the life events and difficulties schedule is a psychological measurement of the stressfulness of life events .

it was created by psychologists george brown and tirril harris in 1978 .

instead of accumulating the stressfulness of different events , as was done in the social readjustment rating scale by thomas holmes and richard rahe , they looked at individual events in detail .

the schedule is made up of an interview by which as much contextual information around the event as possible is collected .

the event is then rated by " blind " raters using this contextual information .

critics of this method note the fact that the impact of the independent variable , the event itself , is measured by evaluating it using mediating and moderating variables .

life events and difficulties schedule

adaptation and validation of the life events and difficulties schedule for use with high school dropouts .
adaptation and validation of the life events and difficulties schedule for use with high school dropouts . - pubmed - ncbi
the computerised life events assessment record ( clear ) is under development as a tool for online assessment of adult life events . based on the life events and difficulties schedule interview , clear seeks to assess life events to self and close others , link these to other events and difficulties , and utilize calendar - based timing , to improve upon checklist approaches .
costello cg , devins gm . two - staged screening for stressful events and chronic difficulties .
white , kevin .
life events and difficulties schedule .
in the sage dictionary of health and society , 127 - 128 . london : sage publications ltd , 2006 . doi : 10 . 4135 / 9781446215159 . n494 .
white , k . ( 2006 ) . life events and difficulties schedule . in the sage dictionary of health and society ( pp . 127 - 128 ) . london : sage publications ltd doi : 10 . 4135 / 9781446215159 . n494
broadhead j c , abas m a . life events , difficulties and depression among women in an urban setting in zimbabwe .
white , k 2006 , ' life events and difficulties schedule ' , in the sage dictionary of health and society , sage publications ltd , london , pp . 127 - 128 , viewed 9 july 2018 , doi : 10 . 4135 / 9781446215159 . n494 .
kendler k s , neale m , kessler r , heath a , eaves l . a twin study of recent life events and difficulties .
white , kevin .
life events and difficulties schedule .
the sage dictionary of health and society . london : sage publications ltd , 2006 . 127 - 128 . sage knowledge . web . 9 jul . 2018 , doi : 10 . 4135 / 9781446215159 . n494 .
farmer anne e , mcguffin peter . humiliation , loss and other types of life events and difficulties : a comparison of depressed subjects , healthy controls and their siblings .
ormel j , oldehinkel aj , brilman ei . the interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism , difficulties , and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal , first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life .
ormel j , oldehinkel a j , brilman e i . the interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism , difficulties , and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal , first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life .
monroe sm , slavich gm , torres ld , gotlib ih . major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes .
meaning , measurement , and stress of life events . in dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp . editors . stressful life events , their nature and effects .
the clear “stress online : developing a reliable and valid interactive online method for measuring stressful life events and difficulties” project is funded by the economic and social research council ( esrc es / k00638x / 1 ) .
 * pcs2 leds data are complete for life events only . due to restructuring of the laboratory that conducted the leds scoring , data on difficulties are not available .
zautra aj , reich jw . life events and perceptions of life quality : developments in a two - factor approach .
dohrenwend bs , krasnoff l , askenasy ar , dohrenwend bp . exemplification of method for scaling life events : the peri life events scale .
dohrenwend bs , krasnoff l , askenasy ar , dohrenwend bp . exemplification of a method for scaling life events : the peri life events scale .
tennant c . life events , stress , and depression : a review of the findings .
there is currently no sophisticated technological application of social risk factor assessment , such as life events and difficulties . clear is designed to gather reliable and valid life - event data while combating the limitations of interviews ( eg , time consuming and costly ) and life - event checklists ( eg , inability to accurately measure severity and independence of life events ) . the advantages of using such innovative methodology for research , clinical practice , and interventions are discussed .
grant i , gerst m , yager j . scaling of life events by psychiatric patients and normals .
norman rmg , malla ak . stressful life events and schizophrenia i : a review of the research .
brown gw , harris to , hepworth c . life events and endogenous depression : a puzzle reexamined .
it is also hoped that the clear approach to assessing life events and difficulties will aid those in clinical practice . the provision of recent life charts of events labeled in terms of their likely stressful nature and with attributes relating to loss , danger , humiliation , and entrapment will allow clinicians to consider the level of stressor experienced in seeking to estimate patient appraisal and coping capacity .
vinokur a , selzer ml . desirable versus undesirable life events : their relationship to stress and mental distress .
hunt n , bruce - jones w , silverstone t . life events and relapse in bipolar affective disorder .
life stress was assessed from 1 year before the onset of depression up to the day of the interview using the life events and difficulties schedule ( leds ; brown and harris , 1978 ) . this system first employs a 2 - hour semistructured interview in which the interviewer systematically inquires about potential stressors . next , the interviewer presents the reported events and chronic difficulties to a panel of raters who judge each stressor using a 520 - page manual that outlines explicit rules and criteria for rating life stress . the manual also includes 5000 case vignettes that are used as anchors in the rating process . ratings are finalized after a consensus discussion that considers extensive information about the stressor , the context surrounding the stressor , and the individual’s biographic circumstances ( i . e . , “contextual” ratings ; brown and harris , 1978 , 1989 ) .
brown gw , birley jlt . crises and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia .
brown gw , bifulco a , harris to . life events , vulnerability and onset of depression : some refinements .
brown gw , harris to . life events and measurement . in : brown gw , harris to , editors .
links between life events and clinical disorders have a long history , given the fact that stressful life events are an important predictor of the onset and course of various disorders across the life span , including depression , eating disorders , and psychosis [ 1 - 5 ] . in addition , long - term stressors ( difficulties ) play an important role in the onset and maintenance of disorder , notably depression , but these are often overlooked [ 6 , 7 ] .
cohen l , towbes l , flocco r . effects of induced mood on self - reported life events and perceived and received social support .
( 1 ) to argue that life events need sophisticated measurement not satisfactorily captured in checklist approaches . ( 2 ) to review life - events measures and key findings related to disorder , exemplifying depression . ( 3 ) to describe an ongoing study with a new online measure and to assess its psychometric properties and the association of life events in relation to disorder and educational outcomes .
johnson jh , bradlyn as . assessing stressful life events in childhood and adolescence . in : karoly p , editor .
kendler ks , karkowski lm , prescott ca . causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression .
goodyer im , altman pme . lifetime exit events and recent social and family adversities in anxious and depressed school - age children and adolescents—i .
goodyer im , altman pme . lifetime exit events and recent social and family adversities in anxious and depressed school - age children and adolescents—ii .
brown gw . meaning , measurement , and stress of life events . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
brugha ts , cragg d . the list of threatening experiences : the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire .
raphael kg , cloitre m , dohrenwend bp . problems of recall and misclassification with checklist methods of measuring stressful life events .
brugha ts , cragg d . the list of threatening experiences : the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire .
rahe rh , arthur rj . life change and illness studies : past history and future directions .
brown gw , sklair f , harris to , birley jlt . life events and psychiatric disorders : i . some methodological issues .
faravelli c , ambonetti a . assessment of life events in depressive disorders : a comparison of three methods .
brett jf , brief ap , burke mj , george jm , webster j . negative affectivity and the reporting of stressful life events .
raphael k g , cloitre m , dohrenwend b p . problems of recall and misclassification with checklist methods of measuring stressful life events .
dohrenwend bp . stressful life events and psychopathology : some issues of theory and method . in : barrett jf , rose rm , et al . , editors .
mazure cm , bruce ml , maciejewski pk , jacobs sc . adverse life events and cognitive - personality characteristics in the prediction of major depression and antidepressant response .
the first observations concerning life events occurred in the early 20th century in the clinical field when understanding the experience of depressed patients [ 65 ] , with meyer the first to create life charts to document events linked to disorder [ 66 ] . thus , clinical approaches as a basis for treatment were an original driver for investigating life events and depression , and a need still exists in modern approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy [ 67 ] where understanding individual appraisal and response to events is critical to effect cognitive and behavioral change . having easy access to sophisticated measures of life events are therefore of potential help to clinicians and could be used in combination with tailored digital health interventions ; for example , cognitive behavioral therapy packages formulated to be used in response to severe life events occurring within an individual’s life .
monroe sm , harkness kl . life stress , the “kindling” hypothesis , and the recurrence of depression : considerations from a life stress perspective .
klein dn , rubovits dr . the reliability of subjects’ reports on stressful life events inventories : a longitudinal study .
neugebauer r . the reliability of life - events reports . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
schless ap , schwartz l , goetz c , mendels j . how depressives view the significance of life events .
williams cl , uchiyama c . assessment of life events during adolescence : the use of self - report inventories .
pine ds , cohen p , johnson jg , brook js . adolescent life events as predictors of adult depression .
dohrenwend bp . problems in defining and sampling the relevant population of stressful life events . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
lennon mc , dohrenwend bp , zautra az , marbach jj . coping and adaption to facial pain in contrast to other stressful life events .
theorell t . life events before and after the onset of a premature myocardial infarction . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
zimmerman m , pfohl b , stangl d . life events assessment of depressed patients : a comparison of self - report and interview formats .
dohrenwend bp , shrout pe . “hassles” in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress variables”
rutter m . meyerian psychobiology , personality development , and the role of life experiences .
wittchen hu , essau ca , hecht h , teder w , pfister h . reliability of life event assessments : test - retest reliability and fall - off effects of the munich interview for the assessment of life events and conditions .
grant i , sweetwood hl , yager j , gerst m . quality of life events in relation to psychiatric symptoms .
dohrenwend bp . inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology : toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability .
keller mc , neale mc , kendler ks . association of different adverse life events with distinct patterns of depressive symptoms .
thoits pa . dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress : an evaluation and synthesis of the literature . in : kaplan hb , editor .
beards s , gayer - anderson c , borges s , dewey me , fisher hl , morgan c . life events and psychosis : a review and meta - analysis .
test - retest reliability of clear will be undertaken using an additional 20 undergraduates , 20 depression cases , and 20 controls from each of the samples , measured an optimal 3 - 4 weeks apart for stability in reporting ( using cohen kappa and icc ) . clear will be tested on the remaining participants ( n = 285 ) and the rates and types of life events and difficulties reported in the 3 samples will be compared and analyzed in relation to sex , social class , and age using chi - square statistics . the association between life events and past / recent depressive disorder and physical illness ( decc sample ) , and academic performance ( undergraduate sample ) will be tested using logistic regression to look at the contribution of life events and indicators of social disadvantage to health and educational outcomes . once both reliability and validity of clear have been determined , the program will be available for more general use .
sarason ig , johnson jh , siegel jm . assessing the impact of life changes : development of the life experiences survey .
shrout p , link bg , dohrenwend bp , skodol ae , stueve a , mirotznik g . characterizing life events as risk factors for depression : the role of fateful loss events .
dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , dodson m , shrout pe . symptoms , hassles , social supports and life events : the problem of confounded measures .
wittchen h u , essau c a , hecht h , teder w , pfister h . reliability of life event assessments : test - retest reliability and fall - off effects of the munich interview for the assessment of life events and conditions .
levav i , krasnoff l , dohrenwend bs . israeli peri life event scale : ratings of events by a community sample .
dohrenwend bruce p . inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology : toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability .
lloyd c , alexander a a , rice d g , greenfield n s . life events as predictors of academic performance .
three - phase design for comparing reliability and validity of checklist and stem question screening instruments for measuring major stressful events .
kanner ad , coyne jc , schaefer c , lazarus rs . comparison of two modes of stress measurement : daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events .
lewinsohn pm , rohde p , gau jm . comparability of self - report checklist and interview data in the assessment of stressful life events in young adults .
using data collected from the leds , we derived several measures of major stressful life events . we selected events based on the leds classification of provoking agents . provoking agents are defined as events that have a severity rating of 1 or 2 and directly involve the respondent or the respondent and another person or persons .
the life events and difficulties schedule ( leds ) is considered the standard for measuring psychosocial stressor exposure , but it has not been used with academically at - risk adolescents , including high school dropouts . the goal of this study was to ( 1 ) adapt the leds for use with this population , and ( 2 ) examine the reliability ( interrater ) and validity ( concurrent and predictive ) of this adaptation among a sample of vulnerable adolescents ( n = 545 ) . good reliability coefficients ( . 79 - . 90 ) were obtained , and stressor exposure was associated with concurrent criteria indexing mental health outcomes ( depression ) and major risk factors for dropout ( administratively recorded and self - reported ) . also , leds scores predicted dropout beyond these risk factors . the adapted leds appears useful for describing academically struggling adolescents ' stressor exposure .
in the present study , we use a state - of - the art interview - based measure of life stress with a sample of adults diagnosed with mdd to address 2 of the distinct limitations of previous research . first , we attempt to replicate the findings of previous studies , which have demonstrated that exposure to a severe life event before the onset of depression is associated with greater overall severity of depression ( hammen et al . , 1992 ; monroe et al . , 1992 ) . we also examine the relation between severe life events and specific classes of depressive symptoms ( i . e . , cognitive and somatic symptoms ) , as suggested by persons ( 1986 ) and costello ( 1993 ) . consistent with previous research , we predict that individuals who have experienced an acute major negative life event before the onset of depression will report greater overall severity of depression , and more intense cognitive symptoms of depression , than will their counterparts without such stress . in a similar vein , we also examine the relation between major negative life events and level of global functioning . second , we examine the relation between preonset chronic difficulties and depressive symptomatology to contribute to the sparse literature on chronic stress and depression . in a manner parallel to the life events analyses , we also test the association between chronic difficulties and specific classes of symptoms . consistent with previous work by mcgonagle and kessler ( 1990 ) , we predict that individuals who have experienced a major chronic difficulty will report greater overall severity of depression than will individuals without such difficulties . given the absence of relevant empirical research and theory for making predictions concerning the relations between chronic difficulties and specific depressive symptoms and level of global functioning , we make no predictions and instead conduct descriptive analyses of these associations .
turner rj , wheaton b . checklist measurement of stressful life events . in : cohen s , et al . , editors .
tennant c , bebbington p , hurry j . the role of life events in depressive illness : is there a substantial causal relation ?
zuckerman l , oliver jm , hollingsworth hh , austrin hr . a comparison of life events scoring methods as predictors of psychological symptomatology .
in the present investigation we found severity of depression and global functioning to be associated with exposure to preonset severe life events , but not with exposure to preonset severe difficulties . thus , although both acute and chronic stressors often precede depression , only acute stress was found to be associated with the clinical characteristics of this disorder . these findings highlight the potential specificity with which stress influences key clinical aspects of depression .
bebbington p , tennant c , stuart e , hurry j . the domain of life events : a comparison of two techniques of description .
both pcs1 and pcs2 contain variables identifying provoking agent events within each of the aforementioned 10 domains , as well as the total number of provoking agent events across all domains . pcs1 also contains variables indicating the total number of negative life stressors ( leds . negev _ tot ; includes both events with ratings of 1 , 2 , or 3 and all difficulties irrespective of threat rating ) as well as information on the duration of individual life events ( see pcs1 data codebook for these and other leds event variables . ) the table below lists the events variables included in the data set along with the leds construct they represent ( if applicable ) and a brief definition . all variables are available in 2 forms : as a dichotomous variable indicating whether an event meeting the definition occured and as a continuous variable indicating the total number of occurrences of that type of event .
almost four decades ago , holmes and rahe ( 1967 ) published a checklist of 43 events , such as death of a spouse , divorce , fired at work , and sex difficulties , called the schedule of recent experiences ( sre ) . its purpose was to inventory “fundamentally important environmental incidents” ( meyer , 1951 , p . 53 ) that were found ( in analyses of patients’ charts ) to frequently precede illness onsets . stressful events were defined as occurrences that were likely to bring about readjustment - requiring changes in people’s usual activities . a magnitude estimation procedure was used by panels of judges to assign life change unit ( lcu ) scores to each of the 43 events on the list ( holmes & rahe , 1967 ) . a summation of these scores on events occurring in a given , usually quite recent , period of time was taken as the indicator of amount of stress . the checklist can be answered in either a self - administered questionnaire or an interview .
this paper argues that life events are complex phenomena not currently served by the most commonly used measurement approach , that is , checklists . this is potentially damaging research investigating the etiology of depression : problematic measurement must surely lead to problematic results . it is hoped that clear’s technological advances will produce a useful compromise between life - event checklists and interview approaches , overcoming some of the limitations of questionnaires while reducing the burden inherent in face - to - face interviews . clear should have the capacity to capture life - event details and context , different attributes of the event , timing of the event , and linkages between events and difficulties . although it will not provide exhaustive coverage of all possible events , it is presumed that the majority of events will be captured and that most respondents will be able to rate the bulk of their events accurately given the guidance provided through the menus , examples , and appropriate benchmarking . thus , this new method of measuring life events may be able to gather high - quality data , hopefully with reliability and validity comparable to the gold - standard interview approach , overcoming the problems inherent in relying on checklist approaches in etiological research .
goodman la , corcoran c , turner k , yuan n , green bl . assessing traumatic event exposure : general issues and preliminary findings for the stressful life events screening questionnaire .
dohrenwend bp , link bg , kern r , shrout pe , markowitz j . measuring life events : the problem of variability within event categories .
dohrenwend bp , link bg , kern bg , shrout r , markowitz j . measuring life events : the problem of variability within event categories .
monroe sm , slavich gm , torres ld , gotlib ih . severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression .
gorman dm . a review of studies comparing checklist and interview methods of data collection in life event research .
norris fh . epidemiology of trauma : frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups .
stueve a , dohrenwend bp , skodol ae . relationships between stressful life events and episodes of major depression and nonaffective psychotic disorders : selected results from a new york risk factor study . in : dohrenwend bp , editor .
goodman l a , corcoran c , turner k , yuan n , green b l . assessing traumatic event exposure : general issues and preliminary findings for the stressful life events screening questionnaire .
monroe sm , harkness kl , simons ad , thase me . life stress and the symptoms of major depression .
is designed for the purposes of ( a ) comparing the major stressful events and their characteristics identified by each screening instrument to the major stressful events and their characteristics identified by the other screening instrument , as well as ( b ) testing the ability of each screening instrument to identify the major stressful events and their important characteristics elicited and measured by the full intensive interview and narrative ratings from phase 3 . the results would be relevant for retrospective research over the life course or long periods of the life course . as noted earlier , such research must rely on personal interviews and life calendar aids to recall . additional tests of the two types of screening instruments could be developed for different purposes ; for example , the study of minor and major events longitudinally in relation to the onset and recurrent course of major depression . if particularly sensitive events were to be investigated , especially with children or adolescents (
norris f h . epidemiology of trauma : frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups .
major life events and chronic difficulties have been found to be associated with the onset of depression . little is known , however , about how exposure to such stressors is related to the clinical presentation of this disorder . we addressed this issue by administering an interview - based measure of life stress , the beck depression inventory , and the global assessment of functioning scale to 100 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder . participants who experienced a preonset severe life event exhibited greater overall levels of depression severity , endorsed more cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression , and functioned at lower levels than did their counterparts without preonset severe life events . in contrast , exposure to a preonset severe difficulty was unrelated to participants’ severity of depression , cognitive and somatic symptoms , or level of global functioning . these findings highlight the potentially greater importance of acute stress compared with chronic stress for influencing these key clinical features of depression .
this paper outlines the ineffective measurement of life events in many contemporary research studies . it also presents a new online computerized approach—computerised life events assessment record ( clear ) —designed to optimize interview advantages while incurring low cost and being time effective . the ongoing development and future testing of clear will be outlined with a focus on clinical health . it is expected that this new online method will offer an enhanced but readily available life - event measure with important implications for studying disorders .
kendler k s , karkowski l m , prescott c a . the assessment of dependence in the study of stressful life events : validation using a twin design .
katschnig h . measuring life stress—a comparison of the checklist and the panel technique . in : katschnig h , editor .
monroe sm , kupfer dj , frank e . life stress and treatment outcomes : i . response during index episode .
the extreme situation end of the continuum of usual activities is characterized far more by chronic stressors or ongoing difficulties that make severe and continuing demands on individuals . events in such extreme situations need to be assessed not only for their impact on usual activities of the extreme situations but also on the activities in the more usual situations to which the individuals may return—as , for example , the return of a veteran to civilian life after service in a war zone .
frank e , anderson b , reynolds cf , iii , ritenour a , kupfer dj . life events and the research diagnostic criteria endogenous subtype . a confirmation of the distinction using the bedford college methods .
johnson sheri l , cueller amy k , ruggero camilo , winett - perlman carol , goodnick paul , white richard , miller ivan . life events as predictors of mania and depression in bipolar i disorder .
zimmerman m , o’hara mw , corenthal cp . symptom contamination of life event scales .
due to a restructuring of the laboratory that conducted the leds scoring , data on chronic difficulties are only available for pcs1 . to be identified as a difficulty , a chronic stressor must have lasted 1 month or longer ; could not have ended more than 6 months prior to viral challenge ; and had a contextual severity rating of 1 , 2 , or 3 ( q6 criterion cited in codebook ) . in addition , if the chronic stressor was health - related , it needed to have resulted in at least one of the following outcomes ( q4 criterion cited in codebook ) : major role change ( e . g . , giving up job ) ; major caring responsibility ( e . g . , constant care or supervision of another ) ; major stigma or embarrassment ( e . g . , hiv + status , severe mental handicap ) . among the several difficulties variables included in the pcs1 data set are total number of difficulties lasting 1 month or longer , 6 months or longer , and 24 months or longer . difficulties also are categorized based on whether they are interpersonal in nature ( see pcs1 data codebook ) .
kendler ks , kessler rc , walters ee , maclean c , neale mc , heath ac , et al . stressful life events , genetic liability , and onset of an episode of major depression in women .
prior to being administered the leds , participants completed a brief demographic interview ( pcs1 , pcs2 ) . the interview was designed to collect information that would facilitate raters’ judgments of the contextual threat associated with participants’ experienced life events and difficulties . this information includes conventional sociodemographic information such as age , sex , race , and marital status , as well as data on childhood experiences such as birth order , religious upbringing , and whether the respondent attended a traditional grade school or boarding school . the leds demographics interview also collects some information on social relationships such as number of children and grandchildren , number of friends , and number of confidants .
asap , the automated stress assessment program , is a quick and reliable way to assess acute life events and chronic difficulties that occurred over the past year . based on gold - standard , interview - based methodologies for assessing stress , this computer - based program systematically inquires about potential sources of stress in several domains of functioning ( e . g . , work , school , financial , interpersonal , etc ) . probes regarding stressor severity , frequency , timing , and duration are accompanied by additional questions that probe the extent to which participants’ ruminated over the stressors and felt as though they had control over the stressors . biographical details about the individual and contextual information about each life stressor are also collected . the information is used to calculate the final life stress ratings , which are computed automatically by the program .
as noted earlier , the best - known example of a narrative - rating method is the life events and difficulties schedule ( leds ) developed by brown and colleagues ( e . g . , brown & harris , 1978 ) . leds has been used more frequently abroad than in the united states ( e . g . , brown & harris , 1989 ) , but it , or variations of it , have been adopted by a number of u . s . investigators in recent years ( duggal et al . , 2000 ; frank , anderson , reynolds , ritenour , & kupfer , 1994 ; garber , keiley , & martin , 2002 ; goodyer & altman , 1991a , 1991b ; hammen , 1991 ; kendler , hettema , butera , gardner , & prescott , 2003 ; mcquaid , monroe , roberts , kupfer , & frank , 2000 ; monroe , kupfer , & frank , 1992 ; rudolph & hammen , 1999 ) .
with respect to severe life events in relation to cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression , we predicted that the presence of a severe life event before the onset of depression would be associated specifically with elevated cognitive symptoms of depression . this prediction was validated both among participants who completed the bdi - ia ,
dohrenwend bp . the role of adversity and stress in psychopathology : some evidence and its implications for theory and research .
dyrbye liselotte n , thomas matthew r , huntington jefrey l , lawson karen l , novotny paul j , sloan jeff a , shanafelt tait d . personal life events and medical student burnout : a multicenter study .
meyer a . the life chart and the obligation of specifying positive data in psychopathogical diagnosis . in : winters eg , editor .
monroe sm , kupfer d , frank e . life stress and treatment course in recurrent depression 1 : response during index episode .
since the publication of this economical measurement procedure , the sre , a tremendous increase has occurred in the construction of such measures and in quantitative research on relations between inventoried life events and health . for example , a search of the terms life events , life change , stressful life events , and life stress ( or a combination of these terms ) using psycinfo ( urltoken ) shows an increasing rate of publications on these topics , from 292 in the decade of 1967 to 1976 , to 2 , 126 in 1977 to 1986 , to 4 , 269 in 1987 to 1996 , to 3 , 341 in the truncated 1997 to 2005 portion of the present decade . this voluminous literature documents that life events are related to a wide variety of physical and psychological problems in both cross - sectional and longitudinal research ( e . g . , breslau , 2002 ; brown & harris , 1989 ; dohrenwend & dohrenwend , 1974 ; grant , compas , thurm , mcmahon , & gipson , 2004 ; gunderson & rahe , 1974 ; paykel , 1974 ; rahe & arthur , 1978 ) .
how much can be accomplished with economically closed questions and closed probes to identify stressful events and measure their important characteristics needs to be empirically investigated . this investigation could be done by comparing and contrasting types of checklist approaches on their ability to screen the events of interest and to measure their important characteristics in samples of respondents from relevant populations of interest . if the interest is in major stressful events , then the focus could be on the occurrence of such events over the full life course . for life course coverage , personal interviews would be indicated , because dating , preferably with the aid of life calendar procedures , would be required . a field experiment designed to test the contrasting screening measures could involve data collection in three phases of increasingly more labor - intensive methods as shown in
in “characterizing life events as risk factors for depression : the role of fateful loss events” by p . e . shrout , b . g . link , b . p . dohrenwend , a . e . skodol , a . stueve , & g . mirotznik .
jenkins cd , hurst mw , rose rm . life changes : do people really remember ?
tennant c , andrews g . the pathogenic quality of life event stress in neurotic impairment .
to determine whether participants experienced a severe acute event and / or a severe chronic difficulty during the last year . acute events have durations of less than 1 month , with most lasting only hours or minutes ( e . g . , a severe reprimand at work or a fight with a spouse ) . difficulties typically last a month or more and involve the disruption of everyday routines ( e . g . , ongoing marital problems or unemployment ) .
paykel es . life stress and psychiatric disorder : applications of the clinical approach . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
dohrenwend bp , raphael kg , schwartz s , stueve a , skodol ae . the structured event probe and narrative rating method ( seprate ) for measuring stressful life events . in : goldberger l , breznitz s , editors .
kubany es , haynes sn , leisen mb , owens ja , kaplan as , watson sb , et al . development and preliminary validation of a brief broad - spectrum measure of trauma exposure : the traumatic life events questionnaire .
) . as an alternative test , we examined the relation between severe difficulties rated 1 to 4 , but which were present for a minimum of 2 years ( i . e . , instead of 1 year ) , and depression symptom severity . the presence of a severe difficulty defined in this way was unrelated to depression severity ,
1 . brown , g . w . , & harris , t . o . ( eds . ) . ( 1989 ) . life events and illness . new york : guilford press . 2 . harris , t . o . ( 1991 ) . life stress and illness : the question of specificity . annals of behavioral medicine , 13 , 211 - 219 .
sarason ig , sarason br . life change , social support , coping and health . in : kaplan rm , mh criqui , editors .
breslau n , davis gc , andreski p , peterson e . traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults .
the data generated will be rated blind / reviewed by separate researchers and compared using cohen kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients ( iccs ) for level of agreement between the 2 methods . the total number of life events captured , the domain category , severity rating , and the timing of events will be compared to give an indication of how well clear mimics the in - person method for full reporting and recall . any further modifications will be made to clear if required .
the main alternative approach , unlike traditional checklists , involves intensive , time - consuming , and expensive semistructured interviews to obtain detailed narrative information about life events that facilitates judgments by trained raters of the important characteristics of the events . these narrative - rating procedures are far superior to traditional checklists in reliability and validity . however , the gains are bought at tremendous loss in economy , and narrative - rating measures are rarely used .
yager j , grant i , sweetwood hl , gerst m . life event reports by psychiatric patients , non - patients , and their partners .
monroe sm , mcquaid jr . measuring life stress and assessing its impact on mental health . in : avison wr , gotlib ih , editors .
kasch kl , rottenberg j , arnow ba , gotlib ih . behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression .
severe life events are acknowledged as important etiological factors in the development of clinical disorders , including major depression . interview methods capable of assessing context and meaning of events have demonstrated superior validity compared with checklist questionnaire methods and arguments for interview approaches have resurfaced because choosing the appropriate assessment tool provides clarity of information about gene - environment interactions in depression . such approaches also have greater potential for understanding and treating clinical cases or for use in interventions .
monroe sm , slavich gm , georgiades k . the social environment and life stress in depression . in : gotlib ih , hammen cl , editors .
3 . wethington , e . , brown , g . w . , & kessler , r . c . ( 1995 ) . interview measurement of stressful life events . measuring stress : a guide for health and social scientists , 59 - 79 .
difficulties with recall can be a problem for both interview and checklist methodology , even over a 12 - month period [ 24 ] . comparisons of longitudinal and cross - sectional studies demonstrate that more events are reported longitudinally than retrospectively [ 57 ] . however , using web - based systems to conduct prospective longitudinal assessments may be a lower resource - intensive method of obtaining detailed descriptions of psychopathology processes over time [ 58 ] . in addition , when clear is used retrospectively , recall may be aided as respondents can edit their responses and can complete it over a few sittings and see their own calendar of events before finalizing sequences . studies have found that respondents who initially fail to report serious events , when given more time to think after initial prompting trigger greater recall or appraisal of the event [ 59 ] .
, the findings are surprising . the modal ratings of the narratives describing the events in these categories were
given the personal , social , and economic costs of mdd , much research has focused on identifying factors that may underlie the development of depression . one such variable , the experience of stress , is thought to be an important risk factor for the disorder . research on life stress and depression has focused to a large extent on the role that life events–and in particular , acute negative life events–play in the onset of mdd . in this context , severe acute life events that possess a high degree of threat and unpleasantness , such as the death of a spouse or loss of an important job , have been found consistently to precede the onset of depression ( hammen , 2005 ; kessler , 1997 ; monroe et al . , 2008 ; paykel , 2003 ) . this association seems to be especially robust when interview - based measures of life stress are used ( hammen , 2005 ) , although most studies in this area have used event checklist measures of stress , for which the limitations are well documented ( e . g . , dohrenwend , 2006 ) . nonetheless , there is now evidence of a causal relation between acute negative life events and the onset of depression ( kendler et al . , 1999 ) , establishing the importance of such stressors for understanding the disorder .
foley d l , neale m c , kendler k s . a longitudinal study of stressful life events assessed at interview with an epidemiological sample of adult twins : the basis of individual variation in event exposure .
each stem menu of events leads down a path until the options are no longer relevant . however , at each stage , the respondent is given the option of rating “something else / other . ” in this way , stressful events that do not fit into proscribed categories or criteria can also be included . this ensures that the specification of events does not make the definition of events too narrow [ 56 ] .
the timing of events is critical to determining their etiological role in depression onset . events that occur after onset can only have a maintenance role at best . therefore , precise timing of events is required . in addition , other important stressors are chronic , with severity levels that can vary over time . these are termed “difficulties” and comprise problematic situations , which last 4 weeks or more , and can go on for years . these can occur in as many domains as events , and can be antecedent or consequent to the event . an important analysis of such linkages showed that an event preceded by a severe difficulty ( hence “matched” ) for at least 6 months and in the same domain greatly increased the risk of depression onset [ 6 ] . in this case , the potential for entrapment or an erosion of hope can add to the burden of the ongoing problem ( eg , a partner’s demand for a divorce in the context of a conflictual marriage ; or a failed attempt at rehousing in the ongoing problem of serious overcrowding ) . using these criteria , women with a severe event “matching” a difficulty had a threefold greater chance of developing depression [ 6 ] . questionnaire measurement cannot reflect such links and is imprecise regarding the timing of the event in relation to onset of disorder . severe events of etiological importance occur within 6 months of onset and often within half of that time [ 35 ] . in addition , the effects of life events gradually decay over time , with the strongest effect in the month immediately following the life event with some variation by event type [ 2 , 36 ] . without knowing the timing of events , any precision is lost , which restricts the causal attribution of life events to disorder [ 37 ] and the investigation of specific stressors for different disorder outcomes [ 38 ] .
: early adversity ( i . e . , before age 18 ) and recent life stress ( i . e . , past 1 - 2 years )
drasch k , matthes b . improving retrospective life course data by combining modularized self - reports and event history calendars : experiences from a large scale survey .
life - event interviews also categorize “independence” of the event . this is the extent to which the event is likely to be separate from the actions , planning , or control of the individual , that is , it occurs externally to the individual . independence allows researchers and clinicians to estimate whether the event is a cause or consequence of disorder . for example , losing a job because the employer has gone bankrupt would be judged totally independent outside of personal control ; personal health events are “nearly totally” independent , interactions with close others only “possibly independent , ” and intentional acts as “nonindependent” [ 9 ] . events that are a part of the depression itself or its treatment ( suicide attempt or psychiatric hospital admission ) are rated as “least independent” and termed “illness related . ” genetically sensitive twin studies of depression and life events have described genetic influences for nonindependent events , but not for independent events [ 39 ] . both relate to depression .
respondents complete clear by providing demographic information ; information about close others ; and life events and difficulties over the past year in 12 domains ( education , work , reproduction , housing , money , crime , health , romantic , other relationships , children , death , and miscellaneous ) . the assessment also includes a fixed battery of measures , a depression questionnaire ( general health questionnaire , ghq , [ 52 ] ) , and an interpersonal vulnerability questionnaire ( vulnerable attachment style questionnaire , vasq [ 53 ] ) . however , for projects tailored to other research questions , the integrated calendar system can be used to record events over a greater observation period , and paper or electronic questionnaires can be used in addition to clear . the information is provided through a mixture of checklists for closed answers , text boxes for open - ended answers , and logic - driven checklist menus . clear also contains a feedback system that allows for a personalized calendar , menus , and references to specified close others .
among the different in - person semistructured interviews , probably the most widely used is the leds [ 9 , 27 ] . this approach encourages narrative accounts of events that can elicit the full social context , their timing , and sequence in relation to disorder onset . leds encapsulates a large range of events to the self and close others . it deals with the likely meaning of events by collecting contextually relevant information ( both biographical and current circumstances ) and rates according to precedent examples , stripped of subjective response .
kendler ks , hettema jm , butera f , gardner co , prescott ca . life event dimensions of loss , humiliation , entrapment , and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety .
checklists have continued to be dominant in research on the role of stressful life events in psychopathology , as well as other health outcomes . all of the previously discussed studies of potentially traumatic and other major negative events focused on various types of psychopathology and used traditional checklists with broad - event categories to inventory events over the life course . checklists in the form of self - administered questionnaires or in the form of structured interviews consisting of closed questions with fixed alternative response categories have been relied on in other influential research on the role of life events in psychopathology conducted in recent years . the behavioral genetics study of depression by kendler et al . ( 1995 ) , the nationwide epidemiological research on the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders by kessler et al . ( 1995 ) , and , most recently , the study of gene - by - environment interaction for depression by caspi et al . ( 2003 ) . are examples .
grant ke , compas be , thurm ae , mcmahon sd , gipson py . stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology : measurement issues and prospective effects .
miller pm , salter dp . is there a short - cut ? an investigation into the life event interview .
new york : oxford university press ; 1997 . interview measurement of stressful events in measuring stress : a guide for health and social scientists ; pp . 59–79 .
hudgens rw . personal catastrophe and depression : a consideration of the subject with respect to mentally ill adolescents , and a requiem for retrospective life - event studies . in : dohrenwend bs , dohrenwend bp , editors .
recall is also helped through a personalized calendar that is updated as life events and anchoring anniversaries or social occasions ( eg , holidays , birthdays ) are added to the system . the timing of important psychopathology - related timings ( eg , peak depression ) can be added to the calendar . events are often linked to other events in autobiographical memory ; therefore , the use of calendars can lead to better quality ( ie , more complete and accurate ) retrospective reports of events , even after several years [ 58 , 59 ] . when used in conjunction with self - report methods it improves completeness of the data and dating accuracy [ 60 ] . in addition , the use of multiple , self - generated , and personal landmarks further enhances memory [ 61 ] .
we conducted analyses to test whether participants with and without a preonset severe acute event ( n s = 19 and 81 , respectively ) and with and without a preonset severe chronic difficulty ( n s = 15 and 85 , respectively ) differed on bdi and level of global functioning scores . for the bdi analyses , we tested for differences on 5 scale scores . first , as an overall measure of depression severity , we combined bdi total scores for participants who completed the bdi - ia and the bdi - ii . next , we conducted separate analyses for participants who completed the bdi - ia and the bdi - ii to test for potential differences between these 2 measures . finally , after the recommendations of investigators who have underscored the importance of examining specific symptoms and classes of symptoms of depression ( e . g . , costello , 1993 ; persons , 1986 ) , we analyzed the association of severe acute life events and chronic difficulties with participants’ cognitive and somatic subscale scores for each version of the bdi ( i . e . , ia and ii ) . because of minor differences between the items comprising the subscales , we were unable to combine the cognitive and somatic subscale scores across participants completing the bdi - ia and the bdi - ii ; these analyses were thus conducted separately by bdi type .


dex one corporation was an american marketing company providing online , mobile and print search marketing via their urltoken website , print yellow pages directories and pay-per-click ad networks in the u.s. in april 2013 dex one merged with supermedia , and the combined company now does business as dex media .

dex one

the company operated 3 separate subsidiaries under the dex one umbrella – dex one media east , dex one media west and rh donnelley inc . the company has been restructuring and reorganizing itself since 4q 2010 and at the end of sep 2011 , it is now organized as rh donnelley corp , rh donnelley inc , dex one media , dex one digital ( formerly known as business . com , dex one no longer owns urltoken website ) and dex one service .
mcdonald will become ceo of the combined company while dex one ceo alfred mockett will continue to lead dex one through the close of the transaction , after which he will step down .
dex one shareholders will receive 0 . 20 shares for each dex one share they own , and super media shareholders will receive 0 . 4386 shares for each supermedia share they own .
alfred mockett , dex one ' s ceo , will step down when the deal closes .
dex one corporation peter larmey , 919 - 297 - 1521 , peter . larmey @ urltoken , urltoken
we congratulate our friends from dex one and supermedia on this exciting news and wish them great success .
“while dex one engaged extensively with its key stakeholders , the company was unable to obtain unanimous consent despite the broad and overwhelming lender support for the amendments and the merger , ” dex one said in the filing .
dex one , formerly known as r . h . donnelley corp , and supermedia agreed last year to combine their businesses , with dex one shareholders expected to own about 60 percent and supermedia shareholders the rest of the combined company .
to summarize , the dex one is operationally profitable and can be bought at a pe ratio of 0 . 65 . put it another way , a mere 2 quarters of dex one’s profits can buy out the entire company in the market .
dex one advertisers will now have the option to have their listings appear across citygrid , the largest content and ad network for local , as well as dexknows . com ( r ) , dex one’s popular online local search site . as a result , dex one advertisers will be able to expand their online presence and increase opportunities to drive high - quality consumer leads .
in january 2010 , rh donnelley reorganized under bankruptcy protection and started afresh as dex one ( dexo ) . essentially , dex one is a publisher of yellow pages , mostly for at & t and century link . it publishes its directories in 28 states in us . in addition to its print business , dex one also operates a local business directory and search site called dexknows . in addition , it operates a pay per click ad network called dex net .
here’s another hit on the availability of directories as link building tools : dex one has announced plans to shut down business . com , a national directory of business listings , and fold it into its dex one business , which includes the urltoken online yellow pages site .
shares of dex one , valued at $ 63 million , rose 52 percent to $ 1 . 89 on the new york stock exchange .
this week , dex one and supermedia announced the completion of their merger , creating dex media , inc . in a press release announcing the news , the combined company said it is one of the largest national providers of social , local and mobile marketing solutions through direct relationships with local businesses .
today , the modern fireboat can be one of the most iconic apparatus for port cities in the u . s . one of our country’s most recognizable crafts
dex one corporation , a leading provider of marketing services and solutions for local businesses , today announced the promotion of lisa althaus as vice president for national sales .
stephen gibbons , vice president of marketing of urban strategies for dex one , gave a look at how the company is approaching the growing performance - based selling trend .
any advertiser who participates gets dex one’s full suite of products , and will have a number of actions measured , including calls , clicks , texts , and emails .
like what you read ? give dex torricke - barton a round of applause .
“as we continue to move forward and grow our business , we’re very excited to have an individual as talented and knowledgeable as lisa heading dex one’s national sales efforts , ” moore said .
we’re confident that lisa’s extensive experience , both in our industry and working with cmrs , will ensure continued success for both dex one and our clients . ”
in 2010 , r . h . donnelley corp emerged from chapter 11 as dex one corp , after filing for bankruptcy protection in 2009 owing to declining demand for print directories .
this is the worse case scenario . in the best case scenario , the debt can be paid back much faster . here is the breakdown of dex one’s total long term debt :
according to sharman , dex one still faces some challenges including finding new customers , identifying a way to soften the decline in print yellow pages revenue and being smarter with book distribution .
dex one shareholders are expected to own about 60 percent and supermedia shareholders the rest of the combined company , the publishers of yellow pages and online directories said in a joint statement .
it will incur between $ 100 million and $ 120 million in one - time transition expenses .
in 3 years time , when the bulk of the debt matures , in a no growth scenario dex one will likely add another $ 80x3x4 = $ 0 . 96 billion in equity . this will bring debt to equity ratio to almost 1 . if dex one is able to retire some of the debt at a discount , debt / equity ratio will decline even further .
dex one shareholders will own 60 percent of the new company and supermedia shareholders will own 40 percent , proportions that reflect the relative values of the companies as of monday ' s close .
openledger dex and apptrade to bring value to new markets with regulation — compatible digital assets .
sharman discussed dex one’s growth opportunity — providing smbs with the latest marketing services . using more than 1 , 000 sales reps , dex one is making strides to build on its long - standing relationships with local businesses . while print still is an important aspect of the business , sharman acknowledged the necessity of offering digital solutions that work for smbs . to show its commitment to digital , dex added digital expertise to staff and started to report digital revenues separately from print revenues .
the case is dex one corp , case no . 13 - 10533 , and supermedia inc , case no . 13 - 10545 , u . s . bankruptcy court , district of delaware .
the ceo of supermedia , peter mcdonald , will be ceo of the combined company . alan schultz , chairman of dex one ' s board , will chair the board of the combined company .
shares of dex one added 48 cents , or 39 percent , to $ 1 . 81 , while supermedia shares gained $ 1 . 27 , or 49 percent , to $ 3 . 85 .
on august 21 , 2012 , dex one and supermedia announced a stock for stock merger transaction . the merger closed on april 30 , 2013 and the new company is called dex media , inc . which is headquartered at 2200 west airfield drive p . o . box 619810 dfw airpor . . .
now technology gives us the chance to take the next big step — to build one great human community .
the n - dex system can also be used for criminal justice - related background checks , according to the guidelines in the n - dex policy and operating manual . one agency reported using the n‑dex system on every police department applicant to support or refute the information provided on his / her application and in the interview process . the n - dex system could uncover some undisclosed type of criminal activity ( including misdemeanor warrant or incident report data ) that could end the hiring process of prospective officers .
never miss a story from dex torricke - barton , when you sign up for medium . learn more
shareholders in the companies will exchange their shares for new shares in a new company , dex media .
the success of the n - dex system is due in part to the strategic partnerships the n - dex program office pursues . one such partnership , with the united states ( u . s . ) naval criminal investigative service ( ncis ) , has resulted in thousands of n - dex system users and tens of millions of shared records . the ncis law enforcement information exchange ( linx ) system interfaces with the n - dex system to share records with all users and facilitate searches of all data from both systems .
on august 21 , 2012 , dex one and supermedia announced a stock for stock merger transaction . the merger closed on april 30 , 2013 and the new company is called dex media , inc . which is headquartered at 2200 west airfield drive p . o . box 619810 dfw airport , tx 75261 - 4008 .
dex one has assets and liabilities both about $ 2 . 8 billion , while supermedia has total assets of $ 1 . 4 billion and total debt of $ 1 . 9 billion , according to the filing .
dex one corporation ( nyse : dexo ) , a leading provider of marketing services and solutions for local businesses , today announced a distribution agreement with citysearch , an operating business of iac ( nasdaq : iaci ) .
new york ( ap ) - - dex one corp . and supermedia inc . , two yellow pages publishers , on tuesday said they agreed to merge , with the goal of saving money in a dwindling business .
in its announcement , dex one ceo alfred mockett said , “the urltoken operations are no longer viable and are not a part of our long - term plans . ” the company will continue to own the urltoken domain and brand .
( reuters ) - shares of directory publishers dex one corp dexo . n and supermedia inc spmd . o rose more than 50 percent on tuesday after the companies said they will combine in a stock - for - stock merger .
as part of the proposed deal , dex one and supermedia agreed with a committee of senior lenders to amend their credit agreements to extend the maturity dates of the companies’ senior secured debt up to 26 months until december 31 , 2016 .
urltoken includes a feature that allows dex one clients to access the site’s secure account management system ( ams ) and directly respond to consumers’ comments – thus encouraging communication between businesses and their customers and fostering stronger , more successful business relationships .
dex one , which is based in cary , n . c . , was known as r . h . donnelley until it exited bankruptcy . it reported a 12 percent drop in revenue in the first six months of this year .
shares of supermedia rose 47 cents , or 11 percent , to $ 4 . 88 on nasdaq . shares of dex one also rose 24 cents , or about 11 percent , to $ 2 . 35 on the new york stock exchange .
this agreement expands dex one’s online distribution network of industry - leading partner sites by giving local businesses exposure across citygrid . citygrid connects millions of local businesses with 140 million unique users across the web by distributing high quality local content to publishers .
or an agency can have certain case types — for example , sexual assaults or juvenile cases visible only to users in their state and not visible ( red ) to all other national users . state cjis system officers ( csos ) manage users with a toolset in the n - dex system that allows them to enable certain capabilities . for example , csos can authorize n - dex system users to also query the iii or the ncic systems from within the n - dex system interface , or disable their n - dex system access entirely . the n - dex system was designed with these and other controls in place to ensure the security and manageability of n - dex system data and users .
since the dawn of machines , mankind has dreamed of shoving one small computer into a larger one . the vision resurfaced last week in the form of a strange apple patent for a laptop - style device that slotted in an iphone in place of the trackpad .
ncis special agent / division chief kris peterson stated : “the fbi ‘known person’ record developed by and available in n - dex really proved its worth in this case . ncis , representing the d - dex and linx systems , is proud to be a strategic partner with the fbi and its n - dex system in furtherance of law enforcement information sharing . ”
in the space of just a month ( march ) us directory publisher dex one ( dexknows . com ) announced what i would consider two progressive online partnerships – is this a sign of things to come to help them develop their fixed online ambitions ?
in a traditional bankruptcy , a company cancels its stock as part of the restructuring and creditors often end up owning newly issued equity in exchange for the debt they hold . but the shares of dex one and supermedia will continue to trade in both cases .
dex one corporation , leading provider of marketing services and solutions for local businesses , today announced it has signed an agreement with yelp ( yelp . com ) , the fastest growing local business review site , to provide consumer feedback on its local search sites .
( reuters ) - dex one corp dexo . n and supermedia inc spmd . o have both filed for bankruptcy protection after the directories publishers failed to win the full support of senior secured lenders for a change to a credit agreement needed to complete their planned merger .
i attended bia / kelsey’s “leading in local : the national impact” conference in boston on march 18 - 20 and really enjoyed the terrific content and speakers . david sharman , dex one senior vice president and chief strategy officer , was particularly interesting during his keynote presentation .
althaus will be responsible for the continued development and execution of dex one’s national sales strategy , including the company’s partnerships with certified marketing representatives ( cmrs ) . althaus will assume the role from stephen gibbons , who has been tapped to lead an important internal business initiative .
based on the closing stock prices of dex one and supermedia on monday , the new company would be worth $ 100 million . but shares of both existing companies jumped in heavy tuesday morning trading , putting the total value of the new company at about $ 115 million .
bbb reports on a company that is out of business for one year from the date the company closes its doors or ceases to do business .
) - - dex one corporation , a leading provider of marketing services and solutions for local businesses , today announced the promotion of lisa althaus as vice president for national sales . she will be based in denver and report directly to dave moore , senior vice president of sales .
the n - dex program office presents awards to selected users of the system who nominate their success stories about their positive use of the n - dex system . the “fbi n - dex excellence in information sharing award” is given to several users and their departments each year based on usage conducted in the previous calendar year . additionally , the top success story of the year is presented with the prestigious “fbi n - dex success story of the year award . ” users may submit their stories directly from the system , either through the success submission button or feedback option , or submissions can be sent by e - mail directly to the n - dex program office here . in the words of a 2015 fbi n - dex excellence in information sharing award winner , capt . david baisden of the oklahoma county sheriff’s office , “n - dex is a tremendous tool for law enforcement , and in my opinion , is vastly underutilized . ”
currently urltoken trades at a 0 . 73 p / s and 1 . 02 p / b , despite making losses . a similar valuation will put dex one at $ 1b in market value in 2014 . this is not unreasonable for a company with $ 1 . 5 billion in annual revenues . with approx . 50 million shares outstanding , this puts dex one’s price 3 years from now at $ 20 / share . it is worth noting that coming out of bankruptcy , dex one shares traded at over $ 30 / share in feb 2010 . the company values itself at $ 2 . 275 billion ( $ 45 / share ) assuming current cash flow for next 4 . 5 years and than a terminal growth rate of ( 1 % ) using a discount rate of 13 . 5 % , so my estimate is definitely much more conservative than the company’s .
“merging this robust consumer feedback on one site allows consumers to more easily see how others rank a business before deciding if that business is right for their specific needs , ” said sean greene , senior vice president of interactive , dex one . “and for our approximately 500 , 000 local business clients , adding content from yelp – the leading local guide in real world word - of - mouth content – helps them better engage with their prospects and customers . ”
fire - dex welcomes jordan smitek as sales manager trainee . this newly created position will prepare jordan for a territory as a regional sales manager .
“the yelp community is made up of passionate locals who write about their experiences with neighborhood businesses , ” said geoff donaker , chief operating officer , yelp . “our relationship with dex one enables these yelpers to share their experiences with the millions of consumers and local businesses who rely on dexknows . com . ”
one day , in the not too distant future , there will probably even be a political party for earth . and its headquarters will be everywhere you are .
dex by samsung is entirely different . it’s not a peripheral , but a real break - through . dex connects the phone not to the desktop , but to the display . therefore , the handset is recognized as a full - scale desktop so that you can work on a larger screen .
dex one will be integrating the new content – ratings and reviews written by the yelp community – on urltoken ( r ) ( urltoken ) later this month . the yelp - branded content will appear within individual urltoken local business listings and complement the existing user - generated content already provided by regular urltoken users .
dex also has made some new partnerships with companies such a s xad , paperg and google to offer products that are fast , flexible and capital efficient . dex’s digital product portfolio includes sem solutions , internet yellow pages ( iyp ) , seo , and websites which have helped dex’s digital business grow by 30 % making it worth around $ 300 million . sharman attributed much of the digital growth to product bundles , which have a renewal rate of about 70 % . another driving force is the company’s guaranteed actions program , which is dex’s commitment to deliver a certain number of leads across multiple media .
former supermedia president and ceo peter mcdonald will serve in the same roles at dex media . he said , “dex media is positioned to help businesses across the country grow , with over 2 , 700 marketing consultants already advising approximately 665 , 000 local businesses across social , local and mobile media . ”
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one - stop shop from the beginning , the n - dex system was designed to be the “one - stop shop” for criminal justice information . this is underscored by the partnerships mentioned above , as well as others in the works , and by the amount of federal data available in the system . the n - dex system facilitates the search of data from the fbi , the department of homeland security ( dhs ) , the international criminal police organization ( interpol ) , the drug enforcement agency ( dea ) , the bureau of alcohol , tobacco , firearms and explosives ( atf ) , and the bureau of prisons ( bop ) . the n - dex program office is cultivating partnerships with additional coplink nodes , riss , international justice and public safety network ( nlets ) , eguardian , and others . the n - dex system already provides access to more than half a billion searchable records and regularly maintains search response times of under four seconds .
dex one is the proud leader in offering a consumer choice program regarding the number of directories they want delivered or if they want to opt out completely . in 2007 , dex one formed a team that ultimately created the program , and they launched it in may 2008 with dedicated phone lines and an interactive website . the program was an addition to the company’s long - standing recycling program . today each printed directory contains information on how consumers can change the number of directories they receive or to opt out completely . additionally , the company reaches out in advance to large businesses and residential complexes to determine the directory needs and “sweeps” areas after delivery to pick up unclaimed directories .
in a time of turmoil , abdul’s story seems a rare story of hope . but the extraordinary thing is that it’s just one example of a much larger global shift taking place today .
“partnering with an industry leader like citysearch underscores our commitment to giving local businesses maximum online reach and multiple ways to capture leads , ” said sean greene , senior vice president interactive , dex one . “enabling our advertisers’ content - rich urltoken listings to appear on citysearch is part of our ongoing effort to help local businesses get found wherever people are searching online . ”
the combined company , to be called dex media , expects to save between $ 150 million and $ 175 million annually by 2015 by cost - cutting measures including reducing headcount .
federated public offering ( simply fpo ) is a portfolio of digital brands seeking funding under one token sale . tokens are sold to the cryptocurrency community in return for access to earnings pooled from the portfolio .
connect with local businesses on - the - go . read rating and reviews , view menus and make reservations , find local coupons and more dex , results for the here and now .
institutions are instruments for long - term change . they bring organization and cohesion to otherwise diffuse movements . they help articulate and defend global interests with a greater voice than any individual or one - off moment .
however , we now have a glimpse of what the world could look like in a couple of years , thanks to samsung’s cell phone dock , dex . samsung , a korean company , suggests that the dex be paired with the samsung s8 . big deal , some say , desktop docks are nothing new . they work like charger and keep the phone in a comfortable position while you work .
dex one is currently in the process of negotiating with their lenders to get approval to allow them to buy back part of their debt at below par . if they are able to come to an agreement , we will start seeing “write ups” on the income statement and the balance sheet and it will also be favorable to the cash flow . this will be a major catalyst in moving the stock price appreciably higher .
the r . h . donnelley corporation , publisher of yellow - pages directories in 19 states , agreed yesterday to buy dex media for $ 4 . 2 billion to add telephone directories in 14 states including colorado , arizona and washington . dex investors , including the buyout firms carlyle group and welsh carson anderson & stowe , will receive the equivalent of $ 27 . 58 a share in cash and stock , less than dex ' s closing price sept . 30 . donnelley , based in cary , n . c . , will assume $ 5 . 3 billion in debt , the companies said yesterday .
the companies said dex media should be able to cut annual costs by $ 150 million to $ 175 million by 2015 , partly by job cuts . the two companies employ a combined 5 , 800 people .
dex one introduced a reputation management offering to help customers better manage and protect their online presence . the service allows advertisers to monitor their business listings , reviews and mentions on major search engines , directories and social media platforms . an online dashboard displays graphs , charts , and consumer content related to a business , and offers ways to manage and improve visibility and reputation in four key areas : competition , reviews , social media and visibility .
of course , one dock station , even the one with a great design and plenty of ports , is not enough . you need an os , a multitask os with multi - window . samsung s8 works just like this . when plugged into the display , you’ll get the full - scale working desktop , similar to that of windows in ergonomics , with the status bar in the bottom , the apps icons in the desktop and in the quick launch tray .
bbb reports on unauthorized use of the better business bureau ' s name and / or logo for as long as the business continues to use it in any advertising , or for one year after the business ceases any repeated unauthorized uses .
althaus has more than 25 years of industry experience , much of it in national sales . most recently , she was dex one’s midwest sales director , a role in which she managed a customer base of thousands and a large force of local marketing consultants . previously she was general manager of national sales for sprint publishing & advertising , where she oversaw the creation of the company’s national sales department and managed relationships with more than 300 agencies across the united states .
the fireboat is one of the most important fire apparatus for many waterfront cities . their maneuverability and power , not to mention their supply of water , has proven invaluable in many emergency situations . but do you know how this craft came to be ?
summary : security and compliance is the top concern . there are 3 layers of compliancy present ; one at the level of the code , then at the level of openledger’s kyc id validation , and finally apptrade’s own due diligence of verifying token buyers and app publishers .
the glenwood connect feature allows you to find a product or service , get a quote , or ask a question . you can also request a proposal for services from one of our members . this is a great way to find the right local businesses for the job .
on august 7 , 2015 , a trainer for the rocky mountain identification network ( rmin ) of the regional information sharing systems ( riss ) conducted a workshop about the national data exchange ( n - dex ) system for members of law enforcement in valley county , idaho . a detective attending the workshop was applying the workshop training to an active case of his when he searched the federal bureau of investigation’s n - dex system for the name of a potential gang member . the detective discovered a recent arrest of the subject in california , and through the information contained in the record , he obtained the names of the arresting officials . without the n - dex system , the detective likely would not have been able to track down the same information .
the regulations that apply to each kind of token vary widely , and are often different in every jurisdiction . the underlying technology of openledger dex , bitshares , provides the tools to allow token sellers to remain compliant with all applicable regulations when issuing assets .
the debt is quite high , no doubt . however , dex one is currently generating about $ 400 million in free cash flow / year ( which is after debt payments ) . this means that it can pay the debt off in roughly 6 years if it directs all its fcf towards debt repayment . its current $ 195 million cash cushion ( which is itself $ 3 . 89 / share – compared to the share price of $ 0 . 97 / share ) should be enough working capital for the next 6 years .
dex media , which will trade on the nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol dxm , will be a powerful marketing services company with digital revenue approaching $ 500 million and a near national footprint . the new company will be headquartered in supermedia’s hometown of dallas .
the history of humanity is a story of people coming together in new and different ways . we began as bands of hunter gatherers . but one day we came out of the plains of africa to make the world our own . our communities have never stopped growing in size and complexity .
the deposit receipt example is probably one of the most important , and yet most heavily regulated , use cases of user - issued assets . however , all uias created through open ledger are compliant - ready and have these controls programmed into the code of all tokens on apptrade’s app portfolio marketplace .
microsoft tried the same concept some time ago with the continuum project . however , the continuum failed to gain popularity . samsung , though , in a desperate attempt to make up for the galaxy s7 disaster , gave the dex much better publicity and a better design .
the internet is the largest community in history — as big as the global population in 1960 . it crosses every border and culture . and enough people are connected that the internet has become a planetary infrastructure for communications and collaboration . the tools and knowledge of one nation now belong to all nations .
naturally , those who have other android phones might feel left behind . what will it take to turn their phones into pcs . will the dex work with other phone brands ? while the last question has yet to be answered , the first issue might be resolved much sooner than expected .
on the financial front , dex reduced its debt by $ 1 . 8 billion , and the company has met guidance every quarter . regarding the merger with supermedia , sharman said it provides “more runway to transition to a growth company , ” and both companies are focused on delivering value to their customers .
as i’ve previously blogged , the creation of dex media represents an important and inevitable outcome of today’s changing local search landscape . together , the combined company is better positioned to transform its business model across a national footprint , providing local businesses with the innovative local advertising solutions they need to attract new customers .
openledger ( dex ) decentralised exchange is a cryptocurrency trading platform that has no central bank or exchange holding customer funds . a decentralized exchange has no central custodian , such as an institution , that is in control of your account . all users keep their private keys offline , keeping complete control of their funds .
just having your agency’s data in the n - dex system also provides tremendous benefit . as sheriff lawrence stelma of kent county , michigan states , “i get just as much benefit from having my agency’s data in n - dex as my staff gets from conducting searches . investigators from across the country are constantly bumping into my cases and helping solve my county’s crimes . ” each agency provides a contact phone number for its data that users see when they open a record . if the information is relevant to its case , staff can reach out immediately and directly to the agency to verify the information and obtain permission to act on it .
the ball - shaped black cradle features hdmi , ethernet , 2 usb 2 . 0 ports , and 1 usb –type c for the charging cable . the dock station also sports the built - in cooling fan for better phone performance . the dex can also work like a charger . weighing just 230 g , it is meant for travel .
about the author kasey wertheim is a project manager with the n - dex program office at the fbi’s cjis division’s in clarksburg , west virginia . as a former forensic scientist with a state crime laboratory , he knows first - hand the value of law enforcement information sharing in the 21 st century . he can be reached at kasey . wertheim @ urltoken .
they all seemed like fun and interesting devices on release , but all suffered similar fates . and in a time when we’re all backed up and synced to the cloud , it’s hard to say precisely what benefit we’d get from a docking station for a specific line of devices . but hey , it’s there if you need it . godspeed , samsung dex .
app portfolios , as distributional platforms , host multiple app brands . the fusion of crowd marketing and collaborative funding creates a new alternative group contract that allows individuals to pool their own resources into a shared digital reserve . used as a collateral , the reserve is comprised of digital tokens created from the openledger dex . royalty streams are secured in cryptoassets on the blockchain .
a few months after it was announced , the miniature treo - connected notebook was shelved as the company opted to focus on “core devices . ” perhaps that one had a fighting chance , given the netbook craze that would spring to life a few months later . though palm , it seemed , was ultimately doomed in this post - iphone world . but hey , now we have webos on smart refrigerators , so win - win .
in 2008 , a 33 year - old engineer called oscar morales created a facebook page , one million voices against farc , to protest against the colombian terrorist group . over the next month , hundreds of thousands of people from around the world liked his page and joined his movement . and in february 2008 , millions of people marched in more than 100 cities worldwide to demand that farc come to the negotiation table . they did .
one thing that’s important to point out is that this new deployment model has built - in compatibility support between the app files and . mdx files . this means that if the end - user updates to the latest version of the app before it updates the . mdx file , nothing will break . and vice versa , if it updates the . mdx file but the user hasn’t updated the app on the device , again , nothing will break .
the n - dex system contains data from more than 5 , 500 law enforcement and criminal justice agencies spanning the entire criminal justice lifecycle : service call , incident , arrest , assignment , warrant , missing person occurrence , booking , offense , criminal history summary , property disposition , holding , incarceration , supervised release , prohibited act , disciplinary incident , false statement , judgment , and disciplinary hearing data . usage of the system is not limited to sworn law enforcement agents . the system is accessible to :
agencies may also define exactly how they would like their information shared with other criminal justice professionals . contributing agencies do not have to make their data visible to all n - dex system users . for example , an agency’s source data administrator can set up sharing rules to have data as visible ( green ) to law enforcement and only provide department pointer information ( a telephone number or an e - mail address ) to the non - sworn users to follow up directly with the agency that owns the data .
grow your wealth with value investing today . we invest in undervalued stocks in the us stock market . all stock recommendations and stock advice are presented as investment ideas and the readers should conduct their own research or check with their investment adviser before acting on any idea presented here . please note that value investing still carries customary investment risks and a long term and disciplined outlook is required . value stocks , undervalued stocks , and value investing are concepts that describe an investment philosophy . when using value stock guide for ideas or advice , you understand that this process is not an exact science and can vary from one value investor to another
in the third row , i have listed the earnings as reported by the company . in q2 , the company took a massive $ 801 million write down on impaired goodwill which is clearly a 1 time event ( or since the company is restructuring and will have quite a few of these 1 time events ) . there were other write downs in 2010 . as part of the restructuring , the company is on track to realize $ 125 million in cost savings in 2011 . to come to the adjusted eps , i have backed out the one time events along with their estimated tax consequences to get a good picture of their ongoing business .
another powerful feature that contributes to significant time saving is batch query . users can upload spreadsheets of data , and the system can conduct thousands of searches at one time . the user can then return later and review only records that returned positive results . this feature was recently used by investigators searching for law enforcement contact from a large list of subjects on probation and parole . through this project , the agency reported an incredible 8 percent hit rate revealing dozens of leads where there were clear violations of the terms of the subjects’ releases . in some cases , results even showed subjects incarcerated in other jurisdictions , which is clear evidence of a violation of their probations / paroles .
apptrade sees a world where financial institutions could emulate existing models like real estate investment trusts . once institutional funds prove their own models on the blockchain , they may move on to issuing mortgage and insurance products , bundled with digital goods . the possible use cases are endless . investors and entrepreneurs can do business in more innovative ways . our mission is to improve the access to value for content creators worldwide . backing tokens with app revenues was once a theory but now it is a legitimate model for collaborative funding . apptrade’s model of open innovation is only possible now with the advent of the bitshares fueled openledger dex .
you can open , enlarge , and minimize windows , and open multiple windows and and drag and drop them with your mouse . android has microsoft office apps , including word , excel , and power point . you can also type texts and work with tables and presentations . the samsung s8 hardware can even launch the photoshop lightroom app where you can edit your photos . all these manipulations can be done via a keyboard and a mouse or a trackpad , while the phone screen is sleeping . whenever you receive a call or a text comes through , you can answer it or text back . when you are finished using the dex , you just pick the phone up from the cradle .
the n - dex system isn’t just a data repository , but it includes numerous tools available to its users to help “connect the dots” between seemingly unrelated information . entity extraction and entity resolution correlates the data and forms relationships between people , vehicles , locations , telephone numbers , crime characteristics , and more . users can view an integrated person entity view ( ipev ) which provides a snapshot of that subject’s name ( s ) , aliases , id numbers , the most recent photo , and more ; users can expand relevant records with the click of a mouse . the system also offers geo - visualization , where records can be plotted on a map , and link - visualization , where a user can see related records in the form of a link diagram .
the company , jide , has been working on the remix singularity for a while . the os has showed significant results on pcs , and is now ready to be used with android mobiles . it requires no special equipment , just a dock with some sockets , but you’ll need to flash your phone . in other words , you’ll need to delete the android os and install the remix singularity . here , however , samsung beats the remix with its both its hands tied , because with the samsung s8 , you need no extra moves . it works like a pc from the box . of course , you’ll have to pay extra money for the dex , but if your android device bricks after the remix installation , you’ll pay much more for the repair .
the openledger dentralized exchange ( dex ) , that runs on the bitshares blockchain , provides a feature known as “user - issued assets” that can facilitate profitable business models using company profits and other revenue streams to “collateralize” iou’s . the term , uia , refers to a type of custom token registered on the openledger platform , which users can hold and trade within certain restrictions . the creator of such a token publically names , describes , and distributes it . token creators can specify customized requirements , such as an approved whitelist of accounts permitted to hold the tokens . bitshares allows individuals and companies to issue their own tokens for anything they can imagine . using uias , hedge funds may launch digital funds . backing those digital funds with revenue streams from an inventory of assets ( real estate , jewlery , etc ) .
the company ' s operations remain healthy , and the nyse listing suspension does not impair r . h . donnelley ' s ability to continue to operate on a business as usual basis as well as invest in new and enhanced online platforms and capabilities .
r . h . donnelley connects businesses and consumers through its portfolio of print and interactive marketing solutions . small - and medium - sized businesses look to r . h . donnelley ' s experienced team of marketing consultants to help them grow their companies and drive sales leads . consumers depend on the company ' s reliable , local business content to deliver the most relevant search results when they are seeking local goods and services . for more information , visit urltoken and dexknows . com .
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or the negative of such terms , or other comparable expressions , as they relate to rhd or its management , have been used to identify such forward - looking statements . all forward - looking statements reflect only rhd ' s current beliefs and assumptions with respect to the matters discussed , and are based on information currently available to rhd . accordingly , the statements are subject to significant risks , uncertainties and contingencies , which could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in , or implied by , these statements .
source r . h . donnelley corp . contact : investors , james m . gruskin , 1 - 800 - 497 - 6329 ; or media , tyler d . gronbach , + 1 - 919 - 297 - 1541 both for r . h . donnelley corp . web site : urltoken urltoken
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on 03 / 18 / 2013 , the company filed for reorganization under chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy act , case number 13 - 10533 .
this permits the company to continue to operate with court supervision while developing a plan of reorganization .
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the election of donald j . trump has provoked elation , outrage and self - reflection . it has even prompted career changes .
a critical guide to productions in new york city , including shows in previews .
the firm has hired as a partner george h . young iii , known as woody , the lead banker in many big deals including at & t’s $ 49 billion takeover of directv .
the boom in corporate mergers is creating concern that illicit trading ahead of deal announcements is becoming a systemic problem .