ward body works ( also known as ward industries and ward school bus manufacturing , inc. ) was a manufacturer specializing in school buses based in conway , arkansas .

ward filed for bankruptcy in 1980 , and its successor , amtran , continued the use of the ward brand on its school buses until 1992 .

in 1991 , amtran was also acquired by navistar international .

ward body works

d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 .
david henry
dave
ward was a blacksmith and founder of the ward body works in conway , arkansas .
ward body works ( also known as ward industries and ward school bus manufacturing ) was a school bus manufacturer based in conway , arkansas .
“companies comprising the charter membership in addition to superior and blue bird are : carpenter body works , inc . , hackney brothers body co . , hicks body co . , inc . , oneida products corp . , p . a . thomas car works , inc . and ward body works , inc .
clara mae carter et al . , appellants , v . ward body works , inc . , appellee .
ward body works , inc . - ward , the champion of transportation : designed for the safety of your children , pub . 1954
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - urltoken
carter v . ward body works | 439 s . w . 2d 286 ( 1969 ) | sw2d2861717 | urltoken
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - urltoken
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - co… | pinteres…
“the firms merged were the ward body works and ward school furniture inc . , both owned by d . h . ward of conway , his wife and their children .
ward body works went bankrupt in 1980 and was reorganized as american transportation corporation ( amtran ) . amtran continued to to the ward brand name until 1992 .
“ward body works of texas will manufacture and sell school buses , using all standard chassis . it also will manufacture transit buses .
joe mcgee ,
ward body works : conway ' s first big industry ,
log cabin democrat , june 21 , 1955 .
a . * * * we were to get them signed and bring one of them back to the ward body works in conway .
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , american transportation corp . ( aka amtran ) , amtran div . of navistar , ic corp . div of navistar
“ward body works and texacoach are alleged to have violated the anti - trust statutes since jan . 1 , 1959 ; the blue bird and austin sales since dec . 7 , 1960 ; thomas car works and hurst bus sales since august 1 , 1959 ; and carpenter body works and commercial body corps . since jan . 1 , 1961 . ”
ward body works , inc . , ward , the champion of transportation : designed for the safety of your children ( conway , ar : the company , 1954 ) .
“david h . ward , president of ward body works , friday visited the site here on which grading has been started for erection of his texas bus body plant , and announcing plans to begin operation jan . 1 .
the volunteer was an all - new body redesign introduced by ward for 1973 .
1961 patent : bus body window - us patent no . 3 , 174 , 194 - filed jan . 12 , 1961 issued mar . 23 , 1965 to d . h . ward assigned to ward body works inc .
that mr . sallis and mr . carter were employees of ward body works at the time of their deaths , and not independent contractors .
“the industrialist announced that a texas ward body works corporation will be formed . he will be president and j . roy jones of austin will be vice president and general manager . jones , an austin business man , has for several years been texas sales representative of the ward body works of arkansas .
“the nlrb said it agreed with a trial examiner ' s decision that ward body works , inc . , had engaged in some unfair labor practices .
“little rock , ark . ( ap ) – the ward body works of conway yesterday was sued for $ 885 , 600 in federal court here .
the governing body consists of the mayor and 20 governing body members - ward councillors elected by voters from the 13 auckland wards they represent .
“safety test – a speeding car hits the side of school bus in test of a 1964 ward body works bus on a dragstrip at little rock , ark .
“faulkner circuit clerk wendell bryant reported that ward body works submitted the highest bid of $ 30 , 000 and the equipment was sold on that basis , an attorney for the wards said this meant that the books of the body works would reflect a loss of $ 148 , 000 in completing the merger . ”
“election of w . r . smith jr . , austin , as vice president of ward body works of texas also was announced . smith is general counsel of the corporation .
“pulaski chancellor guy e . williams had order the sale of some of the furniture company’s equipment to satisfy a $ 178 , 170 debt for which ward body works had sued .
“washington , july 19 - ( ap ) – the reconstruction finance corporation has approved a $ 300 , 000 loan for the ward body works , inc . of conway ark . ”
“the election of ray cowan of austin as secretary - treasurer of ward body works of texas , and his appointment as general manager of the new austin bus manufacturing firm , was announced monday .
“little rock , ( ap ) - u . s . district court judge gordon young awarded hicks body co . inc . , of lebanon , ind . , an $ 80 , 150 judgment against the ward body works of conway , ark . , tuesday .
“conway – ( ap ) – ward body works , inc . , manufacturers of bus bodies here , has announced the formation of two new conway concerns that will create more than 100 new jobs .
“ward body works of conway , ark . , has bought a site here for a school bus plant which will be put in operation in january with a new payroll of $ 350 , 000 a year .
northern coach • perley a . thomas car works ( 1972 ; became thomas built buses )
“st louis , mo . - ( ap ) – the u . s . court of appeals has upheld a finding that hicks body co . , lebanon , ind . , is without the right to sue ward body works of conway , ark . , for breach of contract .
ward v western australia [ 2002 ] hca 28 , 8 august 2002 . [ hereinafter ward ]
“ward body works of texas , inc . , of austin , headed by charles d . ward of 4201 s . congress ave . , austin , and the texacoach co . , of austin , headed by fred stroud . 106 brown bldg . , austin .
“conway , june 11 ( ap ) – a national labor relations board hearing on union complaints of discrimination in the laying off of employees by the ward body works , inc . , has been postponed until june 24…
ward body works was founded by conway , arkansas , blacksmith david h .
dave
ward in 1933 . ward established the company after lowering the wooden roof of a school bus used by the southside school district located several miles north of conway . in 1936 ward began manufacturing all - steel bus bodies , one of the first in the country to do so .
d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 when he
lowered the roof of a wooden bus for mr . carl brady of the southside schools
. southside schools were located about 15 miles north of conway . [ 1 ] a blacksmith by trade , ward grew his business primarily on body repair of bus bodies in the area . [ 2 ] in 1936 , he built his first complete school bus body . one of the first manufacturers of the time to use all - metal construction , the first school bus made by ward body works featured removable safety - glass windows and perimeter and center - mounted seating . [ 2 ]
“at san antonio , carpenter body works , inc . , of mitchell , ind . , and its texas distributor , commercial body corp . , headed by john t . lawson , 501 eighth st . , san antonio , were named defendants .
the auckland council organisation is led by the chief executive , who works closely with the mayor .
“little rock ( ap ) — federal judge thomas c . trimble today sustained a motion by ward body works inc . of conway to dismiss a suit brought by hicks body co . inc . , of lebanon , ind . , to gain damages of $ 885 , 600 for alleged breach of oral contract .
crystal healing therapy involves placing gemstones on the body to draw out negative energy .
ward strengthened his postion in 1956 by eliminating a number of outside suppliers through the creation of the c . s . sash co . in addition to supplying aluminum bus windows for ward , excess capacity allowed it to supply the same to many of ward ' s competitors . ward was responsible for a number of improvements in bus window sashes and in1961 applied for a us patent on a bus body window - us patent no . 3 , 174 , 194 - filed jan . 12 , 1961 issued mar . 23 , 1965 to d . h . ward assigned to ward body works inc .
“conway – the national labor relations board has asked 158 employees of the ward body works , inc . , here to hold an immediate election on unionization of the plant or ask the cio to give up attempts to organize the workers . ”
ic corporation was founded in 1933 by blacksmith david h . ward as ward body works , a company that originally made school bus bodies from wood . the name was later changed to ward school bus manufacturing , inc . , a subsidiary of ward industries , inc . , and then to ward bus company . in 1968 , the company was handed over to ward’s son charles . by the 1970s , the company was the largest school bus manufacturer in the world , with twenty - five percent of the market share by 1973 .
“there are six major manufacturers of the body - on - frame type of school bus - blue bird body co . of fort valley , ga . ; carpenter body works , mitchell , ind . ; superior coach division , lima , ohio ; thomas built buses , high point , n . c . ; ward school bus co . , conway , ark . , and wayne corp . , richmond , ind .
the governing body focuses on the big picture and on region - wide strategic decisions .
“dave h . ward , owner of the body works , said some of the equipment from his original firm will be used in the new industries . the bus window sashes will be constructed of aluminum . the school furniture will be made of steel . ”
during the war ward constructed several orders for military buses and also performed body repairs on army vehicles . for their efforts during the conflict ward received a citation from the ordinance section , u . s . army .
“the suit was brought by hicks body co . , inc . , of lebanon , ind .
“conway , march 7 - ( ap ) - employees of the ward body works , inc . , here for the second straight time have rejected affiliation with the cio united auto workers . the workers voted 145 - 54 against the union in a national labor relations board election yesterday . ”
“conway , ark , - ( ap ) – ward body works , inc . of conway has received a $ 1 , 836 , 780 contract from the us army tank automation center at warren , michigan for 6 buses . the buses will be used on the white sands missile base . ”
“conway — more than 700 workers are affected by layoffs at two industrial plants here . dave h . ward , president of ward body works , inc . , said today his firm had laid off about 150 employees in the past two weeks because the company had caught up on its orders . ward said the fall season normally is an off period but that he was negotiating for a foreign contract for 600 bus bodies . ”
“a 1964 school bus is rolled down a steep embankment at conway , ark . , in a safety test of the bus ' durability . the bus contained mannequins in the ward body works test to show the amount of injury to passengers in case of real situation . test was conducted thursday ( january 16 ) . ”
“d . h . ward has built up a large bus body works business at conway , ark . , during the last 12 years , reaching a national market . his success was recounted last month in ‘business week , ’ which said he planned to set up a new plant in texas . location was not then indicated .
this is a slideshow about school buses from what is now called the ic corporation . originally the company was known as ward body works , the company became known as american transportation corporation ( amtran ) in 1980 . pictures thanks to : josh ' s school bus gallery urltoken bus urltoken urltoken the school bus yard urltoken and ebay .
the vanguard was the first cutaway - body school bus designed with 5 rows of passenger seating . [ 4 ]
the ccos operate separately but are accountable to the governing body , which sets their direction and monitors their performance .
the arrangements made between ward and the decedents are evidenced by the following testimony . mr . coy mccaskill , transportation manager of ward , testified as follows :
“little rock ( ap ) – articles of incorporation listing authorized capital of $ 50 , 000 were filed yesterday for the eagle printing and lithographing co . of conway , ark . incorporators were listed as david h . ward , owner of ward body works at conway , jimmy foster and b . a . short , former superintendent of conway schools and now employed by ward . although the company is authorized to print either a weekly or daily newspaper , foster said that no newspaper was planned now . ”
in 1976 , ward built a prototype derived from body of the president . using a modified ihc chassis , it was the first front - wheel drive school bus ; it did not enter production .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 826 ] .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 96 ] .
during the great depression , manufacturing companies , like most of america , took a hit . some companies were able to rebound and become profitable again , while others were not . by the mid - 30 ' s , the struggle of meeting production deadlines for sold bodies forced myers to look for more body options , and while at a national truck show in chicago , illinois , he met a man by the name of ralph h . carpenter from mitchell , indiana . mr . carpenter was the founder of carpenter body works where the development of an all - steel school bus body was beginning to replace the wood and steel combination body .
although they make different types of decisions , there is an active working relationship between the governing body and the local boards .
d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 when he
lowered the roof of a wooden bus for mr . carl brady of the southside schools
. southside schools were located about 15 miles north of conway . [ 1 ] . later in the 1930s , the company produced its first all - metal body bus as steel replaced wood as the predominant body material in the industry . in the 1960s , ward school bus manufacturing , inc . was responsible for many notable innovations including use of computers in manufacturing ( using ibm 360s ) , safety advances , and manufacturing process improvements . in the 1970s , ward opened an assembly facility in beaver falls , pennsylvania , but this plant was closed in 1975 . in 1976 , ward built a prototype type d transit school and commercial bus on an international harvester chassis with front - wheel drive and tandem rear tag axles ; it did not enter production .
in 1963 ward filed for another a patent on a knockdown body - us patent no . 3 , 186 , 755 - filed aug . 13 , 1963 , issued june 1 , 1965 to david h . ward . in 1964 ward performed the first independent side impact rollover test on a school bus , the caption on the upi wire photo dated january 11 , 1964 follows :
ward per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 91 ] .
this page uses some content from wikipedia . the original article was at ward body works . the list of authors can be seen in the page history . as with tractor & construction plant wiki , the text of wikipedia is available under the creative commons by attribution license and / or gnu free documentation license . please check page history for when the original article was copied to wikia
at the onset of the war the firm was awarded a number of military contracts . one was for a variety of truck bodies for gmc 2½ - ton , 6×6 , cckw military ordnance trucks which was shared with thomas car works of hihg point , north carolina , another school bus body builder .
in august 1980 , an investment group assisted by the then - arkansas governor bill clinton purchased the assets of ward industries . while the school buses would still bear the ward name , the only interests that the ward family would keep in the new company would be in vehicle distribution . by 1981 , ward was officially known as amtran ( american transportation corporation ) .
following the dissolution of the ward brand , the volunteer remained in production as an amtran .
ward v western australia ( 1998 ) 159 alr 483 , per lee j at 639 .
ward , per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 80 ] .
in early 1954 ward backed out of its contract to supply school bus bodies to hicks bus body co . , and hicks sued , the thursday , july 22 , 1954 edition of the camden ( ark . ) news reporting :
the conference was attended by representatives of the bus body industry and at the end of the 7 - day event the group released a list of minimum standards and recommendations . among them were specifications for type of construction , body length , ceiling height and aisle width and color .
although hicks body co . lost the war with ward , they did win one battle , receiving a judgement of $ 80 , 150 - as reported in the october 11 , 1961 edition of the hope star ( ark . ) :
this is a workmen ' s compensation case involving two consolidated claims for death benefits brought by the widows of the two decedents . the question before the commission was whether the decedents were in the course of their employment as employees of ward body works at the time of their injuries and resulting death . the question before us on appeal is whether there was any substantial evidence to sustain the findings and orders of the commission .
the organisation as a whole is responsible for our operation and service delivery , advising the governing body and local boards and carrying out their decisions .
ward body works , 1933 - 1970 ; conway , arkansas ; 1951 - 1970 , austin , texas ; autobus ward , s . a . , 1947 - 1954 ; mexico city , d . f . , mexico ; ward school bus mfg . , 1970 - 1980 ; conway , arkansas ; 1970 - 1975 , beaver falls , pennsylvania ; american transportation corp . ( aka amtran ) 1981 - 1995 ; amtran div . of navistar , 1995 - 2002 , conway , arkansas ; 1999 - 2002 , tulsa , oklahoma ; ic corp . div of navistar ; 2002 - present , conway , arkansas & tulsa , oklahoma
compare beaumont cj and von doussa j in the full federal court in ward with north j in dissent in the full court ( western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 ) , and lee j at first instance ( ward v western australia ( 1998 ) 159 alr 483 ) .
in 1956 , ward became both a body manufacturer and an industry supplier , as the company created a subsidiary , c . s . sash company , which became a major aluminum window frame manufacturer for school buses . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
“john h . shields , president of the superior coach corp . , is the first president of the newly - organized school bus body mnnufacturers assn .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 , [ 805 ] - [ 820 ] .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 90 ] - [ 91 ] .
carpenter invited myers to mitchell , indiana , to tour his plant and make a deal , and this partnership led to the founding of myers equipment corporation in 1937 . over the next 60 years , the all - steel school bus body pushed carpenter to being a corner stone in the bus body industry .
ward relocated the coachette operations into a disused s . c . sash / surelite building in conway and commenced small scale production of the ward coachette using a chevrolet p30 1 - ton motorhome / bus chassis .
in the 1960s , ward school bus manufacturing , inc . began a series of updates that would modernize manufacturing and production . to catalog the various state and local regulations affecting school bus specifications , in 1964 , company owner charles ward set up a computer mainframe ( using ibm 360s ) . [ 4 ] in the same year , ward performed the first independent rollover test on a school bus , discovering issues related to structural integrity . [ 5 ] during 1967 , the assembly line in the conway facility was upgraded to a moving assembly line , a first in the bus industry . [ 5 ] in 1969 , the recommendations from the crash test were published , finding that an inconsistent number of fasteners among manufacturers could lead to poor joint strength . [ 4 ] the findings would be used in part to government recommendations for school bus joint strength . [ 5 ] following the 1968 retirement of dave ward , ward body works remained a family - owned company , with son charles ward handling operations .
“his selection was announced by david h . ward of conway , ark . , president of the new texas corporation , at the close of its first directors’ meeting . ward , operator of the largest bus body factory in the central west , last year selected austin as the site for his new plant to serve the southwest , west coast , and latin - american markets .
“ward said the plant will built and install school bus and transit bus bodies to be supplied throughout texas and western states and for export to mexico . , central and south america . the export business already has been started from the initial ward plant at conway , ark . , but will be centralized here . ward said .
replacing the president , the senator was the ward counterpart of the blue bird tc / 2000 and the wayne lifestar . following the dissolution of the ward brand , the senator underwent minor revisions to become the amtran genesis .
this established performance requirements for school bus rollover protection , to reduce deaths and injuries from failure of a school bus body structure to withstand forces encountered in rollover crashes .
dave ward drive in conway ( also known as arkansas highway 286 ) is named for the bus company founder .
dave ward drive in conway ( also known as arkansas highway 286 ) is named for the bus company founder .
this established requirements for the strength of the body panel joints in school bus bodies , to reduce deaths and injuries resulting from structural collapse of school bus bodies during crashes .
ward ' s company grew rapidly as demand for school buses escalated . he sited a new bus - building operation at 805 harkrider avenue in the downtown district . the plant grew from an initial size of 10 , 000 square feet to over 100 , 000 square feet . expansion of ward industries operations led to the establishment in 1956 of the patented bus window maker c . s . sash company and the ward school furniture company in conway . in 1950 he established a printing plant , entering into a lasting , and bitter struggle with the local log cabin democrat newspaper . he also pursued his business in mexico city , where he opened a bus plant in february 1947 . the mexico city plant closed in 1954 as cross - border operations became more difficult . to replace this plant ward built a new ward body works facility in austin , texas . the 71 , 600 square foot austin plant opened in march 1951 , receiving parts for making buses from the conway plant .
although they were no longer invovled on the manufacturing end , david h . ward’s son , stephen a . ward , remained in the business as ward transportation service inc . , the regional distributors for ward and later international / ic corp school buses . another spin - off , demographics , was founded by dave ' s son charles to handle mass mailings for the democratic party . it was later reroganized as the conway communications exchange and today does business as acxiom .
crystal healing also involves the use of crystals and stones worn on the body or placed under pillows to ward off sickness , shed negative energy or absorb positive energy , according to crystal vaults , a company that sells such crystals , which it refers to as
talismans
or
amulets .
“perley a . thomas car works inc . , of high point . n . c . , and its texas distributor . hurst bus sales co . , headed by j . k . hurst , 3913 balcones drive , austin .
ward also established the ward school furniture company to build steel and wood chairs , desks and tables for schools and institutions , the january 20 , 1956 edition of the hope star ( ark . ) reporting on his two new business ventures :
upon the occasion of the new equipment display at the 1950 american association of school administrators ' convention , executives of the nation ' s largest school bus body builders formed their own trade group : the school bus body manufacturers association , the february 27 , 1950 edition of the lima news ( o . ) reporting the election of the group ' s first president :
the limit to possible development of the common law was that it must not
fracture the skeleton of principle which gives the body of our law its shape and internal consistency
.
the september 10 , 1952 edition of the camden news ( ark . ) revealed ward was getting into the publishing business :
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 , per beaumont cj and von doussa j at [ 93 ] .
during the 1970s , ward would become one of the largest school bus body manufacturers in the united states , with the company holding a 25 % market share in 1973 . [ 6 ] in 1970 , the austin plant was replaced by an all - new facility in beaver falls , pennsylvania . to expand into small buses , ward purchased texas - based manufacturer coachette in 1973 , moving their production into a separate facility in conway . [ 3 ] additionally , the assembly line at the main conway facility was upgraded and connected to an ibm 370 mainframe , as the company explored computer - based manufacturing . [ 5 ] coinciding with the new assembly line was the redesigned full - size conventional bus body , dubbed the ward volunteer . aside from a redesigned windshield and the change in chassis suppliers , the ward volunteer shares many components with that of the ic bus ce - series produced today .
fay williams ,
are you crazy as dave ward ?
arkansas democrat ( sunday magazine ) , october 21 , 1951 .
the 71 , 600 sq . ft . austin factory , whose 1 , 600 foot bus body assembly line could turn out a new bus body every 15 minutes , opened for business in march 1951 . midway through the year ward received the news that they had qualified for a $ 300 , 000 loan from the reconstruction finance corporation ( a short - lived - 1933 to 1957 - federal agency that supplied loans to municipal governments and small businesses ) , thejuly 19 , 1951 edition of the northwest arkansas times reporting :
ward was born to gaylord oscar ward and lottie p . ward on september 1 , 1904 , in wolfe city , texas , the fourth child of nine , including seven brothers and a sister . his father was a blacksmith , a sawmill operator , and a nazarene preacher . all of the children of the household were schooled on the importance of independent entrepreneurship , and all started their own businesses .
the information technology company acxiom owes its origins to ward bus company owner charles ward . ward founded demographics inc . with his brother stephen ward in 1969 to meet the needs of the young leadership council for the democratic party , of which he was a member , which wanted to create political mailing lists that were competitive with a data processing system set up by winthrop rockefeller and the arkansas republican party . in 1970 the system was used in the successful gubernatorial election campaign of dale bumpers . ward ' s leadership as arkansas ' democratic national committeeman , also helped in the failed draft movement to elect wilbur d . mills to the presidency of the united states in 1972 .
ward v western australia [ 2002 ] hca 28 , per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 234 ] .
listed below are the cases that are cited in this featured case . click the citation to see the full text of the cited case . citations are also linked in the body of the featured case .
the decedents , richard sallis and milton carter , along with two vacationing arkansas state policemen , entered into verbal arrangements with ward body works at conway , arkansas , to deliver four new buses to purchasers in and near los angeles , california . each individual was to drive a bus and the drivers were paid in advance 14 cents per mile for driving the buses to california . they were to be reimbursed the actual cost of gas and oil and any other actual expenses on the buses in transporting them to california . upon delivery of the buses to the consignees in california , they were to obtain receipts which were to be returned to ward along with their receipts for gas and oil and any breakdown repairs , or other bus expenses incurred on the trip . after delivery of the buses in california , the drivers were on their own and under no direction or control whatever by ward .
along with other school bus manufacturers , the late 1970s would prove to be a rough time for ward , which had been renamed ward school bus manufacturing , inc . in 1975 , the pennsylvania plant was forced to close . a year later , ward would produce a prototype for the first front - wheel drive full - size school bus , but the company was forced to abandon the project before it reached production . as ward faced declining demand for school buses , the company was over $ 20 million in debt ; in july 1980 , the company filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy .
“blue bird body co . , of fort valley , georgia , and its texas distributor . austin sales co . , inc . , headed by jack g . fisk , 8419 n . lamar blvd . , austin .
by 1973 ward controlled 25 % of the us school bus market , quite an accomplishment for a firm that had only been making buses for a quarter century . in order to keep their postion further expansion was required and the firm was recapitlized and reorganized as ward school bus manufacturing , inc .
with the retirement of paul e . myers in 1968 , richard and david took over the company , and continued to expand both mec and mbh . as myers equipment grew , richard and david decided to open up the product lines to more than just school buses . mec began offering commercial buses , handicap accessible buses and vans , and got back into the truck body market , this time as a body dealer and not a chassis dealer .
“the ward operation is to fabricate all - metal school bus bodies at its plant and install them on the chassis of all makes of motor vehicles .
the july 20 , 1963 edition of the northwest arkansas times mentioned that ward had recived a $ 1 . 8 million contract from the us army :
the patriot was the first semi - forward control conventional , combining the sloped nose of a type b bus with a full - size body . it was based on a modified version of the gm conventional chassis . [ 4 ]
barry beck ,
ward industries , inc . : a historical study ,
faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 ( winter 1974 ) : 67 - 83 .
“ward announced that cowan , as general manager of the plant , will be in charge of all personnel , operating and purchasing of the new texas corporation .
“mr . and mrs . ward , who reached austin saturday , returned to conway following the close of the organizational meeting of the new texas corporation . ”
1963 patent : us patent no . 3 , 186 , 755 filed aug . 13 , 1963 , issued june 1 , 1965 to david h ward .
barry beck - ward industries , inc . : a historical study , faulkner facts and fiddlings , vol . 16 , no . 4 , winter 1974 issue
“ ( the ) proceedings established that the ward family members had sold assets or borrowed heavily to keep the company operating . as a result , he said , the evidence was that the wards had no money and ' the personal guarantees of the ward family are barely worth the paper they are written on . ”
in 1953 ward ' s school bus sales totalled 2 , 000 units , producing a record $ 5 million in revenue . during the year the hicks bus body co . of lebanon , indiana entered into an 8 - 10 year agreement with ward whereby ward would construct as many as 12 , 000 hicks school bus bodies over the course of the contract , using dies , tools and other equipment supplied by hicks . although they would be built in conway , the resulting buses would be badged as hicks ' bodies and sold through hicks ' network of established dealers . consequently hicks manufacturing operations in lebanon were shuttered and the plant put up for sale , the firm becoming solely a distributor of school bus bodies .
harold b . johnson - a history of dave ward and his company , arkansas state teachers college m . s . e . thesis , pub . 1960 .
barry beck ,
ward industries , inc . : a historical study ,
faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 . 4 ( winter 1974 ) : 67 - 83 .
harold b . johnson ,
a history of dave ward and his company ,
m . s . e . thesis , arkansas state teachers college , 1960 .
in 1976 , ward built a president - based front - wheel - drive prototype school bus using a modified international bus chassis that filed to make it to production .
for additional information : beck , barry . “ward industries , inc . : a historical study . ” faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 ( winter 1974 ) : 67–83 .
ward per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 91 ] ; mchugh j at [ 561 ] ; per callinan j at [ 969 ] .
ward , per callinan j at [ 626 ] . see also , gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 74 ] - [ 80 ] .
urltoken ' + ' auto ' + plant + still + going + strong + after + 75 + years . - a0181301714 - article with facts related to ward bankruptcy filing
in considering the possibility of the suspension of native title rights , justice north in the full court in ward discussed the potential for change in the doctrine of tenure itself .
julia ward came of a well - to - do family and was educated privately . in 1843 she married educator samuel gridley howe and took up residence in boston . always of a literary bent , she published her first volume of poetry , passion flowers , in 1854 ; this and subsequent works—including a poetry collection , words for the hour ( 1857 ) , a play , leonora ; or , the world’s own , produced in 1857 , and a trip to cuba ( 1860 ) —had little success .
ward ' s daughter wanda jean stephens is a 1958 graduate of the arkansas school of medicine . she was employed thereafter by the arkansas children ' s colony in conway . the wards also had a son stephen austin . ward was conway school board member from 1946 to 1958 , and a longtime trustee of the local first church of the nazarene . he considered a run for arkansas governor in 1946 , but dropped out lacking sufficient backing . he remained involved in local and state democratic politics . the ward family mansion is located at 1912 caldwell street in conway . the brick - and - steel mansion , dating to 1951 , is now under commercial operation as the ward mansion bed & breakfast .
word got around and ward quickly developed a reputation as the go - to - guy for truck and bus body repair and fabrication . his first all - metal coaches were constructed in 1936 for the nearby hermitage and greenbriar school districts . they featured bi - lateral inward - facing bench seats and included removable wire glass side windows . his bodies developed a following and by 1939 devoted all of his efforts on building school bus bodies .
“hicks had asked for a judgment of $ 150 , 000 . the firm said ward filed to live up to a contract to furnish bus bodies for sale by hicks . ”
“the order said that the money would compensate the hicks firm for dies , tools and other equipment it furnished ward in 1953 in connection with a contract for manufacture of bus bodies .
ward also introduced computer - aided manufacturing to the school bus business , installing an early ibm system / 360 main - frame computer in the conway plant in the mid - 1960s .
many parents also use baltic amber necklaces for teething infants and toddlers , believing that the amber itself will help to take the teething pain away , similarly to the use of other gemstones to cure other ailments . according to healthy children , there is no scientific evidence that the amber works to subside teething pain . there are two theories that explain how the amber supposedly works : one is that a pain - relieving substance ( succinic acid ) is released from the amber by the heat of the baby ' s skin and is absorbed through the skin into the blood stream , and two , the amber stimulates the thyroid gland to increase drooling and reduce inflammation in the ears , throat , stomach and respiratory system .
“it has been indicated that an austin business man , who has been the texas sales representative of the ward conway factory , will be an active figure in the new austin industry . ”
“the case involves the laying off of employees and other alleged unfair labor practices . about 90 workers were released from work two months ago by ward upon completion of a navy contract . ”
although the c . s . sash company was successful , the ward school furniture co . was not , the january 7 , 1958 edition of the hope star ( arkansas ) reporting :
the question before us on appeal is whether there was any substantial evidence to sustain the commission and the circuit court in holding that the decedents were independent contractors and not employees of ward .
“the site , purchased from can smith and associates , is in the new industrial area created when the missouri pacific acquired most of the bergstrom spur . representatives of ward were discussing a site at the time and as soon as the rail connections were assured , the ward plant became the first to be located in the new industrial area just outside the city and served by city utilities .
following dave ward ' s 1968 retirement , his eldest son charles - who had worked at the plant since 1959 - took over as president , although his father remained chairman of the board .
there is no evidence that crystal healing works over and above a placebo effect ,
french told live science .
that is the appropriate standard to judge any form of treatment . but whether or not you judge crystal healing , or any other form of [ complementary and alternative medicine ] , to be totally worthless depends upon your attitude to placebo effects .
ward ' s business increased to the point where he was forced to locate to a new 10 , 000 sq ft . facility located a 805 harkrider street , near the intersection of oak street .
in ward , the majority joint judgment made several comments that indicated the extent to which it relied on the act in contrast to the common law . at paragraph [ 16 ] , it stated :
justice lee in ward stated that ' native title at common law is a communal ' right to land ' arising from the significant connection of indigenous society with land under its customs and culture ' .
by that time the conway assembly line had been substantially upgraded and connected to a next generation ibm system / 370 main - frame computer . also introduced in 1973 was the all - new type c ( conventional ) ward volunteer school bus . the coach featured an all - new body that featured safety advances made possible by the firm ' s pioneering work in school bus crash - testing . ward’s most popular school bus line , it could be used with chassis from any major manufacturer and was updated in 1980 , 1986 , and 1988 . aside from safety upgrades and a redesigned windshield , the modern - day ce - series ic type c school bus shares numerous components found a 1988 volunteer .
however , she also recognised that if the movement toward a bundle of rights approach continued , as it has in ward , it may be necessary to pursue other ways of protecting native title along the lines of the canadian approach . given the potential of the concept of possession to strengthen the concept of native title , and the established jurisprudence in canada following this approach , the high court ' s failure to even consider the body of jurisprudence supporting this and other bases for aboriginal title is disappointing .
crystal healing is an alternative medical technique in which crystals and other stones are used to cure ailments and protect against disease . proponents of this technique believe that crystals act as conduits for healing — allowing positive , healing energy to flow into the body as negative , disease - causing energy flows out .
in 1985 amtran introduced 2 new coaches to supplement ward ' s existing product line ; the vanguard , a type - a cutway van built on a choice of gm or ford 1 - ton chassis ; and the patriot , a full - size semi - forward control type c coach equipped with a sloped nose of the type normally found on type b mid - sized coaches . ward ' s standard type c coach , the volunteer , remained basically unchanged as did the president , ward ' s type d transit - style front - engined coach which was offered on international , gm and asia - smith chassis .
“other first officers of the group are a . l . luce , general manager , blue bird body co . , ft . valley , ga . , vice president , and herbert s . blake , jr . , president of the organization service corp . , new york city law firm , managing director .
“ward , a native texan , said he and his family will visit austin as soon as school is out , and already he is looking forward to the entry of his children in the university of texas .
“ward has been marketing since 1971 a safety bus containing more than twice as many rivets than in pre - 1971 buses . other manufacturers are using better fasteners and more rivets than they did nine years ago .
david henry ward was born to gaylord oscar ( aka george , b . 1876 in arkansas ) and lottie p . ( orrick , b . 1876 in arkansas ) ward on september 1 , 1904 , in wolfe city , texas . his father was a blacksmith , sawmill operator , and nazarene preacher . all of the children of the household were schooled on the importance of independent entrepreneurship , and all started their own businesses .
furthermore , ward extended the principle of extinguishment on reserve lands . the high court overturned the trial judge and the full court of the federal court on the rules for the extinguishment of native title on reserve land .
but the philosophy of modern crystal healing is based on traditional concepts borrowed from asian cultures , most notably the chinese concept of life - energy ( chi or qi ) and the hindu or buddhist concept of chakras , which are vortices of this life - energy , said to connect the physical and supernatural elements of the body .
although it was established prior to ward that native title was vulnerable to extinguishment by the exercise of sovereign authority , the rhetoric of fragility seems to have increased the extent of this vulnerability . prior to ward , an exclusive possession grant extinguished native title , but there could be co - existent rights on a non - exclusive possession grant . in ward , it would seem that the rights that can co - exist are only rights that in no way overlap with the rights of the holder of the grant . so if a pastoral lease confers on the pastoral lessees the right to exclude others ( besides native title holders ) from the land , any equivalent native title right to do so is extinguished , or if a reserve is vested in a statutory body , only that body can control and confer rights on land . strictly , this allows for no co - existence of rights at all . whenever a right exists in both grant holder and native title claimants , the latter is extinguished , reinforcing the extreme vulnerability of native title . in relation to reserves , the trial judge and the full federal court emphasised that the vesting of reserve land only gave to the authority ' rights necessary for the control and management of the reserve ' , and that this right was not sufficient to extinguish native title until exercised .
“ward will continue the operation of the plant in his home town . a separate corporation is being formed for the austin industry . the plant here will be of approximately the same size as the one already in operation .
in her reminiscences ( 1899 ) , julia ward howe told the story of how she came to write “the battle hymn of the republic . ” returning from a visit to an army camp near washington in the company of…
the 90 ' s were tough on the school bus market and that forced manufacturing companies to merge together or go bankrupt . the 70 ' s & 80 ' s
big six
manufactures ( blue bird , carpenter , superior , thomas , ward , and wayne ) , was down to the
big four
with blue bird , carpenter , thomas , and international remaining . ic was the mother company of amtran , which bought out ward during bankruptcy in the 80 ' s , which is how ic became a school bus staple . carpenter would ultimately suffer the same fate as ward and wayne , even after an attempt to restructure and refinance .
other lesser rights may , however , have survived . the result of ward would appear to be , therefore , that native title can only span the whole range of potential rights associated with land on vacant crown land .
it is true that the decedents were required to return to ward , the receipted copy of invoices for the buses delivered , but this was permitted to be done by mail and personal delivery was not required . we conclude that there was substantial evidence that the decedents were independent contractors and not employees of ward at the time of their injuries and resulting deaths . even if the decedents had been employees of ward within the meaning of the workmen ' s compensation law , they had gone to san francisco on personal missions of their own and had not returned within the course of their employment when the accident occurred . the judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed .


the " feedstock " ( coating precursor ) is heated by electrical ( plasma or arc ) or chemical means ( combustion flame ) .

thermal spraying can provide thick coatings ( approx . thickness range is 20 micrometers to several mm , depending on the process and feedstock ) , over a large area at high deposition rate as compared to other coating processes such as electroplating , physical and chemical vapor deposition .

they are fed in powder or wire form , heated to a molten or semimolten state and accelerated towards substrates in the form of micrometer-size particles .

resulting coatings are made by the accumulation of numerous sprayed particles .

the surface may not heat up significantly , allowing the coating of flammable substances .

coating quality is usually assessed by measuring its porosity , oxide content , macro and micro-hardness , bond strength and surface roughness .

generally , the coating quality increases with increasing particle velocities .

several variations of thermal spraying are distinguished : plasma spraying detonation spraying wire arc spraying flame spraying high velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying ( hvof ) high velocity air fuel ( hvaf ) warm spraying cold spraying in classical ( developed between 1910 and 1920 ) but still widely used processes such as flame spraying and wire arc spraying , the particle velocities are generally low ( < 150 m/s ) , and raw materials must be molten to be deposited .

plasma spraying , developed in the 1970s , uses a high-temperature plasma jet generated by arc discharge with typical temperatures > 15000 k , which makes it possible to spray refractory materials such as oxides , molybdenum , etc .

thermal spraying

suspension thermal spraying - an industrial breakthrough for thermal spraying [ pdf 0 . 27 mb ]
personnel and recources testing for the following processes : flame spraying with powder , flame spraying with wire , high speed flame spraying , arc spraying , plasma spraying , vacuum - plasma spraying , cold gas spraying .
high velocity oxygen fuel spraying ( hvof ) is a further development of flame spraying and detonation spraying .
an investigation of occupational metal exposure in thermal spraying processes . - pubmed - ncbi
thermal spraying with suspensions - hardware components for industrial use [ pdf 0 . 39 mb ]
p . fauchais and g . montavon , latest developments in suspension and liquid precursor thermal spraying ,
. while there may be variations in the applications of thermal spraying they all have similar risks .
thermal spraying has the capacity to form barrier and functional coatings on a wide range of substrates .
thermal spray coating techniques such as flame spraying , wire arc spraying and plasma spraying , allow many problems of wear , corrosion and thermal degradation to be resolved by engineering the surface with tailor - made coatings . for example , turbines can be coated by thermally spraying , allowing their use at higher temperatures .
many of the airborne dusts created by thermal spraying processes can be very hazardous to health if inhaled . it is therefore extremely important when installing thermal spraying systems that adequate dust control measures are incorporated .
coatings by thermal spraying of an amorphous precursor . j therm spray technol 20 ( 6 ) : 1201–1208
thermal spraying , which involves the unique process of melting and projecting a solid feedstock , has characteristics that are unlike other surface modification technologies . this section provides descriptions of various surface modification technologies including thermal spraying .
barbezat g ( 2006 ) application of thermal spraying in the automobile industry . surf coat technol 201 : 2028–2031
there are a number of hazards which must be considered when carrying out thermal spraying operations . these include :
thermal spraying is the general term used to describe a variety of coating processes . common processes described simply as
thermal spraying
include plasma spraying , hvof spraying , arc spraying and flame / combustion spraying . these processes have also been generally called
metallising
or
metal spraying .
while differing in method , all the listed processes are employed to add a coating to a substrate that , when combined , results in a
system
that is better suited to the engineering application than just the substrate alone .
the asm thermal spray society ( tss ) developed a new , free safety document , “guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment in thermal spraying , ” to help protect workers in thermal spray operations .
fukumoto m ( 2008 ) the current status of thermal spraying in asia ; hwang sy status of thermal spraying in korea ; li c - j the current state of thermal spray activities in china ; tani k , nakahira a the current status of thermal spray in japan ; khor mka thermal spray activities in singapore . j therm spray technol 17 ( 1 ) : 5–13
gorlach ia ( 2009 ) a new method for thermal spraying of zn–al coatings . thin solid films 517 : 5270–5273
starcoat® metal and carbide coating systems are applied with high - speed thermal spraying techniques to achieve exceptional wear resistance .
) . therefore , the larger spraying distances at hvsfs cause less heat flux compared to the very short spraying distances at sps processes .
cr2o3 high performance coatings by thermal spraying with suspensions ( annual report article 2016 ) [ pdf 0 . 17 mb ]
american welding society ( 1985 ) thermal spraying , practice , theory and application . american welding society , miami , fl
ducos m ( 2006 ) evaluating the costs of thermal spraying , aliderte course . aliderte , limoges ( in french )
petrovicova e , schadler ls ( 2002 ) thermal spraying of polymers . int mater rev 47 ( 4 ) : 169–190
atmospheric plasma spraying ( aps ) is especially suitable for depositing ceramics , in particular oxide ceramics for thermal barrier coatings .
low heat input . with few exceptions , the thermal spray process leaves the component’s thermal history alone .
) . moreover , spraying at such short distances makes the spray pattern rather complex and hinders spraying on small turbine blades , for example .
li y , li c - j , yang g - j , xing l - k ( 2010 ) thermal fatigue behavior of thermal barrier coatings with the mcraly bond coats by cold spraying and low - pressure plasma spraying . surf coat technol 205 : 2225–2233
a . potthoff , f . - l . toma , suspensions—ready for thermal spraying ? , e . meillot , ed . ,
hard chrome plating utilises more than double the number of process steps compared to thermal spraying . this translates into processing time , giving significantly longer turnaround times for chrome plating than thermal spray .
coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state , e . g . by flame , plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
p . müller , a . killinger , and r . gadow , comparison between high - velocity suspension flame spraying and suspension plasma spraying of alumina ,
thermal spraying as a process group offers universal opportunities in the application of various functional layers , for repair or the production of components .
application time is much slower than thermal spraying . even for 0 . 001 inches , the plating process can take at least one hour
capital cost - the relative capital expenditure for establishing facilities with the same production capability is much greater for chrome plating than thermal spraying .
e . bakan , d . e . mack , g . mauer , and r . vaßen , gadolinium zirconate / ysz thermal barrier coatings : plasma spraying , microstructure and thermal cycling behavior ,
thermal spraying is a coating process that generally applies a powdery or a wire - shaped coating material by spinning it with high thermal energy onto a component surface , where it creates a coating .
thermal spraying with suspensions uses a liquid feedstock instead of a spray powder and has evolved into a well - established technology at least in the academic field . both important powder spray technologies , namely plasma spraying and high velocity oxy - fuel spraying , are capable of processing a liquid feedstock .
there are many variations of thermal spraying technology . in flame spraying the combustion of a fuel gas is used to heat the material . in atmospheric plasma spraying ( aps ) the material is melted and accelerated in a plasma jet . to avoid oxidation of the feed material , spraying can be carried out in an inert gas atmosphere , at a reduced pressure ( known as vacuum plasma spraying vps or low pressure plasma spraying lpps ) . in high velocity oxy - fuel spraying ( hvof ) , material is injected into a high velocity jet generated by burning a fuel mixed with oxygen at high pressure .
m . vardelle and j . l . besson : “γ - alumina obtained by arc plasma spraying : a study of the optimization of spraying conditions , ”
kokini k , dejonge j , rangaraj s , beardsley b ( 2002 ) thermal shock of functionally graded thermal barrier coatings with similar thermal resistance . surf coat technol 154 : 223–231
gilbert a , kokini k , sankarasubramanian s ( 2008 ) thermal fracture of zirconia–mullite composite thermal barrier coatings under thermal shock : a numerical study . surf coat technol 203 : 91–98
the asm thermal spray society operates according to our vision statement :
to be the leading global source for thermal spray information – tss , your thermal spray information partner .
e . bakan , d . e . mack , g . mauer , and r . vaßen , gadolinium zirconate / ysz thermal barrier coatings : plasma spraying , microstructure , and thermal cycling behavior ,
thermal spraying is a coating process whereby , in most cases , a powdery or a wire - shaped coating material with high thermal energy is spun onto a component surface where it creates a layer .
gfe has more than 20 years of experience in the field of thermal spraying and carries out coating services for almost all segments of industry .
share your stories and questions in the comments section below to join the conversation on making thermal spraying processes as safe and efficient as possible .
gérard b ( 2006 ) application of thermal spraying in the automobile industry . surf coatings technol 201 ( 5 ) : 2028–2031 . doi :
flame spraying requires line of sight to the surface being coated , similar to all other thermal spraying processes . it is difficult , or impossible , to coat inner surfaces of small diameter bores and other restricted access surfaces .
karger m , vaßen r , stöver d ( 2011 ) atmospheric plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings with high segmentation crack densities : spraying process , microstructure and thermal cycling behaviour . surf coat technol 206 : 16–23
competitive application costs - when parts are large enough and the coating thickness requirement is high , thermal spraying becomes very cost competitive with chrome plating .
thermal sprayed coatings are typically applied to metal substrates , but can also be applied to some plastic substrates . thermal sprayed coatings uniquely
d . zhu and r . miller , thermal conductivity and elastic modulus evolution of thermal barrier coatings under high heat flux conditions ,
thermal barrier coatings ( tbcs ) depend on low thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity . the state - of - the - art tbc system at the moment is an air plasma sprayed zr0 2 / 6 - 8wt % y 2 0 3 ceramic layer over a nicraly bond coat layer , deposited by plasma spraying at low pressure . partially stabilised zirconia has been chosen as the top coat because of its excellent thermal shock resistance , low thermal conductivity and relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion . the thermal conductivity and strain tolerance is further enhanced by the microcrack network , figure 1 , produced in the individual splats due to spraying .
fauchais p . l . , heberlein j . v . r . , boulos m . i . ( 2014 ) industrial applications of thermal spraying technology . in : thermal spray fundamentals . springer , boston , ma
uniform coating thickness - the coating build - up with thermal spraying is much more uniform over the entire part , depending on automation and part geometry .
low - pressure plasma spraying ( lpps ) and vacuum plasma spraying ( vps ) permit ceramic and especially also metallic layers to be produced , while oxygen uptake is avoided .
the demands for engineering coatings are becoming more and more stringent . environmental concerns are also being considered as an integral part of the design process . for future economic competitiveness and a lower environmental impact we must therefore turn our attention to processes that use the minimum of resources . thermal spraying is an attractive coating technique as it offers a wide choice of materials and processes that have a reduced impact on the environment when compared to conventional plating processes . thermal spray coating techniques such as hvof , flame wire spraying , flame powder spraying , arc wire spraying , plasma spraying and cold gas spraying , allow many problems of wear , corrosion and thermal degradation to be resolved by engineering the surface with tailor - made coatings .
a . killinger , m . kuhn , and r . gadow , high - velocity suspension flame spraying ( hvsfs ) , a new approach for spraying nanoparticles with hypersonic speed ,
> > leistner hans gmbh > > . : : . plastic coating . : : . thermal spraying . : : . whirl sinter . : : .
liang b , ding c ( 2005 ) thermal shock resistances of nanostructured and conventional zirconia coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying . surf coat technol 197 : 185–192
all in all , it is easy to see why thermal spraying has become the preferred surface engineering technology in the market due to the amount of advantages it has over hard chrome plating . when it comes to disadvantages , we can also see that hard chrome plating has more issues to overcome than thermal spraying .
j . francel and w . d . kingrey : “thermal conductivity : iv , apparatus for determining thermal conductivity by a comparative method ,
this invention relates generally to a plasma transfer wire arc thermal spray system and a method of thermally spraying materials and , in particular , to a thermal spray apparatus with a spray gun having a simplified and faster starting procedure .
nanostructured powders by atmospheric plasma spraying . j therm spray technol 17 ( 3 ) : 329–337
abb has invested in a development center for new products , and one new technology being employed is hvaf thermal spraying . they primarily use this new thermal spray process to improve the quality and lifetime of the new products they manufacture .
j . francl and w . d . kingery : “thermal conductivity : ix , experimental investigation of effect of porosity on thermal conductivity , ”
thermal spray wires are used in thermal spraying applications by feeding two wires into a spray gun , then generating an arc between the two wires to create molten feedstock that is transferred onto a surface to deliver a heavy coating . thermal spray wires prove to be corrosion resistant in a number of demanding environments .
thermal spraying offers a number of benefits , including improved resistance to wear , corrosion and heat in the final product . there are a number of thermal spraying processes , which basically entail heating the powder to above its melting temperature . cold spraying , in contrast , requires a powder temperature of just a few hundred degrees celsius . proper adhesion of the coating is achieved by increasing the particle velocity and thus the kinetic energy .
moskowitz ln ( 1993 ) application of hvof thermal spraying to solve corrosion problems in the petroleum industry—an industrial note . j therm spray technol 2 ( 1 ) : 21–29
r . tiwari , h . herman , and s . sampath , vacuum plasma spraying of mosi
a number of materials have already been proven to be suitable for cold spraying . these include :
zhou d , guillon o , vaßen r . development of ysz thermal barrier coatings using axial suspension plasma spraying . coatings . 2017 ; 7 ( 8 ) : 120 .
the success of the process in the automotive industry is due to the wide range of materials available for thermal spraying , the properties of these materials and the ease in providing high - rate / low - cost deposition for the high volume of parts involved . thermal spraying is a versatile process that can easily be integrated into a production line .
a . guignard , g . mauer , r . vassen , and d . stöver , deposition and characteristics of submicrometer - structured thermal barrier coatings by suspension plasma spraying ,
waste disposal - wastes from thermal spraying are not toxic , but do contain elements requiring special disposal . typically they are dry powders , some of which can be reactive .
the main frame of work of the thermal spraying group consists of the development of new spraying technologies ( such as suspension spraying ) , new coating solutions ( such as coatings for heating elements , thermoelectric modules or hard metal coatings for components subjected to high stress ) , as well as the characterization of coatings ( for example , laser acoustic surface waves – lawave® ) .
plasma spraying produces a high quality coating by a combination of a high temperature , high energy heat source , a relatively inert spraying medium and quite high particle velocities , typically 200–300 m / s .
thermal spraying can provide coatings with an approximate thickness range of 20 micrometers to several millimeters depending on the process and feedstock . coating materials available for thermal spraying include metals , alloys , ceramics , plastics and composites . coating quality is usually assessed by measuring its porosity , oxide content , macro and micro - hardness , bond strength and surface roughness .
zhu d , choi sr , miller ra ( 2004 ) development and thermal fatigue testing of ceramic thermal barrier coatings . surf coat technol 188–189 : 146–152
plasma spraying makes use of the plasma torch as the main tool for heating and spraying the coating . after the powder material has been melted down , it is then placed on the product in a manner which is similar to combustion flame spraying . the coatings which result from plasma spraying may be a few micrometers thick to a few millimeters think . while powder is the most widely used material , metals and ceramics are also used . the plasma spraying process is highly popular due to its adaptability .
there are a number of different process variations , for example plasma spraying , high - speed flame spraying or arc spraying , which are used for processing a broad range of materials such as metals , ceramics and polymers into functional coatings . layer thicknesses range from approx . 30 µm to several millimetres .
: flsp was the first thermal spraying process . it use 2760 ºc ( 5000 ºf ) oxyacetylene flame to melt the targets which may be powders , rods , or wires .
zhou , d . ; guillon , o . ; vaßen , r . development of ysz thermal barrier coatings using axial suspension plasma spraying . coatings 2017 , 7 , 120 .
wang y , khor ka , cheang p ( 1998 ) thermal spraying of functionally graded calcium phosphate coatings for biomedical implants . j therm spray technol 7 ( 1 ) : 50–57
the lead taken in evaluating and utilising thermal spraying on previously plated components by the major airlines in the us and europe , and other high volume , high profile users of chrome plating , should reinforce the confidence level of other industries enough to evaluate what thermal spraying can provide . the advances in thermal spraying over the past 10 years , both in terms of product and process , and also in the level of understanding , now positions this technology to move forward on a broader front as an established , and thoroughly proven industrial tool .
layers in power electronics using cold gas spraying . j therm spray technol 20 ( 1–2 ) : 299–306
deposits fabricated by radio frequency induction plasma spraying . j therm spray technol 10 ( 4 ) : 611–617
low - pressure thin - film plasma spraying ( lpps - tf ) represents a further development of vacuum plasma spraying conducted at low pressure . it enables thin , gas - tight layers to be deposited .
g . mauer , a . guignard , and r . vaßen , plasma spraying of efficient photoactive tio
like overlay welding or chromium plating , thermal spraying is a coating process . the feedstock material , in the form of a wire or powder , is melted or softened by flame or electricity and propelled onto the workpiece . during coating application , the spray torch traverses the workpiece to produce a coating . as with all industrial processes , thermal spraying has its advantages and limitations . understanding these characteristics is the key to taking advantage of thermal sprayed coatings . some of the benefits of thermal spray coatings include the following .
curry n , donoghue j ( 2012 ) evolution of thermal conductivity of dysprosia stabilised thermal barrier coating systems during heat treatment . surf coat technol 209 : 38–43
the other function of the thermal spraying enclosure is to reduce the noise to acceptable levels . typically , noise levels between 120 and 130 dba can be generated whilst spraying and , in order to comply with coshhh regulations , this needs to be reduced below 80 dba at 1 metre .
there are a number of different process variations , for example plasma spraying , high - speed flame spraying or arc spraying , which are used for processing a broad range of materials , such as metals , ceramics and polymers , into functional coatings . layer thicknesses range from approx . 30 µm to several millimeters .
helali m , hashmi msj ( 1996 ) production of free - standing objects by high velocity oxy - fuel ( hvof ) thermal spraying process . j mater process technol 56 : 431–438
thermal spraying is used in particular for wear - resistant combination layers , where an extreme surface hardness is to be combined with non - stick and sliding properties or enhanced traction properties .
at a & a coatings , we recognize the various associated with thermal spray processes . that’s why we adhere to the regulations set by the occupational safety & health administration to keep our workplaces safe . our team of highly trained thermal spraying specialists and operators understand the risks and know the importance of following safety procedures so that we can mitigate the risks . below is a quick look at how we ensure workplace safety while using thermal spraying equipment :
a & a coatings has been around for more than seven decades . we are the go - to shop for stellar thermal spraying solutions as we can tailor high performance thermal spray coatings according to your specific requirements . our success is not only built upon our diverse capabilities , which include plasma spraying , spray and fuse hardfacing , metalizing and hvof , but our ability to maintain absolute thermal spray safety in our workplace . find out the common risks that are associated with operating a thermal spray workplace and how we mitigate those risks .
effect of thermal barrier coating for the improvement of si engine performanc . . .
the microstructural features in a tbc also influence its thermal properties . in fig .
s . mahade , n . curry , s . björklund , n . markocsan , and p . nylén , thermal conductivity and thermal cyclic fatigue of multilayered gd
find out how metalworkers like you can address the issue of thermal spray fumes .
figure 1 this thermal spray application uses a combustion source as the delivery mechanism .
döring j - e , hoebener f , langer g ( 2008 ) review of applications of thermal spraying in the printing industry in respect to oems . in : lugscheider e ( ed ) thermal spray conference : crossing the border . dvs , düsseldorf , e - proc
y . zhao , d . li , x . zhong , h . zhao , l . wang , f . shao , c . liu , and s . tao , thermal shock behaviors of ysz thick thermal barrier coatings fabricated by suspension and atmospheric plasma spraying ,
luo l , liu s , li j , wu y ( 2011 ) thermal shock resistance of femncral / cr3c2–ni9al coatings deposited by high velocity arc spraying . surf coat technol 205 : 3467–3471
from a historical view - point the thermal spraying or metal spraying has got its beginnings in the production of metal powders and was patented for the first time in 1882 . thereby , high - tension gases or vapours were made to escape and liquid metal was poured into the stream of gas (
vacuum plasma spraying ( vps ) / technologies | tocalo co . , ltd . comprehensive manufacturer of advanced coating
workers involved in thermal spray processes face serious risks . this process—also known as metalizing , flame spraying , metal spraying and hardfacing—involves melting metal and spraying it onto a surface to form a coating . this is useful for adding corrosion - resistance to surfaces , building up worn parts and other applications . any situation that includes extreme heat and melted metal requires precautions , but workers performing thermal spray are often not protected to the degree that workers in other dangerous fields are , such as welders .
do you know why thermal spray coating has replaced hard chrome plating as the preferred surface treatment for many applications across a wide array of industries ? in this post , you will learn the answer as we put thermal spraying and hard chrome plating side by side for comparison .
as with all thermal spraying processes there are particular health and safety issues that need to be addressed . for flame spraying these relate to protecting the operator from powder , dust and fume . also the use of flammable gases , including acetylene , requires that safe use and storage of gases be considered .
thermal metal spraying , also referred to as thermal spray or metalizing , is a process where molten or semi - molten materials are propelled towards a substrate and deposited on the surface to create a coating that enhances the substrate’s properties or characteristics . spraying materials may include pure metals , alloys , ceramics , cermets or plastics and can be delivered in a powder , wire or rod forms . some common thermal spraying processes include plasma arc spray , combustion spray , electric arc spray , wire flame spray , high velocity oxy - fuel ( hvof ) spray , cold spray and powder flame spray . thermal metal spraying is used across a wide range of industries and applications where metalworking is common including automotive , agriculture , aerospace , gas turbines , gas or petro - chemical .
a typical example of such an application of thermal spraying—although not constricted to such use—is the coating of light metal engine cylinder blocks with low friction and thermally conductive coatings on the cylinder bore walls .
thermal spraying can provide thick coatings ( approx . thickness range is 20 micrometers to several mm , depending on the process and feedstock ) , over a large area at high deposition rate . coating materials available for thermal spraying include metals , alloys , ceramics , plastics and composites . they are fed in powder or wire form , heated to a molten or semimolten state and accelerated towards substrates in the form of micrometer - size particles . combustion or electrical arc discharge is usually used as the source of energy for thermal spraying . resulting coatings are made by the accumulation of numerous sprayed particles
ivosevic m , coguill sl , galbraith sl ( 2009 ) polymer thermal spraying : a novel coating process . in : marple br , hyland mm , lau y - c , li c - j , lima rs , montavon g ( eds ) thermal spray 2009 : proceedings of the international thermal spray conference . asm international , materials park , oh , pp 1078–1083
sundararajan g , mahajan yr , joshi sv ( 2009 ) thermal spraying in india : status and prospects . in : marple br , hyland mm , lau y - c , li c - j , lima rs , montavon g ( eds ) thermal spray 2009 : proceedings of the international thermal spray conference . asm international , materials park , oh , pp 511–516
during powder flame spraying the continuously added powder - like spraying additive is pre - melted and melted in an acetylene - oxygen flame . it is sprayed onto the prepared work piece surface , accelerated by the expanded fuel gases .
however , suspension plasma spraying ( sps ) processes were rapidly developing in parallel . gitzhofer et al . ( ref
p . müller , a . killinger , and r . gadow , suspension spraying of alumina and zirconia ceramics ,
finally , this article will conclude with the required improvements to meet the coating industry standards with suspension plasma spraying .
p . blazdell and s . kuroda , plasma spraying of submicron ceramic suspensions using a continuous ink jet printer ,
m . yamada , h . isago , h . nakano , and m . fukumoto , cold spraying of tio
zhou , dapeng ; guillon , olivier ; vaßen , robert . 2017 .
development of ysz thermal barrier coatings using axial suspension plasma spraying .
coatings 7 , no . 8 : 120 .
surface coverage might not be as easy to achieve in the case of plating . this is because thermal spraying is after all a line of sight process and it is harder to coat interior diameters .
when comparing the two processes , a consideration of the economics involved in establishing and maintaining both types of facilities can be made . the following factors make thermal spraying commercially competitive with hard chrome plating .
d . cheng , g . trapaga , j . w . mckelliget , and e . j . lavernia , mathematical modelling of high velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying of nanocrystalline materials : an overview ,
thermal spraying is a cost - effective method for enhancing surface properties . we support all common thermal spray methods , with options to suit your surfacing and all other applications requirements – such as the size of your run , scale of your part , environmental concerns , and portability needs .
interested to add thermal spray , laser cladding and cold spray solutions to your portfolio .
n . curry , k . vanevery , t . snyder , and n . markocsan , thermal conductivity analysis and lifetime testing of suspension plasma - sprayed thermal barrier coatings ,
a . r . nicoll and h . eschnauer , retesting thermal - spray powders ,
/ ysz thermal barrier coatings . j therm spray technol 19 ( 6 ) : 1179–1185
thermal spray operator arc sprays copper onto a used ink drum for reclamation purposes . .
high velocity oxygen fuel ( hvof ) spraying refers to a group of thermal spraying processes where spraying is done at supersonic speeds . hvof is considered to be a smart technique due to its wide range of choices in terms of materials and processes . it has less of an impact on the environment in comparison to other conventional plating processes . the materials available for hvof spray coating include metals and alloys , ceramics , plastics and composites .
starcoat® metal and carbide coating systems are applied with high - speed thermal spraying techniques to achieve exceptional wear resistance . the low proportion of pores creates an extremely high surface hardness of up to 70 hrc .
e . dongmo , r . gadow , a . killinger , and m . wenzelburger , modeling of combustion as well as heat , mass , and momentum transfer during thermal spraying by hvof and hvsfs ,
e . meillot , s . vincent , c . caruyer , j . p . caltagirone , and d . damiani , from dc time - dependent thermal plasma generation to suspension plasma - spraying interactions ,
davis jr ( ed ) ( 2004 ) handbook of thermal spray technology . sections introduction to applications for thermal spray processing and selected applications . asm international , materials park , oh
notomi a , sakakibara n ( 2009 ) recent application of thermal spray to thermal power plants . in : marple br , hyland mm , lau y - c , li c - j , lima rs , montavon g ( eds ) thermal spray 2009 : proceedings of the international thermal spray conference . asm international , materials park , oh , pp 1106–1111
n . curry , k . van every , t . snyder , and n . markocsan , thermal conductivity analysis and lifetime testing of suspension plasma - sprayed thermal barrier coatings ,
thermal spray coatings are widely used in a variety of industrial applications . molten powder or wire is heated either through oxy - fuel combustion or plasma—the flame of the spray device powers the heated mixture , and after even spray distribution onto a metal product , the mixture assumes its solid coating form . thermal spray coatings can serve an array of functions ; commonly used to treat planes , they can also protect products from wear , temperature extremes , chemicals , and even protect buildings from external environmental conditions like rain and humidity . although there are multiple methods and materials involved in thermal coating , they are distinguished by both heat source and the base material used for deposition . combustion flame spraying , high velocity oxy - fuel spraying ( hvof ) , two - wire electric arc spraying , plasma spraying , and vacuum plasma spraying are several common coating application processes .
ph . roumilhac , j . f . coudert , and p . fauchais , designing parameters of spraying plasma torches ,
smyth rt , anderson jc ( 1975 ) production of resistors by arc plasma spraying . electrocompon sci technol 2 : 135–145
in contrast to plasma spraying , high - velocity flame spraying permits significantly higher particle velocities at comparatively moderate temperatures of the hot gas torch . this means that the process is particularly suitable for wear - resistant alloys and mcraly bond coats .
coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state , e . g . by flame , plasma or electric discharge
high velocity oxygen fuel ( hvof ) spraying is a thermal spraying coating technique used to enhance surface properties or dimensions of components . this coating provides longer life of equipment through significantly increasing the protection against erosion , wear resistance and corrosion . the first hvof process is used in the detonation gun ( d - gun ) process .
a few months ago we looked at the thermal spraying of cylinder liners but here i would like to examine one of the processes mentioned in more detail , the plasma transferred wire arc ( ptwa ) method .
we conduct regular air sampling to determine our workers’ potential exposure to airborne contaminants . we will make sure that the gases that are created from our thermal metal spraying and practices to exceed the permissible exposure limits .
d . r . clarke and s . r . phillpot , thermal barrier coating materials ,
–nicr vps thermal spray coatings as candidate for chromium replacement . surf coat technol 220 : 225–231
r . j . bratton and s . k . lau , zirconia thermal barrier coatings ,
e . ingier - stocka and m . maciejewski , thermal decomposition of [ co ( nh
space - a thermal spray facility requires significantly less floor space than an equivalent plating facility .
on - site capability - thermal spray equipment is portable and has on - site capability .
fewer process steps - thermal spray coatings require fewer process steps to apply than chrome plating .
please contact astro alloys for custom design specs and recommendations for your specific thermal spray operations .
at the surface engineering institute , numerical investigations of all relevant thermal spraying processes are executed . due to the different scales and physical phenomena that occur through thermal spraying processes , the processes can not be analyzed by deployment of a single numerical model . the entire process beginning from the heat generation up to the coating formation must be divided into sub - processes , which have to be modeled separately ( see figure left ) .
all methods of thermal spraying involve the projection of small softened particles onto a cleaned and prepared surface where they adhere to form a continuous coating . combined thermal and kinetic energy causes the particles to flatten or ’splat’ onto the surface , and onto each other , to produce a cohesive coating of successive layers .
the document provides guidelines for establishing ppe programs for thermal spraying , assessing hazards associated with thermal spray operations and training workers about ppe , as well as guidelines for selecting , using and maintaining ppe . the information is consistent with osha’s personal protective equipment standard ( 29 cfr 1910 . 132 - 138 ) .
a . ganvir , n . curry , s . björklund , n . markocsan , and p . nylén , characterization of microstructure and thermal properties of ysz coatings obtained by axial suspension plasma spraying ( asps ) ,
p . fauchais and a . vardelle , innovative and emerging processes in plasma spraying : from micro - to nanostructured coatings ,
j . oberste berghaus , b . marple , and c . moreau , suspension plasma spraying nanostructured wc - 12co coatings ,
f . wu et al . method for preparing porous hydroxyapatite coatings by suspension plasma spraying , patent wo 2010130109 a1 , 2010
thermal spraying is a technology which improves or restores the surface of a solid material . the process can be used to apply coatings to a wide range of materials and components , to provide resistance to : wear , erosion , cavitation , corrosion , abrasion or heat . thermal spraying is also used to provide electrical conductivity or insulation , lubricity , high or low friction , sacrificial wear , chemical resistance and many other desirable surface properties .
during thermal spraying , the heat applied to the base material can be extremely high . when coating thin - walled substrates or substrates with very low thermal conductivity , or when using temperature - sensitive coating materials , overheating problems can arise . differences in heat expansion rates can even cause the coating to flake off .
hvof coatings are used in applications requiring the highest density and strength not found in most other thermal spray processes . new applications , previously not suitable for thermal spray coatings are becoming viable .
thermal sprayed coatings can also be used to manufacture hybrid microelectronic components , by spraying ceramic materials onto a metal substrate to provide electrically insulating areas . such technology is becoming increasingly important in meeting the demands of modern computing .
chen x , gu l , zou b , wang y , cao x ( 2012 ) new functionally graded thermal barrier coating system based on lamgal11o19 / ysz prepared by air plasma spraying . surf coat technol 206 : 2265–2274
mihm s , duda t , gruner h , thomas g , dzur b ( 2012 ) method and process development of advanced atmospheric plasma spraying for thermal barrier coatings . j therm spray technol 21 ( 3–4 ) : 400–408
henne rh , schitter c ( 1995 ) plasma spraying of high performance thermoplastics . in : berndt cc , sampath s ( eds ) thermal spray science and technology . asm international , materials park , oh , pp 527–532
thermal spraying is a surface modification technology in which metals and ceramics are heated to a molten or semi - molten state and then made to collide with and accumulate on the surface of a substrate thereby forming a coating .
all five thermal spray processes can be used to apply ‘engineering coatings’ to modify the surface properties of an item . engineering coatings can provide such properties as enhanced wear resistance , thermal barriers , electrical / thermal conductivity , hard - chrome replacement and insulation across a wide range of applications .
schlegel n . , d . sebold , y . j . sohn , g . mauer , r . vaßen , thermal cycling performance of a columnar structured complex perovskite in a temperature gradient test , e . meillot ed . , workshop on suspension and solution thermal spraying , tours france oct 8 , 9 , 2014
since the first thermal spraying process for feeding tin and lead wires into a modified oxyacetylene welding torch patented by m . u . schoop ( zurich , switzerland ) between 1882 and 1889 , thermal spray technology has been continuously developed to meet market requirements . it has evolved into a large family of processes that now includes flame spray , electric arc spray , plasma arc spray , and more recently the high kinetic energy spraying known as cold spray .
- jim grundtner and precision coatings , inc . are among a prestigious few in thermal spray .
state - of - the - art thermal spray coating solutions [ pdf 0 . 34 mb ]
pawlowski l ( 1995 ) the science and engineering of thermal spray coatings . wiley , new york
iyengar rk ( 2009 ) thermal spray coating for steel processing . technovations international , littleton , ma
cpt , thermal spray center , center within the university of barcelona which carries out an extensive research on the thermal spray field ; it covers a wide range of materials suitable for many applications .
figure 3 . a gas turbine shaft previously chrome plated , now coated using thermal spray techniques .
in the future the manufacturing and engineering industries will continue to change dramatically , and for numerous engineering or consumer durable products appropriate surface engineering as applied by thermal spraying techniques is becoming a decisive factor in sustaining a competitive edge .
berthelsen r , wiederkehr t , denzer r , menzel a , müller h ( 2014 ) efficient simulation of nonlinear heat transfer during thermal spraying of complex workpieces . world j mech 04 ( 09 ) : 289–301 . doi :
since then , numerous activities have been undertaken to evaluate sps and solution plasma precursor spraying ( spps ) processes , mainly in the field of thermal barrier coating ( tbc ) and solid oxide fuel cell ( sofc ) research . soon it was recognized that sps coatings revealed a unique microstructure that could not be achieved by ordinary spray processes like plasma and combustion flame spraying . in parallel , spraying of liquid precursors for the fabrication of nano - scaled powders and deposits were investigated ( ref
gross ka , kovalevskis a ( 1996 ) mold manufacture with plasma spraying . j therm spray technol 5 ( 4 ) : 469–475
n . markocsan , a . ganvir , and p . newbatt , influence of coating morphology on thermal properties and lifetime of axial suspension plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings , invited talk at the “thermal spray of suspensions & solutions symposium ( ts4 ) ” , montreal , 2 - 3 december , 2015
haynes ja , ferber mk , porter wd ( 2000 ) thermal cycling behavior of plasma - sprayed thermal barrier coatings with various mcraix bond coats . j therm spray technol 9 ( 1 ) : 38–48
s . gong , k . vanevery , h . wang , and r . w . trice , microstructure and thermal properties of inflight rare - earth doped thermal barriers prepared by suspension plasma spray ,
the substitution of the conventional spray powders by suspensions offers new possibilities , such as the direct use of finely dispersed powders , and thus saving in the production of specific thermal spraying feedstock powder , and the production of nanostructured coatings .
skandan g , yao r , sadangi r , kear bh , qiao y , liu l , fischer te ( 2000 ) multimodal coatings : a new concept in thermal spraying . j therm spray technol 9 ( 3 ) : 329–331
pan zy , wang y , wang ch , sun xg , wang l ( 2012 ) the effect of sic particles on thermal shock behavior of al2o3 / 8ysz coatings fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying . surf coat technol 206 : 2484–2498
with ceracoat® , high - quality metal and ceramic coatings are created in a thermal spraying process . extreme surface hardness optimizes the wear resistance and traction properties and extends the service life of components subjected to high levels of mechanical strain .
thermal conductivity , thermal cyclic life and erosion resistance of the three different tbc designs were compared . the as - sprayed tbcs were subjected to thermal cyclic fatigue test at 1100 °c and 1200 °c . also , the thermal conductivity of as - sprayed tbcs was measured in the temperature range of 25 °c to 1000 °c . the results revealed that the gz - based multilayered tbcs had a higher thermal cyclic life and lower thermal conductivity compared to single - layer ysz tbc , with the life enhancement in the thermal cyclic tests carried out at 1300 °c being significant ( 43 cycles in case of ysz compared to 395 and 521 cycles for the double - and triple - layer tbcs discussed above ( ref
spraying humiseal® uv50lv can be applied via standard selective coating equipment or by conventional hand spray equipment . the source air used for spraying must be dry ( a dry inert gas ( air , nitrogen or argon ) is highly recommended ) to prevent premature curing of the secondary cure mechanism . the spraying should be done with adequate ventilation so that the vapour and mist are carried away from the operator .
thermal spraying means to cause a molten material to collide with and accumulate on the surface of a substrate . accordingly , in order to create a good thermal spray coating , a high - temperature state to create a sufficient molten state and a high - speed state to spray particles are required . in the film - creation process in thermal spraying , molten particles collide with the substrate and simultaneously become flattened . some particles become a spray and are scattered . particles of the raw material that have melted and become a liquid , build up rapidly to form a film .
several elements are contained within the spraying layer and can be combined ( e . g . cr , ni , carbides etc . )
) . however , the deposition efficiency is considerably reduced in this case due to only partial melting of the particles during spraying . figure
s . sampath , ph . d . thesis , “rapid solidification during plasma spraying , ” suny at stony brook , aug 1989 .
j . oberste - berghaus , b . marple , and c . moreau , suspension plasma spraying of nanostructured wc - 12co coatings ,
r . gadow , a . killinger , and j . rauch , new results in high velocity suspension flame spraying ( hvsfs ) ,
e . bouyer , f . gitzhofer , and m . i . boulos , the suspension plasma spraying of bioceramics by induction plasma ,
the at 400 wire arc spray system has the highest deposition rate of the thermal spraying processes . options are available for broad coverage or tight spray patterns , running gear , cable length , remote wire feed unit and id coating extension .
nagai m , shigemura s , yoshiya a ( 2009 ) thermal - sprayed cfrp roll with resistant to thermal shock and wear - for papermaking machine . in : marple br , hyland mm , lau y - c , li c - j , lima rs , montavon g ( eds ) thermal spray 2009 : proceedings of the international thermal spray conference . asm international , materials park , oh , pp 607–611
the atmospheric plasma spray process is used for wear and corrosion protection , thermal insulation , repair , and restoration . as it is the most flexible of all thermal spray processes coatings , can be applied …
high deposition rates - most of the thermal spray processes have a higher deposition rate than chromium plating .
thermal spraying is widely adopted across many industries as a preferred method . it has huge scope to extend the life of new components or through the use of tried and tested techniques , to repair and re - engineer worn or damaged components .
thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which melted ( or heated ) materials are sprayed onto a surface . the
feedstock
( coating precursor ) is heated by electrical ( plasma or arc ) or chemical means ( combustion flame ) .
our wire feeding solutions for electric arc thermal spraying offer you consistent feed rates , speed adjustment , and the ability to interface with various spool types or even whole drums . wires are uncoiled and transported using push or push - pull mechanisms .
more recently , thermal spraying has been recognised as a key process for the synthesis of specialised coatings and materials . it offers the ability to create free standing structures for net - shaped manufacture of high performance ceramics , composites and functional graded materials . it is also used for the rapid - solidification synthesis of specialised materials . thermal spraying is now being considered for the synthesis of advanced functional surfaces such as catalytic coatings , dielectrics , ferrites , bioactive materials and solid oxide fuel cells .
the customer was investigating dust collection for a thermal spraying booth . they had been using scrubbers and bag filters , but with both of these the filters became clogged within about a week , and the customer had problems with reduced air volume .
especially in sps , the short spraying distances cause high heat flux to the substrate . spraying distances at sps processes is usually 50 mm or even lower . using hvsfs larger spraying distances are used , usually between 80 and 120 mm . besides the lower spraying distance compared to the use of powders also the solvents influences the heat flux . when water is used energy is needed for the vaporization of the water . using organic solvents additional energy can be generated by the combustion of this solvent . therefore , the used solvent also influences the heat flux .
lima rs , marple br ( 2007 ) thermal spray coatings engineered from nanostructured ceramic agglomerated powders for structural , thermal barrier and biomedical applications : a review . j therm spray technol 16 ( 1 ) : 40–63
koolloos mfj , houben jm ( 2000 ) behavior of plasma - sprayed thermal barrier coatings during thermal cycling and the effect of a preoxidized nicraiy bond coat . j therm spray technol 9 ( 1 ) : 49–58
thermal spraying is a widely applied coating technique . the optimisation of the thermal spraying process with respect to temperature or temperature induced residual stress states requires a numerical framework for the simulation of the coating itself as well as of the quenching procedure after the application of additional material . this work presents a finite element framework for the simulation of mass deposition due to coating by means of thermal spraying combined with the simulation of nonlinear heat transfer of a rigid heat conductor . the approach of handling the dynamic problem size is highlighted with focus on the thermodynamical consistency of the derived model . with the framework implemented , numerical examples are employed and material parameters are fitted to experimental data of steel as well as of tungsten - carbide–cobalt - coating .
chráska p , neufuss k , herman h ( 1997 ) plasma spraying of zircon . j therm spray technol 6 ( 4 ) : 445–448
chraska p , neufuss k , herman h ( 1997 ) plasma spraying of zircon . j therm spray technol 6 ( 4 ) : 445–448
* as the spraying speed of molten particles is faster than in the air , coatings with higher bonding strength and higher density are produced .
r . vaßen , h . kaßner , g . mauer , and d . stöver , suspension plasma spraying : process characteristics and applications ,
l . jia and f . gitzhofer , induction plasma synthesis of nanostructured sofcs electrolyte using solution and suspension plasma spraying : a comparative study ,
r . vassen , h . kassner , g . mauer , and d . stöver , suspension plasma spraying : process characteristics and applications ,
combustion flame spraying is an excellent option for surfaces which aren’t designed to handle extreme stress . the coating which results from this process is not strongly attached to the surface since the spraying mechanism is powered by a lower flame velocity . the flame will be generated via oxygen which has been combined with fuel , and this will melt the mixture . combustion flame spraying is popular for low intensity applications due to its low cost .