ringsend . in 1916 , the mill building would’ve commanded a forceful position over looking the victoria bridge draw - bridge on the ringsend road and grand canal dock , towering over its contemporaries as an impressive landmark evoking images of de valera and his men inside plotting , planning and firing from . today , the mills are dwarfed by modern developments as the area is gradually succumbing to high rise progress .
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boland ' s mill was to serve as the headquarters of the volunteers in a large region of dublin ' s south inner city that was quite diverse in socio - economic terms : it incorporated commercial and industrial regions in dublin ' s docklands . the residential districts within the area seized by the volunteers ranged from slum tenements near the docks to the middle - class residential districts in and around merrion square , and between the canal and ballsbridge . the location of the area was significant , as it contained important transport links that connected dublin to the southern ferry port of kingstown : the rail terminus at westland row , and the roads leading into the city that crossed the grand canal at mount street . there were apparently plans to seize a number of buildings within the district , but these were curtailed . the volunteers established outposts outside beggars bush barracks , near mount street bridge , and near westland row , where rail tracks were torn up in order to disrupt rail transport . this region also saw some of the heaviest fighting of the rising , as british reinforcements who had disembarked at kingstown were ambushed as they attempted to cross the canal at the junction of northhumberland road and mount street .
flanked by british soldiers , the rebels made their way to grattan street where the order was given to ‘ground arms’ . it galled de valera to see the local people coming out from their homes to offer cups of tea to the british soldiers while ridiculing the volunteers for their actions . when the british led de valera out from the mills , he murmured to the crowd outside : ‘if only you had come out , though armed with hay forks only’ . as with all battalion commandants , commandant de valera was tried by court martial and sentenced to death . however , the shocking executions of the main ringleaders earlier in the week had such a marked effect on public opinion that de valera’s death sentence was commuted to penal servitude for life . contrary to popular belief , his us citizenship was not used in his favour and he himself made no claims on that basis . although his garrison did not see anything like as much action as those in the city centre , de valera’s men racked up a high tally of enemy casualties . indeed , by dint of their defence of mount street bridge , the heaviest casualties inflicted on the british army that week were by the irish garrison stationed in boland’s mills .
during the lead up to the rebellion like all the volunteers , “the brothers walsh” had to buy their uniforms in installments . in their witness statements they give a vivid account of the various goings on at the bakery including a fr mcmahon from westland row who was using a bread van as a confessional , after his confession was heard thomas walsh recalled saying his penance with his brother jim… ” in a nook in a huge stack of flour bags” bmh . ws0198
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a make - shift green flag with a gold harp was even hoisted on a pike on the water tank of the tall nearby irish distillery building as a decoy to encourage the british to shell the building , thereby making it useless as a covering position for themselves . the ploy worked , and the first shell to hit the flag was from the h . m . y . helga gun boat in the liffey , it was logged to have fired 14 rounds at the distillery . lieutenant joseph o’byrne and a small group of volunteers from the local ringsend company occupying the upper loft in boland’s mills counted as over 75 shots were fired at the national emblem . whether both accounts are true or not , the damage was done .
the garrison held out until sunday when nurse elizabeth o’farrell of cumann na mban , the women’s auxiliary of the irish volunteers , brought news of the general surrender . she handed de valera the order signed by p . h . pearse . at first de valera thought this was simply a british ploy to coax his men out . when he was finally convinced the order came from pearse , he ordered all arms held by the volunteers to be put out of action lest they be of use to the enemy . no volunteer was willing to carry the white flag of surrender so a red cross worker was persuaded to hold it while de valera’s vice - commandant , joseph o’connor , marched the men out .
this is just a personal account of my working life in boland ' s biscuits . i started in 1961 as a 17 year old . i think that in was 1957 / 8 that the factory opened when i was interviewed for the job i was told that my wages would be £6 . 00 and it was with some disappointment that when i received my first wage packet there was only £3 . 12 . 0 . it seems that some sharp - eyed cost clerk noticed that there was no wage agreement for males under 18 so i went onto the female rate . and the times been what they were on becoming 18 i got the £6 . 00 but the females got no such increase ,
the good old days
yeah and i wouldn ' t mind but i always thought that packing the biscuits , which was done by the females was far more onerous than a lot of the work the males did .
when i worked there first there were 3 main ovens which baked cream crackers and plain biscuits . in 1962 / 3 an extension was built and cream and chocolate biscuits were added to the range . the factory was expanding , it had a big contract with marks and spensers an expanding export business in america and more people were being employed , things were looking good . there was plenty of overtime and people could plan a future . an evening shift 5 to 10 was introduced and a lot of married women were taken on . this was a great boost to the area as prior to that women had to surrender their jobs when they got married . so the additional income and independence that women got from this made big changes in their lives . when we first heard the rumours that jacob ' s planned a takeover we were surprised and then we were told that the reason they were interested was that there was room for expansion in deansgrange where no such space existed in bishop ' s street . all lies , it was a simple matter of closing down a competitor . we tried to get political support but to no avail , even sit - ins were considered but did not have sufficient support . i took redundancy in 1971 as did a number of people others went to bishop st . and then finally headed to the new factory in tallaght . the factory closure was a big economic loss to lots of people in dun laoghaire , it had influenced so much of our lives and so many of us met our partners there . i ' ve only good memories of boland ' s , met lots of life long friends and i would probably have spent my working life there if it had not closed .
two days later , some 2 , 000 british troops came marching up northumberland road from dún laoghaire , en route to oust the rebel leaders from the general post office on o’connell street . they paused at the royal dublin society ' s premises in ballsbridge where lord rathdonnell was attempting to host the spring show . the soldiers were given lemonade and then advanced onwards . as these two battalions of sherwood foresters approached mount street bridge , they came in for a big surprise . de valera had surveyed the westland row and grand canal district in the weeks preceding the rising . he had considered the military possibilities and now his planning was to pay off .
the volunteers at mount street bridge secured perfect positioning for a cross - fire ambush . the forresters walked into a death trap . their attempts to charge the rebels were utterly suicidal . in a battle that ultimately lasted from noon to 8pm , 234 british officers and men were killed or wounded , marking almost half of the total british military losses for the whole week of the rising . only four volunteers were killed in the same battle . during the early part of the action , mick malone slipped down to the battalion hq in the bakery and warned de valera that they needed a fast firing weapon urgently . the bespectacled commandant unbuckled his own mauser , handed it over with 400 rounds of ammo and said ‘sorry i cannot do more for you’ . when the superior british firepower eventually overwhelmed the volunteers , malone was among the four killed in the final assault . a memorial to the slain volunteers stands by the bridge today . there is no such record of the unfortunate forresters who perished , although a number of them do seem to have been buried in the military cemetery at grangegorman .
since the recession , plans to redevelop the mills are still a subject of debate . the national asset management agency ( nama ) has offices close by at the national treasury management agency ( ntma ) hq . it is housed at treasury building , grand canal street dublin 2 .
descriptions created by staff of ucd library , university college dublin based on information provided by assoc . prof . joseph brady and dr . ruth mcmanus . — metadata creation date : 2016 - 02 - 19
due to modern redevelopment , probably more so than any of the other locations around the city that were formerly occupied by the volunteers , this part of the city has changed significantly since 1916 . using the witness statements and the railway line , we managed to peel back the contemporary city to reveal what remains of the 1916 battlefield at grand canal dock and ringsend .
volunteer brothers , thomas and james walsh . taken in 1914 . source : national museum of ireland .
the two brothers were then transferred to an outpost around the corner at clanwilliam house which was heavily involved in the shooting of sherwood foresters crossing mount street bridge .
the northern boundary wall between the former stables and railway , it is now rendered with concrete , in 1916 a hole was pierced through with a gang plank to gain access to the railway . image : alva mac gowan
to the british the docklands with its many empty warehouses , dead ends and darkened bridges could have had a sniper covering every corner . but the location was an important one as regards access to the city . it was a tricky one to man , since so few volunteers turned up and de valera famously sent home all underage ( under 18 ) volunteers on the tuesday and also refused any aid from cumann na mban , which meant perfectly good foot soldiers had to undertake their duties including feeding the troops and attending casualties .
many thanks for your valuable feedback . we were unsure of the date of the images from the air corps – none have dates but 1940s makes sense as the witness statements were collected at this time also . this project is a work in a progress which includes putting the information out there in the hope that we will get closer to the truth .
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photo : manchester guardian , history of war 1916 . full collection available in the national library of ireland
# onthisday in 1917 activist muriel gifford drowned while swimming off the coast . . . more »
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about 1964 . the girls in the top row are showing engagement rings . top l to r , dolores o ' neill . june doyle , winnie o ; dowd , marie kavanagh , kitty kenny , bottom l to r , maura mc callick , marie coffey , frances o ' brien , nuala kelly , nora o ' keeffe , marie flynn , and one other click the picture to enlarge
bolands were established in the dublin area in the 1800s , and had flour mills , bakeries for bread and confectionery , and biscuit factories . their mills in dublin were the scene of fighting during the 1916 revolution .
wartime rationing . the government had its ration books , but bolands also had a system of controlling supplies . bread was a very important staple diet then .
in the 1893 directory , retail shops are shown at 14 cumberland street and at 9 upper georges st . both had exceptionally ornate design .
the cumberland st shop was located in the position where the offices of goal charity is now .
the shop at 9 upper georges st was just 1 door away from the junction of mulgrave street , at the point where the bernardos charity shop now stands . however , in 1901 , the street was widened at that point . the street widening involved the demolition of the frontages of all shops in that block , and the rebuilding of new frontages about 14ft back . the shop did not re - open , and the site was idle for some time before the kingstown picture house was constructed there about 1912
the shop at 115 upr georges st opened some time in the late 1930s , but was one of the buildings demolished to make room for the building of dun laoghaire shopping centre which was built about 1975 .
i started in the stores . mr , conway was the store manager he was from rialto , he was very meticulous but fair and i enjoyed working there . one of my jobs was to receive and store all the paper goods and other incidentals that were required in the running of a factory of 2 to 3 hundred people . another was to fulfil the requisitions , as they were called , for the materials to wrap the biscuits . each morning a list of items was submitted and i would deliver them to the different areas where they were required . one of these areas was known as the hand wrapping band and i can ' t say that i ever enjoyed delivering to it . these bands were staffed by anything up to 40 girls and you felt that all their eyes were on you and they were just waiting to slag you and no one was immune to their clever and savage wit . i remember one time i ' d been going out with a girl for some months and i had decided that it was a little too young to be going steady so i told her . the next morning as i was walking down by the hand wrapping table they all broke into singing
to young to go steady
, by that table i thought i ' d never get . you just could not put a foot wrong and that went for everyone . looking back on it now it was great fun and them girls were just so smart in the use of song to heighten peoples embarrassment . you always knew that walking the gauntlet of the wrapping table that some song would be sung that would hit a sensitive nerve .
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