calcium looping ( cal ) , or the regenerative calcium cycle ( rcc ) , is a second-generation carbon capture technology .

it is the most developed form of carbonate looping , where a metal ( m ) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form ( mco ₃ ) and its oxide form ( mo ) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant .

in the calcium looping process , the two species are calcium carbonate ( caco ₃ ) and calcium oxide ( cao ) .

the captured carbon dioxide can then be transported to a storage site , used in enhanced oil recovery or used as a chemical feedstock .

calcium oxide is often referred to as the sorbent .

calcium looping is being developed as it is a more efficient , less toxic alternative to current post-combustion capture processes such as amine scrubbing .

it also has interesting potential for integration with the cement industry .

calcium looping

the uk demonstration of enhanced calcium looping and first global demonstration of advanced doping techniques is improving the performance of calcium looping by testing doped - materials at pilot scale .
a novel calcium looping absorbent incorporated with polymorphic spacers for hydrogen production and . . .
the core of our process is known as ccms - calcium looping in molten salts .
abatement using the calcium looping cycle . energy environ sci . 2011 ; 4 : 2050–3 .
design and experimental investigation of calcium looping process for 3 - kwth and 1 . 9 - mwth facilities
calcium - looping for post - combustion co2 capture . on the adverse effect of sorbent regeneration under co2
2 . outline of presentation • flowsheeting – integration of power generation , calcium looping , biomass utilisation and ocean liming . • experimental work – integration of power production , calcium looping , biomass utilisation and cement manufacture .
calcium - looping for post - combustion co2 capture . on the adverse effect of sorbent regeneration under co2 | request pdf
uptake of modified calcium - based sorbens in a pressurized carbonation–calcination looping . fuel process technol . 2011 ; 92 : 1144–51 .
calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture reviews the fundamental principles , systems , oxygen carriers , and carbon dioxide carriers relevant to chemical looping and combustion .
in book : calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture , pp . 107 - 138
in book : calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture , pp . 39 - 48
capture behavior of limestone modified with pyroligneous acid ( pa ) during calcium looping cycles . ind eng chem res . 2011 ; 50 : 10222–8 .
the centre for combustion , carbon capture and storage has extensive experience with calcium looping , with the two largest plants of its kind in the uk ; the 25 kwth and the 50 kwth interconnected fluidised - bed systems . moreover , the group has vast experience with the production , characterisation and testing of natural , enhanced and synthetic materials for calcium looping and chemical looping combustion technologies .
calcium looping the principle of calcium looping is well known . calcium oxide , ( cao ) absorbs co 2 below a certain temperature to form calcium carbonate ( caco 3 ) . at higher temperatures , the calcium carbonate releases the co 2 and returns to calcium oxide . the process works both ways : cao ( s ) + co 2 ( g ) ↔ caco 3 ( s ) the equilibrium has a turning point temperature of about 900°c . there is abundant information available on the web on calcium looping for carbon capture . we use this well - known concept in a new way by using the molten salts as a medium , thereby keeping all the advantages but removing all disadvantages . this means more effective , more compact and more economical carbon cleaning .
here , we report the preliminary results of an investigation into the effects on cement chemistry of using as a feed calcium oxide ( cao ) which is the spent sorbent from a promising co 2 capture process , the calcium looping cycle .
high purity hydrogen production from sorption enhanced chemical looping glycerol reforming : applicat . . .
the liquid state of the salt enhances the properties of the calcium looping , and removes all known issues found in other calcium looping processes . the ccms process shows no physical degradation over time ; the process retains its effectiveness cycle after cycle . also , using the liquid salt dramatically reduces the problems of sintering and wear from particles .
emissions from coal combustion by calcium magnesium acetate . fuel , 2004 , 83 : 149–155
han d h , sohn h y . calcined calcium magnesium acetate as a superior so
exergy analysis of the biogas sorption - enhanced chemical looping reforming process integrated with a . . .
the salcape process uses this principle , but applies molten salt as the chemical solvent . hence the name ccms - calcium looping in molten salts . salt has some extremely favourable properties when applied in molten form . the salts applied in the ccms process have melting points well below the equilibrium temperature of 900 °c and are well suited as a medium for the calcium looping .
this chapter describes why calcium looping and chemical looping combustion technologies are more efficient than their rivals , particularly when the aim is to produce a stream of co2 for storage or utilization . the focus is on causes of inefficiency , and the development of solid looping cycle energy and exergy analyses as key tools to achieving designs with low efficiency penalties . the chapter . . . [ show full abstract ]
/ cao composite at ca - looping conditions . environ sci technol . 2012 ; 46 : 6401–8 .
effect of heat pretreatment / recarbonation in the ca - looping process at realistic calcination conditi . . .
relevant influence of limestone crystallinity on co2 capture in the ca - looping technology at realist . . .
calcium looping , carbonation - calcination , high temperature sorbents , lime , cyclic sorbent degradation , energy integration , interconnected cfb , postcombustion , power plant , solid circulation , purge flow , pilot plants .
cao - modified iron oxide oxygen carriers containing mono and di - calcium ferrite have been synthesised .
and hcl by carboxylic salts of calcium . ind eng chem res , 2005 , 44 : 4484–4494
ca - looping for postcombustion co2 capture : a comparative analysis on the performances of dolomite an . . .
post - combustion calcium looping is an emerging capture technology that uses cao particles as co2 sorbent . this work analyses the average maximum co2 carrying capacity of the sorbent ( xave ) in a continuous large - scale calcium looping ( cal ) pilot plant , which is believed to adequately represent the lifetime of cao particles in larger cal systems based on the regeneration of cao by oxyfuel . . . [ show full abstract ]
co 2 capture in existing power plants using second generation ca - looping systems firing biomass in t . . .
the cao - modified oxygen carriers gave more stable performance over chemical looping cycles than unmodified fe 2 o 3 .
presentation given by paul fennell of imperial college london on
the integration of power generation , cement manufacture , biomass utilisation and calcium looping .
at the alternative ccs pathways workshop , oxford martin school , 27 june 2014
capture using calcium - based sorbents is rapidly developing into a viable technology . however , the decrease in co
the new canadian laws on co2 emissions aim to lower the emissions of coal - fired power plants down to those of natural gas combined cycle units : 420 kg co2 / mweh . in order to meet these requirements , calcium looping and two process variants are investigated through process simulations using aspen plus v8 . 2 . the combination of calcium looping and chemical looping combustion , replacing the required air separation unit , is a way to reduce the energy penalty of the capture process . the addition of copper as an oxygen carrier in two different process configurations is compared to calcium looping and shown to reduce the efficiency penalty from 7 . 8 % to 4 . 5 % points but at the price of circulations rates up to about 3800 kg / s . the other improvement path studied is the implementation of calcium looping to a pressurized fluidized bed combustion unit . the pressurized carbonator acts as a reheater for the gas turbine and operating the carbonator at temperatures up to 798°c results in a reduction of the energy penalty from 5 . 1 % to 3 . 1 % points .
the fe in the calcium ferrites fully participated in the redox cycles , but the proportions of the ferrites changed .
cations that cause water hardness are calcium ( ca2 + ) and magnesium ( mg2 + ) . calcium hard water forms scale , usually calcium carbonate , which causes a variety of problems . boilers , water heaters , and hot - water lines , and increases water heating costs . the municipal supply and the intended plant or process use .
plant growing structures / containers in green house production cost estimation for green / polyhouse construction . . level by using amendments like lime ( calcium carbonate ) and dolomite ( ca - mg carbonate ) and basic , fertilizers like calcium
patsias a a , nimmo w , gibbs b m , et al . calcium - based sorbents for simultaneous no
li y j , zhao c s , chen h c , et al . modified cao - based sorbent looping cycle for co
the fe in the di - calcium ferrite is unavailable for clc but can be fully utilised for h 2 production .
calcium carbonate production cost analyses , including plant construction cost , operating expenses , raw materials consumption rates , flow diagrams .
refrigeration plants , ice and dust control on roads , and in cement production . starting material for production of calcium carbonate , calcium sulphate and barium . accordingly , in order to estimate the land lease cost of the project profiles it is
description : liquidation of machinery previously used at a complete milling operation for calcium carbonate products including limestone . the major equipment
itri wins the 2014 r & d ; 100 awards with the high - efficiency calcium looping technology ( heclot ) . carbon capture , storage and re - use technology is currently recognized by the iea as the most important carbon reduction technology now available . itri developed its high - efficiency calcium looping technology ( heclot ) and collaborated with taiwan cement corp . , to create the world ' s largest pilot plant for carbon dioxide capture using a calcium loop . heclot could reduce energy penalty less than 20 % , capture efficiency is over 90 % and one ton of carbon dioxide is at a cost of less than us $ 30 .
90 per cent using carbonate looping – and at acceptable costs . co . 2 can be in order to reduce the emissions from coal - fired power plants , researchers and in - dustry are the co2 is separated from the calcium carbonate by adding heat .
1 . the testing facility . technische universität darmstadt’s jochen hilz , jochen ströhle , and bernd epple ( from left to right ) in the carbon dioxide testing facility , which houses the 1 - mw calcium carbonate looping experimental pilot plant . courtesy : katrin binner
the technology is part of project scarlet ( “scale up of calcium carbonate looping technology for efficient co 2 capture from power and industrial plants” ) , a three - year research project funded by the european union to obtain reliable information for the scale - up of ccl .
why choose chemical looping or calcium looping ? pure and simple economics . should the emission of co2 be regulated , existing power stations will need to be retrofitted with co2 capture ( ca - looping is a candidate here ) , and new power stations will need to be built ( chemical looping could be a candidate ) . as regulation of co2 emissions comes closer , the cost to operate plants has become more of an issue for operators , with renewed interest in second - and third - generation technologies . here , the cost of co2 avoided is used as the primary metric by which to judge these technologies . a number of literature sources have been consulted , and costs have been rebased to 2011 prices to allow comparison on a fair basis . the price for calcium looping has been roughly estimated to be $ 2011 26 ± 10 , whereas that for chemical looping has been estimated to be $ 2011 20–30 ( based on application to a power station ) . a key message is that it is extremely important to consider how the financing has been accounted for in any analysis , prior to quoting a figure .
this chapter examines the energy penalties of the ca - looping co 2 capture system , different types of sorbents and their performance subjected to repeated cycles of carbonation and calcination , the co 2 capture efficiency and the possibility of integration of ca - looping and power plants to reduce energetic penalties .
li l , king dl , nie z , howard c . magnesia - stabilized calcium oxide absorbents with improved durability for high temperature co
this has led to the deposition of calcium carbonate scale on plant . . the estimate of probable construction costs was developed based on .
/ day mf / r . o . plant , the district took a novel approach to reducing the cost of the feed ph was used to calculate an acid dosage rate and the annual cost of sulfuric acid use for the most common scalants are calcium carbonate , calcium .
water will cut overall costs and improve plant operating efficiency . . . 12 . 4 calcium carbonate ( caco3 ) equivalent of common substances .
nimmo w , patsias a a , hampartsoumian e , et al . calcium magnesium acetate and urea advanced reburning for no control with simultaneous so
. . . in order to mitigate climate change , various technologies have been proposed to capture co 2 [ 3 , 4 ] e . g . , solvent based post - combustion capture [ 5 ] , chemical looping [ 6 ] , oxy - fuel combustion [ 7 ] , li 4 sio 4 based high temperature co 2 capture [ 8 ] and calcium looping [ 9 ] . calcium looping is one of the most promising co 2 capture technologies to acquire concentrated co 2 from flue gas from coal - fired plants [ 10 ] or sorbent enhanced hydrogen production processes [ 11 , 12 ] . co 2 in the flue gas is captured by cao , generating caco 3 , in a carbonation reactor at about 650 °c . . . .
no degradation of efficiency by each cycle . traditional calcium looping systems typically need regular replacement of new solvent to maintain efficiency . the ccms method , however , shows no degradation of efficiency over time . there is no need for regular change of solvent ( purging ) to keep the same high efficiency .
. . . oxy - combustion capture is similar to post - combustion capture with the difference being that fuel is burnt with pure oxygen instead of air , thereby forming only co 2 and water , which is separated thereafter . recently , a promising concept called chemical looping ( or calcium looping ) combustion has received significant attention [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] . chemical looping is based on the transfer of oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel by means of a solid oxygen carrier ( such as a metal oxide ) , avoiding direct 40 contact between fuel and air [ 13 ] . . . .
liu wq , low nwl , feng b , wang gx , da costa jcd . calcium precursors for the production of cao sorhents for multicycle co
one is solid calcium carbonate containing the captured atmospheric carbon . corless estimates the fuels will cost $ 4 to $ 6 per gallon , but he
a novel demonstration underway at technische universität darmstadt ( tu darmstadt ) , a research university in darmstadt , germany , has shown a calcium carbonate looping ( ccl ) technology retrofitted at existing power plants to curb emissions of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) released during the combustion of fossil fuels is nearly ready for the market .
. . . in the typical calcium looping process , co 2 is captured via exothermic carbonation of cao taking place in a carbonator at approximately 650 °c , and it is subsequently released in a calciner through decomposition of the formed caco 3 at a temperature above 900 °c . in this way , co 2 is separated from flue gas and a concentrated co 2 stream is produced , ready for subsequent compression , transportation , and use or sequestration 9 1011121314 . due to the favourable potential for co 2 capture , extensive research has been carried out on the development of calcium looping , and good progress has been made toward its commercialisation . . . .
the investigations showed that : 1 ) an improvement in co 2 capture capacity in the calcium looping process was achieved by applying both water / steam hydration and 2 - stage regeneration after 10 calcination / carbonation cycles ) , 2 ) the size of cao crystallites increased during looping cycles and decreased as a result of the 2 - stage regeneration , 3 ) the sorbent ' s pore and particle structure showed significant changes after the reactivation , which may explain the increase in its co 2 capture capacity .
carbonate in traditional aglime ( calcium or mag - calculate product cost per ton of 100 - score explains how to use soil and plant tissue testing to diagnose .
o’connell c a , dollimore d . a study of the decomposition of calcium propionate , using simultaneous tg - dta . thermochim acta , 2000 , 357 : 79–87
1 . the integration of power generation , cement manufacture , biomass utilisation and calcium looping . charles dean , paul fennell , denis dugwell , d . pignatelli , c . sorensen , n . shah department of chemical engineering and chemical technology , imperial college london . imperial college london , february 2013 . funded by epsrc and cemex uk ltd .
li yj , zhao cs , duan lb , liang c , li qz , zhou w , chen hc . cyclic calcination / carbonation looping of dolomite modified with acetic acid for co
wu zh , kou p , yu zw . the modulation of desulphurization properties of calcium oxide by alkali carbonates . j therm anal calorim . 2002 ; 67 : 745–50 .
the salcape patented ccms process involves two chambers with different temperatures . the calcium looping takes place in a continuous flow of molten salts . there are no additives needed , and no waste from this process . only heat is required to reach the required temperature in the desorption chamber . most of the required added heat can be exchanged thereby making the process extremely energy efficient .
ni based oxygen transfer materials ( otms ) and li2zro3 based sorbent have been synthesized for their potential use in a sorption enhanced chemical looping steam reforming ( se - clsr ) process . ni based otms were firstly tested under chemical looping steam reforming ( clsr ) process and the gaseous products with temperature variety during this process were measured and analyzed . experimental results . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the re - carbonation has been proposed to maintain co 2 capture performance of ca - based sorbent by introducing a carbonation process under high temperature and high concentration of co 2 . arias et al . [ 30 ] found that the carbonation conversion of limestone was significantly improved when the re - carbonation was employed during the calcium looping process . valverde et al . [ 36 , 37 ] investigated the effect of preliminary heat treatment of the limestone on its co 2 capture performance in the calcium looping with and without re - carbonation . they found that when the recarbonation was employed , the consistent condition should be used in the first calcination and the following calcination , otherwise the subsequent co 2 capture performance of the limestone was greatly affected . . . .
• simulated calcium looping cycles were carried out in a fluidized bed . • the influence of so 2 on co 2 capture capacity and particle attrition was studied . • the presence of so 2 had a detrimental effect on co 2 capture capacity . • the so 2 concentration level affected the capacity less than anticipated . • attrition was only slightly affected by the presence of so 2 .
calcium looping ( cal ) is an emerging co2 capture technology that uses high temperature circulating fluidized beds , cfb , using cao particles as functional material and can be retrofitted to existing power plants and . its similarity to existing cfb combustion technology has made it possible to demonstrate its feasibility at mw scale and to obtain an accurate estimation of its energy efficiency . . . [ show full abstract ]
coal - based power generation sector is facing important changes to implement energy efficient carbon capture technologies to comply with emission reduction targets for transition to low carbon economy . this paper assesses cal ( calcium looping ) as one of the innovative carbon capture options able to deliver low energy and cost penalties . the work evaluates how the integration of post - combustion . . . [ show full abstract ]
han k h , lu c m , cheng s q , et al . effect of characteristics of calcium - based sorbents on the sulfuration kinetics . fuel , 2005 , 84 : 1933–1939
large scale pilot plants are currently demonstrating the feasibility of the calcium - looping ( cal ) technology built on the multicyclic calcination / carbonation of natural limestone for post - combustion and pre - combustion capture . yet , limestone derived cao exhibits a drop of conversion when subjected to multiple carbonation / calcination cycles , which lessens the efficiency of the technology . in . . . [ show full abstract ]
the observed craniofacial and cardiac phenotypes suggest several candidate target genes whose expression level might be perturbed by oil exposure . based both on the known potassium and calcium channel ion blocking activity of crude oil
calcium - looping is a promising co2 - capture technology . the economics and environmental impact of the process are affected by the rapid decay in reactivity of the limestone sorbent , which necessitates a high purge rate from the system to maintain sorbent reactivity . this work investigates techniques to improve long - term reactivity in such a system by doping the limestone with a variety of . . . [ show full abstract ]
containing high concentrations of dissolved calcium carbonate and rare conducive to invasive and woody species that choke out the habitat for fen plants . starting point for estimating the actual cost of a particular monitoring program .
. . . c 2 s is a polymorphic spacer that has been shown to provide an effective support for cao - based sorbents which acts to reopen the pore structure during calcium looping cycling [ 54 , 55 ] . the method for producing c 2 s supported combined catalyst / sorbent particles was adapted from a previously reported method used for producing c 2 s supported cao [ 54 , 55 ] . . . .
this work deals with the modeling and design of a novel bubbling fluidized bed reactor that aims to improve the co2 carrying capacity of cao particles in co2 capture systems by calcium looping ( cal ) . inside the new reactor ( the recarbonator ) the particles that arrive from the carbonator of the cal system react with a concentrated stream of co2 , thereby increasing their carbonate content up to . . . [ show full abstract ]
high - temperature sorption of co2 via calcium looping is a promising technology for implementation of carbon capture and storage ( ccs ) . however , the rapid deactivation of cao sorbents due to sintering , is currently the major drawback of this technology . we , for the first time , report an economical and environmentally benign strategy to reduce sintering by adding fly ash , a waste stream of . . . [ show full abstract ]
this study explores the effect of calcium bromide ( cabr2 ) doping of lime - based sorbents in the presence of steam during calcination / carbonation cycles . two sorbents were tested : natural limestone ( cadomin , canada ) and a synthetic sorbent ( pellets ) prepared from cadomin limestone with addition of calcium aluminate cement . the mixture of calcined limestone and cement was pelletized in a . . . [ show full abstract ]
mahuli sk , agnihotri r , chauk s , ghosh - dastidar a , wei sh , fan ls . pore - structure optimization of calcium carbonate for enhanced sulfation . aiche j . 1997 ; 43 : 2323–35 .
the current precipitated calcium carbonate ( pcc ) production uses mined , crushed . . these so called pcc satellite plants use co2 emissions from the lime kiln various processes and an estimate of the cost for supplying this energy .
the calcium looping cycle is being developed as a method for capturing co2 from both flue and fuel gases . it works by using cao as a co2 carrier and through repeated cycles of carbonation and calcination can extract co2 from a gas with a lower partial pressure of co2 ( e . g . , exhaust stream from a power station ) and provide a pure stream of co2 suitable for sequestration . a key problem in the . . . [ show full abstract ]
plant . • reduced plant ' s operating cost . corrosion monitoring is standard energy costs wasted by calcium carbonate deposits of varying thickness in a estimates indicate that 90 % of the bacteria in cooling systems is on system surfaces .
the ca looping process offers many advantages over the other co 2 capture technologies , such as a relatively small decrease in power plant efficiency and a potential for is further reduction . however , calcium sorbents in the consecutive cycles of adsorption and regeneration by calcination undergo deactivation , which is a considerable drawback of this technology . the depletion of sorbent reactivity is due to sintering , which causes changes in the sorbent ' s porous and crystal structure , whereby its reacting surface area decreases .
) . these measures allowed an assessment of the size and three - dimensional orientation ( looping ) . animals with hb and dv phenotypes had the most severely impacted cardiac morphology , resulting in a dose - dependent decrease in ventricular length , area and circularity (
lime kilns , and the high capital cost of the plants and facilities . as an example . . production , precipitated calcium carbonate production , sugar refining , and . . annual estimates for india , based on steel production and other .
. . . where : the production capacity of each equipment ( q ) used as scaling parameter represents the mass or energy flow processed by that specific equipment . reference cost data ( c b , q b and m ) are presented in literature [ 26 ] . for calcium looping unit , the estimation of capital cost correlation was proposed by romano et al . [ 7 ] and it uses as scaling parameters the carbonator and calciner volumes and the heat input to the calciner : . . .
. . . for instance , the sorbent / solvent make - up rate is a technical parameter having major influence on plant economics . the sorbent used in calcium looping unit has to be continuously renew due to solid attrition caused by high operating temperature whichdecreases the sorbent co 2 capture capacity [ 30 ] . similarly , the solvent used in reactive gas e liquid absorption cycle has to be renew due to chemical and thermal degradation , stable salts formation , vaporisation etc . [ 31 ] . . . .
capture capacity of calcium sorbents when used over many cycles , presents a significant challenge . among the various techniques that have been used to overcome this challenge , intermediate hydration seems most promising . intermediate hydration results in the formation of ca ( oh )
coal power plant emits about six million metric tons of co2 per year , a dac the solid calcium carbonate is decomposed in a natural - gas - fueled , oxygen - fired kiln , with the cost estimates in this report are capture costs .
your project cost estimates have proven to be very accurate . chemicals – sulfur , calcium carbonate , microcapsule plants ; utilities – power , gas , water new ge jenbacher 624 engines in a new 18 , 000 sf natural gas fire peaking plant .
. . . this paper evaluates calcium looping ( cal ) technology as a potential and promising solution for carbon capture to be applied in cement plants ( dean et al . , 2011from mass and energy integration point of view , the cal technology has significant advantages compared to gas–liquid absorption e . g . inherent co 2 capture , high temperature heat recovery potential which ensures lower energy penalty for carbon capture ( cormos , 2014 ) , easy integration in cement plants—the calcium - based spent sorbent from cal unit can be used in clinker production process with positive economic benefits ( atsonios et al . , 2015 ) . the conceptual layouts of both gas–liquid and gas–solid systems used for co 2 capture are presented in relevant literature sources ( metz et al . , 2005 ) . . . .
. . . a set of particles supported with dicalcium silicate ( c 2 s - notation from cement chemistry ) were also produced . c 2 s is a polymorphic spacer that has been shown to provide an effective support for cao - based sorbents which acts to reopen the pore structure during calcium looping cycling [ 54 , 55 ] . the method for producing c 2 s supported combined catalyst / sorbent particles was adapted from a previously reported method used for producing c 2 s supported cao [ 54 , 55 ] . . . .
how to cite this article : sørhus , e . et al . crude oil exposures reveal roles for intracellular calcium cycling in haddock craniofacial and cardiac development . sci . rep . 6 , 31058 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep31058 ( 2016 ) .
1 . c . c . cormos , a . imre - lucaci , a . m . cormos , l . petrescu , evaluation of chemical looping - based carbon capture options for coal gasification plants , 9th european congress of chemical engineering - ecce9 , the hague , netherlands , 2013 ;
chemical looping combustion ( clc ) is a cyclic process in which an oxygen carrier ( oc ) , is firstly reduced by a fuel , e . g . syngas , and then oxidised in air to produce heat . if the oc is fe 2 o 3 , the oxidation can take place in steam to produce hydrogen , i . e . chemical looping hydrogen production ( clh ) . this paper presents an investigation of cao modified fe 2 o 3 ocs for clc and clh . the performance of the mechanically mixed ocs were examined in a thermogravimetric analyser and a fluidised bed . it was found that the addition of cao gives cyclic stability and additional capacity to produce hydrogen via clh , at the expense of reduced oxygen carrying capacity for clc , owing to the formation of calcium ferrites , such as ca 2 fe 2 o 5 .
the feasibility of the calcium looping technology is greatly influenced by the reactivity of the material used to remove the co 2 from the flue gas . this reactivity decreases significantly in natural materials with calcination / carbonation cycles ; therefore , it is necessary to add fresh material to the system to account for this loss in reactivity . synthetic and enhanced materials have been proposed as an alternative for natural materials due to their higher co 2 uptake during carbonation / calcination cycles . nonetheless , further experimental work needs to be performed in order to assess their suitability for large scale plants .
high temperature looping cycles can be used to produce hydrogen or capture co2 from power stations , though sintering of absorbents is frequently a problem , reducing reactivity . in this work we develop materials , in which the crystal structure and volume of polymorphic materials change with temperature , as active spacers to reduce sintering .
the co 2 capture capacity and the extent of particle attrition during simulated calcium looping cycles in a fluidized bed were studied , with a focus on the influence of so 2 in the flue gas . five calcination / carbonation cycles ( calcination at 850 °c and 20 % co 2 , carbonation at 700 °c and 16 % co 2 ) were carried out with a reference limestone using different so 2 concentrations during carbonation ( 110 and 1800 ppm ) . attrition phenomena were characterized by following the modifications of bed sorbent particle size distribution and the elutriation rates of fines throughout conversion over repeated cycles .
high temperature looping cycles can be used to produce hydrogen or capture co 2 from power stations , though sintering of absorbents is frequently a problem , reducing reactivity . in this work we develop materials , in which the crystal structure and volume of polymorphic materials change with temperature , as active spacers to reduce sintering .
carbonate slurry for pumping underground or , with additional processing , calera ' s own cost estimates , indicate that calera capture represents the cheapest option for retrofitting an existing coal fired power plant for carbon capture . . . solutions heavy in calcium and / or magnesium , such as certain minable
16 . integrating ca - looping with cement • over1 tonne limestone calcined to produce cao in cement manufacture • co2 emissions come from both burning of fuel and calcination = ~ ¾ total • power plants operating with ca - looping co2 capture could provide cao from waste sorbent , mitigating emissions from both processes . • however - chemical and physical changes in the sorbent may affect quality of the cement produced . hence the need to manufacture sorbent / clinker in the lab and analyse for trace element content and phase composition / quality . • here , we have looked at the effects of rdf ( mainly biomass ) and coal on subsequent clinker properties .
this study compares the three methods of regeneration in terms of the co 2 capture efficiency of the regenerated sorbent . the sorbents collected after the looping tests and after each regeneration step were analysed by mercury porosimetry , x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to determine the interdependences between the sorbents’ physicochemical properties and their co 2 capture capacity .
13 . post - combustion capture with ca - looping advantages : limestone cheap and non - toxic mature cfb technology low energy penalty ; 6 – 8 % points , inc . compression synergy with cement , decarbonising both processes simultaneous so2 removal cao purge + fresh limestone cao + co2 ⇋ caco3 ∆rh298k = –178 kj mol - 1 fuel fuel , air
postcombustion calcium looping ( cal ) systems for co2 capture require at least two interconnected reactors to operate : a carbonator reactor where cao particles react with co2 ( and other impurities like so2 ) , and a calciner intended to regenerate the caco3 formed in the carbonator and produce cao in an atmosphere rich in co2 . in the most developed process configuration , the calciner is an oxy - fired combustor where coal is burned in o2 / co2 to drive the endothermic calcination reaction . this chapter reviews the basic design methods of these two reactors intended to achieve high gas and solid conversions with meaningful reactor dimensions . basic models are reviewed together with some emerging cal systems that integrate further reactors .
calcium looping cycle for post - combustion coâ capture has gained increasing attention worldwide . however , cao - based sorbents derived from natural sources for calcium looping cycle experience rapid loss of capacity during high - temperature cyclic carbonation / calcination reactions . synthesizing sintering - resistant cao - based sorbents by adding a support material has been extensively studied as an effective method of combating the problem . the support material in the synthetic sorbents plays an important role in retaining the capacity , and various support materials have been tested in the literature . in practical reactors , sulfur is present and it has been reported that sulfation of sorbents will also reduce the coâ capture capacity . however , thus far , it is not clear whether / how support material would affect sulfation of sorbents and , thus , coâ capture . in this paper , four different support materials , such as caâmnoâ , laâoâ , caââalââoââ , and mgo , were studied . the cyclic coâ capture performance of the synthetic sorbents made from cao and the support materials were investigated in detail , in the presence of soâ and steam . the results showed that a mass ratio of 20â25 % support material would be optimum for synthesizing sorbents with high cyclic coâ capture capacity , and caââalââoââ and mgo seem to be more effective than caâmnoâ and laâoâ . the 80 : 20 wt % cao / mgo synthetic sorbent achieved the highest coâ cap
this paper studies three methods of regenerating deactivated sorbents . the sorbents underwent deactivation after working in the calcium looping of 10 calcination / carbonation cycles at respectively 900 °c and 650 °c . the first regeneration method consisted in hydration with water in controlled time and temperature conditions . the second regeneration method consisted in hydration with steam in controlled time and temperature conditions . the third method – 2 - stage regeneration – besides water or steam hydration , included a second stage consisting in the controlled exposition of the sorbent to a co 2 enriched atmosphere . in all the methods the regeneration of the spent sorbent was conducted after the final calcination process . after regeneration the sorbent was subjected to 24 calcination / carbonation cycles in similar conditions as before regeneration .
even though an increasing number of pilot - scale plants are demonstrating the potential efficiency of the ca - looping technology to capture co2 at a commercial level , a still standing matter of concern is the loss of carbonation reactivity of the regenerated cao by calcination , which is expected to be particularly marked at realistic conditions necessarily implying a high co2 partial pressure in . . . [ show full abstract ]
calcium looping technology employs abundant , cheap , and environmentally benign limestone - based sorbents that can be used in a cyclic process for co 2 capture . moreover , cal processes can be applied for both post - combustion co 2 capture from flue gas and in pre - combustion ( gasification ) co 2 capture processes . in the latter case , cao is used for in - situ co 2 adsorption from syngas . at the same time , saturated sorbent in the form of caco 3 can be regenerated at high temperature producing a concentrated co 2 stream ready for further processing and sequestration . challenges to improving the performance of the process include developing improved sorbents , reducing loss of reversibility , process optimizing , circulation of particles , and to test fuel / sorbent interactions .
a biogas sorption - enhanced chemical looping reforming process integrated with a high - temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell is analyzed . modeling of such an integrated process is performed by using a flowsheet simulator ( aspen plus ) . the exergy analysis is performed to evaluate the energy utilization efficiency of each unit and that of the integrated process . the effect of steam and . . . [ show full abstract ]
materials development : the decay in the co 2 capacity of natural sorbents underlines the need for the development of synthetic materials that maintain their co 2 capture capability . synthetic sorbent instead of limestone and dolomite are economically feasible and exhibiting a longer lifetime in carbonation / calcination cycles due to their lower sintering susceptibility . in 2013 dr . mahinpey secured an nserc - strategic grant . the main objective of this work is to engineer better solid materials in an integrated gasification and calcium looping technology . this work integrates the expertise and state - of - the - art of three universities and four industries , and canmetenergy . the outcome so far , resulted in a fabrication of a highly stabilized mesoporous core / shell structured cao based spheriform co 2 sorbents , for the first time .
the reduced contractility of both chambers in the embryonic exposure is consistent with defects in intracellular calcium cycling 24 , 36 , 43 . disruption of intracellular calcium levels also reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation , leading to smaller hearts 36 , 43 . alternatively , reduced ventricular size could also result from effects on either cardiac neural crest cells or the second heart field . indeed there is some overlap of cardiac phenotypes between oil exposure and ablation of either the second heart field or neural crest cells , including bradycardia and small ventricle 53 . while we do not have direct cellular evidence for effects on either the second heart field or cardiac neural crest cells , the remarkable craniofacial phenotypes potentially implicates direct effects of crude oil on neural crest cells in haddock embryos .
we analyze the role of limestone crystallinity on its co _ 2 capture performance when subjected to carbonation / calcination cycles at conditions mimicking the ca - looping ( cal ) technology for post - combustion co _ 2 capture . the behavior of raw and pretreated limestones ( milled and thermally annealed ) is investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) tests under realistic sorbent . . . [ show full abstract ]
the low cost and wide availability of natural limestone ( caco3 ) is at the basis of the industrial competitiveness of the ca - looping ( cal ) technology for postcombustion co2 capture as already demonstrated by ∼∼1 mwt scale pilot projects . a major focus of studies oriented towards further improving the efficiency of the cal technology is how to prevent the gradual loss of capture capacity of . . . [ show full abstract ]
the scarlet project acquired reliable information and tools for the scale - up of the calcium carbonate looping ( ccl ) process and engineering of a 20 mw th ccl plant by continuous self - sustaining pilot plant operation . the workshop will present experimental results from ccl pilot testing in a 1 mw th pilot plant with more than 1 , 200 hours stable operation as well as the scale - up and engineering of a 20 mw th pilot plant including cfd simulations of the up - scaled pilot plant reactors . integration scenarios of ccl retrofits at various full - scale reference power ( hard coal , lignite ) and industrial ( cement , steel ) plants will be assessed evaluating thermodynamics , economics and environmental impact . participants of the workshop will have the possibility to visit the 1 mw th pilot plant !
a key aspect of the calcium looping process is the implementation of the oxy - fuel combustion for the endothermic sorbent regeneration , which imposes high partial pressure of co 2 ( 75vol . - % dry ) . these conditions enhance lime sintering and thus , the decrease of the sorbent ' s maximum co 2 carbonation conversion ( xmax ) , which is an important parameter that influences the co 2 capture . this paper presents results from tests performed in presence of high co 2 volumetric concentration in a 10 kw th dual fluidized bed system . high regeneration extents and co 2 capture efficiencies of more than 80 % is attained with sorbent residual activity of 8 , 5 % . a carbonator model is validated and active space time is proposed to be the main parameter to be used for up scaling design purposes .
this project allowed us to explore the use of enhanced ca looping using hbr . these materials were tested for the first time in a large - scale plant - cranfield’s 25 kw th interconnected fluidised - bed unit - which is a major advancement for the development of enhanced sorbents . moreover , it was demonstrated that it has no deleterious effect when used in conjunction with either cement manufacture or co 2 removal from a blast furnace .
. . . rabbani and dincer ( 2015 ) applied exergy 121 analysis for assessing a steam glycerol reformer coupled with a combined power plantm a n u s c r i p t a c c e p t e d accepted manuscript 7 producing power and hydrogen . tippawan et al . ( 2016 ) exergetically investigated the 123 effects of operating parameters on a sorption enhanced - chemical looping reforming 124 process of glycerol . 125 . . .
the co₂ capture capacity and the extent of particle attrition during simulated calcium looping cycles in a fluidized bed were studied , with a focus on the influence of so₂ in the flue gas . five calcination / carbonation cycles ( calcination at 850°c and 20 % co₂ , carbonation at 700°c and 16 % co₂ ) were carried out with a reference limestone using different so₂ concentrations during carbonation ( 110 and 1800ppm ) . attrition phenomena were characterized by following the modifications of bed sorbent particle size distribution and the elutriation rates of fines throughout conversion over repeated cycles . results showed that the co₂ capture capacity decreased with the cycles , as expected . the presence of so₂ had a detrimental effect , but the so₂ concentration affected the capacity less than anticipated . in - bed particle fragmentation was always limited , while the attrition rate decreased with the number of cycles , and was only moderately affected by the presence of so₂ .
the formed calcium carbonate is circulated to a different reactor where sorbent regeneration takes place . caco 3 is calcined and produces a concentrated stream of co 2 suitable for capture and compression . calcination step is highly energy demanding and it will likely occur at temperatures above 920 ºc . heat requirements for sorbent calcination are covered by oxyfuel combustion in the second reactor itself . once regenerated , the sorbent is returned to the carbonator to begin a new sorption cycle .
. . . the heat of the exothermic carbonation reaction could be utilized in other parts of the power plant , e . g . for the generation of supercritical steam , the pre - heating of different streams in the plant etc . the above , in combination with the low cost of cao , lead to relatively low co 2 separation costs , from 15 to 30 € / ton of co 2 [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] compared to 50–85 € / ton of co 2 [ 24 , 26 ] for the co 2 capture with amines . these figures highlight the importance of the carbonate looping as a cost - effective technology for co 2 capture . . . .
15 . making portland cement mixing and heating of two main materials to form “clinker” 1 ) a calcium oxide containing material ( e . g . limestone / chalk / marl ) 2 ) an material rich in alumina and silica ( e . g . clay / shale & sand ) caco3 → cao + co2 cao + 2cao . sio2 → 3cao . sio2 ( 50 - 70 % ) – ‘alite’ 2cao + sio2 → 2cao . sio2 ( 15 - 30 % ) – ‘belite’ 3cao + al2o3 → 3cao . al2o3 ( 5 - 10 % ) 4cao + al2o3 + fe2o3 → 4cao . al2o3 . fe2o3 ( 5 - 15 % ) ‘interstitials’
. . . this is due to high temperature sintering promoted by co 2 and h 2 o [ 20 ] , attrition [ 21 ] and sulfation ( [ 22 ] or the presence of impurities [ 23 ] that circulating particles experience . efforts to combat sorbent deactivation or enhance conversion have included : the use of careful precursor selection to provide increased residual conversion in synthetic calcium oxide sources [ 24 ] ; thermal pre - treatment of limestone [ 25 ] ; doping of natural and synthetic sorbents [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ; the use of stabilising supports / binders [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] ; intuitive synthetic approaches to prevent sintering [ 38 , 39 ] and finally polymorphic sorbents [ 40 , 41 ] . alternatively , approaches to reactivate spent sorbent have received a large amount of attention , also in combination with synthetic approaches as above [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] . . . .
. . . this is due to high temperature sintering promoted by co 2 and h 2 o [ 20 ] , attrition [ 21 ] and sulfation ( [ 22 ] or the presence of impurities [ 23 ] that circulating particles experience . efforts to combat sorbent deactivation or enhance conversion have included : the use of careful precursor selection to provide increased residual conversion in synthetic calcium oxide sources [ 24 ] ; thermal pre - treatment of limestone [ 25 ] ; doping of natural and synthetic sorbents [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ; the use of stabilising supports / binders [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] ; intuitive synthetic approaches to prevent sintering [ 38 , 39 ] and finally polymorphic sorbents [ 40 , 41 ] . alternatively , approaches to reactivate spent sorbent have received a large amount of attention , also in combination with synthetic approaches as above [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] . . . .
11 . selected results combustion configuration calcium looping ( y / n ) calciner configuration cquestrate ( y / n ) cquestrate type emission factor ( gco2 / kwh ) process efficiency ( % ) coe ( $ / kwh ) ac ( $ / tco2 ) coal ( 100 % ) n 762 42 . 4 % 0 . 053 coal & biomass ( 50 : 50 ) n 507 40 . 9 % 0 . 057 15 . 1 biomass ( 100 % ) n 0 39 . 4 % 0 . 063 12 . 6 coal ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) n 55 27 . 9 % 0 . 095 59 . 5 coal ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) n - 569 26 . 9 % 0 . 107 40 . 6 biomass ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) n - 719 25 . 7 % 0 . 112 33 . 0 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) n - 1 , 404 24 . 6 % 0 . 124 28 . 4 coal ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) y on - site - 71 27 . 6 % 0 . 095 51 . 1 coal ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y on - site - 696 26 . 6 % 0 . 107 37 . 3 biomass ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) y on - site - 869 25 . 5 % 0 . 112 30 . 3 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y on - site - 1 , 558 24 . 4 % 0 . 125 26 . 7 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y remote - 1 , 545 24 . 6 % 0 . 129 28 . 9 cheaper to mitigate co2 using biomass than by ccs ( supply limited ) . the more biomass used , the lower the avoided cost ( limited by technical issues for co - firing ) . ccs efficiency penalty a little high ( 12 % ) – better heat integration required . on - site cquestrate reduces costs further ( ~ $ 2 / tco2 in the biomass / biomass case , ~ $ 8 in the coal / coal case ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the monthly survey form eia - 860m , ‘monthly update to annual electric generator report’ supplements the annual survey form eia - 860 data with monthly information that monitors the current status of existing and proposed generating units at electric power plants with 1 megawatt or greater of combined nameplate capacity . eia estimates the current and near - term unit inventory of electric power generating capacity by integrating the information on these surveys along with ongoing eia research of new units . however , creating this monthly estimate sometimes requires the use of data submitted on the annual eia - 860 before it has been fully verified by eia . for this reason , reported capacities are eia’s preliminary estimates of capacity for that month . estimates will be corrected without specific acknowledgement or explanation in subsequent month’s inventory .
starting with march 2017 data , preliminary monthly electric generator inventory includes a comprehensive list of generators which retired since 2002 . the list can be found on the ‘retired’ tab of the datafile .


opencola was a toronto-based software company founded in 1999 by grad conn , cory doctorow and john henson to create " collaboration object lookup architecture " software , and sold in 2003 .

the earliest archived page of the company website described " opencola " as an application , a protocol , suite of tools , and the company itself .

the opencola desktop client/server ( or " clerver " in opencola 's parlance ) application enabled users to collaboratively search , acquire , manage and share information from multiple data sources , including the internet , peers on the opencola network , and existing proprietary databases , from a single interface .

opencola extended search engine capabilities with the ability to perform contextual searching – a process that searches the entire contextual subject matter of a document for relevance and tries to replenish previous searches with more relevant results .

searches would propagate throughout the network as needed to locate the specified content .

the company funded further development of and released justin chapweske 's swarmcast , then released it as gpl software may 18 , 2001 .

the software used peer-to-peer swarming techniques similar to bittorrent to accelerate distribution of large high-volume ( frequently accessed ) content , as a way to reduce load on source servers , with emphasis on content streaming .

the company 's folders project used swarmcast technology to accelerate content distribution within organizations .

in summer 2003 , the company was sold to open text corporation of waterloo , ontario .

opencola ( company )

a software company that happens to produce a soda , opencola uses peer - to - peer searching to find information on the web . its soft drink , opencola , helps to promote the company .
on may 31 , 2000 steelbridge inc . announced development of opencola a collaborative distributive open source search engine . it runs on the user ' s computer and crawls the web pages and links the user puts in their opencola folder and shares resulting index over its p2p network . steelbridge was renamed opencola , and the opencola company was sold to the open text company in 2003 , after releasing swarmcast under the gnu gpl .
please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . opencola was a toronto - based software company founded in 1999 by grad conn , cory doctorow and john henson to create
collaboration object lookup architecture
software , and sold in 2003 . the software and specifications produced were all released as open source . the earliest archived page of the company website described
opencola
as an application , a protocol , suite of tools , and the company itself . the opencola desktop client / server application enabled users to collaboratively search , acquire , manage and share information from multiple data sources , including the internet , peers on the opencola network , and existing proprietary databases , from a single interface . show more
the third component , the linkripper , pulls the links from the documents in your opencola folder . opencola crawls the new links and a fourth component , the relevance engine , scores the new pages against your criteria . as you approve or reject pages , opencola updates your criteria , honing your search .
take opencola . although originally intended as a promotional tool to explain open source software , the drink has taken on a life of its own . the toronto - based opencola company has become better known for the drink than the software it was supposed to promote . laird brown , the company ' s senior strategist , attributes its success to a widespread mistrust of big corporations and the
proprietary nature of almost everything .
a website selling the stuff has shifted 150 , 000 cans . politically minded students in the us have started mixing up the recipe for parties .
the software continues to crawl the web but also looks at other users’ opencola folders that are similar to your own . opencola sends you their links but - unlike peer - to - peer sharing software like napster - not their files . opencola points to napster’s legal woes as proof that distributed searching beats file sharing , at least in the eyes of the courts .
specifically , opencola folders is a peer - to - peer network search utility , based on the idea of collaborative computing .
opencola acts as both client and server on your system . as in other distributed computing systems ( see virtual supercomputers sign up for business ) , the users of opencola each give a bit of their computing power to the good of the whole .
although originally intended as a promotional tool to explain free software / open source software , the drink took on a life of its own and 150 , 000 cans were sold . the toronto - based company opencola founded by grad conn , cory doctorow and john henson became better known for the drink than the software it was supposed to promote . laird brown , the company ' s senior strategist , attributes its success to a widespread mistrust of big corporations and the
proprietary nature of almost everything .
the “cola” in opencola stands for collaborative object lookup architecture . collaborative , because the software peeks into other people’s opencola folders and makes choices for you based on what others have found useful . if you don’t like what the software finds , you throw it out - and repeat .
and yes , the company already publishes a free cola recipe you can download and mess with . with the right ingredients - some oils , a little citric acid , some caffeine and caramel - just about anybody can make the stuff in a tub at home . ( remember , though , “caffeine can kill people in relatively small doses , ” warns opencola . )
doctorow serves on a number of boards of directors and advisory boards , including those of the participatory culture foundation , the open rights group , the metabrainz foundation , technorati , inc , onion networks , and others ; as well as the confernece committee for the o’reilly emerging technology conference . he co - founded the open source p2p technology company opencola , which was sold to opentext in 2003 .
opencola relies on four distinct components . the first - and most visible to the user - is the opencola folder . you put links - both to the web and from your own computer - into the folder . a second component , the relevance queue , scans the linked pages and builds a set of search criteria .
steve jobs wooed pepsi ceo john sculley over to apple with the question , “do you want to change the world , or sell sugar water ? ” an enthusiastic startup called opencola hopes to do both .
as you surf the web , you drag things you find ( and like ) into a folder . from your choices , opencola learns your interests and crawls the web for related pages , music or games .
contained hereunder is a how - to for brewing up kitchen - sink opencola . amazingly enough , every soft - drink vendor we spoke to acted like the preparation of cola was some kind of deep , dark trade - seekrut . with much reverse - engineering and creative shopping , the research kitchens at opencola have coopered together the following makefile for brewing up the black waters of corporate imperialism in the privacy of your own home .
opencola is the world ' s first
open source
consumer product . by calling it open source , its manufacturer is saying that instructions for making it are freely available . anybody can make the drink , and anyone can modify and improve on the recipe as long as they , too , release their recipe into the public domain . as a way of doing business it ' s rather unusual - - the coca - cola company doesn ' t make a habit of giving away precious commercial secrets . but that ' s the point .
some time in 2006 borislav agapiev started thinking about a distributed search engine . then on october 20 , 2009 he publicly launched wowd . in 2011 , having failed to get traction , wowd was split up and acquired by three different companies including facebook , a start - up called jildy , and an anonymous third company which bought the wowd software patents .
the result should be “good stuff that is utterly surprising , ” says cory doctorow , the company’s co - founder and chief evangelist . “it’s like you meet someone at a party , and you hit it off really well . they recommend things to you that you’ve never heard of . and those things become the most important things in the world to you . ”
opencola soda is distributed under the terms of the general public license ( gpl ) , a copy of which is appended to the bottom of this document . please check out richard stallman ' s free software foundation . he wrote the gpl and has plenty of interesting documentation on the site .
an important note : this is * not * the recipe for
opencola
- - that is , the canned beverage from opencola that you may have received at a trade show , or other venue or outlet . making canned cola requires millions of dollars in abstruse gear and manufacturing gizmos . it ' s easier to make nerve gas than manufacture cola . this is a kitchen - sink recipe that you can make all on your own . it is * our * kitchen - sink recipe . we figured it out somewhere between coding the cola sdk and debugging the linux build of the clerver .
if you ' ve been to a computer show in recent months you might have seen it : a shiny silver drink can with a ring - pull logo and the words
opencola
on the side . inside is a fizzy drink that tastes very much like coca - cola . or is it pepsi ?
opencola is unique in that the instructions for making it are freely available and modifiable . anybody can make the drink , and anyone can modify and improve on the recipe as long as they , too , license their recipe under the gnu general public license . the legal grounds for this are dubious however , as recipes are exempted from copyright as they are techniques , not artworks .
with any food - prep , failure to observe basic hygienic principles , follow directions , and exercise common sense can have grave consequences . opencola assumes no liability for any problems that arise out of the use of this document . proceed at your own risk . no one ' s putting a gun to your head , so don ' t bother if you can ' t boil water .
international : opencola makes no representation that the recipe , or any soft drink based on the recipe or any derivatives thereof , may be appropriate for use in locations outside of the united states or canada , and accessing them from any location where their use is illegal is prohibited . if you choose to access this recipe from any location outside of the united states or canada , you do so at your own risk , and are responsible for compliance with all local laws .
indemnity : you shall indemnify , defend , and hold harmless opencola , its affiliates , directors , officers , and employees from and against any third - party claim , demand , cause of action , debt , liability , cost or expense ( including , but not limited to , reasonable attorneys ' fees ) arising out of your use of the recipe , or any derivative thereof , including , but not limited to , any claims arising from your distribution of soft drink based on the recipe or any derivatives thereof .
there ' s something else written on the can , though , which sets the drink apart . it says
check out the source at opencola . com .
go to that web address [ 1 ] greg . rundlett ( talk ) 08 : 34 , 6 june 2015 ( edt ) and you ' ll see something that ' s not available on coca - cola ' s website , or pepsi ' s - - the recipe for cola . for the first time ever , you can make the real thing in your own home .
one reason for doing so is that by releasing it under a copyleft , we can print the recipe for opencola without violating its copyleft . if nothing else , that demonstrates the power of the copyleft to spread itself . but there ' s another reason , too : to see what happens . to my knowledge this is the first magazine article published under a copyleft . who knows what the outcome will be ? perhaps the article will disappear without a trace . perhaps it will be photocopied , redistributed , re - edited , rewritten , cut and pasted onto websites , handbills and articles all over the world . i don ' t know - - but that ' s the point . it ' s not up to me any more . the decision belongs to all of us .
opencola is a happy accident and poses no real threat to coke or pepsi , but elsewhere people are deliberately using the open source model to challenge entrenched interests . one popular target is the music industry . at the forefront of the attack is the electronic frontier foundation , a san francisco group set up to defend civil liberties in the digital society . in april of last year , the eff published a model copyleft called the open audio license ( oal ) . the idea is to let musicians take advantage of digital music ' s properties - - ease of copying and distribution - - rather than fighting against them . musicians who release music under an oal consent to their work being freely copied , performed , reworked and reissued , as long as these new products are released under the same licence . they can then rely on
viral distribution
to get heard .
if the people like the music , they will support the artist to ensure the artist can continue to make music ,
says robin gross of the eff .
the o’reilly data show podcast : aurélie pols on gdpr , ethics , and eprivacy .
get hands - on training in machine learning , software architecture , java , kotlin , leadership skills , and many other topics .
explore tensorflow’s applications and its community on july 17 at tensorflow day at oscon .
product managers are in hot demand and have myriad career options , from executive management to solutions consulting to just staying put .
we should take the impact our designs have on others ' lives as seriously as we take the need for profit and competitive advantage .
the importance of testing your tools , using multiple tools , and seeking consistency across various interpretability techniques .
the most successful product managers quickly develop three domains of knowledge : organizational , product , and industry .
the o’reilly data show podcast : andrew burt and steven touw on how companies can manage models they cannot fully explain .
we need to build organizations that are self - critical and avoid corporate self - deception .
oracle ' s kyle york and netra ' s richard lee discuss netra’s high - performance computing environment .
julia grace shares how she learned to rapidly scale herself and her leadership team during a period of hypergrowth at slack .
tracy lee helps you think differently about how to increase diversity in technology with open source .
david hayes explains why adding a manageable dose of actionable intelligence to your operations management workflow can save you time and aggravation .
dave andrews explains how to wield the power of a global 50 tbps application delivery network to ensure maximum availability during and after a change .
addy osmani explains why javascript is the most expensive resource your site uses today—especially on mobile .
bryan liles explains how to evaluate and integrate new declarative application management practices into continuous integration pipelines .
nicole forsgren shares results and stories behind high - performing technology - driven teams and organizations .
kyle kingsbury explores anomalies in three distributed systems and shares strategies for correctness testing using jepsen .
focusing on a mix of artificial , scientific , and environmental sensing data , aurelia moser explores fantasy and farcical mapping .
brendan eich shares his thoughts on the future of the web , cryptocurrency , browsers , and javascript .
brendan eich asks what it would mean to the web if we start building products , apps , and systems that are private by default .
kyle york explores the scale , complexity , and volatility of the internet and the risk it poses to your applications and infrastructure .
watch highlights covering infrastructure , devops , security , and more . from the o ' reilly velocity conference in san jose 2018 .
natalie silvanovich discusses the link between feature complexity , developer error , and security vulnerabilities .
tamar bercovici details how the team at box has constructed its database stack to handle an ever - growing query load and data set .
cherie wong shares common developer pain points and recipes to solve them using aws .
renee orser explains how to monitor the human networks within your engineering teams using models similar to your distributed technology systems .
maggie pint explains how bad date support in javascript took her from making hr software to working as an azure sre .
javier garza details the ingredients you need to build and deliver an app your users will love .
cory doctorow fields questions on the future of the web , privacy , and net neutrality .
scott davis explains why accessibility should be just as important to you as a mobile design strategy was 10 years ago .
kris nova looks at the four metrics that help you decide if running stateful applications in kubernetes is worth the risk .
lin clark explains what browser vendors need to do over the next few years to ensure their browsers , and the web itself , meet upcoming demands .
watch highlights covering javascript , accessibility , privacy , and more . from the o ' reilly fluent conference in san jose 2018 .
cory doctorow says the right to configure technology is the signature right of the 21st century .
a look at a few ways to evaluate whether or not a design achieves what it set out to do .
the benefits of modeling data as events as a mechanism to evolve our software systems .
how to identify when a fit has been achieved , and how to exit the explore stage and start exploiting a product with its identified market .
an overview of common design patterns for navigation that will ensure users can find and use features in an application .
an overview and framework , including tools that can be used to enable automation .
the o’reilly data show podcast : ashok srivastava on the emergence of machine learning and ai for enterprise applications .
cast your vote for the top open source projects and communities through june 29 .
use cases of ai and ml to help businesses build better defenses today and in the near future .
get hands - on training in machine learning , python , java , kubernetes , product management , and many other topics .
this collection of ai resources will get you up to speed on the basics , best practices , and latest techniques .
the o’reilly podcast : tammy butow and annie lau on the importance of creating a culture of learning .
when we finally find the best use cases for blockchains , they may look like nothing we would have expected .
a commitment to multi - modal learning is better than grasping for single - modality solutions that don’t deliver .
recipes that deal with various aspects of troubleshooting , from debugging pods and containers , to testing service connectivity , interpreting a resource’s status , and node maintenance .
© 2018 o ' reilly media , inc . all trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on urltoken are the property of their respective owners .
search engine optimization one of the most important things when building a successful website has become search engine optimization . within the past decade , typically , in order to get visitors to a site , it was important to spend a large volume of revenue of commercial advertising in order for the website to be known .
designing and development are two different terms . one is incomplete without other . to be precise , designing is a part of development , in case of websites . a captivating website design , if not backed with powerful development techniques will lead to website failure and vice versa . frameworks are best software products for designing and development of a [ … ]
frameworks are playing an important role in enhancing professional web designers , and developers . but , here comes a question , how a framework is helpful for beginners ? a framework is a compact solution to save a code from duplication and rewriting . a framework demolishes various programming complexities . it has played an important role in making programming , easy [ … ]
for a professional web designer and developer , this question is not more than a joke… ! but , what about a beginner ? what about a person , without programming knowledge and experience ? without any doubt , this question is very important for a beginner ! front - end development frameworks are used to design physical structure and outlook of a website . these [ … ]
frameworks are an important part of modern website development approach . but , hold on… ! what is a framework ? a framework is a compilation of programming rules , and algorithms which provide a standard environment for coding . a framework provides an easy , and manageable solution for specific coding issues . it provides compiled libraries , and standardized code in the [ … ]
frameworks have become an important part of web developer’s life . frameworks help in multiple ways and provide a lot of convenience to the developers . frameworks provide the developers , a better platform to try new and exquisite techniques . frameworks are tooled with plug - ins , which provide basic coding definitions for creating css libraries , text style management , text [ … ]
many people outside of the industry do not have the slightest idea of when and why you should use frameworks for their site development . i want to give as much information as i can in this post regarding when you should apply them and what some advantages and disadvantages are to using frameworks . normally , the [ … ]
the basics one does not need to be an expert in coding these days in order to build a successful website . over a decade ago , the development and creation of a website started to become simpler and user friendly with the advancement of online blogs such as wordpress that helped users simply point and click [ … ]
design and personal command of the english language before you start building your website , in order to make it successful , you must take into account what type of design or layout it will have while taking stock of your own personal command of the english language . in other words , when it comes to your command [ … ]
the new generation of technology uncovered great possibilities for web developers . no more do you have to type lines of html markup from scratch in a notepad file . now web developers have the opportunity to use the pre - coded frameworks in order to start developing a site from scratch . since it is difficult to find the [ … ]
search engine optimization one of the most important things when building a successful website has become search engine optimization . within the past decade , typically , in order to get visitors to a site , it was important to spend a large volume of revenue of commercial advertising in order for the website to be known . other successful [ … ]
i used to turn on my desktop , open a notepad file and type in pages of htm markup , css and javascript instructions to be able to design absolutely gorgeous and sophisticated web pages . more . . . . .
past visiting scholar , canada - u . s . fulbright visiting research chair in public diplomacy , 2006 - 2007
cory doctorow is the co - editor of boing boing , a very popular weblog about technology , culture , and politics . he has written three science - fiction novels , all published by tor books ( down and out in the magic kingdom , 2003 , eastern standard tribe , 2004 , someone comes to town , someone leaves town , 2005 ) , and a short story collection published by avalon ( a place so foreign and eight more , 2003 ) . he has also written for various publications including wired , popular science and salon .
doctorow was a visiting professor to usc ' s center on public diplomacy and canadian fulbright chair in public diplomacy for 2006 - 2007 , and is an activist , a writer , a blogger , a public speaker , and a technology person .
from 2002 - 2006 , doctorow was the director of european affairs for the electronic frontier foundation ( eff ) , a technology advocacy nonprofit that works to upload liberty in technology law , policy and standards , where he remains a fellow . he has also worked at the united nations , at standards bodies , at governments , and with universities and non - profits to agitate for a balanced approach to copyright that didn’t trammel the public’s fundamental rights to privacy , free speech , and due process .
born in toronto , canada , on july 17 , 1971 to trotskyist schoolteachers , doctorow was exposed to both science - fiction and computers at an early age and has spent most of his life behind a keyboard .
for inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken
if you believe this to be in error , please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking
i ' m not a robot
below .
please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading . for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .
flavoring : mix oils together in a cup . add food - grade gum arabic , mix with a spoon . add water and mix well . a mixer may be used for this step , mixing for 4 - 5 minutes . you can also transfer to a blender for this step . the mix can be kept in a sealed glass jar in a refrigerator or at room temperature . please note that this mixture will separate . the gum arabic is essential to this part of the recipe , as you are mixing oil and water . syrup : in a one gallon container , take 5 mls of the flavoring formula , add the 75 % phosphoric or citric acid . add the water , then the sugar . while mixing , add the caffeine , if desired . make sure the caffeine is completely dissolved . then add the caramel color . mix thoroughly . cola : to finish drink , take one part syrup and add 5 parts carbonated water .
this page was last edited on 3 august 2014 , at 13 : 45 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license . ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
visitors are allowed 3 free articles per month ( without a subscription ) , and private browsing prevents us from counting how many stories you ' ve read . we hope you understand , and consider subscribing for unlimited online access .
finding interesting documents is a job handled by the client - servers ( or “clervers” ) , which then break the work into smaller bits , essentially acting together as a distributed supercomputer .
while the analogy isn’t perfect , the open - source cola gives doctorow a hook for explaining his open - source software . “we published the formula , and you can download it and make derivative colas . the only requirement is that you tell people what you’ve done to it . ”
by mining a vast database of high - school yearbook photos , a machine - vision algorithm reveals the change in hairstyles , clothing , and even smiles over the last century . from november …
an algorithm’s list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries . from december …
network scientists have discovered how social networks can create the illusion that something is common when it is actually rare . from june …
six issues of our award winning print magazine , unlimited online access plus the download with the top tech stories delivered daily to your inbox .
by signing up you agree to receive email newsletters and notifications from mit technology review . you can unsubscribe at any time . view our privacy policy for more details .
the mission of mit technology review is to bring about better - informed and more conscious decisions about technology through authoritative , influential , and trustworthy journalism .
it ' s also not clear why any mainstream artists would ever choose to release music under an oal . many bands objected to the way napster members circulated their music behind their backs , so why would they now allow unrestricted distribution , or consent to strangers fiddling round with their music ? sure enough , you ' re unlikely to have heard of any of the 20 bands that have posted music on the registry . it ' s hard to avoid the conclusion that open audio amounts to little more than an opportunity for obscure artists to put themselves in the shop window .
the problems with open music , however , haven ' t put people off trying open source methods elsewhere . encyclopedias , for example , look like fertile ground . like software , they ' re collaborative and modular , need regular upgrading , and improve with peer review . but the first attempt , a free online reference called nupedia , hasn ' t exactly taken off . two years on , only 25 of its target 60 , 000 articles have been completed .
at the current rate it will never be a large encyclopedia ,
says editor - in - chief larry sanger . the main problem is that the experts sanger wants to recruit to write articles have little incentive to participate . they don ' t score academic brownie points in the same way software engineers do for upgrading linux , and nupedia can ' t pay them .
it ' s a problem that ' s inherent to most open source products : how do you get people to chip in ? sanger says he ' s exploring ways to make money out of nupedia while preserving the freedom of its content . banner adverts are a possibility . but his best hope is that academics start citing nupedia articles so authors can earn academic credit .
another experiment that ' s proved its worth is the openlaw ? project at the berkman center for internet and society at harvard law school . berkman lawyers specialise in cyberlaw - - hacking , copyright , encryption and so on - - and the centre has strong ties with the eff and the open source software community . in 1998 faculty member lawrence lessig , now at stanford law school , was asked by online publisher eldritch press to mount a legal challenge to us copyright law . eldritch takes books whose copyright has expired and publishes them on the web , but new legislation to extend copyright from 50 to 70 years after the author ' s death was cutting off its supply of new material . lessig invited law students at harvard and elsewhere to help craft legal arguments challenging the new law on an online forum , which evolved into openlaw .
normal law firms write arguments the way commercial software companies write code . lawyers discuss a case behind closed doors , and although their final product is released in court , the discussions or
source code
that produced it remain secret . in contrast , openlaw crafts its arguments in public and releases them under a copyleft .
we deliberately used free software as a model ,
says wendy selzer , who took over openlaw when lessig moved to stanford . around 50 legal scholars now work on eldritch ' s case , and openlaw has taken other cases , too .
the open content movement is still at an early stage and it ' s hard to predict how far it will spread .
i ' m not sure there are other areas where open source would work ,
says sanger .
if there were , we might have started it ourselves .
eric raymond has also expressed doubts . in his much - quoted 1997 essay , the cathedral and the bazaar , he warned against applying open source methods to other products .
music and most books are not like software , because they don ' t generally need to be debugged or maintained ,
he wrote . without that need , the products gain little from others ' scrutiny and reworking , so there ' s little benefit in open sourcing .
i do not want to weaken the winning argument for open sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser ,
he wrote .
but raymond ' s views have now shifted subtly .
i ' m more willing to admit that i might talk about areas other than software someday ,
he told new scientist .
but not now .
the right time will be once open source software has won the battle of ideas , he says . he expects that to happen around 2005 .
and so the experiment goes on . as a contribution to it , new scientist and alternet have agreed to issue this article under a copyleft . that means you can copy it , redistribute it , reprint it in whole or in part , and generally play around with it as long as you , too , release your version under a copyleft and abide by the other terms and conditions in the licence . we also ask that you inform us of any use you make of the article , by e - mailing copyleft @ newscientist . com .
the information in this article is free . it may be copied , distributed and / or modified under the conditions set down in the design science license published by michael stutz at urltoken .
this page was last modified on 6 june 2015 , at 08 : 34 .
a distributed search engine is a search engine where there is no central server . unlike traditional centralized search engines , work such as crawling , data mining , indexing , and query processing is distributed among several peers in decentralized manner where there is no single point of control .
( urltoken )
emre sokullu sketched out the basic concepts and advantages of an open p2p search platform in ' how to build an open source google ' , a 2007 article on readwriteweb called . urltoken offers a useful introduction to the concept of applying peer - to - peer to search , and a few references to projects current at the time , but the page states that it ' s not been updated since 2012 .
kord campbell , igor stojanovski , and ledio ago started grub as an open source project in january 2000 . looksmart acquired grub in 2003 , and in july 2007 , sold it to the short - lived wikia search project .
in april 2000 three programmers built a prototype p2p web search engine based on gnutella called infrasearch . it was meant to run inside the participating websites ' databases creating a p2p network that could be accessed through the infrasearch website . infrasearch was acquired by sun microsystems in 2001 to become part of the search system for the open source urltoken jxta ] project . sun , and most its various subsidiaries and open source projects , was acquired by oracle in 2009 . sadly , infrasearch founder gene kan passed away on june 29th , 2002 .
in february 2001 wolf garbe published an idea of a peer - to - peer search engine , started the faroo prototype in 2004 , [ 10 ] and released it in 2005 .
on december 15 , 2003 michael christen announced development of a p2p - based search engine , eventually named yacy , on the heise online forums . as of the january , 2016 , the latest stable version was 1 . 8 , released september 16 , 2014 .
in june 2003 , doug cutting , and mike cafarella completed a 100 - million - page test system , and in 2005 , the project was accepted into the apache foundation incubator program . later that year it became a sub - project of the lucene project , and in 2010 , become an independent apache project . hadoop began as a mapreduce system and distributed file system that were implemented in the early years of the nutch project . current development of nutch is not orientated towards p2p search so much as distributed search across supercomputer clusters .
unless it ' s moved off sourceforce , seeks never got out of beta . the latest version on sf ( 0 . 4 . 1 ) was released in 2013 .
in 2007 a group funded by the digital pioneers stimulation fund set up an open search foundation , but it went into hibernation after the 6 months of funding was up , producing only one beta release .
it seems clear from all the defunct projects that litter the pathway towards distributed search , including the companies above and the various defunct or moribund efforts to create user - edited directories ( dmoz , wikia search ) , that p2p search is a difficult technical problem . of those projects that have survived , with the exception of faroo , all are free code projects with open source communities behind them . however , just adopting a free code license is not enough to save a project without a stable stewardship organisation to keep development moving .
the free code dooble browser has integrated yacy into its desktop software , and if a more popular browser such as mozilla firefox took the same approach - a more likely strategy now they ' re no longer receiving funding from google - this may be the only way a p2p search engine can get the critical mass to become useful . it the p2p search project chosen followed the duckduckgo example of integrating metasearch of popular sites wikipedia , youtube , imdb , and so on , this could also help to populate the index with enough information to make it useful , and give it a starting point for ongoing web crawling .
this page was last modified on 29 april 2017 , at 12 : 57 .
we use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
making soft drinks is not for the faint of heart , nor the dirty of finger . it is a solemn enterprise not to be entered into lightly , as with marriage or buying used farm machinery .
improper use of cola might result in blunt trauma , puncture wounds , physical illness , mental illness , caffeine dependency , dental necrosis , acid reflux , death , devastation , and random tax audits . or it might not .
a list of warnings has been provided below . we did not include them for * our * health - - we included them for * yours * . read them . know them . follow them . tattoo them to your backside .
just in case you have * any * doubt : following the directions below may be hazardous to your health and property . you assume any and all risk arising from the manufacture and consumption of cola .
anyway , we ' ve tried to be nice about the disclaimer . if it ' s not good enough for you , here ' s what our lawyers have to say about the whole shootin ' match .
the basis for the whole thing is the 7x , top - seekrut formula . our sources tell us that 7x is the internal coca - cola codename for their syrup . you ' ll note that the 7x formula contains * eight * ingredients : still more evidence of the deviousness of the soda gnomes .
as it turns out , mixing up a batch of cola ' s pretty easy . finding the ingredients is damned hard . most of this file is about finding and handling ingredients so as to produce a tasty bevvy without blowing up your kitchen , melting your flesh off your bones , or poisoning yourself . as with all undertakings of great moment , read and understand the instructions before attempting to commit cola on your own . pay special attention to the
warnings
section .
this recipe is licensed under the gnu general public license . it is
open source
cola , or , if you prefer ,
free
cola . that means you ' re free to use this recipe to make your own cola , or to make derivative colas . if you distribute derivative colas , you ' re expected to send email to the recipe ' s author , amanda foubister (
) with your updates . in the future , we expect to have a cvs server up to handle additions , bug - reports , etc .
3 . 50 ml orange oil 1 . 00 ml lemon oil 1 . 00 ml nutmeg oil 1 . 25 ml cassia oil 0 . 25 ml coriander oil 0 . 25 ml neroli oil 2 . 75 ml lime oil 0 . 25 ml lavender oil 10 . 0 g gum arabic 3 . 00 ml water
2 . 00 tsp . 7x formula 3 . 50 tsp . 75 % phosphoric acid or citric acid 2 . 28 l water 2 . 36 kg plain granulated white table sugar 0 . 50 tsp . caffeine ( optional ) 30 . 0 ml caramel color
mix oils together in a cup . add gum arabic , mix with a spoon . add water and mix well . i used my trusty braun mixer for this step , mixing for 4 - 5 minutes . you can also transfer to a blender for this step . can be kept in a sealed glass jar in the fridge or at room temperature .
please note that this mixture will separate . the gum arabic is essential to this part of the recipe , as you are mixing oil and water .
in a one gallon container ( i used the rubbermaid servin ' saver dry food keeper , 1 . 3 us gal / 4 . 92 l ) , take 5 mls of the 7x formula , add the 75 % phosphoric or citric acid . add the water , then the sugar . while mixing , add the caffeine , if desired . make sure the caffeine is completely dissolved . then add the caramel color . mix thoroughly .
to finish drink , take one part syrup and add 5 parts carbonated water .
measurement : i used a dropper purchased at a shoppers drug mart ( normally used to measure infant portions of medicine , i believe ) .
oils : oils can cause skin irritation . wear latex food - prep or surgical gloves . if oils come in contact with skin , wash with soap and water .
i purchased all oils from health food stores and the herbalist store , thuna ' s ( see notes on gum arabic ) .
everything could have come from the herbalist ' s . try for 100 percent pure , undiluted oils . i used oils from the following companies :
when i purchased the oils , i specifically asked whether they were food grade or not . all persons said that they were , one person said she used them internally all the time .
neroli is a very expensive item , be prepared ( us $ 48 . 52 for 5 . 00 ml ) .
all others were a more reasonable price ( us $ 2 - 9 . 30 ) .
gum arabic : it is very important that you get only * food - grade * gum arabic . there is also an * art - grade * , which is readily available at art supply stores - - * never use art - grade gum arabic ! * art - grade gum arabic is toxic . it will make you ill . you ' ll be sad . we ' ll be sad .
i found food - grade gum arabic at an herbalist store in toronto called thuna ' s ( 416 ) 461 - 8191 . i purchased 112g for us $ 12 . 46 , which will make more than 11 batches of flavoring formula .
water : good old tap water will do , if you trust your tap . i used spring water .
75 % phosphoric acid : due to its acidity , this product is corrosive to the eyes and skin . handle with gloved hands , and use extreme caution . if comes in contact with the eyes or skin , immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes . get medical attention . rinse any spills on clothing or other surfaces thoroughly . store in a secure area . * do not * store more than 50 . 0 ml .
try finding phosphoric acid at a compounding pharmacy in your area . there are pharmacies that still mix their own individual compounds and still stock phosphoric acid .
citric acid : very easy to find . i found mine at a shoppers drug mart ( rougier pharma inc , quebec , canada j7j 1p3 ) . says right on the label ,
for the preparation of acidulous drinks and effervescing draughts , and preservation of jams and jellies .
according to the coke history book , citric acid was used first in the formula , but they now use the phosphoric .
sugar : basic granulated white table sugar found everywhere . buy from a bulk store to save some money .
caffeine : it ' s best not to store caffeine in * any * amount . caffeine can kill people in relatively small doses . the median lethal dose for an adult human is around 10 grams , or approximately one third of an ounce . you can find out more by reading the material safety data sheet ( msds ) for caffeine at urltoken . don ' t yield to the temptation to create a
super - jolt
adding tons and tons of the white stuff to you cola , or you ' ll be in a world of hurt . if stored , store in a secure area away from children . toxic by inhalation and ingestion : if inhaled , remove to fresh air . if ingested , call a physician . possible teratogen and mutagen . if product comes in contact with the eyes , flush with plenty of water . there is some great information on caffeine and it ' s over - consumption at urltoken
caffeine is completely optional . i used part of a caffeine pill ( mvp , urltoken ) , ground up in a pestle with a mortar . according to information on the pill bottle and on the web site , the pills are 100 % caffeine . as an extra safety precaution , i strained all of the syrup through a 4 - ply of cheesecloth , in case any of the caffeine wasn ' t dissolved .
caramel color : i found mine at a bakery supply store ( world of cake decorating , 1766 weston road , toronto , ontario , canada 416 - 247 - 4935 ) . i was originally told to use double strength caramel color , but couldn ' t find it anywhere ( retail or wholesale ) . it really only adds color , so it makes it a bit paler than we are used to coming out of a can or bottle . no other difference that we could discern during our taste - testing .
soda water : i purchased a soda charger and co2 cartridges at nikolaou ' s ( 629 queen street west , toronto , ontario , canada 416 - 504 - 6411 ) to deliver the soda charge needed to make the cola fizzy . at testing , no one was impressed . what worked best was adding canned sodium - free ( very important ! ) soda water to the syrup .
i fill each bottle 2 / 3 full , screw on the top , and leave for one or two weeks . each weekend i measure and add the syrup to a few bottles , top them off with water and stick them in the fridge .
this is a very quick operation . i had experimented with adding dry sugar , but this caused an excessive amount of foaming .
these are all associated with each of their ingredients , but they ' re repeated here just to make sure . we ' re not making this stuff up . cola is a harsh mistress , and she is quick to anger . heed the warnings below or proceed into certain peril .
oils : can cause skin irritation . if oils come in contact with skin , wash with soap and water .
gum arabic : it is very important that you get only * food - grade * gum arabic . there is also an * art - grade * , which is readily available at art supply stores - - * never use art - grade gum arabic ! * art grade gum arabic is toxic . it will make you ill . you ' ll be sad . we ' ll be sad .
75 % phosphoric acid : due to its acidity , this product is corrosive to the eyes and skin . handle with gloved hands , and use extreme caution . if comes in contact with the eyes or skin , immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes . get medical attention . rinse any spills on clothing or other surfaces thoroughly . store in a secure area . * do not * store more than 50 . 0 ml .
the 7x that i experimented with comes from the great coke history book , * for god , country , & coca - cola , * by mark pendergrast , basic books , 1993 , 2000 , isbn 0 - 465 - 05468 - 4 . i know , i know . i list 8 oils , not 7 . it notes in the book that many believe lavender to be part of the 7x formula , so i tried it . we liked it in testing .
special thanks to pharmacist david at the ida ( queen west near jameson , toronto ) for advice on phosphoric acid and chemistry .
thanks to barb holland and rose murray from foodland ontario for advice on various ingredients and general soda making .
copyright ( c ) 1989 , 1991 free software foundation , inc . 59 temple place - suite 330 , boston , ma 02111 - 1307 , usa
everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document , but changing it is not allowed .
the licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it . by contrast , the gnu general public license is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software - - to make sure the software is free for all its users . this general public license applies to most of the free software foundation ' s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it . ( some other free software foundation software is covered by the gnu library general public license instead . ) you can apply it to your programs , too .