photosynthesis systems are electronic scientific instruments designed for non-destructive measurement of photosynthetic rates in the field .

photosynthesis systems are commonly used in agronomic and environmental research , as well as studies of the global carbon cycle .

photosynthesis system

for the latest innovations in photosynthesis instruments , check out the li - 6800 portable photosynthesis system .
the definition of photosynthesis and the general equation can be found under overview of photosynthesis .
some literatures refer the isolated system as closed system , while the other systems are lumped together as open system .
photosynthesis experiment and system testing and operation ( pesto ) - 11 . 22 . 16
the most automated and accurate combined photosynthesis and fluorescence system for advanced , plant physiology research .
* system can be upgraded for measurement of soil respiration and plant canopy photosynthesis with optional attachment .
lci t compact photosynthesis system with colour , touch screen display , gps and led light units .
* system can be used for both open as well as closed system measurement technique .
the ci - 340 handheld photosynthesis system features a new design concept and compact solid - state structure .
new , lightweight , cool , white led light unit for the lci - sd portable photosynthesis system .
also called an isolated system . a quantity or multiple quantities cannot enter or leave the system
lcpro t advanced portable photosynthesis system with li - ion batteries , colour touch screen display and integral gps .
define and use the term open system . use examples of real systems to characterize an open system
define and use the term isolated system . use examples of real systems to characterize an isolated system
define and use the term closed system . use examples of real systems to characterize an closed system .
measuring physiological changes in red oak , maple , and western red cedar trees with our ci - 340 handheld photosynthesis system .
adc bioscientific ltd . , is proud to launch their most sophisticated photosynthesis system yet . . . . read more > >
handheld photosynthesis analyzer—display , keypad , computer , data memory , co2 and h2o gas analyzers , flow control system , and battery .
outputs from systems can feedback into the system and influence how the system responds to information , energy , or matter .
the 6400 - 88 expanded temperature control kit is an accessory for the li - 6400xt portable photosynthesis system that is used to increase the range of temperature control of the system sensor head block .
if you take another look at the photosynthesis equation you will notice that six molecules of carbon dioxide ( 6co2 ) are needed for the process of photosynthesis .
the portable gas - exchange and fluorescence system gfs - 3000 enables wide range climate control . all environmental parameters relevant for plant photosynthesis ( co
carbon dioxide is a waste product from respiration . it is used in photosynthesis .
1 . 2 . u7 an open system exchanges both energy and matter across its boundary while a closed system exchanges only energy across its boundary .
our goal is to educate people about photosynthesis , a chemical process that fuels life on earth . various topics on the subject highlight the history , importance , process and future of photosynthesis .
sugarcane is a champion at photosynthesis under the right conditions and is a prime example of a c4 plant , one which uses c4 photosynthesis . sugarcane has been recorded at 7 % photosynthetic efficiency .
the earth system ( figure 2 ) as a whole is a closed system . the boundary of the earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere . virtually no mass is exchanged between the earth system and the rest of the universe ( except for an occasional meteorite ) . however , solar radiation passes from the sun , through the atmosphere to the surface . the earth in turn emits radiation back out to space across the system boundary . hence , energy passes across the earth ' s system boundary but not mass making it a closed system .
the world’s leading photosynthesis systems for learning , teaching , and performing high - level plant physiology research .
mccree , k . j . test of current definitions of photosynthetically active radiation against leaf photosynthesis data .
the gfs - 3000 perfectly complements with other walz systems giving access to numerous aspects of photosynthesis research .
the light - dependent reactions and the calvin cycle are the two main stages of photosynthesis in plants .
shows a schematic representation of the relationship among net photosynthesis and the heat responsive module to temperature . expression of this module is negatively correlated with net photosynthesis until a critical temperature where cellular function is disrupted .
* system can be upgraded for measurement of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence with optional attachment .
systems can be either open or closed . a closed system is one where a quantity or series of quantities cannot enter or leave the system . for example , a system might be closed to energy , meaning energy might not be able to enter or leave the system . a vacuum thermos flask does a really good job of stopping energy from leaving the system to keep your drink warm . so it might make sense to treat it as a closed system - but no system in the real world is ever perfectly closed , so it will only be an approximation .
a physical system is a set of parts that are connected together or otherwise in contact with one another . when we analyze a situation in science , it ' s important to define the system you ' re looking at . depending on which object or objects you call your system , your study can turn out to be simple or complex . a closed system is one where a quantity or multiple quantities cannot enter or leave the system , which can also be described as an isolated system ( one that is disconnected from everything else ) . an open system , on the other hand , is one where a quantity or multiple quantities can enter or leave the system .
pesto studied the effects of microgravity on wheat ( renewable source of food and oxygen ) photosynthesis and metabolism .
assessing the rate of photosynthesis helps us understand why and how plants respond to changes in their environment . use our light - weight analyzer to easily measure photosynthesis , respiration , transpiration , stomatal conductance , par , and internal
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , ruffe lm . evapotranspiration and photosynthesis characteristics of two wheat cultivars measured in the biomass production system . sae technical paper . 2001 ; 2001 - 012180 .
energy transfer is possible . other than the universe itself , an isolated system does not exist in practice . however , a very well insulated and bounded system with negligible loss of heat is roughly an isolated system , especially when considered within a very short amount of time .
in a perfect closed loop system no materials enter or leave the system . waste products from one organism or process are used by another organism or process . it can be said , therefore , that the output from one part of the system becomes the input to another part .
– world’s lightest and most portable complete photosynthesis system . – measures photosynthesis , transpiration , stomatal conductance , and internal co 2 concentration in open or closed environments . – control heat , light , water and gas exchange for precise data . – 9 custom chambers suiting any application , including conifer needles . – soil respiration chamber available .
* the only system available for 9 - erchangeable leaf chamber heads for different types of leaves .
psp32 multi - sample , monitoring fluorometer system for the long - term measurement of plant stress .
the ci - 340 portable photosynthesis system was fully useful in greenhouse conditions and the results helped us to answer for some of our questions . the measurements were easy and relatively fast in comparison to other analytical methods .
welles j . ( 1986 ) a portable photosynthesis system . in : gensler w . g . ( eds ) advanced agricultural instrumentation . nato asi series ( series e : applied sciences ) , vol 111 . springer , dordrecht
there are numerous species of plants all over the world . some have adapted to desert conditions while other have adapted to cold climates . there are also plants that could only survive in cool , moist areas with adequate sunlight . these differences in climatic conditions and ecosystems have resulted in different types of photosynthesis in plants . the three types of photosynthesis are c3 , c4 and cam photosynthesis .
optional fluorescence modules further expand the system’s capability . experimental protocols for automatic light - curves or automatic co
1 . 2 . s1 construct a system diagram or a model from a given set of information .
think of order as consisting of how units of information or quantities of energy are arranged inside a closed system : as the energy in a system dissipates , information is lost to the system as disorder sets in . but the ability of a closed system to increase its information or energy content by accessing its environment is tantamount to a restoration of order . schrödinger called the process of reordering the energy in a system “negative entropy . ” he wrote that the struggle of life “consists in continually sucking orderliness from the environment . ”
large quantities of oxygen are produced through photosynthesis of plants , and most of it is right away consumed through respiration of living organisms .
seeing the body as a system of five interconnected feedback loops adequately represents the reality of human temperature regulation .
if the system is a closed system , we could say that the heat gained by the cold object is equal to the heat lost by the hot one , which is also sometimes called an isolated system because it ' s a system disconnected from everything else . but in the real world , this isn ' t ever really the case . in an open system , heat will also be lost to the surroundings . this also tells us that no engine can be perfectly efficient ; they all waste some energy and lose heat to their surroundings .
von caemmerer , s . and rarquhar , g . d . some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves .
the ci - 340 is easily operable as either an open and closed system . in open system measurement , the incoming gas is drawn from the ambient , or control - module altered , air and the exhaust returns to the external atmosphere . during closed system measurements , the air is recirculated from the exhaust back into the chamber .
has helped researchers reveal the secrets of photosynthesis for over 20 years . we continue to provide chambers , light sources , service , and support for
carmmerer s von , and farquhar gd ( 1981 ) some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves . planta 153 : 376–387
vries fwtp de , akkersdijk jwj , oorschot jlp van ( 1984 ) . an error in measuring respiration and photosynthesis due to transpiration . photosynthetica 18 : 146–149
_ _ whaley : _ _ machine or plant , it is hard to keep a closed quantum system isolated from its bath — or so we thought until the experimenters began catching real - time coherence events in photosynthesis . they saw coherent superpositions of electronic excitations in the bacteria .
williams , b . a . , gurner , p . j . and austin , r . b . a new infrared gas analyzer and portable photosynthesis meter .
respiration by organisms , by burning of forests and fossil fuels , added to the atmosphere through volcanoes , and used by plants as a carbon source in photosynthesis .
the opposite of a closed system is an open system . an open system is one where a quantity or series of quantities can enter or leave the system to a significant degree . if you pour your hot drink into a mug instead of a vacuum thermos flask , the heat will escape relatively quickly into its surroundings . so a mug is most certainly an open system ! open systems are a lot more complicated to understand than closed systems , and so scientists prefer to work with closed systems when possible . it makes things much simpler to explain and can be a good starting point before trying to explain open systems , too .
: an assemblage of parts and their relationship forming a functioning entirety or whole . there are two major components to a system :
1 . 2 . u8 an isolated system is a hypothetical concept in which neither energy nor matter is exchanged across the boundary .
still increase according to the second of thermo - dynamics . the ocean would be an example of an open system . another good example would be the photosynthesis in plants as shown in figure 05 . infusion of energy and exchange of matter are taking place inside the chloroplast resulting in the production of glucose , which is in a higher energy level . the system becomes nonequilibrium and will decay to the more stable form in the long run .
carbon exists in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide . this can be taken out of the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis - the carbon then becoming part of glucose molecules .
systems can be classified as open , closed , or isolated . open systems allow energy and mass to pass across the system boundary or interface . a closed system allows energy but not mass across its system boundary . an isolated system allows neither mass or energy to pass across the system boundary . the interface between systems is not always easy to identify . some interfaces are easy to recognize . the interface between the hydrosphere and lithosphere at a shoreline is easy to recognize as a definite planar boundary between solid and fluid . the interface between the atmosphere and hydrosphere is less easy to discern as the hydrosphere comprises both liquid water of the surface and water held in the air .
the modified system package gfs‐3000fl contains the ledarray / pam‐fluorometer 3056‐fl instead of the led light source 3041‐l . all other components remain the same as in the basic system package gfs‐3000 . in terms of price , gfs‐3000fl offers an interesting option to combine gas exchange and fluorescence measurements .
in this video paul andersen explains how matter and energy are conserved within the earth ' s system . matter is a closed system and energy is open to the surroundings . in natural systems steady state is maintained through feedback loops but can be be affected by human society .
the plant stress kit , a new , quality , compact , system for the measurement of y ( ii ) and fv / fm .
exchanges energy ( heat and work ) and matter with the environment . a boundary allowing matter exchange is called permeable . it ' s possible for an open system to import order and export disorder , locally increasing order . what the second law says is that in such a transaction more disorder than order will be created . it does not , however , forbid the creation of pockets of order . what happens is that disorder in the entire system will increase even though individual open systems within it might become more ordered . as shown in figure 04 , in a thermodynamically open system , energy ( in the form of radiation or matter ) can enter the system from the outside environment , thereby increasing the system ' s total energy , e , over the course of time , t . such energy flow can lead to an increase , a decrease , or no net change at all in the entropy , s , of the system . even so , the net entropy of system and its environment would
a chemical process used by plants and algae to make glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water , using light energy . oxygen is produced as a by - product of photosynthesis .
long sp ( 1982 ) measurement of photosynthetic gas exchange . in coombs j and hall do ( eds ) techniques in bioproductivity of photosynthesis pp . 25–36 . oxford : pergamon press .
* system can be upgraded for control attachments of co2 / h2o , light control , temperature control & chlorophyll fluorescence for controlled microclimate environmental studies .
an environmental system can be defined as a system where life interacts with abiotic factors . all environmental systems involve the capture , movement , storage , and use of energy . this fact also makes them energy systems . energy is captured in the living components of environmental systems by processes like photosynthesis , biomass consumption , and biotic decomposition . energy is also used in environmental processes that are strictly abiotic . for example , solar energy is responsible for wind , weathering , and precipitation .
does not exchange heat , matter or work with the environment . an example of an isolated system would be an insulated container , such as an insulated gas cylinder . in reality , a system can never be absolutely isolated from its environment , because there is always at least some slight coupling , even if only via minimal gravitational attraction . figure 02 shows the essence of classical thermodynamics : in a system isolated from the outside world , heat
a tree can be considered an open system ( figure 1 ) . the system boundary is the solid outer portion of the tree of course , the bark and epidermis of the leaves . trees take in water ( mass ) through their roots and transfer it up the trunk , limbs , and finally to the leaves . trees expel water vapor ( mass ) through the pores or leaves called the stomata . inputs and outputs energy also occur across the system boundary of a tree . sunlight is absorbed by the leaves of trees and is used in the process of photosynthesis . trees also give off heat as a result of burning stored chemical energy during respiration .
a systems approach is a way of visualizing a complex set of interactions which may be ecological or societal . these interactions produce the emergent properties of the system
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combs , w . s . , jr . the measurement and prediction of irradiances available for photosynthesis by phytoplankton in lakes . ph . d . thesis , university of minnesota , limnology , 1977 .
equilibrium can be defined as the average state of a system as measured through one of its attributes or elements . scientists have defined six different types of equilibrium . most systems maintain a steady state equilibrium through the operation of positive and negative feedback mechanisms . negative - feedback mechanisms control the state of the system by dampening or reducing the size of the system ' s elements or attributes . positive - feedback mechanisms feed or increase the size of one or more of the system ' s elements or attributes over time . this section concludes by showing how negative and positive feedbacks work to cause fluctuations in the population size of aphids .
thermodynamics , or the study of the movement of heat , is an example of a part of physics where systems are used a lot . a closed system in thermodynamics is one where heat is trapped inside the system , as we saw in the vacuum thermos flask example . closed systems are much simpler to understand than open systems , but no system in the real world is perfectly closed . it ' s just a way of keeping things simple and making them easier to understand and analyze .
the second stage of photosynthesis is the calvin cycle . these reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast . energy from atp and electrons from nadph are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and other products .
exchanges energy ( heat and work ) but not matter with the environment . a greenhouse is an example of a closed system exchanging heat but not work with its environment . another example is the heat engine shown in figure 03 . it is defined as a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy or more exactly a system which
the electrons lost from psii are replaced by splitting water with light in a process called photolysis . water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis and is split into electrons ( e - ) , hydrogen ions ( h + , protons ) and oxygen ( o2 ) . the hydrogen ions and oxygen are released into the thylakoid lumen . oxygen is later released into the atmosphere as a by - product of photosynthesis .
leaves are essential for the well - being of plants . most of the reactions involved in the process of photosynthesis take place in the leaves . the diagram below shows the cross section of a typical plant leaf .
) . although a single representative module is useful in predicting our response variable ( net photosynthesis ) from our independent variable ( temperature ) , we still need to consider the complicating factors associated with biological complexity and environment . for example , how do we account for c partitioning into different processes , such as defense and stress pathways or root growth ? these processes can modify sink strength and carbon skeleton supply , thereby influencing photosynthesis .
a thermodynamic system is that part of the universe that is under consideration . a real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe , which is referred to as the environment . a useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the flows of matter , energy and entropy through it .
operates with only heat and work passing across its boundaries . as work is done on the gas inside the chamber , the temperature and pressure increase and some heat will be transferred out of the system . when heat is transferred to the system , the gas expands , it does work on the surroundings and the temperature and pressure decrease .
an open system is a system that regularly exchanges feedback with its external environment . open systems are systems , of course , so inputs , processes , outputs , goals , assessment and evaluation , and learning are all important . aspects that are critically important to open systems include the boundaries , external environment and equifinality . healthy open systems continuously exchange feedback with their environments , analyze that feedback , adjust internal systems as needed to achieve the system’s goals , and then transmit necessary information back out to the environment .
the closed earth system is comprised of four open systems , the atmosphere , biosphere , hydrosphere and lithosphere . the arrows indicate flows between the systems . for instance , the atmosphere and biosphere continually exchange energy ( e . g . heat ) and mass ( e . g . water vapor , carbon dioxide , oxygen ) across their system boundaries .
energy flows from one compartment to another in the form of carbon–carbon bonds . when one organism eats another organism the energy that moves between them is in the form of stored chemical energy . inputs and outputs from systems are called flows and represented by arrows in system diagrams . the stock held within a system is called the storage and is represented through boxes
1 . 3 . u9 a model is a simplified version of reality and can be used to understand how a system works and to predict how it will respond to change .
* measures photosynthesis transpiration , stomatal conductance / resistance , co2 internal concentration , co2 in , co2 out , h2o in , h2o out , rh in , rh out , leaf temperature , air temperature , par , etc .
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , tripathy bc . microgravity effects on thylakoid , single leaf , and whole canopy photosynthesis on dwarf wheat . planta . 2005 september ; 223 ( 1 ) : 46 - 56 .
the first stage of photosynthesis is the light dependent reactions . these reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast . during this stage light energy is converted to atp ( chemical energy ) and nadph ( reducing power ) .
effects of starter nitrogen fertilizer on soybean root activity , leaf photosynthesis and grain yield view more differential early stage water relations , gaseous exchange and photosynthetic responses of tomato ( solanum lycopersicum l . ) to water and salt stress view more
plants perform photosynthesis because it generates the food and energy they need for growth and cellular respiration . it is important to note that not all plants photosynthesize . some are parasites and simply attach themselves to other plants and feed from them .
this co 2 then enters the calvin cycle in a chloroplast of the bundle sheath cell and produces g3p and subsequently sucrose , starch and other carbohydrates that enter the cells energy transport system .
a physical system , in general , is a set of connected parts that together form a cohesive whole . they ' re the parts that work together to do a job or the parts that are simply connected together because they happen to be in contact with one another . a physical system is the part of the world you ' re focusing on and trying to explain .
plants were sent to iss in the biomass production system ( bps ) and grown for several generations . plants grown on iss were compared to plants that remained on earth in a bps .
_ _ whaley : _ _ i got hooked six years ago after the spectacular experiment by graham fleming showed the existence of quantum coherence during photosynthesis in super - chilled green sulphur bacteria . subsequent experiments have tracked quantum interactions at ambient temperatures .
those of us struggling to design scalable quantum computers are fascinated by how nature so efficiently controls energy flow — information transfer , really — through an open quantum system like the green sulphur bacteria .
for plants to perform photosynthesis they require light energy from the sun , water and carbon dioxide . water is absorbed from the soil into the cells of roots . the water passes from the root system to the xylem vessels in the stem until it reaches the leaves . carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere through pores in the leaves called stomata . the leaves also contain chloroplasts which hold chlorophyll . the sun’s energy is captured by the chlorophyll .
adc is pleased to announce the introduction of their latest upgrade to the extremely popular lci series photosynthesis systems . [ caption id =
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microorganisms and some animals feed on dead organic matter . the carbon then becomes part of these microorganisms . this process is known as decomposition , the carbon has become part of new organisms in the system
. the amount of ammonia produced ( 1000 megatons per year or more ) substantially counterbalances the other acid components ( nitric acid , sulfuric acid , carbonic acid ) in the ocean - atmosphere system .
the main problem with quantum information processors is that their microscopic operating system must be kept “closed” — immune to degenerative environmental influence — while they are calculating with superposed “qubits , ” or atom - sized processors . so far , engineers can only dream of fashioning an open quantum system that can compute with its qubits kept in a coherent state long enough to not lose data to the bath via decoherence .
in this lesson , you ' ll learn the difference between closed and open physical systems . explore examples of when each kind of system occurs , and learn why scientists sometimes choose one over the other .
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , chapman dk . measurement of gas exchnage characteristics of developing wheat in the biomass production system . sae technical paper . 2000 ; 2000 - 01 - 2292 .
vascular bundle – these are tissues that form part of the transport system of the plant . vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem vessels which transport water , dissolved minerals and food to and from the leaves .
you are expected to be able to apply a systems approach to all of the topics in this course . you should be able to interpret system diagrams and use data to produce your own for a variety of examples .
during the 1970’s , british chemist james lovelock and american biologist lynn margulis came up with the gaia hypothesis : that the world acts like a single biological being made up of many individual and interconnected units ( a system ) .
an emergent property is a property which a collection or complex system has , but which the individual members do not have . a failure to realize that a property is emergent , or supervenient , leads to the fallacy of division .
the drawback to c4 photosynthesis is the extra energy in the form of atp that is used to pump the 4 - carbon acids to the bundle sheath cell and the pumping of the 3 - carbon compound back to the mesophyll cell for conversion to pep . this loss to the system is why c3 plants will outperform c4 plants if there is a lot of water and sun . the c4 plants make some of that energy back in the fact that the rubisco is optimally used and the plant has to spend less energy synthesizing rubisco .
moore , et al . point to flaveria ( asteraceae ) , panicum ( poaceae ) and alternanthera ( amarantheceae ) as genera that contain species that are intermediates between c3 and c4 photosynthesis . these plants have intermediate leaf anatomies that contain bundle sheath cells that are less distinct and developed than the c4 plants .
these intermediates are characterized by their resistance to photorespiration so that they can operate in higher temperatures and dryer environments than c3 plants . at right , the ranges of co 2 compensation points for the three types of plants are shown . these compensation points are the values at which the plants cease to provide net photosynthesis .
scientists have classified a number of different system types . these types include : isolated systems , closed systems , open systems , morphological systems , cascading systems , process - response systems , control systems , and ecosystems . the nature of each of these types of systems is defined .
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to measure photosynthetic activity , simply secure a leaf within the ci - 340 chamber to measure leaf gas exchange under ambient conditions or in a closed system . data is available in moments as the ci - 340 sensors work together to record and calculate gas exchange according to customizable research parameters .
for example , let ' s say that you ' re studying the movement of the pendulum in a grandfather clock . are you looking at the motion of the pendulum bob itself ? are you interested in the string as well ? what about the place where the string connects to the clock ? exactly what part are you studying ? deciding that might make a big difference as to how complicated the results will be . the bigger the system , the more complex it tends to be . when you make the decision on what to focus on , we say that you are defining the system .
1 . 2 . u6 in system diagrams , storages are usually represented as rectangular boxes and flows as arrows , with the direction of each arrow indicating the direction of each flow . the size of the boxes and the arrows may be representative of the size / magnitude of the storage or flow .
the flows are processes that may be either transfers ( a change in location ) or transformation ( a change in the chemical nature , a change in state or a change in energy ) transfers normally flow through a system and involve a change in location . transformations lead to an interaction within a system in the formation of a new end product , or involve a change of state . using water as an example , run - off is a transfer process and evaporation is a transformation process . dead organic matter entering a lake is an example of a transfer process ; decomposition of this material is a transformation process .
systems are extremely important in science—especially physical systems . they ' re a way to focus in on the exact thing you ' re really interested in and to help simplify the situation . but before we get into the details of how that works , we should first ask the question…what exactly is a physical system ?
_ _ whaley : _ _ we avoid “jellyfishification” because large superpositions are washed out incredibly fast by decoherence . in photosynthesis , the chemical reaction quickly introduces irreversibility into the quantum process of energy transfer . there is always some thermodynamic or entropic force that is driving the overall biological dynamic . bacteria and plants and humans do not turn into jellyfish because there is a structure , an organization in the biological dynamics .
it can be argued that photosynthesis is the most important reaction occurring on this planet , since nearly all life on earth depends on solar energy captured by plants . scientists want to study how plants grow , which drives the question of how ecosystems work . global climate change research examines how rising levels of co 2 , temperature and other alterations in climate or atmosphere could affect the ecology as well as agriculture .
the 6400 - 22 is constructed of an opaque material that has excellent resistance to water sorption . 7 . 5 cm long shoots with needles up to 3 . 5 cm long can be accommodated in the chamber , which mounts directly to the sample cell of the system ' s co 2 and h 2 o irgas .
the conifer chamber is constructed of acrylic for durability and lined to minimize water absorption . long shoots ( 5 cm ) with needles up to 3 . 5 cm long can be accommodated in the chamber . the 6400 - 05 mounts directly to the sample cell of the system ' s co 2 and h 2 o irgas .
_ _ whaley : _ _ in photosynthesis , bacteria and plants convert sunlight into electrons and then into chemical energy . here is the model : photons are first absorbed by chlorophyll molecules embedded in protein scaffolds . these light - harvesting “antennae” transmit this photonic energy as excitations of electrons through a series of quantum mechanically linked chlorophyll molecules to a reaction site where the trapped energy catalyzes the manufacture of energy - storing sugars .
by probing the chemistry of plants with lasers , we can observe the interplay between the quantum components in living organisms and their local surroundings , the environmental “bath . ” but an “open” quantum system and its bath in a living organism are not really separate ; they continuously influence each other by trading quantities of energy and information back and forth .
add “farmer” to job functions of future space travelers , who will likely produce oxygen and purify water using plants . with that in mind , the pesto investigation finds that microgravity alters leaf development , plant cells , and chloroplasts ( cell structures that conduct photosynthesis ) , but is not harmful to the plants . dwarf wheat plants on the iss grew 10 percent taller than those on earth , although leaf growth rate was very similar in both .
( it would have formed iron oxides during the weathering of mafic minerals ) . this , however , is an issue we will explore further when we come to talk about the evolution of the atmosphere . at the moment we will first see what the gases that are currently present are doing with regard to the thermal behavior of the earth system .
this means that the system is able to maintain its essential variables within limits acceptable to its own structure in the face of unexpected disturbances ( w . b . cannon , 1929 - 32 ) . basically , we are looking at a process of interaction or mechanism which balances various influences and effects so that a stable state or a stable behavior is maintained .
_ _ whaley : _ _ labs all over the world are working on building chemical solar cell prototypes that are modeled upon natural photosynthesis . it turns out that organic systems with tailor - made molecules are highly tunable . the trick is to not lose the input data : each photon that is captured by the green sulphur bacteria is utilized . imitating this biological feat could set the stage for making a robust , controllable , quantum mechanically enhanced photon harvesting device .
respiration refers to the metabolism of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide . in cellular respiration it is a positive term , a process vital to life . but photorespiration is an entirely negative term because it represents a severe loss to the process of using light energy in photosynthetic organisms to fix carbon for subsequent carbohydrate synthesis . by leading to the loss of up to half of the carbon that has been fixed at the expense of light energy , photorespiration undoes the work of photosynthesis .
the amount of food necessary to sustain a crew during a long - duration mission to mars would prohibitively increase the mass of spacecraft and the overall cost of the mission . a possibility to alleviate this problem could be the use of plant systems as food sources or for regenerative life support systems . the biomass production systems may also be used as a filtration system for water and atmospheric gases .
the advantage that comes from this two - stage process is that the active pumping of carbon into the bundle sheath cell and the blocking of oxygen produce an environment with 10 - 120x as much co 2 available to the calvin cycle and the rubisco tends to be optimally utilized . the high co 2 concentration and the absence of oxygen implies that the system never experiences the detractive effects of photorespiration .
this is the 2nd segment of a 12 minute overview of the shocking truth about global warming and climate change . this segment deals with the main positive feedback loops in action in gaia ' s complex ecosystems : melting of the ice caps , deforestation , melting of permafrost regions of the planet and the destruction of ehux : a vital marine algae that is a key component of the earth ' s climate regulation system .
data and near realtime video from inside the growth chambers were transmitted from bps to the investigators via the telescience resource kit ( trek ) system . student and teacher participants in the iss challenge : farming in space program were able to view the realtime video from bps . the participants conducted their own in - class plant - growth experiments and were encouraged to share questions and data with other participants and members of the iss challenge support team .
. life could go on without oxygen in the atmosphere ( it did so for a long time ) , but at substantially reduced efficiency . some oxygen is produced in the upper atmosphere by ( light induced , photolysis ) splitting off of hydrogen atoms from water vapor . hydrogen escapes from the earth ' s gravitational field and leaves oxygen behind . the process , however , constitutes a negligible source of oxygen in the modern atmosphere - biosphere system .
systems tend to have similarities in the way they work . within their defined boundaries systems contain three types of properties : elements , attributes , and relationships . elements are the things that make up the system of interest . attributes are the perceived characteristics of the elements . relationships are descriptions of how the various elements ( and their attributes ) work together to carry out some kind of process . systems also have the same common characteristics . seven characteristics are described .
figure 2 . hypothetical representation of a whole - plant network interrelationship model . the plant system can be modeled as suggested by lucas and colleagues , 8 whereby a series of nodes are connected to neighboring nodes and the surrounding environment . functions association with edge nodes could include water and nutrients fluxes . hierarchical functions could be assigned to hub nodes ( large purple nodes ) allowing the determination of which signals to pass to corresponding networks at higher - levels of biological organization .
within a gas of temperature , t 2 , will flow in time , t , toward a gas of temperature , t 1 , where t 2 > t 1 and t = t 2 - t 1 , thus the system ' s total energy e is constant ( via the first law of thermodynamics ) , while its free energy f decreases , and its entropy s rises ( via the second law of thermodynamics ) , until finally t 0 at equilibrium .
when air cools , it looses its ability to hold moisture , i . e . relative humidity goes up . if it cools enough to reach 100 % humidity , condensation will occur and water changes from the vapor to the liquid state . the latent heat of condensation starts to heat up the surrounding air and works against ( negates ) the initial downward trend of the system temperature . thus , initial cooling leads to subsequent temperature increase and we have a negative feedback loop .
a model is a simplified description designed to show the structure or workings of an object , system or concept . in practice , some models require approximation techniques to be used . for example , predictive models of climate change may give very different results . in contrast , an aquarium may be a relatively simple ecosystem but demonstrates many ecological concepts . models summarize complex systems . therefore they can lead to loss of information and oversimplification . a model involves some approximation and therefore losses accuracy .
measuring photosynthesis is a short - term , fast response tool . the effect ( s ) of light , co 2 , humidity , temperature , chemical , or biological factors on leaf gas exchange can be measured within seconds or just a few minutes . measuring changes in plant growth responses is simple and very useful , but researchers may also want to investigate short - term physiological responses . for example , some plants are more drought tolerant because they can reduce water loss by closing down stomates , while others deal with water stress by having deeper roots to exploit a larger volume of the soil reserve . leaf - level gas exchange measurement will quickly distinguish between these two strategies .
the connection to hot and dry conditions comes from the fact that all the plants will close their stomata in hot and dry weather to conserve moisture , and the continuing fixation of carbon from the air drops the co 2 dramatically from the atmospheric concentration of nominally 380 ppm ( 2004 value ) . if the co 2 compensation point is lower on the above scale , the plant can operate in hotter and dryer conditions . the limits are placed by the fact that rubisco begins to fix oxygen rather than co 2 , undoing the work of photosynthesis . c4 plants shield their rubisco from the oxygen , so can operate all the way down to essentially zero co 2 without the onset of photorespiration .
scientists use systems theory to understand how things work . systems theory suggests that you model natural and human - made phenomena as a set of interrelated components that work together to accomplish some kind of process . systems are used by humans in every day life to describe the operation of a number of diverse phenomena . systems or models are also generalizations of reality . one common way to present how things work is with a graphical model . in this lecture , a graphical model of how scientific understanding operates is presented as an example of a system .
in three of the four bps chambers . each chamber has 264 cm square growth area , while the roots of the plant were placed 3 cm below the growth area . a total of 32 plants were grown for 73 days on iss . the plants were exposed to 20 hours of light and 4 hours of dark daily at 24 degrees c and 78 percent relative humidity . a control group of plants on earth , were treated exactly as the experimental group on iss . although bps is fully automated , the crew conducted periodic system checks and some support tasks for pesto .
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urltoken
proceedings of the national academy of sciences , volume 103 , issue 35 , 2006 , pp . 12987 - 12992
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if you do not receive it within 24 hours or if you have any questions , please contact li - cor at 1 - 402 - 467 - 3576 .
the li - 6400xt has a variety of chambers , light sources and accessories to let you measure gas exchange , fluorescence and respiration in a variety of applications .
the 6400 - 40 leaf chamber fluorometer enables the simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange over the same leaf area . the 6400 - 40 is designed with a uniform , integrated led light source and pam fluorometer that easily attaches to the li - 6400xt sensor head , giving the user complete control of the environment surrounding the 2 cm 2 leaf area . measurements of combined gas exchange and fluorescence expand the li - 6400xt ' s usefulness in assessing a plant ' s response to stress .
the 6400 - 02b led source is designed with red and blue leds ( 665 and 470 nm , respectively ) to provide uniform intensities up to full sunlight ( ~ 2 , 000 µmol m - 2 s - 1 ) over an area of 6 cm 2 . mounting simply requires replacement of the upper half of the standard leaf chamber . powered from the li - 6400xt console , the 02b allows the light intensity to be automatically controlled , which is especially critical for response curve measurements .
designed to be used with the whole plant arabidopsis chamber ( 6400 - 17 ) and conifer chamber ( 6400 - 22 ) , the rgb light source provides a powerful tool for whole plant light response studies . the 6400 - 18a features leds with independent control of the intensity and proportions of red , green and blue . you can also define a blended color , or emulate the led light source ( 6400 - 02b ) .
the 6400 - 07 has a 2 x 6 cm aperture and is specially designed to accommodate long - needled conifers . the chamber has foam mounting pads that hold up to five needles in the chamber . the chamber top and bottom have replaceable clear propafilm windows for excellent light transmittance . a quantum sensor in the chamber measures light intensity at the plane of the needles .
the 2 x 3 cm clear chamber bottom has a propafilm ® window similar to the standard chamber top and is designed for use with any 2 x 3 cm chamber top . illuminating the bottom of a leaf may be important for survey measurements and erect foliage .
the 6400 - 09 is a carefully designed 9 . 55 cm diameter chamber for measuring soil co 2 flux using the li - 6400xt . a pressure equilibration tube , perforated manifold , and automated cycling regime ensure accurate and repeatable measurements . for more than two decades , li - cor has been perfecting the science and overcoming the challenges of accurately measuring soil co 2 flux using chamber methods .


jcdecaux group ( jcdecaux sa , [ ʒisedəˈko ] ) is a multinational corporation based in neuilly-sur-seine , near paris , france , known for its bus-stop advertising systems , billboards , public bicycle rental systems , and street furniture .

it is the largest outdoor advertising corporation in the world .

the company was founded in 1964 in lyon , france by jean-claude decaux .

over the years it has expanded aggressively , partly through acquisitions of smaller advertising companies in several countries .

its headquarters is located in neuilly-sur-seine , a suburb of paris , france .

jcdecaux currently employs more than 13,030 people worldwide and maintains a presence in over 75 countries .

in france alone , jcdecaux employs more than 3,500 people .

jcdecaux

jcdecaux : market update on jcdecaux proposal to acquire apn outdoor group limit . .
at jcdecaux , we are always thinking forward . stay updated on all things jcdecaux .
jcdecaux latvia works in a close collaboration with its sister companies jcdecaux lithuania and jcdecaux estonia . reaching over 80 % of economically active population of baltics jcdecaux can guarantee an excellent coverage of the whole region .
glassdoor has 21 jcdecaux north america reviews submitted anonymously by jcdecaux north america employees . read employee reviews and ratings on glassdoor to decide if jcdecaux north america is right for you .
jcdecaux installs its street furniture in lisbon . jcdecaux portugal becomes the first subsidiary in a non - french - speaking country .
jcdecaux acquires continental outdoor media . with a presence in 16 countries , jcdecaux becomes the number one outdoor advertising company in africa .
jcdecaux s . a . - company profile , information , business description , history , background information on jcdecaux s . a .
principal subsidiaries : jcdecaux asia pte ltd ( singapore ) ; jcd ecaux australia ; jcdecaux deutschland / aribus citymedia ( germany ) ; jcd ecaux do brasil , ltda . ( brazil ) ; jcdecaux north america ( united state s ) ; jcdecaux pearl & dean ltd ( hong kong ) ; jcdecaux salvador s . a . ( brazil ) ; jcdecaux uk ; mcdecaux inc ( japan ) .
jcdecaux north america is part of an international media and communications company , jcdecaux out - of - home media group , founded in 1964 .
uk launch of jcdecaux innovate , the division dedicated to devising eye - catching newsworthy campaigns . the division rapidly rolled out across jcdecaux subsidiaries worldwide .
jcdecaux exited the hungarian market in 2009 in a global deal with affichage holding to terminate a jcdecaux / affichage holding joint venture for central and eastern europe .
then present in 56 countries , jcdecaux becomes # 1 worldwide in outdoor adverting .
joining jcdecaux means working in a french company that does business in 76 countries .
jcdecaux : paul j . meyer named president of digital sign services in north america
jcdecaux : renews and extends its street furniture and large - format advertising . .
at jcdecaux , we are always thinking forward . stay updated on all things jcdecaux , including the latest news , creative and innovative solutions as well as sustainable options .
© 2016 jcdecaux . { { i18n . all _ right _ reserved } } .
in each of these areas , jcdecaux offers passengers a new experience and spectacular displays .
posters must be delivered to jcdecaux’s technical centre 3 working days before in - charge .
jcdecaux ' s worldwide mall division handles contracts in 1 , 751 shopping centers worldwide .
jcdecaux : wins world ' s second largest automatic public toilet contract in berli . .
jcdecaux uk starts to challenge the conventions of outdoor advertising , and spices traditional campaigns up with bespoke out of the box elements . in 2004 , jcdecaux innovate is officially created .
jcdecaux signs in 2008 its first contract with dubai international airport . other deals in the region would follow , and jcdecaux middle east will grow to over 250 employees in 2014 .
jcdecaux introduces the seven - day campaign , which offers more flexibility and impact to advertisers .
jcdecaux signs its first contract with dubai international airport in 2008 . other deals in the region would follow ; by 2014 jcdecaux middle east had grown to a 250 - strong team .
glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at jcdecaux north america , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the jcdecaux north america company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at jcdecaux north america .
jcdecaux is listed on the eurolist of euronext paris and is part of the euronext 100 index .
jcdecaux stands out by creating media solutions that combine mass broadcast coverage with pinpoint targeting , providing an antidote to the fragmentation . 93 of the world ' s top 100 advertisers are jcdecaux clients .
work together together , we are jcdecaux , our success comes through collaboration , teamwork and common goals .
jcdecaux , the world ' s largest outdoor advertising company , has launched divisions in dubai and oman .
sir norman foster is the first designer to work with jcdecaux to design of street furniture lines . over 50 designers would work with jcdecaux , mario bellini , philippe starck or jean - michel wilmotte among them .
in 2013 , jcdecaux buys 85 % of eumex , a mexican company founded in 1995 . over 500 people join jcdecaux who strengthens its position in chile and argentina , and makes its entry into seven new countries .
join jcdecaux , an innovative and passionate french company , with a worldwide presence in more than 80 countries .
i applied online . i interviewed at jcdecaux north america ( new york , ny ) in june 2016 .
take a glimpse on what’s happening inside jcdecaux middle east featuring key developments and new events within each subsidiary .
jcdecaux , the world ' s largest outdoor advertising company , has launched new divisions in dubai and oman .
yoann el jaouhari has been appointed managing director for jcdecaux dubai and northern emirates , effective may 1 , 2011 . yoann el jaouhari is based in dubai and reports to david bourg , managing director for jcdecaux middle east .
jcdecaux , the world ' s second largest outdoor advertising company , has completed the acquisition of rival titan outdoor .
welcome to jcdecaux upload , where you can upload your artwork for print . download our specifications for print here .
jcdecaux is the largest outdoor advertising company in the world and the market leader in europe and asia - pacific . jcdecaux is listed on euronext paris and is part of the euronext 100 , dow jones sustainability and ftse4good indexes .
listed below is a timeline of jcdecaux ' s history in u . s . airport advertising design and innovation :
philippe infante began his career in lisbon working as a media manager for peugeot in 2001 . he joined jcdecaux in marseille as a sales representative in 2003 before being appointed , in december 2005 , account manager in jcdecaux’s corporate sales & development department in paris . in 2007 , he became managing director of urltoken decaux in qatar before being appointed deputy managing director of jcdecaux ata ( a joint venture between jcdecaux and its saudi partner ata ) in december 2010 .
jcdecaux oneworld is the international sales and marketing division of jcdecaux group . oneworld is dedicated to the development and management of multi - national brand communication , and providing global insight to the international out - of - home advertising industry .
two years after the company launched , jcdecaux extended its activities into belgium , creating the group ' s first subsidiary .
in 2007 , another transport contract saw jcdecaux establish operations at dubai airport and launch its development in the middle east .
after three years of research , in 2015 jcdecaux launched the self - service hybrid bicycle with portable , personal battery .
paris , may 2 , 2011 – philippe infante has been appointed managing director for jcdecaux saudi arabia , effective may 1 , 2011 . philippe infante is based in jeddah and reports to david bourg , managing director for jcdecaux middle east .
host mustafa alrawi speaks to martin sabbagh , the middle east chief executive of jcdecaux , the global outdoor advertising group .
jean - françois decaux , the chairman of the executive board and co - chief executive at jcdecaux , said :
jcdecaux is delighted to have been awarded the prestigious tfl advertising contract , the world ' s largest bus shelter advertising concession .
jcdecaux installs its first furniture in germany in hamburg in 1982 . in 1990 , a few months before the reunification , jcdecaux would be one of the first companies to invest in eastern germany , with a contract with the city of leipzig .
“the jcdecaux streetscapes worked great for us . i had numerous people call me and tell me that they see them everywhere and they really pop ! our sales were up this year and i think the jcdecaux streetscapes contributed to our increase . ”
under the terms of the deal , jcdecaux will take over the majority of titan ' s uk ad inventory , which also includes contracts in shopping malls . titan is thought to employ about 100 staff in london , where jcdecaux employs about 600 .
jcdecaux is the world’s largest out - of - home advertising company , reaching relevant audiences in over 80 countries . with sector - leading expertise and solutions , jcdecaux helps brands build meaningful interaction and scalable brand communication with their consumers around the world .
jcdecaux invents the electronic information board . cities can now communicate their messages in real time to their citizens , 24 / 7 .
with jcdecaux media , anything can happen – and frequently does , through unusual , eye - catching , unexpected and inspired campaigns .
cyclocity is the self - service bycicle scheme by jcdecaux and its systems are highlighted with a star . with the top 3 ranked systems and all systems in the
good / very good
category , jcdecaux shows its expertise in the domain of bikesharing .
jcdecaux’s first quarter 2011 revenues up 9 . 9 % to €535 . 3 million . organic revenue growth of 7 . 8 %
in 2014 , we renewed our commitment to sustainable development through the implementation of jcdecaux ' s sustainable development strategy . the strategy consists of six priorities distributed across the three components of sustainable development , covering all of the activities and subsidiaries of jcdecaux around the world .
jcdecaux north america is part of an international media and communications company , jcdecaux out - of - home media group , founded in 1964 . jcdecaux is the world leader in out - of - home media with advertising panels across 80 + countries that reach 410 + million people worldwide every day . it is europe ' s largest billboard owner and the world ' s largest owner of street furniture .
for years jcdecaux has been improving and diversifying its solutions to be able to offer brands the best products and services in the market .
jcdecaux wins the first advertising concession in singapore which used to forbid advertising in public spaces , and installs bus shelters on orchard road .
meignan , géraldine ,
jcdecaux , citadelle assiég & eac ute ; e ,
l ' expansion , april 26 , 2001 .
in 2005 , yoann el jaouhari joined jcdecaux as an operational marketing manager before being appointed , in 2007 , deputy operational marketing director .
jean - claude decaux invents the new concept and business model of street furniture with bus shelters financed by advertising . jcdecaux is born , and also a brand new 2 m2 advertising format . lyon ( france ) will the first city to adopt jcdecaux ' s business model .
jcdecaux is the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , with a total of more than 1 million advertising panels in more than 75 countries .
jcdecaux is the world ' s largest out - of - home advertising company , reaching relevant consumers in 20 countries in the african continent .
“our partnership with jcdecaux in launching
m : i : iii
in chicago allowed us to develop a unique and innovative campaign . jcdecaux gave us an edge by embedding lcd screens into our bus shelter ads , creating an
eye grabbing
experience that not . . .
quality and innovation , integrated into our unique economic model , are beacon values for us which place jcdecaux in a process of permanent progress .
jcdecaux cyclocity systems trust the podium of the automobile club association and the european automobile touring clubs ' evaluation of european bike - sharing systems .
jcdecaux is europe ' s market leader in the classic billboard sector ( large surface billboards ) and has high - quality locations in around 3 , 000 towns and cities in 30 countries . as the majority shareholder of gewista , jcdecaux is also the uncontested number 1 in austria .
jcdecaux entered the irish market in 1999 with the acquisition of david allen , ireland’s first outdoor media owner . jcdecaux are the recognised market leader in the billboard sector on the island of ireland and hold the rpa contract for advertising on the luas and also the contract to manage the northern ireland transport holding ( nithc ) rail portfolio . jcdecaux metro formats came about as a result of the jcdecaux advertising in exchange for public service model which delivered the hugely successful dublinbikes scheme to the capital . most recently , we have added retail and digital to our portfolio in ireland .
jcdecaux’s understanding of the behaviour of the urban audience , allows the company to deliver relevant networks targeted to reach consumers rapidly and effectively . by offering these high - quality communication opportunities in the world’s leading cities , jcdecaux creates scalable and consistent messaging for our partners on a global basis .
jcdecaux will take over what tfl describes as the world’s biggest bus shelter advertising contract from clear channel , which has held the account since 2005 .
wishing to beautify its growing urban environment and to provide more services to the general public , paris adopts in 1972 jcdecaux ' s bus shelters .
san francisco is the first american city to partner with jcdecaux , who installs its first model of automatic public toilets accessible to people in wheelchairs .
jcdecaux buys avenir , the outdoor communication division of havas media communication . the group welcomes the two new activities of large format and transport advertising .
jean - claude decaux invents the new concept and business model of ' street furniture ' , with bus shelters financed by advertising . jcdecaux is born , and also a brand new 2 m2 advertising format . lyon ( france ) becomes the first city to adopt jcdecaux ' s business model .
this ranking does not take into account the cost of the self - service bicycle schemes to the cities , a key fact that separates jcdecaux from its main competitors . under jcdecaux’s business model , the investment and operating costs of the self - service bicycles are financed by advertising on street furniture
jcdecaux is the market leader in airport advertising , with north american concessions for 15 airports that are serviced by seven sales offices throughout the country .
these deals – in particular the most recent with the rta – are why jcdecaux is confident on its commitment to the uae and wider region .
jean - charles decaux , the co - chief executive of jcdecaux , said there was a
vast potential
in the middle east region .
jcdecaux advertising ( shanghai ) co . , ltd - national operations & department le groupe jcdecaux est mondialement reconnu pour son activité dans le métier de la communication extérieure . il en développe tous les aspects : mobilier urbain , publicité dans les transports et affichage grand format . sa . . .
cities , transport systems and shopping centres are undergoing a profound digital transformation . jcdecaux never stops innovating , guiding them toward an ever more connected future .
jcdecaux north america reaches millions of americans everyday while they travel by car and when they walk and shop in city downtowns . jcdecaux offers advertising space on street furniture like bus shelter advertising , newsstand kiosks , and city information panels in new york , los angeles , chicago , boston and san francisco .
* new venture , jcdecaux - top media , of which 71 % of the capital is owned by jcdecaux and 29 % owned by top media , operates in panama , guatemala , costa rica , el salvador , honduras and nicaragua . source text for eikon : further company coverage : ( gdynia newsroom )
jean - charles decaux , co - ceo of jcdecaux , said :
the acquisition of eumex marks a milestone in our development in latin america . it represents a transformative move that will bring jcdecaux’s operations to seven new countries and make it the number one outdoor advertising company in the latin american continent .
paris , 26 january 2005 – jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company in europe and the number two worldwide , announced today that jcdecaux pearl & dean ( a 100 % subsidiary of jcdecaux located in hong kong ) has created a joint venture company with airports of shanghai ( sia / saa ) and the media company momentum , to manage the interior and exterior advertising space of the two shanghai airports : shanghai hongqiao airport and pudong international airport . as jcdecaux is already the operator of hong kong’s airport advertising , this new contract will strengthen its position in the region .
inventor of the street furniture concept in 1964 , jcdecaux progressively became # 1 worldwide in outdoor advertising , and continues to innovate for brands and for people .
2014 is the 50th anniversary of jcdecaux . this milestone year will be marked across the group worldwide , celebrating the unique history and success of the company .
jcdecaux is the world leader in out - of - home media with advertising panels across 80 + countries that reach over 410 million people worldwide every day .
2012 - miami international joins the prestige digital network , making it the 11th airport in jcdecaux ' s u . s . portfolio with this exclusive digital program
this exclusive 15 - year contract ( 2005 – 2019 ) with sia / saa should represent estimated revenues of €490 million . the new company , jcdecaux momentum shanghai airport advertising co ltd * , is 50 % owned by sia / saa , 35 % by jcdecaux pearl & dean and 15 % by momentum .
it is not black and white , he says , with the likes of google and facebook among jcdecaux’s biggest customers in markets such as china and london .
paris , november 19 , 2012 - jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , announced today that jcdecaux pearl & dean , a 100 % subsidiary of jcdecaux ( hereinafter called “jcdecaux transport” ) has won the renewal of its exclusive advertising contracts with mtr corporation for the operation and management of outdoor advertising across six mtr lines * * and the airport express . these renewed contracts will be effective from january 2013 for 5 years . the three contracts awarded cover the advertising concessions of the mtr’s main products and tv network , with its coverage of the six lines , and the airport express .
the new contract with jcdecaux represents good value for fare and taxpayers and will generate revenue for us to invest in delivering better services for our customers .
2 years after its creation , jcdecaux expands out of france , and installs its bus shelters in brussels ( belgium ) , where is created the first subsidiary .
. jcdecaux digital and classic advertising product lines reach spend - ready consumers in shopping malls and at supermarkets nationwide , providing access to the last window of influence .
jcdecaux is , first and foremost , about family . jean - claude decaux , our founder , developed the company with the unshakeable support of his loved ones .
jcdecaux is the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide and the market leader in europe , asia - pacific , latin america , africa and the middle - east .
jcdecaux successfully reaches over 600 million annual airport passengers in its u . s . airports and is by and far the most experienced developer and operator of advertising displays in airports across the country . jcdecaux ' s u . s . airport portfolio delivers one of the highest concentration of business passengers and frequent flyers in the industry .
to reflect the ever - increasing changes in the airport environment and to remain on the cutting - edge of media , jcdecaux constantly reevaluates its offerings to advertisers by developing new products , formulas , and concepts . the ability of our group to reinvent itself is how jcdecaux maintains its status as the world leader in airport advertising .
paris , 23 december 2016 - jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , and top media , leader in the outdoor advertising sector in central america , announce they have signed an agreement to merge their activities . the new venture , jcdecaux - top media , of which 71 % of the capital is owned by jcdecaux and 29 % owned by top media , operates in panama , guatemala , costa rica , el salvador , honduras and nicaragua .
outfront media inc . ( nyse : out ) and jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) announced today that they have entered into an agreement to sell the latin america business of outfront media to jcdecaux latin america / corameq , which is 85 % owned by jcdecaux sa . the purchase price is $ 82 million cash , subject to working capital and indebtedness adjustments . the transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2016 , subject to customary closing conditions , including regulatory approval .
joining jcdecaux means choosing the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , and seeing new horizons in a team recognised for its momentum , creativity , and sense of innovation .
jcdecaux criticized this decision and the proposal of its competitor . the outdoor advertising giant filed an appeal with the paris administrative court to challenge smoovengo’s new contract . in a statement jcdecaux says to start this procedure “to protect the interests of the 315 partners have been participating in the unrivalled success of vélib in the past ten years . ”
jcdecaux is the only international outdoor company that is exclusively dedicated to out - of - home advertising and its expertise in all areas of this sector are recognised worldwide .
jcdecaux partnered with our team in helping the bacardi global brand achieve its objectives . our campaign was very impactful in both reaching consumers and in driving sales .
this applies to jcdecaux’s local competitors in regional markets , he says , which will adapt quickly to any changes in regulations for outdoor advertising including a focus toward digital .
paris , 17 september 2014 - jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , announced today that its subsidiary jcdecaux ata , together with lg electronics and kkia , has been awarded a guinness world record for creating the world’s largest outdoor advertising billboard at riyadh’s king khaled international airport in saudi arabia .
jcdecaux already holds the right to sell advertising at dubai international airport , and in 2010 won a 10 - year contract to sell advertising at dubai ' s new al maktoum international airport . in a further regional expansion , jcdecaux middle east said yesterday it had launched its operations in oman through a 20 - year contract with muscat municipality .
a new service joins the jcdecaux portfolio , to answer cities ' needs for better urban mobility . the first self - service bicycles scheme is installed in vienna , austria .
thomas kuruvilla , the managing director of the consultancy arthur d little middle east , said the arrival of jcdecaux would help to improve the standard of outdoor advertisements in oman .
jcdecaux designs new signposts and offers them to cities together with its bus shelters and city information panels . the french government would make them the standard for all signage in france .
designed to be perfectly clean and operational and already energy and water saving , jcdecaux ' s automatic public toilets are first tested and then installed in paris in 1980 and 1981 .
thanks to its close collaboration with the designer philip cox and to the quality of its maintenance , jcdecaux wins the tender for the city of sydney . the group enters oceania .
into the mid - 2000s , jcdecaux targeted growth in the asian region . in 2004 , the company added its first operations in japan , winning a cont ract to provide street furniture to the city of yokohama . the followi ng year , in partnership with mitsubishi , jcdecaux won a new 20 - year c ontract to provide bus shelters to the city of nagoya . jcdecaux had a lso entered the chinese market , forming a joint venture to gain a con tract to provide exterior and interior advertising in two shanghai ai rports .
1999 : after acquisition of outdoor advertising division of hav as media , which includes avenir , jcdecaux becomes leading billboard a dvertiser in europe and world ' s leading airport advertiser .
the mayor of lyon was the first to adopt this new public service provided by a private company in 1964 . the advertising bus shelter and the jcdecaux business model were born .
jcdecaux north america , inc . is part of jcdecaux out - of - home media group , an international media and communications company founded in 1964 . jcdecaux is the number one outdoor advertising specialist in the world , as well as the market leader in europe and in asia pacific . as the inventor of the
street furniture
concept in 1964 , the jcdecaux group is one of only two companies worldwide to focus exclusively on outdoor advertising and develop activities in all three segments : street furniture , billboard and transport advertising . jcdecaux is n°1 worldwide for street furniture , n°1 worldwide in transport , n°1 in europe for billboard advertising , n°1 worldwide in self - service bicycles , and n°1 worldwide for airport advertising with concessions in 218 airports . the group has operations in 80 + countries with a presence in over 4 , 033 cities , reaching over 410 + million people daily worldwide .
the launch of the dubai division - which has not been officially confirmed by the company - marks the first time jcdecaux will sell advertising outside of the emirate ' s airport .
always at the forefront of innovation and technology , jcdecaux north america is a trend - setter and an industry reference . from the heart of the nation’s most beautiful cities to the best shopping malls and top international airports , jcdecaux north america delivers select audiences to advertisers with high - impact networks of state - of - the - art static and digital displays .
the jcdecaux company was founded by jean - claude decaux in 1964 . the first items of modern street furniture were born of his idea to combine public service facilities and advertisements . since then , continuous further development and numerous innovations have driven the company ' s activities ever forwards . today , the company is managed by sons jean - francois decaux and jean - charles decaux . gewista is integrated in the jcdecaux group at an international level . the french outdoor advertising company holds a majority share in gewista of 67 per cent through jcdecaux holding .
through an uncompromising commitment to integrity and excellence in service , innovation and design jcdecaux australia strives to deliver market - leading solutions that continue to challenge the expected conventions of outdoor advertising .
jean - charles decaux , co - ceo of jcdecaux , said : “with a total of 200 million individual rentals , the self - service bicycle rental schemes continue to meet the expectations of 67 cities and their residents . this figure reflects the outstanding quality of the service provided by jcdecaux’s teams around the world , delivering the highest levels of operations and maintenance . jcdecaux will continue to lead the way in the field of sustainable mobility , building upon today’s record - breaking figures to create the self - service bicycle rental schemes of the future . ”
jcdecaux has 524 , 000 advertising panels and is number 1 worldwide in the street furniture segment . the company also counts among the world ' s leaders in the field of transport and traffic advertising . jcdecaux is present in over 300 transport networks with more than 395 , 000 advertising panels in metros , buses and tram systems , as well as in 230 airports .
riyadh , - ( me newswire ) jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , announced today that its subsidiary jcdecaux ata , together with lg electronics and kkia , has been awarded a guinness world record for creating the world ' s largest outdoor advertising billboard at riyadh ' s king khaled international airport in saudi arabia .
a new division , jcdecauxlive , is created at jcdecaux uk , aiming at delivering more interactive and engaging campaigns . this new experiential division activates the full potential of the latest digital screens .
jcdecaux launched the
street furniture revolution
in the u . s . in 1992 when it demonstrated its unique automatic public toilets in new york city . the experiment attracted nationwide attention to jcdecaux street furniture , including bus shelters , newsstands , public information panels and other amenities . it also led to a 20 - year contract in san francisco in 1994 , which is entirely funded by first - class advertising . 2002 marked a rapid change in the growth of the company ' s development in the u . s . market , with street furniture programs in chicago and los angeles . also , in 2003 wall usa and jcdecaux north america partnered to offer advertisers first - class street furniture programs in boston , which are now run solely by jcdecaux .
reinventing urban mobility and creating alternative , more environmentally friendly modes of transport are major undertakings . through its innovative power , jcdecaux has become a leader in self - service bike rental scheme .
paris , 20 september 2017 - jcdecaux s . a . ( euronext paris : dec ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , announced that its subsidiary jcdecaux singapore has been awarded
most innovative contribution to a campaign by a media owner
by the 2017 singapore media awards , for its dynamic campaign with martell at singapore changi airport ( terminal 1 ) * .
for more than 50 years , jcdecaux has constantly been improving and diversifying its products and services to offer relevant solutions to our partners ' needs and to the inhabitants and passengers in urban environments .
jcdecaux also sought new markets within the urban furniture sector . j ean - claude decaux , who lay at the origins of what some called the com pany ' s ' obsession ' with cleanliness , turned his attention to france ' s notorious pissoirs , the often unsanitary public toilet facili ties then in place around the country . jcdecaux set out to design a n ew type of public toilet capable of automatically cleaning itself aft er each use . with support from friend and then mayor of paris jacques chirac , jcdecaux secured its first public toilet contract in paris i n 1980 .
this landmark jcdecaux structure is strategically positioned on riyadh airport’s access road and enables lg to showcase the new lg g3 smartphone to 100 % of the airport’s passengers , whilst communicating the brand’s identity .
jcdecaux north america strives to treat all employees and candidates with equal dignity and respect regardless of gender age , nationality , ethnic origin , sexual orientation , disability , political stance or religious belief .
jean - charles decaux , chairman of the executive board and co - ceo of jcdecaux , said : “ with a total of 300 million individual rentals , the self - service bicycle rental schemes continue to meet the expectations of 66 cities and their residents . this figure reflects the outstanding quality of the service provided by jcdecaux’s teams around the world , delivering the highest levels of operations and maintenance . jcdecaux will continue to lead the way in the field of sustainable mobility , building upon today’s record - breaking figures to create the self - service bicycle rental schemes of the future . ”
jcdecaux puts its networks at the service of urban connectivity by partnering for small cells deployment with vodafone , huawei or alcatel - lucent . amsterdam is the first city to equip over 400 bus shelters .
jcdecaux , through gewista , will continue to develop its outdoor advertising businesses in the eastern european countries of hungary , slovenia , croatia , bosnia , yugoslavia and bulgaria , in partnership with affichage holding .
since entering the outdoor advertising market over 20 years ago , we have always endeavoured to emulate the professional standards and values of jcdecaux , the company founded by jean - claude decaux in 1964 . ”
scrolling backlights , considered a revolution in out - of - home by uk media agencies , and another example of jcdecaux ' s ' less is more ' product installation ethos , launched in the uk .
innovation and multiculturalism are deeply rooted in our activities . jcdecaux was born of one particular innovation in 1964 : advertising bus shelters and their resulting economic model . very early on , the company went global .
having pioneered the standardised bus shelter format and implemented it for advertisers in leading cities throughout the world , jcdecaux has introduced the same high quality of communication for our partners in other out - of - home environments in the outdoor space . the world’s leading global brands choose to work with jcdecaux around the world due to their recognition of the group’s ability to deliver consistently high quality product offering in every market .
jcdecaux is the largest outdoor advertising company in the world . jcdecaux is listed on euronext paris and is part of the euronext 100 index . jcdecaux invented the concept of street furniture in 1964 and today is the only global company that is exclusively focused on outdoor advertising . jcdecaux is number one worldwide in street furniture , number one worldwide in transport advertising , the european leader in billboard advertising and the number one worldwide for self - service bicycle hire . employing 12 , 300 people , the group has operations in more than 70 countries around the world , and has a presence in 3 , 700 cities with more than 10 , 000 inhabitants for which it offers attractive , high - quality street furniture . jcdecaux operates more than 49 , 000 premium digital advertising screens in 30 countries , in city centers , in the main airports , mass transit systems , rail stations and shopping centers , and along highways . the group generated total revenues of €2 , 813 million in 2014 , and €1 , 460m in h1 2015 .
jcdecaux middle east africa’s public relations executive will be in charge of using all forms of media and communication to build , maintain and reinforce the reputation of the group within the middle east and africa markets .
following the recent sale of epamedia assets by raiffeisen to joj media house ( a media company in slovakia ) , jcdecaux has successfully explored the opportunity to reenter the hungarian market through the acquisition of epamedia hungary .
jcdecaux invents the city information panel , a street furniture displaying city information on one side and advertising on the other . a new division is formed 3 years later to help cities create their maps and communications .
career growth at jcdecaux north america is encouraged . because we strive to attract and retain our intellectual capital , we aim to reward people who demonstrate a positive outlook and a passion for hard work . we expect our team to take ownership of , and pride in , its roles . sharing ideas , finding solutions , and working in a respecful workplace are hallmarks of day - to - day life at jcdecaux north america .
jcdecaux wins the first advertising concession in singapore , a city which previously refused advertising in public spaces , and installs advertising bus shelters on orchard road , the heart of the city ' s retail and entertainment hub .
jcdecaux started operating in sweden back in 1989 . we signed an agreement with the city of malmö to provide the city with bus shelters funded by advertising , community information boards , and fully automated street toilets . other swedish cities soon followed . in 1997 , jcdecaux acquired all shares in a swedish outdoor advertising firm , ab förenade are - bolagen , which enabled us to expand our product range with for instance advertising columns and billboards .
yrjö judström , administrative director at helsinki city transport , said :
we are pleased to continue our partnership with jcdecaux . the income from this contract plays an important role in financing the helsinki public transport . well executed advertising adds value to public transport when well designed and maintained advertising panels enhance the passenger experience . we look forward to the opportunity to further improve our on - line passenger information through the continued partnership with jcdecaux .
each minute 75 vélib bicycles are rented in paris . according to jcdecaux , the world’s biggest in outdoor advertising that uses the vélib docking stations across paris for its billboards , each vélib bike is rented on average about six times a day . jcdecaux , that operates the paris’ public bike scheme , claims more than 292 million rentals since the launch in 2007 . by the way , vélib’s are made by accell group as well as orbita .
paris , france , june 25 , 2015 / jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) ( www . jcdecaux . com ) , the number one outdoor advertising company worldwide , announced today that it has completed the acquisition of continental outdoor media , the leader in outdoor advertising in africa , in partnership with a community owned investment company , royal bafokeng holdings ( rbh ) , with a shareholding split of 70 / 30 . rbh ' s
this merger reinforces jcdecaux ' s presence in panama , guatemala , costa rica and el salvador , adding new assets in the large format and transport sectors that complement its street furniture and hoarding activities , as well as introducing the group to honduras and nicaragua . with 15 , 700 advertising panels and a presence in 6 central american countries , jcdecaux - top media will offer advertisers a full and diversified regional presence coupled with unrivalled visibility in panama .
there is a kind of competition between cities around the world when it comes to infrastructure such as outdoor advertising installations from billboards to interactive “big ipads” like the e - village product , according to mr sabbagh . this is one of the drivers behind jcdecaux’s growth . the overall wave of urbanisation that has gathered pace in emerging markets in recent years is another . it has helped jcdecaux to spread its network from sao paulo to chicago to shanghai .
a wonderful means for getting around on your own or with others , cyclocity , designed by jcdecaux , offers self - service bikes to local communities worldwide . innovative and easy to use , the cyclocity bikes encourage urban mobility .
there is a great potential fit with our existing roadside and airport advertising business and with strong positions in retail and rail advertising it is well placed for growth ,
said jeremy male , the chief executive of jcdecaux .
jcdecaux india is committed to bringing excellence to out - of - home advertising through product innovation , robust designs , unparalleled services and strategic locations . the company’s striking advertising portfolio includes street furniture , airport , metro and malls .
more people are travelling by rail than ever before . jcdecaux’s multi - media network extends across the uk’s busiest mainline railway stations , providing national , urban and london - focused coverage of this valuable , ever - growing audience .
from 1 july 2015 , jcdecaux will participate in the commercial transformation of the helsinki city transport through the installation of innovative and effective advertising solutions . jcdecaux aims to make the very popular helsinki rail - based public transport system one of the major communication platforms for advertisers , across all media platforms in finland . the concession will upgrade the helsinki outdoor landscape , as cutting edge digital and traditional advertising displays are introduced across the entire metro and tram system .
jcdecaux transport , the “number one out - of - home media company of the year” in hong kong * * * , has held the mtr advertising contract for over 30 years . these six lines reach 78 % of the hong kong population in a month * * * * and dominate transport advertising in hong kong . this win not only maintains jcdecaux transport’s portfolio in hong kong , but also its market leader position in metro advertising in china .
jcdecaux mall panels provide an upscale vehicle to advertise near point of sale . this innovative and highly visible form of mall advertising has afforded nautica increased target brand awareness for product launches as well as during key . . .
jcdecaux north america doesn ' t just claim to recruit the best talent . our strategy concentrates in finding the ' best fit ' solution for every opportunity within our company and is founded on creating a motivated and diverse workforce .
jcdecaux airports provides an excellent advertising package . in particular , the creative treatments look great in the backlit diorama structures . the ability to reach our core audience at a great price made this campaign an extremely . . .
outfront media has closed the sale of all of its equity interests in the company’s argentina , chile , mexico and uruguay outdoor plant to jcdecaux . the sale price was $ 82 million . revenue and cashflow were not disclosed .
the project , a joint venture between the city authorities , international bus stop ad business jcdecaux and wireless internet provider wigo , will enable commuters to see where their nearest bus is and what time it is likely to arrive .
jean - françois decaux , co - ceo of jcdecaux said : “ chicago is becoming the silicon valley of digital outdoor media . ten years after winning the street furniture contract delivering prime audiences in downtown chicago , jcdecaux , in partnership with interstate affiliates , will develop and operate the best digital billboard locations along chicago’s busiest expressways , offering a one - stop solution for national and local advertisers in the third largest us market . billboard advertising represents more than 60 % of the us outdoor advertising market and digital billboards is the fastest growing segment . the chicago city digital network will pave the way for jcdecaux to build more digital billboards on an organic basis in other us cities . ”
lord norman foster becomes the first designer to work with jcdecaux to design street furniture lines . over fifty designers , including mario bellini , philippe starck , jean - michel wilmotte and marc aurel , would subsequently work with the company .
for the first time , jcdecaux established a foothold in a new country thanks to transport advertising rather than the installation of street furniture . today , it manages advertising activity in 11 airports and more than 30 underground lines in asia .
since the company was founded in 1964 jcdecaux has been characterised by an entrepreneurial spirit of innovation . we are the only international player focused exclusively on outdoor advertising , with three distinct channels : street furniture , transport advertising and billboard advertising
the re - branding of all statutory documentation , products and other signage has commenced across the continent and we anticipate that by the end of 2016 the jcdecaux brand will be highly prominent across the african land and city - scape” .
mr sabbagh offers some fascinating insights into the current trends impacting his industry , which is often a bellwether for the wider economy . it is also a time of technological disruption which has resulted in fresh challenges and opportunities for jcdecaux .
featuring high impact , flexible advertising formats spanning trams shelters , portrait sides , cityscapes and the iconic tram wrap , the yarra trams network delivers unbeatable melbourne cbd impact – reaching savvy inner city pedestrian audiences and completing jcdecaux’s eastern seaboard dominance .
jcdecaux revolutionizes the advertising panels by replacing all the sheet metals by back - lit panels . the advertisement becomes more colourful and luminous , able to render the finest details of photographs , which were just beginning to be used in advertising .
this family spirit has characterised the company for more than 50 years and unites all of its employees . joining jcdecaux is the opportunity to move into a team that is unified around a clear strategy , shared goals , and common values .
“we are located inside a mall and i use the display panels provided by jcdecaux for reaching customers who are already in the mall . this works very effectively . customers walk in and say they saw our ad in the mall . ”
a true leader in creativity and innovation , jcdecaux airport provides a service to this audience , enhancing the airport experience with progressive media technology and special programs . our products include a wide range of advertising structures of different formats , as well as exhibition spaces , and by customizing these flexible media programs , advertisers ' objectives can be met very effectively . jcdecaux offers brands the perfect platform to reach one of the highest - profile audiences in out - of - home media . on a regional level , jcdecaux airport is uniquely qualified to improve advertisers ' bottom lines by generating revenue through inexpensive , effective local advertising . low cpms and monthly costs , coupled with audience quality , make your advertising dollars go further .
jcdecaux says connectivity is essential to building tomorrow’s smart cities and it has joined forces with mobile phone networks to allow them to install small cells in its street furniture , helping to improve phone and data networks in the densest urban areas .
one of the biggest challenges facing the ooh industry is the proliferation of smartphones and other devices , meaning that jcdecaux and its peers must compete for audience eyeballs with a display that consumers carry with themselves and are obsessed with to distraction .
the inventor of the
street furniture
concept in 1964 , the jcdecaux group is the only company worldwide to focus exclusively on outdoor a dvertising and develop activities in all three segments : street furni ture , billboard , and transport advertising .
in 1999 jean - claude bought mass media company vivendi , making jcdecaux the largest outdoor advertising corporation in the world . only one year later he stepped down from his chair as ceo , leaving the company to his sons , and they took the company public within one year . another milestone came in 2006 , when jcdecaux won the bid for a self - service bicycle rental system in paris , with a total of 18 . 000 bikes – in fierce competition with clear channel .
our maintenance crew of 85 employees ensure that all units are always looking their best . employing your own crew under a collective labor agreement enables us to guarantee quality through the whole value chain – an important reason for the success of jcdecaux .
35 years after its creation , in 1999 , jcdecaux acquires avenir , a subsidiary of havas media . this acquisition leads the group to incorporate a new activity : transport advertising , a high - potential sector given city dwellers’ increasingly mobile lifestyles .
jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) , - a world leader in outdoor advertising and the largest outdoor group in europe , announced today that it has purchased , through its austrian subsidiary , gewista , the remaining minority interests in two outdoor advertising companies in the czech republic and in slovakia . the companies manage billboard and transport advertising , including that for subway , tram and bus advertising in prague . these interests were bought from affichage holding , in which jcdecaux has a 30 % interest , and german outdoor advertising company dsm , at a price slightly above 5x the expected ebitda for 2002 . acquiring these interests will give jcdecaux full control of the two companies and allow it to rationalise and improve the profitability of both .
continental outdoor media , founded more than 50 years ago and a pioneer in outdoor advertising in africa , was acquired on 18 june 2015 by jcdecaux sa ( euronext paris : dec ) in partnership with empowerment partner and long - term investor royal bafokeng holdings ( rbh ) with a shareholding split of 70 / 30 . the company has now completed its integration process , and having finalised all statutory requirements , will officially be known as jcdecaux in each of the countries it operates within .
this announcement is distributed by nasdaq corporate solutions on behalf of nasdaq corporate solutions clients . the issuer of this announcement warrants that they are solely responsible for the content , accuracy and originality of the information contained therein . source : jcdecaux via globenewswire
job activities : • initiating and planning pr campaigns : defining goals analysing problems and opportunities . • analysing and evaluating jcdecaux campaign strategy ; coordinating surveys , researching reports and articles about jcdecaux and its competitors . • writing and editing press releases , in - house newsletters . • using corporate advertising to maintain jcdecaux identity , name and reputation in the market place . • developing and maintaining good working relations with the media , including local national newspapers , magazines , radio and television . • answering enquiries from individuals , journalists and other organisations . • organising special events such as press conferences , exhibitions , corporate weekends , sponsorship . • managing communications budgets . • good oral and written communication skills , team spirit , dynamic , organized .