kuemmerling is the brandname of a type of kräuterlikör ( herb liqueur ) from germany , belonging to the group of halbbitter ( semi bitters ) .

this 35 % by volume alcohol is a type of bitters .

it has been in production since 1963 in bodenheim , near mainz , using a recipe from 1938 .

about one million 20 ml bottles are filled every day at the production facility .

kuemmerling was germany 's fourth-largest spirits brand and the second-largest brand in the bitters category in 2000 .

the family-owned company sold nearly 680,000 cases per year in 2000 and was bought out by allied domecq plc in 2001 ; the company was acquired by fortune brands in the pernod ricard - fortune brands joint acquisition of allied domecq in 2005 .

fortune brands , then sold it to the german company henkell & co. in 2010 .

kuemmerling

the kuemmerling community has been growing for decades and can be pretty mad at times .
distilled from natural ingredients only , this kuemmerling liqueur from germany includes liquorice , cinnamon bark , cloves , angelica root and spearmint all of which help to characterise kuemmerling ' s premium quality . kuemmerling is a member of a product set known as
half bitters
, this means that its sugar content is above 100 grammes per litre , making this a milder and sweeter variety of a herbal liqueurs .
kuemmerling setzt sich für den verantwortungsvollen umgang mit alkohol ein . da du auf unserer website informationen zu alkoholischen getränken erhältst , bitten wir dich zunächst zu bestätigen , dass du mindestens 18 jahre alt bist .
a 2cl bottle of kuemmerling . a traditional bitter german herb liqueur , with cloves , calamus , mint , liquorice , wormwood and cinnamon bark . great as a digestif or as a chilled shot .
and that can happen anywhere . from flensburg to berchtesgaden , at the kiosk around the corner or in a pop - up bar in berlin . perhaps it is the secret recipie and the miniature bottle that make kuemmerling so popular .
the british spirits and wine group allied domecq plc announced on september 4 that it has acquired kümmerling gmbh for euro20 . 35m in cash on a debt free basis .
the british spirits and wine group allied domecq plc announced on september 4 that it has acquired kümmerling gmbh for dm398m ( euro20 . 35m ) in cash on a debt free basis . kümmerling is a family owned business based in bodenheim , and is germany ' s fourth - largest spirits brand and the second - largest brand in the bitters category . kümmerling sold some 680 , 000 cases in the year to december 31 , 2000 . allied domecq  expects to achieve immediate operational synergies as the business is merged with its existing german operations . philip bowman , allied domecq ' s chief executive , said :
the acquisition of kümmerling represents a significant addition to our existing operations in germany , europe ' s largest spirits market , where allied domecq will now rank as the fourth largest spirits company .
 the bitters category accounts for approximately 10 . 5 per cent of the german spirits market in volume and approximately 14 . 5 per cent in value . the category has continued to grow , despite a recent decline in the total spirits market . bitters are traditionally made from aromatised alcohol with sugar and herbal extracts .
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nice to see you here . what would you like to know ? how best to celebrate with your friends perhaps ? there ' s only one answer to that . . . find out ! whatever you like . some like it one way . others like it another way . and when it suits everyone – the best way is all together .
“hey kid , you new here ? ” this phrase or a similar one is likely to be said when meeting the pleasant semi - bitter herb liqueur in its signature square bottle .
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a traditional bitter german herb liqueur , with cloves , calamus , mint , liquorice , wormwood and cinnamon bark . great as a digestif or as a chilled shot .
it has the exact balance between bitterness and sweetness added up with a unique mixture of spices . i loved it .
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wuliangye ( chinese : 五粮液 ; pinyin : wǔ liáng yè ; literally : " five grains liquid " ) is a chinese baijiu that made from proso millet , maize , glutinous rice , long-grain rice , and wheat .

the formula was at least created in the ming dynasty .

however the name wuliangye was created in 1905 .

since 1959 the formula was nationalized and standardized .

currently wuliangye yibin is the propriety maker of the drink .

the highest grade of wuliangye retails for cn ¥ 26,800 ( us$ 3,375 ) .

wuliangye

chinese drinks company wuliangye sign landmark sponsorship deal with philharmonia orchestra - gov . uk
wuliangye’s launch event was held on friday 3 july 2015 at the star in sydney .
[ … ] loved in china , the chinese drink wuliangye neat , often to close business deals or with food . however , the taste of wuliangye ( wooly – [ … ]
wuliangye is distributed by the ettason group and comes in a 500ml bottle priced around $ 200 .
the star’s executive chef uday huja created an elaborate a three course dinner designed to complement the flavours of wuliangye .
beijing blush was made with wuliangye , pineapple juice , lychee juice , 2 dashes of angostura bitters , shaken and served up in a martini glass garnished with 2 lychees on a skewer . see recipe for wuliangye beijing blush here .
the shanghai xuhui district people’s court previously found defendant , xu wenqiang , had violated yibin wuliangye group co . ltd . ’s “wuliangye” liquor trademark and ordered him to pay the brand owner rmb70 , 000 ( us $ 10 , 150 ) for economic losses and expenses .
dessert was a mango pudding with earl grey ice cream & cinnamon & carmelita beignets , picking up on the pineapple flavour profile of wuliangye .
[ … ] fruit notes and complex , fiery flavours . this is the most popular in china . popular brands include wuliangye and [ … ]
officials in yibin , a city of 4 . 5 million , announced last week that they would name their new airport after the blindingly strong wuliangye .
the shares have since rebounded . growth continued undaunted in the first quarter of 2012 , with wuliangye recording net profit growth of 46 percent and kweichow moutai growing 57 . 6 percent , global times reported .
three cocktails featuring wuliangye were served on arrival . created by bartender alex dickson of the newly - open raven’s eye bar in newtown , each cocktail highlighted different notes of the spirit without masking its flavour .
the five grain goddess featured wuliangye with white crème de cacao , fresh lemon juice , 2 dashes of chocolate bitters , egg white , shaken and served over ice garnished with chopped chocolate and lime wedge .
according to the lawsuit , xu , who first registered to sell on taobao in 2009 , was nabbed after the trademark owner recently bought a bottle that claimed to be 52 percent wuliangye crystal liquor for rmb508 ( $ 73 . 65 ) from the vendor online . upon inspection , yibin wuliangye group determined from the quality of the logo , packaging , bottles and anti - counterfeiting labels that the product was fake .
at a news conference in yibin last week , officials refused to say if , or how much , wuliangye group had paid for the naming privilege . the company couldn’t be reached for comment , the daily reported .
this historic deal will also see wuliangye donate a percentage of the profits from a new premium baijiu brand , developed and produced from the company’s headquarters in yibin , sichuan province , through a newly created charitable foundation .
2015 is a flagship year for the uk and china with the first bilaterally agreed uk - china year of cultural exchange and the collaboration between wuliangye and the philharmonia orchestra is testament to the early success of this initiative .
mr . wen’s comments caused an immediate 6 . 4 percent drop in the value of moutai shares on the shanghai stock exchange , and a 6 . 5 percent fall in wuliangye on the shenzhen exchange , bloomberg news reported .
the panda’s paw had wuliangye , disaronno , fresh lemon juice , maple syrup , a whole mint sprig , 2 dashes of absinthe , shaken up with the mint , fine strained and served over ice and garnished with a mint sprig .
for the entrées , the slow braised chinese pork belly with abalone and pickled radish was based on the pineapple notes of wuliangye , a pairing that worked very well in cutting through the fatty pork belly as well as the fruity notes of the spirit . the five spice duck breasts , daikon fondant , scallop wonton & star anise glaze was based on the warming aspects of wuliangye and winter with the use of five spice and star anise highlighting the liquorice notes of the spirit .
wuliangye is named as the orchestra’s principal international partner , and an extensive programme of cultural ambassadorship and artistic collaborations will take place as part of the partnership , both across the uk , in china and within the philharmonia’s wider international touring programme .
chinese spirits are eye - watering stuff . wuliangye 68 % is a 136 - proof five - grain liquor , though most of the company’s products are around 108 proof . that’s still more than four times the strength of an average red wine .
the world renowned philharmonia orchestra has today announced a major new sponsorship with the premium chinese baijiu producer wuliangye . the £500 , 000 deal will run over five years and brings together one of china’s premiere brands with one of the uk’s cultural leaders .
beijing — feel comfortable flying into johnnie walker airport ? how about wild turkey international ? that’s more or less what awaits travelers to two new airports in china , which local governments want to name after the country’s most celebrated liquors , maotai and wuliangye .
no matter how rich the companies behind the names , if yibin officials insist on naming their airport wuliangye , they must apply for permission to change the rules governing the naming of airports in china , warned mr . zhang , the aviation law expert .
wuliangye ( wu = five , liang = grain , ye = liquor ) is a luxury white spirit from china made from a blend of five organic ingredients , broomcorn , glutinous rice , rice , wheat and corn delivering a unique aroma and taste . the spirit was originally created during the ming dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 ) using yibin’s local spring , the purest water sourced from the sichuan province . wuliangye is distilled in a subtropical climate with year round average temperatures of 18 o c and 85 % humidity .
just like moutai , china’s other luxury white spirit , wuliangye is enjoyed by the elite who sip it neat or enjoy it with food . while it may be challenging to the unaccustomed western palate , it is well worth trying in cocktails and with food .
over the course of the last twelve months , the philharmonia and wuliangye have been working together to develop a mutually beneficial partnership that can act as a genuine catalyst for the projects that both organisations are most interested in . the result is a unique and innovative funding model , which as well as an element of cash donation will also see wuliangye donating a percentage of the profits from a new premium baijiu brand , developed and produced from the company’s headquarters in yibin , sichuan province , through a newly created charitable foundation .
wuliangye , a chinese alcoholic beverage company , will be the orchestra’s principal international partner , and an extensive programme of cultural ambassadorship and artistic collaborations will take place as part of the partnership , both across the uk , in china and within the philharmonia’s wider international touring programme .
“from an economic development point of view , it’s understandable if yibin and renhuai in sichuan need new airports . but calling the new airports ‘wuliangye’ and ‘maotai’ is hard for the public to accept , as it clashes with people’s habits , culture and values , ” said the editorial .
wuliangye , literally “five grains liquid” in chinese , is a premium spirits brand made from millet , corn , wheat and two kinds of rice . a 500 - milliliter bottle in the company’s taobao storefront starts at rmb299 ( us $ 43 . 36 ) and can run up to rmb1 , 798 ( us $ 260 ) .
the philharmonia orchestra has announced a major new sponsorship with the premium chinese baijiu producer wuliangye . the partnership , which will initially run for a period of 5 years , will be worth more than £500 , 000 and is the first of its kind , bringing together one of china’s premiere brands with one of the uk’s cultural leaders .
wuliangye , china’s number one selling spirit launched in sydney at a spectacular event held at the star . vips and media were treated to a gala black tie evening with cocktails and canapés on arrival , a three course dinner interspersed with violinists , presentations and entertainment including drummers and lion dancers , an opera singer , tango dancers and rappers on stage .
2015 marks the first uk - china year of cultural exchange and cultural cooperation between the uk and china has never been stronger . it is inspiring to see this new and enlightened partnership between the philharmonia orchestra and wuliangye , which not only offers so much to both organisations , but also offers a model for future relationships with other partners in both countries .
“2015 marks the first uk - china year of cultural exchange and cultural cooperation between the uk and china has never been stronger . it is inspiring to see this new and enlightened partnership between the philharmonia orchestra and wuliangye , which not only offers so much to both organisations , but also offers a model for future relationships with other partners in both countries . ”
in 2011 , kweichow moutai reported a net profit of 8 . 76 billion renminbi , or $ 1 . 38 billion , up 73 percent over the previous year . wuliangye group saw its profit climb 40 percent to 6 . 16 billion renminbi , the state - run global times reported , though it predicted demand would start slowing along with the economy this year .
for the main course , the steamed grouper with carrot ginger puree , surf clams , aged ham glaze & dried scallops was seared then flambéed with wuliangye while the grass fed beef fillet , wok tossed wild mushrooms , soy truffle sauce & lotus root was chosen to highlight the luxury elements of a premium beef fillet and truffles , the latter pairing remarkably well with the spirit .
this is a truly historic collaboration and it is an enormous privilege to be working with a company that combines real cultural leadership with a genuinely innovative approach to both funding and partnership itself . we are enormously excited by the potential that this relationship offers for both the philharmonia and wuliangye and hope that it can create a blueprint for cultural cooperation that can inspire other chinese companies to work in similar ways .
“this is a truly historic collaboration and it is an enormous privilege to be working with a company that combines real cultural leadership with a genuinely innovative approach to both funding and partnership itself . we are enormously excited by the potential that this relationship offers for both the philharmonia and wuliangye and hope that it can create a blueprint for cultural cooperation that can inspire other chinese companies to work in similar ways . ”
wuliangye is one of the wpp , brandz top 50 most valuable chinese brands 2013 . each brand has its own individual story and to tell them we have put together 50 short films - one on each of the brands in the rankings . to download the full report packed with the results , insights , pictures and thought leadership articles go to urltoken or the mobile application at urltoken and the ipad application at urltoken .
the signing took place at no . 10 as part of a chinese new year reception hosted by the prime minister . the deal was signed in the presence of the minister for culture ed vaizey with the chairman of wuliangye , and three senior executives . sajid javid , secretary of state for culture , also joined the signing for photographs ahead of his visit to china next week with hrh prince william , duke of cambridge .
wuliangye yibin co . , ltd . engages in the production and distribution of liquor and its related products . it produces wines under the following brand names : rooster liquor , long howl , golden elegant wuliangchun , and panama gold liquor . it also manufactures precision plastic products and car molds ; and operates in the electronics , logistics and transportation , and other related service businesses . the company was founded on august 19 , 1997 and is headquartered in yibin , china .
wuliangye ( 52 % abv ) is crystal clear in colour and markedly viscous in the glass , with small beads forming above the rim . on the nose , it is highly pungent with a marked nose burn indicative of its high abv . once accustomed to the nose prickle , fruity and estery aromas emerge . on the palate , there is marked fruitiness mainly pineapple notes , liquorice , with savoury elements , soy sauce and a distinct dryness . the finish is very dry , long and lingering with alcohol burn .
education work and mutually beneficial cultural exchange is also a key priority for both the philharmonia and wuliangye . in 2014 , the philharmonia developed a relationship with the china conservatory of music in beijing - the pre - eminent conservatoire for traditional chinese instruments - performing a joint concert with the bamboo flute orchestra , led by the inspirational professor zhang . it has been fascinating for the orchestra’s musicians to learn from chinese colleagues , and it is intended that the international partnership will facilitate a number of future projects designed to deepen this cultural exchange .
in common with many of the uk’s leading cultural ambassadors , the philharmonia orchestra has been developing its presence in china extensively over the last decade : touring not only its major concert - hall project , but also key projects from its pioneering and award - winning digital programme . three successful concert tours have included performances of mahler with the late maestro lorin maazel ; and in 2012 the orchestra’s award - winning digital installation re - rite : be the orchestra , presented with support from the british council , was visited by more than 85 , 000 people in tianjin in less than two weeks . the philharmonia’s app for ipad , the orchestra , has recently been translated into mandarin and as part of the wuliangye partnership the orchestra plans to develop this technology further to meet the huge demand in china for western classical music .
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it’s probably safe to say that , around the world , passengers , pilots and the aviation authorities would prefer flying to be associated with sobriety rather than drunkenness .
so news that officials in the southwestern province of sichuan want to name two airports for the liquor brands , which are headquartered in their cities , is provoking serious debate in china — and hilarity .
near the city of renhuai , a foundation stone has already been laid for maotai airport , the dongfang daily has reported .
the sorghum - based spirits produced by kweichow moutai , known as maotai , are similarly strong .
“is it appropriate to name airports after famous liquors ? ” asked a stern editorial in beijing news last friday .
worse , “using famous liquors to name airports not only carries the suspicion of ‘bad habits’ on a cultural level , ” it is also worrying if a major public facility like an airport is used to advertise a company , the editorial said .
china’s indefatigable netizens quickly got to work lampooning the idea . with dozens of new airports planned around the country , why not just name them all after the hometown beverages ? qingdao , the port city that produces tsingtao beer , could have a “tsingtao beer airport . ” beijing could build a “red star erguotou airport” after its local distillery , netizens riffed , naming half a dozen more examples .
indeed , beijing is planning to start construction this year on what would be the world’s biggest airport , with nine runways and an annual passenger capacity of 130 million . construction is estimated to finish in 2017 — no word on its name yet , however .
“reveling in the scent of alcohol rushing into our noses , we won’t worry about flight delays any longer , ” the newspaper reported one netizen as saying , sarcastically .
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beijing news was not amused . “of course well - known companies want things to be named after them , but local governments should be ensuring market fairness and dealing with all companies in the same way , not using public facilities to favor one company , ” it wrote .
zhang qihuai , a professor and aviation law expert at china university of political science and law in beijing , said the move violated both civil aviation regulations and customs . airports should be named for their location , whether a city , county or other place , he told the daily .
making the proposed names even more controversial , in recent years the two spirits — both considered luxury brands in china — have become identified with corruption among government officials and businesspeople , serving as a favorite gift as well as an aid to sealing deals at highly alcoholic banquets .
“the practice of giving government officials gifts — by other government officials and , more commonly , by private businesspeople — is so widespread that luxury goods producers have come to count on it as an increasingly important revenue source , ” xinhua , the state news agency , reported in march .
partly as a result of the gift - giving , profits at the two liquor companies are soaring .
in march , prime minister wen jiabao called on officials to stop spending public money on “high - end” liquors , among other luxury products .
these , he told the daily , are based on a simple but important idea — navigation .
a version of this article appears in print on may 31 , 2012 , in the international herald tribune .
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the very dry wine category would include many chardonnay , cabernet varietals , chianti , shiraz and zinfandel . dry french wine or champagne will be indicated with brut .
some of the wines in the off - dry category would include many sauvignon blanc , california burgundies and many sparkling white and rosés . look for the word sec in the french section , trocken in the german section and seco on the italian wines .
the medium category will start to reveal summery whites such as german riesling and gewôrztraminer . german wines may be noted with halbtroken , spanish wines dulce and french wines doux .
in the sweet category you ' ll find hungarian tokaji , some late harvest wines and other fortified wines . this level of sweetness is most closely associated with ports and aperitifs .
the very sweet wines include late harvest , icewine , the noble rot and many sauternes . italian wines in this category of sweetness may be indentified as dolce , german wines as lieblich , and french as moelleux .
the sweetness code is based on the amount of residual sugar left in the wine after the fermeting process is complete . the residual sugar level can range from 0 to more than 100 grams per litre ! the chart below is the standard to which sweetness codes are assigned in bc liquor stores .
prices shown exclude applicable taxes and are subject to change . in the event of a price difference shown online , the product description and price in government liquor stores shall prevail . please call store to confirm available quantity in stock . this list is updated once daily and shows the available quantity as of close of business the day before . a refundable container deposit and taxes , if applicable , will be added at checkout . only products available at bc liquor stores are displayed .
sources : factset , bloomberg , s & p ; cap iq ; forbes .
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the deal is signed ahead of the culture secretary sajid javid’s visit to china next week to speak at the great festival of creativity in shanghai and promote the uk’s world - class creative industries to one of the fastest growing markets on earth .
culture is one of the uk’s great international exports and every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world experience extraordinary arts events that have been created by british theatre , dance , opera companies and orchestras .
this historic collaboration will integrate one of china’s premier beverage brands with classical western music and we hope the sponsorship will inspire people to enjoy the harmonious balance of drinking fabulous alcohol while listening to world - class classical music . we look forward to strengthening the understanding and recognition between eastern and western culture for both the chinese and british , and the great revitalization of the arts that this will bring .
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alibaba group said wednesday it has sued a seller of fake spirits , seeking rmb123 , 000 ( us $ 17 , 835 ) in damages .
alibaba’s civil suit comes on top of that , with the group saying xu violated trading rules on its taobao e - commerce platform by infringing on the intellectual property rights of a trademark owner . the complaint also seeks damages for economic losses , legal and other costs and loss of goodwill .
alibaba executive chairman jack ma recently called for tougher counterfeiting laws , stronger enforcement and stiffer penalties .
the alibaba lawsuit is the latest in its drive to protect brands and cause pain for counterfeiters by seeking heavy damages through the court system . the group previously sued makers of fake swarovski watches and a mars brand of cat food .
in its latest legal filing in the shanghai songjiang district people ‘s court , alibaba showed the same fervor for protecting domestic brands and trademarks . the lawsuit also dovetails with a rise in purchases of wine and spirits on alibaba platforms , as china’s burgeoning middle class seeks premium spirits , both imported and domestic .
last year , alibaba held its first - ever 9 . 9 global wine & spirits festival , an online shopping promotion that proved wildly popular among consumers .
and earlier this month , alibaba’s ma signed a memorandum of understanding with argentina to bring the countries foods and wines to china via alibaba e - commerce platforms .
china’s number one selling spirit is a luxury product and comes in a 500 ml bottle with anti - counterfeiting technology on its packaging , much like what is done with paper currency .
this article is posted on urltoken - all rights reserved - copyright © 2018 .
corinne mossati is the founder / editor of popular online magazine gourmantic and cocktails & bars , a website dedicated to cocktail culture and the discerning drinker . she is named in australian bartender magazine’s top 100 most influential list since 2013 , is a member of the academy responsible for judging the world’s 50 best bars . she has also judged the inaugural australasian whisky awards and various national cocktail competitions .
[ … ] commenced their cultural world tour in sydney , thus returning to the scene of their spectacular launch in australia in 2015 . the cultural world tour aims to initiate and educate those to the largest [ … ]
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first ever major partnership of its kind between a chinese company and a uk arts organisation , worth more than £500 , 000 , is signed at 10 downing street as part of the celebrations marking chinese new year and the uk - china 2015 year of culture .
at an artistic level , it is intended that the partnership will stimulate further cooperation between china and the uk , and in particular it is intended that it will be the catalyst for a number of significant projects for the philharmonia orchestra during the uk - china 2015 year of culture . these projects include a major tour to china in june 2015 , with concerts in shanghai and beijing , and including po musicians working with students from the china conservatory of music . later in 2015 , a highlight of the philharmonia’s 70th anniversary season will be a three - concert residency from lang lang performing with esa - pekka salonen , the orchestra’s principal conductor and artistic advisor .
“this historic collaboration will integrate one of china’s premier beverage brands with classical western music and we hope the sponsorship will inspire people to enjoy the harmonious balance of drinking fabulous alcohol while listening to world - class classical music . we look forward to strengthening the understanding and recognition between eastern and western culture for both the chinese and british , and the great revitalization of the arts that this will bring . ”
“culture is one of the uk’s great international exports and every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world experience extraordinary arts events that have been created by british theatre , dance , opera companies and orchestras .
happy birthday to the one and only esa - pekka salonen , our principal conductor and artistic advisor ! since taking over a performance of mahler 3 with three days ' notice in 1983 , esa - pekka has been at the heart of our most ambitious projects - and this year we celebrated ten years with him at the helm of the philharmonia .
in the summer of 2017 , the philharmonia orchestra embarked on a new creative partnership to span five years with garsington opera .
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these technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time .

well-known examples of such dna sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing ( introduced in 2005 ) , the solexa system ( introduced in 2006 ) and the solid system ( introduced in 2007 ) .

these methods have reduced the cost from $ 0.01 / base in 2004 to nearly $ 0.0001 / base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006 .

2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis .

however , instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases , 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the macevicz method , thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained ( 25-50bp published , 50bp in ncbi in feb 2008 ) .

the 2 base encoding enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work .

2 base encoding

if encoding override is given , set encoding to the result of getting an output encoding from encoding override .
decodes a string of data which has been encoded using base - 64 encoding .
. base 64 encoding with url and filename safe alphabet . . . . .
table 5 : the base 16 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 4 4 8 8 12 c 1 1 5 5 9 9 13 d 2 2 6 6 10 a 14 e 3 3 7 7 11 b 15 f unlike base 32 and base 64 , no special padding is necessary since a full code word is always available .
term 1 : definition 1 term 2 with * inline markup * : definition 2 { some code , part of definition 2 } third paragraph of definition 2 .
this can happen when encoding code points using a non - utf - 8 encoding .
set value to the result of serializing the result of encoding value , using encoding .
h ~ 2 ~ o is a liquid . 2 ^ 10 ^ is 1024 .
let name be the result of serializing the result of encoding tuple ’s name , using encoding .
so , 2 + 2 = 10 in base 4 . it would be 11 in base 3 , or 4 in base 5 and above ( since they have the room for 4 without ticking over ) . hope that helps !
is 10 . the allowed values are 0 and 2–36 . base - 2 , - 8 , and - 16 literals can be optionally prefixed with
set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , and url ’s query to base ’s query .
by oligonucleotide ligation and detection
. due to its 2 base encoding system , it ensures greater accuracy e . g ; 99 . 94 % .
do not perform base uri fixup . the xinclude processor will not add xml : base attributes .
this means that base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is unset .
base 16 really isn’t that different from base 10 , we just take longer to fill up .
must be non - negative . ( this restriction was added in python 2 . 2 . in python 2 . 1 and before , floating 3 - argument
] is often used as a reference for base 64 encoding . however , mime does not define
base 64
per se , but rather a
base 64 content - transfer - encoding
for use within mime . as such , mime enforces a limit on line length of base 64 encoded data to 76 characters . mime inherits the encoding from pem [
format is : line number ; ( 2 ^ n ) / ( base ^ exponent ) represented as a percentage ; ( base ^ exponent = result ) - ( 2 ^ exponent ) = distance .
15 . 2 . io — core tools for working with streams — python 2 . 7 . 15 documentation
set url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , and url ’s query to base ’s query .
] is often used as a reference for base 64 encoding . however , mime does not define
base 64
per se , but rather a
base 64 content - transfer - encoding
for use within mime . as such , mime enforces a limit on line length of base 64 - encoded data to 76 characters . mime inherits the encoding from privacy enhanced mail ( pem ) [
we’ve seen plenty of base systems , from over - simple unary , to the unwiedly roman numerals , the steady - going base 10 and the compact base 16 .
i ' ve heard people talking about
base 64 encoding
here and there . what is it used for ?
. base 64 encoding with url and filename safe alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . .
let url be the result of running the basic url parser on input with base , and encoding override as provided .
in an odd - number base system ( like base 3 ) it becomes more tricky to tell when a number is even . for example , in base 3 we have
in valve’s game , portal , glados says that 2 + 2 = 10… in base four . how is that ? that would be 4 figures per digit , so… 1 is 1 , 2 is 2 , 3 is 3 , 4 is 4 , 5 is 10 , 6 is 11 , 7 is 12 , 8 is 13 , 9 is 14 , 10 is 20 . so how do you figure that 2 + 2 is ten ? how does base four work ?
set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , url ’s query to base ’s query , url ’s fragment to the empty string , and state to fragment state .
setting encoding in web authoring applications – how to get your editor to save in a different encoding for a list of editing environments .
set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , and then remove url ’s path ’s last item , if any .
set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , url ’s query to the empty string , and state to query state .
a true value for this feature allows the encoding of the file to be specified as a java encoding name as well as the standard iso encoding name . be aware that other parsers may not be able to use java encoding names . if this feature is set to false , an error will be generated if java encoding names are used .
to use the example of base92 , 92 2 = 8464 , with the closest base - 10 exponent of 2 being 2 13 = 8192 . 8464 - 8192 = 272 indices available on the base92 side that ( if i understand correctly ) are not possible to take advantage of . ( 2 19 = 524288 < 91 3 = 753571 < 2 20 = 1048576 , but 2 20 - 91 3 = 295005 . 272 is the clear winner . )
the soap mustunderstand attribute ( see section 4 . 2 . 3 ) and soap actor attribute ( see section 4 . 2 . 2 ) may be used to indicate how to process the entry and by whom ( see section 4 . 2 . 1 ) .
, as with integer literals in code . base 0 means to interpret the string exactly as an integer literal , so that the actual base is 2 , 8 , 10 , or 16 .
to translate between binary and a base encoding , the input is stored in a structure and the output is extracted . the case for base 64 is displayed in the following figure , borrowed from [
otherwise , set url ’s username to base ’s username , url ’s password to base ’s password , url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s port to base ’s port , state to path state , and then , decrease pointer by one .
to translate between binary and a base encoding , the input is stored in a structure , and the output is extracted . the case for base 64 is displayed in the following figure , borrowed from [
if base is null , or base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set and c is not u + 0023 ( # ) , validation error , return failure .
here we discuss the discrepancies between base encoding implementations in the past and , where appropriate , mandate a specific recommended behavior for the future .
here we discuss the discrepancies between base encoding implementations in the past , and where appropriate , mandate a specific recommended behavior for the future .
writing 5 as 10 is not base - 4 . that’s base - 5 . base 4 has 4 possible digits : from 0 to 3 . the base is however many numbers are numbered to reach 10 . if 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , etc . is counting by fours , that’s how base - 4 works .
create had a race that required an etag be sent when a resource is first created . ( section 10 . 2 . 2 ) .
christina a . bormann chung , 1 , * victoria l . boyd , 1 kevin j . mckernan , 2 yutao fu , 2 cinna monighetti , 1 heather e . peckham , 2 and melissa barker 1
] . this encoding may be referred to as
base32hex
. this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base32
encoding and should not be referred to as only
base32
. this encoding is used by , e . g . , nextsecure3 ( nsec3 ) [
note that just declaring a different encoding in your page won ' t change the bytes ; you need to save the text in that encoding too .
base64 is a generic term for a number of similar encoding schemes that encode binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation . the base64 term originates from a specific mime content transfer encoding .
( perhaps to illustrate some other problem ) and accidentally reveals the password because she is unaware that the base encoding does not protect the password .
for our choice of base 10 , it’s probably because we have 10 fingers . though some ancient civilizations used base 60 , base 10 is pretty natural to us as we count off items on our hands .
is the infinite set { . . . , - 2 , - 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . } . the
. this encoding may be referred to as
base64url
. this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base64
encoding and should not be referred to as only
base64
. unless clarified otherwise ,
base64
refers to the base 64 in the previous section . this encoding is technically identical to the previous one , except for the 62 : nd and 63 : rd alphabet character , as indicated in table 2 .
figure 4 . schematic of abi solid v2 . 0 sequencing chemistry . solid 2 . 0 chemistry utilizes 1 / 2 encoding ( meaning bases 1 / 2 of the probe are the specific bases linked to the colorspace calls ) . the original version of the chemistry used 4 , 5 encoded probes .
. base 32 encoding with extended hex alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
note that on windows , there is an encoding known as “mbcs” , which uses an encoding specific to your current locale . in many cases , and particularly when working with com , this may be an appropriate default encoding to use .
base64 encodes three 8 - bit characters onto onto four ( base - 64 ) 6 - bit
characters
. base64 is efficient because it uses a base ( 64 ) and exponent ( 4 ) that happens to perfectly match a base - 10 exponent of 2 ( 24 ) : 3x8 = 4x6 = 24 and 2 24 = 64 4 = 16777216 .
if base ’s path [ 0 ] is a normalized windows drive letter , then append base ’s path [ 0 ] to url ’s path .
the following description is original but analogous to previous descriptions . essentially , base 16 encoding is the standard standard case insensitive hex encoding , and may be referred to as
base16
or
hex
. a 16 - character subset of us - ascii is used , enabling 4 bits to be represented per printable character . the encoding process represents 8 - bit groups ( octets ) of input bits as output strings of 2 encoded characters . proceeding from left to right , a 8 - bit input is taken from the input data . these 8 bits are then treated as 2 concatenated 4 - bit groups , each of which is translated into a single digit in the base 16 alphabet . each 4 - bit group is used as an index into an array of 16 printable characters . the character referenced by the index is placed in the output string . table 5 : the base 16 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 4 4 8 8 12 c 1 1 5 5 9 9 13 d 2 2 6 6 10 a 14 e 3 3 7 7 11 b 15 f unlike base 32 and base 64 , no special padding is necessary since a full code word is always available .
returns ) , but any encoding supported by python can be used . see the
in html , when the document encoding is a legacy encoding , code points in the url - query string that are higher than u + 007f delete will be converted to percent - encoded bytes using the document’s encoding . this can cause problems if a url that works in one document is copied to another document that uses a different document encoding . using the utf - 8 encoding everywhere solves this problem .
similarly , in base 4 we go 0 1 2 3 and then “tick over” to reach four : 10 . the digits “10” are always the base in whatever system you are using . so 10 means 2 in binary , it means 4 in base 4 , it means ten in decimal , it means 16 in hexadecimal . it means you’ve ticked over once in your counting .
otherwise , if base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set and c is u + 0023 ( # ) , set url ’s scheme to base ’s scheme , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , url ’s query to base ’s query , url ’s fragment to the empty string , set url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag , and set state to fragment state .
set url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , url ’s query to base ’s query , url ’s fragment to the empty string , and state to fragment state .
what happens to evens and odds in an odd - number base system ? in base 10 , which is an even - number base , an even number of even numbers makes an even number . in an odd - number base , does an odd number of even numbers make an even number ?
is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file . this should only be used in text mode . the default encoding is platform dependent ( whatever
the atob ( ) function decodes a string of data which has been encoded using base - 64 encoding . conversely , the btoa ( ) function creates a base - 64 encoded ascii string from a
string
of binary data .
transfer - coding and message lengths all interact in ways that required fixing exactly when chunked encoding is used ( to allow for transfer encoding that may not be self delimiting ) ; it was important to straighten out exactly how message lengths are computed . ( sections 3 . 6 , 4 . 4 , 7 . 2 . 2 , 13 . 5 . 2 , 14 . 13 , 14 . 16 )
here’s an interesting pop quiz question for all you who just finished reading this page : which is a more powerful base for division , base 10 or base 16 ? hint : the lesson on prime numbers will shed some light .
interned strings are not immortal ( like they used to be in python 2 . 2 and before ) ; you must keep a reference to the return value of
all fundamental facets are fully described in fundamental facets ( §4 . 2 ) .
xml representation of simple type definition schema components ( §4 . 1 . 2 )
is the infinite set { 1 , 2 , . . . } . the
; this specifies the treatment of characters which are invalid in the input encoding . if
sincerely speaking , i seem nt 2 understand d idea in “tick over” . also , can u pls help me wit d names f d system and their representation , eg base 2 – binary – 0 , 1 . thnks in advance .
sincerely speaking , i seem nt 2 understand d idea in “tick over” . also , can u pls help me wit d names f d system and their representation , eg base 2 – binary – 0 , 1 . thanks in advance .
the conversion of the genome from a 4 - base alphabet to a 3 - base alphabet lengthens the number of bases required for unique alignment . this reduced complexity in base space increases the number of non - unique sequence matches to the
] . this encoding may be referred to as
base64
. the base 64 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that allows the use of both upper - and lowercase letters but that need not be human readable .
( in theory you could do base - 80 encoding or something similar , but it would be significantly harder . powers of two are natural bases for binary . )

method _ map ( [ a , b ] ,
meth
, ( 1 , 2 ) ) gives [ a . meth ( 1 , 2 ) , b . meth ( 1 , 2 ) ]

this change adds the expect header and 417 status code . the message transmission requirements fixes are in sections 8 . 2 , 10 . 4 . 18 , 8 . 1 . 2 . 2 , 13 . 11 , and 14 . 20 .
browse other questions tagged algorithm bit - manipulation base or ask your own question .
. base uri from the retrieval uri . . . . . . . .
this small php script computes every possible base ^ exponent ( for 0 < base < 513 and 2 < exponent < 257 , both picked arbitrarily ) alongside every possible exponent of 2 n ( for 0 < n < 256 ) . it then subtracts the results of the two calculations , and lists the results in ascending order .
because bases work in powers , not multiples . 9 is 3 ^ 2 . 6 is just 3 * 2 . each digit in a base - 3 number is the next power of 3 . so , 100 is 1 * 3 ^ 2 + 0 * 3 ^ 1 + 0 * 3 ^ 0 , which is 9 . 6 is 20 : 2 * 3 ^ 1 + 0 * 3 ^ 0 .
if port is greater than 2 16 − 1 , validation error , return failure .
world wide web consortium . xml schema language : part 2 primer . available at :
pandoc uses the utf - 8 character encoding for both input and output . if your local character encoding is not utf - 8 , you should pipe input and output through iconv :
to ignore errors . ( note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss . )
is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled . pass
percent - encoding ( % xx ) mechanism . characters not in the unreserved character set (
“protocol buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet extensible format . ”
the key point is that v and lllll are two ways of encoding the number 5 .
us - ascii encoding ( found by kurt huwig ) . this uses malformed ascii encoding with 7 bits instead of 8 . this xss may bypass many content filters but only works if the host transmits in us - ascii encoding , or if you set the encoding yourself . this is more useful against web application firewall cross site scripting evasion than it is server side filter evasion . apache tomcat is the only known server that transmits in us - ascii encoding .
the union of the set of facets ( §2 . 4 ) components resolved to by the facet [ children ] merged with { facets } from { base type definition } , subject to the facet restriction valid constraints specified in facets ( §2 . 4 ) .
xml allows very flexible encoding of data . soap defines a narrower set of rules for encoding . this section defines the encoding rules at a high level , and the next section describes the encoding rules for specific types when they require more detail . the encodings described in this section can be used in conjunction with the mapping of rpc calls and responses specified in section 7 .
. base uri embedded in content . . . . . . . . . .
) , relative references are only usable when a base uri is known . a base uri must be established by the parser prior to parsing uri references that might be relative . a base uri must conform to the < absolute - uri > syntax rule (
a non - null base url is necessary when parsing a relative - url string .
@ caleb : base 4 means we tick over the odometer when we reach 4 .
this is my understanding , the 16 possible 2 base - combinations for the oligos are present in the mix , not only those 4 on their diagrams . am i wrong ?
] ( with corrections ) . the base 32 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that needs to be case insensitive but need not be humanly readable .
in the unlikely case that you care about python versions older than 2 . 0 , use
in the content , which is illegal a processing instruction per section 2 . 6 of [
is the set of gregorian calendar dates as defined in § 5 . 2 . 1 of
is the set of gregorian calendar months as defined in § 5 . 2 . 1 of
is the set of gregorian calendar years as defined in § 5 . 2 . 1 of
is the infinite set { . . . , - 2 , - 1 } . the
is the infinite set { 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . } . the
an attribute specifying the encoding used for this document at the time of the parsing . this is
biallelic variants in ttll5 , encoding a tubulin glutamylase , cause retinal dystrophy . - pubmed - ncbi
other unicode characters map to one , three or four bytes in the utf - 8 encoding .
] prior to name lookup . uri producers should provide these registered names in the idna encoding , rather than a percent - encoding , if they wish to maximize interoperability with legacy uri resolvers .
otherwise , if url is special , base is non - null , and base ’s scheme is equal to url ’s scheme , set state to special relative or authority state .
base - 64 encoding is a way of taking binary data and turning it into text so that it ' s more easily transmitted in things like e - mail and html form data .
if no base uri is embedded , the base uri is defined by the representation ' s retrieval context . for a document that is enclosed within another entity , such as a message or archive , the retrieval context is that entity . thus , the default base uri of a representation is the base uri of the entity in which the representation is encapsulated .
] . one property with this alphabet , which the base64 and base32 alphabets lack , is that encoded data maintains its sort order when the encoded data is compared bit - wise . this encoding is identical to the previous one , except for the alphabet . the new alphabet is found in table 4 . table 4 : the
extended hex
base 32 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 9 9 18 i 27 r 1 1 10 a 19 j 28 s 2 2 11 b 20 k 29 t 3 3 12 c 21 l 30 u 4 4 13 d 22 m 31 v 5 5 14 e 23 n 6 6 15 f 24 o ( pad ) = 7 7 16 g 25 p 8 8 17 h 26 q
creates a base - 64 encoded ascii string from a
string
of binary data .
set url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , url ’s query to the empty string , and state to query state .
the team’s solution was to translate the binary computer information into ternary ( a system that uses three numerals : 0 , 1 and 2 ) and then encode that information into the dna . instead of a direct link between a given number and a particular base , the encoding scheme depends on which base has been used most recently ( see table ) . for instance , if the previous base was a , then a 2 would be represented by t . but if the previous base was g , then 2 would be represented by c . similar substitution rules cover every possible combination of letters and numbers , ensuring that a sequence of identical digits in the data is not represented by a sequence of identical bases in the dna , helping to avoid mistakes .
gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be decoded or encoded with . it defaults to
in the content , which is illegal in a cdata section per section 2 . 7 of [
. ( this last feature was added in python 2 . 2 . in python 2 . 1 and before , if both arguments were of integer types and the second argument was negative , an exception was raised . ) if the second argument is negative , the third argument must be omitted . if
gives a syntax error because python regards numbers starting with ‘0’ as octal ( base 8 ) .
mckernan kj , peckham he , costa gl , mclaughlin sf , fu y . sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short - read massively parallel ligation sequencing using two - base encoding .
yes , this feature was added in python 2 . 5 . the syntax would be as follows :
is the infinite set { . . . , - 2 , - 1 , 0 } . the
] . an alternative alphabet has been suggested that used
~
as the 63rd character . since the
~
character has special meaning in some file system environments , the encoding described in this section is recommended instead . this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base64
encoding , and should not be referred to as only
base64
. unless made clear ,
base64
refer to the base 64 in the previous section . this encoding is technically identical to the previous one , except for the 62 : nd and 63 : rd alphabet character , as indicated in table 2 . table 2 : the
url and filename safe
base 64 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 a 17 r 34 i 51 z 1 b 18 s 35 j 52 0 2 c 19 t 36 k 53 1 3 d 20 u 37 l 54 2 4 e 21 v 38 m 55 3 5 f 22 w 39 n 56 4 6 g 23 x 40 o 57 5 7 h 24 y 41 p 58 6 8 i 25 z 42 q 59 7 9 j 26 a 43 r 60 8 10 k 27 b 44 s 61 9 11 l 28 c 45 t 62 - ( minus ) 12 m 29 d 46 u 63 _ ( understrike ) 13 n 30 e 47 v 14 o 31 f 48 w ( pad ) = 15 p 32 g 49 x 16 q 33 h 50 y
) . if the base uri is obtained from a uri reference , then that reference must be converted to absolute form and stripped of any fragment component prior to its use as a base uri .
$ wguploadstashscalerbaseurl – to enable remote on - demand scaling , set this to the thumbnail base url .
the signature base string has been designed to support the signature methods defined in this specification . when designing additional signature methods , the signature base string should be evaluated to ensure compatibility with the algorithms used .
the signature base string cannot guarantee the order in which parameters are sent . if parameter ordering is important and affects the result of a request , the signature base string will not protect against request manipulation .
homer n , merriman b , nelson sf . local alignment of two - base encoded dna sequence .
] . + - - first octet - - + - second octet - - + - - third octet - - + | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | + - - 1 . index - - + - - 2 . index - - + - - 3 . index - - + - - 4 . index - - + the case for base 32 is shown in the following figure , borrowed from [
function base64encode ( str , encoding = ' utf - 8 ' ) { var bytes = new ( textencoder | | textencoderlite ) ( encoding ) . encode ( str ) ; return base64js . frombytearray ( bytes ) ; } function base64decode ( str , encoding = ' utf - 8 ' ) { var bytes = base64js . tobytearray ( str ) ; return new ( textdecoder | | textdecoderlite ) ( encoding ) . decode ( bytes ) ; }
the name of the encoding used to decode the stream’s bytes into strings , and to encode strings into bytes .
additional information relevant to the encoding of a method request but not part of the formal method signature may be expressed in the rpc encoding . if so , it must be expressed as a subelement of the soap header element .
the padding step in base 64 and base 32 encoding can , if improperly implemented , lead to non - significant alterations of the encoded data . for example , if the input is only one octet for a base 64 encoding , then all six bits of the first symbol are used , but only the first two bits of the next symbol are used . these pad bits must be set to zero by conforming encoders , which is described in the descriptions on padding below . if this property do not hold , there is no canonical representation of base - encoded data , and multiple base - encoded strings can be decoded to the same binary data . if this property ( and others discussed in this document ) holds , a canonical encoding is guaranteed . in some environments , the alteration is critical and therefore decoders may chose to reject an encoding if the pad bits have not been set to zero . the specification referring to this may mandate a specific behaviour .
2 . made it clear that user - agents should retry requests , not
clients
in general .
proxies should be able to add content - length when appropriate . ( section 13 . 5 . 2 )
. it is hoped that future versions of this specification will provide support for
level 2
features .
] data . base encoding can also be used in new applications that do not have legacy restrictions , simply because it makes it possible to manipulate objects with text editors . in the past , different applications have had different requirements and thus sometimes implemented base encodings in slightly different ways . today , protocol specifications sometimes use base encodings in general , and
base64
in particular , without a precise description or reference . mime [
let ' s mix and match base encoding and throw in some tabs and newlines - why browsers allow this , i ' ll never know ) . the tabs and newlines only work if this is encapsulated with quotes :
although it is anticipated that this representation is likely to be used in combination with the encoding style defined in section 5 other representations are possible . the soap encodingstyle attribute ( see section 4 . 3 . 2 ) can be used to indicate the encoding style of the method call and or the response using the representation described in this section .
it appears that there are no base / exponent combinations that result in values that exactly match base - 10 exponents of 2 ( specifically 2 n for any 0 < n < 256 ) , except for base32 , base64 and base128 ( along with base4 , base8 , base16 , base256 , base512 , etc which are more difficult to make practical use of ) . see the last code block for the full list of matching exponents !
. default base uri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. pre - parse the base uri . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a base url is useful for the url parser when the input might be a relative - url string .
well ! i want the symbols for the base 4 number system …… can anyone please say me …… .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged encoding base64 encode or ask your own question .
base64 is a group of similar binary - to - text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ascii string format by translating it into a radix - 64 representation . the term base64 originates from a specific mime content transfer encoding .
content authors need to find out how to declare the character encoding used for the document format they are working with .
is not specified the encoding used is platform dependent . ( for reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave
data the entire binary stream is encoded using the base64 content - transfer - encoding defined in section 6 . 8 of
note : in dom level 2 , the method normalize is inherited from the node interface where it was moved .
charset wildcarding is introduced to avoid explosion of character set names in accept headers . ( section 14 . 2 )
the processing party found an invalid namespace for the soap envelope element ( see section 4 . 1 . 2 )
[ 11 ] w3c working draft
xml schema part 2 : datatypes
. this is work in progress .
the term base64 refers to a specific mime content transfer encoding . it is also used as a generic term for any similar encoding scheme that encodes binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation . the particular choice of base is due to the history of character set encoding : one can choose a set of 64 characters that is both part of the subset common to most encodings , and also printable . this combination leaves the data unlikely to be modified in transit through systems , such as email , which were traditionally not 8 - bit clean .
otherwise , set url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag , append an empty string to url ’s path , and set state to cannot - be - a - base - url path state .
status of this memo this memo provides information for the internet community . it does not specify an internet standard of any kind . distribution of this memo is unlimited . copyright notice copyright ( c ) the internet society ( 2003 ) . all rights reserved . abstract this document describes the commonly used base 64 , base 32 , and base 16 encoding schemes . it also discusses the use of line - feeds in encoded data , use of padding in encoded data , use of non - alphabet characters in encoded data , and use of different encoding alphabets . table of contents
sergouniotis pi 1 , chakarova c 2 , murphy c 3 , becker m 4 , lenassi e 1 , arno g 2 , lek m 5 , macarthur dg 5 ; ucl - exomes consortium , bhattacharya ss 2 , moore at 1 , holder ge 1 , robson ag 1 , wolfrum u 4 , webster ar 6 , plagnol v 3 .
is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled—this cannot be used in binary mode . pass
] data . base encoding can also be used in new applications that do not have legacy restrictions , simply because it makes it possible to manipulate objects with text editors . in the past , different applications have had different requirements and thus sometimes implemented base encodings in slightly different ways . today , protocol specifications sometimes use base encodings in general , and
base64
in particular , without a precise description or reference . multipurpose internet mail extensions ( mime ) [
. establishing a base uri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, step 6a , failed to account for a base uri with no path . o restored the behavior of [
base - 12 ( dozenal ) is a personal fave of mine too ! it’s down to that or base - 18 . base - 18 has the same overall kind of advantages to it as dozenal , plus the awesome 3 - digit rotational multiples of 7 ( just like decimal multiples of 27 and 37 ) . that’s because 7 cubed equals 111 ( base - 18 ) . decimal 111 is 3 times 37 ; 999 is 27 times 37 .
production and transmission of uris : local name and data encoding , public interface encoding , uri character encoding , data format encoding , and protocol encoding . local names , such as file system names , are stored with a local character encoding . uri producing applications ( e . g . , origin servers ) will typically use the local encoding as the basis for producing meaningful names . the uri producer will transform the local encoding to one that is suitable for a public interface and then transform the public interface encoding into the restricted set of uri characters ( reserved , unreserved , and percent - encodings ) . those characters are , in turn , encoded as octets to be used as a reference within a data format ( e . g . , a document charset ) , and such data formats are often subsequently encoded for transmission over internet protocols . for most systems , an unreserved character appearing within a uri component is interpreted as representing the data octet corresponding to that character ' s encoding in us - ascii . consumers of uris assume that the letter
x
corresponds to the octet
01011000
, and even when that assumption is incorrect , there is no harm in making it . a system that internally provides identifiers in the form of a different character encoding , such as ebcdic , will generally perform character translation of textual identifiers to utf - 8 [
( double - hyphen ) in the content , which is illegal in a comment per section 2 . 5 of [
( 2 ) the final quantum of encoding input is exactly 8 bits ; here , the final unit of encoded output will be two characters followed by two
=
padding characters . ( 3 ) the final quantum of encoding input is exactly 16 bits ; here , the final unit of encoded output will be three characters followed by one
=
padding character .
the following description is original but analogous to previous descriptions . essentially , base 16 encoding is the standard case - insensitive hex encoding and may be referred to as
base16
or
hex
. a 16 - character subset of us - ascii is used , enabling 4 bits to be represented per printable character . the encoding process represents 8 - bit groups ( octets ) of input bits as output strings of 2 encoded characters . proceeding from left to right , an 8 - bit input is taken from the input data . these 8 bits are then treated as 2 concatenated 4 - bit groups , each of which is translated into a single character in the base 16 alphabet . each 4 - bit group is used as an index into an array of 16 printable characters . the character referenced by the index is placed in the output string .
for java and ecmascript , domstring is bound to the string type because both languages also use utf - 16 as their encoding .
as a content author or developer , you should nowadays always choose the utf - 8 character encoding for your content or data . this unicode encoding is a good choice because you can use a single character encoding to handle any character you are likely to need . this greatly simplifies things . using unicode throughout your system also removes the need to track and convert between various character encodings .
a url also has an associated cannot - be - a - base - url flag . it is initially unset .
if the substring from pointer in input does not start with a windows drive letter , then set url ’s host to base ’s host , url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path , and then shorten url ’s path .
if context object ’s url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set , then return .
anyways , that’s just division , if you are interested in a diagram of why i love base 12 , just look at this picture i made : urltoken i really hope humanity educates ourselves to base 12 , it would be beautiful .
section 2 . 3 ) must be encoded . characters in the unreserved character set must not be encoded . hexadecimal characters in encodings must be upper case . text names and values must be encoded as utf - 8 octets before percent - encoding them per
with the introduction of http / 2 , inlining is an even less attractive option . http / 2 enables parallel downloads over the same connection . this has the same benefit as inlining ( avoiding connection overhead ) but none of the downsides . caching , font format negotiation , lazy loading , and progressive rendering will continue to work as expected with http / 2 . many browsers , servers , and hosting providers already support http / 2 , so you can start using it today instead of inlining !
warnings could be cached incorrectly , or not updated appropriately . ( section 13 . 1 . 2 , 13 . 2 . 4 , 13 . 5 . 2 , 13 . 5 . 3 , 14 . 9 . 3 , and 14 . 46 ) warning also needed to be a general header , as put or other methods may have need for it in requests .
o return a string consisting of the reference ' s path component appended to all but the last segment of the base uri ' s path ( i . e . , excluding any characters after the right - most
/
in the base uri path , or excluding the entire base uri path if it does not contain any
/
characters ) .
as this example illustrates , base64 encoding converts 3 uncoded bytes ( in this case , ascii characters ) into 4 encoded ascii characters .
an attribute specifying the encoding used for this entity at the time of parsing , when it is an external parsed entity . this is
since the document encoding is windows - 1252 , the link’s url ’s query will be
sm % f6rg % e5sbord
. if the document encoding had been utf - 8 , it would instead be
sm % c3 % b6rg % c3 % a5sbord
.
the abstract base class for all i / o classes , acting on streams of bytes . there is no public constructor .
the signature base string includes the request absolute url , tying the signature to a specific endpoint . the url used in the signature base string must include the scheme , authority , and path , and must exclude the query and fragment as defined by
otherwise , if base ’s scheme is not
file
, set state to relative state and decrease pointer by one .
if there aren’t any symbols ( 0b or 0x ) in front , we assume it’s base 10 , a regular number .
i’m wondering , how is the base 60 system written ? please respond to me if you have an answer . thanks !
this attribute must appear in the instance in order to be effective ( see section 3 and 4 . 2 . 1 ) .
how do you keep these numbers apart ? programmers will often write “0b” in front of binary numbers . so 2 in binary is
in order to continue , you must clench both hands into fists in order to start again with the next set , ie . 11 , 12 , 13… . this is why it is called the base 10 system and not the base 9 system .
the red bytes are the utf8 of
testing
. the key here is 0x12 → field number = 2 , type = 2 . the length varint in the value is 7 and lo and behold , we find seven bytes following it – our string .
the soap encoding rules ( see section 5 ) defines a serialization mechanism that can be used to exchange instances of application - defined datatypes .
when implementing base encoding and decoding , care should be taken not to introduce vulnerabilities to buffer overflow attacks , or other attacks on the implementation . a decoder should not break on invalid input including , e . g . , embedded nul characters ( ascii 0 ) . if non - alphabet characters are ignored , instead of causing rejection of the entire encoding ( as recommended ) , a covert channel that can be used to
leak
information is made possible . the implications of this should be understood in applications that do not follow the recommended practice . similarly , when the base 16 and base 32 alphabets are handled case insensitively , alteration of case can be used to leak information . base encoding visually hides otherwise easily recognized information , such as passwords , but does not provide any computational confidentiality . this has been known to cause security incidents when , e . g . , a user reports details of a network protocol exchange
the system identifiers passed to the notationdecl , unparsedentitydecl , and externalentitydecl events will be absolutized relative to their base uris before reporting .
is a base for all new style classes . it has the methods that are common to all instances of new style classes .
a class can be based on one or more other classes , called its base class ( es ) . it then inherits the attributes and methods of its base classes . this allows an object model to be successively refined by inheritance . you might have a generic
an attribute specifying , as part of the text declaration , the encoding of this entity , when it is an external parsed entity . this is
the soap encodingstyle attribute may be used to indicate the encoding style used for the body entries ( see section 4 . 1 . 1 ) .
the soap encodingstyle attribute may be used to indicate the encoding style used for the detail entries ( see section 4 . 1 . 1 ) .
base class for text streams . this class provides a unicode character and line based interface to stream i / o . there is no
selects the pandoc < = 2 . 0 behavior for parsing lists , so that four spaces indent are needed for list item continuation paragraphs .
module provides the python interfaces to stream handling . under python 2 . x , this is proposed as an alternative to the built - in
and 6 . 2 . 3 , is optional . a uri reference must be transformed to its target uri before it can be normalized .
2 ) although rfc 2046 [ 40 ] permits the boundary string to be quoted , some existing implementations handle a quoted boundary string incorrectly .
this attribute must appear in the soap message instance in order to be effective ( see section 3 and 4 . 2 . 1 ) .
for example , - 1e4 , 1267 . 43233e12 , 12 . 78e - 2 , 12 and inf are all legal literals for float .
for example , - 1e4 , 1267 . 43233e12 , 12 . 78e - 2 , 12 and inf are all legal literals for double .
1 second 2 3 4 5 … 58 59 1 : 00 ( 60 seconds aka 1 minute . we’ve started a new digit . )
you could define an alias for the base class , assign the real base class to it before your class definition , and use the alias throughout your class . then all you have to change is the value assigned to the alias . incidentally , this trick is also handy if you want to decide dynamically ( e . g . depending on availability of resources ) which base class to use . example :
with the exception of the soap mustunderstand attribute ( see section 4 . 2 . 3 ) and the soap actor attribute ( see section 4 . 2 . 2 ) , it is generally permissible to have attributes and their values appear in xml instances or alternatively in schemas , with equal effect . that is , declaration in a dtd or schema with a default or fixed value is semantically equivalent to appearance in an instance .