in mathematics , symbolic dynamics is the practice of modeling a topological or smooth dynamical system by a discrete space consisting of infinite sequences of abstract symbols , each of which corresponds to a state of the system , with the dynamics ( evolution ) given by the shift operator .

formally , a markov partition is used to provide a finite cover for the smooth system ; each set of the cover is associated with a single symbol , and the sequences of symbols result as a trajectory of the system moves from one covering set to another .

symbolic dynamics

simone pigolotti , sandeep krishna , mogens h . jensen ,
symbolic dynamics of biological feedback networks
,
on the asymptotic measure of periodic subsystems of finite type in symbolic dynamics
, arxiv : 0804 . 2551
ethan m . coven and zbigniew h . nitecki ,
on the genesis of symbolic dynamics as we know it
,
for over thirty years , symbolic dynamics has been used in celestial mechanics to show the presence of chaos . this paper reviews this history and the more recent attempts at using symbolic dynamics as a method of global analysis in the three - body problem .
sarika jalan , fatihcan m . atay and jürgen jost ,
detection of synchronised chaos in coupled map networks using symbolic dynamics
,
peter beim graben , j . douglas saddy , matthias schlesewsky and jürgen kurths ,
symbolic dynamics of event - related brain potentials ,
diana a . mendes , vivaldo m . mendes , j . sousa ramos ,
symbolic dynamics in a matching labour market model
,
this is a cycle of seminars on the first five chapters of the book an introduction to symbolic dynamics and coding by douglas lind and brian marcus .
even when the continuous dynamics are deterministic , for starters . so why do this ?
- - - mappings into symbols where there is a one - to - one correspondence between continuous states and the symbol sequences they generate . in these cases , studying the symbolic dynamics is completely equivalent to studying the original dynamics . remarkably enough , even with a generating partition , the symbolic dynamics can be stochastic for an underlying deterministic system . in this way , for instance , one can show that some kinds of ( sufficiently chaotic ) deterministic dynamics are in a sense completely equivalent to sources of independent , identically - distributed random variables .
ljupco kocarev and david m . walker ,
compactness of symbolic sequences from chaotic systems ,
this homepage describes the textbook an introduction to symbolic dynamics and coding . the book is available from cambridge university press for $ 30 . 95 in paperback and $ 74 . 95 for hardcover .
symbolic dynamics is a rapidly growing area of dynamical systems . although it originated as a method to study general dynamical systems , it has found significant uses in coding for data storage and transmission as well as in linear algebra .
liqiang zhu , ying - cheng lai , frank c . hoppensteadt and erik m . bollt ,
numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of filtering on chaotic symbolic dynamics
, chaos 13 ( 2003 ) : 410 - - 419
this is a website devoted to presenting open problems in symbolic dynamics and tracking their solutions . i welcome suggestions for open problems , links to related problem sites and announcements of solved problems . the initial seed for the site is the survey
this book is the first general textbook on symbolic dynamics and its applications to coding . it will serve as an introduction to symbolic dynamics for both mathematics and electrical engineering students . mathematical prerequisites are relatively modest ( mainly linear algebra at the undergraduate level ) especially for the first half of the book . topics are carefully developed and motivated with many examples . there are over 500 exercises to test the reader ' s understanding . the last chapter contains a survey of more advanced topics , and there is a comprehensive bibliography .
this is a thorough introduction to the dynamics of one - sided and two - sided markov shifts on a finite alphabet and to the basic properties of markov shifts on a countable alphabet . these are the symbolic dynamical systems defined by a finite transition rule . the basic properties of these systems are established using elementary methods . the connections to other types of dynamical systems , cellular automata and information theory are illustrated with numerous examples . the book is written for graduate students and others who use symbolic dynamics as a tool to study more general systems .
which sets up an opposition between computation , conceived in the usual symbol - manipulation sense , and continuous nonlinear dynamics . this seems to me
[ explains
how to construct signals ( time series ) of continuous - time dynamical systems that exhibit a given symbolic dynamics . this is achieved without construction of the ordinary differential equations that generate the flow . this construction is of theoretical interest and is useful as a source of dynamical data that can be used to test various data analysis algorithms .
]
this chapter presents some of the links between automata theory and symbolic dynamics . the emphasis is on two particular points . the first one is the interplay between some particular classes of automata , such as local automata and results on embeddings of shifts of finite type . the second one is the connection between syntactic semigroups and the classification of sofic shifts up to conjugacy .
from
geometric and probabilistic structures in dynamics , 69 - - 118 , contemp . math . , 469 , amer . math . soc . , providence , ri , 2008 .
j . m . finn , j . d . goettee , z . toroczkai , m . anghel and b . p . wood ,
estimation of entropies and dimensions by nonlinear symbolic time series analysis
,
[ a really cool , if rather counter - intuitive , result about how one can get something which looks rather like quantum - mechanical
complementarity
( i . e . , incompatible observables ) from differing symbolic partitions of a single classical dynamical system . i hasten to add that this is
a useful method for studying discrete - time dynamical systems with continuous state spaces . the basic idea is to take the state space and partition it into a finite number of regions , each of which you label with some symbol . each point in the state space then gives you an infinite sequence of symbols : the symbol for the cell of the partition of the original point , the symbol for the cell of its first iterate , its second , and so forth . normally this involves some loss of information , since you ' re going from continuous to discrete values . the symbolic dynamics are often
urltoken ; = 978 - 0 - 8218 - 9275 - 6 & pisbn ; = 978 - 0 - 8218 - 3157 - 1 & epc ; = psapm / 60 . e & ppc ; = psapm / 60 & title ; = symbolic % 20dynamics % 20and % 20its % 20applications & author ; = susan % 20g . % 20williams & type ; = r
are drastically simplified . let me introduce some notation here . write \ ( x \ ) for the continuous state , \ ( f \ ) for the map , and \ ( \ phi \ ) for the function taking states to symbols . then the symbol sequence \ ( s = \ phi ( x ) \ phi ( f ( x ) ) \ phi ( f ^ 2 ( x ) ) \ phi ( f ^ 3 ( x ) ) \ ldots \ ) . now suppose i started with \ ( f ( x ) \ ) instead ; my sequence would be \ ( \ phi ( f ( x ) ) \ phi ( f ^ 2 ( x ) ) \ phi ( f ^ 3 ( x ) ) \ ldots \ ) . so the dynamics on the space of symbol sequences just consists of shifting to the right : \ ( s _ 0 s _ 1 s _ 2 \ ldots \ mapsto s _ 1 s _ 2 \ ldots \ ) . ( this is called the
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urltoken
; discrete mathematics ( cs . dm ) ; dynamical systems ( math . ds )
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i meant it as a way of learning something by teaching it to others .
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. ) this is completely trivial . all of the structure in the problem has been shifted from the map to space of sequences . for instance , certain subsequences may not occur at all , or differ in probability . but we have a lot of tools for studying sets of discrete symbol sequences - - - not just stochastic process theory , but the theory of
r . l . adler and b . weiss ,
entropy , a complete metric invariant for automorphisms of the torus
,
works , and i ' m pretty sure it ' s not how beim graben and atmanspacher think it works . ]
p . - m . binder and juan m . pedraza ,
nonregular languages in the kicked rotor ,
milena c . cuellar and p . - m . binder ,
reducing noise in discretized time series
,
ruslan l . davidchack , ying - cheng lai , erik m . bollt and mukeshwar dhamala ,
estimating generating partitions of chaotic systems by unstable periodic orbits ,
[ more algebraic and less dynamical or probabilistic than i ' d hoped . but useful . ]
elena s . dimitrova , john j . mcgee , and reinhard c . laubenbacher ,
discretization of time series data
, q - bio . ot / 0505028 [ there are some interesting ideas here , and i like that they tested the ability of their discretization method to preserve information ( in some sense ) within and across time - series . but they don ' t compare its ability to preserve information with other discretization schemes ( say , applying randomly - chosen cut - offs ) , and gave me no sense of why the scheme itself should work . ]
j . - r . chazottes , l . ramirez and e . ugalde ,
finite type approximations of gibbs measures on sofic subshifts
,
on the preservation of gibbsianness under symbol amalgamation
, arxiv : 0907 . 0528
pp . 306 - - 316 in dee denteneer , frank den hollander , evgeny verbitskiy , eds . ,
e . arthur robinson and ayse a . sahin ,
on the existence of markov partitions for \ ( \ mathbb { z } ^ d \ ) actions
,
in their references , so that future workers might easily find solutions in mathscinet by tracking citations .
he gives necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of a factor map from a transitive sofic shift s onto a transitive aperiodic sofic shift t in the case that h ( s ) > h ( t ) .
this problem was solved by pierre guillon and charalampos zinoviadis . the solution , part of a larger work , is available
answered by giordano , matui , putnam and skau in
orbit equivalence for cantor minimal zd - systems
, invent . math . 179 ( 2010 ) , no . 1 , 119 - 158 ( and its
( due to klaus thomsen ) ,
must a subshift factor of a beta shift be intrinisically ergodic ?
was answered in the affirmative by vaughn climenhaga and daniel j . thompson , in their arxiv preprint
. their solution addresses much more than the beta shifts . the final paper appeared in israel j . math .
the author thanks richard montgomery for his comments on the first draft of this paper . the author also thanks ernesto lacomba for his years of support and kindness . any errors and frailties remaining in this paper are the fault of the author alone .
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dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate ( po ₄ 3 − ) group from an organic compound by hydrolysis .

it is a reversible post-translational modification .

dephosphorylation and its counterpart , phosphorylation , activate and deactivate enzymes by detaching or attaching phosphoric esters and anhydrides .

a notable occurrence of dephosphorylation is the conversion of atp to adp and inorganic phosphate .

dephosphorylation employs a type of hydrolytic enzyme , or hydrolase , which cleave ester bonds .

the prominent hydrolase subclass used in dephosphorylation is phosphatase .

phosphatase removes phosphate groups by hydrolysing phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl ( - oh ) group .

the reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction occurs in every physiological process , making proper function of protein phosphases necessary for organism viability .

because protein dephosphorylation is a key process involved in cell signalling , protein phosphatases are implicated in conditions such as cardiac disease , diabetes , and alzheimer 's disease .

dephosphorylation

atp induces dephosphorylation of myosin light chain in endothelial cells . - pubmed - ncbi
dephosphorylation of thylakoid proteins increases compactness of thylakoid membranes from wild - type plants .
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are not the only post - translational modifications that regulate the clock .
occupation of atp acceptor site by atp and its analogs resists t308 dephosphorylation in vitro .
phosphate analysis and dephosphorylation of modified tau associated with paired helical filaments . - pubmed - ncbi
dephosphorylation is the process by which phosphate groups are removed from a molecule by a phosphatase . removal of phosphate groups from a dna fragment can prevent ligation . learn more about dephosphorylation and phosphatases .
atp dephosphorylation can be either enhanced or inhibited by ph - controlled interaction with a dendrimer molecule .
phosphatases are hydrolases ; they use water to take away a phosphate from a substrate ( dephosphorylation ) .
figure 6 . 2 . figure 6 . 2 . the modification of proteins by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation .
human akt2 with r274h mutation decreased cell viability and failed to resist dephosphorylation in the presence of atp .
gaba ( a ) receptor dephosphorylation followed by internalization is coupled to neuronal death in in vitro ischemia .
the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of glycogen / insulin controlling enzymes form part of a complex signaling cascade . what we want to highlight here is that in this instance is that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are directly linked .
correction : atp dephosphorylation can be either enhanced or inhibited by ph - controlled interaction with a dendrimer molecule .
) . these findings uncover a novel mechanism by which ceramide - induced dephosphorylation of bax increases its proapoptotic potency .
dephosphorylation targets bcl - 2 for ubiquitin - dependent degradation : a link between the apoptosome and the proteasome pathway .
protein dephosphorylation has been observed in neoplasms , malignant neoplasms , tissue adhesions , retinoblastoma , carcinoma . the study of protein dephosphorylation has been mentioned in research publications which can be found using our bioinformatics tool below . related pathways to protein dephosphorylation have been researched including cell cycle , localization , cell death , mitosis , cell proliferation . protein dephosphorylation products complement our catalog of research reagents including antibodies and elisa kits against mapk , akt1 , cdk1 , cdkn1a , dusp1 .
atp dephosphorylation can be either enhanced or inhibited by ph - controlled interaction with a dendrimer molecule . - pubmed - ncbi
) equivalent distribution for phosphatases . the data contains 43 dephosphorylation reactions , comprising 16 unique phosphatases and 32 unique targets .
role of protein phosphatase 1 in dephosphorylation of ebola virus vp30 protein and its targeting for the inhibition of viral transcription .
to determine the specificity of atp acceptor site occupancy for dephosphorylation resistance , we tested the effects of several other atp - derivatives on myrakt1 dephosphorylation . atp , atp - γs , and a - 443654 significantly reduced akt dephosphorylation in the presence of i - t15a pseudosubstrate peptide ( fig . 3 a ) . on the other hand , adp and adp - βs were markedly less effective in blocking dephosphorylation at both 10 min and 30 min incubation time points ( fig . 3 a ) .
) . dephosphorylation of psii was induced by incubation of the thylakoid suspension at 42°c for 40 min . the immunodetection analysis of thylakoid proteins with antiphosphothreonine antibodies confirmed dephosphorylation of the d1 , d2 , and cp43 proteins in the thylakoids treated at 42°c (
gaba ( a ) receptor dephosphorylation followed by internalization is coupled to neuronal death in in vitro ischemia . - pubmed - ncbi
the number of colonies that do not contain an insert seems high . how can i tell if the quick dephosphorylation kit worked ?
uses a signaling cascade of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions to control its flagellar motors in response to environmental chemical changes ( fig .
) . these results indicate that the reduced d1 / d2 phosphorylation level in ws - 4 is not due to dephosphorylation reactions .
1 % sds lyses everything , including phosphatase enzymes . it is important not to use 10 % sds prior to dephosphorylation treatment .
the rapid dna dephos & ligation kit enables fast and efficient dephosphorylation and ligation of sticky - or blunt - end dna fragments .
proposed model of pp2a - induced bax dephosphorylation in regulating apoptosis . pp2a - induced bax dephosphorylation causes a conformational change in bax and facilitates bax translocation to mitochondria , insertion into mitochondrial membranes , and formation of oligomers , which lead to cyt c release and apoptosis . furthermore pp2a - induced bax dephosphorylation disrupts bcl2 / bax binding . this may prevent bcl2 from suppressing the proapoptotic function of bax .
iqbal k , zaidi t , bancher c , et al . alzheimer paired helical filaments . restoration of the biological activity by dephosphorylation .
synthetic polyammonium / polyamine receptors are known to enhance atp dephosphorylation in solution . atp interaction with a g - 3 poly ( ethylene imine ) dendrimer shows an unprecedented behaviour , the dendrimer catalyst being able to enhance or inhibit dephosphorylation of the nucleotide depending on the solution ph .
) . these findings indicate that ceramide - induced bax dephosphorylation may induce a conformational change in bax leading to activation of its proapoptotic function .
do you know of cases where dephosphorylation is atp dependent . i certainly don ' t . you can add that info in your question .
role of protein phosphatase 1 in dephosphorylation of ebola virus vp30 protein and its targeting for the inhibition of viral transcription . - pubmed - ncbi
what made you want to look up dephosphorylation ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the quick dephosphorylation kit contains quick cip , a heat - labile version of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase ( cip ) purified from a recombinant source .
ksiezak - reding h , liu wk , yen sh , et al . phosphate analysis and dephosphorylation of modified tau associated with paired helical filaments .
is the junctional uncoupling elicited in rat ventricular myocytes by some dephosphorylation treatments due to changes in the phosphorylation status . . . - pubmed - ncbi
) . molecules that bind akt , but fail to protect akt dephosphorylation will likely adopt conformation similar to adp . on the other hand , the dephosphorylation protective crystal structure of akt bound to a - 443654 ( pdb2jdr ) is nearly identical to the amp - pnp bound conformation ( pdb1o6k ) .
heat shock induces rapid dephosphorylation of tau in both female and male rats followed by hyperphosphorylation only in female rats : implications for alzheimer ' s disease .
liu f , iqbal k , grundke - iqbal i , et al . dephosphorylation of tau by protein phosphatase 5 : impairment in alzheimer ' s disease .
) . an alkali extraction experiment was used to test whether ceramide - induced bax dephosphorylation can promote bax insertion into mitochondrial membranes . a549 cells were treated with c
heat shock induces rapid dephosphorylation of tau in both female and male rats followed by hyperphosphorylation only in female rats : implications f . . . - pubmed - ncbi
adherent cells : this protocol is not recommended for adherent cells due to non - optimal lysing conditions . the ‘dephosphorylation of fixed protein on membrane’ protocol is recommended .
citation : martins bmc , swain ps ( 2013 ) ultrasensitivity in phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycles with little substrate . plos comput biol 9 ( 8 ) : e1003175 . urltoken
a model of a phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycle for an allosteric substrate with multiple phosphorylation sites has two “sink” states and multiple competitions between the modifying enzymes for the substrate .
wang j - z , gong c - x , zaidi t , et al . dephosphorylation of alzheimer paired helical filaments by protein phosphatase - 2a and - 2b .
) . these data suggest that ceramide - induced bax dephosphorylation can promote insertion of bax into mitochondrial membranes . to assess whether dephosphorylation affects the ability of membrane - inserted bax to form oligomers in the mitochondrial membrane , a cross - linking study using bis ( sulfosuccinimidyl ) suberate and disuccinimidyl suberate was carried out following treatment of cells with c
dephosphorylation is a key regulator of bk channel function in many systems including in the nervous system ( reinhart , chung , martin , brautigan , & levitan , 1991 ) .
rintamaki , e . , kettunen , r . , and aro , e . m . ( 1996 ) . differential d1 dephosphorylation in functional and photodamaged photosystem ii centers . dephosphorylation is a prerequisite for degradation of damaged d1 . j . biol . chem . 271 , 14870–14875 . doi : 10 . 1074 / jbc . 271 . 25 . 14870
the quick dephosphorylation kit contains quick cip , a heat - labile recombinant version of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase ( cip ) purified from a recombinant source . quick cip nonspecifically catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 5´ and 3´ ends of dna and rna phosphomonoesters . it also hydrolyses ribo - and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates ( ntps and dntps ) . quick cip is useful in many applications that require the dephosphorylation of dna or rna ends . in cloning , dephosphorylation prevents re - ligation of linearized plasmid dna . the enzyme can quickly dephosphorylate 5´ protruding , 5´ recessed , and blunt ends in just 10 minutes . quick cip may also be used to degrade unincorporated dntps in pcr reactions to prepare templates for dna sequencing or snp analysis .
c ) . furthermore , pretreatment with mkp antisense oligonucleotides completely prevented erk dephosphorylation after 6 h of tnf - α stimulation , whereas mkp sense oligonucleotides did not affect erk activity ( data not shown ) . this inhibition of erk dephosphorylation was associated with the complete inhibition of tnf - α - induced apoptosis of huvec ( p < 0 . 05 ; fig .
– the dissociation rate of the enzyme - substrate complexes – is much smaller than the other rates ) and a subsensitive minimum of 0 . purely distributive schemes of phosphorylation - dephosphorylation (
) created a chey mutant ( chey - n59r ) that exhibited normal phosphorylation , autodephosphorylation , and chez binding but was highly “resistant” to chez augmentation of its dephosphorylation rate ( fig .
we have 1750 products for the study of dephosphorylation that can be applied to western blot , flow cytometry , immunocytochemistry / immunofluorescence , immunohistochemistry from our catalog of antibodies and elisa kits .
) . thus , most likely , intrinsic binding of atp also shields phosphorylated mek and pkc from dephosphorylation by phosphatases . of note , we took account of and confirmed a previous report (
the dephosphorylation rate of p - lhcii at low light in vivo cannot be estimated with thr ( p ) antibody because of strong lhcii phosphorylation activity . however , the dephosphorylation rate of p - lhcii in vitro in phosphorylated thylakoids was very similar at both low and high light , the rates being very close to that estimated in vivo at high light ( table i ) .
liu f , zaidi t , grandke - iqbal i , et al . aberrant glycosylation modulates phosphorylation of tau by protein kinase a and dephosphorylation of tau by protein phosphatase 2a and 5 .
next we determined whether occupation of the atp acceptor site regulated t308 dephosphorylation in cell extracts . to this end , constitutively phosphorylated myrakt1 was expressed in hela cells followed by rapid dry - ice freezing / extraction . upon further incubation of cell extracts at 30 °c , myrakt1 was dephosphorylated within 15 min and both , calyculin and the a - 443654 akt inhibitor independently blocked t308 dephosphorylation ( fig . 2 a ) . however , unlike calyculin , a - 443654 inhibited akt1 dephosphorylation but not dephosphorylation of gsk - β , pras40 , or erk1 / 2 ( fig . 2 a , fig . s2 a ) . thus , in cell extracts devoid of kinase activity due to the presence of edta , a - 443654 specifically inhibited dephosphorylation of myrakt1 . this effect of a - 443654 extended to constitutive phosphorylated wt - akt in per - vanadate - treated hela cell extracts ( fig . s2 b ) . and in insulin - treated h9c2 cell extracts ( fig . s2 c ) .
phosphorylation adds a phosphate group to proteins ( e . g . enzymes ) to signal their activation or deactivation . dephosphorylation entails the removal of a phosphate group from a protein ( e . g . enzyme ) signaling its deactivation or activation . in the case of phosphorylation , the addition of a phosphate usually , signals activation while in dephosphorylation it usually is the opposite . the major difference between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are the enzymes involved . both processes work on “as - needed” basis . they may not necessarily always talk to each other , but they do serve opposing roles which are sometimes mediated by other players . the processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are complex and important processes governed by strong regulatory controls . phosphate donors play an important role , as they provide the basis of these two processes .
we next used pp2 , a selective inhibitor of the src family of tyrosine kinases , as a positive control to assess the relative magnitude of the dephosphorylation effect . when slices were exposed to 10 μ
the nature of chez has long been a mystery . is chez simply an allosteric effector that augments the rate of chey autodephosphorylation , or does chez catalyze a novel chey dephosphorylation reaction ? chez is known to bind tightly to phospho - chey and in this way might induce a conformational change that enhances the dephosphorylation reaction . however , the recently solved structure of a chez - chey cocrystal revealed that at least one chez residue , gln - 147 , plays a catalytic role in the dephosphorylation of phospho - chey ( 21 ) . thus , the chez - mediated reaction is distinctly different from chey autodephosphorylation .
so , what is the difference between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation ? this is the million dollar question . these two processes are not necessarily as a result of the other one . you will see below that while they often work hand in hand they do not necessarily follow each other closely , they simply each identify a need and then proceed to fill that need . in some cases , it may very well happen that the phosphorylation happens following dephosphorylation but is some cases their relationship is indirect ( see below ) . phosphorylation refers to an addition of a phosphate group while dephosphorylation refers to the removal of a phosphate group
szomolay b , shahrezaei v ( 2012 ) bell - shaped and ultrasensitive dose - response in phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycles : the role of kinase - phosphatase complex formation . bmc syst biol 6 : 26 .
discovery of a chey residue specifically needed for chez - mediated dephosphorylation . green diamond , chey ; red square , chez . ( a ) summary of chey dephosphorylation reactions . chey autophosphorylates at aspartate - 57 . the other active - site residues needed for that reaction are also involved in autodephosphorylation . chez residue q147 plays an active role in accelerating the dephosphorylation of chey . the chey - n59r mutation has no effect on autodephosphorylation but disrupts chez - mediated dephosphorylation , even though n59 itself has no role in the chez - mediated reaction . ( b ) mechanism of the chey - n59r effect deduced by silversmith et al . ( 15 ) . the arginine side chain makes a salt bridge to the carboxyl group of chey - e89 , which prevents it from participating , as it normally does , in the chez - mediated reaction .
to study the activity of the psii core protein phosphatase , in vitro dephosphorylation experiments were carried out at 22°c and 44°c , the latter chosen since it is known that the phosphatase is activated by such elevated temperature [ 29 ] . western blots with anti - phosphothreonine antibodies of thylakoids at both temperatures indicated that d1 protein dephosphorylation proceeds with similar time course in ws - 4 and col - 0 , and is faster in l er - 0 ( figure 7c and d ) . it is not clear at present whether the faster dephosphorylation observed in l er - 0 has any physiological relevance since the steady state levels of psii phosphoproteins were found similar in l er - 0 and col - 0 ( figure 7a ) . these results indicate that the reduced d1 / d2 phosphorylation level in ws - 4 is not due to dephosphorylation reactions .
various stresses activate the c - jun n - terminal kinase ( jnk ) , which is involved in the regulation of many aspects of cellular physiology , including apoptosis . here we demonstrate that in contrast to uv irradiation , heat shock causes little or no stimulation of the jnk - activating kinase sek1 , while knocking out the sek1 gene completely blocks heat - induced jnk activation . therefore , we tested whether heat shock activates jnk via inhibition of jnk dephosphorylation . the rate of jnk dephosphorylation in unstimulated cells was high , and exposure to uv irradiation , osmotic shock , interleukin - 1 , or anisomycin did not affect this process . conversely , exposure of cells to heat shock and other protein - damaging conditions , including ethanol , arsenite , and oxidative stress , strongly reduced the rate of jnk dephosphorylation . under these conditions , we did not observe any effects on dephosphorylation of the homologous p38 kinase , suggesting that suppression of dephosphorylation is specific to jnk . together , these data indicate that activation of jnk by protein - damaging treatments is mediated primarily by inhibition of a jnk phosphatase ( s ) . elevation of cellular levels of the major heat shock protein hsp72 inhibited a repression of jnk dephosphorylation by these stressful treatments , which explains recent reports of the suppression of jnk activation by hsp72 .
2 . dephosphorylation of dna using shrimp alkaline phosphatase shrimp alkaline phosphatase , cat . no . p9088 is supplied as a solution in 50 % glycerol containing 25 mm tris - hcl , ph 7 . 6 , 1 mm mgcl 2 and 0 . 1 mm zncl 2 . dilutions can be prepared in 0 . 05 m tris - hcl , ph 8 . 5 containing 5 mm mgcl 2 . dephosphorylation should be carried out in 0 . 05 m tris - hcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , ph 8 . 5 . heat inactivation : after the dephosphorylation reaction , the enzyme can then be inactivated by warming to 60 °c for 15 minutes .
our results suggested that dephosphorylation of ser87 plays a predominant role as a signal for ubiquitin - dependent degradation of bcl - 2 . to demonstrate directly that tnf - α indeed triggers dephosphorylation of ser87 , we transiently expressed myc - tagged bcl - 2 constructs in huvec . cells were lysed following treatment with or without tnf - α . to determine ser87 phosphorylation , immunoprecipitation was carried out with an anti - phosphoserine - specific antibody , and western blot analysis was performed with an anti - myc antibody . bcl - 2 degradation in consequence to dephosphorylation was prevented by using degradation - resistant , lysine - free bcl - 2 constructs . as shown in fig .
phospho - chey and phospho - cheb undergo rapid dephosphorylation , which enables the chemoreceptors to shift chey and cheb phosphorylation states on a short time scale by modulating the production of signaling phosphates by chea . both response regulators undergo self - catalyzed dephosphorylation , but phospho - cheb has a much shorter half - life than phospho - chey ( 17 ) . to compensate , another e . coli signaling component , chez , is specifically dedicated to accelerating chey dephosphorylation ( 6 ) . cells that lack chez are nonchemotactic and respond to stimuli with response latencies of seconds rather than milliseconds , demonstrating the critical importance of rapid phospho - chey turnover ( 8 , 13 ) .
to rule out that atp or a - 443654 directly inhibited pp2a catalytic activity , we determined the effects atp and a - 443654 on pp2a - dependent dephosphorylation of a target unrelated to akt , phospho - pras40 . under conditions identical to those used in the akt dephosphorylation assay , neither atp nor a - 443654 affected the ability of pp2a to dephosphorylate pras40 ( fig . 3 b ) . finally , to determine whether wt - akt similarly resisted pp2a - c dephoshorylation in vitro , we immunoprecipitated prephosphorylated ha - tagged or flag - tagged wt - akt1 from hela cells . fig . 3 c shows that both ha - tagged and flag - tagged phospho - wt - akt1 resisted pp2a - c dephosphorylation in the presence of atp or a - 443654 . collectively , these data suggest that atp inhibited akt1 dephosphorylation , not by inhibiting pp2a activity , but by binding to akt kinase .
laverne is a handy bioinformatics tool to help facilitate scientific exploration of related genes , diseases and pathways based on co - citations . explore more on dephosphorylation below ! for more information on how to use laverne , please read the
] . these are examples showing that inhibition of dysregulation of protein phosphorylation / dephosphorylation is a promising target to treat ad . further investigation of new compounds that can inhibit abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau will likely provide new treatments for ad .
jeyaraman m , tanguy s , fandrich rr , lukas a , kardami e ( 2003 ) ischemia - induced dephosphorylation of cardiomyocyte connexin - 43 is reduced by okadaic acid and calyculin a but not fostriecin . mol cell biochem 242 : 129–134
a number of photosystem ii ( psii ) associated proteins , including core proteins d1 , d2 and cp43 , and several proteins of the lhcii complex , are phosphorylated by a thylakoid - bound , redox - regulated kinase ( s ) . we demonstrate here that the compound propyl gallate is an effective inhibitor of lhcii phosphorylation in vivo while having little effect on psii core protein phosphorylation . using this inhibitor , we demonstrate that lhcii dephosphorylation is insensitive to light in vivo . taken together with our previous conclusion ( elich et al . , embo j . 12 ( 1993 ) 4857–4862 ) that psii core protein dephosphorylation is light - stimulated , our data suggest the presence of multiple phosphatases responsible for thylakoid protein dephosphorylation in vivo .
rokka a , aro e - m , herrmann rg , andersson b , vener av ( 2000 ) dephosphorylation of photosystem ii reaction center proteins in plant photosynthetic membranes as an immediate response to abrupt elevation of temperature . plant physiol 123 : 1525–1536 .
duthe f , dupont e , verrecchia f , plaisance i , severs nj , sarrouilhe d , hervé jc ( 2000 ) dephosphorylation agents depress gap junctional communication between rat cardiac cells without modifying the connexin43 phosphorylation degree . gen physiol biophys 19 : 441–449
in cultured porcine aortic endothelial monolayers , the effect of atp on myosin light chain ( mlc ) phosphorylation , which controls the endothelial contractile machinery , was studied . atp ( 10 microm ) reduced mlc phosphorylation but increased cytosolic ca ( 2 + ) concentration ( [ ca ( 2 + ) ] ( i ) ) . inhibition of the atp - evoked [ ca ( 2 + ) ] ( i ) rise by xestospongin c ( 10 microm ) , an inhibitor of the inositol trisphosphate - dependent ca ( 2 + ) release from endoplasmic reticulum , did not affect the atp - induced dephosphorylation of mlc . mlc dephosphorylation was prevented in the presence of calyculin a ( 10 nm ) , an inhibitor of protein phosphatases pp - 1 and pp - 2a . thus atp activates mlc dephosphorylation in a ca ( 2 + ) - independent manner . in the presence of calyculin a , mlc phosphorylation was incremented after addition of atp , an effect that could be abolished when cells were loaded with the ca ( 2 + ) chelator 1 , 2 - bis ( 2 - aminophenoxy ) ethane - n , n , n ' , n ' - tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester ( 10 microm ) . thus atp also activates a ca ( 2 + ) - dependent kinase acting on mlc . in summary , atp simultaneously stimulates a functional antagonism toward both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of mlc in which the dephosphorylation prevails . in endothelial cells , atp is the first physiological mediator identified to activate mlc dephosphorylation by a ca ( 2 + ) - independent mechanism .
beardslee ma , lerner dl , tadros pn , laing jg , beyer ec , yamada ka , kleber ag , schuessler rb , saffitz je ( 2000 ) dephosphorylation and intracellular redistribution of ventricular connexin43 during electrical uncoupling induced by ischemia . circ res 87 : 656–662
—our data suggest that ceramide - stimulated bax dephosphorylation occurs in a mechanism involving activation of pp2a . to test whether dephosphorylation of bax affects its conformational change , an anti - 6a7 bax antibody that specifically measures the conformational change of bax was used . the monoclonal antibody 6a7 , raised against the peptide amino acids 13 - 19 in the n terminus of bax , is not able to bind the soluble form of bax in healthy cells but can recognize bax after the conformational change associated with membrane insertion occurs in apoptotic cells (
is protein dephosphorylation most commonly spontaneous ( without need of atp ) ? i came across some papers that mention it , as well as the opposite case ( atp - driven ) , but i can ' t figure out which is common or which is rare .
) determined the crystal structure of chey - n59r complexed with a stable phosphoryl group analog . in a tightly reasoned series of experiments , they showed that glu - 89 of chey , not asn - 59 , was critical to the chez - mediated dephosphorylation reaction . the chez resistance of chey - n59r proved to be due to formation of a salt bridge between the side chains of arg - 59 and glu - 89 that prevented the glu - 89 carboxyl group from participating in the chez - mediated dephosphorylation reaction ( fig .
what is phosphorylation ? phosphorylation refers to an addition of a phosphate group to a phosphate - accepting amino acid , such as serine and tyrosine . aphosphate group added onto a molecule ( usually a protein that is an enzyme ) activates it or , in some cases , deactivates it . what is dephosphorylation ? when this phosphate group “falls off , ” or is removed , once the protein has performed its function and needs to be deactivated ( in the case of phosphorylation - based activation ) . this is referred to as dephosphorylation .
in theory , the lack of p - lhcii accumulation at high light could be caused by an efficient lhcii dephosphorylation activity induced by high light . therefore , the in vivo dephosphorylation rate of p - lhcii was determined both in darkness and at high light . accumulation of p - lhcii was first induced by incubating the leaves at low light , and subsequently the loss of p - lhcii was recorded after shifting the leaves either to high light or to darkness . the rate constant for p - lhcii dephosphorylation was 2 times higher in high light ( 0 . 020 min −1 ) than in darkness ( 0 . 011 min −1 ) ( table i ) . nevertheless , even in high light , the half - life of p - lhcii was as long as 34 min ( table i ) .
. in endogenous conditions it is possible that non - distributive and distributive mechanisms coexist within the same phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycle . some sites may be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated processively and others distributively , as has been suggested for the phosphorylation of the pho4 transcription factor in budding yeast
binding to d3 - phosphorylated phosphoinositide lipids anchors the akt1 protein kinase at cell membranes , enables activation loop phosphorylation ( t308 in akt1 ) , and induces akt kinase activity . similarly , targeting akt1 to the cell membrane with a fusion protein consisting of akt1 and myristoylation signal ( myrakt1 ) was associated with “constitutive” t308 phosphorylation in h9c2 myoblasts as it occurred in culture medium lacking exogenous growth factors ( fig . 1 a ) . adding an allosteric inhibitor of the akt kinase ( inhibitor viii ) to these cells led to myrakt1 dephosphorylation ( > 90 % ) within 30 min and dephosphorylation was inhibited by phosphatase inhibitors , calyculin or okadaic acid ( fig . 1 b ) . furthermore , the atp - competitive akt inhibitor , a - 443654 , prevented inhibitor - viii - induced akt dephosphorylation even more effectively than the phosphatase inhibitors .
to determine whether a - 443654 also inhibited dephosphorylation of wild - type ( wt ) - akt1 , h9c2 cells were stimulated with insulin for 20 min to induce endogenous akt phosphorylation . to effect akt dephosphorylation , cells were then incubated in growth factor - free medium with and without the pdk1 inhibitor , ucn01 , or the pi - 3 kinase inhibitor , wortmannin . under these conditions , a - 443654 delayed akt dephoshorylation at both t308 and s473 sites ( fig . 1 c ) . we further observed that , in growth factor - starved conditions , a - 443654 treatment alone only weakly induced akt1 phosphorylation , yet a - 443654 potently synergized with insulin to induce akt1 hyperphosphorylation at t308 ( fig . s1 a ) . these results are consistent with the hypothesis that a - 443654 induces akt hyperphosphorylation by inhibiting akt dephosphorylation .
dephosphorylation is a common step in traditional cloning workflows to ensure that the vector does not re - circularize during ligation . if a vector is linearized by a single restriction enzyme , or has been cut with two enzymes with compatible ends , use of a phosphatase , such as the
many molecules are energy donors that serve to supply the phosphate group ; these include adenosine triphosphate ( atp , also famous in photosynthesis ) and guanosine triphosphate ( gtp ) . phosphorylation prepares molecules for the tasks they need to perform . this phosphate sticks around as long as the protein needs it and then is lost or dropped . there are different types of phosphorylation . in this article , we will look at a few examples of phosphorylation ( and dephosphorylation ) , and go through the importance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation as well as how they differ from each other .
the present study reports for the first time the use of a thiol - functionalized graphene oxide nanocatalyst with impressive activity ( > 10 5 - fold ) in dephosphorylation reactions . the innovative and recyclable nanocatalyst has potential in designing artificial enzymes with targeted multifunctionalities and in detoxification of organophosphorus agents .
changes in protein phosphorylation represent a mechanism that is frequently employed by cells to regulate transcription factor activity . in response to alterations in the extracellular environment , signal transduction pathways target transcription factors , transcriptional coregulators and chromatin - modifying factors , leading to their phosphorylation by protein kinases or dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases . these modifications either positively or negatively regulate transcription factor activity to facilitate a program of gene expression that results in appropriate changes in cell behavior . protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can directly regulate distinct aspects of transcription factor function , including cellular localization , protein stability , protein - protein interactions and dna binding . the phosphorylation - dependent modulation of the activities of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin - modifying factors can also control transcription factor activity . here we review recent studies that have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation governs transcription factor function .
activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 ( fgfr3 ) and inactivating mutations of guanylyl cyclase - b ( gc - b , also called nprb or npr2 ) cause dwarfism . fgf exposure inhibits gc - b activity in a chondrocyte cell line , but the mechanism of the inactivation is not known . here , we report that fgf exposure causes dephosphorylation of gc - b in rat chondrosarcoma cells , which correlates with a rapid , potent and reversible inhibition of c - type natriuretic peptide - dependent activation of gc - b . cells expressing a phosphomimetic mutant of gc - b that cannot be inactivated by dephosphorylation because it contains glutamate substitutions for all known phosphorylation sites showed no decrease in gc - b activity in response to fgf . we conclude that fgf rapidly inactivates gc - b by a reversible dephosphorylation mechanism , which may contribute to the signaling network by which activated fgfr3 causes dwarfism .
protein phosphatases have also found a role in this pathway rich in phosphorylation events . protein phosphatase2a ( pp2a ) holoenzymes have been shown to participate in at least two steps . on the one hand , the activity and / or localization of pp2a presumably leads to the dephosphorylation of activated bri1 , accelerating its turnover and shutting off the response ( wu et al . , 2011 ) . on the other hand , regulatory subunits of pp2a associate with bzr1 ; upon inactivation of bin2 , dephosphorylation of bzr1 allows its rapid accumulation in the nucleus and the consequent transcriptional effects ( tang et al . , 2011 ) .
rokka , a . , aro , e . - m . , herrmann , r . g . , andersson , b . , and vener , a . v . ( 2000 ) . dephosphorylation of photosystem ii reaction center proteins in plant photosynthetic membranes as an immediate response to abrupt elevation of temperature .
these different forms of phosphorylation that take place ( mostly during photosynthesis ) happen in response to the dephosphorylation of numerous atp molecules as they serve their many important functions . this all happens in a sort of divide and concur fashion , in a hurry to ensure that atp stocks are restored as speedily as possible .
studies during the last two decades have provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of alzheimer ' s disease ( ad ) . one of the milestone findings in ad research was the demonstration that neurofibrillary degeneration characterized by tau pathology is central to the pathogenesis of ad and other tauopathies and that abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau is pivotal to neurofibrillary degeneration . this article reviews the recent research advances in tau pathology and the underlying dysregulation of the protein phosphorylation / dephosphorylation system . an updated model of the mechanism of neurofibrillary degeneration is also presented , and a promising therapeutic target to treat ad by correcting dysregulation of protein phosphorylation / dephosphorylation is discussed .
a443654 or atp binding inhibits akt dephosphorylation . ( a ) a443654 inhibits myrakt1 dephosphorylation in cell extracts . myrakt1 expressing hela cells were flash - frozen and extracted in ice . aliquots of cell extracts were treated with a443654 or calyculin on ice before incubation at 30 °c for 15 min . after incubation , protein extracts were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies detecting phosphorylated akt ( t308 ) , gsk3β ( s9 ) , and pras40 ( t246 ) and gapdh . ( b ) a443654 inhibits recombinant pp2a - mediated akt dephosphorylation . immunoprecipitated myrakt1 was incubated with recombinant pp2a ( 40 ng pp2a - c ) for 30 min , 30 °c in the presence of a443654 ( 2–20 um ) . images show myrakt1 t308 phosphorylation , ha - tagged myrakt1 and pp2a - c expression . graph shows the percentage pt308 dephosphorylation . * p < 0 . 001 for pp2a vs . pp2a + a44 at 30 min . ( c ) atp inhibits recombinant pp2a - mediated akt dephosphorylation in the presence of akt - specific pseudosubstrate peptide ( i - t15a ) . immunoprecipitated myrakt1 was incubated with recombinant pp2a for 30 min , 30 °c in a buffer containing 5 mm mgcl2 , 400 um sonicated lipid micelles , 25 um high affinity akt pseudosubstrate inhibitor ( i - t15a ) and increasing concentrations of atp ( 0 , 20 um or 100 um ) as indicated . immunoblot images show myrakt1 t308 and s473 phosphorylation , ha - tagged myrakt1 and pp2a - c expression . graph shows the percentage pt308 dephosphorylation in the presence pp2a alone ( n = 11 ) , pp2a with 100 um atp ( n = 8 ) , with 25 um i - t15a peptide ( n = 3 ) or both ( n = 7 ) . * p < 0 . 001 vs . pp2a , # p < 0 . 05 vs . pp2a / atp , ^ p < 0 . 05 vs . pp2a / i - 15a ( nonparametric anova , kruskal - wallis ) .
to maximally activate endogenous akt , h9c2 cells were serum - starved for 4 h before stimulating with 1 ug / ml insulin for 20 min . to initiate dephosphorylation , insulin medium was replaced with serum - free medium in the presence of indicated inhibitors . after 10 min of incubation , cells were harvested for immunoblotting analysis .
an additional issue of significant import is which tyrosine residue ( s ) on the nmda receptor subunits is / are responsible for the observed change in phosphorylation . there are many tyrosine residues on the nr2 subunits that could be subject to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation . moreover , both nr2a and nr2b subunits are known to be substrates of fyn kinase (
here , we describe a molecular mechanism regulating the phosphorylation state of akt kinases that depend on subcellular location and on occupancy of the atp binding pocket . specifically , we demonstrate that recruitment of akt1 to the plasma membrane confers resistance to dephosphorylation of pt308 and this resistance further depends on atp acceptor site occupancy by atp or atp - competitive inhibitors . in vitro , binding of either atp or atp - competitive inhibitors rendered akt1 phospho - t308 highly resistant to dephosphorylation by the pp2a phosphatase . we propose that atp occupancy facilitates intramolecular interactions of phosphorylated t308 with two residues in the akt1 catalytic cleft ( r273 , h194 ) that restrict phosphatase access . this mechanism provides an explanation for akt hyperphosphorylation induced by atp - competitive but not allosteric akt inhibitors . disrupting these interactions by mutation obviates phosphatase resistance of pt308 and enables rapid dephosphorylation . mutation of the homologous site in akt2 ( r274h ) , known to cause autosomal - dominant insulin resistance in humans ( 4 ) , also obviates atp - induced phosphatase resistance at the akt2 t309 site .
phosphorylation state of cellular proteins reflects the balance between the activities of protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases . the increase in cellular protein phosphorylation in response to stimuli can be achieved by either activating protein kinases and / or promoting the turnover of the protein phosphatases . this review will summarize current knowledge of the control of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of protein in cells .
well of course why not . look at atp , which is not a stable molecule , because it can spontaneously dephosphorylate . whether a phosphate group can be spontaneously hydrolysed depends on the nature of the molecule it is a part of . are you asking about protein phosphorylations ? in almost all cases that i know of , dephosphorylation in not atp dependent .
this protein dephosphorylation method uses a two - step approach to focus on specificity and potency . the first treatment is done with a lambda phosphatase to specifically target phosphate groups from threonine , serine , and tyrosine amino acids for dephosphorylation . most phosphatases only dephosphorylate serine and threonine amino acids . if you are testing the phosphospecificity of a tyrosine phosphospecific antibody , lambda phosphatase is essential . the second dephosphorylation treatment is done with an alkaline phosphatase , a significantly more potent enzyme than lambda phosphatase . the alkaline phosphatase only dephosphorylates phosphate groups from threonine and serine amino acids , and therefore is not intended to be utilized alone to determine the phosphospecificity of tyrosine phosphospecific antibodies . when using both lambda and alkaline phosphatases in conjunction with each other , it is best to separate the treatments so the alkaline phosphatase doesn’t inhibit the activity of the lambda phosphatase . there are a variety of phosphatases one may use to dephosphorylate proteins ; the ones listed in this protocol are recommended examples . the end user is highly encouraged to optimize their chosen phosphatase ( s ) before determining phosphospecificity of an antibody .
dephosphorylation of plk1 following mitotic dna damage is independent of p53 and atm . a . dephosphorylation of plk1 is p53 independent . cells were synchronized with nocodazole and treated with 0 . 5 μmol / l adriamycin for 1 hour , replated with fresh media containing nocodazole , and harvested at the indicated times for plk1 lysate immunoblot analysis . top panel , ca46 cells ( mutant p53 ) . bottom panel , wmn cells ( wild - type p53 ) . b . caffeine does not affect dna damage–induced plk1 dephosphorylation . mitotic ca46 cells were mock treated or pretreated with 2 . 5 mmol / l caffeine for 1 hour , after which 0 . 5 μmol / l adriamycin was added to medium for 1 hour . cells were washed and cultured in fresh media containing nocodazole without ( top panel ) or with caffeine ( bottom panel ) and harvested at the indicated times for lysate plk1 immunoblot . c . mitotic dephosphorylation of plk1 is independent of atm . nocodazole - arrested atm mutant gm08436a ( bottom panel ) , and a normal control cell line , gm09622 ( top panel ) , were treated with 0 . 5 μmol / l adriamycin for 1 hour , washed , and re - plated with media containing nocodazole . cells were harvested for lysate plk1 immunoblot analysis at the indicated times . experiments were conducted at least three times for a and b with similar results . experiments were conducted three times in two atm mutant cell lines and two normal control cell lines with similar results .
it is commonly assumed that a simple phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycle cannot generate ultrasensitivity if the enzymes are not saturated [ 44 ] . our model shows that this assumption is not true if biochemistry is modelled more closely to include docking sites for the enzymes on the substrate . given that there is little evidence for selection on the ratio of the in vivo concentration of kinases to their substrates ( as we have shown here ) , we expect that our mechanism may be common . phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycles require energy to operate , but our results emphasize again that “futile” cycles need not be expending energy needlessly but use that energy to generate ultrasensitivity , thus laying the foundation for sophisticated cellular responses such as irreversible switching and oscillations [ 4 ] .
cellular decision - making is driven by dynamic behaviours , such as the preparations for sunrise enabled by circadian rhythms and the choice of cell fates enabled by positive feedback . such behaviours are often built upon ultrasensitive responses where a linear change in input generates a sigmoidal change in output . phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycles are one means to generate ultrasensitivity . using bioinformatics , we show that
the file biogrid - organism - saccharomyces _ cerevisiae - 3 . 1 . 87 . tab2 , which lists annotated protein - protein interactions in yeast , is available from biogrid ( urltoken ) [ 18 ] . we wrote a script to extract the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation interactions and combined the resulting list with the protein expression data of ghaemmaghammi et al . [ 19 ] .
plants . specific dephosphorylation of the d1 , d2 , and cp43 proteins induced by a heat shock treatment resulted in a faster gravity - driven sedimentation of the dephosphorylated thylakoids compared with the phosphorylated membranes . the identical heat shock treatment of thylakoids in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors prevented both dephosphoryation of thylakoid proteins and the increase in the density / compactness of the thylakoid membranes (
digested dna typically possesses a 5’ phosphate group that is required for ligation . in order to prevent self - ligation , the 5′ phosphate can be removed prior to ligation . dephosphorylation of the 5’ end prohibits self - ligation , enabling the researcher to manipulate the dna as desired before re - ligating . generally , it is a good idea to dephosphorylate the linearized vector to facilitate ligation of recombinant dna molecules . in fact , vector self - ligation increases the background activity of the cloning process . dephosphorylation can be accomplished using any of a number of phosphatases , including shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( rsap ) ( neb # m0371 ) , calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase ( cip ) ( neb # m0290 ) and antarctic phosphatase ( neb # m0289 ) .
21 , 404–408 ) . inclusion of bpv ( phen ) , a potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor , in the recording chamber prior to and during ethanol exposure significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of ethanol on nmdar field excitatory postsynaptic potentials . taken together , these data suggest that phosphatase - mediated dephosphorylation of nmdar subunits may play an important role in mediating the inhibitory effects of ethanol on the
the most important free - energy molecule in the body is atp . atp is a useful free - energy currency because it can lose a phosphate group in a very spontaneous reaction ; i . e . , the dephosphorylation reaction releases a large amount of free energy . the dephosphorylation reaction of atp is often coupled with nonspontaneous reactions to drive them forward . to produce atp , another set of coupled reactions , known as oxidative phosphorylation , is used . oxidative phosphorylation consists of two major components : ( 1 ) the oxidation of molecules generated during the breakdown of glucose , which releases energy that causes a proton gradient to build up across a membrane , and ( 2 ) the phosphorylation of adp to make atp , using energy from the proton gradient .
) . we obtain 2850 phosphorylation reactions , comprising 98 unique kinases and 1136 unique substrates and 43 dephosphorylation reactions involving 16 unique phosphatases and 32 unique substrates . the data for phosphatases is scarce and thus not as informative , and so we focus on kinases . the distribution of ratios for kinases is unimodal , centred on a 1∶1 kinase to substrate ratio , with a minimum of
our data strongly suggest that pp2a can function as a physiologic bcl2 phosphatase to dephosphorylate bcl2 and regulate its association with p53 . to test whether pp2a is required for bcl2 dephosphorylation , bcl2 - expressing h7 cells were transfected with pp2a / c sirna to silence this phosphatase . results show that the pp2a / c sirna efficiently and specifically reduces pp2a / c expression by more than 90 % , whereas control sirna has no effect ( figure 5 a ) . importantly , the specific silencing of pp2a / c expression results in both enhanced bcl2 phosphorylation and inhibition of cisplatin - stimulated bcl2 / p53 binding in association with prolonged cell survival ( figure 5 ) . these findings suggest that pp2a may be required for dephosphorylation of bcl2 and facilitation or enhancement of p53 binding .
( purely distributive case ) . section 3 compares a model of phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycles , which expends energy and hence has irreversible catalytic reactions , with a monod - wyman - changeux model , which does not expend energy and has reversible catalytic reactions . we show that the monod - wyman - changeux model is not ultrasensitive in response to changes in the concentrations of the enzymes .
if ethanol affects on nmdar function are indeed due to enhanced dephosphorylation of the receptor , we should be able to reduce ethanol ' s effect by blocking tyrosine phosphatase activity . to test this possibility , we examined the effect of ethanol on nmdar activity in the presence of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor bpv ( phen ) . pharmacologically isolated nmdar fepsps were recorded in area ca1 of hippocampal slices ( fig .
the present study sheds light on a unique molecular mechanism regulating phosphorylation states of akt1 and akt2 through binding of either atp or atp - competitive antagonists . the most salient findings of this study can be summarized as follows : ( i ) binding of atp or atp - competitive antagonists to akt1 restrained pp2a - mediated akt1 dephosphorylation ; and ( ii ) these effects were contingent on intramolecular interactions of phosphorylated t308 with h194 and r273 residues in the catalytic cleft of akt1 ; ( iii ) steady - state akt2 phosphorylation is similarly regulated by intramolecular interactions between t309 and r274 . the interactions between phosphorylated t308 and residues in the catalytic cleft of akt1 may restrict access of phosphatases to phosphorylated t308 , thus providing a “molecular cage” to shield phosphorylated t308 from dephosphorylation ( schematically depicted in fig . 6 a ) .
protein phosphatases reverse the effects of kinases through catalyzing the removal of phosphoryl groups from the proteins . the discussion around phosphorylation and dephosphorylation may lead to the assumption that these two processes are the reverse of each other . do not fall into this trap ; this is not true . deactivation of proteins can only be guided with the aid of phosphatases , while activation is through the aid of kinases ( amongst other things ) . so , while they are antagonistic , they are not necessarily undoing the other one’s job . strictly speaking , both processes are irreversible under natural physiological conditions . the rate of dephosphorylation and phosphorylation depend on enzymes and not each other . in other words , whether there are a hundred phosphorylated molecules or zero matters very little if the enzymes are not available or able to perform their function .
depletion of pp2a / c by rnai enhances bax phosphorylation in association with suppression of apoptosis —our data strongly suggest that pp2a functions as physiological bax phosphatase to dephosphorylate bax . to test whether pp2a is essential for bax dephosphorylation , a549 cells were transfected with pp2a / c sirna as described under “experimental procedures . ” results showed that the pp2a / c sirna efficiently and specifically reduced pp2a / c expression in a549 cells , whereas control sirna had no effect ( fig . 5 a ) . importantly specific disruption of pp2a / c expression by rnai not only resulted in bax phosphorylation but also further enhanced nicotine - stimulated bax phosphorylation in association with prolonged cell survival following treatment of cells with cisplatin ( fig . 5 ) . these findings suggest that pp2a may be required for dephosphorylation of bax to activate its proapoptotic activity .
to date , in vitro work on the e . coli signaling system has provided tantalizing hints that chez activity might be under stimulus control ( 20 ) , but the field still awaits an experimental slam dunk that resolves the issue . better understanding of the chez - mediated dephosphorylation reaction , including the role played by its chey substrate , may provide useful clues to the molecular nature of that elusive control mechanism .
analysis of the three - dimensional structures of akt bound to either atp or a - 443654 ( 18 , 19 ) suggested the possibility that the phosphorylated t308 interacts with h194 and r273 of the nucleotide - binding pocket ( fig . 4 a , fig . s3 b ) and that these intramolecular , atp binding - dependent interactions could shield pt308 from phosphatase attack . to test this hypothesis , we mutated either h194 or r273 in myrakt1 to alanine . cells expressing these mutants revealed markedly reduced steady - state t308 phosphorylation levels whereas inhibiting cellular phosphatases with calyculin restored high levels of t308 and s473 phosphorylation to the h194a and r273a mutants ( fig . 4 b ) . these results are consistent with the notion that these mutations primarily enhanced akt dephosphorylation . next , we isolated the r273a mutant protein by immunprecipitation and found that when myrakt1 or wt - akt1 r273 sites were mutated to alanine , neither atp nor nonhydrolyzable atp - γs were able to inhibit t308 dephosphorylation ( fig . 4 c ) . finally , mutating either h194 or r273 was sufficient to abolish atp - mediated dephosphorylation resistance ( fig . 4 d ) . these results support the hypothesis that molecular interactions of pt308 with h194 and r273 restrain pp2a access to this residue .


studio moderna group is an e-commerce and direct-to-consumer advertising company , primarily operating across central and eastern europe .

after a success with a computer company , which was established with a group of friends , livija dolanc and sandi češko started in april 1992 their small family company .

the company was launched in slovenia with the idea to start a distribution of kosmodisk , a product against back pain .

livija and sandi were sharing a great passion for perfection and being the best in the business .

they built a winning business model and surrounded themselves with a great team , which led the company to the top .

in 1993 and 1994 branimir brkljač and daniel hubman have joined studio moderna , which has grown into one of the leading brand oriented and omni-channel direct-to-consumer retailer in central and eastern europe .

the company today operates throughout central and eastern europe ( albania , bosnia & herzegovina , bulgaria , croatia , czech republic , estonia , hungary , kosovo , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , poland , moldova , montenegro , romania , russia , serbia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine ) as well as uk , usa , canada , and it employs around 7000 people .

studio moderna

owler has collected 14 screenshots of studio moderna ' s website since jun 2014 . the latest studio moderna website design screenshot was captured in sep 2017 .
studio moderna currently has 281 followers on twitter . as of february 2015 studio moderna had 266 followers . that ' s a 5 percent increase in 2 years
studio moderna was founded in 1992 . studio moderna ' s headquarters is located in zagorje ob savi , salovci , si 1410 . studio moderna has an estimated 8 employees and an estimated annual revenue of 214 . 3k . . . .
studio moderna is headquartered in zagorje ob savi , salovci . studio moderna has a revenue of $ 214 . 3k , and 8 employees . as of may 2018 , studio moderna has 3 . 9k fans on facebook and 281 followers on twitter .
since 2016 , studio moderna has been a major shareholder of the pink panda brand .
studio moderna currently has 3 , 929 fans on facebook . as of february 2015 studio moderna had 2 , 923 fans . that ' s a 34 percent increase in 3 years
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studio moderna
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) a leading multi - channel e - commerce and direct to consumer platform in the fast growing markets of central and
( pr - inside . com ) studio moderna is the leading regional homeshopping vendor . it operates retailing bus . . .
. studio moderna ' s platform is a key partner and gateway for brands aiming to sell their products in its fast - growing markets .
. the company ' s platform targets over 400 million consumers in 21 countries and incorporates a vertically integrated , multi - channel sales , media , marketing and distribution model making studio moderna the ideal partner for brands aiming to reach its fast - growing markets . studio moderna develops and adapts product offerings to meet local market needs and employs its proven platform to market and sell proprietary and third party products to consumers . to learn more about studio moderna , see :
studio moderna brands international limited was incorporated on 17 jun 2011 and is located in high wycombe . the company ' s status is listed as
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. it currently has one director . the company ' s first director was kym michelle bramm . studio moderna brands international limited employs 5 - 9 people .
studio moderna brands international limited is an active company incorporated on 17 june 2011 with the registered office located in high wycombe , buckinghamshire . studio moderna brands international limited has been running for 7 years . there are currently 1 active director and 0 active secretaries according to the latest confirmation statement submitted on 17th june 2018 .
studio moderna is a fast - growing , multi - channel e - commerce and direct to consumer platform reaching more than 400 million consumers in 21 countries . it generated over
the dormeo brand started with one orthopedic mattress . studio moderna created a half - hour infomercial to tout its features and benefits , and the rest , as they say , is history .
studio moderna brands , which is based in london , is a multinational , multibrand corporation—a subsidiary of studio moderna , which was founded by sandi cesko in 1994 to sell and distribute proprietary brands of home and beauty products in central and eastern europe . the company is known for supporting its brands with robust multichannel marketing programs , anchored in the extensive use of award - winning infomercials and tv home shopping networks .
, managing director with ga .
we have been highly impressed by studio moderna ' s platform and extraordinary ability to identify and market the right products to the large and rapidly growing consumer markets in central and
inspiring and dynamic , a career at studio moderna means staying ahead of the competition , bringing outstanding results and moving quickly as well as being part of great set of people to work with and providing the world with brands and products you ' re proud of .
at studio moderna , we employ professionals in a range of functions . whether working in sales or marketing , it or r & d ; and sourcing , or as a part of the supply chain , legal or human resources , we ' re all obsessed with serving our customers .
( templeton ) on the board of directors .
studio moderna has surpassed the expectations we had at the time of our initial investment and along with templeton and jhp , we are delighted to be able to continue our support for the company with ga as new partners ,
said
studio moderna brands introduced its new dormeo octaspring brand last year . the mattresses are constructed of eight - sided , honeycomb - shaped foam cylinders that function as springs . dubbed “octasprings” by their belgian inventor , willy poppe , the cylinders are constructed from both polyurethane and visco - elastic foams .
, managing director of insight venture partners . templeton , through the templeton emerging markets group , decided to commit further funding to studio moderna as they believe the company ' s multi - channel e - commerce and direct to consumer platform will continue to benefit from its unique position in central and
a key component of studio moderna ' s success is the company ' s ability to localise products and marketing to the specific needs of each country and local market .
as we build out our scalable , data - and technology - driven platform across multiple product segments , markets and channels , we are delighted to welcome ga as investors in studio moderna . their deep experience in global e - commerce businesses will support the company as it continues its rapid international growth and development from being the region ' s leading multi - channel platform into the region ' s leading e - commerce retailer ,
said
“it is important to remember that we are first and foremost a marketing company , ” says kym bramm , chief executive officer of both studio moderna brands and dormeo octaspring . it’s bramm’s job to oversee all of the proprietary brands beyond the corporation’s european geographic core . she also is charged with transforming dormeo octaspring into a global brand .
paul , weiss , rifkind , wharton & garrison llp , cms cameron mckenna llp , loyens & loeff n . v and o ' melveny & myers llp served as legal advisors to the investors . white & case llp acted as legal advisor to the company . arkas advised studio moderna and credit suisse advised general atlantic on the transaction .
top shop ® multichannel selling proposition for 3 rd party tv shopping products and studio moderna brands . its mission is to make every day , routine tasks easier by offering innovative , but at the same time simple products and solutions . top shop ® brand focus is not only on products , but on entire shopping experience , making it simple , easy to understand , convenient , safe and trustworthy .
in revenues in 2010 and continued strong growth is expected . the company markets and sells a diverse range of high quality consumer products including home , fitness , health and fashion offerings and has proprietary technology , payments , logistics and customer service operations which allow consumers to transact through the platform across its 21 markets . in addition to marketing third party products under the top shop brand , studio moderna also develops and sells its own proprietary products under well - known brands including dormeo , delimano , wellneo and kosmodisk . studio moderna markets and sells these brands through its e - commerce platform , which includes over 120 websites , 190 dedicated retail stores , over 4 , 000 sales locations with major wholesale partners across the region and its own telephone - sales centres . the company also operates top shop tv home shopping channels in
top shop ® multichannel selling proposition for 3 rd party tv shopping products and studio moderna brands . its mission is to make every day , routine tasks easier by offering innovative , but at the same time simple products and solutions . the focus of top shop ® brand is not only on products , but on entire shopping experience , making it simple , easy to understand , convenient , safe and trustworthy .
studio moderna case study is used at the harvard business school and on many other business school programs globally . today we are a leading omni - channel e - commerce and direct - to - consumer platform in central and eastern europe , with a vertically integrated network , reaching more than 360 million consumers across 21 markets . we are the only european omni - channel company with proprietary product sourcing , portfolio of own brands , strong tv infomercial production know - how & in - house creative agency , own contact management centers and multi - media strategy . we are a team of around 8000 people dedicated to service our customers wherever they want to reach us . studio moderna is a customer - driven company that is focused on further developing distribution networks , homeshopping channels , video content , brand management , and customer - relationship management .
last year , in an aggressive campaign to establish a foothold in north america for its dormeo octaspring brand , studio moderna brands began assembling and distributing its mattresses in the united states . to facilitate the effort , it established an independently operated company , dormeo octaspring north america , and staffed it with bedding industry veterans . the company has backed that team’s efforts with a multimillion dollar marketing campaign that is the linchpin of its drive to create a new product category for the bedding industry .
we believe in helping our people reach their full potential . that is why continuous learning , new skill development and real time feedback are increasingly integral to our culture . working in studio moderna offers many opportunities to build up your professional knowledge and skills . mentoring program , leadership workshops and courses on specific skills , lectures , workshops and language courses ensure that each employee is given the opportunity to maximise their potential . this kind of investment is not only good for our people , it ' s essential for our business . as the capabilities of our people improve , so does our overall service to our customers and partners .
game changer : executives at dormeo octaspring believe the company’s foam springs , which are combined in multizoned layers , will create a new bedding category .
the company entered the bedding industry in europe 10 years ago when an italian manufacturer of memory foam mattresses approached executives about buying its product . bramm admits that she found the idea of marketing mattresses less than exciting , but was “intrigued” by the product’s potential .
“dormeo has become a lifestyle brand in europe , ” she says . “today , we sell hundreds of thousands of foam mattress , both wholesale to retailers and through our own stores . ”
the brand , she adds , has expanded to include more than 100 other products , including a range of pillows , toppers and headboards .
the mattresses are assembled in zones using different densities of foam to create a range of comfort and support options . a 1 ½ - inch layer of foam connects each layer of octasprings .
“we acquired the octaspring patents and license two years ago and launched the product in the united kingdom last year , ” bramm says . rollouts in japan , canada and the united states quickly followed .
high - end line : dormeo octaspring north america offers five mattress models , with prices ranging from $ 1 , 500 to nearly $ 4 , 000 . the best - selling 8500 model retails for $ 2 , 999 .
bramm hired industry veteran chris henning to oversee dormeo octaspring’s push into north america . before becoming the president of dormeo octaspring north america in february 2012 , henning served as senior vice president of strategic planning for licensing group comfort solutions . prior to that , he held key positions at kingsdown , tempur - pedic , the former international bedding corp . and simmons .
henning established the company’s headquarters in plano , texas , part of the dallas exurbs , and began building the company from the ground up .
“in the bedding industry , it’s still all about relationships , and everyone here is someone i’ve worked with before , ” henning says . “it’s my dream team , and we’ve hit the ground running . ”
the company leased a 30 , 000 - square - foot facility and began assembling mattresses in april 2012 from imported octasprings . it opened a permanent showroom at the world market center in las vegas in july 2012 and began shipping product in november of that year .
“right now , we’re importing both octaspring rolled mattresses and octasprings to assemble , ” henning says . “we expect to have an extruder in place and operational by the end of the third quarter of this year . it is our full intention to be operating independently by the end of the fourth quarter . ”
the company signed a lease on a second manufacturing and distribution facility in winchester , va . , in the spring of this year . henning expects the 40 , 000 - square foot facility to be up and running by the middle of july .
he and bramm seem unfazed by the speed at which the brand has grown in north america .
“it’s been an education for both of us , but the marriage seems to be working wonderfully . we’ve been able to leverage my relationships with their marketing expertise , ” henning says .
“we’ve invested millions and there has been a great payoff , ” she says . “we will actually meet our four - year sales projections in year two . ”
dormeo octaspring products are now available in more than 500 retail locations in the united states and 200 in canada , where they are sold through sleep country .
the company’s business plan for the next five years is as energetic and aggressive as its startup has been .
“by 2015 , we hope to be in 3 , 000 to 4 , 000 doors in the u . s . and we’re on track to do that , ” henning says “our goal is to sell to the top 100 retailers in the country ; we’re set up to service large accounts . ”
‘in the bedding industry , it’s still all about relationships , and everyone here is someone i’ve worked with before . it’s my dream team . ’ —chris henning , president of dormeo octaspring north america henning and bramm believe that they have brought a compelling product to market—one that expands sales options for retailers by offering consumers a new way to think about sleep comfort and support .
“this is a new generation of mattresses that has a distinct and unique feel , ” bramm says .
henning adds , “we think we’ve eliminated the issues that both spring and memory foam mattresses have . spring mattresses offer support , but have a tendency to create pressure points . the conformity to shape provided by memory foam offers pressure point relief , but heat is an issue . ” because octasprings are constructed with holes , they are self - ventilating , “exchanging air in and out during sleep . ”
“this is new technology that has the potential to create a whole new bedding segment , ” henning says . “to date , there has been nothing significantly new since tempur - pedic . ”
dormeo octaspring north america offers five mattress models , with suggested retail prices for queen sizes from $ 1 , 500 to nearly $ 4 , 000 . its best - selling mattress is the 8500 model , which is constructed with three layers of octasprings and retails for $ 2 , 999 .
“the 8500 has memory foam springs on the top layer and then provides progressive resistance and multizoned anatomically correct support through firmer octasprings on the second and bottom layers , ” henning says .
the line tops out with the three - layer 9500 model , which has extra anatomical zoning and sells for $ 3 , 799 .
the company offers four pillow models , which range in price from $ 79 to $ 129 . instead of the 3 - inch springs used in mattresses , pillows are made of 1 - inch springs . firmer polyurethane springs provide neck support , while softer memory foam versions cradle the head . tufted divans and headboards are available , too .
bramm is enthusiastic about the growth potential of the dormeo octaspring brand , particularly in north america .
“our price point is where the growth is and we can do things that brick - and - mortar companies can’t , ” she says . “we have cash to invest and the time is absolutely right for this product . ”
the company is employing a “360 - degree public relations and marketing campaign” designed to build the brand quickly .
“i have been in international marketing for 20 years , ” she says . “all markets are different , but the common strand through them all is creating demand . ”
dormeo octaspring is creating demand by using a sophisticated multichannel approach that includes a variety of social media , a youtube channel , e - commerce , websites and microsites , and tv infomercials . the brand’s presentation at retail is unique .
“it’s a wall of visual displays and includes a tablet for sales rep and consumer use , ” bramm says .
there is even room in the company’s marketing program for print . dormeo octaspring has spared little expense on it product catalogs , which echo the point - of - sale thrust of making the bed the hero of the story .
“we’re all about design , ” bramm says . “the look and feel are upper class and european—contemporary yet classic . ”
company executives have been pleased by the reaction of retailers in the united states and canada to both the product and marketing program . and both bramm and henning are looking well beyond the initial excitement and growth spurt .
“we think that we’ve brought the next generation of mattress to the market , ” henning says . “we have a billion dollar corporation backing us in the drive to not only build brand awareness now , but for down the road , as well . and we own the intellectual property . our competitors are more worried about servicing large debt loads than diving in and competing with us . ”
bramm concludes : “the opportunity is huge in the u . s . it’s the most fragmented market in the world . the newness of our product and our price point are both relevant to the market . we’re in a very sleepy industry and it needs this kind of shot in the arm . ”
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our first success came through a back - pain relief device named kosmodisk ® . we were able to leverage the power of genuine satisfied customers to help generate a huge demand for this simple but highly effective product . in 1993 kosmodisk ® was followed by launching viva , the monthly magazine for healthy living .
from a product driven company we started with a retail business model , launching teleshopping . we started selling traditional drtv products under top shop brand and instantly achieved great success with our first hero products .
in april 1997 top shop was launched in slovakia followed by opening warsaw office in october 1997 which was the start of rapid geographical expansion into eastern europe .
ibm aptiva project was a first premium third party brand which was launched with a huge success . in many ways it was an inspiration and experience for our own brands which have followed later . with drtv we instantly increased ibm ' s sales of personal computers as well as their market share .
after a decade of experience in drtv , hundreds of innovative products and thousands of stories told by our satisfied customers we saw an opportunity to create our own brands . this is when dormeo was born . great quality , new product features which were not found in traditional retail , new way of distribution model and perfect service with competitive prices were perfect ingredients for instant success and dormeo quickly became the leading sleep brand in most of our markets .
in 2009 we started our telemarketing sales channel . with vast customer database which has been growing ever since we started our direct marketing business and the right approach , we used this new sales channel to its full potential and instantly reached outstanding results . today telemarketing is one of our strongest sales channels .
based on the dormeo success story many new brands have followed . they are the backbone of our successful growth and expansion on international markets .
leading omnichannel , multi - brand and direct - to - consumer electronic retailer in central and eastern europe , with vertically - integrated network reaching more than 360 million consumers across 21 countries .
we operate across multiple channels to bring our brands and products to our loyal and active customer database on 21 markets in central and eastern europe .
our well - known , trusted and enjoyable international brands are present all around the world .
we have the multichannel philosophy incorporated not only in our marketing and sales activities , but also in customer care & service , product development , sourcing & selection , delivery , logistics & fullfilment and more . we carefully listen to what our customers have to say at all stages of the customer journey on any of our sales channels , and use their feedback to constantly improve our business .
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become a part of the creative force behind our brands . engage closely with consumers to develop a deep understanding of their needs and preferences , then take actions that build business and brand equity .
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leading omnichannel , multi - brand and direct - to - consumer electronic retailer in central and eastern europe , with vertically - integrated network reaching more than 317 million consumers across 21 countries .
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, today announced that general atlantic llc (
ga
) , one of the leading global growth equity firms , has acquired a minority stake in the company . existing investors insight venture partners (
insight
) , templeton strategic emerging markets fund iii (
templeton
) and jh partners (
jhp
) also participated in the transaction and made further investments into the company .
; and gilt groupe in the us . prior investments include notable companies such as etrade , priceline , lenovo and nyse euronext .
general atlantic is a leading global growth equity firm providing capital and strategic support for growth companies . ga combines a collaborative global approach , sector specific expertise , long - term investment horizon and a deep understanding of growth drivers to partner with great management and build exceptional businesses worldwide . established in 1980 , ga manages approximately
founded in 1995 , insight venture partners is a leading growth - oriented , entrepreneur - focused private equity and venture capital firm focused on expansion and late stage investments in the global software , internet and data services industries . with over
raised since inception for minority and majority investments , a team of experienced software and internet investors , a large network of technology experts and a dedicated group of operating executives , insight provides strong support to its portfolio to help management build extraordinary businesses . headquartered in
and available only to institutions and sophisticated investors makes strategic investments throughout emerging markets . tsemf iii is managed by templeton asset management ltd (
taml
) , which has 15 offices located throughout emerging markets . taml ' s emerging markets investment team is headed by dr .
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the polish broadcaster tvn has sold its shopping channel mango media , the operator of the teleshoppin . . .
dormeo ® brand is infusing entire home with comfort , care , harmony and intimacy . feel it everywhere : while dreaming , waking up , relaxing , refreshing or even breathing . dormeo ® brand mission is to find harmony between nature , people and comfort by developing innovative and quality products for sleeping and living .
delimano ® brand brings innovative range of great quality kitchenware that is designed to provide healthy , tasty and enjoyable cooking experience . delimano ® brand encourages passion for cooking and having fun in the kitchen - no matter of your cooking skills .
walkmaxx ® brand supplies innovative and comfortable , yet affordable products in footwear and outwear categories . our mission is to bring our customers functionality , extra comfort and great style with every pair of walkmaxx ® shoes .
liveactive ® brand is a training companion to fit activity and exercise into any lifestyle . it inspires to live healthier and active by bringing convenient fitness and sport solutions to your home . liveactive ® brand provides full training solutions for all levels of physical condition .
wellneo ® brand helps you to take better control of your own health , wellbeing , beauty and diet . it brings simple solutions ( for diagnostics & treatment ) to enable safe and efficient in - home usage .
rovus ® brand is committed to creating a safer , more sanitary , and more comfortable living environment for the whole family – by offering easy to use , eco friendly , quality products that suit any needs and budget .
kosmodisk ® brand offers safe , effective and simple solutions for back pain sufferers . more than 23 years of presence on the market and more than 3 million satisfied users , no side effects , numerous clinical studies and doctors recommendations worldwide make this brand a keeper .
pink panda ® is an ally to women who can’t imagine their lives without makeup , and a best friend to those who are just getting to know makeup and can’t navigate the world of powders , liners , lipsticks and mascaras . we believe that you deserve the best so we guarantee a wide selection of cruelty - free cosmetics with 100 % guarantee . our cosmetics are colourful and include a variety of brands , and every order is rewarded with a useful gift .
mango ® is a leading teleshopping brand in poland and one of the best known retail brands with aided brand awareness higher than 70 % .
top shop ® brand offers innovative and creative products from different categories : home improvement and cleaning , sports and recreation , health and beauty and more . convenient shopping every day !
2009 - launch of the first 24 / 7 top shop ® tv channel in russia ( homeshopping ) .
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