lorex by flir ( formally lorex technology , inc. ) distributes video security systems .

through brick and mortar retail as well as online channels .

lorex manufactures product for small business and consumer markets primarily in north america and europe .

lorex by flir

december 2012 – lorex technology inc . acquired by flir systems , inc – $ 59 million
lorex technology inc . agrees to be acquired by flir systems , inc . for cdn $ 1 . 30 per share in cash
flir lorex inc . ( federal corporation no . 9074244 , ontario corporation no . 1939771 )
you can now view live video from you flir secure camera in the flir secure web portal .
the history feature on my flir secure app has changed . can i switch back ? | flir fx
you can view live video from your flir secure camera through a computer using the flir secure web portal .
flir ' s acquisition streak continues , announcing an acquisition of point grey research for $ 253m in cash . other notable flir deals include : flir . . .
flir has plans to bring thermal imaging capabilities to the mass security market in the future by
injecting
the technology into lorex and digimerge cameras .
originally a thermal imaging specialist , flir is making a major expansion into ' conventional ' video surveillance by acquiring dvtel . this is flir ' s . . .
portland , or - - ( marketwire - dec 20 , 2012 ) - flir systems , inc . ( nasdaq : flir ) announced today that it has successfully completed its previously announced acquisition of lorex technology inc . for $ 1 . 32 per share , representing an aggregate purchase price of $ 60 million . on october 25 , 2012 , flir announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire lorex subject to certain conditions . the transaction was completed by a flir subsidiary purchasing all the outstanding shares of lorex followed by the amalgamation of that purchasing subsidiary with lorex , resulting in lorex becoming a wholly - owned subsidiary of flir .
the clear plus is that lorex knows how to move lots of cameras . flir cites lorex ' s annual unit sales at 500 , 000 + cameras , showing that lorex can operate at far higher volume scale than flir who is optimized for small numbers of extremely expensive cameras .
the transaction has been approved unanimously by the boards of directors of both flir and lorex and , in lorex ' s case , the approval followed the unanimous recommendation of a special committee of independent directors . the board of directors of lorex determined that the transaction is fair to shareholders and is in the best interests of lorex .
lorex leads the security camera industry by providing professional grade security camera systems that do not require professional technicians .
flir offers both online and in - person training services to ensure that you get the most out of your flir solution .
create a my flir account . if you purchased your flir secure camera through the webstore , a my flir account was already created for you using the information you provided during your purchase .
flir systems has just announced a decision to acquire lorex technology , based in toronto . flir expects to pay a cash value of $ 1 . 30 per share ( cdn ) .
flir or a comedy , i suppose . in this note , we dig into the details and analyze flir ' s plans .
flir ' s earnings narrowly beat wall street expectations . analysts polled by thomson financial projected a profit of 36 cents per share .
our flir cloud™ security camera app makes monitoring your lorex security system easy . available for ios , android , mac and pc flir cloud lets you view your entire security system from anywhere in the world .
certificate of amalgamation ; assignors : flir lorex inc . ( ontario corporation no . 1886151 ) ; lorex canada inc . ( ontario corporation no . 1818305 ) ; reel / frame : 042975 / 0512
has flir solved the video intrusion / remote monitoring problem or have they created an overkill , overly expensive device ? flir has launched . . .
video surveillance specialist lorex technology has announced that thermal imaging company flir systems has concluded the acquisition of lorex and has acquired all of the outstanding common shares of lorex for a cash consideration of cad 1 . 30 per common share . as a result , the common shares of the lorex will be delisted from the tsx venture exchange .
a : this system is compatible with lorex 720p wired cameras only . click here to view the compatibility chart for lorex hd systems .
last week , thermal camera maker flir announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire canada - based surveillance camera manufacturer lorex for ca $ 59 million . based in canada , lorex predominantly makes cameras for the small business and consumer market under the lorex and digimerge brands .
in a press release , flir described lorex as “a pioneer in home security video surveillance systems that can be installed by the user as well as a provider of video surveillance products to security system integrators . ”
infrared imaging giant flir systems is set to expand into the consumer video surveillance market with the acquisition of lorex technology for cad $ 59 million .
flir ' s security division is an ambitious mix of flir ' s core thermal business plus multiple acquisitions , including of retail / consumer offering . . .
the transaction will be implemented by way of a court - approved plan of arrangement under ontario law and is subject to approval by lorex shareholders , the tsx venture exchange , and other customary closing conditions .
the deal is expected to close before the end of the year . the directors of flir and lorex have approved the deal and recommended shareholder approval .
even today , a ' cheap ' flir thermal camera is $ 5 , 000 while a typically lorex camera is a few hundred , at most .
enter the device settings within the flir secure™ app to choose your subscription plan .
flir systems inc . on thursday said it has acquired lorex technology inc . , a specialist in home security video surveillance systems , for $ 59 million .
thermal camera maker flir has entered into an agreement to buy lorex , a canada - based manufacturer of security cameras for the small business and consumer market .
ceo earl lewis provided a positive note , saying that flir was “encouraged by the order flow during the quarter and the corresponding increase in our ending backlog” .
this list compiles reported exploits for security products , and is updated regularly . we have summarized exploits by date and by manufacturer , . . .
flir does not intend to change lorex’s base of operations in ontario nor their executive leadership team . the digimerge brand , which is where flir intends to “inject” its thermal imaging technology first , will see the most changes initially , according to teich .
ceo earl lewis said the company compliments flir ' s long - term commercial strategy .
the history feature on my flir secure app has changed . can i switch back ?
you will be required to have an account with flir to provide a review . . . you can see your approved reviews in your
my flir account
section .
weatherproof housing that turns flir fx™ into an outdoor security camera with extended night vision .
dashboard mount with suction cup turns flir fx™ into a watchful companion on the road .
toronto , ontario - - ( marketwire - oct . 25 , 2012 ) - lorex technology inc . (
lorex
or the
company
) ( tsx v : lox ) has entered into a definitive agreement with flir systems , inc . (
flir
) ( nasdaq : flir ) pursuant to which all the outstanding shares of lorex will be acquired by flir for a price of cdn $ 1 . 30 per share in cash . the cdn $ 1 . 30 per share represents a premium of approximately 35 . 4 % to lorex ' s closing share price of cdn $ 0 . 96 on october 24 , 2012 . a copy of the definitive agreement will be posted on sedar in the near future .
with acquisitions of lorex , dvtel and isd , adding to their core thermal offerings , flir has been building up its presence in the security / video . . .
lorex anticipates that the transaction will be completed in the fourth quarter of 2012 .
set up your flir secure camera on your mobile device . see
how do i set up my flir secure indoor camera using bluetooth ( ble ) ?
for more details .
as we produce this lower - cost thermal imaging technology , we believe that can be injected into those verticals where lorex is currently active and offer the lorex / flir brands a highly differentiated product that can drive a lot of growth ,
he said .
flir’s government systems unit continues to win a series of deals with the us military , building a backlog that will help act as a buffer if spending by the department of defense does fall off of a “fiscal cliff” in january , as is feared by some - although flir downplayed those suggestions , saying that the closing quarter of the year looked “reasonable” .
lorex technology , inc . was founded by bernard klein in 1991 and purchased by strategic vista international in 1996 . a subsidiary of lorex , digimerge , launched in 2003 to gain access to the commercial / professional security marketplace . [ 3 ] on december 20 , 2012 , flir systems , inc . a provider of thermal imaging cameras and systems , successfully completed the acquisition of lorex technology inc . [ 5 ] reuben klein retired in 2013 with john distelzweig succeeding him as the new vice president and general manager .
lorex was founded by bernard klein in 1991 and became a publicly traded company in 1993 . the company was purchased by strategic vista international in 1996 . in 2003 , it expanded into the commercial and professional security marketplace when it launched a subsidiary called digimerge .
those three deputies were sat side by side in court monday at their preliminary hearing .
imperial capital , llc acted as exclusive financial advisor to the special committee and the board of directors of lorex and also provided an opinion to the special committee and the board of directors of lorex that the consideration to be received by the lorex common shareholders under the plan of arrangement is fair , from a financial point of view , to such shareholders .
one of the major goals that flir wants to accomplish with this acquisition is to lower the cost of thermal technology so it’s more appealing for consumers and small businesses , flir president andy teich tells ssi .
acquisition of canadian provider of consumer video surveillance equipment set to cost flir systems cad $ 59 million .
click and drag your flir secure camera to place it on the live view layout . ( or )
a : follow the steps below if you are having trouble connecting to the dvr using flir cloud .
would you buy your own customer ? well , dahua has just done that . flir has sold its lorex / home / smb business to dahua , just over 5 years after . . .
if necessary , lorex will replace parts or products if they are found to be defective .
security agreement ; assignor : lorex technology inc . ; reel / frame : 019562 / 0005
many of those customers that we call on today , i think , would be more than happy to be buying a full suite of products from flir and not just a thermal camera from flir .
know exactly where each camera is by uploading a diagram of your security set - up .
devices associated with your my flir account is displayed on the left - hand side of live viewing page .
flir products have helped our organization deliver the best in class technology with consistent reliability and low false alarms .
assignment of assignors interest ; assignor : flir systems , inc . ; reel / frame : 042617 / 0241
lorex sells products under two brand names : digimerge , enterprise - grade video products sold through the security channel ; and lorex , video products sold through retail outlets for small businesses and homeowners .
imperial capital advised lorex on the deal . “we were privileged to work with management team at lorex and think the resulting combination was very beneficial for shareholders as well as the future development of lorex , ” said michael mcmanus , a managing director at imperial capital , who led the transaction .
lorex offers a wide range of security camera cables and surveillance accessories to meet your specific situation .
the flir cloud security camera app will compile a list of motion - triggered alarms , allowing you to quickly access and review the footage . flir cloud can be programmed to send push notifications when your cameras detect motion .
digimerge has “a strong brand and distribution capabilities” that , flir believes , will be much stronger with thermal technology .
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flir says that lorex sells in excess of 500 , 000 cameras each year – highlighting the volume nature of the business – and expects that number to rise to more than one million within a couple of years .
the last point is strategically the most insignificant . even if flir can help sell more lorex products internationally , it will not have much impact on the market overall . however , the other two are quite significant .
missing antenna package with 6 antenna . been 3 weeks no contact from lorex . bad customer service .
the company is headquartered in markham , ontario , canada , and in december 2012 was acquired by ( and now operates as a subsidiary of ) flir systems , inc for cad $ 59 million . [ 4 ]
“we think the combination of world - leading technology flir brings to the table combined with lorex ' s design , sourcing and marketing capabilities will make a formidable competitor in the commercial and diy channels , ” he added .
extend your product warranty coverage up to five years by purchasing one of our lorexcare extended warranty plans .
the strategy is to integrate thermal technology into the digimerge products first . lorex engineers will begin working with flir engineers as soon as the deal closes . teich believes that new products will be ready to show at asis 2013 .
assignment of assignors interest ; assignor : lorex technology , inc . ; reel / frame : 042617 / 0122
while the strategic plan has risks , the price paid was reasonable . flir is acquiring lorex for ~ $ 60 million usd , notably less than lorex ' s projected 2012 revenue of ~ $ 75 million usd . and given flir ' s ~ $ 3 billion market capitalization , it is a relatively tiny acquisition . however , it is a significant strategic gambit that , if executed , could greatly expand flir ' s position in the market or could make them look foolish for such a gambit . time will tell and this will certainly be an interesting one to watch develop .
“we believe as the cost comes down , the value proposition offered by thermal technology is something that every security camera owner will be interested in , ” andy teich , president of flir’s commercial systems division , told security systems news .
applicant : strategic vista international inc . , joel kligman , bernie klein , oded zur , lorex technology inc .
portland , ore . — flir systems has agreed to acquire lorex technology inc . , a markham , ontario , canada - based provider of consumer and professional - grade video surveillance systems , in a cash deal worth about $ 60 million .
wilsonville , ore . —with a plan to make thermal technology ubiquitous in enterprise and consumer - grade cameras , flir systems on oct . 25 agreed to pay $ 59 million to acquire lorex technology , a toronto - based video surveillance provider .
at lorex technology , we offer video camera solutions that give you peace of mind by letting you keep in touch and stay connected to those around you . anywhere , anytime , at home or on - the - go , through your pc , mac , smartphone or tablet , lorex technology helps you stay connected to your home or business .
17 . the method as set forth in claim 1 , further comprising the step of performing a handshaking routine to ensure that all of said nodal connectivity information compiled by each of said nodes is received by the central node .
lorex is proud to present a wide range of powerful and affordable hd security solutions that leave nothing to the imagination .
certificate of amalgamation ; assignors : lorex canada inc . ( federal corporation no . 9003118 , ontario corporation no . 1887281 ) ; flir systems ltd ( federal corporation no . 0302571 , ontario corporation no . 114685 ) ; reel / frame : 042975 / 0030
this is 2nd lorex wireless system i have owned . before purchasing my 2nd system i did a comprehensive search and compared all of the systems in this price range and found the lorex system to
again
be the best value . the ease of setup , clarity , range , and mobile viewing continues to be fantastic . save yourself time and purchase lorex .
injured cal fire firefighter recovering from burns a cal fire firefighter who suffered serious burns when his truck was overrun by flames battling the klamathon fire near the california - oregon border was released sunday by doctors at the uc davis burn center .
easily watch live video feeds or review video footage on most monitors or hd tvs by using the included hdmi cable .
the flir saros™ line of security cameras combines multiple traditional perimeter protection technologies into a unified solution that delivers accurate , actionable alerts and verified alarm data . saros includes multiple flir lepton® thermal sensors , one or more 1080p or 4k cameras , ir and visible led illuminators , advanced onboard analytics , two - way audio , and digital i / os . flir saros enables businesses to implement reliable , state - of - the - art outdoor intrusion detection in a cost - effective manner by minimizing the equipment required and reducing false alarms .
lorex lw2110 wireless digital security camera . sold by 2shop . $ 347 . 94 $ 289 . 95 . . . .
costco digital cameras sale
& marketplace ( 500 + ) only . in - store : set your location .
happy with my lorex system . shipped and received very quickly , easy install with little difficulty . overall a great purchase .
i installed my new lorex system with no problems . i will purchase an additional camera to cover another area of my property
outside the us , flir has also received sizeable orders from the netherlands army , the danish navy and air force and the jordanian military .
shop popular home - security–cameras–costco chosen by massdrop communities . . from my doorstep as witnesses from my ring doorbell security camera .
lhv21081tc4 home security system view your world from anywhere in the world with this robust & reliable security camera system from lorex by flir . this powerful system includes 4 bullet security cameras with 1080p hd resolution and long - range night vision . everything you need for setup is included , giving you professional - grade security without needing professional installation . to buy or get more information , click here : urltoken
lorex technology inc . eric miller chief financial officer ( 905 ) 946 - 8589 , extension 168 eric . miller @ urltoken urltoken
like i said it ' s awesome ! makes a few neighborhood beligerants very uncomfortable . simple plug and play ! thanx lorex !
the wilsonville - based maker of infrared camera systems ( nasdaq : flir ) also posted a drop in its third - quarter sales and profit .
the flir health monitoring tool gives detailed information on surveillance system status from anywhere in real - time . enjoy more timely service than ever before .
this bundle includes 4 flir fx™ cameras to conveniently satisfy both needs with purpose - driven housings for both home monitoring as well as outdoor security .
a : use the mac version of flir cloud™ client to connect on mac computers . download the client software for mac from the downloads tab .
your flir fx camera can be set to record when motion is detected , as well as notifying you when one of your cameras detects motion .
help other customers make decisions about this product . . . tell us what you think ! you will be required to have an account with lorex to provide a review . . . you can see your approved reviews in your
my lorex account
section .
had a few issues initially but the team at lorex customer service took care of it immediately . would definitely suggest this product to a friend and family member . the camera ' s are easy to install , look good and will last . thank you lorex !
“today , flir sells tens of thousands of cameras into the security market . lorex / digimerge is selling an order of magnitude higher than that , north of 500 , 000 per year , ” teich said . “they bring a platform for deployment of a lot more cameras . ”
certificate of continuance ; assignor : lorex canada inc . ( ontario corporation no . 1887281 ) ; reel / frame : 042975 / 0023
certificate of amalgamation ; assignor : lorex technology inc . ( ontario corporation no . 711236 ) ; reel / frame : 042975 / 0027
everyone is talking about flir fx™ , the most versatile hd monitoring camera . experience fx for yourself and find out what all the fuss is about !
22 . the wireless network as set forth in claim 21 , wherein said central node and individual nodes are programmed to execute a handshaking routine which ensures that all of said nodal connectivity information compiled by each of said individual nodes is received by said central node .
the ease of the installation of the cameras was simple . step by step instructions helped . the setup and pairing to the dvr was effortless . in short , if your looking for security cameras at your place , i recommend lorex . and the price is right !
flir has been buying companies one after the other , expanding from its foundations in thermal imaging into an end - to - end video surveillance . . .
perfect for outdoor applications , the weatherproof housing turns flir fx™ into a first - class hd security camera or home video monitor with extended night vision range .
a grid overlay opens over the video . by default , the entire video area is enabled for motion detection . to configure smartzone :
while flir is focused on sales of cameras used in high - end military , surveillance and commercial applications , lorex will give it access to a market that it believes will in the future adopt thermal imagers in large volumes , provided that the cost of the technology hits the right price point .
lorex is a consumer - focused company based in markham , ontario , that provides video surveillance systems for homes and businesses that can be installed by the user . its products are sold through major retailers such as costco , urltoken and bestbuy . com , among other locations .
lorex offers a wide range of security cameras to meet your needs . browse our different models to find the perfect security camera for you .
flir , a leading provider of thermal imaging cameras and systems , announced the deal on thursday ( oct . 25 ) during an investor call to discuss financial results for the third quarter ending sept . 30 . lorex sells in excess of 500 , 000 cameras each year and flir expects that number to rise to more than one million within a couple of years , according to optics . org , a web portal that covers the optics and photonics industry .
the acquisition was completed upon receipt of final court approval from the ontario superior court of justice ( commercial list ) of the proposed plan of arrangement . the plan of arrangement was approved by lorex ' s shareholders at the special meeting of shareholders held on december 13 , 2012 .
the secure real - time video signal produced by your wireless security cameras is protected at all times by lorex ' s signalguard technology . signalguard will help maintain a steady and reliable connection to your system and is designed to automatically reset the connection if the signal drops too low ( or cuts out ) . next generation adaptive frequency hopping spread spectrum ( fhss ) technology also greatly reduces signal interference from competing wireless signals .
flir manufactures sensing products with a focus on thermal technology . teich’s division accounts for approximately $ 800 million of the company’s $ 1 . 5 billion in revenue .
the company ' s backlog of orders for delivery over the next year grew by $ 67 million during the quarter to $ 565 million .
a grid overlay opens over the video . by default , the entire video area is enabled for motion detection . to configure a smartzone :
a console adapted to receive said data signal and store said display data in a memory location indicated by said address pointer , said console adapted to receive said control signal , retrieve said display data from said memory location indicated by said address pointer , and display said display data .
raven site planning tool is the industry standard in simulation for flir camera products . raven has become an indispensable workflow component for 1500 security installation companies and integrators worldwide .
wireless security cameras are easy to install , secure , and free from interference . see why customers review lorex wireless security cameras to be the best .
while pelco , axis and bosch are all incurring into the thermal market , we are skeptical of flir ' s ability to return fire in the conventional camera market through digimerge anytime soon . while lorex has very innovative products for the home market side , they need extensive development to truly challenge axis , bosch and pelco .
purchase an open box lx425w model from sams club without installation instructions . it was easy installation because instructions were available on the lorex website . did have a login problem with dvr but was fixed by the customer support . very happy camper with option to view camera system on my android cell phone .
flir cloud’s e - map function lets you place your cameras onto any existing floor plan , helping visualize your security coverage and allowing you to jump between live views quickly .
the best comparable we see is drs technologies who has stormed the surveillance industry with thermal network cameras that are far less expensive than what anyone else offers , including flir .
adding lorex will complement our product and distribution capabilities in our existing security markets ,
said earl lewis , president and ceo of flir .
additionally , we believe the business will provide us an opportunity to expand our reach into several new markets as we continue our strategy of lowering the cost to own thermal technology .
an overarching priority for flir is to move thermal downmarket . while the company is a powerhouse in government and critical infrastructure , it remains overwhelmingly an expensive offering for premium customers .
premium home monitoring camera that streams & records stunning hd video . free apps bring flir fx™ to life with two - way talk and sensors for temperature , sound & motion .
teich said that lorex and its enterprise - brand camera line , digimerge , will be the next - generation thermal product , expecting sales to be about a half - million in 2013 . the lorex brand also makes sense as homeowners are now expecting more in home security and may want to explore the thermal product .
add extended warranty plans to your order during checkout , and enjoy benefits like cost - free repairs and replacements if your lorex product is determined to be defective .
the system was easy to install and set up . camera ' s have better images than other systems i have seen . i would suggest lorex to everyone .
all trademarks belong to their respective owners . no claim is made to the exclusive right to use the trademarks listed , other than the trademarks owned by lorex corporation . we reserve the right to change models , configurations or specifications without notice or liability . product may not be exactly as shown . images are simulated .
tracy man gored by bull in freak accident dean king ' s trip to buy a used car took a bizarre and painful turn last week in tracy .
a county work crew was set to install them by thursday morning in maximum - security housing pod 4a , on the fourth floor of main jail south .
defense deals despite the revenue shortfall , the company has been able to maintain profitability by cutting costs , which lewis described as being “under very good control” .
simplisafe , the competitor alarm monitoring companies historically most love to hate , has been acquired by a mega private equity firm for a $ 1 . . .
the costco connection magazine builds community among costco members by combining information about what ' s new . . . this security camera also features alert . . .
a : flir cloud™ is an exclusive cloud - enabled service that allows for remote access to your system over the internet without requiring any network configuration , ddns registration , or port forwarding . each system includes a device id , a unique code that allows your system to handshake with lorex’s servers for a secure , instant connection over the internet .
flir is a world leader in the design , manufacturing , and marketing of thermal imaging and advanced threat detection systems for a wide variety of imaging , thermography , and security applications .
in an interview with andy teich , president of flir , the acquisition follows an already determined strategy for the company to enrich the use of thermal imaging in the security camera business .
two premium home monitoring cameras that stream and record stunning hd video . free apps bring flir fx™ to life with two - way talk and sensors for temperature , sound & motion .
a preferred embodiment of the invention having been thus described by way of example , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that certain adaptations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention . the invention includes all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope of the claims .
i have had my flir fx over 1 1 / 2 years . when we travel in our rv we are away from home for up to 6 months @ a time . my camera is used to monitor the watering of my plants on the covered patio . afraid my watering system will spring a leak and leave me with an outrageous water bill . the flir fx give me a great view of the watering system and the resolution allows me to see any leaks . also , my flir fx stoped working and they sent me a replacement free .
the delay struck smith as “ridiculous , ” especially since she was able to quickly install a security camera system at own her house by purchasing it at apple .
“our third - quarter results were as planned . in addition , we were encouraged by the order flow during the quarter and the corresponding increase in our ending backlog , ” earl lewis , president and ceo of flir , said in the press statement . “we were pleased to see both divisions increase margins over last quarter despite headwinds in many of our markets . additionally , the anticipated acquisition of lorex is highly complementary to our long - term commercial strategy and is expected to be accretive to 2013 net earnings . ”
flir fx™ captures the things you can and can’t see . sensors for temperature , humidity , sound & motion keep you informed with smart alerts & notifications sent to your smartphone or tablet .
today , flir is proud to announce they’ve been selected as the official video security provider of the gold coast 2018 commonwealth games ( gc2018 ) in australia , from april 4 – 15 , 2018 . flir will provide over 300 security cameras and video management software ( vms ) to help national and local law enforcement increase security surveillance in the athlete village and city perimeter protection .
the board of directors of lorex also unanimously recommends that shareholders vote in favour of the transaction at the special meeting of shareholders that will be held to approve the transaction .
lorex , which is based in ontario , mostly provides video surveillance equipment for use in home security , products that include both visible - range cameras and illuminated infrared cameras .
introducing the new lorex 32
led tv while demonstrating motion detection set - up with lorex edge dvr series . now you can enjoy your favourite tv programmes in full hd and keep an eye on your property . this 32
widescreen tv can be connected to any lorex digital video recorder with vga or hdmi video outputs . the tv also features : auto channel scanning , digital broadcast reception , electronic programme guide , usb multimedia playback , multi - language osd , weak signal enhancement and noise reduction functions . urltoken
had originally purchased another brand , but got absolutely no signal from where we wanted to place one of the the cameras , and weak signals from the others . returned that product , and purchased this set , and was blown away by the signal and quality of picture . would highly recommend lorex to anyone looking to install security cameras .
even within this decade , the evolution of the security camera system category has been substantial . and with each step , lorex has been led the way . in the early part of the decade , lorex introduced their edge + surveillance dvr . this was a great piece of security technology for the time . it had a 640×480 recording resolution and was compatible on pc , apple and android devices . a few years later , lorex was the first to market a security dvr with a 960h recording resolution . then came hd .
i had this thing setup in less than 2hr very reliable . i plan on buying all my cameras from lorex from here on out . i am a customer for life .
lorex distributes its consumer products through a “robust e - commerce and retail channel , and that’s a space that flir [ is not involved in . ] , ” teich said . however , “as the cost of thermal cameras comes down , that’s a space we’re keenly interested in . … we believe e - commerce and retail will become an important channel to the market . ”
flir shares are up 3 . 4 percent in afternoon trading to $ 19 . 70 . its stock has traded between $ 17 . 99 and $ 27 . 92 in the past 52 weeks .
flir is also seeing demand in the high - growth unmanned aerial vehicle ( uav ) space , booking a $ 6 million order for imagers to be used on board northrop grumman’s “fire scout” model .
flir is now pleased to announce that the m - series pan / tilt multi - sensor system design has been re - engineered to offer additional functionality , improved performance , and enhanced situational awareness .
view live video on your smartphone or tablet with quality unmatched by other home monitoring systems . capture an entire room or monitor multiple points of entry with wide angle viewing .
sales down ; backlog up flir announced the all - cash deal , set to close before the end of the calendar year , as it issued its third - quarter financial results for the fiscal year .
the sheriff spent about $ 760 on 12 lorex high - def cameras that capture views of the multi - purpose room , exercise room and each of the 50 jail cell doors .
5 . the method as set forth in claim 4 , wherein the central node performs the step of issuing an initialization request by transmitting an initialization packet to each individual node .
flir professional security products offer an unmatched , integrated end - to - end security system ranging from feature rich visible cameras to the most advanced thermal security cameras , open - platform software offerings and smarter analytics .
i purchased my lorex security cameras in august from their web site , and have been very happy with them so far . the installation was all - in - all a breeze , and the photo quality is fantastic . i needed a little help getting them online , but that was not a problem either , because the tech support is excellent at this company . the only thing i would say is just alright , is the flir app , but it is workable . all in all i am very satisfied with my purchase and would recommend the lorex products to others for sure !
the product does what it is supposed to and a snap to install . i dealt with lorex support techs on 2 separate occasions and i was very impressed with their knowledge and professionalism .
smith stressed that guards will also benefit from the cameras . the surveillance could deter inmates from attacking them or serve as evidence if guards are wrongly accused by inmates of mistreating them .
note : changing sub stream settings does not affect the quality of recordings saved to the system ' s hard drive . the quality for recordings is controlled by the main stream settings .
this strategy of starting in a vertical by ourselves , developing it overtime , pushing the costs down and then acquiring a company that has strong access to that lower cost , higher volume market is something we’ve played out twice before ,
teich explained .
and what you’re seeing here with lorex is that same strategy just manifesting itself in the security market vertical .
the flir secure hd wifi security camera is the world & apos ; s most dependable home security camera designed for those who want to keep an eye on the things that matter most , via live streaming video .
lorex has the right security camera system for you - whether it ' s a small two - camera home surveillance system or a large 32 - camera security camera system built for a business .
lorex provides video surveillance systems and equipment , including connected visible light video cameras , illuminated infrared cameras , dvrs / nvrs , video monitors , and baby monitors . [ 1 ] [ 5 ]
i switch from wired to wireless cameras , it was easy to install and the reception is great . i would recommend wireless cameras to anyone / everyone . lorex is the way to go .
additional information such as the probability of success for particular routes can also be collected by the individual nodes for transmission back to the building computer to facilitate formulation of more effective routing tables . further , since the intialization command issued by the building computer must be received by a specific node for that node to execute its initalization routine , the routing tables can be formulated , utilized , and tested by the building computer during the network initialization process . preferably , nodes are registered as being connected only if a two - way link between the nodes is confirmed . for example , if one of a pair of nodes is outside of the transmitting range of the other node of the pair , then the nodes will not be registered as being connected .
it appears along racial lines just by viewing the video , but i ' m not certain that that is true ,
said smith .
the investigation is just beginning .
with $ 18 million in vc funding , and led by the former product lead for the ipod and the vp of engineering of dropcam , andrew hodge , hopes are high . . .
ifsec is facing competition . led by an ex - ifsec head , partnered with mega - exhibitor essen and hosted in ifsec ' s old city , birmingham ,
the . . .
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
also , the one - way communication of such systems precludes any verification procedure , which can result in false alarms caused by equipment malfunction and lead to costly and unnecessary response by emergency services personnel . this substantially reduces the reliability of the security system . reliability is critical in a security system , and a wireless security system that cannot provide extremely high reliability is commercially unfeasible .
for 26 years , lorex has been leading the video surveillance and home security system industry . with the security camera industry booming , there’s bound to be an increase in future technological advancements . so what’s next for this industry ? only time will tell , but you can be assured that lorex will be right there at the forefront to ensure the best equipment to protect homes and businesses worldwide .
flir said its sales of $ 332 million for the quarter were in line with expectations , but down 11 % compared to the same period in 2011 . reduced sales from the company’s government systems segment led the decline .
to ensure your system is connected to the internet , connect your system to your router using an ethernet cable and then restart the system by turning it off and on with the power switch .
this software handshaking scheme serves two purposes . first , it guarantees that all connectivity information is received by the building computer 14 from all of the nodes 12 , and it tests the routes defined by the previous initializations of nodes closer to the building computer 14 now being used to route init and response . sub . - - init packets between initializing nodes and the building computer 14 .
“as costs come down , we ultimately see the opportunity to sell thermal technology to everyone that lorex sells to today , which covers the gamut of consumer to small business to enterprise , ” he says .
connect your system to your router using an ethernet cable and then restart the system by turning it off and on with the power switch . option 2 of 2 : manually turn off the beeping :
please note there is up to 60 days of latency in this status indicator for certain status conditions . you can obtain up - to - date status indicator readings by ordering pair for the file .
lorex , based in markham , ontario , is a pioneer in home security video surveillance systems that can be installed by the user as well as a provider of video surveillance products to security system integrators . lorex provides homes and businesses bundled video surveillance systems and equipment that includes connected visible light video cameras , illuminated infrared cameras , digital video recorders , video monitors , baby monitors , and wearable action sports cameras . the company sells its solutions through retailers such as costco , bj ' s wholesale , amazon . com , and bestbuy . com , as well as through distributors of large - scale security solutions .
i have had my lorex security camera system and 4 weatherproof wireless cameras with 135ft night vision model # lx445ww for almost a week now and had some issues in the beginning with compatibility with our phones . these issues were quickly resolved by tech support in a very short time on a saturday . my husband had no problem installing and setting up the cameras and hard drive . tech support went even further for us and set up their client software on our laptop computer so we can access and control our camera system from anywhere . the lorex camera system was a great fit for our budget . thank you . am
ordered one product but the product i ordered was on backorder for several weeks so lorex upgraded the system and shipped me the upgraded system at no cost . i can ' t wait to install the system .
very happy with my new lorex system ! i use it everyday to keep an eye on things from work via the mobile app it ' s been fantastic . and it ' s well worth the price .
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18 . the method as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the step of issuing an initialization request is performed by the central node transmitting a sequence of initialization packets to respective ones of the nodes .
order was hassle free , received as promised , easy install , everything works as promised . i am very pleased with my purchase ( lx445ww ) . thank you lorex for a great product at a great price .
detect intruders , verify alarms , and gather forensic evidence with flir’s wide range of security solutions . united vms merged with world - class thermal and high definition visible cameras , analytics and recorders protect what you value the most 24 / 7 .
19 . the method as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the step of issuing an initialization request is performed by the central node transmitting a plurality of initialization packets to respective ones of the nodes simultaneously .
• now you can report a problem and submit a support request right from the app . simply tap on report problem to automatically generate an e - email to our support team . • troubleshooting issues away from home ? now you can restart your lorex security system from anywhere in the world with remote restart . • check your flir hd wifi security camera’s overall daily network performance and learn how to improve viewing with the wi - fi signal strength indicator . • if you have a lorex security system with unused channels , only active cameras and connected cameras will be displayed in the app , so you can enjoy faster connection to live viewing . • other enhancements and bug fixes .
since the intialization command issued by the building computer must be received by a specific node for that node to execute its initalization routine , the routing tables can be formulated , utilized , and tested by the building computer during the network initialization process . this results in a tested , functional network upon completion of the network initialization process . preferably , nodes are registered as being connected only if a two - way link between the nodes is confirmed . for example , if one of a pair of nodes is outside of the transmitting range of the other node of the pair , then the nodes will not be registered as being connected .
very happy with my new lorex system ! shipped and received very quickly , well packaged . installed within hours of receiving with little or no difficulty . camera power cords could be a little longer , overall a great purchase
the free shipment took less than a week from the us warehouse . the installation took less than 20 mins for each camera and the dvr was easy to set up . good quality for the price , lorex ! !
i really like our flir security camera . it has an amazing range and the picture is crystal clear . it ' s a wide angle lens as well so i ' m able to see not only the street but my garden and driveway .
lorex , on the other hand , has built the opposite business model . a high volume , low cost offering sold through mass market distribution , online and through big box retailers ( e . g . , costco ) .
great product . received package in great condition , well packed . easy to set up and control . one small item was missing . i contacted lorex and within one day , received the missing item . outstanding customer service !
i am very happy with the lorex products . cameras provided clear pictures day or night . dvr is set up for easy use and access for people just starting out . excellent service as well . 5 stars from me !
lorex provides homes and businesses bundled video surveillance systems and equipment , including connected visible light video cameras , illuminated infrared cameras , dvrs , video monitors , baby monitors , and wearable action sports cameras . the company sells its solutions through retailers such as costco , bj’s wholesale , amazon . com , bestbuy . com , as well as through distributors of large - scale security solutions . the acquisition is expected to close by the end of 2012 .


nerve agents are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals ( organophosphates ) that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs .

the disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase , an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine , a neurotransmitter .

poisoning by a nerve agent leads to contraction of pupils , profuse salivation , convulsions , involuntary urination and defecation , and death by asphyxiation due to a loss of control of the respiratory muscles .

some nerve agents are readily vaporized or aerosolized , and the primary portal of entry into the body is the respiratory system .

nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin , requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a respirator .

nerve agent

goals of decontamination are to prevent further absorption of nerve agent by victims and to prevent the introduction of nerve agent into the clean ed environment .
even a tiny drop of nerve agent on the skin can cause sweating and muscle twitching where the agent touched the skin .
single - source , one - time nerve agent releases and exposure routes involving agent vapor inhalation or direct ocular vapor exposures .
there are few case reports regarding fetal toxicity from nerve agent / organophosphate exposure .
development of next generation medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning . - pubmed - ncbi
long - term ( chronic or subchronic ) exposure from residual nerve agent contamination .
development , aided by the seizure of german nerve agent production facilities and personnel .
b . the effects of drugs used in nerve agent poisoning are described below .
the history of nerve agents began prior to world war ii in germany . the first known nerve agent – tabun (
testing showed the mof - encapsulated enzyme was even more effective at breaking down the nerve agent simulant diisopropyl fluorophosphate and the nerve agent soman than the antidote by itself .
the history of nerve agents began prior to world war ii in germany . the first - known nerve agent , tabun (
simultaneous shutdown of the nervous and respiratory systems . the initial stages of symptoms of an individual exposed to a nerve agent may vary depending on the particular nerve agent and amount of agent the individual was exposed to (
nerve agent specific antidotes and supportive treatment may have to be initiated prior to decontamination .
are reported to produce more permanent injury , even following appropriate nerve agent antidote treatment .
respiratory complications of organophosphorus nerve agent and insecticide poisoning . implications for respiratory and critical care
vx ( nerve agent ) . urltoken . accessed january 28 , 2012 . author unknown
organophosphates / nerve agent poisoning : mechanism of action , diagnosis , prophylaxis , and treatment .
dilate iris and relax ciliary muscle , reversing ocular pain and miosis of nerve agent toxicity .
effects of 4 - pyridine aldoxime on nerve agent - inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea pigs .
nerve agent : vx . urltoken . published january , 12 , 2002 . author unknown .
g - series nerve agents share a number of common physical and chemical properties . at room temperature , the g - series nerve agents are volatile liquids , making them a serious risk for exposure from dermal contact with liquid nerve agent or inhalation of nerve agent vapor .
read more at acs nano : nanosizing a metal–organic framework enzyme carrier for accelerating nerve agent hydrolysis .
antidotes for nerve agent toxicity are atropine and pralidoxime . seizures may require benzodiazepines . see medication .
no instances of binary nerve agent use or intentional release have been reported in the united states .
we will begin our discussion appropriately with tabun , the first nerve agent that the germans synthesized .
video : what is xv nerve agent ? learn the sinister history behind the lethal chemical agent that killed the half - brother of an infamous dictator .
nerve agent is a highly toxic systemic poison that is absorbed well by inhalation and through the skin . victims exposed only to nerve agent vapor do not pose secondary contamination risks to rescuers , but do not attempt resuscitation without a barrier . victims whose clothing or skin is contaminated with liquid nerve agent can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor . avoid dermal contact with nerve agent contaminated victims or with gastric contents of victims who may have ingested nerve agent - containing materials .
nerve agent vapor is readily absorbed by inhalation and ocular contact and produces rapid local and systemic effects .
use of nerve agent treatment autoinjectors by prehospital personnel should be guided by local policy . [ 13 ]
( 1 ) if liquid nerve agent is absorbed through the eyes , the effects are felt immediately .
b . steal a truck that sprays for mosquitos and aerosolize the nerve agent into a crowded subdivision .
scientists have made a significant breakthrough in the search for new antidotes to combat deadly nerve agent sarin .
nerve agents interfere with the nerves ' ability to carry information and control the body ' s functions . this results in respiratory difficulties , vision problems , headaches , loss of bladder and bowel control , convulsions , and mental confusion . severe nerve agent poisoning leads to unconsciousness and death . the sign and symptoms present and the severity of nerve agent poisoning depend upon the amount of nerve agent absorbed by the body and the route by which the nerve agent entered the body .
because nerve act rapidly , treatment must begin immediately after exposure or death may occur . a general antidote to nerve agents is a combination of atropine and a reactivator . atropine protects against the excess of acetylcoline formed during nerve agent poisoning . the reactivator ' s job is to restore acetylcholinesterase to its normal functions . the degree of difficulty in combating the nerve agent depends greatly on the quantity and type of nerve agent .
the victim of such a nerve agent usually dies from asphyxiation due to not being able to breathe out .
a detector kit being used to identify an airborne nerve agent during training at fort leonard wood in 2003 .
with higher respiratory rates and minute volumes than adults a child will inhale a greater dose of nerve agent .
certain general usage principles should be followed in the administration of nerve agent antidotes . complete instructions for the administration of nerve agent antidotes are found on the auto injectors and also in the navy navmed p - 5041 .
enzymes , the catalysts of biology , can engulf and break down hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second .
decontamination of liquid nerve agent exposure consists of removing all clothing , copiously irrigating with water to physically remove the nerve agent , and then washing the skin with an alkaline solution of soap and water or 0 . 5 % hypochlorite solution ( made by diluting household bleach 1 : 10 ) to chemically neutralize the nerve agent . avoid hot water , strong detergents , and vigorous scrubbing , since they tend to enhance nerve agent absorption .
reversal of nerve agent toxicity depends on the prompt parenteral administration of the two antidotes , atropine and pralidoxime .
antidotes to nerve agent poisoning must be given immediately ( see below ) . it should be noted that some
egypt uses mustard gas and a nerve agent in yemen to support a coup d’état against the yemeni monarchy .
the lethal effects of nerve agent poisoning may be combated by a combination of pretreatment and post exposure therapy .
( 3 ) if the nerve agent is absorbed through the skin in liquid form , there may be a delay of from 3 minutes to as long as 2 hours before the effects of nerve agent poisoning are felt .
according to francona , the us , british , russians and iraqis were all in possession of the nerve agent .
a child ' s smaller mass alone reduces the dose of nerve agent required for toxic / lethal effects . animal studies have shown that the lethal dose of nerve agent in an immature vs . adult animal is 10 % .
organophosphates / nerve agent poisoning : mechanism of action , diagnosis , prophylaxis , and treatment . - pubmed - ncbi
there are five fielded products for medical chemical warfare ( cw ) defense—four nerve agent therapeutics and one skin decontaminant .
the vx nerve agent that killed north korea’s kim jong - nam is 100 times more deadly than the nerve gas sarin . photograph : ojo images / rex / shutterstock
malaysian police have now revealed that kim jong - nam was killed with a poison called vx nerve agent . but what exactly is this agent , and how does it kill ?
if the patient is symptomatic , immediately institute emergency life support measures , including the use of nerve agent specific antidotes .
sheridan rd , smith ap , turner sr , tattersall je . nicotinic antagonists in the treatment of nerve agent intoxication .
new world encyclopedia contributors . vx ( nerve agent ) . new world encyclopedia . published february , 16 , 2009 .
( 1 ) while atropine blocks the muscarinic effects of nerve agent poisoning it has little effect upon the nicotinic actions of the agent at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and at the autonomic ganglia .
in the 1960s , testing of a nerve agent that may have been vx led to the accidental deaths of thousands of sheep in utah . syrian government forces are accused of using a related nerve agent , possibly sarin , against civilians in 2013 .
nerve agent ' s primary means of inducing toxicity is through inhalation and skin / eye contact . occasionally ingestion can occur .
) . it could be a nerve agent having high toxicity , and its effects are difficult to treat using common antidotes .
nobel prize in chemistry winner richard kuhn figured out the biological target of nerve agents and invented a new agent , soman .
the amount and route of exposure to the nerve agent or op pesticide , the type of nerve agent or pesticide , and the premorbid condition of the person exposed person will contribute to the time of onset and the severity of illness . for example , inhalation of a nerve agent or an op pesticide leads to a quicker onset of poisoning with more severe symptoms when compared to with dermal exposure s , given the same amount of agent .
chemical terrorism presents a threat to the civilian population , including children . nerve agent antidotes are available in prepackaged autoinjectors that can be delivered rapidly following an exposure . the published evidence on the use of nerve agent antidotes consists of case reports , extrapolation from pediatric organophosphate poisonings , and expert opinion . this review examines the evidence supporting the use of nerve agent antidotes in children .
victims whose skin or clothing is contaminated with liquid nerve agent can contaminate rescuers by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor .
liquid nerve agent is readily absorbed through the skin ; however , effects may be delayed for several minutes to up to18 hours .
the
nerve agent
does not directly kill . rather , within seconds , it turns our own nervous systems against us .
atropine sulfate and 2 pam cl remain essential drugs in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning . when exposed , each member of the navy and marine corps is issued three 2 mg auto injectors of atropine and three 600 mg auto injectors of 2 pam cl ( fig . 13 - 30 ) . do not give nerve agent antidotes for preventive purposes before contemplated exposure to a nerve agent .
plasma or rbc cholinesterase may be disproportionately inhibited depending on the particular nerve agent , amount of exposure and time interval since exposure .
the best way for a terrorist to weaponize and disseminate a chemical nerve agent exposing a large number of people would be to : a . put it in a paper bag in a crowded mall and puncture the bag with a stick . b . steal a truck that sprays for mosquitos and aerosolize the nerve agent into a crowded subdivision . c . throw a paper bag loaded with nerve agent onto a busy subway train . d . throw a molotov cocktail loaded with nerve agent into a windshield of a passenger bus .
liquid nerve agent is readily absorbed through the skin ; however , effects may be delayed for several minutes to up to 18 hours .
for the victim esposed to nerve agent who presents with severe multisystem symptoms , antidotes and supportive care can be lifesaving if initiated immediately .
( 2 ) if the nerve agent is inhaled , the effects may take from less than a minute to several minutes to appear .
mod scientists killed 29 guinea pigs with the nerve agent in 2015 conducting a series of experiments into a possible antidote to the poison .
f . pyridostigmine pretreatment should be stopped upon developing symptoms of nerve agent poisoning following a chemical warfare attack and post exposure therapy started .
persons whose skin is exposed only to nerve agent vapor pose no risk of secondary contamination ; however , clothing and hair can trap vapor .
look carefully for miosis ( if present will be helpful ) . miosis may not be present initially following a low volatility nerve agent exposure .
indicated for treatment of seizures associated with nerve agent toxicity . depresses all levels of cns function by increasing activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gaba .
may consist of two separate ‘non - toxic’ components that , when mixed , become the active nerve agent . no further information is available .
novichok is reported to be 5–8 times more lethal than vx nerve agent and effects are rapid , usually within 30 seconds to 2 minutes .
novichok agent (
newcomer
) : a series of nerve agents developed by the soviet union in the 1980s and 1990s , all in the
third generation nerve agent
category . some of these agents ( novichok - 5 , novichok - 7 ) are binary agents .
sidell fr . clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxications . chemical warfare agents . san diego , ca : academic press , inc ; 1992 .
nerve agent in vapor form is primarily absorbed through the respiratory tract . small droplets ( spray or aerosol ) can be absorbed through the skin or eyes or be inhaled . liquid nerve agent can penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly , but significant absorption through the skin usually requires a few minutes .
the lungs and the eyes absorb nerve agents rapidly . in high vapor concentrations , the nerve agent is carried from the lungs throughout the circulatory system ; widespread systemic effects may appear in less than 1 minute .
20 . the vesicant agent , mustard , either alone or mixed with lewisite , is an important agent in the soviet arsenal . manufacture of mustard in the
malaysian police have revealed that the nerve agent vx was used to kill kim jong - nam when he was attacked at kuala lumpur’s international airport .
secretary of health and human services ( hhs ) tom price last week issued a “determination and declaration regarding emergency use of injectable treatments for nerve agent or certain insecticide ( organophosphorus and / or carbamate ) poisoning , ” authorizing emergency use of injectable treatments for nerve agent or certain weaponized insecticides .
exposure to high concentrations of nerve agent vapor causes immediate loss of consciousness , followed shortly by convulsions , flaccid paralysis , and respiratory failure . these generalized effects are caused by the rapid absorption of nerve agent vapor across the respiratory tract , producing maximal inhibition of ache within seconds to minutes of exposure . nerve agent vapor is expected to have had its full effect by the time victims present to the emergency care system . [ 4 ]
patients with signs and symptoms of moderate nerve agent toxicity require supplemental oxygen , pulse oximetry , cardiac monitoring , and intravenous ( iv ) access .
while seizures complicating nerve agent exposure often respond to iv atropine and pralidoxime , they also may require iv benzodiazepines titrated to effect . the convulsant antidote for nerve agent ( cana ) autoinjector consists of diazepam and is recommended after three mark 1 kits have been administered . midazolam has been considered as a replacement to diazepam . midazolam is twice as potent and acts more rapidly than diazepam in nonhuman primates with nerve agent–induced seizures . [ 15 ]
the most widely used nerve agent , soman ( gd ) , exerts a defining effect on cardiovascular function . myocardial degeneration and necrosis were noted by
the most widely used nerve agent , soman ( gd ) , exerts a defining effect on cardiovascular function . myocardial degeneration and necrosis was noted by
the cult also provided their members with the antidote to nerve agent poisoning during the attack on the tokyo subway . this shows that it is possible for perpetrators to use a nerve agent as a weapon in close proximity , without needing to use bulky protective equipment , or risk lethal exposure themselves .
in the tokyo nerve agent attack , severely poisoned patients exposed by inhalation quickly became unconscious and developed marked respiratory compromise , some with cardiopulmonary arrest ( 14 ) . likewise , loss of consciousness and respiratory distress occurred within minutes of accidental inhalation and topical exposure of the nerve agents sarin and soman ( 16 ) . toxicity is delayed after topical nerve agent exposure but can occur within minutes with the most potent nerve agents ( 6 ) .
tabun , o - ethyl dimethylamidophosphorylcyanide , with the american denomination ga . this nerve agent is the easiest to manufacture . consequently , it is more likely that developing countries start their cw arsenal with this nerve agent whereas industrialized countries consider tabun to be out - of - date and of limited use .
but low doses of nerve agent have been linked with long - term effects in people who did not exhibit clinical symptoms at the time of exposure .
persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with nerve agent - containing solutions can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor .
figure 1 . locations for administration source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
mcdonough jh . midazolam : an improved anticonvulsant treatment for nerve agent induced seizures . defense technical information center . jan 2002 . [ full text ] .
newmark j . therapy for nerve agent poisoning . arch neurol . 2004 may . 61 ( 5 ) : 649 - 52 . [ medline ] .
sidell fr . clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication . somani sm , ed . chemical warfare agents . san diego : harcourt brace jovanovich ; 1992 .
liquid nerve agent exposure requires formal decontamination , as outlined in prehospital care , before victims enter the ed . no decontamination is necessary in vapor exposure .
be worn by members of emergency services who may be treating nerve agent casualties . inadequate decontamination may result in secondary cases from exposure to primary cases .
when a person is exposed to a nerve agent , the nerve agent , upon entering the body , inhibits the normal actions of acetylcholinesterase ; a chemical within the body whose normal function it is to break down the chemical acetylcholine . acetylcholine causes muscular contraction . what nerve agents do to acetylcholinesterase is inhibit it from breaking down acetylcholine which in turn causes violent muscle spasms .
liquid nerve agents range from colorless to light brown . most nerve agents are odorless and tasteless . they range from nonpersistent to very persistent .
vx is a human - made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents . they are similar to pesticides ( insect killing chemicals ) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kinds of harmful effects they cause . however , nerve agents are much more potent than organophosphate pesticides .
the use of a nerve agent would suggest syria did not get rid of its military stockpiles as it agreed to do after a 2013 nerve agent attack killed more than 1 , 000 syrians . a u . n . report after the attack determined that the regime used sarin in the assault near damascus .
the effect of dermal exposure to liquid nerve agent depends on the anatomic site exposed , ambient temperature , and dose of nerve agent . percutaneous absorption of nerve agent typically results in localized sweating caused by direct nicotinic effect on the skin , followed by muscular fasciculations and weakness as the agent penetrates deeper and a nicotinic effect is exerted on underlying muscle . in moderate dermal exposures , vomiting and / or diarrhea occur . vomiting and / or diarrhea soon after exposure are ominous signs . with further absorption , full - blown systemic or remote effects occur .
if you have been exposed to a nerve agent , remove all clothing immediately and wash with copious amounts of soap and water . seek emergency medical attention .
dunn ma , hackley be , sidell fr . pretreatment for nerve agent exposure . medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare . 1987 . 181 - 196 .
note : the actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable than the syndrome described in this document .
malaysian authorities said north koreans put the deadly nerve agent vx on the hands of aisyah and huong , who then placed the toxin on mr kim’s face .
vx is the most potent of all nerve agents . compared with the nerve agent sarin ( also known as gb ) , vx is considered to be much more toxic by entry through the skin and somewhat more toxic by inhalation .
a characteristic of nerve agents is that they are extremely toxic and that they have very rapid effect . the nerve agent , either as a gas , aerosol or liquid , enters the body through inhalation or through the skin . poisoning may also occur through consumption of liquids or foods contaminated with nerve agents .
warhead probably contains about 400 pounds of agent , and the scud warhead about 800 .
in 1969 , 23 soldiers and one civilian were sent to hospital after the vx nerve agent stored in a us military base in okinawa , japan , leaked .
figure 2 . removing atropine autoinjector from clip source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
figure 3 . self - aid thigh injection source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
cma public affairs . last vx nerve agent eliminated from army stockpile . www . army . mil . available at urltoken . accessed : february 5 , 2015 .
rotenberg js . diagnosis and management of nerve agent exposure . pediatr ann . 2003 apr . 32 ( 4 ) : 242 - 50 . [ medline ] .
vx nerve agent was first used during the iran - iraq war in the 1980s . it ' s part of the same family of toxic substances as sarin , which was used in the 1995 nerve gas attack on the tokyo subway .
nerve agents are a class of chemicals grouped together based on their common mechanism of action , which is interruption of vital nerve transmissions to various organs .
by 1943 a team of german military scientists developing tabun had also designed another nerve agent called sarin that was six times more potent than tabun . the german nobel laureate richard kuhn was called on to help discern why the new poisons were so deadly . he soon discovered that these nerve agents interfere with a critical enzyme , cholinesterase . in the process kuhn also discovered a third nerve agent : soman .
are submicroscopic organisms that require living cells to reproduce and multiply . variola major , the causative agent of smallpox , is a virus that could be used as a biological agent .
- nerve agents are readily absorbed from the respiratory tract . runny nose and tightness in the throat or chest begin within seconds to minutes after exposure . nerve agent vapors are heavier than air . odor does not provide adequate warning of detection .
nerve agents may be detected by a variety of means . single and three colour detector papers are available for individual issue to detect liquid nerve agent . area detectors are also available as are monitoring devices for local contamination and water testing kits .
neuromuscular - pinpoint pupils ( highly indicative of nerve agent exposure in a mass casualty situation ) , muscle twitching , confusion , seizures , flaccid paralysis , and coma .
respiratory protection : positive - pressure , self - contained breathing apparatus ( scba ) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to potentially unsafe levels of nerve agent .
- dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate ) – was synthesized in laboratories of ig farben by dr schrader in 1936 ( germany ) . although pesticides were the original aim of schrader ' s studies , german authorities identified the deadly potential of organophosphates ( ops ) , and many other nerve agents such as sarin , cyclosarin , and soman were developed . a few decades later , new nerve agent vx was developed . other new nerve agents are the intermediate volatile agent ( iva ; also named agent gp ) and novichok (
victims of a chemical attack in khan sheikhoun , in idlib province , syria , on april 4 . the gas was later identified as the lethal nerve agent sarin .
syria may have used military - grade nerve agent in alleged attack the chemical attack killed dozens in northern idlib province , syria . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
capabilities . it appears to be a persistent nerve agent or nerve agent mixture that is at least two or three times more toxic than the western agent vx , and 25 times as toxic as sarin . according to soviet sources , vr–55 reaches the ground in vapor , aerosol , and droplet form and is persistent for one to three days . to obtain this effect the soviets may use a thickener to retard evaporation during the fall . it has also been suggested that vr–55 might be a mixture of a highly toxic v - agent with an unknown , extremely toxic , semi - persistent g - agent . the highly persistent v - agent might retard the evaporation of the more volatile g - agents to permit sufficient g - agent to reach the ground and supply the vapor hazard .
nerve agents sarin , tabun , and vx are highly toxic military agents that disrupt a victim ' s nervous system by blocking the transmission of nerve signals .
another recent , high - profile death was also due to a nerve agent — vx nerve agent was used to kill kim jong - nam , the half brother of north korean leader kim jong - un , in february . but what exactly are these deadly chemicals , and what sort of treatments can save those who have been exposed ?
the vx nerve agent stored at the newport chemical depot in indiana in 1997 , the year the chemical weapons convention took effect , leading many nations to cut their stockpiles .
skin protection : chemical - protective clothing is recommended because both nerve agent vapor ( high exposure doses ) and liquid can be absorbed through the skin to produce systemic toxicity .
with an extremely high toxicity ; this became the nerve agent known as tabun ( ga ) . as much as 12 , 000 tons was produced for the german army in
c . local gastrointestinal effects . following the ingestion of substances containing a nerve agent , which is essentially tasteless , the initial symptoms include abdominal cramps , vomiting and diarrhoea .
the most toxic nerve agent available in the west is vx . it is an inhibitor of ache , which acts by increasing the ach at the nerve synapses . toxicity sets in when more than 50 % of the ache enzyme is inhibited . the ache
: you got a lot of nerve showing your face around here , hauser .
unlike the nerve agent sarin , which was used to attack the tokyo subway and ghouta , a suburb of damascus in syria , the v - series are termed “persistent” agents .
its only use is as a chemical weapon . the nerve agent can be disseminated in a spray or vapour , or used to contaminate water , food , and agricultural products .
vx is a clear , amber - colored , odorless , oily liquid . it is miscible with water and soluble in all solvents . it is the least volatile nerve agent .
figure 4 . removing 2 - pam cl autoinjector from clip source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
the final product of the weapon is of the same chemical structure as the original nerve agent . the term binary refers only to the storage and deployment method used , not to the chemical structure of the substance . this article discusses management of chemical nerve agents in general ; the reader can also refer to cbrne - nerve agents , g - series - tabun , sarin , soman and cbrne - nerve agents , v - series - ve , vg , vm , vx for more detailed information on each particular agent .
because of recent terrorist events many workers have expressed concern about the possibility of a terrorist attack involving nerve agents . in 1995 , twelve people were killed when the nerve agent sarin was released in the tokyo subway system . the following frequently asked questions will help workers understand what nerve agents are and how they may affect their health and safety .
smallpox is a potentially deadly infectious disease and is considered a high - priority biological threat agent .
18 . the agent used as a chemical fill in tactical rockets , ballistic missiles , and cruise missiles is described in soviet sources as an “agent of the vr–55 type . ” the lack of evidence as to the exact nature of this agent is a major gap in our knowledge of soviet
researchers have taken these naturally occurring enzymes as raw material . then , using computer modeling and controlled evolution in the lab , we’ve bolstered the efficiency of the originally found anti - nerve agent enzymes . enzymes that initially showed only modest activity have been turned into potential therapeutics against vx – a chemical cousin of sarin and the most toxic nerve agent of all .
personnel should wear personal protective equipment including protective suits , heavy butyl rubber gloves , and air - supplied respirators ( eg , self - contained breathing apparatus ) when entering a scene posing a nerve agent vapor risk or when treating victims exposed to liquid nerve agents .
exposure to v - series nerve agents should be considered if there is a clinical history concerning for exposure to nerve agents or symptoms of nerve agent exposure . decontamination and treatment should begin as soon as possible . laboratory tests for the presence of v - series agents in the body are not readily available and are not used to guide management . patients may demonstrate lab abnormalities consistent with metabolic acidosis and the breakdown of striated muscle . decreased erythrocyte cholinesterase levels may be observed after exposure to nerve agents . v - series nerve agents can also be detected in patients or in the environment by m8 paper , m9 tape , the m256a1 chemical agent detector kit , or the joint chemical agent detector ( jcad ) .
organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents both bind to an enzyme that turns off the nerve - signaling molecule acetylcholine . without the enzyme to turn it off , acetylcholine will continue to
aggressively
stimulate certain receptors on nerve cells , nelson told live science .
respiratory : inhalation of nerve agent vapor causes respiratory tract effects within seconds to minutes . symptoms include increased , rhinorrhea , and bronchial secretions , chest tightness secondary to bronchial muscle contraction .
enzymes , the catalysts of biology , can engulf and break down hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second . credit : pymol . pdb 4e3t rcsb . org , cc by - nd
nerve agents are highly toxic and rapidly affect exposed individuals . nerve agents enter the body primarily through the respiratory tract , although they may be absorbed through the eyes or skin . in the liquid state , nerve agents are hazardous via skin or eye contact and through ingestion . generally , all nerve agents are highly toxic and fast acting .
researchers have taken these naturally occurring enzymes as raw material . then , using computer modeling and controlled evolution in the lab , we ' ve bolstered the efficiency of the originally found anti - nerve agent enzymes . enzymes that initially showed only modest activity have been turned into potential therapeutics against vx – a chemical cousin of sarin and the most toxic nerve agent of all .
the amount of time ( listed as aging half - life ) required for aging by various nerve agents is listed in table 2 in mortality / morbidity . the nerve agent vx has a very long aging half - life of more than 2 days . this means that certain antidotes will be effective much longer for this agent than for the others ( see treatment ) .
vx is a lethal chemical weapon in the v - series of nerve agents . although commonly referred to as nerve gases , the chemicals are usually liquids at room temperature .
this constant nerve stimulation causes the characteristic symptoms of vx gas poisoning . these include :
for a medical intervention to work after nerve gas exposure , it has to work fast . if a first responder administers a sarin - destroying molecule , each therapeutic molecule must be capable of breaking down through hydrolysis hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second , one after another .
vx is a clear , amber - colored , odorless , oily liquid . it is soluble in water as well as in all other solvents . it is the least volatile nerve agent .
atropine and pralidoxime chloride are the 2 drugs used to treat nerve agent exposure . 2 diazepam ( valium ) or similar benzodiazepines can be used to mitigate the convulsions associated with exposure . 2
newmark j . the birth of nerve agent warfare : lessons from syed abbas foroutan . neurology . 2004 may 11 . 62 ( 9 ) : 1590 - 6 . [ medline ] .
wright bs , rezk pe , graham jr , steele ke , gordon rk , sciuto am , nambiar mp . acute lung injury following inhalation exposure to nerve agent vx in guinea pigs .
the nerve agent used to poison sergei skripal is a ' novichok ' . given how incredibly deadly these are ( 5x more than vx ) , how did it happen that . . .
summary of chemical agent air exposure values table 1 . osha , ( 2004 , august 3 ) .
nerve agent poisoning may be identified from the characteristic signs and symptoms . if exposure to vapor has occurred , the pupils will be very small , usually pin - pointed . if exposure has been cutaneous or has followed ingestion of a nerve agent in contaminated food or water , the pupils may be normal or , in the presence of severe systemic symptoms , slightly to moderately reduced in size . in this event , the other manifestations of nerve agent poisoning must be relied on to establish the diagnosis . no other known chemical agent produces muscular twitching and fasciculations , rapidly developing pin - point pupils , or the characteristic train of muscarinic , nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations .
. nerve agents are divided into two major groups : the g - agents and the v - agents . examples of the g - agents are ga ( tabun ) , gb ( sarin ) , and gd ( soman ) . o - ethyl s - ( 2 diisopropyl amiono ethyl ) methylphosphonothiolate [ nerve agent ] ( vx ) is an example of a v - agent .
sarin is a human - made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents . sarin is a clear , colorless , and tasteless liquid that has no odor in its pure form . however , sarin can evaporate into a vapor and spread into the environment . sarin is also known as gb .
15 . the first nerve agent developed and adopted by the soviets was tabun , a g - agent , the quantity production of which probably [ page 306 ] began about 1946 or shortly thereafter . manufacture of the agent probably continued through the 1950’s , but stopped when emphasis shifted to other agents . existing stocks of tabun , whether in bulk or in filled munitions , have gradually diminished as the result of agent deterioration . nevertheless we believe that about half the soviet tabun stock is still available .
organophosphate pesticides — such as malathion and parathion . chemically related to nerve agents but are not nearly as toxic . these compounds disrupt the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme just like nerve agents .
if a nerve agent containing solution has been ingested , prepare the ambulance in case the victim vomits toxic material . have ready several towels and open plastic bags to quickly clean up and isolate .
holstege cp , kirk m , sidell fr . chemical warfare . nerve agent poisoning . crit care clin . 1997 oct . 13 ( 4 ) : 923 - 42 . [ medline ] .
koblentz said the symptoms , as seen from social media and news reports , appeared to be consistent with a nerve agent . video showed victims foaming at the mouth and writhing on the ground .
by preventing ache from metabolising acetylcholine , the nerve agent causes the synapse to become flooded with the neurotransmitter . this saturation leads to the nerve being constantly switched “on” . in the case of nerves that control muscles , this means that the muscle is constantly receiving a signal to contract .
36 . the single most critical weakness in soviet chemical defense is the problem of nerve agent detection . the soviets have some manual and automatic devices for the detection of local concentrations of nerve agents , but we do not believe they are capable of giving timely warning of chemical attack .
a . symptoms . nerve agent poisoning may be identified from the characteristic signs and symptoms . if exposure to vapour has occurred , the pupils will be very small , usually pin - pointed . if exposure has been cutaneous or has followed ingestion of a nerve agent in contaminated food or water , the pupils may be normal or , in the presence of severe systemic symptoms , slightly to moderately reduced in size . in this event , the other manifestations of nerve agent poisoning must be relied on to establish the diagnosis . no other known chemical agent produces muscular twitching and fasciculations , rapidly developing pin - point pupils , or the characteristic train of muscarinic , nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations .
ache is responsible for metabolising the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which in turn is responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse across the gap ( called a synapse ) between two nerve cells .
kassa j . review of oximes in the antidotal treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents .
, and a number of other states also produced these and other nerve agents as weapons .
at room temperature , nerve agents are primarily liquid . 2 the g - series agents are clear , colorless , and tasteless . 11 sarin is the most volatile nerve agent . 11 vx , is the least volatile , is odorless , and can be clear or amber - colored . 11
the treatment for nerve agent poisoning recommended by the u . s . military involves the use of three therapeutic drugs : atropine , pralidoxime , and diazepam . atropine counteracts many of the effects caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase . pralidoxime chloride ( 2 - pam ) , one in a family of drugs that reactivates the nerve agent - inhibited cholinesterase , is administered with atropine . diazepam , an anticonvulsant , is administered in severe cases of nerve agent intoxication to control seizures and thereby minimize brain injury . atropine , 2 - pam , and diazepam are packaged in autoinjectors issued to u . s . military personnel for self - or buddy - aid . atropine and 2 - pam by themselves have limited efficacy against the nerve agent soman ( gd ) ; thus , naval personnel are supposed to be provided supplies of the nerve agent pretreatment pyridostigmine bromide ( nappb ) . pb is administered on the orders of the commanding officer when a creditable future threat of exposure to gd exists . as is the case with other nerve agents , atropine and 2 - pam are administered post - exposure .
malaysia has said the substance used to kill kim jong - nam , the half - brother of north korea ' s leader , was vx , a hugely potent nerve agent which is banned internationally .
baker md . antidotes for nerve agent poisoning : should we differentiate children from adults ? . curr opin pediatr . 2007 apr . 19 ( 2 ) : 211 - 5 . [ medline ] .
pantazides bg , watson cm , carter md , crow bs , perez jw , blake ta , thomas jd , johnson rc . an enhanced butyrylcholinesterase method to measure organophosphorus nerve agent exposure in humans .
marrs tc . the role of diazepam in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in a civilian population . toxicol rev . 2004 . 23 ( 3 ) : 145 - 57 . [ medline ] .
young d . cdc rolls out nerve - agent antidote program . am j health syst pharm . 2004 sep 15 . 61 ( 18 ) : 1866 - 8 , 1875 . [ medline ] .
the main principles of therapy for nerve agent poisoning are early treatment , assisted ventilation , bronchial suction , muscarinic cholinergic blockade ( atropine ) , enzyme reactivation ( oximes ) and anticonvulsants ( benzodiazepines ) .
chemical agent detector paper ; 25 sheets / book and 50 booklets / box ; potential for false positives .
your patient has been exposed to a vesicant ( blistering ) agent . his injuries will be caused by :
organophosphorus nerve agents were discovered in germany in the 1930s ; tabun , sarin , and soman were produced during and after world war ii . great britain developed a potent nerve agent called vx in the early 1950s . the most famous use of a nerve agent was by the japanese cult aum shinrikyo . a 1994 release of sarin in motsumoto resulted in seven deaths . a 1995 release of sarin in the tokyo subway system resulted in twelve deaths and more than five thousand victims seeking medical attention .
most chemical ammunition can be described as unitary , which implies that it contains one active ready - to - use cw agent . binary technology implies that the final stage in the synthesis of the nerve agent is moved from the factory into the warhead , which thus functions as a chemical reactor . two initial substances which are stored in separate containers are mixed and allowed to react and form the nerve agent when the ammunition ( bomb , projectile , grenade , etc . ) is on its way towards the target .
but for whatever reason , hitler chose not to take that step—even as nazi factories secretly stockpiled munitions packed with the deadly nerve agent , and even as the tide of the war turned increasingly against germany .
the use of a nerve agent suggests the regime held back some precursor chemicals or weapons from inspectors monitoring the dismantling of the syrian chemical weapons stockpiles or were able to produce new stocks , koblentz said .
it was a nerve agent that was used earlier this year to kill the half brother of north korean leader kim jong un in malaysia . authorities believe kim jong nam was killed by north korean assassins .
a drop of nerve agent can kill within a minute . when released in the ocean , it lasts up to six weeks , killing every organism it touches before breaking down into its nonlethal chemical components .
muscular paralysis caused by nerve agents also affects the respiratory muscles . nerve agents also affect the respiratory centre of the central nervous system . the combination of these two effects is the direct cause of death . consequently , death caused by nerve agents is a kind of death by suffocation .
nerve agents act by first binding and then irreversibly inactivating acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) , producing a toxic accumulation of acetylcholine ( ach ) at muscarinic , nicotinic , and cns synapses . [ 3 ] excessive ach at these cholinergic receptors may account for the spectrum of clinical effects observed in nerve agent exposure .
thiermann h , worek f , kehe k . limitations and challenges in treatment of acute chemical warfare agent poisoning .
the united states uses napalm and the herbicide agent orange during the vietnam war , sparking national and international protest .
e . when overwhelming doses of the agent are absorbed quickly , death occurs rapidly without orderly progression of symptoms .
agent vx is infamous nowadays . i am interested to make it at home . how do i do it ?
it is thought possible to treat a vx attack with an injection of multiple antidotes , but the nerve agent works so quickly that a victim would have to be treated immediately to stand any chance of survival .
gb is odorless and is the most volatile nerve agent ; however , it evaporates at about the same rate as water . ga has a slightly fruity odor and gd has a slight camphor - like odor .
the eyes must be decontaminated within minutes of exposure to liquid nerve agent to limit injury . flush the eyes immediately with water for about 5 to 10 minutes by tilting the head to the side , pulling eyelids apart with fingers , and pouring water slowly into eyes . there is no need to flush the eyes following exposure to nerve agent vapor . remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye .
in mild exposures , the systemic manifestations of nerve agent poisoning usually include tension , anxiety , jitteriness , restlessness , emotional lability , and giddiness . there may be insomnia or excessive dreaming , occasionally with nightmares .
duysen eg , li b , xie w , schopfer lm , anderson rs , broomfield ca , lockridge o . evidence for nonacetylcholinesterase targets of organophosphorus nerve agent : supersensitivity of acetylcholinesterase knockout mouse to vx lethality .
a factory for production of the new cw agent was built and a total of 12 000 tonnes of tabun were produced during the years 1942 - 1945 . at the end of the war the allies seized large quantities of this nerve agent . up to the end of the war , schrader and his co - workers synthesized about 2 000 new organo - phosphorus compounds , including sarin ( 1938 ) . the third of the
classic
nerve agents , soman , was first produced in 1944 . these three nerve agents are known as g agents in the american nomenclature . the manufacture of sarin never started properly and up to 1945 only about 0 . 5 tonne of this nerve agent was produced in a pilot plant .
a diazepam tablet is also generally given as a pretreatment , primarily affecting the central nervous system . diazepam strengthens the effect of other nerve agent antidotes . there will be better prospects of survival and less injury . diazepam also provides protection against permanent brain damage which may result from heavy exposure to nerve agents .
two chemical properties of nerve agents also provide the rationale for effective measures against them . first , nerve agents are hydrolyzed readily by alkaline solutions , which explains why soap and water or hypochlorite solutions are effective skin decontaminants . second , the bond between the nerve agent and ache takes time to chemically mature and become a stable covalent bond . during the period immediately after nerve agent binding to enzyme , the bond is vulnerable to disruption by agents called oximes . this aging phenomenon forms the pharmacologic basis for the effective use of the antidote , pralidoxime , during this early window of opportunity before the bond becomes permanent .
nerve agents . generally considered the most deadly of the different categories of chemical weapons , nerve agents – in liquid or gas form - can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin . nerve agents inhibit the body’s respiratory and cardiovascular capability by causing severe damage to the central nervous system , and can result in death . the most common nerve agents include sarin , soman , and vx .
atropine 1 works by counteracting the effects of the excessive amount of acetyl choline while the body works to clear the nerve agent . 1 , 2 pralidoxime chloride works by reversing the agent ' s mechanism of action , and reactivating ache . 1 , 2 early treatment with pralidoxime can prevent the otherwise irreversible nerve damage associated with exposure . 1 pralidoxime should continue to be administered for a period of time after symptoms resolve . 1
the route for entering the body is of importance for the period required for the nerve agent to start having effect . it also influences the symptoms developed and , to some extent , the sequence of the different symptoms . generally , the poisoning works faster when the agent is absorbed through the respiratory system than via other routes . this is because the lungs contain numerous blood vessels and the inhaled nerve agent can therefore rapidly diffuse into the blood circulation and thus reach the target organs . among these organs , the respiratory system is one of the most important . if a person is exposed to a high concentration of nerve agent , e . g . , 200 mg sarin / m3 ( see table ) death may occur within a couple of minutes .