acleris oxycoccana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , british columbia , indiana , maine , manitoba , michigan , minnesota , newfoundland , ontario , pennsylvania , west virginia and wisconsin .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm .

the colouration of the forewings is quite variable , ranging from uniform deep black-brown with scattered ruddy scaling to bright red-brown .

adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .

the larvae feed on chamaedaphne calyculata and prunus pumila .

acleris oxycoccana

the name oxycoccana was proposed by packard ( 1869 ) based on the host plant vaccinium oxycoccos ( cranberry ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
urltoken lists leatherleaf ( chamaedaphne calyculata ) and sand cherry ( prunus pumila ) as host plants .
packard , a . s . 1869 . guide to the study of insects , and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops : for the use of colleges , farm - schools , and agriculturists . p . 334
contributed by jason j . dombroskie on 31 march , 2011 - 2 : 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz , ceiseman , randy hardy last updated 14 february , 2018 - 6 : 09pm
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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canada : alberta , j . j . collett natural area ( 11 km ne of lacombe )
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antaeotricha disjecta is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by philipp christoph zeller in 1854 .

it is found in costa rica , the guianas , bolivia and brazil ( para ) .

antaeotricha disjecta

this is the place for disjecta definition . you find here disjecta meaning , synonyms of disjecta and images for disjecta copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word disjecta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word disjecta and , of course , disjecta synonyms and on the right images related to the word disjecta .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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protospinax is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish found in the solnhofen limestones of southern bavaria .

it is a difficult taxon to accommodate in taxonomies .

formerly known from only two specimens , further museum specimens were discovered at the museum of comparative zoology of harvard university in the 1990s , having been misidentified as squatina and heterodontus .

protospinax was about 1.7 m in length .

protospinax

on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria
on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectans gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria .
article : on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria
details - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria - biodiversity heritage library
full reference : a . s . woodward . 1919 . on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus , sp . nov . and protospinax annectans , gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria . proceedings of the zoological society of london 13 : 231 - 235
ty - jour ti - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria t2 - proceedings of the zoological society of london . vl - 1918 ur - urltoken pb - academic press , [ etc . ] , cy - london : py - 1918 sp - 231 ep - 235 do - 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1918 . tb02093 . x sn - 0370 - 2774 er -
@ article { bhlpart69987 , title = { on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria } , journal = { proceedings of the zoological society of london . } , volume = { 1918 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : academic press , [ etc . ] , 1833 - 1965 . } , author = { } , year = { 1918 } , pages = { 231 - - 235 } , }
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$ ectethmoid process absent ; $ loss of suborbital shelf ; $ orbitostylic jaw suspension ; $ basitrabecular process ( ? ) present ; $ precaudal hemal arches complete ; $ dorsal fin with basal but no spine .
scoop - shaped rostrum ; spiracle large ; fin spines present ; no anal fin ; benthonic , cold marine .
links : courtnay museum : animal classification ; squalomorpha ; miss a wittrick ; cartilaginous fishes ; atw021204 .
characters : ~ 170 cm ; teeth with moderate labial visor [ k03 ] ; may be hump - like structure is indicated just below the apex on the lingual face [ k03 ] ; triangular and elongate and / or massive lingual uvula [ k03 ] ; labial face triangular in labial view and more or less flat [ k03 ] ; basal edge of the labial face is concave [ k03 ] ; cutting edge is continuous and rectilinear without any crenulations or serrations [ k03 ] ; lateral cusplets absent [ k03 ] ; teeth with central foramen [ k03 ] ; broad pectoral fins ; pelvic fins anterior and overlapped by pectorals .
links : sharkfriends paleo - shark page ; abstracts - part 1 : amesbury through ellis ; sanstitre ; tiburonesg . html ; hors - série requins ; jurasico . htm spanish ) ; the american elasmobranch society hompage ; helicoprion ( recreación ) helicoprion ( fósil ) echinochimaera ( . . . . ; articles - dino hunter cites to two newish articles ) ; neoselachian remains ( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) from the . . . description of some tooth species ) .
references : kriwet ( 2003 ) [ k03 ] , maisey ( 1993 ) atw040722 .
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type specimen : bmnh p8775 . its type locality is eichstätt , solnhofen ( bmnh collection ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .
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proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1918 : 231–235 , 1 pl .
woodward , 1918 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
underwood & ward , 2004 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018


syllectra erycata is a moth in the erebidae family .

it is found from florida , texas and the antilles ( jamaica , guadeloupe , martinique , st. kitts , hispaniola , cuba , puerto rico , st. lucia , grenada ) to brazil , peru , surinam and bolivia .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

syllectra erycata

syllectra erycata ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 68
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
guadeloupe , petit - bourg , hauteurs lézarde , 31 - xii - 83 .
legend male genitalia ( jpg 88 kb ) . back to the list of noctuidae
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


aroga trilineella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from texas , arizona , colorado and california .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

the forewings are pale grey irregularly mixed brownish with scattered dark grey specks , a broad fuscous suffusion occupying the median longitudinal third from the base and whole apical area , which is preceded by an undefined transverse shade of light ground colour .

there is a black streak along the fold from near the base to beyond one-third , and one in the disc from above the apex of this to the end of the cell .

the hindwings are grey , lighter in the disc anteriorly .

aroga trilineella

aroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236
aroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120
aroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .
aroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m
aroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m
aroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar
aroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
aroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile
aroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m
aroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m
aroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea
aroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21
aroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]
aroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
gelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft
seu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302
gelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58
gelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg
gelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240
= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858
gelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman
korea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158
gelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california
gelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california
larva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303
gelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california
gelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado
gelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake
gelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250
gelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams
gelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths
studien über die lepidopterenfauna der balkanländer . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
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cotana joiceyi is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by rothschild in 1917 .

it is found in new guinea .

the wingspan is about 48 mm for males and 60 mm for females .

males are similar to cotana unistrigata , but the basal half of the forewings has a buffish cream-colour , and the outer half is buffish grey .

furthermore , the median band is more oblique and brown ( not black ) and there is no stigma .

females differ from unistrigata in being smaller and the white patch and postdiscal bands are much larger and pure white .

furthermore , the nervures and margins are deep bright yellow and the thorax and costal area are rufous orange .

cotana joiceyi

coscinocera hercules neodiphthera joiceyi bouveir syntherata janetta syntherata sp . 1 syntherata sp . 2 syntherata sp . 3
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lunulata ( bethune - baker , 1904 ) borealis rothschild , 1932 ab . unicolor rothschild , 1932 [ infraspecific ] montium rothschild , 1932 occidentalis rothschild , 1917 satisbona rothschild , 1917
pallidipascia rothschild , 1917 pallidifascia ( sic sensu auct . ) postpallida ( rothschild , 1917 )
rubrescens walker , 1865 ssp . kapaura rothschild , 1917 [ male ] ssp . oetakwensis rothschild , 1917 [ male ]
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aegus platyodon cyclommatus imperator cyclommatus pulchellus cyclomnatus sumptuosus dorkas arfakianeus dorkas sp . 1 dorkas sp . 2 dorkas sp . 3 neolamprima adolphinae prosopocoelus cinctus
cetoniinae sp . 1 cetoniinae sp . 2 cetoniinae sp . 3 cetoniinae sp . 4 cetoniinae sp . 5 cetoniinae sp . 6 cetoniinae sp . 7 cetoniinae sp . 8 cetoniinae sp . 9 cetoniinae sp . 10 cetoniinae sp . 11 dilochrosis balteata chalcopharis grandis ischiosopha hyla ischiosopha jamesi ischiosopha sp . lomaptera anae lomaptera sp . trichaulax rayneri
agrilus opulentus agrilus viridissimus buprestidae sp 1 buprestidae sp . 2 buprestidae sp . 3 buprestidae sp . 4 buprestidae sp . 5 calodema ribbei calodema regale cyphogastra sp . 1 cyphogastra sp . 2 cyphogastra sp . 3 metaxymorpha meeki metaxymorpha nigrosuturalis metaxymorpha sp . paracupta sp .
eupatorus beccarii orycetes sp . papuana sp . scapanes australis scarab sp . 1 scarab sp . 2 scarab sp . 3 xylotrupes gideon
agrianome loriae batocera kibleri batocera laena batocera nebulosa batocera wallacei cerambycidae sp . 1 cerambycidae sp . 2 cerambycidae sp . 3 cerambycidae sp . 4 cerambycidae sp . 5 cerambycidae sp . 6 cornuscoparia sp . epepeotes rarus glenea sp . hyplocerambyx severus hyplocerambyx sp . potemnemus detzneri potemnemus scabrosus potemnemus sp . 3 potemnemus sp . 4 prioninae sp . 1 prioninae sp . 2 rosenbergia denserugata rosenbergia hlaveki rosenbergia hlaveki hoyoisi rosenbergia hoyoisi rosenbergia mandibularis rosenbergia sp . 1 rosenbergia straussi rosenbergia vestuta rosenbergia weiskei sphingnotus albertisi sphingnotus dunningi gazellus sphingnotus insignis sphingnotus mirabilis sphingnotus sp . 1 sphingnotus sp . 2 xixuthrus microcerus
curculionidae sp . 1 curculionidae sp . 2 curculionidae sp . 3 curculionidae sp . 4 curculionidae sp . 5 curculionidae sp . 6 curculionidae sp . 7 curculionidae sp . 8 eupholus bennetti eupholus nickerlii eupholus sp . 1 eupholus sp . 2 eupholus sp . 3 eupholus sp . 4 eupholus sp . 5 eupholus sp . 6 eupholus sp . 7 eupholus sp . 8 eupholus sp . 9 gymnopholus lichenifer gymnopholus nodusus gressit pantorhytes lichenifer pantorhytes sp . 2 pantorhytes sp . 3 rhinoscapha richteri rhinoscapha tricolor rhyncophorus sp . rhynoscapha chlora vanapa oberthuri ( pouillaude )
coreidae sp . leptoglossus australis mictis ambionensis mictis boinensis mictis limbativentris mictis profana mictis sp . 5 pternistria macromera pternistria sp .
allora major major arrhenes marnas affinis ? arrhenes sp . badamia exclamationis borbo impar lavinia chaetocneme callixenus erionota thrax hasora discolor hasora khoda hesperiidae sp . 1 hesperiidae sp . 2 hesperiidae sp . 3 mimene atropatene notocrypta sp . ocybatistes walkeri ? sothis sabera caesina albifascia tagiades japetus tagiades ? japetus telicota mesoptis ? mesoptis
amplypodia annetta anthene seltuttus seltuttus arhopala acron arhopala alkisthenes arhopala hercules droa arhopala philander leander arhopala thamryas thamryas bindahara phocides chromis candalides helenita dimorpha candalides neurapacuna castalius mindarus curetis thetis danis danis philocrates danis perpheres perpheres danis phroso danis schaeffera caesius danis schaeffera esme dicalleneura ribbei diantha epimastidia inops pilumna erysichton lineata eupsychellus dionisius hypochlorosis lorquinii hypochrysops apelles hypochrysops plotinus hypochrysops polycletus rex hypochrysops pythias hypolycaena danis hypolycaena danis turneri hypolycaena phorbas phorbas ? hypolycaena sp . jamides aleuas nitidus jamides aratus caerulina jamides coridus pseudeuchylas jamides reverdini lampides boeticus liphyra castnia luthrodes cleotas cleotas lycaenidae sp . 1 lycaenidae sp . 2 lycaenidae sp . 3 megisba malaya monacha philiris griseldis pistoria nigropunctata nigropunctata pretaxila satraps pretaxila segecia pretaxila weiskei salentara cycinna terinos alguris upolampes evena false eyes on lycaenidae
acraea meyeri kirsch apaturina erminea papuana argyreus hyperbius inconstans argyreus hyperbius niugini cethosia chrysippe alkmene cethosia cydippe cethosia obscura cethosia obscura antippe bros / smith cethosia obscura obscura guerin charaxes latona cirrochroa regina sophene cupha prosope cyrestis achates cyrestis acilia cyrestis acilia gades danaus chrysippus danaus chrysippus feeding on nectar danaus plexippus doleschallia dascylus doleschallia hexophtalmos elymnias agondas elymnias agondas bioculatus elymnias agondas melagondas elymnias thryallis erycinidia virgo euploea batesii euploea callithoe euploea leucostictos swierstae euploea phaenareta euploea phaenareta unibrunnea euploea sp . 1 euploea sp . 2 euploea stephensii salpinxoides euploea wallacei euthaliopsis aetion philomena helcyra chionippe thyada hypolimnas alimena hypolimnas bolina hypolimnas bolina drinking nectar hypolimnas deois divina hypolimnas pithoeka junonia hedonia junonia villida lamprolenis nitida libythea geoffroyi geoffroyi melanitis amabilis valentina melanitis constantia melanitis leda miyana meyeri morphopsis albertisi morphopsis meeki morphotaenaris schoenbergi morphotenaris schoenbergi littoralis mycalesis barbara mycalesis evara mycalesis phidon mycalesis sp . mynes geffroyi ogulina mynes halli mynes websteri pantoporia consimilis pantoporia venilia parantica schenkii parantica weiskei parthenos aspila ( honrath ) parthenos sylvia parthenos sylvia guineensis ( fruhstorfer ) parthenos sylvia therekrates ( fruhstorfer ) parthenos tigrina ( fruhstorfer ) pieridopsis virgo platypthima decolor polyura jupiter precis orithya novaguineae hagen prothoe australis hewitsoni walace prothoe australis mafalda ( fruhstorfer ) prothoe australis schulzi ridde p . nigita symbrenthia hyppoclus hipocrates staud . taeneris alocus taenaris bioculatus taenaris catops taeneris gorgo gorgophone taeneris honrathi taeneris mailua mailua taenaris onolaus taeneris onolaus ida taeneris phorcus phorcus taenaris schoenbergi tellervo zoilus tirumala hamata vindula arsinoe yoma algina yoma algina , drinking nectar
atrophaneura polydorus atrophaneura polydorus aiganaus graphium agamemnon graphium aristeus parmatus gray graphium cordus medon graphium cordus segonax graphium eurypylus graphium macfarlanei graphium sarpedon graphium weiskei papilio aegeus form amanga papilio ambrax papilio bridgei papilio sp . 1 caterpillar papilio sp . 2 caterpillars papilio sp . girdle pupa papilio euchenor papilio fuscus hasterti papilio fuscus indicatus papilio fuscus lamponius papilio ulysses ambiguus papilio ulysses telemachus papilio woodfordi
blattodea sp . 1 blattodea sp . 2 blattodea sp . 3 blattodea sp . 4 blattodea sp . 5 blattodea sp . 6 periplaneta americanus platyzosteria sp . salganea papua
antlered fly achias spp . diptera sp . 1 formosia glorificans laglaizia spp . laphria sp . 1 laphria sp . 2 ligyra doryca ligyra satyrus machimus sp . maira sp . 1 maira sp . 2 nemestrinus sp . paramenia ? divitiosa ( walker ) paramenia macularis ( walker ) ? philonicus sp . phytalmia alcicornis saunders phytalmia antilocapra mcalpine & schneider phytalmia cervicornis gestaecker phytalmia robertsi schneider phytalmia sp . platytropesa ? simulans promachus sp . 1 promachus sp . 2 stalk - eyed flies tabanus aurivittatus tabanus denticulatus
acrididae sp . 1 acrididae sp . 2 austracis guttulosa valanga sp . valanga irregularis
baeturia sp . birdantis obscura var . distanti cicadas desudaba aulica fulgoroidae spp . homoptera sp . ibiceps ansatus leptataspis discolor peggioga formosa ricania sp . ricania villica sawda sp . tarundia glaucescenus
cryptothelia sp . larval case metura oceanica viette oiketikus elongatus oiketikus elongatus larval bag psychidae sp . 1 psychidae bag sp . 1 psychidae bag sp . 2 pteroma plagiophleps
agrioglypta sp . cirrhochrista sp . hypsipyla robusta margarosticha sp . pyralidae sp . 1 pyralidae sp . 2 pyralidae sp . 3 vitessa sp .
aeolochroma viridicata agathia parasinaspis alcis papuensis alex sp . automolodes goldiei borbacha sp . bursadopsis sp . callidula sp . celerena sp . chlorocoma sp . cleora repetita cleora sp . 1 cleora sp . 2 cleora sp . 3 cleora sp . 4 cleosiris sp . craspedosis aurigutta dysphania fenestrata eubordata hypocala eumelea rosalia geometridae sp . 1 geometridae sp . 2 geometridae sp . 3 geometridae sp . 4 geometridae sp . 5 geometridae sp . 6 geometridae sp . 7 geometridae sp . 8 geometridae sp . 9 geometridae sp . 10 geometridae sp . 11 geometridae sp . 12 geometridae sp . 13 geometridae sp . 14 geometridae sp . 15 geometridae sp . 16 geometridae sp . 17 geometridae sp . 18 geometridae sp . 19 geometridae sp . 20 ? geometridae sp . 21 geometridae sp . 22 geometridae sp . 23 geometridae sp . 24 geometridae sp . 25 geometridae sp . 26 geometridae sp . 27 geometridae sp . 28 geometridae sp . 29 geometridae sp . 30 geometridae sp . 31 geometridae sp . 32 geometridae sp . 33 geometridae sp . 34 geometridae sp . 35 geometridae sp . 36 geometridae sp . 37 geometridae sp . 38 camouflaged geometridae 1 camouflaged geometridae 2 camouflaged geometridae 3 camouflaged geometridae 4 haemabasis calodesma medastina trixaria milionia ? aglaia milionia aroensis milionia basilis milionia callima meek . milionia diva milionia doherty milionia grandis milionia isodoxa milionia mediofasciata milionia metazosta milionia paradisea milionia sp . 13 milionia ? ventralis parotis marginata parotis punctiferalis pingasa cinera pingasa sp . 2 plutodes sp . praesos sp . pseudeusemia longimacula camouflaged tepna sp . tepna sp . tigridoptera sp . 1 tigridoptera sp . 2 thalassodes sp . uliocnemis partita
alcides agathrysus ? cyphura sp . lyssa patroclus micronia caudiferaria micronia justaria nyctalemon toxopensi uraniidae sp . 1
acherontia lachesis acosmeryx sp . agrius godarti agonyx testacea papuana ambulyx dohertyi ambulyx phalaris ambulyx sp . cephonodes hylas daphnis dohertyi dohertyi daphnis hypothous pallescens daphnis palacida daphnis protrudens gnathothlibus erotus eras gnathothlibus heliodes hippotion boerhaviae hippotion brennus brennus hippotion brennus form rubibrenna hippotion celerio hippotion velox hippotion sp . macroglossum hirundo errans megacorma obliqua oxambulyx dohertyi oxambulyx phalaris oxambulyx sp . panacra spendens psilogramma increta psilogramma menephron theretra indistincta form bismarcki theretra latreilei latreilei theretra melops theretra nessus theretra radiosa theretra sp .
amata marella amata sp . amerila ( = rhodogastria ) crokeri creatonotos gangis euchromia sp . 1 euchromia sp . 2 oeonistis sp . ( rhodogastria = ) amerila crokeri spilosoma curvata spilosoma sp . utetheisa sp .
asota caricae asota heliconia dama asota heliconia doryca asota orbona queenslandica asota versicolor nyctemera baulus nyctemera sp .
calliteara queenslandica calliteara sp . 2 . calliteara sp . 3 dasychira mendosa dasychira wandammena euproctis sp . lymantria ninayi adults lymantria ninayi caterpillars lymantria novaguinensis lymantria rosa lymantriidae sp . 1 lymantriidae sp . 2 lymantriidae sp . 3 lymantriidae sp . 4 lymantriidae caterpillar camouflaged lymantriidae
achaea janata achaea sp . 2 achaea sp . 3 achaea sp . 4 anomis sp . arcte coerulea ( guenée ) belciana sp . calograma picta carea sp . cyclodes sp . ? donda sp . dyrzela sp . episparis sp . erebus ephesperis ephesperis erebus sp . 2 erebus sp . 3 eudocima salaminia eupatula macfarlanei fodina sp . goniophila sp . grammodes cooma hulodes caranea ( male ) hulodes caranea ( female ) camouflaged hulodes caranea ( female ) hulodes sp . lygniodes sp . 1 lygniodes sp . 2 mocis trifasciata noctuidae sp . 1 noctuidae sp . 2 noctuidae sp . 3 noctuidae sp . 4 noctuidae sp . 5 noctuidae sp . 6 noctuidae sp . 7 noctuidae sp . 8 noctuidae sp . 9 ? noctuidae sp . 10 noctuidae sp . 11 noctuidae sp . 12 noctuidae sp . 13 noctuidae sp . 14 noctuidae sp . 15 noctuidae sp . 16 noctuidae sp . 17 noctuidae sp . 18 noctuidae sp . 19 noctuidae sp . 20 noctuidae sp . 21 noctuidae sp . 22 noctuidae sp . 23 noctuidae sp . 24 noctuidae sp . 25 noctuidae sp . 26 noctuidae sp . 27 noctuidae sp . 28 noctuidae sp . 29 noctuidae sp . 30 noctuidae sp . 31 noctuidae sp . 32 noctuidae sp . 33 noctuidae sp . 34 noctuidae sp . 35 noctuidae sp . 36 noctuidae sp . 37 noctuidae sp . 38 noctuidae sp . 39 noctuidae sp . 40 noctuidae sp . 41 noctuidae sp . 42 noctuidae sp . 43 noctuidae sp . 44 noctuidae sp . 45 noctuidae sp . 46 noctuidae sp . 47 noctuidae sp . 48 noctuidae sp . 49 noctuidae sp . 50 noctuidae sp . 51 noctuidae sp . 52 noctuidae sp . 53 noctuidae sp . 54 noctuidae sp . 55 noctuidae sp . 56 noctuidae sp . 57 noctuidae sp . 58 noctuidae sp . 59 noctuidae sp . 60 noctuidae sp . 61 noctuidae sp . 62 noctuidae sp . 63 noctuidae sp . 64 noctuidae sp . 65 ophiusa sp . 1 ophiusa sp . 2 ophiusa sp . 3 ophiusa sp . 4 ophiusa sp . 5 ophiusa sp . 6 ophiusa sp . 7 ophiusa sp . 8 othreis fullonia othreis jordani othreis sp . 3 othreis sp . 4 othreis sp . 5 oxyodes sp . paracrama sp . parallelia sp . phyllodes imperialis phyllodes sp . wing details pindara sp . platyja sp . 1 platyja sp . 2 scrobigera sp . serrodes sp . spirama revolvens sympis rufibasis trigonodes sp . xanthodes sp .
camouflaged spider jumping spider 1 jumping spider 2 nephila maculata nephila maculata underside nephila maculata seizing the uraniidae moth lyssa patroclus pseudoscorpion scorpions selencosmis crassipes spider sp . 1 spider sp . 2 spider sp . 3 spider sp . 4
eurycantha horrida eurycantha sp . eurycnema goliath extatosoma sp . 1 extatosoma sp . 2 phasma gigas sasima sp . stick insect sp . 1 stick insect sp . 2
abispa splendida anthophora cingulata austroscolia nitida nitida bembix papua campsomeris formosa campsomeris loriae campsomeris papuana certonotus sp . chalicodoma ? clotho chalicodoma preteosa ( friese ) coelioxys weinlandi creightonella frontalis ( fab . ) delta latreillei petiolaris schulz eumenes arcuatus arcuatus exeirus sp . hemipepsis ichneimonea heterodontonyx eurythroura hymenoptera sp . 1 hymenoptera sp . 2 hymenoptera sp . 3 megachile sp . megastigmus sp . polistes tepidus tepidus sceliphron laetum sigalphogastra sp . sphex cognatus sphex fumipennis ssp . antennata smith sphex luctuosus sphex subtruncatus ( nigripes ) stilbum cynurum thyreus nitidulus trisciloa saussurei trisciloa sp . vespa tropica leafmansi wasp nest xylocopa aruana xylocopa karnyi maindl . xylocopa perkinsi cameron
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negera unispinosa is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by watson in 1965 .

it is found in malawi .

the length of the forewings is about 21.5 mm for males and 24.5 mm for females .

the colour-pattern of the wings is as for negera confusa .

the costa of the forewings is pale pinkish brown , with a brown apical costal marking , edged distally with white .

the remaining two costal markings are pink and the area between the medial fascia is pale yellowish brown enclosing a large paler area at the end of the cell .

the area distal to the postmedial fascia is pale yellowish brown and speckled with black at the anal margin between the postmedial fascia and the tornus .

the hindwings are very pale buff proximal to the antemedial fascia , pinkish buff between the antemedial and medial fasciae and pale yellowish brown distal to medial fascia .

negera unispinosa

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
watson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1–178 , pls . 1–18 .
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walker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . – lepidoptera heterocera . — 1855c
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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the brisingidae are a family of deep-sea-dwelling sea stars containing these genera and species : astrolirus fisher , 1917 astrolirus panamensis ( ludwig , 1905 ) astrostephane fisher , 1917 astrostephane acanthogenys ( fisher , 1916 ) astrostephane moluccana ( fisher , 1916 ) brisinga asbjørnsen , 1856 brisinga alberti fisher , 1907 brisinga analoga ( fisher , 1919 ) brisinga andamanica wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga bengalensis wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga chathamica mcknight , 1973 brisinga costata verrill , 1884 brisinga cricophora sladen , 1889 brisinga distincta sladen , 1889 brisinga endecacnemos asbjørnsen , 1856 brisinga eucoryne fisher , 1916 brisinga evermanni fisher , 1906 brisinga gunnii alcock , 1893 brisinga hirsuta perrier , 1894 brisinga insularum wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga panopla fisher , 1906 brisinga parallela koehler , 1909 brisinga synaptoma ( fisher , 1917 ) brisinga tasmani h.e.s. clark , 1970 brisinga trachydisca fisher , 1916 brisinga variispina ludwig , 1905 brisingaster loriol , 1883 brisingaster robillardi de loriol , 1883 brisingella fisher , 1917 brisingella verticillata ( sladen , 1889 ) brisingenes fisher , 1917 brisingenes anchista fisher , 1919 brisingenes mimica ( fisher , 1916 ) brisingenes multicostata ( verrill , 1894 ) brisingenes plurispinula aziz & jangoux , 1985 hymenodiscus perrier , 1884 hymenodiscus agassizi ( perrier , 1882 ) hymenodiscus aotearoa ( mcknight , 1973 ) hymenodiscus armillata ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus beringiana ( korovchinsky , 1967 ) hymenodiscus coronata ( sars g.o. , 1872 ) hymenodiscus distincta ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus exilis ( fisher , 1905 ) hymenodiscus fragilis ( fisher , 1906 ) hymenodiscus membranacea ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus monacantha h.l. clark , 1920 hymenodiscus ochotensis djakonov , 1950 hymenodiscus pannychia fisher , 1928 hymenodiscus pusilla fisher , 1917 hymenodiscus submembranacea ( doderlein , 1927 ) hymenodiscus tenella ( luwig , 1905 ) hymenodiscus verticellata ( sladen , 1889 ) labidiaster lütken , 1872 midgardia downey , 1972 midgardia xandaros downey , 1972 novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b.j. smith , 1969 novodinia americana ( verrill , 1880 ) novodinia antillensis ( a.h.clark , 1934 ) novodinia austini ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia australis ( h.l. clark , 1916 ) novodinia clarki ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia homonyma downey , 1986 novodinia magister fisher , 1917 novodinia novaezelandiae ( h.e.s. clark , 1962 ) novodinia pacifica ( fisher , 1906 ) novodinia pandina ( sladen , 1889 ) novodinia penichra ( fisher , 1916 ) novodinia radiata aziz & jangoux , 1985 novodinia semicoronata ( perrier , 1885 ) odinella fisher , 1940 odinella nutrix fisher , 1940 stegnobrisinga fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga gracilis ( koehler , 1909 ) stegnobrisinga placoderma fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga splendens h.l. clark , 1926

brisingidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
シワウデボソヒトデ科
to
brisingidae
.
worms - world register of marine species - brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09
fisher , w . k . ( 1917 ) . new genera and species of brisingidae . annals and magazine of natural history . 20 ( 8 ) : 418 - 431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09
genus novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
genus gymnobrisinga studer , 1884 accepted as labidiaster lütken , 1871 ( synonym according to mah ( 1998 ) , suppression desired . )
genus odinia perrier , 1885 accepted as novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969 ( odinia preoccupied , new name designated . see dartnall et al . )
sars , g . o . ( 1875 ) . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norwegian coast . ii . researches on the structure and affinity of the genus brisinga based on the study of a new species , brisinga coronata . christiania : christiana university . 112pp . 7 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
downey , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
euclasteroidea ( regarded as unecessarily cumbersome and arbitrary by downey ( 1986 ) . synonymized by same . )
fisher , w . k . ( 1928 ) . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part 2 . forcipulata ( part ) . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 [ details ]
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123085 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of euclasteroidea ) tortonese , e . ( 1958 ) . euclasteroidea : nuovo ordine di asteroidi ( echinodermi ) . doriana 2 ( 88 ) : 1 - 3 page ( s ) : 1 [ details ]
sladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
clark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
phylogenetic hypothesis of the asteroidea based on blake ( 1987 ) . these relationships , as well as intra - order relationships , are contentious and re - evaluation of asteroid phylogeny continues ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) .
the asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the phylum echinodermata . these animals , commonly known as sea stars or starfishes , form a diverse and speciose group . there are approximately 1600 extant species ( hyman 1955 ; clark 1977 ; clark and downey 1992 ) which are found throughout the world ' s oceans . following the classification of blake ( 1987 ) , these species are grouped into seven orders : brisingida , forcipulatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida , valvatida and velatida .
like other echinoderms , asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities . they can be voracious predators , having significant impacts on community structure . for example , paine ( 1966 ) used pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology . the crown - of - thorns starfish , acanthaster planci , is particularly well - known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs , particularly during population outbreaks ( moran 1988 ) .
figure 1 : pisaster ochraceus and acanthaster planci , two asteroids of great ecological significance . pisaster image by sherry ballard , courtesy calphotos , copyright © 1999 california academy of sciences . acanthaster image copyright © borut furlan .
the controversial concentricycloidea ( a proposed sixth class of the echinodermata ; baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 ) have been diagnosed as unusual asteroids ( smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 , janies and mooi 1999 ) . their relationship to other asteroid taxa is not well resolved , but alliances with species from the velatida and the forcipulatida have been proposed . the unique morphology of the concentricycloids makes it difficult to assign this group to the recognized asteroid orders and is cited as sufficient distinction for class recognition .
like other asterozoans , asteroids have a characteristic star - shaped body plan consisting of a central disc and multiple ( typically 5 ) radiating arms . asteroids are most easily distinguished from other asterozoans ( the ophiuroidea ) by the structure of the arms . in asteroids , skeletal support for the arms is provided by the ossicles of the body wall , which merge with those of the central disc , giving the arm a very broad based attachment to the disc . this skeletal arrangement allows for the extension of a comparatively large coelomic cavity from the central disc into the arms , which serves to hold some of the animal ' s organ systems , namely the gonads and pyloric caeca . additionally , this skeletal arrangement also limits lateral flexion of the arms . locomotion by asteroids is accomplished almost exclusively by means of the podia ( tubefeet ) from the water vascular system . differences in morphology between asteroids and ophiuroids are described further in blake ( 1998 ) and dean ( 1999 ) .
figure 2 : a typical starfish , asterias rubens , with tubefeet visible on the edge of the arm in the foreground . image copyright © 2004 kåre telnes . cushion stars , like this culcita novaeguineae , may have arms so short that they look more like a ball than a star . image copyright © 2003 massimo boyer .
taxonomy of asteroids usually is based on externally observable characteristics of the skeleton , particularly the primary ossicular series which define the body wall ( ambulacrals , adambulacrals , marginals , terminals , actinals , abactinals ) , as well as secondary ossicles such as spines , spinelets and pedicellariae . works by perrier ( 1884 ) and sladen ( 1889 ) laid the taxonomic foundation of most asteroid groups . many other authors have contributed to and / or refined the asteroid classification scheme , notably fisher ( 1911 , 1928 ) , verrill ( 1914 ) , fell ( 1963 ) , spencer and wright ( 1966 ) and mcknight ( 1975 ) . blake and elliot ( 2003 ) provide clear definition of ossicle terminology . blake ( 1987 ) provides classification and diagnoses of asteroid groups .
perhaps the most important ossicular series defining the asteroidea is the ambulacral column , found along the oral surface of the disk and radiating arms and associated with two or four rows of podia . the asteroid ambulacrum is distinguished by erect ambulacral ossicles arranged in series along the length of the ambulacral column . critical differences in structure and arrangement of the ossicles of the ambulacral column define two groups of asteroids : an extinct fauna restricted to the paleozoic and the mostly extant ( mostly ) post - paleozoic asteroids ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 ) . blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) recently recognized this distinction formally with diagnosis of a new subclass : ambuloasteroidea , containing the paleozoic calliasterellidae and compsasteridae in addition to post - paleozoic asteroids ( infraclass neoasteroidea gale 1987 ) .
figure 3 : morphology of asteroids . a , aboral and oral surfaces of a generalized asteroid . image © biodidac . b , transverse section and perspective view of a generalized arm ( soft tissues and spines removed ) ; note the arched ambulacral ossicles forming the ambulacral groove and the dorsal podial pores between ambulacral ossicles . one podium ( tubefoot ) on the left is drawn in outline only to illustrate how the podia descend through the podial pores . image © 2004 emily knott .
application of the extraxial - axial theory ( eat ) to asteroid morphology significantly aids our understanding of ossicle homologies within the asteroidea and between asteroids and other echinoderms ( mooi and david 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . according to the eat , the ambulacral and terminal ossicles of asteroids are axial elements . these ossicles are formed according to the ocular plate rule ( opr ) and are associated with the developing water vascular system during ontogeny as are the axial ossicles of other echinoderms . the remaining asteroid ossicle series are extraxial elements , which can be added during ontogeny without any particular ordering system ( although secondarily ordered serial homologous elements are common in the asteroids , e . g . adambulacrals and marginals ) . in comparison to axial elements , extraxial ossicles are prone to much more evolutionary lability ( mooi and david 1997 ) .
summarized from blake ( 1998 ; 2000 ) , mooi and david ( 2000 ) and blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) .
deep ambulacral groove—the paired ambulacral ossicles are erect and arch across the arm axis forming a clearly defined furrow . the extent of the arch and definition of the furrow are expected to be weaker in the earliest asteroids , but these characters are difficult to observe in most fossil specimens .
dorsal podial pores—the dorsal podia pores are passageways between ambulacral ossicles through which the tubefeet descend . these pores allow for internal protection of the ampullae , dorsal outpockets of the podia , which contract and expand with extension and retraction of the podia . the ampullae of earlier asteroids were external , in closed , cup - like podial basins formed by the ossicles of the ambulacral column .
offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles and differentiation of articulation structures in ossicles of the ambulacrum—these features describe a variety of related apomorphic characteristics of ambuloasteroids . offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles allows for soft tissue connections between the ambulacral and both adjacent adambulacrals which is further enhanced with differentiation of articulation structures on the ossicles . this arrangement allows more complex movement in the ambuloasteroids . in non - ambuloasteroids a single ambulacral ossicle abuts a single adambulacral .
presence of an odontophore—the odontophore is a small interradial ossicle associated with the mouth angle ossicle . the odontophore is expected to the homologue of the axillary in paleozoic asteroids .
the earliest asteroids appeared in the ordovician ( figure 4 ) . however , at least two major faunal transitions have occurred within the asteroidea concomitantly with large extinction events : in the late devonian ( blake and glass in webster et . al . 1999 ) and in the late permian ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , blake et al . 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders as described here contain all extant and some extinct species which have a morphology distinct from paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea ; see characteristics , blake 1982 , 1987 , 1988 ; gale 1987 , blake and elliott 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders are thought to have appeared and diversified very rapidly ( within approximately 60 million years ) during the lower and early middle jurassic , frustrating our understanding of ordinal relationships ( see discussion below ) .
figure 4 : hudsonaster sp . ( usnm 40882 ) , an early asteroid from the ordovician . image copyright © daniel b . blake
relationships among paleozoic asteroids , as well as between paleozoic asteroids and extant asteroids , are difficult if not impossible to determine because of the limitations of the asteroid fossil record . asteroid fossils are rare because 1 ) the skeletal elements rapidly dissociate after death of the animals 2 ) asteroids typically have a large body cavity that collapses with deterioration of the organs , resulting in misshapen forms and 3 ) asteroids often live on hard substrates which are not conducive to fossil formation . from the limited fossil evidence that is available we know that the basic body plan of the asteroids has remained the same since the ordovician . several papers by blake ( e . g 1989 , 2000 ) describe limitations of the fossil record in detail .
despite the paucity of the asteroid fossil record , fossil evidence has aided our understanding of asteroid evolution within both the paleozoic and post - paleozoic groups . one unique fossil fauna is that from the hunsrück slate of germany from the lower devonian . these paleozoic forms are well preserved and show a variety of morphologies . the diversity exhibited in this faunal representation suggests that the diversity of life habits of paleozoic asteroids was probably very similar to what we see today in modern species ( blake 2000 ) . fossil members of the post - paleozoic fauna have also been found . the oldest known neoasteroid is the extinct triassic genus trichasteropsis ( blake and hagdorn 2003 , figure 5 ) . blake ( 1987 ) recognized a new order , trichasteropsida , to contain this taxon . the slightly younger triassic genus noriaster barberoi , diagnosed to the extant family poraniidae ( valvatida ) , is the oldest - known fossil species belonging to a surviving family ( blake et al . 2000 , figure 5 ) .
figure 5 : early neoasteroids from the triassic . images copyright © daniel b . blake
left : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( mhi 843 / 1 ) , trichasteropsida . center : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( smns 3173 / 5 ) , trichasteropsida . right : noriaster barberoi ( mpum 8420 ) , valvatida : poraniidae
a survey of asteroid nomenclature arranged by order has been compiled . clark ( 1989 , 1993 , 1996 ) and clark and mah ( 2001 ) list accepted names as well as synonyms , otherwise invalid names , references and ranges of type localities .
brisingida— brisingids are deep - sea dwelling asteroids . they usually have many ( 6 - 16 ) long , attenuated arms which are used in suspension feeding . the brisingida contains about 100 species in 17 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 1998 ) .
forcipulatida— these asteroids are distinguished by their forcipulate pedicellariae , which are generally quite conspicuous on the body surface . the forcipulatida contains about 300 species in 68 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 2000 ) .
notomyotida— these are deep - sea dwelling asteroids having flexible arms with characteristic longitudinal muscle bands along the inner dorsolateral surface . the notomyotida contains about 75 species in 12 genera and 1 family .
paxillosida— these asteroids are considered to be somewhat infaunal in that they can bury themselves partially under sandy sediments . they are characterized by some morphological features ( e . g . pointed , unsuckered tubefeet ) which have been considered primitive by some ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the paxillosida contains about 255 species in 46 genera and 5 families .
spinulosida— these asteroids have a relatively delicate skeletal arrangement and completely lack pedicellariae . no fossil spinulosids have been found . the spinulosida contains about 120 species in 9 genera and 1 family .
valvatida— these asteroids are quite diverse , but are often characterized by their conspicuous marginal ossicles . definition of this group has been the most variable and the ordinal definition of many families included here has been controversial ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the valvatida contains about 695 species in 165 genera and 14 families .
velatida— these asteroids typically have thick bodies with large discs and interradial depressions . contrary to blake ' s ( 1987 ) classification , molecular evidence suggests a relationship between some velatid and valvatid families ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the velatida contains about 200 species in 25 genera and 5 families .
specific use of phylogenetic methods in studies of asteroid evolutionary relationships began in the late 1980s . these analyses ( using both morphological and molecular data ) have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of asteroid phylogeny . phylogenetic analyses are continuing to be re - evaluated with additional data . since their results are still somewhat contentious , they have yet to initiate changes in our classification system .
in 1987 , two differing hypotheses of order level relationships were proposed based on analyses of morphological characteristics ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , figure 6 , 7 ) . these two phylogenies differ due to differences in opinion about character polarity ( assigning ancestral or derived status to a particular state of a character ) and the different morphological characters used in the analyses ( note that gale does not specifically use phylogenetic methods ) . both authors emphasized the importance of ambulacral characters to asteroid classification and recognized the distinction between paleozoic and post - paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) .
however , gale ( following mcknight 1975 ) focuses on the lack of suckered tubefeet in the paxillosida , considering them primitive . as a result , his phylogeny reflects two major groups : a basal paxillosida and the remaining asteroids , all having suckered tubefeet , which he termed superorder surculifera . blake considers suckered tubefeet to be the ancestral condition . his phylogeny reflects two major asteroid groups : superorder forcipulatacea ( forcipulatida + brisingida ) and a clade of the superorders valvatacea + spinulosacea ( valvatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida and velatida ) . outgroup comparison with calliasterella and inclusion of the trichasteropsida results in a basal forcipulatacea .
the differences in these proposed phylogenies highlight questions about asteroid relationships that are still unresolved . the identification of the basal ( neo ) asteroid group has been the driving question of additional studies ( see evidence from molecular characters , below ) . additionally , ordinal definition , particularly for blake ' s valvatida , velatida and spinulosida , is problematic . such problems were not new to blake and gale . although many asteroid groups can be clearly defined morphologically ( forcipulatida , brisingida , notomyotida ) , asteroid morphology is complex and diverse . other groups are less clearly defined .
additional phylogenetic analyses incorporating molecular data with morphological data ( lafay et al . 1995 ) and using molecular data alone ( wada et al . 1996 ; knott and wray 2000 ) were presented in an effort to resolve phylogenetic arguments . unexpectedly , these studies have done little to elucidate asteroid relationships and may have only added to the confusion .
lafay et al . ( 1995 ) present an unrooted phylogeny deduced from analysis of a combined morphological data set taken from blake ( 1987 ) and gale ( 1987 ) with unordered character states ( figure 8 ) . although very few taxa were studied , their phylogeny supports the definition of asteroid orders proposed by blake but separates the paxillosida from the valvatida . their analysis with molecular data alone ( sequence data from 28s rrna ) results in several conflicting topologies due to weak phylogenetic signal . most of this signal is masked by that from the morphological data set when the two data sets are combined . however , after evaluating several rooting positions using molecular data from other echinoderms in outgroup comparison , lafay et al . ( 1995 ) conclude that the paxillosida may not be monophyletic and that the paxillosid genus astropecten may be the sister group to the remaining asteroids , reminiscent of gale ' s phylogeny .
wada et al . ( 1996 ) include more taxa for additional investigation of ordinal monophyly ( figure 9 ) . in multiple analyses of their molecular data set ( sequence data from 12s and 16s rdna ) , they find that paxillosids are paraphyletic with the paxillosid genus luidia as the basal asteroid taxon . in addition , the valvatida is not monophyletic and a forcipulatid clade falls within a group of valvatids , a velatid and spinulosids , a relationship in stark contrast to that proposed by blake ( 1987 ) . further , the spinulosida are never grouped with the velatida , which blake ( 1987 ) proposed as their sister group and which previously were considered a group within the spinulosida ( spencer and wright 1966 , mcknight 1975 , blake 1981a ) .
knott and wray ( 2000 ) expand taxon sampling even more , but their molecular data set ( sequence data from mitochondrial trna and coi genes ) fails to resolve questions of asteroid phylogeny ( figure 10 ) . significantly , the paxillosida is not basal in their results ( although astropecten is not included ) . the results of different tree reconstruction methods are not in agreement , and basal groupings are only supported by bootstrapping in the neighbor - joining analysis . the proposed phylogeny is similar to blake ( 1987 ) in that two lineages ( one largely of forcipulatids and the other largely of valvatids ) are recovered , but valvatida and velatida are not monophyletic and some velatids plus the spinulosida fall in the forcipulatid clade .
figure 8 . lafay et al . ' s ( 1995 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
figure 9 . wada et al . ' s ( 1996 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
figure 10 . knott & wray ' s ( 2000 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
the position of the concentricycloidea has been contentious since its discovery in 1986 . close relationship between the concentricycloidea and asterozoans is expected ( see baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) , but argument over its taxonomic position continues . as yet , no changes in taxonomy have been made . the morphological features of concentricycloids are so distinct ( e . g . two circumoral canals , a single peripheral ring of podia ) that the tendency to recognize them as a separate echinoderm class is quite strong . pearse and pearse ( 1994 ) included the concentricycloidea in a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters defined by blake ( 1987 ) and found that concentricycloidea fall outside the asteroid clade . further clarification of skeletal homologies between concentricycloids and asteroids ( mooi et al . 1998 ) supports asterozoan affinities , but questioned placing concentricycloids as close relative to the asteroid order caymanostellidae ( velatida ; rowe et al . 1988 , smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 ) . caymanostellids and concentricycloids have superficially similar body plans which may be due to convergence rather than true relationships ( pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) . contribution of dna sequence data from xyloplax turnerae and phylogenetic analysis of a combined morphological and molecular data set ( janies and mooi 1999 , janies 2001 ) , however , supports recognizing concentricyloids as asteroids . in these analyses , xyloplax is in a clade with the forcipulatid rathbunaster and not with velatids ( although caymanostellidae is not represented ) . support for relationships within the asteroidea is low , but xyloplax is positioned well within the asteroid clade .
baker , a . n . , f . w . e . rowe and h . e . s . clark . 1986 . a new class of echinodermata from new zealand . nature 321 : 862 - 864 .
belyaev , g . m . 1990 . is it valid to isolate the genus xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms ? zoologicheskii zhurnal 69 : 83 - 96 .
blake , d . b . 1982 . recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the asteroidea . pp . 105 - 107 . in : international echinoderm conference , tampa bay . j . m . lawrence , ed . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 1987 . a classification and phylogeny of post - paleozoic sea stars ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . journal of natural history 21 : 481 - 528 .
blake , d . b . 1989 . asteroidea : functional morphology , classification and phylogeny . pp . 179 - 223 . in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 1998 . morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids . pp . 5 - 8 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 2000 . the class asteroidea ( echinodermata ) : fossils and the base of the crown group . american zoologist 40 : 316 - 325 .
blake , d . b . and d . r . elliott . 2003 . ossicular homologies , systematics and phylogenetic implications of certain north american carboniferous asteroids ( echinodermata ) . journal of paleontology 77 ( 3 ) : 476 - 489 .
blake , d . b . and h . hagdorn . 2003 . the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) of the muschelkalk ( middle triassic of germany ) . paläontologische zeitschrift 77 ( 1 ) : 23 - 58 .
blake , d . b . , a . tintori and h . hagdorn . 2000 . a new , early crown - group asteroid ( echinodermata ) from the norian ( triassic ) of northern italy . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia . 106 ( 2 ) : 141 - 156 .
clark , a . m . 1977 . starfishes and related echinoderms . t . f : h . publications , london .
clark , a . m . 1989 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 1 . paxillosida and notomyotida . pp . 225 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . 1993 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 2 . valvatida . pp . 187 - 366 in : echinoderm studies vol . 4 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . 1996 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 3 . velatida and spinulosida . pp . 183 - 250 in : echinoderm studies vol . 5 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . and m . e . downey . 1992 . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman and hall , london .
clark , a . m . and c . mah . 2001 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida . pp . 229 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 6 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
dean , j . 1999 . what makes and ophiuroid ? a morphological study of the problematic ordovician stelleroid stenaster and the paleobiology of the earliest asteroids and ophiuroids . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 : 225 - 250 .
fell , h . b . 1963 . the phylogeny of sea - stars . philosophical transactions b 246 : 381 - 435 , 2 pls . , 16 figs .
fisher , w . k . 1911 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part1 : phanerozonia and spinulosa . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 . xiii + 420pp . , 122 pls .
fisher , w . k . 1928 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part2 : forcipulata . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 , 81 pls . .
gale , a . s . 1987 . phylogeny and classification of the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 89 : 107 - 132 .
hyman , l . h . 1955 . the invertebrates : echinodermata . volume iv . mcgraw - hill , new york , new york
janies , d . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes . canadian journal of zoology 79 : 1232 - 1250 .
janies , d . and r . mooi . 1999 . xyloplax is an asteroid . pp . 311 - 316 . in : echinoderm research 1998 . m . candia carnevali and f . bonosoro , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
knott , k . e . and g . a . wray . 2000 . controversy and consensus in asteroid systematics : new insights to ordinal and familial relationships . american zoologist 40 : 382 - 392 .
lafay , b . , a . b . smith , and r . christen . 1995 . a combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . systematic biology 44 ( 2 ) : 190 - 208 .
mah , c . l . 1998 . preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the brisingida ( asteroidea ) . pp . 273 - 277 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .
mah , c . l . 2000 . preliminary phylogeny of the forcipulatacean asteroidea . american zoologist 40 : 375 - 381 .
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mooi , r . and b . david . 1997 . skeletal homologies of echinoderms . the paleontological society papers 3 : 305 - 335 .
mooi , r . and b . david . 2000 . what a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution . american zoologist 40 : 326 - 339 .
mooi , r . , f . w . e . rowe and b . david . 1998 . application of a theory of axial and extraxial skeletal homologies to concentricycloid morphology . pp . 61 - 62 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .
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knott , emily . 2004 . asteroidea . sea stars and starfishes . version 07 october 2004 .
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downey , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
mcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
frédéric ducarme marked
file : closeup of a brisingid . jpg
as trusted on the
novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
page .
frédéric ducarme marked
file : brisingid starfish . jpg
as trusted on the
novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
page .
dana campbell selected
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katie gale set
image of brisinga sp
as an exemplar on
brisinga
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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mah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken
spencer , w . k . , and c . w . wright / durham , j . wyatt , et al . / moore , raymond c . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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full reference : g . o . sars . 1875 . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norvegian coast . 2 - researches on the structure and affinities of teh genus brisinga , based on the study of a new specis b . coronata . university thesis , christiania 1 - 111
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b7f0546f - 648a - 444b - b616 - 60866082732a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 81516ef1 - 768c - 40f0 - 85a9 - 03493a12e716
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 265146
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