ajegroup is a multinational company dedicated to the manufacture , distribution and sale of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages .

the company was started by the añaños family in ayacucho , peru and now is headquartered in lima , peru and in madrid , spain it is known for its flagship products kola real and big cola .

ajegroup is privately owned by grupo embotellador atic of madrid , spain , the holding company owned by the añaños-jerí family from ayacucho , peru .

ajegroup has approximately 10,000 employees and operates in 22 countries across five continents , placing it 12th among latin american multinational companies .

besides peru and mexico , ajegroup also has operations in brazil , costa rica , dominican republic , ecuador , el salvador , nigeria , guatemala , honduras , india , indonesia , thailand , venezuela , vietnam , and egypt .

its portfolio includes beverages , juices , nectars , light beverages , bottled natural water , dairy and beer .

it manages 17 trademarks in 48 different presentations of pet and glass bottles , and also cans .

ajegroup

ajegroup started out as ajedesign in 2008 with the ambition of providing industrial design services .
with its bigger and cheaper bottles , peru ' s ajegroup is raiding market share and forcing coke and pepsi to lower their prices .
good morning people , how was your night ? don ' t forget to get yourself a bottle of big cola today . # ajegroup
ajegroup’s first attempted foray into the beer market was in mexico with a 2005 plan to build a brewery . ananos said ajegroup scrapped that project after mexico enacted a law to tax beer sold in nonreturnable bottles and cans at a higher rate than returnable bottles , a hurdle for new entrants .
today ajegroup controls three subsidiaries ; ajemanagement , ajedesign , and ajeoutsourcing and are all 100 % owned by ajegroup ab . they span over one main area , it . whether it ' s building a website , managing the construction of it , or supplying the manpower to succeed , we excel at it .
ajegroup es una empresa de jugos y bebidas , conocida por uno de sus productos líderes big cola . ellos tienen presencia en centroamérica en costa r… | pinterest
another factor that has contributed to ajegroup’s success is perhaps its partnership with four english premier league clubs , an ambitious marketing move smartly used by the company .
speaking at the reuters latin american investment summit , angel ananos said ajegroup would invest $ 35 million this year in the beverage company’s strategy to expand into brewing beer .
recently , ajegroup has talked of breaking into mexico ' s beer market , a segment that analyst lopez - doriga believes will be tough to crack . in the beer industry , retailer exclusivity agreements are legal because of quirks in mexico ' s liquor licensing . thus , lopez - doriga said , ajegroup would find a lot of doors closed to its product .
premios para el esfuerzo que juntos hacemos por un # guayasimparable mucha diversión en @ munisalitre donde el público presente se llevó productos de # ajegroup @ bigcolalatam . @ jimmyjairala @ prefecturguayas urltoken
but as for the company ' s goal of grabbing 10 % of the mexican soft - drink market by the end of the decade , lopez - doriga said ajegroup was well on its way .
ajegroup initially is aiming for a tenth of peru’s beer market . calling it feasible , he said : “taking 10 percent of the market that is growing at 20 percent is not too aggressive . ”
ajegroup ' s first attempted foray into the foreign market was in venezuela , where its international expansion started in 1999 . then , in 2000 , the company decided to enter in the ecuador market .
peruvian multinational beverage maker ajegroup , with presence in more than 20 countries in latin america , asia and africa , has managed to take on the largest soft drinks companies coca cola and pepsi in asia .
ajegroup , owned by the añaños family , created kola real in 1988 , when the peruvian region of ayacucho was being devastated by the terrorist conflicts , leading major beverage suppliers to pull out of business there .
lima ( reuters ) - peruvian multinational beverage maker ajegroup , which makes its big cola soft drinks in eight nations , says it’s poised to enter the beer market , starting in its home country , its chief executive said on thursday .
ajegroup , one of peru’s leading multinationals , makes and bottles soft drinks in mexico , peru , venezuela , ecuador , costa rica , nicaragua , guatemala and thailand . ananos said it is building a plant in colombia and plans one in honduras .
este fin de semana seguimos # activandoguayas con nuestra campaña # juntosporeldeporte junto a # ajegroup y el apoyo de los municipios de los diferentes cantones . sábado 7 de abril estaremos en el cantón @ gadnaranjal y domingo 8 de abril en el guasmo norte en gye . urltoken
este sábado 31 de marzo , desde las 10h00 empezamos nuestro torneo # volleyplayerofemenino en el hermoso balneario del cantón gral . villamil , @ gadplayas . con la participación de los equipos de # ajegroup # chile _ vera @ gadplayas y @ prefecturguayas ¡los esperamos ! @ jimmyjairala urltoken
ajegroup also saves money on distribution . instead of employing its own fleet of trucks and route drivers , the company farms out deliveries to independent truckers . the company also does little advertising . though it has dabbled with television spots and billboards , it still relies mainly on word of mouth .
that evolution is was you see in front of you today . with ties to poland thanks to previous business , an agreement was founded between andrzej misiak , lgbs , and ajegroup . the outsourcing of highly skilled developers was born . the new company , ajeoutsourcing was launched early january 2015 .
at ajegroup ' s largest bottling plant in huejotzingo , two hours east of mexico city , the production lines run 24 hours a day , six days a week churning out big cola and the company ' s first line of fruit - flavored sodas . the company , which employs 2 , 300 workers in mexico , also has bottling facilities in monterrey and guadalajara .
according to el nuevo diario , the peruvian soft drink company kola real ( produced by industrias san miguel del caribe s . a , the dominican branch of ajegroup ) has been the first and only private enterprise in the dominican republic to actively support efforts to combat a possible epidemic of cholera in the country . the measure was taken , taking into account the importance of delivering information on precautionary measures to dominican society . minister of public health dr . bautista rojas gómez acknowledged the contribution of industrias san miguel del caribe s . a . , which is investing 40 % of its publicity on radio and television to reach all areas of the country .
are you a fan of starting your day off right with a hearty breakfast ? us , too . in this video , we share the top 5 places
nowhere in peru is better for watching condors in flight than the colca canyon . this impressive bird , with its black plumage and white neck , takes
just three months old , picogallo is a fresh , new fast food option in the san isidro district of lima . the concept is simple tex - mex made - to - order—like
to discuss and undertake a variety of community service projects and enjoy presentations on a variety of interesting topics . the meetings are held in english with members from several countries . for more information please call dario gastelo at 992 768 778 or contact ken clay at kensclay @ gmail . com .
11 : 00 am - ( august 19 ) 11 : 00 am tomas valle cruce con pan . norte , independencia
dinosaurs and giant dragons animatronics ( dinosaurios y dragones gigantes ) for the first time in peru ! it will be a show that brings together more than 40 figures to scale , with movement and sounds that will impress the spectators , along with interactive activities , informative screens , 3d pictures and much more that promises to surprise everyone .
8 : 00 pm - ( august 14 ) 8 : 00 pm av . almte . miguel grau 1511 , barranco .
we are already a week away from our next exhibition of experimental space ( exposición de espacio experimental ) . this year “instalaciones del habla” brings together a wider group of artists and professionals . the traveling urko collective conceptualization and design : giovanna pillaca and kevin chavez .
project development and assembly : victor ramirez , fatima alvarado , giovanna pillaca and kevin chavez , presents “multiversos” .
don’t miss it , this july 12 at 7 : 00 pm at mac lima .
8 : 00 pm - ( august 26 ) 8 : 00 pm av . javier prado este cuadra 16 - surco
the great circus of russia will return for the seventh consecutive year to peru to participate in the circus season in the months of july and august , on this occasion with “volaré” . this show is completely renewed and includes more than 50 artists from the european country , said rpp noticias .
“the cast of the great russian circus will be composed of artists from the main circus companies in russia and the world . among them stand out : maría andreeva , aerial artist with rope ; the acrobatic duo of oscar and danylo strakhov ; and nikolay sarychev , the creator of the most impressive acrobatic performance in recent years” , the media wrote on tuesday .
this season will feature live music , professional dancers , and much more , to become in one of the greatest events people can enjoy in peru .
“volaré” will be presented from july 12 to august 26 next to the jockey club on avenida javier prado . tickets are already on sale in teleticket with pre - sale prices until june 30 .
the “circus d’italia” prepared a montage inspired by the roman style combined with emotion , suspense , and beauty in what will be called “roma” .
come to see the best european artists personalize a romantic drama with emblematic italian characters .
8 : 00 pm - 11 : 00 pm ( 20 ) av . javier prado este 2225 , san borja
the gran teatro nacional presents in july 2018 , the scenic cantata carmina burana , a production of the teatro julio mario santo domingo in bogotá , colombia , which will feature the participation of more than 200 artists from the national symphony orchestra , the national choir and the national choir of children of peru , along with the experienced colombian group l’explose danza contemporánea .
carmina burana is the most famous work of the german composer carl orff and is based on the homonymous work carmina burana , a collection of goliard songs from the 12th and 13th centuries gathered in a manuscript found in benediktbeuern in the 19th century . the collection attracted orff because of the diversity of his verses , written by monks and minstrels , which were humorous , sad and suggestive . orff chose around twenty random verses and arranged them into raw songs for soloists and choruses .
11 : 00 am - ( august 5 ) 9 : 30 pm av . salaverry block 17 , jesus maria
the 23rd international book fair of lima is about to begin ! book presentations , concerts , exhibitions , tributes , workshops , talks , theatrical performances , film screenings and many more cultural activities for adults and children in one place .
the largest publishing event in the country awaits you with many surprises , including the participation of renowned writers and international artists . do not miss this event and enjoy the culture your way .
1 : 00 pm - 1 : 00 am ( 30 ) av . alfonso ugarte 1439 , lima
living in peru is a news portal designed to be the world’s window on peru . about us
twenty years ago the huicungo community in the san martin region in peru used to plant and sell cocaine . today , the… urltoken
just three months old , picogallo is a fresh , new fast food option in the san isidro district of lima . the concept i… urltoken
are you a fan of starting your day off right with a hearty breakfast ? us , too . in this video , we share the top 5 pl… urltoken
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the huejotzingo operation produces its own plastic bottles , which whiz down the filling line at a clip of 36 , 000 an hour . plastic is a low - cost alternative to glass returnable bottles and has helped b - brands like big cola compete .
lean staffing is another cost - cutting tool . spokesman paredes said the company ' s modern equipment , coupled with so - called kaizen , or continuous improvement , techniques , have helped it reduce the number of workers on each of the huejotzingo plant ' s seven production lines to eight , which he says is fewer than half that of a typical bottling facility .
although low - income consumers are the brand ' s target market , big cola is catching on in higher income brackets as well . at a puebla outlet of mega , a mexican supermarket and discount chain , manager antonio santa cruz said big cola had been gaining favor among his mostly middle - class client base .
bottles of big cola and first were flying off the shelves as part of a holiday promotion offering 3 . 3 liters for 86 cents , santa cruz said . nearby , 2 . 5 - liter bottles of coca cola were selling for about $ 1 . 33 , while the same size pepsi was priced at 96 cents .
santa cruz said coke products remained top performers at his store . but big cola has overtaken pepsi as his no . 2 - selling cola brand , accounting for 18 % of sales , up from just 8 % two years ago . he said shoppers typically tried it for the price but kept buying it for the taste as well .
he noted that breweries were much more expensive to construct than bottling plants . and beer is highly perishable , which could present the company with a host of distribution challenges .
they saw an opening in mexico and they took it ,
he said .
they continue to be very aggressive .
did louganis act properly ? : diving : some wonder whether he should have revealed he was hiv - positive during ' 88 games .
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barring the odd soundbyte around the official launch a few weeks ago , spanish beverage major aje , the owner of big cola , a brand strong in latin america , has opted to maintain a low profile in the indian marketplace - the fourth asian country it has stepped into after thailand , vietnam and indonesia in the last few years .
thanks to its local flavours and discount pricing . india , say officials at the privately - held aje , is demographically similar to the latin american region with a large and growing middle class , youth population and climatic conditions that make it imperative for the beverage major to launch operations here . “india is an important market for us and a country where we felt we could make inroads into , ” says sorin voinea , director ,
aje actually debuted in india in december 2010 when it set - up a bottling plant outside of mumbai , in patalganga , maharashtra . there was some testmarketing of big cola too in and around mumbai , pune and surat last year . but with a formal launch now , its footprint is wider including places such as aurangabad , ahmedabad , goa , indore and navi mumbai besides the cities of mumbai , pune and surat .
in all these locations , big cola , available in three flavours including orange , lime and cola , retails mostly in modern trade including big bazaar ( from future group ) and d’mart besides allied malls and hypermarkets . price points include rs 12 for a 300 - ml pet bottle , rs 20 for a 500 - ml bottle and rs 40 for a 1 . 5 - litre bottle - more or less in line with competition ( read coke and pepsi ) , which are also aggressively priced owing to the low penetration of carbonated beverages in india . india’s per - capita consumption of carbonated beverages is just 20 bottles of 200 ml per person a year as opposed to 92 bottles of 200 ml per person a year , which is the per - capita consumption in mature markets such as the us .
big cola is also not available in returnable glass bottles ( rgb ) , which make up 35 - 40 per cent of sales for a cola company in india , and are key for penetration into traditional trade too .
despite this , devendra chawla , president , food & fast moving consumer goods ( fmcg ) business , future group , says that the response to the brand has been good at big bazaar . “it is available at big bazaar in mumbai and has done pretty well , ” he says .
but executives at coca - cola say that with modern trade constituting under 10 per cent of sales for a cola company , consumer response to the brand at these outlets cannot be a true measure of its success . “for the cola segment as is the case with most other fmcg categories , traditional trade is still the most critical aspect of the business . if the code can be cracked there , then yes , you will be taken seriously , ” says an official .
voinea declines to indicate whether big cola will be available in mom and pop stores - a segment that is difficult to crack owing to the stranglehold of coke and pepsi in these outlets . “a combination of factors have helped coke and pepsi in traditional trade including providing refrigeration facilities to its strong brand pull , which goads small retailers to stock their products , ” says arvind singhal , chairman , technopak advisors .
ironically , aje has opted for an aggressive distribution strategy in its home turf of latin america , where it dived right into the heart of the cola market with its proprietary cola drink , opting to position it as a brand for the lower - income groups , who found coke and pepsi too high - priced and aspirational .
starting from peru , aje through kola real , as big cola is referred to in this market , saw a ready base when coke and pepsi found it increasingly difficult to distribute their products during the war between guerrillas and government forces in the late 1980s . distributing kola real in recycled beer bottles , aje slowly graduated to marketing it in pet bottles that it produced in - house . today , aje has nearly 30 plants across the world , all controlled by it and vertically integrated .
this , say experts , has allowed the company , which also markets juices , tea , water , beer as well as sports and energy drinks , to keep costs under control as well as to be able to monitor progress and set targets , which is not possible when you have a string of bottlers doing production for you .
to tide over these issue , both coke and pepsi have a mix of franchise bottlers and company - owned units in india to ensure that production is not marred on account of too much dependence on the former . according to industry estimates , coke has 35 - 40 per cent of its overall production coming from bottlers , while the balance 60 - 65 per cent is managed by it at its own production facilities . for pepsi , nearly half its production comes from bottlers , while the balance comes from its own in - house units .
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in aje we view our people as the key component to making our objectives and dreams come true . therefore we dedicate ourselves to attracting , training , developing and retaining the best talent .
the power of our dreams : we believe that to grow every day , we have to believe in our dreams and develop strategies in order to achieve them .
the power to dare : aje’s success is based on our people who are open to new challenges and dare to face them .
the power to transform the conventional : we reinvent ourselves every day and believe we can change the world with our innovative ideas .
in aje we seek professionals like you who want to make your professional and personal plans a reality .
aje has manufacturing operations in : bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , egypt , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , reunion island , mexico , nicaragua , nigeria , panama , peru , venezuela , india , indonesia , thailand and vietnam . and its two corporate headquarters are located in peru and spain .
depending on your professional profile you could develop your career in one of our operations or in our corporate headquarters . the three main areas where you can find opportunities include :
aje is one of the largest multinational beverage companies , with presence in over 23 countries in latin america , asia and africa , and with 13 , 000 direct and indirect employees .
with 28 years of experience , aje is the 10th largest soft drink company in sales volume and the 4th largest producer of carbonated soft drinks ( source : euromonitor , 2011 ) . with a strong commitment to
democratizing consumption ,
aje reaches out to new consumer groups and provides them with access to high quality products at fair prices .
in addition to its flagship brand , big cola , aje’s product portfolio is complemented with brands such as cielo , cifrut , pulp , big fresh , sporade and volt in the water and juices categories , as well as electrolyte and energy drinks .
for inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken
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gracias a la confianza de todos nuestros clientes somos cada día mejores . . . . entrega en las violetas del golf . para consultas e inquietudes llámenos al 997319317
ofrecemos servicios a domicilio , que consta en decoraciones para el hogar tales como confección de cortinas , forro de sillas , forro de muebles , edredones , electricidad en general , etc . ( lavado de muebles , cortinas , colchones ) para cualquier servicio puede contactarnos a estos números 975112057 o al 997319317 atendemos cualquier consulta sin compromiso y recuerde que también hacemos las cotizaciones a domicilio llevando los muestrarios respectivos . ( calidad de tela , colores , diseños , muestrarios al gusto del cliente ) no deje de pasar esta oportunidad están brindando promociones por el día de la madre . gracias
descuentos por el día de la madre en todo servicios de decoraciones para el hogar como forro de muebles , sillas y cortinas en toda la calidad de telas solo hasta el 3° domingo de mayo recuerda que puedes contactarme sin compromiso cel . 975112057 _ whatsapp 981956272
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evi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .
we’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .
as part of the campaign , around 100 , 000 informative posters will be distributed by kola real in grocery stores , cafes , restaurants , supermarkets , as well as on fences and walls around the country . all of this is part of the campaigns for social responsibility and awareness that the company undertakes year - round . the kola real staff is especially identified with the needs of the border region and supports the growth and strengthening of all peoples close to the border , in part because this is where its processing plant is located . the mystique of industry san miguel del caribe s . a . , kola real always has been to offer superior quality products , ensuring the welfare of its society , and generating a great number of potential jobs . with this social responsibility campaign , kola real reiterates its commitment to the dominican people .
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the foundation for this company was established during 2008 when andreas abrahamsson identified gaps in the it market for cost efficient web design solutions . a variety of in - house work was performed . but eventually the consultant business came into play , and by 2010 all work was undertaken as a consultant . after 2013 ' s extremely successful year for the company , andreas started looking into new markets and also a new way of evolving his business .
when andreas started to work with hl display and the cbm - program , he had limited experience of project management and erp . the challenge to implement sales & quotation as part of the full erp - implementation in area uk , was on the highest level with . . .
one of our main objectives at aje is to position our global drinks brands as “love marks” , i . e . as brands that command both respect and love from our consumers . big cola , big fresh , cielo , cifrut , cool tea , pulp , sporade and volt have established an intimate and emotional relationship with their consumers based on trust .
our distribution model is tailored to answer the specific needs of emerging markets . 92 % of aje’s sales are to third party distributors and small retailers . sales through wholesalers represent 8 % of our sales . this model is efficient and gives us the ability to enter emerging markets quickly and establish a distribution system that involves a range of local partners and small entrepreneurs . currently , aje has more than 100 distribution centres worldwide . our brands are now available in 23 countries throughout latin america , asia and africa .
our focus on controlling costs at aje is another key to our success . we can offer our consumers high quality products at a fair price due to the constant attention we pay to efficiencies in the whole value chain .
in emerging countries in latin america , asia and africa with high growth potential in the drinks sector . our local partners – who can act as aje’s local franchisees – contribute strong local expertise and market insights to the growth of our brands . aje wants to grow together with its franchise partners and expand the beverage market in new markets .
new pillars : ensure that our brands are ' lovemarks ' for our customers , have an effective distribution strategy and
go - to - market
and an efficient approach to cost control throughout the organization .
coca cola ( henceforth cc ) is the most recognisable brand name in the world ; with further accolades for the company including owning 4 of the world’s top 5 brands , and currently operating in just over 200 countries . cc has faced market stagnation and in some countries , and even a decline in market share in the north american market . the consumer needs in these developed nations have been changing ; further , these markets have become very saturated and possess low growth prospects ; thus leaving the existing incumbent companies and any others that enter the market to fight for small scraps of market share . statically , ‘40 , 000 new consumer package goods are introduced into the united states each year . ’this is further emphasised by vanilla coke having been launched in 30 countries only 1 year after initially launching in the us . therefore , indicating exactly how crowded the markets in developed countries are .
the new beer unit would have the capacity to meet 15 percent of peru’s market , whose size he did not specify .
peru’s beer market , analysts say , is dominated by sabmiller plc sab . lsabj . j . its peruvian unit backus y johnston (
) posted 2006 sales of 1 . 569 billion soles ( $ 490 million ) .
peru has one of the lowest beer consumption rates in latin america , making it an attractive market , sabmiller peru chief executive robert priday told the reuters summit on tuesday .
last year , sabmiller invested $ 102 million in peru and priday forecast even more investments this year .
sabmiller moved into peru in 2005 when it completed its acquisition of colombian - based bavaria , which owned backus .
brazil’s ambev ambv3 . sa , a unit of belgium - based inbev intb . br , launched its brahma brand in peru in 2005 . analysts say it has won 18 percent of the market in lima .
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the aje group is a peruvian soft drinks company focused exclusively on the developing world and the world’s fourth largest producers of carbonates . its value - orientated brands , most notably big cola and cielo water , have a large presence in latin america and southeast asia . recently the company started operations in africa as well . this report looks at the growth of aje , considers its competitive position , and analyses the likely future expansion of the company .
gain competitive intelligence about market leaders . track key industry trends , opportunities and threats . inform your marketing , brand , strategy and market development , sales and supply functions .
euromonitor international ' s report on aje group delivers a detailed strategic analysis of the company ' s business , examining its performance in the soft drinks market and the global economy .
company and market share data provide a detailed look at the financial position of aje group , while in - depth qualitative analysis will help you understand the brand strategy and growth prospects of aje group .
euromonitor international ' s company profile reports are written by our soft drinks research team , a dedicated group of analysts that knows the industry inside and out .
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an emerging cola brand from peru schools the giants on how to achieve big growth .
aje , the peruvian purveyor of big cola , with global sales of $ 2 billion , has achieved sales growth of an average 22 percent per year from 2000 to 2013 . pepsico on the other hand , recently outperformed coca - cola’s negative 1 percent growth in net sales ( and 3 percent decline in profits ) by reporting a topline growth of 4 percent . aje may be a minnow compared to the big cola companies , but it’s outperforming them .
this promising player interestingly owes its foundation to the reign of terror by the guerrilla movement sendero luminoso ( shining path ) in the 1980s , which led the añaños family to flee their farm . forced to think of how to survive , and seeing the withdrawal of the soft drink giants from the market , the five siblings ( four brothers and one sister ) started making an orange flavored beverage they called kola real in 1988 in their courtyard , bottling it in recycled beer bottles , and selling it door - to - door to neighborhood residents and mom and pop outlets in the city of ayacucho !
the product caught on , and in 1991 , the añaños siblings founded the aje group to bottle and expand the business , expanding to smaller cities like huancayo , bagua , and sullana first , then pretty much throughout peru in a step - by - step fashion , before finally arriving in the peruvian capital , lima , in 1999 .
in 2000 it began international expansion , targeting neighboring venezuela and ecuador . in 2002 it entered mexico , followed by the countries of central america in 2004 . around the same time , it also started to add to its brand portfolio . in 2001 it added bottled water under the brand name cielo , in 2005 pulp , a citrus fruit drink , and in 2006 , sporade , a hydrating drink . that same year , it also set up its corporate headquarters in madrid , spain . in 2010 it entered india , vietnam , and indonesia . today , it is present throughout latin america and the united states . in asia it has expanded in to thailand as well . and aside from kola real , cielo , pulp , and sporade , it also owns cifrut , volt , and the big cola brands .
from the very beginning , aje focused on serving less affluent consumers , offering lower prices . for example , to enter lima in 1999 , the kola real campaign positioned the brand as “ the fair price drink ” . and kola real prices are approximately 25 percent lower than that of its main mnc competitors’ offerings . to keep prices low , aje needs to keep costs low . it does so by paying close attention to its entire value chain , stripping costs aggressively wherever possible . for instance , aje manufactures its own beverages , unlike its mnc competitors like coca cola and pepsico , which rely on an extensive network of independent bottlers , because this allows them to produce their beverages at a lower cost .
aje was also a first mover in to pet bottles ( recyclable ) , which are ubiquitous today . not only were these bottles cheaper but they were lighter and less fragile , making them much less expensive to buy , use , and distribute . to keep costs low , aje invests in partnering with micro - entrepreneurs who use their own transport to distribute aje’s brands . 92 percent of aje’s sales are through such direct partnerships , with only the remaining 8 percent going through wholesalers , who are more expensive . this distribution model not only helps aje keep costs low , but also enables them to penetrate deep in to its markets , going to remote locations which remain unserved or underserved by their mnc competitors , and penetrate new markets rapidly .
aje’s success is not just due to lower costs , it also adapts to local markets . for instance , in asia , it sells a big cola without caffeine , to adapt to local market needs . or when , in indonesia , the currency weakened , it launched a 300 ml pack priced at 2000 rupiah to remain attractive to its target consumers . today , four short years after entering indonesia , aje holds almost 40 percent of the indonesian carbonated soft drink market of 1 billion litres per annum !
aje’s success has drawn the attention of the big mnc operators , who have tried competing by aggressively offering promotional prices and increased spending on advertising . however , this only works in the short term ; poorer consumers revert back to aje’s brands once the promotional prices are withdrawn .
what is interesting is that the dominant mncs in this space , coca cola and pepsico , seem unable to deliver growth in the way aje does or come up with a clear response to aje’s success . what can we learn from aje’s success story ? there are lessons for both wannabe ajes , or the so - called emerging multinational companies ( emncs ) , as well as for the multinational companies ( mncs ) . these lessons have been detailed in our book the new emerging market multinationals : four strategies for disrupting markets and building brands , and here we review the key points that jump out from aje’s story :
1 . identify a target customer group that is underserved — in the case of aje , these are consumers at the bottom of the pyramid , who number 4 billion , and those who live in less accessible locations .
2 . to avoid head - on competition , penetrate deep in to emerging markets ; traditional mncs target the affluent in the metropolises and bigger cities .
3 . focus relentlessly on costs , stripping costs from all elements of the value chain .
5 . leverage the lower costs to not only price lower , but also to innovate and localize your offering to meet local needs .
6 . expand slowly but systematically , initially expanding the product range to increase the share of wallet of existing customers .
7 . expand in the next stage by targeting the same target segment as targeted at home , across geographies .
1 . mncs have vastly larger budgets and thus far it seems that , that is what they are leveraging to try and compete through promotional pricing and brand building . perhaps they are better off in shifting these vast budgets away from promotion pricing , which does not work with bottom of the pyramid consumers , to brand building .
2 . the freed up dollars can be used to develop low cost brands , perhaps leveraging the master brand , and creating a brand architecture that can successfully reach down to the bottom of the pyramid .
3 . exploit the superior market knowledge that has been accrued over the years of presence in many emerging markets to develop localised offerings , again where possible leveraging the brand architecture .
4 . transfer knowledge more effectively across geographies . after all , emncs like aje do not have the organisation structures or processes to be able to do this as effectively .
5 . learn from the emncs and cut costs relentlessly across the value chain . mncs simply do not do this well .
surprisingly , pepsico and coca - cola do not seem to be sensitive to these learnings ! the future of growth is in the emerging markets and among the bottom of the pyramid consumers there . failure to learn these lessons and deploy strategies based on them to compete effectively in these markets and among bottom of the pyramid consumers is likely to be perilous for the future .
amitava chattopadhyay is the glaxosmithkline chaired professor in corporate innovation at insead . he is also co - author of the new emerging market multinationals : four strategies for disrupting markets and building brands . you can follow him on twitter @ amitavachats .
aje ' s strategy of handling their own production and distribution likely slows their expansion oppuotunities . can you please outline the pros and cons of aje ' s company strategy
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amitava chattopadhyay is professor of marketing and the glaxosmithkline chaired professor in corporate innovation at insead . he . . .
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peru : net international reserves total us $ 59 . 521 bn on jul 3
according to an article published by the financial times , this is mainly due to a combination of a low - cost strategy , clever marketing and relentless focus on emerging markets .
in this regard , some asian drinkers , as is the case of it technician in the indonesia sebastianus hendro kistanto , might believe big cola is an english tonic since the bottle displays a large logo of the english football association ( fa ) on it .
big cola’s presence in asia is so strong that , in june 2013 , the fa extended its partnership with it for a further two years , to include the fa’s 150th anniversary year and remainder of the 2014 world cup qualifying campaign .
it is surprising to find that fa claims this new deal will allow them to increase its brand presence in asia , taking into account that big cola is not even asian , but peruvian .
the fa’s global head of business development , sean mcauliffe , said : “we are delighted to strengthen our brand presence outside the united kingdom and continue working with big cola .
asia is a market of increasing importance for us and working on partnerships with brands like big cola increases our presence in the region and is a great avenue for our asian fans to support the team , ” he added .
aje sells its products directly or through distributors in more than 20 countries throughout latin america , asia and africa : bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , egypt , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , india , indonesia , mexico , nicaragua , nigeria , panama , peru , réunion island , thailand , venezuela and vietnam .
besides , aje is the 10th largest soft drink company in sales volume and the 4th largest producer of carbonated soft drinks , according to a euromonitor research report in 2011 .
in 2002 , aje entered into mexico , a major milestone for the company , as mexico had the highest per capita consumption of soft drinks in the world .
later , the añaños family intensified the group’s international expansion in costa rica in 2004 , and guatemala , nicaragua and honduras in 2005 .
then , they established a corporate office in spain in 2006 ; and launched operations in colombia in 2007 , panama in 2009 , india , vietnam and indonesia in 2010 , and brazil in 2011 .
in 2012 , the group announced the launch of its flagship brand big cola in the indian market .
in the same year , armed with a new approach
think big
, aje also announced their association with sony pictures as the beverage partner for south - east asia , to promote hollywood blockbuster ' the amazing spider - man ' .


underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogen storage in underground caverns , salt domes and depleted oil/gas fields .

large quantities of gaseous hydrogen have been stored in underground caverns by ici for many years without any difficulties .

the storage of large quantities of hydrogen underground in solution-mined salt domes , aquifers or excavated rock caverns or mines can function as grid energy storage which is essential for the hydrogen economy .

by using a turboexpander the electricity needs for compressed storage on 200 bar amounts to 2.1 % of the energy content .

underground hydrogen storage

paterson , l . : the implications of fingering in underground hydrogen storage . int . j . hydrog . energy
panfilov , m . : underground storage of hydrogen : in situ self - organisation and methane generation . transp . porous media
storage above ground requires tanks , which cost three to five times more than geologic storage , lord said . in addition to cost savings , underground storage of hydrogen gas offers advantages in volume . “above - ground tanks can’t even begin to match the amount of hydrogen gas that can be stored underground , ” she said .
bulatov , g . : underground storage of hydrogen . phd thesis , moscow gubkin oil and gas university ( in russian ) ( 1979 )
foh , s . e . : underground hydrogen storage : final report . brookhaven national laboratory , department of energy and environment ( 1979 )
russia : pure hydrogen was stored underground at 90 bars for the needs of the aerospace industry .
carden , p . , paterson , l . : physical , chemical and energy aspects of underground hydrogen storage . int . j . hydrog . energy
storing large quantities of hydrogen is one of the critical aspects of integrating hydrogen into the energy matrix and developing a hydrogen economy . given the proximity of the hydrogen plant to some depleted oil and gas reservoirs , the possibility of underground hydrogen storage in one of them is current under consideration as a pilot project .
ebigbo , a . , golfier , f . , quintard , m . : a coupled , pore - scale model for methanogenic microbial activity in underground hydrogen storage . adv . water resour .
storing pressurised hydrogen in underground salt caverns could help to back up variable renewables in the uk’s future energy landscape . stuart nathan reports .
crotogino , f . , donadei , s . , bünger , u . , landinger , h . : large - scale hydrogen underground storage for securing future energy supplies . in : 18th world hydrogen energy conference , pp 16–21 ( 2010 )
this paper describes the spanish case study of the hyunder project which aims to evaluate the potential of underground hydrogen storage for large - scale energy storage along europe , analysing besides the spanish case , france , germany , the netherlands , romania , and the united kingdom .
increasing production of fluctuating renewable energy intensifies the need for electricity storage to ensure network reliability and flexibility . while short term energy storage can be met by small decentralized storage systems , mid to long term electricity storage technologies are still lagging behind . using hydrogen as a mean to store energy in the long run may in the future help address the challenge of grid balancing when large quantities of fluctuating renewable electricity are introduced in the energy mix . although large scale underground gas storage is in general a relatively mature solution from an economic and technical perspective , hydrogen underground storage before becoming a potentially attractive solution still needs to be evaluated thoroughly from a technical , economic and societal standpoint .
their paper , “geologic storage of hydrogen : scaling up to meet city transportation demands , ” was published in the international journal of hydrogen energy .
a recent study by sandia national laboratories in new mexico says that large - scale storage of low - pressure , gaseous hydrogen in salt caverns and other underground sites offers several advantages over above - ground storage for transportation fuel and grid - scale energy applications . geological storage of hydrogen gas could make it possible to produce and distribute large quantities of hydrogen fuel for the growing fuel cell electric vehicle market , say the researchers .
buy compressed hydrogen gas or liquid hydrogen ( h2 ) | praxair , inc .
as a matter of fact , the main current operators of large hydrogen storage systems are actually praxair and sabic .
furthermore , praxair is constructing a large underground hydrogen storage facility to enable “peak shaving” of its hydrogen production . this facility , located in texas , will utilize a salt cavern and will be the first of its kind in the industrial gases industry . connected to the praxair’s hydrogen pipeline network , which serves large consumers in
lord said her work could lead to demonstration projects to further cement the viability of underground hydrogen storage . salt caverns are the logical choice for a pilot project due to their proven ability to hold hydrogen , she said . environmental concerns such as contamination could also be further analyzed .
geologic storage of hydrogen gas could make it possible to produce and distribute large quantities of hydrogen fuel for the growing fuel cell electric vehicle market , the researchers concluded .
livermore , calif . — large - scale storage of low - pressure , gaseous hydrogen in salt caverns and other underground sites for transportation fuel and grid - scale energy applications offers several advantages over above - ground storage , says a recent sandia national laboratories study sponsored by the department of energy’s fuel cell technologies office .
as toyota , general motors , hyundai and others move ahead with plans to develop and sell or lease hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles , practical storage of hydrogen fuel at large scale is necessary to enable widespread hydrogen - powered transportation infrastructure . such storage options , dedrick said , are needed to realize the full potential of hydrogen for transportation .
additionally , installation of electrolyzer systems on electrical grids for power - to - gas applications , which integrate renewable energy , grid services and energy storage will require large - capacity , cost - effective hydrogen storage .
this case study has considered for the assessment , the competitiveness of hydrogen storage against other large scale energy storage concepts , the geological potential for hydrogen storage in the region , how to embed the hydrogen energy storage in the energy market and the possible business cases in four different applications : transport , power to gas , re - electrification and industry , taking into account all the economic aspects such us the electrolyser opex and capex or the cavern , electricity and water costs .
natural gas bas been stored underground since 1916 and much of the experience is directly applicable to hydrogen . nowadays , there are already twenty - three salt caverns being used for natural gas or
there are at least fifteen underground storage sites for natural gas , either in salt caverns or in aquifers , for a total available capacity of 110 twh , i . e . about 30 % of their current annual demand .
ganser , c . , eng , b . : new energy storage concept for renewable energies in the form of potential energy storage , p . 70 . techniken zur energiewende ( 2013 )
safe storage facilities are key in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies . we help shape the energy transition by developing innovative underground storage solutions . this involves investing in research and applying our findings to new business fields . the main characteristic of wind and solar energy is that generation is as volatile as our weather and hardly corresponds to the respective demand . the energy transition therefore requires storage capacity for the electrical energy provided by the geological subsoil .
toleukhanov , a . , panfilov , m . , panfilova , i . , kaltayev , a . : bio - reactive two - phase transport and population dynamics in underground storage of hydrogen : natural self - organisation . in : ecmor xiii - 13th european conference on the mathematics of oil recovery ( 2012 )
for her study on geologic storage , lord and her colleagues analyzed and reworked the geologic storage module of argonne national laboratory’s hydrogen delivery scenario analysis model . to help refine the model , lord studied storing hydrogen in salt caverns to meet peak summer driving demand for four cities : los angeles , houston , pittsburgh and detroit .
it is shown that the spanish geology can provide four technical options for hydrogen underground storage . results have shown the interest of the technology in short – medium term especially linked to certain conditions of high intermittent renewable energy penetration in the spanish power grid that result in surplus or residual electricity . hydrogen storage is interesting because it can integrate renewable energy systems in other sectors which do not have overcapacity and a high use of fossil fuels as the natural gas sector and the transport sector .
geologic storage solutions can service a number of key hydrogen markets since “costs are more influenced by the geology available rather than the size of the hydrogen market demand , ” said sandia’s anna snider lord , the study’s principal investigator .
we offer compressed hydrogen gas and liquid hydrogen ( h 2 ) in a variety of purities and concentrations . see the chart below and download the spec sheets and safety data sheets for more information on buying liquid hydrogen and hydrogen gas from praxair .
back to the original article that started this discussion thread , the following item just goes to show that hydrogen storage in salt domes is not a totally risk free solution .
subsurface porous media hydrogen storage could be a viable option to mitigate shortages in energy supply from renewable sources . in this work , a scenario for such a storage is developed and the operation is simulated using a numerical model . a hypothetical storage site is developed , based on an actual geological structure . the results of the simulations show that the storage can supply about 20 % of the average demand in electrical energy of the state of schleswig - holstein , germany , for a week - long period .
lord envisions that excess hydrogen produced throughout the year could be brought to geologic storage sites and then piped to cities during the summer , when the demand for driving fuels peaks .
hychico took part in the european union hyunder program , the purpose of which is to assess the potential of large scale underground hydrogen storage , the market for this activity , and its players . through this involvement , it also participates in consortia formed by companies and top - notched international research centers working in the fields of materials , microbiology , and geosciences .
try touching off a bit of hydrogen with a match in a test tube using electrolysis to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen from salt water some time .
to examine the cost of geologic hydrogen storage , lord started by selecting geologic formations that currently store natural gas . working with sandia economist peter kobos , lord analyzed costs to store hydrogen gas in depleted oil and gas reservoirs , aquifers , salt caverns and hard rock caverns .
depleted oil and gas reservoirs and aquifers could leak hydrogen , and cycling – filling a storage site , pulling hydrogen out for use and refilling the site – can’t be done more than once or twice a year to preserve the integrity of the rock formation , lord said .
the massive quantities of hydrogen that are stored in geologic features can subsequently be distributed as a high - pressure gas or liquid to supply hydrogen fuel markets .
hydrogen as an energy carrier is understood as a system capable of storing energy for a later use in a controlled manner . surplus electricity from renewable energy serves for green hydrogen generation via electrolysis . once produced , the hydrogen is stored for later consumption .
while geologic storage may prove to be a viable option , several issues need to be explored , said lord , including permeability of various geologic formations .
however , salt formations are limited . none exist in the pacific northwest , much of the east coast and much of the south , except for the gulf coast area . other options are needed for development of a nationwide hydrogen storage system .
if you require medium - range amounts of hydrogen , we offer bulk liquid deliveries that are made by truck and stored in hydrogen tanks located at your site . we also deliver hydrogen in high - pressure gas tube trailers to provide flexibility for supply pressure and flow rate .
praxair starts up hydrogen facility for the dow chemical company in u . s . gulf coast
and louisiana , it will significantly increase the availability of hydrogen during periods of peak demand .
lord’s work adds to sandia’s capabilities and decades of experience in hydrogen and fuel cells systems . sandia leads a number of other hydrogen research efforts , including the hydrogen fueling infrastructure research and station technology ( h 2 first ) project co - led by the national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) , a maritime fuel cell demonstration , a development project focused on hydrogen - powered forklifts and a recent study of how many california gas stations can safely store and dispense hydrogen .
this pilot project intends to test the reservoir’s capacity , tightness and behavior so as to acquire experience in hydrogen storage . a possible application is to use a mix of hydrogen and natural gas as fuel to feed equipment between 10 and 30 mw and supply electric power to the wholesale electricity market at times of peak demand . the pilot test is devised in stages involving cycles of natural gas and hydrogen injection and production at different pressures and concentrations .
kepplinger , j . , crotogino , f . , donadei , s . , wohlers , m . : present trends in compressed air energy and hydrogen storage in germany . in : solution mining research institute smri fall 2011 conference , york , united kingdom ( 2011 )
results obtained so far were presented at the world hydrogen energy conference held in spain in june 2016 .
our vast systems of pipelines are used to transport crude oil , refined products and ngls to and from processing plants , terminals and storage facilities to meet critical energy needs .
should the market demands for hydrogen fuel increase with the introduction of fuel cell electric vehicles , the u . s . will need to produce and store large amounts of cost - effective hydrogen from domestic energy sources , such as natural gas , solar and wind , said daniel dedrick , sandia hydrogen program manager .
šmigán , p . , greksak , m . , kozánková , j . , buzek , f . , onderka , v . , wolf , i . : methanogenic bacteria as a key factor involved in changes of town gas stored in an underground reservoir . fems microbiol . lett .
used to enhance plasma welding and cutting operations , hydrogen gas is commonly mixed with argon for welding stainless steel .
a 2 . 3 - km pipeline links the hydrogen plant to well f - 160 , where the pilot project is located . the material used has been especially designed for hydrogen applications , based on polymers and minimizing joints .
hychico’s long - term goal is to provide future regional and international markets with “green” hydrogen , produced from renewable energies , and also with “green methane” , by using hydrogen as raw material and a sustainable source of carbon dioxide .
she determined that 10 percent above the average daily demand for 120 days should be stored . she then modeled how much hydrogen each city would need if hydrogen met 10 , 25 and 100 percent of its driving fuel needs .
a geologist in sandia’s geotechnology and engineering group , lord for years has been involved in the geologic storage of the u . s . strategic petroleum reserve , the world’s largest emergency supply of crude oil .
i’ll avoid making co2 statements and just point out that hydrogen ( methane gas ) storage is already a success in the mid - us in the salt mines there . they’ve been using them as natural gas storage vessels for years , and has only had one incident where leakage led to minor disasters . this one time incident was even less a problem than some of the huge oil and gas disasters you see in ordinary pipeline transmission – so i say it is also a success inland , and not just off shore . this in the us anyway .
our services are extensive and include cleaning , purging , drying , emergency oxygenated aeration , inerting , cooling , blanketing , displacement , pneumatic testing pressure , leak detection , inspection for piping and storage tanks and more .
salt caverns such as the one depicted here could provide a low - cost solution for the geologic storage of hydrogen . the colors in the illustration represent depth , with blue as the deepest part of the cavern and red the most shallow . ( image courtesy of sandia national laboratories ) click on the thumbnail for a high - resolution image .
one answer currently being studied by the energy technologies institute ( eti ) might be a national network of turbines configured to run on hydrogen , which would be generated by gasification of gas and coal and stored underground in salt caverns , mainly offshore . this , the eti’s ccs programme manager andrew green told the engineer , has would have several advantages , providing a flexible generating capacity while still making the best use of capital plant which prefers to be operated at full capacity .
for smaller , more specialized applications , we offer hydrogen in high - pressure gas cylinders or liquid containers in a variety of sizes .
praxair maintains sophisticated hydrogen pipeline operations for large volume users in several key geographies with significant refining and chemical activity . we control and monitor each of our hydrogen pipelines to assure purity and to ensure that customers get the flow rate they want at the pressure they need .
our hydrogen is used to propel everything from land speed record - breaking vehicles , to fuel cell powered passenger cars , buses and forklifts .
hydrogen is essential in today’s refining industry for upgrading heavy crude oils into refined fuels , and helping to meet increasingly tight transportation fuel specifications .
as a heat treating furnace atmosphere , hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce a bright finish on steel parts . it also makes an excellent industrial quench gas because of its high heat transfer properties . when used as an alternate fuel , hydrogen plays a key role in reducing undesirable emissions .
methanogenesis is the biological production of methane ( ch4 ) . provided certain conditions are in place , it is generated by microorganisms using hydrogen ( h2 ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) for their metabolism . one potential use of underground stored hydrogen consists in tapping the microbial action present in reservoirs which , combined with carbon dioxide ( either contained in or injected into the formation ) , may produce methane . thus , the reservoir would act as a
natural chemical reactor
that might use the large volumes involved and the energy resulting from the natural geothermal gradient . methane , the main element in natural gas , might be directly used as turbine fuel , ncg , and for heating , among other uses , with the natural gas infrastructure that is currently available . hychico started a pilot project to produce methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide by underground controlled methanogenesis . the efforts include the site’s biological characterization , identification and optimization of both operational ( injection rate , h2 , co2 mix composition , residence times , etc . ) and reservoir parameters ( temperature , physical and chemical properties of the formation water , etc . ) . its purpose is to model the behavior of the reservoir and have a “green methane” production feasibility study by mid 2018 .
there are 30 million petrol / diesel vehicles in this country and some 850 million in the world . conversion of just one million existing roadworthy cars to electric power with batteries of the same capacity as mine would provide some 10gw of electrical power storage capacity .
used as a power source , hydrogen gas fuels rockets and powers life - support systems and computers in space environments . it is also used for metal sintering and annealing .
the eti is working with the british geological survey ( bgs ) for this part of the project , surveying possible sites for salt caverns and establishing the potential for hydrogen storage . another part of the project , which engineering contractor foster wheeler , aims to investigate the scale , configuration and cost of the gasifiers and turbines needed to provide the generation capacity which would be needed for such a system — tens of gigawatts , green estimates , with each installation providing about a gigawatt
of course , whenever hydrogen is mentioned , safety concerns are close behind : the gas is , after all , flammable , explosive and difficult to contaon because of the very small dimensions of hydrogen molecules . ‘we’re looking carefully at security , ’ green said , explaining that the caverns would be formed so that they are still surrounded by thick , strong deposits of crystalline salt , which can contain hydrogen safely . ‘if these facilities were onshore , they’d be in highly industrialised areas , away from anywhere residential , but they’d be more likely to be offshore . ’
but hydrogen gas is a challenging substance to store . “because it’s a smaller molecule than methane , for example , it has the potential to leak easier and move faster through the rock , ” lord said .
another possibility for such systems is to use power generated by renewable capacity to electrolyse seawater during times of low demand but high production — such as night - time high tides and especially windy days — and use the caverns directly as energy storage . ‘that could be a minor use for the systems , ’ green said , ‘but we’re anticipating that gasifier - linked operation would be the majority application . ’
not to put too fine a point on it , but what you get when you combust hydrogen in an atmosphere which is 70 % nitrogen is lots of invisible clouds of airborne anhydrous nitric acid looking for metal and human flesh to dissolve .
cord - ruwisch , r . , seitz , h . j . , conrad , r . : the capacity of hydrogenotrophic anaerobic bacteria to compete for traces of hydrogen depends on the redox potential of the terminal electron acceptor . arch . microbiol .
los angeles has three times the population of detroit and more than six and a half times the population of pittsburgh , but the nearest salt formations are in arizona , so lord included the cost of getting the stored hydrogen from arizona to los angeles .
france , beynes , ile de france : the gas company gaz de france has stored a gas with 50 - 60 % hydrogen in an aquifer of 330 million nm 3 capacity for nearly 20 years . no gas losses or safety problems have been recorded .
england , teesside , yorkshire : the british company ici has stored 1 million nm 3 of nearly pure hydrogen in three salt caverns at a depth of about 400 m . the caverns have operated successfully for many years , and they are now operated by sabic .
sites suitable for storing co2 are no good for hydrogen , however , and this is where salt caverns come in . large salt deposits occur in many locations in and around the uk — reserves in the northwest have supplied a large chemicals sector for many years — and salt caverns , which can be made by dissolving away a void within the salt stratum , using techniques originally developed for salt - mining by ici , have the right sort of volume and strength to store a significant amount of pressurised hydrogen safely , green said .
‘one of the issues is whether you can store the hydrogen at a suitable pressure , ’ he explained . ‘it will come out of the gasifier plant under pressure and you don’t want to lose energy , either in letting it down or in compressing it further . ’
‘we’re developing most of the eti’s strategy on something called the energy systems modelling environment or esme , which is a national tool that looks at the whole energy system — generation , distribution , storage and consumption — and looks at finding the lowest - cost solution , ’ green explained . ‘what it indicates is that systems which adopt flexible generation but make the most effective use of capital equipment are extremely highly valued , because they’re the best way to complement baseload nuclear and intermittent renewables . ’
the work , lord said , could provide a roadmap for further research and demonstration activities , such as an examination of environmental issues and geologic formations in major metropolitan areas that can hold gas . researchers could then determine whether hydrogen gas mixes with residual gas or oil , reacts with minerals in the surrounding rock or poses any environmental concerns .
truche , l . , jodin - caumon , m . c . , lerouge , c . , berger , g . , mosser - ruck , r . , giffaut , e . , michau , n . : sulphide mineral reactions in clay - rich rock induced by high hydrogen pressure . application to disturbed or natural settings up to 250
the advantage of configuring turbines to burn hydrogen , rather than to operate directly on fossil fuels , is that it strips the carbon away from the fuel and captures it at source , rather than having to capture it post - combustion . gasification — converting fossil fuels ( which might already be gases ) into co2 and hydrogen — is a well - established process , and green explained that gasifiers , like most chemical plant , are best operated at a constant baseload , whereas gas turbines , if freed from the integration that’s necessary in a ccs - equipped power station , can be operated flexibly with no efficiency penalty , allowing them to be run to fill in for low production periods for renewables .
‘we launched this five - year project to get a better idea of how these systems might look in detail , ’ green said . ‘the costs are very important — putting in storage increases the cost , for example , so you have to balance that against the potential benefit . when we have an idea of the cost and technical issues , it’ll give us some idea of the key development issues that might be faced if you were going to use such systems , and at the very least it’ll provide us with more robust costings that we can use in our energy system modelling . ’
hard rock caverns are relatively unproven ; only one site holds natural gas . but salt caverns , which are created 1 , 000 to 6 , 000 feet below ground by drilling wells in salt formations , pumping in undersaturated water to dissolve the salt , then pumping out the resulting brine , are used more extensively and already store hydrogen on a limited scale , lord said .
a useful counterpoint to the above technology - based discussions would be consideration of freeman dyson and allan savory’s work on natural rates of co2 capture and storage . professor dyson calculates that building just one inch of soil per century on currently available land enables absorption rates that match the co2 emissions attributed to human activity . much of this soil - building capability can be achieved using mr savory’s long - proven methods on livestock management . there are virtuous circles availae to solve these problems in an elegant fashion… in a world where energy returns on energy invesed are falling , it is doubtful that increasing the complexity of our designs is a successful strategy for future generations .
moreover , all the economic issues have been analysed for two different horizons , 2025 and 2050 ; concluding that the average price of electricity is the main cost . from the financial results , transport application represents a business case which , although in order has enough values of hydrogen demand to be stored , combination of different applications must be needed in order to make sense to the development of the cavern .
it’s time to talk to the germans about their plans to create carbon neutral natural gas . sequestration of carbon dioxide is a good thing but it is way cheaper to utilise the existing natural gas system ! cng and lng is much easier to work with and store for vehicles , and natural gas turbines are great for peaking the high demand times . why go to all the lengths that hydrogen demands when the above - mentioned technology exists ?
for some time now , we have been working successfully on numerous projects for storing renewable energy in the form of compressed air and hydrogen in caverns . this means we can design and implement such projects thanks to the wealth of expertise we have gained . geothermal energy is another building block of renewable energies . to extract energy from the depths we can draw on our comprehensive knowledge in the fields of geology , drilling technology and commissioning of boreholes .
as your supply needs grow beyond bulk , praxair can provide small or large on - site hydrogen supply . praxair designs , installs , owns , and operates every system , so you don ' t have to worry about maintenance . on - site plant sizes range from 9 , 000scfd ( 10 ncmh ) to as as large as 135mmscfd ( 150 , 000 ncmh ) . our plants , whether small or large can offer reliable supply that meets your exact specifications for purity , pressure and flow .
at praxair , we promise an uninterrupted supply of any type of gas , at any quantity , almost anywhere in the world .
our production facilities , wide variety of gas and process management programs , and delivery systems are all designed to help get you the gas you need , when and how you need it .
we offer a number of gas injection services from full pilot projects to well stimulation , to increase the output of your oil and gas wells .
our coatings can reduce the effects of abrasion , oxidation , corrosion , erosion , wear , and extreme heat , helping you to make the safest products possible .
at praxair you ' ll join 26 , 000 talented and diverse people in more than 50 countries , all working hard to make a difference in the world .
we’re working towards a single vision at praxair : to be the best performing industrial gases company in the world — as determined by our customers , employees , shareholders , suppliers and the communities in which we operate .
at praxair , we develop the right grades for the right applications . give us a call and we ' ll help you determine the best supply option for your operations .
at praxair , our scale and reach lets us supply any gas , for any application , almost anywhere in the world — safely , reliably and cost - effectively . give us a call and we ' ll help you determine the best supply option for your operations .
such evaluations should enable investors to understand potential economic returns ; network operators and renewable energy producers to understand the technical attractiveness of such solutions and its integration in the overall energy system ; technology developers to understand potentially addressable markets ; and finally for policy makers and citizens to understand the benefits for the society as a whole , and how environmental risks are being evaluated and addressed . .
the hyunder project started in summer 2012 will address these issues in the next 24 months , paving the way to future demonstrations and deployment throughout europe .
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germany : 62 % h 2 gas was stored in a salt cavern of 32 , 000 m 3 at 80 - 100 bar .
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over the next few decades , the way that electricity is generated in the uk is predicted to change considerably . nuclear power stations will make a larger contribution to the total generating capacity , and fossil fuel stations will increasingly be built or retrofitted with equipment to capture their carbon dioxide emissions so that they can be compressed and stored , most likely in offshore repositories below the sea bed .
meanwhile , more renewable generating capacity , based around wind farms and tidal generation and possibly wave power , will be coming on stream from sites around the uk’s coast .
this represents a problem . nuclear power is inflexible — reactors work best when producing a stable amount of thermal energy throughout the day , which has to be fed to the boilers to raise steam . similarly , although conventional fossil - fuelled turbines can be operated flexibly , the addition of ccs technology again means that they are best run at as near a constant rate as possible .
but renewables are , by their nature , variable ; the tides predictably so , the wind notoriously not . this means that some kind of variable capacity is going to be needed to top up the grid when renewables are falling short , whether that variation is regional or national .
the eti operates as a public - private partnership bringing together energy industry majors to accelerate the development of low - carbon energy technologies , often by doing the groundwork to remove some of the uncertainty around them and give financiers more confidence to invest in their development . this , so the strategy goes , is key to helping innovative green technologies bridge the gap from conceptual research to a deployable commercial offering .
this strategy is being formulated assuming that a ccs infrastructure is in place , green stressed . ‘you would be looking to store the co2 in a depleted oil or gas well , or saline aquifer , offshore , ’ he said . ‘these sorts of systems would be of a similar scale to a commercial power station , and this is part of the general roll - out of ccs . ’
one such development issue might be the turbines that would drive the generators , but green pointed out technology is available . ‘there are potentially two sorts of turbine that might work , ’ he said . ‘there is they type that’s currently used in gasifier - fed power stations , and there’s aero - derived turbines which are similar to jet engines . ’
green is keen to point out that this project , projected to cost £5million , is just a first step in a long process . ‘if successful , the benefits could potentially be huge , ’ he said .
the sooner that engineers see off these co2 - phobic lunatics , the better .
currently we are emitting 43 times the planets ability to absorb ; we are asymptoting toward 1 . 2 % co2 .
i have a small electric vehicle with a 16kwhr capacity battery which can easily cover 75 miles on a single 6 to 8 hrs charge at home or to 80 % full in half an hour at a high rate charging point . charging from my roof mounted pv panles is free in the day time when the sun is out or 6p / kwhr at night equivalent to over 500 mpg at current uk petrol prices .
if we wait for the trickledown of affordable second hand electric cars from the small new ev market we will wait forever so lets get started on converting our existing cars to electric power .
the largest gas in the earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen the largest ‘greenhouse gas’ in the earth’s atmosphere by far is water vapour . co2 is a minor component of the earth’s atmosphere , at barely one - third of one percent – 0 . 0375 percent to be precise .
levels of co2 today are amongst the lowest they have been in the known history of this planet . co2 is absorbed naturally by water , the oceans , soil and all plant life . it is odourless , tasteless and non - toxic .
the largest and most significant source of co2 is underwater volcanic eruptions . just one of the larger submarine volcanoes can , when active , emit more co2 in a few days than all human activity might generate in a year . there are numerous eruptions on the seabed every year , almost none of which are ever noticed or reported outside the scientific community .
any impact of a higher level of co2 , such as it might be , is logarithmic , not arithmetic . in other words , the higher the figure the less the effect . double today’s co2 level , and no - one would notice any difference .
ice - core research has demonstrated that any increase in average temperature levels lag any increase in co2 levels by some 500 to 600 years . so , even if there were a slow , long - term connection , there is no practical purpose in attempting to change co2 levels with a view to controlling average global temperatures . the proposition is scientifically absurd .
regarding motorised transport , it is not just the potential for co2 from fossil fuels impacting climate change but also the respiratory health problems arising from breathing pahs , nox , sox and ultra fine particulates emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes in city centres and along transport corridors around the world . hence my support my fully electric evs .
i’ve often seen ev batteries offered in this way . i’ve not seen an estimate of how many charge / discharge cycles a typical ev battery will last for , but surely this could seriously reduce their life .
one item to consider is the impact of gasification and carbon capture on overall combined cycle plant efficiency . in order to be economically competitive an h2 fueled gas turbine powerplant requires considerably higher efficiency than current designs . this has been the subject of funded research in the united states , led by the department of energy in cooperation with siemens and general electric .
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even so , los angeles’ modeled costs are significantly less than those for detroit and pittsburgh . salt formations in arizona are thicker than those for detroit and pittsburgh , with larger and fewer caverns . houston has the best conditions of the four cities because the gulf coast offers large , deep salt formations .
other fuels are already stored geologically . oil from the strategic petroleum reserve , for example , is held in large man - made caverns along the gulf coast . natural gas is stored in more than 400 geologic sites to meet winter heating demands .
depleted oil and gas reservoirs and aquifers initially seem the most economically attractive options , she said . “just looking at numbers , because they can hold such a larger volume relative to any cavern you create , they look cheaper , ” she said .
with a salt cavern or hard rock cavern , “there are no permeability issues , there’s really no way anything can leak , ” she said . “you can bring more product in and out , and that will , in the long run , decrease your costs . ”
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