leadgenius is a privately held software as a service , marketing automation , and demand generation startup located in berkeley , california .

the company uses a combination of artificial intelligence and human computation to identify and communicate with targeted sales leads .

the company 's crawlers comb through websites , business directories , government filings , and credit data to train a machine learning system for business-to-business sales .

leadgenius is the first crowdsourcing company to set a minimum wage for its workers tied to the cost of living in the country they are working in .

the company launched in y combinator ’s summer 2011 class under the name mobileworks .

it has since raised $ 6 million in venture funding from investors such as sierra ventures , andreessen horowitz , alexis ohanian , mitch kapor , dave mcclure , and sam altman .

leadgenius

livett said that leadgenius was able to differentiate itself by simply checking its work .
leadgenius announced today that it has raised $ 10 million in series b funding .
livett , a sales manager at fraud prevention company signifyd , has been using leadgenius for two years .
customer service is king : livett said that one of the reasons he’s stuck with leadgenius has been the customer service . he now meets every two weeks with representatives from leadgenius and sees them as teammates .
in 2013 , they changed the name to leadgenius , and focused on generating the best sales leads they could .
what would you do with two extra work days a week ? that’s the pitch john livett used when working the leadgenius booth at a sales conference to turn heads . except livett doesn’t even work for leadgenius . he’s a customer .
hello candidates ! welcome to leadgenius . we are now accepting candidates for our data researcher role ( entry level ) .
berkeley - based leadgenius makes money by generating leads for sales departments and did this last year to the tune of $ 5 . 6 million . leadgenius uses artificial intelligence to take out a lot of the busy work in generating the leads .
by utilizing a team of researchers with its ai , leadgenius is able to correct machine error and help it learn . in addition to generating leads , leadgenius offers a service where its platform will email the contacts for the salesperson and let the salesperson know when they get a bite .
leadgenius is looking for a lead software engineer who can take initiative and lead the development of next generation leadgenius saas applications . you build applications and systems to enable our customers to grow their business and improve our data platform . products we build are used by all leadgenius customers and our community of researchers . leadgenius is proudly helping companies such as google , square , amazon aws , ebay , marin software , box , weebly , snowflake computing and zendesk grow faster ! you will join a pre - ipo startup with equity and influence in a fast - growing and dynamic company .
the world’s fastest growing b2b companies and fortune 500s alike rely on leadgenius for the highest - quality data and go - to - market insights .
so glad you ' re with us today . we are going to talk about trends and opportunities with leadgen and marketing today . so , let ' s talk briefly , let ' s kick off talking briefly about leadgenius , how would you describe it in a sentence ? what is leadgenius and what is its unique value proposition ?
“leadgenius solves a problem that every company from start - up to large enterprise faces – making sales reps more efficient , ” said javelin’s noah doyle in the acquisition release .
leadgenius “is saving me so much time that would have been spent trawling google , linkedin , etc . , ” livett said . “they save me 15 hours a week . ”
welcome to martech advisor’s executive interview series . i ' m ginger conlon , a contributing editor to martech advisor , joining us today is prayag narula who is ceo and co - founder of leadgenius . welcome prayag .
once you’ve sent back the paperwork , you will receive a welcoming email with details about completing the orientation and getting started with leadgenius , getting set up and things you need to complete prior to your live training session .
formerly known as mobileworks , leadgenius helps customers find likely sales leads and reach out to them with automated emails . the company says revenue increased 6x in the past 20 months , with customers including ebay , box and weebly .
the leadgenius team combines world - class expertise in data , virtual work , international development , innovative user design , and a wealth of entrepreneurial experience . we all believe in using technology to simplify costly businesses processes while providing jobs to hard - working individuals deserving of opportunities .
you need to have at least 5 mbps internet connection speed . you’ll be asked to run a speedtest in your application . be sure that you are in a computer ( and not mobile phone ) , and in the place you intend to use for working with leadgenius .
leadgenius is looking for a data geek who can take initiative and think creatively to discover , collect , and build complex data . in this role , you will build our data infrastructure and web services to empower our data collection researchers and our customers . you’ll work closely with our architects to build leadgenius bizgraph , a growing and complex data set . you’ll have exposure to new technologies and technical skills and build world - class production nlp and ml . you will join a pre - ipo startup with equity and influence in a fast - growing and dynamic company .
leadgenius was founded in 2011 by david rolnitzky , prayag narula , philipp gutheim , and anand kulkarni and is based in berkeley , calif . the company previously raised $ 2 . 2 million in seed funding in october 2013 . the company also participated in y combinator’s summer 2011 class .
that leadgenius even does what it does comes as something of a surprise to its founders . anand kulkarni , dave rolnitzky , and prayag narula met as graduate students at uc berkeley . when they founded the company in 2011 as mobileworks , the emphasis was on providing better tools for remote workers .
“you can buy ( contact ) lists , but the data’s not very fresh , ” he said . “you can end up calling for someone who worked there in 1995 . leadgenius has researchers who make sure the person’s there , make sure it’s fresh data . which is massive for us . ”
leadgenius gives skilled individuals access to fair wage digital work all over the globe . 90 % of leadgeniuses were underemployed or unemployed before joining . because our worker community is structured like a traditional workforce , leadgeniuses have the opportunity to develop essential skills , earn promotions , work in teams , and interact with community members .
yes , the latter might be a better choice for some of you , so meet leadgenius ( formerly , mobileworks ) , an “end - to - end sales - acceleration solution” … that take care of it all . the company announced today that it has raised $ 6 million for its first round of institutional funding .
leadgenius has a small army of sales lead specialists armed with fancy tools to find customers , populate your crm , qualify your leads , and even reach out to leads with customized pitches . all you have to do is own a crm system , so you can access the work your mini - sales team is doing for you .
excellent , i love that . so , you were talking before that you’re excited for the next five years or so , so , i wanted to wrap up with a look forward . what specifically , give us a specific example of what you ' re excited about in two areas , one , in the market in general and one in the other , anything coming up with leadgenius that we should know about that you’re planning ?
so , leadgenius is a top of the funnel marketing automation company which helps its customers identify the best markets and map out the best companies in those markets and identify the best decision makers in those companies and market to them , and our unique value proposition is we use combination of cutting - edge artificial intelligence and machine learning and combine it with actual human intelligence to create the best quality insights and data available in the market so that our customers can target the best customers and know with confidence that the people that they are targeting , the company they’re targeting are the customer that are most likely to convert and are high value prospects .
leadgenius , we’ve always been very excited about personalization and something that ' s coming out , that has actually recently come out is this new product that helps customers identify those segments and look at it from a strategic perspective . so , a tool that helps you understand where have you been successful in the past and the potential for the future and relationship to works , between those to help you understand what markets you had more success , what is the potential of that in the future and using that to help identify the best market and then map the best markets for you . i’m really excited about that , i think that drives a lot of what we talked about , the personalization , the micro - segmentation and so on , that helps marketers do it in a very automated manner and i’m very excited about that .
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the company’s software collected information like contact details , which made it attractive for building sales leads .
“we thought let’s build technology that tries to augment the information we’ve already selected with some insights and apply a bit of machine learning , ” said kulkarni , who is coo .
pivot when it makes sense : the company was founded with a different purpose than generating sales leads , but “we found that 90 percent ( of our customers ) were using it for something we hadn’t thought about , which was sales and marketing research , ” kulkarni said .
make your product better than your competitor’s : “one of the challenges we face is that there’s been a lot of companies around lead generation , ” kulkarni said . but “they’re ( collecting ) data but not checking it… which burns a lot of potential users . ”
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a berkeley - based startup is trying to change the way the world works on a global scale .
a berkeley - based startup is trying to change the way the world works . its clients can be anywhere and its employees are everywhere . it ' s a new company that ' s on a job - sourcing mission and it ' s called mobileworks .
to create jobs for people who don ' t have access to traditional job market ,
said mobilworks co - founder prayag narula .
it began as a graduate school project at the university of california , berkeley .
i don ' t think either of us thought , when we first began , that this would be something that ' s built out to be as big as it has ,
said mobileworks ceo and co - founder anand kulkarni .
after winning a class contest , the mobileworks group got into y - combinator , a startup accelerator that got them investors like reddit co - founder alexis ohanian .
we ' ve raised $ 2 . 1 million to date ,
said kulkarni .
they can choose to outsource in a way that makes the world better ,
said kulkarni .
mobileworks hires mostly college graduates with skills like research , writing and editing photos . companies come to them with a task and they find the right workers to do it . they can work from anywhere . it ' s all online .
the biggest secret sauce that we have is that we believe in paying people fair wages . we believe that if people are invested in the projects , they would do better work ,
said narula .
part of the decor in the new berkeley office is a map of the world , covered in photos of workers , some of them in developing countries .
i ' ve been here almost three months exactly . it ' ll be three months tomorrow ,
said mobileworks employee andrew karbel .
i think whether i , you know , open my own business or whatever i do ; ultimately , this experience will be valuable ,
he said .
then there ' s imran who spoke with abc7 news from his home in kenya .
i joined mobileworks with the interest of becoming a manager ,
he said .
i could not afford it , but after joining the mobileworks team and getting the good pay i ' m now going forward to do my master ' s soon ,
said imran .
mobileworks is giving people halfway around the world a little piece of economic recovery .
copyright © 2018 abc inc . , kgo - tv san francisco . all rights reserved .
has now raised more than $ 21 million in funding . the new round was led by lumia capital and past investor sierra ventures — lumia’s martin gedalin is joining the company’s board of directors . better ventures , bee partners , y combinator , kapor capital , initialized capital , fuel capital , scrum ventures and funders club also participated .
the ai event of the year for growth marketers . aug . 21 - 22
the best in ai . an invite - only executive event . oct . 22 - 23
now this does come with a price tag : from $ 1 , 999 per month for up to 700 leads to $ 6 , 999 per month for up to 2 , 000 leads .
alternatively , you could go the old - fashioned way and just purchase predictive lead - scoring software such as 6sense , fliptop , infer , lattice , leadspace , mintigo , salesfusion , and many others . or you can get help from some more general outsourcing places such as hiring folks from elance , odesk , or clickworker , for example .
sierra ventures led the round , with initialized capital ( alexis ohanian , garry tan , and aaron harris of y combinator ) , kapor capital , fuel capital , fundersclub , scott banister , and existing investors sam altman , 500startups , scrum ventures , crcm , and bee partners also chipping in .
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crowdsourcing might be big business now but it has never been fair . the pay is terrible , there is zero regulation and no recourse for workers if things go wrong . but crowdsourcing’s wild west days of exploitation could soon be over . moves to make employers more accountable and give crowd workers more benefits are helping shift the balance in favour of the employees .
it is crowd - working’s original platform , amazon’s mechanical turk ( amt ) , that is the first port of call for reform . mechanical turk’s entire business model hinges on persuading large numbers of workers to do tiny tasks for pennies at a time . and it relies on turning its group of human workers into “a system that doesn’t talk back” , says lilly irani , a computer scientist at the university of california in irvine .
turkers , as they are known , have no idea whether an individual “requester” is likely to pay them promptly for their work , or even at all , as requesters can choose to reject work without any repercussions . this is vital because around 20 per cent of turkers say that they always or sometimes need money earned during crowd work to make ends meet , according to a small survey carried out by irani . “there are people for whom this is a crucial source of income , ” she says .
irani and colleague six silberman have built a review network called turkopticon to address this lack of accountability . it allows turkers to leave feedback on requesters that anyone else using the network can see , rating them out of five on “communicativity , generosity , fairness and promptness” . rejecting work out of hand might earn a requester poor scores in fairness and communicativity , while giving high - performing turkers a bonus for their work might boost the generosity score .
the system , to be presented at the conference on human factors in computing systems in april in paris , runs through a browser plug - in . it scours the mechanical turk website for the unique numbers that identify each requester , then searches the turkopticon database for reviews . the requester’s review score is then attached to every task they offer , letting turkers make more informed decisions about the tasks they choose .
anne midwinter is a part - time microbiologist from new zealand who has completed 28 , 000 tasks on amt over the past five years . now she checks the turkopticon review for every requester before starting any job . “there’s no sick leave , paid holidays , anything like that on mturk . there is no arbitration , no appeal if you feel that you have been unfairly treated , apart from a stinging review on turkopticon , ” she says .
other crowd - working platforms have already taken some of these issues to heart . “we started as an effort to create a worker friendly crowdsourcing platform , specifically as an alternative to systems like mechanical turk , ” says mobileworks co - founder anand kulkarni .
unlike amt , mobileworks sets minimum wages for its workers tied to the cost of living in the country they are working in . each worker is assigned to a manager who watches their work and pushes suitable tasks their way , and there are opportunities to ascend the corporate ladder .
without legal redress for online workers these efforts count for little , says trebor scholz at new school university in new york city . “people fought for 100 years for the 8 - hour work day and paid vacation , against child labour . all of that is wiped away in these digital environments , ” he says , and calls for crowd workers to form a transnational union .
people fought for 100 years for the 8 - hour day and paid vacation . all of that is lost in the digital world
the first rumblings of legal action can already be heard . oregon resident christopher otey has filed a lawsuit against crowd platform crowdflower , saying it is violating the fair labor standards act by not paying employees a minimum federal wage . crowdflower disputes the claims .
meanwhile , alongside other computer scientists , niki kittur at carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh , pennsylvania , will outline his vision for the future of crowd work at a conference in san antonio , texas , later this month . kittur says crowd workers need promotions and bonuses – as well as the capacity to take their credentials with them from platform to platform , like a job reference . he is developing tools that will allow more complicated tasks to be crowdsourced because “people will be paid more if what they do is more valuable” .
“forget the perception of unskilled workers – what if you could access the top people in the field ? ” kittur says . “if you could get 5 minutes of their time how could you leverage that ? we’re working on that now . ”
we’re looking for bright , enthusiastic and results - driven individuals . we believe in a highly collaborative environment , powered by personal interactions , cross departmental collaboration , and real world input .
the business development manager position is expected to be a key role in identifying opportunities , representing our technology to c - level decision makers , and helping manage complex and technically sophisticated , enterprise - level data sales in a team format .
this is a telephone / email intensive outbound sales role . this position requires the ability to research opportunities extensively and craft targeted and customized pitches to high level decision makers at sophisticated organizations .
ability to deliver a minimum daily activity level and an appreciation in having that activity inspected and reviewed consistently .
superb communication skills , an ability to convey complex ideas , listen actively and build respect and credibility via genuine relationships .
provide customer quotes , proposals , order forms and product information as needed and as directed by outside sales staff .
interest in teaming with quota carriers to manage opportunities , account resource allocation , account strategy and closing sales . strong computer proficiency with expert - level understanding of internet , salesforce . com , gsuite , urltoken and other sales - martech stack tools .
looking to be promoted to a quota carrying role within 2 - 3 quarters of onboarding and quantifiable success .
ability to thrive in an intense , dynamic and high demanding start - up environment .
resilient , willing to accept criticism and to be held accountable to actions and results .
team oriented with a willingness to shift priorities and meet ( if not anticipate ) the needs of others daily .
design and develop robust and scalable application integration with key business applications such as salesforce crm and marketo .
design application back - end and ui that perform well with potentially millions of records .
collaborate with developers and qa engineers in remote offices on developing large software features effectively .
act as the development owner on some epics and distribute sub - tasks among other full stack and ui developers . be responsible for the completion of these epics .
b . s . in computer science or a related technical field – m . s . preferred .
5 + years experience building software solutions in an enterprise or startup engineering environment using python , javascript , or ruby .
experience developing web applications . medium - to - large , multi - tiered web applications a big plus .
experience with business applications ( sales , marketing , recruiting , advertising , etc . ) a big plus .
lead the creation of etls to collect , store , and normalize both structured data ( e . g . data sources that have defined schemas ) and unstructured data ( e . g . company websites ) .
combining multiple sources of data from apis , csv files , and human input into a single , structured data store while dealing with issues of duplication , incomplete data points , source prioritization , and cross - referencing .
implement nlp and machine learning in our data processes on apache spark platform using python . developing processes to monitor and ensure data integrity
work closely with pms and application developers to develop apis that support our many customer facing applications .
ability to write clean , scalable code ( and a passion for it ) in python or scala .
experience with relational and non relational databases such as postgres , redshift and cassandra .
ability take on hard technical challenges : crawling , machine learning , automated data cleaning , etc .
identify multiple decision makers . build a named account list . consolidate your lead sources .
maximize the value of your crm and marketing automation software . improve records with key data and additional contacts .
create a consistent , reliable , and predictable outbound pipeline . scientifically validate market segments and buyer personas .
analyze your total addressable market . estimate opportunity value and runway for new verticals . reveal hidden opportunities in your database .
work in a virtual environment where you will experience lively office atmosphere . you will be a part of a team which has a project manager , junior manager , and trainers .
knowledgeable in productivity tools such as google docs , google spreadsheet , ms office and messaging apps ( e . g skype and hipchat )
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if your application is declined , you will have a chance to re - apply again after 6 months . if you have an existing application , or have been declined recently , we strongly advise not to submit a second application before the 6 month grace period is over to avoid compromising any opportunity to get hired in the future .
ps . please only apply if you have availability of 20 hours or more a week to work .
we ' re a virtual work platform that aims to bring work to highly skilled people around the world . we ' re based in berkeley , ca and work with people in over 70 countries .
basically , we match talented people with work that needs to be done . companies give us work they need completed , and we match them with people around the world with the skills .
no ! we ' re here to connect companies with the global workforce online , and we will never ask for money from you . we want to pay you for work that you ' ve done within our platform . you can check us out in the news
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all of our team members have college degrees or are working on acquiring a college degree . you should make sure to list all relevant skills and work history on your resume to give us an overview of who you are . please include any work experience , including ( but not limited to ! ) working for a family business , administrative tasks , or tutoring .
have an updated resume on hand , including demographic information , educational background and work experience .
fill out the necessary information in the left side of this window . once you’ve created a candidate account , you will be asked to complete the proofreading assessment . you will be also asked to fill out some information about your background . please fill out the entire application . incomplete applications will not be reviewed or will be declined .
our hiring team reviews the applications ( please do your best ! ) and contacts those who are fit for the role . you will be notified of the result of your application within 2 - 3 weeks .
if you get invited to move on , the next step is completing a skill assessment test . it will take a maximum of 35 minutes to complete this phase . upon finishing it , you’ll be notified of the result within the next 5 days .
the next step is video interview . you will be asked a few questions to help us to get to know you more .
you will attend a training ( bootcamp ) . during this period , you will be introduced to projects and tools that will help you get your work done .
once you pass bootcamp , you will be placed on a 4 - week probation period . this time you will get the chance to work on client projects .
once you pass the 4 - week probation period , you will then undergo the 90 - day trial period , if you meet the requirements ( listed in the handbook ) , you will receive a 8 % increase in hourly pay .
our project managers announce any available projects that you can work on in our dedicated team rooms . you will be required to undergo training before being allowed to work on any of the projects . when you join a project , you are expected to stay on it for at least 30 days before leaving . this gives you a chance to get to know the project and try it out .
the managers will inform you of your performance and we have a dedicated system where you will find if your performance is up to the mark and if you’re meeting your goals . you will have the opportunity to improve if you have not done well on a project , but there is a limit . if you repeatedly show mistakes and poor performance , you will be removed from the platform .
you will be placed on a team based on the time frame that you’re working in , and there will be a manager online during that time . they will be your direct supervisor , and are there to answer any questions and set up your projects . the teams vary in size , but you should get to know your fellow teammates !
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technologies , but for truly great customer experiences the new generation of marketers must inform its strategies with both data , and emotion .
marketer that is not leveraging intent data , you should read this . great article
when you try to sell to everyone , you end up selling to no one .
nice article
the old mantra of ‘be everywhere’ will quickly be replaced with ‘be where it matters to our business ' . - mike stelzner
it’s the account that becomes your customer . just because there are 15 contacts tied to that account in
have now reached the “customer” stage of your rcm , it doesn’t mean you now have 15 new customers .
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es - coaching ? utm _ source = dlvr . it & utm _ medium = twitter
the later salespeople are engaged , they more they have to catch up , and the more they start to look alike in the eyes of the buyers .
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most loyal customers are not the happiest ones , but the ones whose problems are solved .
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interact allows to create personality quizzes , giveaways , and assessments to generate leads it integrates into website , social channels , and market . . .
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on september 27 , four grand prize winners were announced at the mit ide inclusive innovation competition awards ceremony at the mit media lab . 24 other winners were also named . if you missed the event , catch up with storify and see complete footage here .
new models grand prize winner : iora health winners : coworker . org , ekutir global pbc , startup box , soko
the inclusive innovation competition awards were presented during hubweek , boston and cambridge’s week long celebration of innovation and creativity . the ceremony featured speakers , screenings of finalists’ videos , and the presentation of the awards by the champion committee and members of the ide advisory board .
see press release and boston globe coverage ; also read more from mit sloan and thomson reuters .
in prize money in the first - annual inclusive innovation competition . the competition recognizes and celebrates organizations that are inventing a more inclusive , productive , and sustainable future for all by focusing on the use of technology to improve economic opportunity for base - and middle - level income earners .
a total of 243 applications from around the world were reviewed by a panel of prestigious judges gathered together for the inclusive innovation competition , developed by the mit ide in collaboration with mit solve . the applicants covered a wide range of business fields , including coding bootcamps , health care innovators , collaborative robotics , farmers innovating in the developing world , and firms using artificial intelligence to empower lower - skilled workers .
new models ( how new operational practices and business models revolutionize labor markets and job opportunities ) .
an apparel manufacturer of sewn and bonded sports and activewear that has engineered a partially automated production line to successfully compete with lower - wage overseas manufacturers– even while it pays its trained employees living wages and benefits . they are based in
- - iora health ( new models category ) : a health care organization that gets paid not per sick visit , but for keeping people healthy . their ' health coaches ' are hired based on their level of empathy . a custom - built it system assists health coaches , which has resulted in fewer visits to emergency rooms and with specialists , and better follow - through on doctor - recommended health regimens , resulting in 15 - 20 percent lower total healthcare costs . health coaches are paid a living wage while gaining an entry into the health field . iora health serves 45 , 000 patients in 29 locations across 11 cities .
a non - profit that equips low - income young adults with technology - based experience and skills that allow them to compete for , and obtain , professional jobs with career pathways . year up ' s curriculum is market - driven and responds directly to the hiring needs of employers . based in
trains women from low - income backgrounds and helps them land technology jobs , such as coding positions , with latin american companies . initially based in
bottom line ( matching ) : increases the number of career - ready college graduates from low - income communities through a best - in - class mentorship and corporate matching model .
coding dojo ( skills ) : through coding education , coding dojo empower individuals with the skills and training necessary to break through economic barriers .
urltoken ( new models ) : a platform for workers to build networks and advocate for themselves in a shifting economy .
destácame ( judges ' choice ) : allows people and msmes to prove , for free , their creditworthiness by using alternative data gathered from credit - like services such as utilities , telecoms , and suppliers .
digitalundivided ( skills ) : a 12 - week accelerator program that fosters economic growth in low resource communities by supporting and training women of color entrepreneurs .
docthers ( judges ' choice ) : reintegrates home - based female doctors into the health workforce by connecting them to consumers seeking convenient , affordable , quality healthcare via a nurse - assisted digital health platform .
duolingo , inc . ( skills ) : the world ' s most popular online language - learning platform . with it , anyone with internet access can learn a new language at no cost .
ekutir global pbc ( new models ) : sustainable solutions for smallholders farmers using technology , entrepreneurship , and data .
general assembly ( skills ) : combines accelerated training with best practice youth development principles , strategic partnerships , and thought leadership in skills - based hiring .
ignitia ( humans + machines ) : has developed the first highly accurate , highly scalable tropical weather forecasting model ; sends alerts via sms so farmers can reduce risk and increase yields .
jana ( humans + machines ) : the largest provider of free internet service in emerging markets .
rethink robotics ( humans + machines ) : smart , collaborative robots are reinventing manufacturing productivity through flexibility , adapting to variable environments and performing tasks like humans do .
rural sourcing , inc . ( matching ) : creates american it jobs by opening software development centers in smaller cities to provide a cost - effective alternative to offshore outsourcing .
skills for chicagoland ' s future ( matching ) : creates talent solutions that meet employers ' hiring needs and moves unemployed / underemployed individuals into jobs through its demand - driven model .
soko , inc . ( new models ) : an ethical fashion brand , catalyzing global supply chain innovation and empowering marginalized artisans to compete in the global fashion market .
uaspire ( judges ' choice ) : drives better - informed college affordability decisions for students through two - way , text - based advising to best ensure they enroll , persist , and complete a degree with minimal debt .
viridis learning , inc . ( matching ) : connects colleges , students and employers . leverages existing college data that matches students to work using verified knowledge and skills , making recruiting cost - effective and efficient .
all of these winners exhibited amazing innovation and a commitment to creating a more inclusive future . they are leveraging technology to improve economic opportunity for the broad middle and base of the income distribution ,
said
, mit sloan professor of information technology and director of the mit initiative on the digital economy .
each one is proof that technology can be used as a tool to create jobs and help people – customers , employees , and employers alike .
, principal research scientist at mit sloan and co - director of the mit initiative on the digital economy .
with this competition , we ' ve uncovered companies that are not using technology to automate and replace workers , but rather to enhance services , products , and the lives of workers .
the mit initiative on the digital economy ( ide ) explores how people and businesses will work , interact , and prosper in an era of profound digital transformation . working alone and with public and private sector partners , the ide supports and conducts groundbreaking research in the areas of productivity and employment , big data , new digital business models , and social analytics . the ide sponsors fellowships ; hosts competitions , conferences , and roundtables ; and supports other events that inspire new ideas . the ide believes that challenges posed by the digital economy not only are solvable , but that technology will create new opportunities for people and businesses to thrive . for more information , visit urltoken
is where smart , independent leaders come together to solve problems , create new organizations , and improve the world . learn more at
copyright © 2018 pr newswire association llc . all rights reserved . a cision company .
the inclusive innovation challenge awards one million dollars to organizations that are solving a grand challenge of our time — to reinvent the future of work .
the mit ide inclusive innovation competition celebrates organizations that create economic opportunity in the digital era .
thanks to our group of judges , who delivered over one thousand reviews , we have identified our first official class of iic finalists — 24 organizations that are inventing a more inclusive , productive , and sustainable future for all .
we are pleased to announce the following award candidates , all of which support people who earn middle - and base - level incomes . each of these candidates will receive a prize in one of four categories ( skills , matching , humans + machines , and new models ) or a judges’ choice award .
all finalists will be awarded $ 25 , 000 . four grand prize winners will be selected and announced on september 27 at the iic awards ceremony at the mit media lab to receive an additional $ 100 , 000 prize . the iic awards celebration , hosted by ide director prof . erik brynjolfsson and ide co - director andrew mcafee , is free and open to the public . to register , visit urltoken .
throughout the month of september , we will spotlight each finalist’s work and video on twitter . follow us at @ mit _ iic .
from a quick cheer to a standing ovation , clap to show how much you enjoyed this story .
the ide explores how people and businesses work , interact , and prosper in an era of profound digital transformation . we are leading the discussion on the digital economy .
never miss a story from mit initiative on the digital economy , when you sign up for medium . learn more
contributing editor ginger conlon , drives executive interviews with cmos of leading martech companies at martech advisor . as part of mta’s video q & a series she discusses the latest trends in martech , the challenges of this ever - burgeoning landscape and opportunities therein besides the skill - sets marketing chiefs are on the lookout for to build their teams . ginger also overlooks mta’s media relations and provides on - site coverage for mta’s partner events . ginger has covered marketing , sales , and customer service strategies and technologies for more than 25 years . she has in the past been the chief editor of direct marketing news and has been cited as a “top 100 most social customer service pros on twitter” and a “top 25 crm influencers you should be following . ”
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urltoken
in this interview , prayag discusses how being a marketer has never been both easy and difficult all at the same time . he explains the need to move away from generic messaging for true personalization and why it ' s important to develop a data - scientist approach to overcome the data nightmare that has befallen marketers . this forbes 30 under 30 ( 2012 ) uc berkeley alum describes himself as , “a standup guy who loves history , poetry , startups and scotch . ”
excellent , i love the data and intuition combination . so , let ' s talk about leadgen and marketing . so , there is so much customer and prospect data available today , there ' s an ever growing list of channels and touch points , but it really doesn ' t seem to be any easier for marketers to build their sales funnel . what do you see as the challenge there ?
i think there are multiple challenges that are facing marketers and being a marketer has never been easier or never been harder , at the same time , so , we are living in some very interesting times . i think the number one issue facing a marketer today is that marketers are expected to be data scientists , they are expected to be able to consume a lot of data , there ' s more and more data available today than ever before and marketers are expected to consume all of that data together and create a marketing strategy and execute on that strategy , and do it in a manner that looks at all the data that’s available to them , and at the same time the tools that are available to them to consume this data are very limited .
so , the primary tools that are available to marketers and marketing automation platforms , marketo , hubspot , pardot , all these platforms they are built for a different era in my opinion , they were built for 20th century but they are not built around , what i would call the modern principles of any kind of modern software , artificial intelligence , big data . so
but at the same time , it ' s never been a better time to be a marketer . there is , as i said , so much data available to you as a marketer , you can really use that data to identify the best customer , to really hone in on the best strategy and use the best channels to target those customers , a lot of these channels didn ' t exist five years ago and a lot of these , the data that is available to take advantage of these channels also didn’t exist five years ago . so , these are exciting times , i think there ' s going to be a lot of change that’s going to happen in marketing automation in the next five to ten years and i ' m really excited about the future and both being a part of the industry and as a ceo who has a decent sized marketing team in our organization .
the first thing to do is to really kind of look at a holistic picture and figure out what are the most important priorities for you as a marketer and try to build your marketing stack or try to build your solution that you ' re going to rely on around your problems . marketing automation has seen a lot of new players come in in the last five years , so , it ' s easy today to get distracted by different tools that are available and there ' s a lot of promise that’s being made . so , first thing is to
i think that ' s the number one key , first step that marketers can take .
so , get to the crux of the value that you ' re getting from a solution rather than getting distracted by the bells and whistles . for example , for us , when i go and talk about our solution , we have a fairly complicated technology that we have built , one of the big outputs that we provide to you is measurable improvement , in the map of your target market , the information you have about your decision makers and the contact information that you have about decision makers , you can measure that with a fairly simple exercise . so , i encourage all our customers to go and do that measurement so they know in the end , at the very core what they are getting . so , i think that ' s the approach that i recommend all marketers use . so , that will be the number one thing .


waspaloy is a registered trademark of united technologies corp that refers to an age hardening austenitic ( face-centred cubic ) nickel-based superalloy .

waspaloy alloy is typically used in high temperature applications , particularly in gas turbines .

waspaloy

a modified waspaloy composition for such shafts and disks is described in us 5 120 373 .
waspaloy - nickel alloy precipitation hardened by gamma prime with high strength and oxidation resistance to 1600°f . applications are gas turbine components including shafts and fasteners .
waspaloy is a precipitation hardening , nickel - based alloy which has been used in elevated temperature applications . the alloy has been used for gas turbine engine parts which require considerable strength and corrosion resistance at temperatures up to 1600°f ( 871°c ) . waspaloy is usually vacuum - induction plus consumable electrode remelted .
waspaloy has excellent resistance to corrosion by combustion products , encountered in gas turbines and aircraft jet engines , at temperatures up to 1600°f . intergranular oxidation occurs at temperatures above 1600°f .
an as - cast - and - wrought embodiment of the present invention has been reduced to practice and comparatively evaluated with alloy 718 and waspaloy , the closest competitive alloys . as discussed earlier , alloy 718 has excellent castability and weldability , but insufficient mechanical properties above about 1150°f . waspaloy has good mechanical properties up to about 1300°f , but is castable and weldable only with difficulty .
the preferred composition can be viewed as a derivative of the commercial alloy known as waspaloy ( nominal composition 19 . 5 % cr , 13 . 5 % co , 4 . 2 % mo , 3 . 0 % ti , 1 . 4 % al , 0 . 05 % c , 0 . 007 % b , 0 . 07 % zr , 0 - 2 % fe , balance ni ) . waspaloy is the most widely used superalloy and it is a significant economic advantage that the present invention preferred composition can be produced using a large quantity of waspaloy scrap or revert material .
this page has links to all data sheets in matweb for the tradename waspaloy . we have several search tools , listed above , that give you more efficient methods to reach the information that you need .
waspaloy® ams 5706 bar is difficult to machine , even in the solution treated condition . rigid set - up , plenty of power , sharp tools and positive cuts are important . use of carbide or ceramic tools is required .
in casting and weldability trials , the wrought alloy 991 and the alloy 718 had excellent castability and weldability , evaluated qualitatively . the waspaloy baseline alloy was difficult to cast and weld , and showed extensive surface cracking during casting .
waspaloy® round bar - ams 5708 ( type 2 is capable of ams 5709 ) is a nickel - based alloy containing chromium and cobalt typically used in aircraft fasteners where high strength up to 1500° f and oxidation resistance up to 1750° f is required . waspaloy® round bar is multiple melted , usually with either a vacuum induction melt ( vim ) followed by a vacuum arc remelt ( var ) , or a vacuum induction melt ( vim ) followed by an electroslag remelt ( esr ) .
waspaloy is an austenitic super alloy that is based in nickel . it is age - hardening and was created by the united technologies corp . this alloy is often used in severe conditions for shafts , rings , seals , turbine disks , and gas turbine blades .
non - magnetic . waspaloy® bar - ams 5706 maintains high strength , toughness , and excellent rupture properties to 1400ºf ( 760˚c ) . this alloy has good resistance to oxidation and sulfidation to 1600ºf ( 871˚c ) due to its high chromium content . waspaloy® bar - ams 5706 displays excellent resistance to corrosion by combustion products encountered in gas turbines and aircraft jet engines at temperatures up to 1600ºf ( 871ºc ) . intergranular oxidation occurs at temperatures above 1600ºf ( 871ºc ) . this alloy has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking and adequate hot corrosion resistance .
another advantage is that this material in astm 10 and finer grain size can be electron beam welded without difficulty . in contrast , conventional ( coarse grain ) waspaloy is marginally e . b . weldable at best , even though it contains less gamma prime and is weaker .
abdul - latif aa , ferney vv , saanouni kk . fatigue damage initiation in waspaloy under complex cyclic loading . asme . j . eng . mater . technol . 1999 ; 121 ( 3 ) : 278 - 285 . doi : 10 . 1115 / 1 . 2812376 .
related compositions are known in the art including those superalloy materials known as waspaloy , udimet 720 , astroloy and rene 88 which are described in patents including u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 977 , 222 , 4 , 083 , 734 , and 4 , 957 , 567 .
the major difference between waspaloy and the preferred composition is that the preferred composition contains larger amounts of gamma prime formers ( al and ti ) and therefore contains about 1 . 3 times more gamma prime ( about 40 % by volume ) than does waspaloy . the increased gamma prime levels produce increased strength properties . the material also has an increased gamma prime solvus temperature , this permits the material to be processed below the gamma prime solvus , but at a high enough temperature so that the capacities of forging equipment is not exceeded . the preferred material possesses , to our knowledge , the best resistance to crack growth for this level of gamma prime and strength .
the alloys were tested in creep at 1200°f and 98 , 000 pounds per square inch load . the accepted measure of performance is the time to creep to 0 . 2 percent strain , with longer times being better . the alloy 718 had creep times ranging from 40 to 105 hours . the alloy 991 had creep times ranging from 155 to more than 210 hours ( testing was terminated at 210 hours ) . the waspaloy had creep times ranging from 155 to more than 215 hours ( testing was terminated at 215 hours ) . the alloy 718 is not suitable for service at this temperature , while the alloy 991 had properties comparable with those of waspaloy .
abstract of the disclosure weldable cast nickel base superalloy nickel base superalloys of the type referred to as waspaloy are rendered weldable by limiting the iron content to about one twentieth of that which is commonly present , adding small amounts of manganese to the alloy and removing the zirconium which is commonly present . in addition , the sulfur , bismuth and lead levels are held to the lowest possible limits , and preferably the aluminum and molybdenum are maintained in the lower half of their normal range . by implementing these alloying strategies , the weldability of the cast material is dramatically improved and for the first time castings of the waspaloy materials are rendered consistently weldable on a commercial scale .
the low - cycle fatigue damage initiation in waspaloy under complex cyclic loading ( out - of - phase ) is studied from experimental and theoretical viewpoints . special emphasis is put on the transgranular damage development and results are compared to those reproduced in the literature . a physico - phenomenological model based on slip theory is used to predict the damage initiation lives as well as the directional aspect of the damage distribution . in this model , the micro - damage is supposed to initiate and then evolve on the activated crystallographic slip systems . the theoretical results are compared to both the experimental ones concerning the same material ( waspaloy ) as well as other experimental results extracted from the literature .
alternatively , an alloy of desired composition may be conventionally processed to have a coarser grain structure , for example , of approximately astm 3 - 7 such as that employed for the commercial alloy known as waspaloy ( nominal composition , in weight percent , of 19 . 5cr , 13 . 5co , 4 . 2mo , 3 . 0ti , 1 . 4al , 0 . 05c , 0 . 007b , 0 . 05 zr , bal ni ) .
hardness of aerodyne alloys stock is typically 230 bhn . supplied in the solution treated condition – 1825 - 1900ºf ( 996 - 1038˚c ) for 1 hour . waspaloy® bar - ams 5706 exhibits best machinability in this condition . after machining , parts are normally stabilized at 1550ºf ( 843˚c ) for 4 hours , air cooled , followed by precipitation aging at 1400ºf ( 760˚c ) for 16 hours , air cooled . the hardness of this alloy in the fully heat treated condition ranges from 34 to 44 rockwell c .
annealing hardening and strength properties are developed by precipitation of gamma prime ( ni 3 tial ) . the solution temperature for gamma prime in waspaloy is normally 1860 / 1880°f . this is also the temperature range at which grain growth begins . annealed , or low hardness can be obtained only by cooling very rapidly from temperatures above the gamma prime solvus . water quenching will result in hardnesses as low as rockwell b 90 , while air cooling will result in rockwell c 28 / 30 . uniform low hardness cannot be obtained on sections having condiderable mass . air cooling is desirable for large sections .
the waspaloy baseline material had a nominal composition , in weight percent , of about 19 . 02 percent chromium , about 13 . 13 percent cobalt , about 0 . 55 percent iron , about 4 . 18 percent molybdenum , about 0 . 01 percent niobium , about 0 . 02 percent tantalum , less than about 0 . 01 percent tungsten , less than about 0 . 01 percent copper , about 0 . 01 percent manganese , about 0 . 01 percent vanadium , less than about 0 . 01 percent silicon , about 2 . 98 percent titanium , about 1 . 41 percent aluminum , about 0 . 03 percent carbon , less than about 0 . 06 percent zirconium , balance nickel and impurities .
waspaloy is one of the original nickel based superalloys . this material uses precipitation hardening forming two phases within one grain of material . the ni , ti and al form the basis of the γ and γ’ phases which make it a superalloy . to stop this material from corroding , we add cr to help out the al . although this material uses precipitates to prevent movement of holes / dislocations in the material , it also uses solid solution strengthening . by adding cr , co and mo , this introduces atomic arrangements and bonds that also make it difficult for dislocations / holes to form , join together and move about . this material is capable of handling temperatures up to 650°c when the part is rotating at high speeds .
welding waspaloy should always be in the annealed or solution treated condition before attempting welding . good fit up and careful control of arc length and current input will minimize weld restraint . a clean surface is important - - chemical descaling , cleaning solvents , vapor blasting ( not sand blasting ) , and emery cleaning are recommended . any molten weld metal should be protected from atmospheric contamination . argon is recommended for both sides of butt joints . rapid cooling of the weld area is best practice . copper back - up bars and / or water - cooled fixtures or sprays are recommended . all welded parts should be re - solution treated .
strain - age
cracking can be minimized by heating welded parts through the aging temperature as rapidly as possible .
this is another precipitation hardened nickel based superalloy . when we compare it to waspaloy we see it has more ti and al , meaning it is lighter . it also means we can form more γ’ phase which makes the material less sensitive to changes in temperature . the cr and al once again provide corrosion resistance . solid solution strengthening is also achieved by adding cr , co and mo . inconel 100 also can have 0 . 18 % c . this carbon with the help of cr and mo form carbides which is different phase , that sits on the grain boundaries . by having these carbides on the grain boundaries it can also thwart holes / dislocations from causing damage . this is how this material is capable of dealing with temperatures just over 1000°c .
figure 1 is a sectional view of a cast article of manufacture , illustrated as a static structure 20 in the high - pressure turbine of a gas turbine engine . the use of the present invention is not limited to this cast article of manufacture , which is presented by way of illustration and not limitation . the static structure 20 is a relatively thin - walled cast article . the static structure 20 experiences a maximum service temperature of about 1300°f , which is too high a temperature to use alloy 718 as its material of construction . under conventional practice the static structure 20 would be cast of a higher - temperature alloy such as waspaloy or rene™ 220c . however , these latter higher - temperature alloys are difficult and expensive to cast and weld , leading to excessive cost for the static structure 20 .
3 , 625 , 678 ; 3 , 723 , 107 ; 3 , 850 , 624 ; 4 , 110 , 110 ; 4 , 213 , 026 and 4 , 456 , 481 . 128 ~ ; 9 ~ in view of the substantial number of issued u . s . patents in this limited alloy area , it is not surprising that many elements have been added to and / or removed from the basic composition to achieve various purposes . in particular , u . s . patent no . 3 , 166 , 412 deals with a casting made from a waspaloy type composition and states , in part , that iron is an undesirable element in the alloy and it should not be present in amounts exceeding 0 . 5 % and preferably not greater than 0 . 25 % the nature of the problems resulting from the presence of iron and / or the benefits achieved by limiting iron to these ranges is not set forth . the patent makes no reference to welding or weldability . similarly , certain patents teach the addition of manganese in superalloys for purposes relating to improving weldability , for example , u . s . patent no .
the thermodynamic stability of the alloys at the required service temperatures is an important consideration . to evaluate the thermodynamic stability , specimens were subjected to creep loading at 1200°f for 212 hours at a loading of 98 , 000 pounds per square inch , and thereafter exposed to a temperature of 1400°f for 100 hours . the specimens were thereafter tensile tested at 1300°f . comparison specimens were not subjected to the creep testing and exposure at 1400°f , but were tensile tested at 1300°f . in each case , the uts ratio is the ratio of the ultimate tensile strength of the exposed specimens to the ultimate tensile strength of the unexposed specimens . the ys ratio is the ratio of the 0 . 2 percent yield strength of the exposed specimens to the 0 . 2 percent yield strength of the unexposed specimens . a ratio of close to 1 is desirable in each case . for the alloy 718 , the uts ratio is about 0 . 8 , and the ys ratio is about 0 . 66 . for the alloy 991 , the uts ratio is about 0 . 91 , and the ys ratio is about 0 . 87 . for the waspalloy , the uts ratio is about 1 . 05 , and the ys ratio is about 1 . 04 . alloy 718 has significant degradation of properties in this test , alloy 991 has moderate but acceptable degradation of properties , and waspaloy actually has an improvement in properties .
ra330® - the workhorse of austenitic heat resistant alloys . good strength , carburization and oxidation resistance up to 2100°f .
ra333® - a nickel base superalloy with excellent carburization , oxidation , and hot corrosion resistance . it has high creep rupture strength with exceptional ability to withstand repeated thermal shock . . .
ra 602 ca® - one of the most oxidation resistant high strength , heat resistant nickel alloys available . useful through 2200°f .
inconel 600 - a nickel - chromium alloy with good carburization and oxidation resistance through 2000°f .
601 is a nickel - base alloy with high chromium and an aluminum addition . outstanding oxidation resistance to 2200°f , good strength and carburization resistance .
625 alloy is high creep - rupture strength , oxidation resistant to 1800°f ( 982°c ) . excellent resistance to hot seawater , scrubber environments and reducing acids .
inconel 718 - nickel alloy precipitation hardened by gamma prime and double prime . readily fabricated , weldable even in the hardened condition . used for gas turbine components to 1200°f , as well as . . .
alloy x - good strength and ease of fabrication , with excellent oxidation resistance through 2000°f . widely used for aircraft , marine and industrial gas turbine combustors .
invar 36 is a nickel - iron , low - expansion alloy containing 36 % nickel . used for molds and dies to form composites .
al - 6xn® alloy ( uns n08367 ) is a low carbon , high purity , nitrogen - bearing
super - austenitic
stainless alloy . the al6xn alloy was designed to be a seawater resistant material and has since been demonstrated . . .
alloy x - 750 is a nickel chromium alloy similar to alloy 600 but made precipitation hardenable by additions of aluminum and titanium .
800 h / at - high strength austenitic heat resistant alloy for asme code applications to 1650°f .
alloy 20 - the alloy designated specifically to withstand sulfuric acid . practical immunity to chloride stress corrosion cracking . stabilized to prevent intergranular corrosion as welded . resistant to . . .
zeron 100 - a highly alloyed super duplex stainless steel for use in seawater desalination and many aggressive environments . minimum pren of 40 .
ldx 2101 - a lean duplex stainless steel offering excellent strength , scc resistance and economy .
ra 253 ma® - an advanced micro - alloyed austenitic heat resistant alloy . high creep - rupture strength and outstanding oxidation resistance through 2000°f .
309 stainless steel - austenitic , oxidation resistant to 1900°f , moderate strength . useful in reducing sulfidizing atmospheres .
310 stainless steel - austenitic heat resistant grade with higher chromium and nickel for oxidation resistance beyond 2000°f . good sulfidation and hot corrosion resistance .
stainless 440c is a high - carbon martensitic stainless steel . as a martensitic stainless steel , 440c is magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment .
321 stainless steel - a titanium stabilized austenitic stainless commonly used for service in the 1000 - 1600°f range .
17 - 4 is an age - hardening martensitic stainless steel . good strength and corrosion resistance . simple heat treatment .
a286 - precipitation hardenable iron base alloy for continuous use from - 320 to 1000°f . aqueous corrosion resistance similar to 316l stainless . used for jet engine components , high temperature fasteners . . .
304h is an 18 - 8 stainless with elevated carbon and coarser grain structure to increase high temperature strength . useful up to 1500°f .
304 / 304l is an austenitic stainless steel ; low carbon for as - welded corrosion resistance .
316 / l , 316 stainless steel - molybdenum alloyed austenitic stainless . most popular chemical process grade .
416 stainless steel is a free - machining martensitic stainless steel with 12 - 13 % chromium that can be hardened by heat treatment to higher strength and hardness levels . in the annealed condition , it has . . .
446 stainless steel is a high chromium ferritic alloy with excellent oxidation and sulfidation resistance . low strength .
317l / 317 stainless steel - an austenitic stainless steel with increased molybdenum content for improved pitting resistance .
303 is an
18 - 8
chromium - nickel stainless steel modified by the addition of selenium or sulphur , as well as phosphorus , to improve machinability and non - seizing properties . .
prodec® 303 - rolled alloys machining grade of 303 stainless steel is a fully resulfurized free - machining austenitic stainless steel melted and processed to maximize machinability . .
prodec® 304l - rolled alloys machining grade of 304 / l stainless steel for improved machinability and outstanding uniformity . .
prodec® 316 / 316l - rolled alloys machining grade of 316 / l stainless steel for improved machinability and outstanding uniformity . .
prodec® 17 - 4 is an enhanced machining version of 17 - 4 stainless ph . trials have shown prodec 17 - 4 to provide up to 30 % faster machining speeds without sacrificing tool life when compared to standard . . .
rolled alloys offers 13 - 8 round bar in stock and available online . martensitic ph stainless with high strength , hardness , superior toughness and good corrosion resistance .
nitronic® 50 / n50 - high strength and good corrosion resistance . nearly 2x strength of 304 & 316 with better corrosion resistance than 317l .
nitronic® 60 / n60 - excellent galling resistance at high temperatures . used for fasteners and pins .
6 - 4 titanium - most widely used of all of the alpha - beta titanium alloys . used through 750°f .
6al - 4v eli - extra low interstitial version of 6 - 4 grade to maximize toughness . commonly used for medical implants .
ti 6al - 4v sta ( solution treated and aged ) is a modified version of ti 6al - 4v . it is heat treated for high strength in sections under 4
thick .
188 - cobalt base with high strength and oxidation resistance to 2000°f , used for gas turbine combustor cans .
alloy c263 is an aluminum - titanium age hardening nickel base superalloy welding wire . gas tungsten arc welding is normally carried out using argon shielding gas .
rené 41 - precipitation hardened nickel alloy with excellent strength through 1600°f . used for gas turbine and missile hot components , including bolting and springs .
tribaloy® t - 800® is a cobalt - chromium - molybdenum alloy which inhibits galling between sliding surfaces where lubrication is difficult . anti - galling hardfacing weld wire . low coefficient of friction .
694 ( cm - 64 ) - hardfacing weld wire for turbine blade interlock surfaces . resists wear , thermal fatigue and oxidation .
alloy l605 ( also referenced as haynes® 25 ) is the strongest of the fabricable cobalt alloys , useful for continuous service to 1800°f .
predominantly produced by vim - var melt method . solution treated , centerless ground or rough turned .
the technical data provided is for information only and not for design purposes . it is not warranted or guaranteed .
typical stock removal rate : 30 - 50 surface feet / minute with carbide tooling .
specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 25 density lb / cubic in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 294 kg / cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8138
solution treated 4 hrs . 1975°f ( 1080°c ) , ac stabilization aged 24 hrs . 1550°f ( 843°c ) , ac precipitation aged 16 hrs . 1400°f ( 760°c ) , ac
hot working hot working is usually conducted in the temperature range 1850 / 2150°f . the recommended furnace temperature is 2150°f . finishing should be discontinued at a temperature not lower than 1850°f ( optical ) . whether possible , the hot working should proceed at a rate designed to maintain the proper hot - working temperature through internal
frictional heat .
if deformation is too rapid , the temperature of the workpiece can
build up
and exceed the recommended 2150°f temperature and
hot short
tears will result . the alloy is normally air cooled from the hot - work operation .
* aging : 1550°f ( 843°c ) / 4 hours / a . c . + 1400 ( 760°c ) / 16 hrs / a . c .
* aging : 1550°f ( 843°c ) / 4 hours / a . c + 1400 ( 760°c ) / 16 hrs / a . c .
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this age hardenable nickel base super alloy has very good strength in temperatures up to about 980 o c ( 1800 o f ) . it’s strength is generally comparable to that of rene 41 and is generally superior to that of alloy 718 at temperatures exceeding 650 – 705 o c ( 1200 – 1300 o f ) .
the above tensile strength ranges are typical . if you require different please ask .
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the invention relates to nickel base superalloy articles having machined surfaces . the superalloy articles possess superior low cycle fatigue strength and are particularly suited for gas turbine engine components such as shafts , disks , spacers and seals .
nickel base superalloys are commonly employed for gas turbine engine components such as shafts and disks . as a result of the demand for improved performance and efficiency , the components of a modem gas turbine engine operate near the limit of their properties with respect to temperature , stress , and oxidation / corrosion . due to these aggressive operating environments , the superalloy materials from which the components are made must possess a combination of exceptional properties including high strength capability at elevated temperatures and rotational speeds .
in particular , nickel base superalloy articles suitable for components such as shafts and disks must possess superior low cycle fatigue strength because repeated cycling between full engine power and idle induces a cycle of thermomechanical stress within the engine . such superalloy articles must possess superior low cycle fatigue strength in order to withstand such conditions .
superalloy articles for components such as disks are typically machined to bring them to finished geometry . for example , billet material or a forged component may be inserted into a lathe wherein a tool insert removes layers of superalloy material , while the component spins , until the correct geometry or diameter is achieved .
a problem , however , with some prior art machined disks , particularly lathe turned disks using tungsten carbide tool inserts , is that they display low cycle fatigue failures at relatively low lives , under testing conditions .
accordingly , there exists a need for machined nickel base superalloy articles having superior low cycle fatigue strength .
it is also know from q . huang and jing xin ren :
surface integrity and its effects on the fatigue life of nickel based superalloy gtt 33a
, internat . journal fatigue , july 1991 , pages 322 to 3 . that machining surface irregularities have an effect on low cycle fatigue strength .
it has been found that the low cycle fatigue strength of tungsten carbide turned nickel base superalloy materials suitable for components such as disks ( i . e . cast / wrought superalloys ) is limited by microstructural damage to the surface and near surface of the superalloy article which occurs during the machining process . for example , during the lathe turning process , the carbide tool insert damages the primary mc carbides thereby resulting in microstructural and residual stress damage to the surface and near surface of the article . testing has shown that this microstructural damage is responsible for initiating low cycle fatigue failures at relatively low lives .
mc carbides typically form in the melt when the material is between its solidus and liquidus temperature range . the m stands for one or more types of metal atoms , including but not limited to , titanium and molybdenum ; c represents the carbon present in the carbide . the presence of refractory elements such as molybdenum and titanium in combination with carbon lead to the natural occurrence of mc carbides in cast / wrought superalloys . due to the high temperature of mc carbide formation , these carbides cannot be eliminated or modified through heat treatment practices . a characteristic of the mc carbides is their tendency to be present in linear arrays of individual carbide particles known as carbide stringers after forging . carbide stringers act to increase the effective size of the individual particles which in turn has a negative impact on low cycle fatigue life properties .
in accordance with the invention , a machined surface of a hot deformed nickel base superalloy article possessing an exceptional combination of properties , particularly low cycle fatigue strength is disclosed . the composition of the nickel base superalloy article is , in weight percent , 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 15 . 5cr , 3 . 0mo , 13 . 5co , 0 . 015c , 0 . 015b , 0 . 04zr , 0 . 001 - 0 . 005mg , balance ni and unavoidable impurities . the nickel base superalloy further comprises a plurality of discrete mc carbides where m is predominantly titanium and c is carbon , free from . molybdenum for increased fatigue strength . the superalloy is also free of carbide stringers . the machined surface of the nickel base superalloy article is further characterized by the presence of minimal damage during conventional tungsten carbide lathe turning .
providing a nickel base superalloy composition , said composition comprising , in weight percent , 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 15 . 5cr , 13 . 5co , 0 . 015c , 0 . 015b , 0 . 04zr , 0 . 001 - 0 . 005mg , balance ni and unavoidable impurities ;
adding , in weight percent , 3 . 0mo , thereby forming a final composition ;
machining the surface of the article , said article being characterised by being free of carbide stringers and by the presence of a plurality of discrete mc carbides , where m is predominantly titanium and c is carbon , which are free from molybdenum for increased fatigue strength .
the subject invention is based in part on the following findings and observations : eliminating molybdenum from the carbides of the above superalloy results in significant improvements in low cycle fatigue life because during machining of the superalloy article , particularly during tungsten carbide lathe turning , such molybdenum - free carbides are not excessively damaged and do not cause premature low cycle fatigue failure of the article . molybdenum ' s adverse effect on low cycle fatigue strength based on its presence in carbides of wrought superalloys has never before been known or appreciated . this is a significant finding
an advantage of the invention is that superalloy articles made therefrom possess excellent low cycle fatigue strength .
yet another advantage of the invention is that ingots made from the superalloy material of the invention can be fabricated in various size diameters such as diameters greater than or equal to 24 inches ( 0 . 61m ) thus allowing for the production of large size gas turbine engine hardware such as disks . this is a significant advantage because ingots fabricated from some prior art wrought superalloy materials have a maximum diameter of 20 inches ( 0 . 51m ) before casting defects occur and thus they cannot be employed for production of large size gas turbine engine hardware .
figure 1 is a weibull chart depicting the low cycle fatigue strength of the present invention compared to the low cycle fatigue strength of a prior art alloy .
in accordance with the invention , a nickel base superalloy article is disclosed . the article possesses an exceptional combination of properties and has a machined surface . the terms
machined surface
herein refer to a surface of an article which has been processed to , for example , a desired shape or geometry ; mechanical processing may be employed . machining processes include , but are not limited to , lathe turning , milling and broaching .
the compositional range of the nickel base superalloy article , in weight percent , is 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 15 . 5cr , 3 . 0mo , 13 . 5co , 0 . 015c , 0 . 015b , 0 . 04zr , 0 . 001 - 0 . 005mg , balance ni and unavoidable impurities .
superalloy articles of the invention may be conventionally fabricated . preferably , the articles are fabricated as follows : a casting of the desired composition is made by vacuum induction melting followed by vacuum arc remelting . the cast material is then preferably processed in accordance with one of two primary schemes or combination thereof , as described in u . s . patent 5 , 120 , 373 .
as also described in u . s . patent 5 , 120 , 373 , the material may alternately be hot worked at a temperature above the gamma prime solvus . it is also possible to accomplish this initial hot working operation using a combination of steps above and below the gamma prime solvus in conjunction with appropriate combinations of intermediate hypersolvus or supersolvus treatments .
after the material has been deformed an amount in excess of 0 . 5 cumulative true strain , it is given an overage treatment to produce a significantly enlarged gamma prime particle size over that which would normally be present . the resultant microstructure is termed
overaged .
the overaging process is similar to that which is described in u . s . patent 4 , 574 , 015 . the overaging process consists of cooling the material at a rate of less than about 100°f ( 56°c ) and preferably 50°f ( 28°c ) per hour , ( and most preferably less than 20°f ( 11°c ) per hour ) through the gamma prime solvus . the resultant coarsened gamma prime particle size will be in excess of 1µm and preferably in excess of 2µm .
this overaged material is then further hot deformed an amount in excess of that required to produce a cumulative true strain of 0 . 9 , and preferably a true cumulative strain of at least 1 . 6 . this strain does not include that undergone before the overage treatment . a strain rate of at least about 0 . 1 in / in / min ( 1 . 6x10 - 3 s - 1 ) is employed . this further deformation is accomplished below the gamma prime solvus ( but within 200°f ( 111°c ) ) and without intermediate anneals . intermediate anneals may be performed at temperatures below but within 200°f ( 111°c ) of the gamma prime solvus temperature .
the resultant material , as processed in accordance with the above description , will have an exceptionally fine grain size , predominately finer than astm grain size 10 and preferably on the order of astm 12 or finer .
the volume fraction of gamma prime present in the alloy of the present invention is between 35 - 45 percent , depending upon the amount of aluminium and titanium employed in the composition .
the inventive material also includes a plurality of discrete mc carbides . the diameter of the discrete carbides may be between about 0 . 0005 inches ( 12 . 7µm ) and about 0 . 0025 inches ( 63 . 5µm ) . diameters on the order of between about 0 . 0006 inches ( 15 . 2µm ) and about 0 . 0007 inches ( 17 . 8µm ) may often be present . the resultant material is further characterized by an absence of carbide stringers .
applicant has also determined that in addition to controlling the amount of molybdenum present in the mc carbides , the amount of carbon must also be controlled such that discrete carbides form , as opposed to detrimental carbide stringers . this is possible by controlling the amount of carbon in the superalloy composition to 0 . 015 weight percent . as a result of the invention , discrete carbides of carbon and predominantly titanium result .
a nickel base superalloy material known as pwa 1113 ( nominal composition , in weight percent , of 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 16 . 3cr , 4 . 2mo , 13 . 5co , 0 . 032c , 0 . 006b , 0 . 07zr , 0 . 0025mg balance ni ) and regarded as among the best prior art high strength , nickel base superalloys used for components such as shafts , seals and disks was processed in accordance with the teachings of u . s . patent no . 5 , 120 , 373 . the superalloy material of the invention ( 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 15 . 5cr , 3mo , 13 . 5co , 0 . 015c , 0 . 015b , 0 . 04zr , 0 . 0025mg , bal ni ) was also processed by method disclosed therein .
an advantage of the invention is that the operating stress on components fabricated from the invention can be raised approximately five percent while maintaining the same cyclic fatigue life as the prior art alloy . a corresponding reduction in component weight may then also be achieved .
the superalloy material of the invention , as described in example 1 , was subjected to conventional ultimate tensile strength testing at various temperatures . this material exhibited high strength , as detailed in table 1 below .
an advantage of the invention is that superalloy articles of the invention comprise a plurality of discrete carbides essentially free from molybdenum for increased fatigue strength . applicant has discovered that a significant improvement in low cycle fatigue strength can be obtained if molybdenum is essentially eliminated from the carbides . molybdenum ' s adverse effect on low cycle fatigue strength in machined articles has never before been appreciated or understood .
thus , the present invention provides a machined surface of a nickel base superalloy article which is suitable for hot deformed gas turbine engine components such as shafts and disks , wherein the machined surface is not damaged during conventional tungsten carbide lathe turning such that the article of finished geometry possesses superior low cycle fatigue strength .
a hot deformed nickel base superalloy article having a machined surface , said superalloy article comprising a composition , in weight percent , of 2 . 2al , 4 . 6ti , 15 . 5cr , 3 . 0mo , 13 . 5co , 0 . 015c , 0 . 015b , 0 . 04zr , 0 . 001 - 0 . 005mg , balance ni and unavoidable impurities , said superalloy article being free of carbide stringers and further comprising a plurality of discrete mc carbides , where m is predominantly titanium and c is carbon , which are free from molybdenum for increased fatigue strength .
e . f . bradley
superalloys - a technical guide
, p . 9 asm international ohio , usa , november 1989 , isbn 0 - 87170327
r . t . holt and w . wallace :
impurities and trace elements in nickel - base superalloys
international metals reviews , review 203 , march 1976 , pages 1 - 24
lapsed in a contracting state announced via postgrant inform . from nat . office to epo
a process for producing a fine grain forged superalloy article having a high yield strength at intermediate temperatures . a preferred starting composition comprises , by weight , 15 % cr , 13 . 6 % co , 4 . 1 % mo , 4 . 6 % ti , 2 . 2 % al , 0 . 01 % c , 0 . 007 % b , 0 . 07 % zr , balance ni . this material is forged at a temperature above the gamma prime solvus and at a true strain of at least 0 . 5 . alternately , the material may be forged below the gamma prime solvus temperature with intermediate super solvus anneals . the overaged material is then worked at a temperature below the gamma prime solvus . the resultant fine grain material is then heat treated or can be further isothermally forged prior to heat treatment to produce complex shapes .
this application is a continuation of application ser . no . 07 / 991 , 084 , filed dec . 14 , 1992 , now abandoned , which is a continuation of application ser . no . 07 / 685 , 581 , filed apr . 15 , 1991 , and now abandoned .
the present invention relates to a process for forging superalloys within a particular composition range . the resultant material is fine grained and has good intermediate temperature mechanical properties . the fine grain material may also be further processed by isothermal forging .
nickel base superalloys are widely used in gas turbine engines and have evolved greatly over the last 50 years . as used herein the term superalloy will mean a nickel base superalloy containing a substantial amount of the gamma prime ( ni 3 al ) strengthening phase , preferably from about 30 to about 50 volume percent of the gamma prime phase .
processing techniques for superalloys have also evolved and many of the newer processes are quite costly .
u . s . pat . no . 3 , 519 , 503 describes an isothermal forging process for producing complex superalloy shapes . this process is currently widely used , and as currently practiced requires that the starting material be produced by powder metallurgy techniques . the reliance on powder metallurgy techniques makes this process expensive .
u . s . pat . no . 4 , 574 , 015 deals with a method for improving the forgeability of superalloys by producing overaged microstructures in such alloys . the gamma prime phase particle size is greatly increased over that which would normally be observed .
u . s . pat . no . 4 , 579 , 602 deals with a superalloy forging sequence which involves an overage heat treatment .
u . s . pat . no . 4 , 769 , 087 describes another forging sequence for superalloys which includes an overage step .
u . s . pat . no . 4 , 612 , 062 describes a forging sequence for producing a fine grained article from a nickel base superalloy . the process includes a first deformation step at a temperature above the gamma prime solvus and a second deformation step at a temperature below the gamma prime solvus with specified strain rates and deformation amounts .
u . s . pat . no . 4 , 453 , 985 describes an isothermal forging process which produces a fine grain product .
u . s . pat . no . 2 , 977 , 222 describes a class of superalloys which are similar to those to which the invention process has particular applicability .
the present invention provides a process for producing a fine grained article and is especially appropriate for use with a specified range of alloy compositions . the resultant fine grained material may be used in its fine grained condition for articles which require high strength , particularly high yield strength at intermediate temperatures , or this fine grained material may be used as a forging preform for conversion by isothermal or hot die forging into complex shapes . table i lists broad , intermediate and preferred composition ranges .
table i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ compositional ranges ( by weight percent ) broad intermediate preferred _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cr 12 - 20 12 - 20 13 - 18co 10 - 20 10 - 20 10 - 15mo 2 - 5 . 5 2 - 5 . 5 3 - 5ti 3 - 7 3 . 5 - 7 3 . 6 - 5 . 6al 1 . 2 - 3 . 5 1 . 2 - 3 . 5 1 . 7 - 2 . 7c . 005 - . 25 . sup . ( 1 ) . 005 - . 15 . sup . ( 1 ) . 01 - . 13 . sup . ( 1 ) b . 005 - . 05 . 005 - . 05 . 005 - . 05zr . 01 - . 1 . 01 - . 1 . 01 - . 1ta 0 - 1 - - - - w 0 - 4 . 5 0 - 2 . 5 - - nb 0 - 1 - - - - fe 0 - 2 . 0 0 - 2 . 0 0 - . 5hf 0 - . 3 - - - - y 0 - . 02 - - - - v 0 - . 1 - - - - re 0 - 1 . 0 - - - - ni bal bal bal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( 1 ) an upper c limit of about . 013 % is preferred for applications where fatigue resistance is critical
fig . 1 is a block diagram which broadly sets out the invention process . as can be seen in fig . 1 , the process starts with a casting of the desired composition which preferably has a relatively fine grain size . after homogenization , the cast material may be processed according to two primary schemes or combinations thereof . according to one scheme , the left branch of the fig . 1 diagram , the cast material is deformed at elevated temperatures but below the gamma prime solvus so that gamma prime phase dissolution is minimized or even eliminated . subsolvus anneals or reheat treatments may be employed to maintain billet temperature , affect recrystallization , while avoiding or minimizing gamma prime phase dissolution . in additional , super - solvus anneals or reheat treatments may be employed to produce extensive or complete gamma prime phase dissolution in conjunction with extensive or complete recrystallization . the total amount of work required will be equivalent to that required to produce at least 0 . 5 and preferably at least 0 . 9 cumulative true strain . this cumulative true strain may be obtained from combined hot deformation operations including upsetting and drawing . during upsetting an average strain rate of at least about 0 . 1 in / in / min . is preferred . during drawing an average strain rate of at least about 0 . 5 in / in / min is preferred . to perform this amount of work on a cast superalloy material at a temperature below the gamma prime solvus , it will undoubtedly be necessary to use multiple deformation steps with intermediate anneals above the gamma prime solvus , to prevent cracking .
according to the right branch of fig . 1 , the material may alternately be hot worked at a temperature above the gamma prime solvus .
it is also , of course , possible to accomplish this initial hot working operation using a combination of steps above and below the gamma prime solvus in conjunction with appropriate combinations of intermediate hypersolvus or subsolvus treatments .
after the material has been deformed an amount in excess of 0 . 5 cumulative true strain , it is given an overage treatment to produce a significantly enlarged gamma prime particle size over that which would normally be present . the resultant microstructure is termed
overaged
. the overaging process is similar to that described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 574 , 015 and consists of cooling the material at a rate of less than about 100° f . and preferably 50° f . per hour , ( and most preferably less than 20° f . per hour ) through the gamma prime solvus . the resultant coarsened gamma prime particle size will be in excess of 1 micron and preferably in excess of 2 microns .
this overaged material is then further hot deformed an amount in excess of that required to produce a cumulative true strain of 0 . 9 , and preferably a true cumulative strain of 1 . 6 . this strain does not include that undergone before the overage treatment . a strain rate of at least about 0 . 1 in / in / min is employed . this further deformation is accomplished below the gamma prime solvus ( but within 200° f . ) and without intermediate anneals . intermediate reheats may be performed at temperatures below but within 200° f . of the gamma prime solvus temperature . the resultant material will have an exceptionally fine grain size , predominately finer than astm grain size 10 and usually on the order of astm 14 or finer . astm grain sizes are listed in table ii .
table ii _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ avg . grain astm dia . / mm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 . 18 4 . 091 6 . 044 8 . 022 10 . 011 12 . 006 14 . 003 16 . 0015 18 . 0007 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
depending on the size and contour of the article , some larger unrecrystallized grains may remain at the very center of the article where the effective amount of deformation was insufficient to promote full recrystallization . such unrecrystallized regions usually comprise less than 10 % by volume of the material .
the combination of the invention process and the preferred composition reliability results in material with an astm 12 - 18 grain size , the finest grain size we have ever observed in production superalloys . the fine grain size contributes to increased strength , ductility and toughness at temperatures up to at least 1200° f . the fine grain size also provides a significant enhancement in ultrasonic nondestructive testing sensitivity . small defects can be detected at increased depths relative to coarse grained material .