sinking ships for wreck diving sites is the practice of scuttling old ships to produce artificial reefs suitable for wreck diving , to benefit from commercial revenues from recreational diving of the shipwreck , or to produce a diver training site .

sinking ships for wreck diving sites

yes ! people actually sink ships for wreck diving sites , to create artificial reefs to stimulate oceanic environmental growth , and as professional , as well as commercial , training sites .
dive time offer the best in wreck diving , technical diving , and deep diving that portugal has to offer , we also have learn to dive packages and well as try diving options . we also offer nitrox diving , and night diving courses and experiences .
barb lander is a wreck hunter and avid technical diver who has dived many of the east coast ' s historic wreck sites . she has written several features for sport diver .
i have been diving on several continents , but diving in mombasa with buccaneer diving is most certainly one of the best . very well trained staff , diving equipment in perfect condition , fast diving boats , a flexible organization : that is what makes a diving holiday successful .
hmas perth in company with her sister ships , hma ships brisbane ( 41 ) and hobart ( 39 ) .
there needs to be a federal ban against recreational wreck diving , and high capacity scuba tanks .
the man of steel rabble - rouser , peacemaker , folksy charmer and irresistible force of nature , joe weatherby has a passion for sinking ships and saving our seas .
has been studied and debated for over 50 years . for the collision , both ships are at fault , with the
we are affiliated with padi - the professional association of diving instructors , the largest diving organisation in the world , which guarantees safety and satisfaction with all diving courses offered .
responsible for the ships demise . also notice that her anchor chain is wrapped completely around her hull ,
our professional guides will make your dives fun , relaxed and safe in the best sites the area has to offer .
we loved diving with buccaneer . calvin and arnold and their teams showed us the best of diving during our visit to paje .
submarine torpedo attack ! u . s . navy ship sinking exercise – pacific ocean , 2016 .
we offer daily diving and snorkelling trips along the stunning algarve coast for divers of all experience levels .
hmas swan ' s final resting place , geographe bay , western australia . the wreck has proved to be a popular diving attraction .
this stern photo was taken immediately after the sinking . since the photo was taken this area has been broken
artificial reef dispute creates deep divide in b . c . ' s diving community
shipwreck expo free newsletter sign up for our free e - mail shipwreck , diving and treasure hunting newsletter . capt . dan berg has designed this e - mail service for all wreck divers , maritime historians and treasure hunters .
your dive ! tutukaka shipwreck adventure includes detailed onshore briefings , transport via our purpose built high speed wreck diving boat and the assistance of highly trained dive masters .
and then there’s weatherby’s most over - the - top stunt to date : sinking barrels on wrecks to make rum .
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we keep the wreck of the um el faroud up our sleeve for when the north west wind blows strong over the maltese islands . sheltered by the valley named ' wied iz zurrieq , the um al faroud usually be dived when many of the other sites are blown out .
if you are interested in advanced training , several instructors and dive shops do offer wreck diving certification , using the felipe xicoténcatl c - 53 as a training ship .
because the explosives on the ship were never set off , only the navy seals were allowed on the wreck for several weeks . out - of - town scuba divers went home without diving the yukon .
since this wreck lies in 50 feet of water , there is more than sufficient bottom time for exploration and photography . divers of all experience levels can enjoy the wreck of the oro verde .
other routes underwater , including the identification , cataloging and dissemination of other dive sites , demarcated and protected , allowing divers to safely explore the many sights of the region .
, arriving at singapore on 15 july . the two ships then steamed to hong kong where they were delayed for one day due to a typhoon warning before departing for davao in the philippines .
' s wreck , concluding the ceremony with the laying of a commemorative wreath .
become a member of the victorian artificial reef society and help us to create artificial reef dive sites in victoria . vars membership form ( adobe pdf | 74 . 57 kb )
down it goes the sinking of the vandenberg as an artificial reef in key west created a temporary mirage of its own atoll .
according to eco divers cozumel , “this project started in 1998 at a dema show . we met some canadian folks that where making artificial reefs for their diving areas by getting old boats from their government , cleaning and preparing them for sinking and diving safely , and they gave us the inspiration . once back in mexico , we started knocking doors to get an old , out of commition navy boat .
diving is dangerous at 30 feet or 130 feet , reef or wreck . i ' ve dove this wreck and was just fine . i didn ' t go inside a ) because it ' s dangerous and b ) viewing the outside was quite thrilling enough .
the save halkett bay marine park society opposed the sinking arguing the ship had a toxic chemical in the anti - fouling paint on the hull .
cozumel isn’t particularly known as a wreck diving location , and for good reason . ships that went down in rough waters offshore sank to depths far greater than any scuba diver could visit , and wrecks in shallower waters are eventually beat into oblivion by seasonal storms and tropical hurricanes that pass through the area . fortunately , there are a few sunken ships here that are interesting dives and worthy of a dive or two on your next visit to cozumel . one of those wrecks is the c53 felipe xicotencatl .
return on investment the future of the reef is metallic , in weatherby’s mind . besides the proven economic benefits , reefing ships offers hope for struggling marine environments around the world .
as for non - computer diving , there are always the dive tables . if you plan on diving the second - class china hole in 210 feet , however , the u . s . navy standard tables won ' t work for you ; they only go to 190 feet . a little more difficult to find are the navy extreme exposure tables , published in the u . s . navy diving manual .
sinking the c - 53 as an artificial reef and dive attraction was designed and carried on by the anoaat ( cozumel watersports & tourism association ) , in collaboration with local dive shops and the parque marino arrecifes de cozumel . the inspiration came from another place where ships had been successfully sunk by and for divers – canada .
the p29 minesweeper patrol boat the p29 minesweeper patrol boat is malta ' s latest wreck . the kondor class minesweeper was orginally built for the german navy but later used by the armed forces of malta as a patrol boat . the sinking of the patrol boat as a diving attraction was arranged by the malta marine foundation and sponsored by the malta tourism authority . a sister ship is due to be sunk later off comino . the p29 was sank quite some distance from shore but can be dived by the fit . it is much more easy to dive this wreck by boat and it has been a huge hit with our diving clients . the wreck is around 52 metres long and hit the bottom end on before lying flat at 37 metres . the superb photos of the sinking were taken by welsh diver susan davies from shore with an olympus camera .
as we found out on our trip , the oro verde is by far the most popular wreck dive in grand cayman . dive boats run trips to this wreck regularly , day and night .
the tower access will be closed for maintenance until further notice . we apologize for any inconvenience .
if you could see the wreck through crystal - clear water , this is what the andrea doria might look like over the years . the paintings are slightly inaccurate , as they show the wreck as though it was resting on a hard surface , when in fact it has been slowly sinking into the bottom , as can be seen in the final image .
the line ' s final ships were the enormous michelangelo and raffaello , which were retired in the early 1980s , at which point ocean cruising had been largely replaced by air travel . italia continues in operation today as a freight line , now a subsidiary of cp ships ( canadian pacific . )
the excitement level in san diego , at least for scuba divers , increased during the week . the newspapers carried the story about the scheduled sinking of the yukon , and the hotel rooms filled with scuba divers .
the ship ' s bell is always a prize find for a wreck diver . it is conclusive proof of a wreck ' s identity , but also something more - - an integral part of the ship itself . the bell from the andrea doria was a real treasure ; in the words of gary gentile ,
the ultimate artifact from the ultimate wreck .
weatherby is the p . t . barnum of wreck - makers . not only does the president of artificial reefs international transform retired military ships into thriving ecosystems , but he knows how to keep them alive in the minds of divers with creative events and promotions .
this is the sister ship to the p29 at cirkewwa . the p31 was scuttled at a much shallower depth in order to provide a wreck for open water divers . the wreck is at 18m with a maximum of 21m under the bow . one can enter the p31 at the stern and swim all the way to the bow without exiting the wreck . the mast has been removed , and the stern is buried in the sand after the wreck moved a substantial distance during storms over the winter 2010 - 2011 . the wreck now lies about 25m from the navigational hazard buoy in the direction of alex ' s cave . there has been a build up of sand inside the engine room , but this does not prevent swimming through the wreck .
don ' t be worried , decent photos of the wreck can be taken by anyone using a high speed film such as 400 or 1000 asa or video . they will not show the entire wreck in one photo but will document your dive . the entire experience was a perfect way to wrap up a great week of diving on grand cayman ' s shipwrecks .
don ' t just expect to sign up for a doria trip . expect to document your credentials . be prepared to give references . the deep - diving community is a small one , so it is virtually impossible to get the background needed to tackle the doria without meeting , training or diving with some of the heavyweights .
during this deployment , swan took part in exercise starfish 11 / 91 . this was a major international exercise for some 30 ships of the five power defence agreement , with the aim of enhancing interoperability and honing professional skills .
davy jones diving - padi 5 - star gold palm centre , gran canaria scuba diving and exploration of the best dive site in gran canaria - the el cabrón marine reserve . friendly dive centre offering beginner , experienced and training packages ; padi & bsac courses and snorkelling .
carrie lee , grand turk
can still be read on the stern of this wreck . photo by courtney platt
in accordance with ospar convention rules , the ships are cleaned of all environmentally hazardous materials or dangerous for divers . this preparation is being done with the help of canadian artificial reef trading consultant ( carc ) , that accounts for more than 23 navy vessels deliberate immersions around the world .
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hundreds of people from around the world , including former ship ' s personnel , linked to a live feed of the sinking of the old canadian navy destroyer , the hmcs annapolis , saturday .
to continue the momentum created by the well - publicized sinking events for vandenberg and mohawk , weatherby and his cohorts got creative . the wreck racing league , which began with the vandenberg underwater grand prix in 2009 , has hosted dpv races across florida and in italy , and has spawned a moving annual event at florida’s weeki wachee springs to benefit wounded veterans learning adaptive scuba .
in accordance to the rules of the seas , carstens testified , he then came about right at 23 : 05 ( 11 : 05 pm ) at the supposedly 12 - mile mark when he realized the ships were on reciprocal courses . captain calamai had the stockholm correctly plotted from as far away as seventeen miles and rightly assumed if the courses were held the two ships would safely pass each other starboard - to - starboard three quarters of a mile apart . still the italian captain came left to increase the distance between the two ships .
the wreck trips run three times a day . the first trip is at 8 . 30 to the tui and then we return to shore for our surface interval , before diving the waikato at 11 . 30am . there is a third trip to the waikato that runs at 2 . 30pm . choose the dive that suits you best .
the marine life at this wreck was not as impressive as the other wrecks on the island , but we did see some large barracuda , tiger groupers , two large puffer fish , trumpet fish , a small spotted moray eel , and , of course , the always present and ready for a handout , yellow tailed snappers . don ' t forget about the reef surrounding the wreck . as we found out , it is definitely worth exploring , and since you ' re diving in such shallow water a full tank of air allows plenty of time to explore both the wreck and the reef .
@ labufadora - yes , by all means , lets get the federal government involved and have the them make diving a wreck illegal . lets just outlaw diving . . . at the same time maybe they can outlaw skateboarding , bicycling and mountain climbing at the same time since those also kill people . oh , and maybe we can pass a federal law that we all have to wear helmets 24 / 7 whenever we leave the house for our own safety . . . ( sarcasm intended )
the location chosen for the wreck is just offshore from chankanaab park . the site was selected for a number of reasons , including easy access for divers , in an area sheltered from stronger currents common in the area , and on a big sand bar , where the ship wouldn’t damage any of the existing reef structures .
meurn has inputted all the data from both ships into the ship ' s bridge simulator computer at the merchant marine academy . the computer projects images onto a screen and the two ships were put at the distances apart and times that both the italia and swedish - american lines concurred on . carstens testimony at the inquiry , according to meurn , did not gibe with the facts .
in 1957 , the army corp of engineers decided that this wreck was a hazard to navigation , and had to be blown up .
this is the 7th time i have dived with buccaneer . i have always had excellent service the dive briefings are very professional , rental equipment is of a high standard with fast comfortable boats that get you to the dive sites quickly with good cover to protect you from the hot african sun .
most recently , weatherby contributed to the sinking of the 370 - foot annapolis off gambier island in british columbia , canada . there’s always a next project in the works for weatherby , but he isn’t a “sink ’em and leave ’em” type . his current endeavors revolve around creating continued interest — and tourism traffic — for his wrecks in novel ways .
the highlight of diving maui’s carthaginian ii wreck is something passengers buzzing by in the atlantis submarine will never see : three frogfish that have lived on the wreck for five years , according to lahaina divers general manager tim means . “ninety - nine percent of the time , you see all three , ” he says . the former whaling museum , a 100 - foot - long steel - hulled schooner once a fixture of the lahaina harbor , was sunk in 2005 at a depth of 95 feet .
“fish can’t tell the difference between a ship or a shopping cart , but people can , ” says the longtime resident of key west . “people won’t come to florida from england to go diving on shopping carts , but they will to dive on a cool , famous ship . if you’re not going to make it interesting , you might as well be sinking shopping carts . ”
the ship now lies on her side a mile and a half off mission beach . five divers have died in and around the wreck .
the sinking world , a series of installations on artificial reefs by austrian artist andreas franke , has adorned vandenberg , mohawk and stavronikita in barbados ; new installations are planned for a decommissioned oil - drilling rig in the gulf of mexico and to - be - determined wrecks in north carolina .
extra keys wreck dives a florida keys local for more than 30 years , joe weatherby says key west’s best - kept secret of interest to divers is the coast guard cutter ingham . now a floating museum and national historic landmark , the ingham is a sister ship to keys wrecks bibb and duane , and offers an unparalleled dry - run preview for divers who want to challenge those renowned key largo artificial reefs . plus , it offers experienced fans of those ships a chance at a whole new perspective on them . for information , go to urltoken .
why must we nerf the world if people knowingly take the risk to dive a wreck and they don ' t come up so be it . there is no reason to ban wreck diving or high capacity tanks . we do not need more regulation trying to make the world perfectly safe . taking risks is an important part of life , government regulation particularly in california has already taken alot of the fun out of life and bored people are dangerous people .
new experience and challenges are open for you ! we have many varied padi specialty courses to choose from . be sure to check out our specialty package of our most popular wreck , deep and nitrox speciality courses .
the following talking points are provided to assist in discussions with individuals or groups concerned about the environmental impact of sinking the hmas canberra as an artificial reef . these are presented as a series of frequently asked questions ( faqs ) .
meurn believes that some good came out of the tragedy . an agreement by all ocean lines shortly after the accident required two officers on the bridge during a watch and vhf radio contact between ships was established .
strong currents , extreme depths , and the distance from land and medical facilities have always made diving the andrea doria a hazardous endeavor . it is even more so today .
launched 1913 , extensively rebuilt 1937 - 1940 . she survived world war ii war mainly by staying out of it - her 13
guns would have been no match for the british ships in the mediterranean . scrapped in 1957 . this battleship was smaller than the liner andrea doria .
we were lucky enough to be able to charter two dive trips to the carrie lee . on our first trip , we scouted the wall for about 20 minutes in search of the wreck and finally found her . unfortunately our bottom time was used up , and we had no choice but to settle for a distant photo . exploration was left for another day .
the p31 is 53m long and is an excellent site for divers of every level . you can expect to encounter rays , flounders and razor fish on the sand . on the wreck itself , we have spotted trigger fish , filefish , octopus , nudibranchs and numerous small reef fish . mussels , oysters and tube worms have started to colonise the wreck and the buoy .
the local morning news reported on the incident . there was only one very short , grainy video of the sinking . one of the two men onboard just before it sunk said , “it was the greatest thing i ever saw ! ”
probably bearing more of the blame . both ships made a series of wrong moves that ultimately made the collision unavoidable , from going too fast in fog to not following accepted ' rules of the road ' . the
the malta beach holiday guide the beach holiday and travel resource to malta , including where and when to go , scuba diving , flights , car hire and airport parking deals .
the chrysler
norseman
show car , built by ghia in italy and lost on the doria . the tires might still be there inside the wreck .
only have a couple of days to spare ? this course is for you . in two days we will teach you the basics of scuba diving and you will be qualified as the basic level of padi scuba diver ; a license recognised around the world .
as an idc centre , we are able to offer courses from complete beginner to idc staff instructor , as well as technical diving through the dsat system ; also to instructor level .
i make no claim as to the accuracy , validity , or appropriateness of any information found in this website . i will not be responsible for the consequences of any action that is based upon information found here . scuba diving is an adventure sport , and as always , you alone are responsible for your own safety and well being .
this is what diving the ' doria was like in its heyday . actually , this dive by john chatterton is extraordinary . john ' s matter - of - fact narration belies the fact that for almost anyone else , a dive like this would be suicide .
on 16 september 1971 swan sailed from sydney for singapore , for her first tour of duty ' up - top ' , with the commonwealth strategic reserve , replacing her consort , hmas parramatta ( iii ) , in that role . the commonwealth strategic reserve , based in singapore , was made up of ships of the royal navy , royal new zealand navy and the royal australian navy .
part rabble - rouser , part peacemaker and all - around motivating force , weatherby’s progress from dive - boat captain to world - class reefer hasn’t been nearly as direct as the path the ships he sinks take to the bottom .
we believe in putting something back ! buccaneer diving has created two artificial reefs , mv dania & mv fish eagle . we have also promoted education with our schools to the sea program .
the hmnzs tui and hmnzs waikato are large navy vessels specifically prepared for adventure diving before being sunk at diver friendly depths . purpose cut access and exit points allow exploration of guns , bridges , control areas , helicopter hangar , engine rooms , cabins and crew areas .
the
rules of the road
, maritime right - of - way , called for ships on head - on courses to turn right for a port - to - port ( left - to - left ) passing . captain calamai determined there was ample distance between the ships , so he continued on his course , which veered left , or out to open sea . the andrea doria ' s master might have acted differently had he known the ship bearing down on his was a small fishing vessel , as he was led to believe , but another fast - moving ocean liner also intent on keeping to a tight schedule .
historical and current cayman islands shipwreck information and images for scuba divers and fisherman .
of course as soon as the p29 was sunk , we couldn ' t wait to dive it . our instructors went that same afternoon to familiarize themselves with the wreck before taking clients . the first row of underwater photos of the wreck were taken by our instructor willem weeseman and the second row by our client prof . ernst luecker .
these two panels were recovered from the wreck in 1993 by new jersey diver john moyer , who was previously awarded salvage rights to the wreck . each panel weighs in excess of 500 pounds , and both were attached to walls deep within the wreck . bringing these treasures to the surface required a tremendous effort which included not only divers , but also a crane and forklift to move the panels from the dive boat to the water - filled boxes in which they now rest as part of the preservation process .
i do know this . that weekend the conditions were bad everywhere off san diego , we canceled our dives as a result . they just shouldn ' t have been diving at all that weekend .
since the wreckage is so close to shore , access is very easy for anyone interested . she is located directly in front of surfside watersports where divers may conveniently rent gear and tanks . you can then swim to the callie from the beach by following a 300 degree compass course . the shop owners have placed steps in the water which make for an easy entry from their deck . there are also various boat trips that can be taken to the callie . boat loads of snorklers can explore not only the wreck but the surrounding reef as well . if you ' re diving on the wreck when one of these boats arrive as we were , this area will suddenly look like the sea of legs .
what was later described as a billion - to - one chance accident was the first collision between two ocean liners in history . the rescue of the surviving 1200 passengers and crew from the doomed ship is considered to be the greatest peacetime sea rescue of all times . besides the stockholm , four other ships answered the andrea doria ' s distress call . one of those ships was the ile de france . she raced from her position 44 miles away to help in the heroic rescue mission .
today , this wreck is far beyond the limits of a sport diver but can be viewed through the use of research submersibles ltd ' s two passenger submersible . the submarine ride will last for about one hour and 30 minutes . this once in a life time adventure of dropping to the great depths of the sea and viewing the wreck of the kirk pride is a memory that will be long lived in anyone ' s mind .
“there are two paths i like the most , ” says john flanders , wreck - diving instructor - trainer , of 366 - foot yukon , off the coast of san diego , california . “the first is underneath the wreck where the dolphins are at 110 feet , then under the bow — there’s something peaceful about it . ” the second route he favors is to the “middle guns” area of the 2000 - sunk vessel . because it was purpose - sunk , many features , like the artillery , remain . plus , a lot of smaller , exterior rooms have been made accessible . flanders , who teaches penetration diving , says the “inside top levels are fantastic — but on the yukon ’s top decks , you can absolutely have high adventure . ”
a lifeboat dispatched by the late - arriving tanker robert e . hopkins to search for survivors spotted hudson . the seamen manning the boat were afraid to approach the sinking ship for fear that if the doria capsized they would be sucked under with it . hudson alternated between begging for help and cursing his would - be rescuers for an hour and a half . finally spurred to action , the lifeboat plucked the injured hudson from the dying doria and escaped its suction by some ferocious rowing . it was 7 : 30 am . the andrea doria was now a ghost ship waiting to be received by the ocean bottom .
up to 3 drift dives a day and sometimes more during the busy times ; our stunning coral reefs are accessed by customised diving boats ; we dive zanzibars’ east coast as well as kizimkazi and mnemba ; our kilifi base near mombasa is celebrated for wrecks , the vuma caves & whalesharks .
hmas swan departing sydney harbour for her 7 - month deployment to south east asia .
once on the seabed , the show will continue . first , with the explosion of marine life on the ships . then with the many activities , filming and other initiatives on a recreational , scientific or artistic work that will host the ocean revival algarve .
vincenzo hosts a yearly party for doria survivors at his restaurant on the anniversary of the sinking .
it was the best ship in the world
, he told me as he told anyone who asked ,
but everybody know that . but the thing is when you write this book you got to tell the truth about what happen . captain calamai was right .
after the war , the line restarted with two ships , the andrea doria and her identical sister christoforo colombo . after the loss of the andrea doria , the italia line immediately ordered a replacement , which was delivered in 1960 . the leonardo da vinci was essentially an enlargement of the same design , and closely resembled the andrea doria , although with many detail improvements . all three ships suffered from a flawed hull design which rendered them somewhat unstable in rolling , something that probably contributed to the capsizing of the doria .
the year commenced with swan , mid - way through her anzuk deployment , making official calls at kure and takamtsu , japan . in late january she returned to singapore for her next role as escort to the royal yacht britannia during a royal visit to thailand in february , a task she shared with ships of the royal and royal new zealand navy .
on 3 october , swan sailed for another southeast asian deployment . together with other ran units she exercised with ships from the us navy , malaysia , singapore and thailand . port visits included surabaya , singapore , lumut , manila , subic bay , bangkok and penang . swan enjoyed a tropical christmas and new year while berthed at sembawang dockyard , singapore .
navigating the wreck can be a mental challenge too . the doria lies on her side , so the floors and ceilings are the walls and the walls are the floor and ceiling . confused ? try it under the influence of nitrogen . it is difficult to formulate a big picture in your head ; the visibility limits you to seeing the wreck in 20 - foot sections .
hmas perth ' s ship ' s company ceremoniously leaving the ship for the last time .
in early october , swan , with other ran units deployed to singapore and the indian ocean for sindex 77 . she returned to sydney on 19 december 1977 for leave and maintenance .
successful sinking projects such as key west’s  vandenberg , mohawk off fort myers , florida , and annapolis in british columbia are testament to weatherby’s prowess at saving historic vessels by preparing them with diver access in mind , and his success at preserving historical elements such as propellers , guns and radar dishes .
instead of the ship being an easy diving site for beginning divers , it has become a deadly tourist site . because of the position in which the ship is lying , a diver has to go down 70–80 feet before seeing the wreck . at 100 feet , a diver only has 17 minutes of air . and instead of having a clear pass way through the holes cut in the hull , a diver who enters the yukon can easily become disoriented and not be able to find a way out .
the commonwealth government announced that following her decommissioning swan would be gifted to western australia . on monday 11 november 1996 , the western australian minister for tourism announced that the geographe bay artificial reef society had been successful in its bid to use swan as a dive wreck and artificial reef .
as an aqualung partner centre we are certified to service and maintain the full range of aqualung diving gear and are able to arrange hydrostatic tank testing . if you have your own tanks that need filling we can certainly do this for you . please note that your tanks will need to be within their hydrostatic test date .
before sinking , the ship was carefully ( and quite thoroughly ) stripped of hazards that might endanger divers , including removing doors , wiring , piping , and other entanglement hazards . potential toxins were removed and the entire boat was throughly cleaned to prevent any pollution from damaging the nearby reefs and sea life . large holes were cut into the sides , allowing light to enter and providing safer access for divers .
the australian white ensign is raised for the first time in hmas swan during her commissioning ceremony .
the federal court cleared the way for the former canadian navy destroyer to be sunk in march .
closed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .
this is a pioneering public interest project that brings the potential of the portuguese sea - testimony to the history of the country - to the forefront and will attract diving enthusiasts to experience an unforgettable experience , adapted to suit all levels of difficulty .
it took another eighteen months for the ship to be outfitted for transatlantic service . the owners of the ship , the societa de navigazione italia ( italia line ) , decided against competing with the british and the americans in building the largest and fastest of ships . instead the italia line wanted to entice their passengers with luxury and art and built what was to later be described as a
floating art palace .
they also wanted their ship to incorporate the latest techniques in shipbuilding , and spared no expense .
on 1 november 1971 , following the expiration of the anglo - malaysian defence agreement , the strategic reserve was replaced by anzuk , under the five power defence arrangement plans for the defence of singapore and malaysia . a highlight to the changeover was a farewell review of units of the far east fleet . hma ships derwent and swan participated in this event , which marked significant changes in britain ' s defence role in south east asia , and ended the role of the previous naval command which had existed for 150 years .
here are the deck plans john is using in the video above . not that they will do you much good today - the wreck has collapsed significantly . much of what he is describing is now flattened and inaccessible . what is left of the wreck is also much deeper than it was then . today , the andrea doria is a good place to get killed , and too many people still insist on doing just that . enlarge
the last time i saw the yukon was thursday , july 13 , 2000 , around 8 : 00 p . m . my flight to kansas city was the next day at 8 : 00 a . m , and the big festivities for the sinking of the yukon were set for noon . the 366 - foot - long ship would be sunk during a ceremony punctuated by fireworks . i wished i could see it . little did i realize that , in fact , i was one of the last people to see the yukon …afloat , that is .
the balboa was carrying a cargo of wood and oil when she went down . the caymanian ' s claim that after the ship sunk you could have walked from the wreck to shore on her cargo of wood without even getting your feet wet . it is also said that the wood that washed onto shore was used to build a church steeple . the story of this wreck is told by dive masters as being a gift from god .
took advantage of the opportunity for a vigorous anti - submarine exercise with a visiting us navy nuclear submarine .
at 58 , superior captain piero calamai had spent 39 years of his life at sea . a merchant marine cadet , he was awarded the italian war cross for military valor during world war i when he was only 18 years old . as a reserve lieutenant commander during world war ii , he was awarded again the war cross for valor . over his career he served as an officer aboard 27 ships in the italian merchant marine before being rewarded with the command of the pride of the italia line - the newly launched andrea doria .
to divers like me the only real tragedy of that night of july 25 , 1956 was the loss of those lives aboard the two ships . but the andrea doria still lives . it is just that her life goes on many fathoms under the sea where only an intrepid few get the chance to relive her charms .
there was plenty of competition for transatlantic tourism : england , france , the nordic countries , and the united states all had stately ships to entice travelers . not to be outdone , the world famous ansaldo shipyards in the genoese suburb of sestri laid the keel for what was to be the most elegant ship of her time , to be named after the naval hero , statesman , and innovator andrea doria . on may 22 , 1950 , to the cheers of the proud genoese , the newly christened andrea doria slipped into the shimmering waters of the ligurian sea .
this seems to be what happened on december 1 to staci johnson , a 26 - year - old marine from camp pendleton . johnson was an experienced diver , as she was taking an advanced diving class with an instructor and a couple of other students when she died .
the corsair fighter aircraft is the state’s only authentic wreck , landed in 1945 on the sand off oahu when a pilot ran out of fuel . “it’s in such amazing condition , ” says lewis heuermann , padi staff instructor for dive oahu . the cockpit’s gauges , stick , seat and rudder pedals all remain . the plane sits in a field of garden eels at 115 feet . frogfish bunk near the plane’s tail , and a yellow margin moray eel has claimed the cockpit . the best part : the wreck sits out in the sand desert — the cruising ground of 15 - foot galapagos sharks .
the doria is not the dive that it used to be . the hull is collapsing badly , and the top of the wreck is now below 190 ft . many of the places that divers used to visit have deteriorated beyond recognition . gimbel ' s hole , once the famous entry to the inside of the wreck , is now no more than a closed - off depression . every year , as the hull sinks further into itself , the dive becomes deeper , more dangerous , and more pointless . once the
mount everest of shipwreck diving
, the heyday of the andrea doria is over . i have never been there , and have no desire to go , but i know a lot of people who have , including some of the most experienced .
in her 34 year commission , hmas perth ( ii ) steamed over one million miles for the royal australian navy .
the greatest show beneath the sea according to weatherby , “sink it and they will come” is true only for fish .
i spent several weeks with buccaneer diving completing their dive masters program and loved every minute of it . i got the opportunity to dive in all of their locations including zanzibar and found each base to be very well run with friendly staff , good equipment and a great safety record .
in mid june , swan departed hmas stirling for south - east asia arriving in singapore on 29 june . the deployment saw swan and her consort , derwent , actively involved in exercise starfish 8 / 88 . during their return passage to australia the two ships conducted a memorial service in the sunda strait over the resting place of the cruiser , hmas perth ( i ) , which was sunk on 1 march 1942 . swan returned to her homeport on 18 august 1988 .
hearing of captain meurn ' s conclusions brought a sad smile to the face of vincenzo della torre . as with any tragic mishap or senseless act of violence , there is the term closure for the victims . but for della torre there is some satisfaction in knowing the love of his young life was not responsible for her untimely end . nevertheless , the thought that the sea is now her grave is an unbearably sad thought for the italian expatriot . he still grieves the loss .
the diver mentioned earlier , who didn ' t hold on to the anchor line and was swept away , reported that he landed in the sand at 165 feet and swam around for a while looking for the wreck . well , his story got a real laugh on the surface because the sand is at 250 . the hull is at 165 ! there was such a vast expanse of featureless hull in all directions that , combined with a little nitrogen , he thought he was on the bottom .
hmas swan slides down the slipway following her launching by mrs allen fairhill , wife of the then minister for the navy .
both the wrecks are deep dives , with minimum dive guidelines . we require you to have 15 logged dives for the waikato and 35 logged ( with an advanced certificate ) for the tui . you must have dived in the last six months .
we regularly have equipment discounts and special offers so keep an eye out for these and build your perfect dive kit today .
it is , also , an unforgettable opportunity for scientific advancement in the area of marine biology and the study of species .
sometime just before midnight , the waves had picked up by to two to three feet . this was one to two feet more than expected — the ocean is usually flat around that time of the summer . the plywood failed . the ship took about an hour and a half to sink . and instead of sinking straight down , it listed to one side and came to rest flat on its port side .
fish feeding and photography are ideal activities for this wreck . the balboa seems to attract a large array of aquatic life . we were lucky enough to find and photograph large green moray eel in the balboa ' s boiler room , located just off the wreck ' s starboard side . also happy to have their picture taken were some tiger groupers . this site has become a quite popular night dive too . according to noted photographer joe koppleman , the balboa is one of the best places in the world to find and photograph the orange ball anonyme ( pseudocorynactis caribbeorun ) . also called sunburst anonyme , this rare species is seldom seen by divers .
the anna marie is also referred to as the tug wreck . she was a 25 foot long , wood hulled tug boat that was used as a support vessel for the atlantis submarine . the little tug was sunk by a storm in 1987 and now rests upright in 50 feet of water on a sand flat just outside of devil ' s grotto in the southwest corner of georgetown harbor . this miniature tug has now been transformed into a wonderful little fish haven and makes a great background for wide angle photographs .
“there’s no good news coming from the reef , man , ” he says . “this isn’t theory anymore . the jury is not out . the results are in . we’ve been studying artificial reefs for 50 years . it’s time for more of them . ”
if divers enter the wreck through the large square deck hatch , a penetration can be made of about 25 feet forward . once inside , there are a group of porthole openings you can look through or some inner rooms that are still intact that can be explored .
on our second trip , captain butch brought us right to the wreck . we found her to be perfectly intact , and it looked as though she was waiting for us to explore her rusted remains . her pilot house is accessible through a door on her port side . a big spotlight and brass horns are still mounted atop the pilot house . if we swam any further ahead of the pilothouse , we would have ended up in water considered too deep for sport divers . however , we were totally in our glory just to be able to explore the stern section since there was such a large assortment of interesting items . among these items was an intact porthole and , after wiping off some light marine growth , we were able to read the wreck ' s name carrie lee on her stern .
swan and her sister ship , torrens , were the final two river class des constructed for the ran . the first four ships , parramatta ( iii ) , yarra , stuart and derwent , were modified versions of the royal navy ' s type ' 12 ' whitby and rothesay class frigates both of which displayed very good sea keeping qualities . swan and torrens ( ii ) were a derivation of the royal navy ' s leander - class general purpose frigate , which was itself a development of the type ' 12 ' .
“we’ve got good bait balls on it , ” jim mayhen , instructor at down under dive shop in gulf shores says of 271 - foot lulu . since the may 2013 sinking 23 miles offshore , mayhen reports that snapper , spanish mackerel , toadfish , and 70 - to 80 - pound “ajs” or amberjacks are seen regularly . “the only thing that hasn’t moved in is a goliath grouper , but one’ll be here by summer . ”
behind the bow section of the wreck , divers can swim in and around huge steel plates or just have fun feeding the fish . be careful not to be too surprised if while feeding the fish , all of a sudden a 300 pound jew fish is right under you waiting for a handout . this jew fish is more commonly referred to as sweet lips or george and has made the wreck of the oro verde his home . other inhabitants of the oro verde include a four foot spotted moray eel that lives in a pipe just forward of the pilot house , a six foot green moray named kermit who can usually be found under some of the steel plates and a four foot barracuda named puff . if you look hard enough as we did , you may also find a large rock lobster living under the wreck . due to the constant hand feedings from divers , the most common fish of all are overly plump yellow tail snappers , and some beautiful large angel fish .


cumulus humilis is a cumuliform cloud with little vertical extent that is commonly referred to as " fair weather cumulus " and common in the summer .

though if they develop into cumulus mediocris cloud or the cumulus congestus cloud , thunderstorms could develop later in the day .

it is generally classified as a low cloud but in hot countries and over mountainous terrains , these clouds occur at up to 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) altitude .

elsewhere they are typically found lower levels ( 500 – 3000 m ( 1,500 – 10,000 ft ) ) .

they have a limited depth ( technically known as showing no significant vertical development ) .

this indicates that the temperature in the atmosphere above them either drops off very slowly or not at all with altitude , depending on its lapse rate .

cumulus humilis may be accompanied by other cloud types , and they are commonly seen beneath cirrostratus clouds , created as the heat from the sun needed for convection begins to cool , causing cumuliform clouds to flatten and become cumulus humilis .

in this case , a warm front could be approaching and this signals rain is imminent in the next 12 to 24 hours .

when they appear in a clear sky ( see picture ) , they are an indicator of pleasant weather for the next several hours .

air below the cloud base can be quite turbulent , giving occupants of light aircraft an uncomfortable ride .

to avoid turbulence where such clouds are present , pilots may climb above the cloud tops .

however , glider pilots actively seek out the rising air to gain altitude .

these clouds may later metamorphose into cumulus clouds under the right conditions , though the presence of these types of clouds usually indicate fair weather .

cumulus humilis cloud

cumulus characterized by only a small vertical extent and appearing generally as if flattened . cumulus humilis clouds never produce precipitation .
this is an image of cumulus humilis clouds . click on image for full size courtesy of carlye calvin
the fluffy , cauliflower - shaped cumulus are one of the most common and distinctive types of cloud . all cumulus clouds develop as a result of convection .
cumulus humilis is the quintessential cumulus – flat - bottomed and puffy like cotton ( they look like cartoon simpsons clouds ) . they are found scattered randomly through the sky in separate little piles , and they are said to indicate “fair weather , ” meaning no precipitation and moderate temperatures . they get the name humilis ( meaning humble , lowly , small ) because they are the tiny , non - threatening cumulus . if you’re spending a day outside on the slip n’ slide , you will be happy if you see cumulus humilis .
is the smallest arrangement of cumulus cloud ( humilis meaning humble in latin ) and can in some cases be an indication that worsening weather conditions may occur . to know whether this is likely , one would have to take note of various conditions like the amount of moisture in the air and the temperature . one would also need to keep a close eye on the cloud to watch for any signs of development . cumulus humilis is found right across the world , and is seen over the oceans or over landmasses , assuming the conditions are suitable . cumulus humilis is generally found at around 2000 feet and above , though it may form at higher altitudes within a dryer mass of air . cumulus humilis clouds are either very short lived , or under the right circumstances can develop into cumulus mediocris .
cumulus fractus clouds are cumulus clouds that appear in irregular fragments , as if they had been shred or torn apart .
cumulus humilis clouds are the so - called
fair weather
cumulus clouds . they exhibit little or no vertical development and generally have a flat appearance . their growth is usually limited by a temperature inversion ( or an increase in temperature with height ) , which is marked by the unusually uniform height of the clouds . cumulus humilis clouds tend to be small and develop near the ground .
, which often occurs during the presence of cumulus mediocris . cumulus congestus needs strong updrafts to assist in its development , and the resulting cloud tops can often rise to an altitude of 15 to 20 thousand feet , making cumulus congestus much taller than it is wide . unlike humilis and mediocris , cumulus congestus can produce moderate to heavy rain or snow showers . if the atmosphere is unstable enough or convection is great enough , cumulus congestus can develop into cumulonimbus calvus , which is the stage between cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus incus , which is a mature storm cloud .
( mediocris meaning moderate in latin ) is produced under more rigorous conditions than cumulus humilis . cumulus mediocris is formed when the convection is greater than during cumulus humilis , and is similar in appearance but bigger . instead of taking on the wide , flat shape of humilis cloud , mediocris tends to be as wide as it is tall . mediocris often forms at similar heights to humilis , and at similar times of day . both clouds tend to form late in the morning or early in the afternoon , when convection has begun as a result of a warming of ground temperatures . sometimes , mediocris can form in an area of strong winds and be torn into sections . the resulting cloud formation is known as
humilis is a latin word which means humble and the clouds have got this name because of the fact that they are formed by a weak convection system . the clouds have flat bases along with small rounded tops and are the smallest clouds in the group of cumulus clouds . some of the unique features of cumulus humilis clouds are as follows :
cumulus clouds can be associated with good or bad weather . cumulus congestus clouds , also called towering cumulus , are in the last stage of development before becoming cumulonimbus clouds . the tops of
cumulus mediocris clouds are cumulus clouds that are characterized by moderate vertical development with upper protuberances . cumulus mediocris clouds are medium - sized clouds that do not produce precipitation , but they can develop into towering cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds , which do produce precipitation .
cumulus clouds belong to the clouds with vertical growth group . they are puffy white or light gray clouds that look like floating cotton balls . cumulus clouds have sharp outlines and a flat base . cumulus
mostly , cumulus indicate fair weather , often popping up on bright sunny days . though if conditions allow , cumulus can grow into towering cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds which are capable of producing showers .
a very small convective cloud , which forms just after a rising thermal reaches the condensation level . humilis clouds usually dissipate a few minutes after they form , and not showing much growth , or they grow bigger to cumulus mediocris and congestus .
below the cloud . viewed from below , this cloud usually has a horizontal base . turbulence is generally moderate .
cumulus clouds can be associated with good or bad weather . cumulus humilis clouds are common in the summer and are associated with fair weather . they are usually widely spaced in the sky , have a flat base and rounded tops , and sometimes they look like sheep grazing in a pasture .
cumulus humilis clouds are not restricted to any specific location and are widely seen in every corner of the world when the conditions are favorable . they formed over deserts , oceans and land masses , antarctica being an exception .
within the cloud . cumulus humilis is composed of water droplets ( sometimes supercooled ) . an observer flying through it has the impression of being in dense fog , with large variations in visibility . ascending currents of about 2–5 m / s ( 7–17 ft / s ) may be encountered . turbulence is sometimes severe , especially during the formation and growth of the cloud , and it diminishes when the cloud is mature .
above the cloud . viewed from above , this cloud often appears to be floating in a hazy layer from which its rounded tops emerge . most of the tops extend to nearly the same level . the individual clouds may be widely spaced , or they may be close together and sufficiently flat to resemble patches of stratocumulus . there is usually no turbulence above cumulus humilis .
cumulus congestus clouds are strongly sprouting cumulus clouds with generally sharp outlines , often with great vertical development . these are rapidly growing cumulus clouds whose height exceeds their width . also known as towering cumulus ( or towering cu ) , they may occur as tower - like clouds with distinctive cauliflower tops : the cauliflower top often mean showers below , but without the characteristic anvil of a cumulonimbus , the cloud remains classified as cumulus congestus . these clouds may produce abundant showers and may develop further into cumulonimbus .
developed at pnnl . the study covers the treatment of small - scale shallow cloud processes within coarser grid chemical transport models . the new revised cumulus parameterization will significantly improve representations of aerosol - cloud interactions within coarse - grid regional models .
cumulus humilis clouds have a strong association with summer . people take them as an indication that summer is here and are also known as fair weather clouds . they are quite common in hot countries and belong to the category of low to middle level clouds .
cumulus congestus clouds are much larger , look like caulilower , and are associated with bad weather .
many clouds form as a result of warm and moist air rising - convection . when the air condenses into small , lumpy , low pockets of cloud , this is cumulus .
is the latin word meaning heaped , and describes the shape of the cloud .
origin : the cumulus always indicates an instability to the layering of air with appropriate convection or turbulence .
while cumulus , stratus and cirrus are very easy to distinguish , how are observers trained to tell the difference between cumulus fractus , cumulus humilis , cumulus mediocris and cumulus congestus ? the differences are very important – one can be a sign of fair weather and very limited convective activity , another in this series denotes deeply unstable conditions , with showers or thunderstorms likely within the next hour or two . of course , the answer has to be some kind of visual reference aid for observers – and the latest wmo version of the international cloud atlas has just been published on the web . it includes hundreds of photographs of clouds and related phenomena in full colour , including for the first time entries for lightning , contrails , rainbows , solar haloes , rime ice and noctilucent clouds .
type of cloud : cumulonimbus heavy dense clouds in the form of mountains or towers .
cumulus humilis clouds are formed throughout the day as the sun rays fall on the ground and heat it . this heat up the air and it rises upwards ; as it reaches a certain height it begins to condense . they have a fluffy shape in the morning but tend to lose it as they collapse in the afternoon and is so widely spread out that they eventually dissipate . sometimes they collapse into the stratocumulus as they cover the sky . these clouds are formed even in hot places like the sahara desert when there is enough humidity due to convective movements that is required to form a humilis cloud .
type of cloud : cirrocumulus small , rounded white puffs . isolated or in long rows .
the humidity level of the surrounding air mass plays a pivotal role in the formation of the cloud base . in areas where the humidity level is quite high like tropical regions or coastal areas , these clouds are usually at a height of 2000ft and can go up to 3500 ft . the altitude increases as they move to dry areas and under favorable conditions , cumulus humilis clouds can later develop into cumulonimbus incus .
the research team conducted coupled cloud - aerosol - meteorology simulations using the weather research and forecasting with chemistry ( wrf - chem ) model to examine cloud - aerosol interactions observed during the 2007 field study over oklahoma city called cumulus humilis aerosol processing study ( chaps ) . during the chaps campaign , data was collected using instruments aboard the u . s . department of energy ' s gulfstream - 1 ( g - 1 ) research aircraft . they collected measurements below , within and above clouds using a counterflow virtual impactor and an isokinetic inlet to sample large cloud droplets and non - activated interstitial aerosols , respectively .
iwitness contributor prairieman sent this picture of a
cumulus convention
from spokane , wash . ( iwitness / prairieman )
this work presents a new methodology for representing regional - scale impacts of cloud processing . . .
stratocumulus cloud consists of large , rounded masses of stratus that form groups , lines or waves .
along coastlines , cumulus may form over land during daylight hours as a sea breeze brings in moist air , which is then warmed by the surface . this effect reverses overnight as the sea becomes warmer than the land and cumulus form over the sea .
the word
cumulus
is latin for the word
heap .
. when warm , moist air rises , water vapor eventually cools and condenses on particles ( called condensation nuclei ) into tiny water droplets . as the process continues , water droplets continue to accumulate upwards , creating heaps visible in the sky as white , fluffy clouds . essentially , a cumulus - type cloud is a cloud that develops in a vertical direction from the bottom up .
throughout the world , one of the most favored clouds among skywatchers is the cumulus cloud . the puffy , fluffy , whimsical clouds add character to beautiful sunny days , yet they become quite dramatic when they grow into huge , stormy thunderheads .
clouds are fragile , fleeting and powerful . a cloud can change from a fair weather cumulus to an angry , ominous hail - producing nimbus is a few short moments , like an amazon princess whose delicate features belie her warrior strength…or something .
altocumulus clouds are part of the middle cloud group ( 2000 - 7000m up ) . they are grayish - white with one part of the cloud darker than the other . altocumulus clouds usually form in groups and are about
altostratus belong to the middle cloud group ( 2000 - 7000m up ) . an altostratus cloud usually covers the whole sky and has a gray or blue - gray appearance . the sun or moon may shine through an altostratus
automatic weather stations ( aws ) are increasingly commonplace in meteorological reporting systems : today more than half of all surface observations come from sites that are partly or fully automated . aws have many advantages , particularly in remote sites , or providing observations outside of normal working hours ( for instance , almost all uk night - time synoptic observations are now made by awss ) . despite advances in computer technology and image recognition systems , however , automatic observations of cloud amount and types are still pretty much hopeless , and are best left to manual observing sites . so how do we ensure global consistency in cloud reporting ? is cumulus humilis reported in the observation from shanghai the same type of cloud reported from los angeles international airport ?
see ! it’s fun and easy to speak cloud ! there are lots and lots of different types of very cool clouds ( with other very beautiful latin names ) , but those are the basics of the main three cloud types .
with increasing vertical height , cumulus clouds are often associated with convection . bases of these clouds are generally no more than 3 , 000 feet above the ground , but they can develop past the troposphere in both temperate and tropical latitudes . cumulus clouds are classified as low yet vertically building clouds .
cumulonimbus clouds are vertically developed cumulus clouds , often capped by an anvil - shaped cirriform cloud called an incus . well known as thunderstorm clouds , cumulonimbus clouds are frequently accompanied by heavy showers , lightning , thunder , and sometimes hail , tornadoes or strong , gusty winds .
low – well there’s not a prefix for “low” in cloud talk , but low clouds are found from 0 – 6500ft .
is a dense cumulus cloud that is primarily caused by forest fires . the intense heat that is often caused by these immense fires can dramatically increase the convection and amount of moisture in the vicinity , creating huge cumulus clouds . combined with the smoke and ash that is rising as a result of the wildfire , these clouds tend to take on a greyish - brown hue . the smoke and ash associated with wildfires also increases the amount of condensation nuclei , enabling the cloud to develop even further . if the convection and instability is great enough , pyrocumulus can develop into cumulonimbus . this can add to the problems associated with the wildfire , because lightning from this cloud can start fires in other areas .
all cumulus clouds develop because of convection . as air heated at the surface is lifted , it cools and water vapour condenses to produce the cloud . throughout the course of the day , if conditions allow , these can grow in height and size and can eventually form into cumulonimbus clouds .
humilis clouds do not have much depth and lack in any significant vertical development . there are times when these clouds are seen with other types of clouds when the sky is quite clear . this situation is considered to be an indicator of lovely weather for the next couple of hours . due to its shallow depth , they are quite problematic for aircrafts and when these clouds are present , pilots usually try to fly above the cloud tops .
cumulus are the puffy , white , cotton - top clouds that look so soft that you picture angels lounging around and doing their thing on them . they are considered low - level clouds ( below 6500ft ) , but some forms can build up past 20 , 000ft . cumulus comes in many varieties , and here are just a few .
( phys . org ) —their fluffy appearance is deceiving . fair - weather clouds have a darker side , according to scientists at pacific northwest national laboratory . fair - weather cumulus clouds contain an increasing amount of droplets formed around pollution particles . the new simulations , using data collected over oklahoma , show how pollution from oklahoma city increased the number of cloud droplets and reduced their size , affecting their sunlight absorbing , light scattering and cloud - seeding performance .
a new treatment of cloud effects on aerosol and trace gases within parameterized shallow and deep convection , and aerosol effects on cloud droplet number , has been implemented in the weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry ( wrf - chem ) version 3 . 2 . 1 that can be used to better understand the aerosol life cycle over regional to synoptic scales . the modifications to the model include treatment of the cloud droplet number mixing ratio ; key cloud microphysical and macrophysical parameters ( including the updraft fractional area , updraft and downdraft mass fluxes , and entrainment ) averaged over the population of shallow clouds , or a single deep convective cloud ; and vertical transport , activation / resuspension , aqueous chemistry , and wet removal of aerosol and trace gases in warm clouds . these changes have been implemented in both the wrf - chem chemistry packages as well as the kain–fritsch ( kf ) cumulus parameterization that has been modified to better represent shallow convective clouds . testing of the modified wrf - chem has been completed using observations from the cumulus humilis aerosol processing study ( chaps ) . the simulation results are used to investigate the impact of cloud–aerosol interactions on regional - scale transport of black carbon ( bc ) , organic aerosol ( oa ) , and sulfate aerosol . based on the simulations presented here , changes in the column - integrated bc can be as large as −50 % when cloud–aerosol interactions are considered ( due largely to wet removal ) , or as large as + 40 % for sulfate under non - precipitating conditions due to sulfate production in the parameterized clouds . the modifications to wrf - chem are found to account for changes in the cloud droplet number concentration ( cdnc ) and changes in the chemical composition of cloud droplet residuals in a way that is consistent with observations collected during chaps . efforts are currently underway to port the changes described here to the latest version of wrf - chem , and it is anticipated that they will be included in a future public release of wrf - chem .
description : heap cloud with flat basis in the middle or lower level , whose vertical development reminds of the form of towers , cauliflower or cotton .
the results of this study show a regional model ' s ability to represent several aspects of cloud and aerosol interactions within short - lived , shallow cumulus clouds ,
said atmospheric scientist and lead author dr . manish shrivastava .
our research indicates that pollution may be changing clouds in many more locations than we previously thought .
. when instability and convection is great enough , cumulonimbus calvus begins to form an anvil shape at the cloud top . this is known as cumulonimbus incus .
* * i haven’t been in macclesfield the full time , i spent 2 weeks in north west scotland , so it’s possible there was cloud at home in that time .
cumulus clouds are detached , individual , cauliflower shaped clouds usually spotted in fair weather conditions . the top of these clouds are mostly brilliant white tufts when lit by the sun , although their base is usually relatively dark .
scientists are looking into the true nature of fair - weather cumulus clouds . they may appear innocuous , but researchers show that they contain an increasing number of particles released from human - caused pollution . credit : arm climate research facility
air currents sweep over oklahoma city to pick up both naturally occurring and man - made particles affecting fair - weather clouds in the vicinity . scientists collected size and chemical composition information on cloud droplets and the atmospheric particles between clouds with aircraft - based measurements during a field campaign to study cumulus clouds in 2007 . their results are revealing new information about the climate impact of these small - scale fair - weather clouds .
previous studies have focused on sheet - like clouds called stratiform or tall , deep storm clouds termed deep convection . but seemingly innocuous fair - weather clouds occur more frequently in many areas and thus have more opportunity to affect the climate . like tiny minnows in a large ocean , small and wispy cumulus clouds escape the coarse fish - net of global models . in this study , researchers used a popular regional meteorological - chemical model to capture these shallow cumulus clouds , showing their true impact .
cirrocumulus clouds belong to the high cloud group ( 5000 - 13000m ) . they are small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows . cirrocumulus are usually white , but sometimes appear gray . cirrocumulus
cirrostratus clouds belong to the high cloud ( 5000 - 13000m ) group . they are sheetlike thin clouds that usually cover the entire sky . the sun or moon can shine through cirrostratus clouds . sometimes , the
i love the way cirrus clouds can appear across the sky like they were wistfully painted with a giant cloud brush . they have a whimsical quality that makes them seem more like art than part of the weather .
is an enormous towering mass of cloud , which can grow to an incredible 60 , 000 feet . when a growing cumulonimbus cloud reaches the top of the troposphere and has nowhere else to go , its top can spread into the classic anvil shape . in fact the word incus is latin for anvil . the change in temperature at this level ( the temperature levels and begins to increase slightly at this height ) tends to stop the updrafts and force the cloud tops to spread into the classic shape . because of the cloud spreading at the top , the height of the troposphere in the area can also be calculated . cirrus clouds can form at the top of cumulonimbus clouds , and can often take on a streaky appearance . cumulonimbus will more often than not produce heavy and prolonged rain or snowfall . these clouds often bring thunder and lightning , and can also bring funnel clouds or even tornadoes .
stratus are another low level cloud ( below 6500 feet ) , and they often cover sky like a low - lying blanket . they may or may not produce any precipitation , but if they do it is a misty drizzle .
( phys . org ) —grabbing a virtual tiger by the tail , scientists led by researchers at pacific northwest national laboratory directly linked a cloud ' s inclination to rain to its effects on the climate . using global satellite . . .
cirrus clouds are the most common of the high cloud ( 5000 - 13000m ) group . they are composed entirely of ice and consist of long , thin , wispy streamers . they are commonly known as
mare ' s tails
because
cirrus clouds are a high - level cloud ( above 20 , 000 ft . ) , and they are made of icy crystals . these wispy , delicate - looking clouds arrive in advance of frontal systems , so they indicate the weather is about to change .
this new atlas has been in preparation for 5 years , and came about partly from pressure from gavin pretor - pinney of the cloud appreciation society to include a ‘new’ type of cloud – originally proposed as asperatus ( wave - cloud ) , now recognised in the new publication as asperitas . work on asperitas clouds was also undertaken within the department of meteorology . the opportunity was also taken to update the photographs used , to expand their coverage from all parts of the globe , and to include much more detail on their synoptic environment ( including , in many cases , near - simultaneous satellite imagery ) . the result is a collection of images which , while meeting is desired training and reference objectives , is also a work of art , and an inspiration to all of us to look up at the sky … the world’s greatest free art gallery !
the researchers modified the wrf - chem model to increase computational efficiency and predictive ability for secondary organic aerosols using the 2 - species volatility basis - set and coupled it with the model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry ( mosaic ) to represent inorganic aerosols . in this way , the model delivered better predictions of aerosol chemical composition and size . the team then compared model predictions and field observations to understand how cloud chemistry changes the chemical composition of particles embedded within clouds and how the particles related to human activities change the effective size distribution of cloud droplets within fair - weather shallow cumuli .
the real breakthrough came about later that same year , when london chemist and amateur meteorologist luke howard published a cloud classification entirely independently of lamarck’s which remains very largely the one we use today . whereas lamarck contented himself with defining and naming a certain number of interesting forms , howard set out to establish a complete classification covering all possible cases and , importantly , began to suggest the physical mechanisms behind their formation – heap clouds ( cumulus ) , layer clouds ( stratus ) , and fibrous ( ice ) clouds ( cirrus ) . from these three basic types , all others were derived by transition or association . his original paper on the modification of clouds was published early in 1803 , and influenced artists ( john constable owned a copy ) , poets ( goethe was a great admirer ) and the general public as well as the embryonic science of meteorology ; it included exquisite watercolours of each of his main cloud types . his original artwork is held in the science museum on behalf of the royal meteorological society .
we also love clouds because they are easy and fun to observe . the more you observe , the more you begin to make connections about clouds as indicators of different types of weather . so here’s a little video about the basics : the three main cloud types and what they can tell us about the weather .
following a 1910 reprint with only slight modifications , the increasing importance of aviation led to the setting up of a new international commission for the study of clouds in london in 1921 . this eventually led to a new and expanded cloud atlas in 1930 , reprinted again with minor modifications in 1939 . a completely new edition was agreed in 1947 but was not published until 1956 , while minor changes were made in a 1975 edition which , until now , stood as the meteorological community’s definitive cloud classification tool – despite many of the photographs being in black - and - white , mostly 60 or 70 years old , and almost all from temperate latitudes within the northern hemisphere .
cloud can reach 30 , 000 feet , and these calvus clouds are cumulonimbus clouds whose tops have an indistinct shape and are often brilliant white . this is because at this height , the temperature is lower than the freezing point of water , so condensation here will form ice crystals instead of water droplets . cumulonimbus calvus will almost always produce precipitation , and this can be of rain or snow in moderate to heavy showers . these clouds can also produce virga , which is when precipitation falls but evaporates before it reaches the ground . occasionally , a huge chunk of air can be forced upwards by strong updrafts , and a wide smooth cloud is formed above the top of the calvus . this is known as
one really fun reason to learn about clouds is that you can really tell a lot about the weather by recognizing the different types . weather is a very complex topic , and this is a small sample to help you on your way to understanding more about it . listed below are the three major cloud types and what they generally mean in the sky .
hang from the underside of the anvil of a thundercloud . the word mamma in latin means breast or udder , and is indicative of the pouch shape of these accessory clouds . they are always associated with a mature cumulonimbus cloud , and are often a sign that severe weather may be on its way . when the anvil begins to spread after reaching the troposphere ( where the temperature begins to rise slightly ) updrafts are often disrupted and begin to spread colder air horizontally . mammatus frequently form from mid morning onwards , when the ground has heated sufficiently to cause intense convection . the difference found in temperatures between the two masses can force moist air downwards . this affect combined with precipitation and gravity can cause mammatus clouds to form . in america , forecasters and observers often take the sight of mammutus cloud as being an indicator of possible tornado activity . mammatus clouds tend to form closer to the outer parts of an anvil cloud , and because of the fact that anvil clouds can spread over many tens of miles , mammutus are often seen far from the centre of the storm .
when aerosols - tiny particles of dust and chemicals in the air - interact with clouds , they affect the climate in several ways . they do this by heating or cooling the atmosphere through changes in the amount of sunlight absorbed or reflected by the clouds , and also by changing the cloud ' s lifetime . how clouds affect aerosols and aerosols affect clouds are the toughest interactions for climate models to simulate .
they are the cloud you might associate with a dreary , curl - up - with - a - good - book day ( but i rather like to go on walks on days like that ) . i like to think about all the action going on above the clouds , and i like taking off in a plane , flying up through the stratus layer , only to find it’s a beautiful sunny day on the other side .
citation : berg , l . k . , shrivastava , m . , easter , r . c . , fast , j . d . , chapman , e . g . , liu , y . , and ferrare , r . a . : a new wrf - chem treatment for studying regional - scale impacts of cloud processes on aerosol and trace gases in parameterized cumuli , geosci . model dev . , 8 , 409 - 429 , urltoken 2015 .
this work presents a new methodology for representing regional - scale impacts of cloud processing on both aerosol and trace gases in sub - grid - scale convective clouds . using the new methodology , we can better simulate the aerosol lifecycle over large areas . the results presented in this work highlight the potential change in column - integrated amounts of black carbon , organic aerosol , and sulfate aerosol , which were found to range from - 50 % for black carbon to + 40 % for sulfate .
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is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change—and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter . cool it ! is available in our
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on the whole , these clouds are more common during bright sunny days . however , if they are seen early in the morning then they are taken as a sign of unstable atmosphere . if the clouds are quite large and wide , you can expect thunderstorms . they are not taken as rain clouds but are believed to be a warning sign for the upcoming storm .
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with a veil ( from ice ) on the upper part of the subsequent swelling - sometimes broken .
the weather company’s primary journalistic mission is to report on breaking weather news , the environment and the importance of science to our lives . this story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company , ibm .
here at untamed science , we love clouds . why ? first , clouds are such a cool dichotomy ; they are simultaneously more and less than what they seem . they look as though you could make them your soft , fluffy bed in the sky , but in reality you would fall right through them and get whacked with little water droplets if you tried ( trust me , i have ) .
clouds are pretty much named based on their basic shape , how high they are found in the sky , and if they produce rain or other precipitation . the trick is , it’s all in latin . so saddle up and let’s get our latin on .
cumulo means “heap , ” like a heap or pile of cotton in the sky .
cirro means “curl of hair , ” like wispy baby curls in the sky .
we have all this so instead of saying , “about midway up yonder , those are the puffy clouds , ” you say , “those are altocumulus . ” isn’t that much more lovely ? the answer is yes .
so really much of naming clouds is just a combination of the latin roots above . let’s have a quiz !
rob is an ecologist from the university of hawaii . he is also an award winning filmmaker . as principle director of the untamed science productions his goal is to create videos and content that are both entertaining and educational . when he ' s not making science content , he races slalom kayaks and skydives .
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more information : shrivastava , m . et al . 2013 . modeling aerosols and their interactions with shallow cumuli during the 2007 chaps field study . journal of geophysical research : atmospheres , 118 ( 3 ) : 1343 - 1360 . doi : 10 . 1029 / 2012jd018218 .
for most people , clouds are just an indication of whether it ' s a
good
or
bad
day . a team of scientists from pacific northwest national laboratory found that certain clouds hold the key to climate behavior prediction . . . .
for the first time , researchers have developed a comprehensive approach to look at aerosolsthose fine particles found in pollutionand their effect on clouds and climate . scientists from pacific northwest national . . .
some of us look at clouds and see animal shapes . scientists are looking beyond . for the first time , a team of scientists led by pacific northwest national laboratory used actual measurements of clouds and the atmosphere in . . .
the arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the earth , and scientists now have more data to understand why . from fairbanks to barrow , alaska , a team of researchers , including scientists from pacific northwest national . . .
( phys . org ) —small clouds equal big impact . researchers at pacific northwest national laboratory designed an update to a frequently used computer model that represents the impact of small , puffy , fair - weather clouds on the . . .
scientists from the australian national university ( anu ) and overseas have discovered the oldest colours in the geological record , 1 . 1 billion - year - old bright pink pigments extracted from rocks deep beneath the sahara desert . . .
sea levels in coastal areas can be affected by a number of factors : tides , winds , waves , and even barometric pressure all play a role in the ebb and flow of the ocean . for the first time , however , a new study led by the woods . . .
a team of scientists has captured on video a four - mile iceberg breaking away from a glacier in eastern greenland , an event that points to one of the forces behind global sea - level rise .
global fossil fuel emissions would have to be reduced by as much as 20 % more than previous estimates to achieve the paris agreement targets , because of natural greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands and permafrost , new research . . .
a research team led by woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) found the fingerprint of a massive flood of fresh water in the western arctic , thought to be the cause of an ancient cold snap that began around 13 , 000 years . . .
for the last several decades , geoscientists have been intrigued by a potential link between erosion rates at the earth ' s surface and changes in global climate . distinguishing the cause and effect remained unclear . however , . . .
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the first published classification of clouds only dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and was the work of lamarck ( 1802 ) . this celebrated french naturalist did not set out to classify all possible clouds ; he confined himself to distinguishing certain forms which seemed to him to be the manifestation of general causes which it would be useful to recognize . but this work , in spite of its real value , did not make any impression even in france and his nomenclature does not seem to have been used by anyone . perhaps this was due to his choice of somewhat peculiar french names which would not readily be adopted in other countries or perhaps the paper was discredited through appearing in the same publication ( annuaire meteorologique ) , as forecasts based upon astrological data .
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geosci . model dev . , 8 , 409 - 429 , 2015 urltoken © author ( s ) 2015 . this work is distributed under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license .
l . k . berg 1 , m . shrivastava 1 , r . c . easter 1 , j . d . fast 1 , e . g . chapman 1 , y . liu 1 , and r . a . ferrare 2
you most likely turn to your local weather report to find out what the day will be like , but looking at the clouds can help too . these common types of clouds will help you decide if you should move your party inside .
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a lightning illuminated storm system over carmiano , emilia romagna , italy . © gianmaria cabrini
ana , tis certainly looks like an ocean in the sky . wonderful image – and i like the muted colours much .
an aircraft ' selfie ' aka glory , spotted on a flight from bermuda to new york , us . © eleanor desmond
a sun pillar at sunset over hathersage , derbyshire , uk . © drew mclaughlin
a baby beluga meets sammy the seal over lake wanaka , new zealand . © s mcdougall
a mammatus formation stops the traffic in hamilton , new zealand . © sherry liu
a sunset with sun pillar over kerridge , macclesfield , cheshire , uk . © anthony skellern
this is taken from a couple of miles from my home . this was the first time in 9 weeks , for me * * , that the sun had set from anything other than a cloudless sky .
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stratus clouds tend to be featureless , low altitude clouds that cover the sky in a blanket of white or grey .
otherwise known as ' the king of clouds ' , cumulonimbus clouds exist through the entire height of the troposphere , usually characterised by their icy , anvil - shaped top .