harpalus anxius is a species of phytophagous and xerophilous ground beetle that is native to palearctic ( including europe ) and the near east .

in europe , it is only absent in the following countries or islands : andorra , the azores , the canary islands , the channel islands , crete , cyclades , cyprus , dodecanese , the faroe islands , franz josef land , gibraltar , iceland , madeira , malta , monaco , the north aegean islands , norway , novaya zemlya , portugal , san marino , the savage islands , sicily , svalbard and jan mayen , and vatican city .

its presence on the balearic islands and sardinia is doubtful .

harpalus anxius

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harpalus ( harpalus ) anxius ( duftschmid , 1812 ) family : carabidae size : 8 . 1 mm ( 6 . 1 to 8 . 6 mm ) distribution : europe to west siberia , west china ecology : inhabitants of steppes , loves warm and dry areas location : france , ardeche , les vans leg . w . veldkamp , 10 . vii . 1979 ; det . u . schmidt , 1986 photo : u . schmidt , 2017
irish status : like the majority of harpalus , this species is of restricted distribution due to the scarcity of free - draining soils , particularly in the west . its range appears to be entirely coastal except for a few inland sites on sandy or morainic soils .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
seasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ) .
as such , the contribution of migrants to the trophic structure of carabid communities is not apparent and requires further research . that a particular carabid species inhabits and breeds in , and even dominates a certain habitat , is only a hypothesis that needs corroboration each time . species with high abundance levels and high frequency of occurrence in a particular habitat can belong to both labile and stable components . thus , in the lake elton region , calosoma auropunctatum , dolichus halensis , amara aenea , harpalus calceatus , harpalus rufipes , harpalus distinguendus and anisodactylus signatus belong to the labile component in all the habitats where they occur ; cephalota elegans comprises the main element of the stable component in several azonal habitats ; while calathus ambiguus , cymindis lateralis and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis maior play the main role in the composition of the stable component in the majority of zonal habitats ( appendix ) . overall , 65–75 % of the species diversity of both individual habitats and the landscape as a whole comprised of non - residential species . it is important to note that almost half of the migrants ( 41 of 94 species ) failed to breed in any of the studied habitats . thus , the distances of their movements are substantially greater compared to the size of the site . so , the migrations of such species should be characterised at the landscape scale .
overall , we collected 34 , 108 individuals belonging to 98 carabid species . we recorded 65 species in rice field banks , 73 species in buffer strips and 78 in restored habitats . eight species were found only in rice field banks ( agonum sexpunctatum , amara nitida , cicindela campestris , clivina collaris , harpalus albanicus , harpalus pumilus , ophonus cribricollis , pterostichus macer ) , 6 species only in herbaceous buffer strips ( amara littorea , bembidion quadripustulatum , bradycellus verbasci , dolichus halensis , ophonus azureus , panagaeus cruxmajor ) , 2 species only in arboreal buffer strips ( badister sodalis , drypta dentata ) , 2 species only in herbaceous restored habitats ( acupalpus elegans , ophonus diffinis ) and 11 species only in arboreal restored habitats ( acinopus picipes , acupalpus flavicollis , acupalpus notatus , agonum versutum , agonum viduum , limodromus assimilis , limodromus krynickii , nebria brevicollis , ophonus parallelus , paranchus albipes , synuchus vivalis ) . poecilus cupreus and pseudoophonus rufipes consituted about 55 % of the capture with 18 753 individuals .
the most interesting aspect of this carabid coenosis is the presence of several species with southern distribution , quite common in clay soil on the right bank of the po river , and known only in few stations north of the po river . among these species , we list acinopus picipes , amblystomus niger , dinodes decipiens , harpalus cupreus , harpalus oblitus , parophonus mendax , parophonus planicollis , pterostichus macer . although a comparison with the past coenosis is not possible for the lack of similar surveys in the area , it could be hypothesized that these species are recent colonizers ( 7 - 10 years ) . they are not reported in the historical catalogue of magistretti ( 1965 ) , and are also not listed in several recent faunistic investigations carried out in the lombardy lowland , particularly along the ticino river ( pasquetto 1992 , bogliani et al . 2003 ) , adda river ( conti 1991 ) , po river ( pilon et al . 1991 , rancati and sciaky 1994 ) and in milan ( pilon et al . 2010 ) , where potentially suitable habitats were sampled . even in an intensive survey along the po river included in piedmont region , only some of these species have been collected ( allegro and sciaky 2001 ) . if so , we could assume a tendency to a northward shift in the distribution of these species , according to what has been observed for other zoological groups well studied and that have great mobility , such as birds ( chen et al . 2011 ) and dragonflies ( ott 2010 ) .
soil disturbance is recognised as an important restoration measure for conserving biodiversity in sandy soils . we used a soil disturbance ( ploughing ) experiment in a sandy grassland as well as a semi - natural disturbance ( slope erosion enhanced by cattle trampling ) gradient on a sandy slope to test the soil disturbance effects on the ground - living beetle community . both experimental disturbance and semi - natural disturbance favoured sandy grassland specialists , but there was no overall effect on beetle richness and abundance . amara lucida and harpalus spp . were favoured by disturbance while calathus melanocephalus was disfavoured . experimental ploughing significantly increased the proportion of red - listed species in disturbed plots compared to non - disturbed controls . in the semi - natural disturbance gradient we found that the beetle community on the disturbed slope differed from that of the flat areas , and there were tendencies for a higher proportion of red - listed species on the slope . we conclude that increasing the area of bare sand in sandy grasslands can have positive effects on many threatened species . soil disturbance should thus be included as a regular measure in sandy grasslands under conservation management and as a measure to restore high biodiversity in areas where bare sand is rare .
although the sampling effort was quite different between 1983–1984 and 2002 , we assume that around 11 records of the 16 new species during the second sampling period can also be due to the invasion by elymus . in fact , several continental species were discovered after the invasion in relatively high numbers ( i . e . , more than five individuals ) , both on the dyke and in the salt marsh . among them , most species are linked to high contents of organic matter and a more pronounced litter layer ( e . g . , agonum muelleri , bembidion obtusum and the polyphagous pterostichus versicolor ) or are even partly phytophagous ( amara spp . and harpalus spp . : dajoz 1988 , ikeda et al . in press ) . conversely , halophilic species discovered in 2002 are hardly related to the invasion . pogonus littoralis and dicheirotrichus obsoletus could have been misidentified earlier , as these species are very similar to pogonus chalceus and dicheirotrichus gustavii , respectively ( forel and leplat 2005 , dhuyvetter et al . 2007 ) . dicheirotrichus obsoletus could also have been missed in 1983–1984 ( the sampling stopped in september ) as more than 89 % of individuals were caught in october - november during 2002 . tachys scutellaris appears as a new species in 2002 , but was present in 1983–1984 , but at another station located below the mean sea level ( slikke habitat : fouillet 1986 ) . the ‘appearance’ of several species , sampled in low numbers in 2002 , can be due to differences in sampling effort and / or to random catches .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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description : an 8 . 5 - 12mm long black beetle with colourful and varied metallic reflections . the male is usually metallic bronze , green or blue , the female usually unmetallic black . phytophagous . common in dry grassland and coastal dunes .
world distribution : a eurasian wide - temperate ( 65 ) species and found across europe except the extreme north , south to asia minor and iran , and east to the river lena in siberia . introduced in n . america .
ecology : fairly eurytopic in areas which suit it , on arable land , in quarries , on dry grassland and on sand dunes at or near the coast .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
description : a medium - sized ( 6 . 8 - 8 . 2mm ) black phytophagous beetle of sandy heaths and dunes . eastern and southern .
world distribution : this species has a eurasian wide - temperate distribution ( 65 ) and is found across europe , except the north , to asia minor and siberia .
irish status : restricted to the south and east coasts between meath and kerry .
ecology : a strongly xerophilous species in ireland restricted to loose sand habitats in coastal fore dunes .
paleartic . open habitats . macropterous , with summer larvae . small size . zoospermatophagous .
common in the study area ( n = 331 ) . recorded in all habitat categories .
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checklist of beetles of the british isles ( andrew duff ; http : / / www . coleopterist . org . uk ) , version 1 ( recommended )
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asiatic - european . open habitats . macropterous , with summer larvae . medium size . zoospermatophagous .
common in the study area ( n = 180 ) . recorded in all habitat categories .
europe ( except the north ) and the balkans , where it prefers foothills to alpine regions ( arndt et al . 2011 ) .
it is a mesoxerophilous and polyphagous species , which prefers to live in forested areas ( varvara and apostol 2008 ) . it feeds on a mixture of seeds from agricultural crops , weeds and shrub species ( lundgren 2009 ) . in this study , it was only found in the wheat field in the homogeneous area ( n = 1 ) .
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corresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhravý 1959 ; novák 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; østbye and hägvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
however , doubts concerning the reliability of the obtained results were already expressed during the first pitfall trap studies and have been discussed subsequently ( for example , see adis 1979 ) . numerous factors have been found to affect pitfall trap catches , such as , the size of a trap and its inlet ( luff 1975 ; waage 1985 ; work et al . 2002 ; koivula et al . 2003 ) , the colour of a trap ( buchholz et al . 2010 ) , the presence and type of preservative ( luff 1968 ; feoktistov 1980 ; gryuntal 1982 ; karpova and matalin 1992 ; weeks and mcintyre 1997 ) and the ways of setting traps across habitats ( greenslade 1964 ; perner and schueler 2004 ; korczycski and sienkiewicz 2006 ) . in addition , the mobility of beetles in relation to both their physiological condition and the environment vary widely in the course of a season and between seasons ( den boer 1977 ; van huizen 1977 , 1979 ; baars 1979 ; matalin 1994 , 1997 , 2003 ; desender 2000 ) .
towards the second half of the 20th century it became clear that pitfall trapping reflected not as much the abundance as the locomotor activity of beetles . numerous steps have been taken to increase the reliability of the results of catches : changes in trap construction ( reeves 1980 ; boucher 1981 ; kuschka et al . 1987 ; loreau 1987 ; dufrêne 1988 ; makarov and tshernyakhovskaya 1990 ; karpova and matalin 1992 ; kuschka 1998 ) and in the type of preservative used ( louda 1970 ; feoktistov 1980 ; gryuntal 1982 ; pekar 2002 ) , exhaustive catches from enclosed areas ( kudrin 1971 ; gryuntal 1981 ; desender and maelfait 1986 ) , the calculation of correction coefficients from the re - trapping of marked specimens ( holland and smith 1991 ; raworth and choi 2001 ) , and the comparisons of dynamic ( pitfall trapping ) and static ( standard soil fauna quadrate sampling ) population densities ( kudrin 1966 ; arnoldi et al . 1972 ; desender and segers 1985 ; spence and niemelä 1994 ) . in spite of these important advances , standard pitfall trapping has ‘de facto’ become a standard technique used in synecological investigations of carabidae .
at the same time , when pitfall - trapped data are interpreted , the beetles’ migratory capacities are often ignored . this is because there is no universal technique for quantitatively estimating beetle locomotion ( den boer 1977 ; prisnyi 1987 ) . interpretation of life cycles to evaluate the demographic structure of local populations can provide a new approach to solving this problem . for example , a significantly deficient demographic structure recently observed in some carabid species in agricultural or disturbed habitats shows that in many places the populations are represented only by certain ‘age groups’ ( borkowski and szyszko 1984 ; wallin 1989 ; makarov and tshernyakhovskaya 1989 ; tshernyakhovskaya 1990 ; khotuleva 1997 ) . according to data obtained by bokhovko ( 2006 ) , five of the 11 dominant carabid species from arable soils in the kuban region , southern russia , demonstrated high abundance levels , coupled with incomplete demographic spectra . for example , in semi - centennial forest belts as well as in alfalfa fields , about 80 % of the dominants completed their development . on the other hand , in corn fields and in a forest belt with robinia , about 75 % of the carabid beetles did not complete their full life cycle .
the last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .
in the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .
ground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47’n , 46o39 . 75’e ) were studied in 2006–2007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .
pitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .
plastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .
all captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhravý 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .
recently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .
cuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
the separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .
detection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .
) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of
) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .
chronology of changes in periods of activity of individual ‘age’ groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in ‘spring’ ( a ) and ‘autumn’ ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ) .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs – new generation ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 – first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .
) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of
) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
importantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult ‘age’ groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .
thus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered ‘residents’ and their habitats ‘residential’ .
an incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,
was by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of
) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .
yet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of
was mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (
) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered ‘migrants’ and their habitats as ‘transit’ .
the spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for
) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for
in summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :
residents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .
migrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .
sporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .
without question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of
were trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of
, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of
fed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (
) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
“stable” and “labile” components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .
the ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6–35 % of the species list and 15–90 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15–35 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (
) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
species diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars – labile component , white bars – stable component , line – number of species ; n ( sp . ) – number of species ) .
according to our data , the capture in a pitfall trap indicates only the fact that the beetle has moved across the trap area , but do not reflect true abundances . in some cases , errors occurring from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping data can be severe , and statistical techniques can not compensate for this . this is evident from cases in which high numbers of some carabid species are collected from seemingly unsuitable locations , for example from city dumps ( budilov 2002 ; romankina et al . 2007 ) , urban quarters ( khotuleva 1997 ; sharova and kiselev 1999 ) , places with strong oil or chemical pollution ( avtaeva 2006 ) and along roads ( noordijk et al . 2008 ; solodovnikov 2008 ) . the varying contribution of the labile component substantially distorts our knowledge of species diversity in carabid communities . taking into account the contribution of the labile component can change conclusions based on pitfall trapping data considerably .
firstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants
numbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
secondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the ‘biological’ ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,
) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,
, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (
because we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .
a study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .
up to 65–75 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .
results from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
knowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .
we extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor lövei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .
classification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
zuphium ( s . str . ) olens olens ( p . rossi , 1790 )
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ground - beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) of the streletskaya steppe near kursk and their seasonal activity dynamics .
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the influence of different types of soil pollution on the population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in grozny ( chechen republic ) .
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life - cycles of ground - beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in an agro - landscape in the south of the kuban - cisazov lowland .
phd thesis , moscow , russia : moscow state university ; [ in russian ] .
number of eggs in the ovaries of some carabidae ( coleoptera ) species in various pine stands on fresh coniferous forest habitats .
phenology of ground beetles and its ecological significance in some of the main habitat types of southern europe .
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effect of the colour of pitfall traps on their capture efficiency of carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , spiders ( aranea ) and other arthropods .
changes in life - cycle strategies of carabus problematicus over a range of altitudes in northern england .
long adult life , low reproduction and competition in two sub - antarctic carabid beetles .
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flight muscles development and dispersal in the life cycle of carabid beetles : patterns and processes .
pitfall trapping within enclosures : a method for estimating the relationship between the abundances of coexisting carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .
a simple device and technique for quantitative sampling of riparian beetle populations with some carabid and staphylinid abundance estimates in different riparian habitats ( coleotera ) .
the natural histories of four species of calathus ( coleoptera , carabidae ) living on sand dunes in anglesey , north wales .
to the method of quantitative evaluation of ground - beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .
community organization in ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of the forests of the east european ( russian ) plain .
sampling epigeal arthropods : an evaluation of fenced pitfall traps using mark - release - recapture and comparison to unfenced pitfall traps in arable crops .
the life cycles and age of carabus glabratus paykull and c . problematicus herbst ( col . : carabidae ) on moorland in northern england .
the structure of populations of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in urbanized landscapes of north of meschera lowland .
koivula m , kotze dj , hiisivuori l , rita h . ( 2003 )
the influence of the manner of pitfall traps setting in forest habitat on their catchability .
to the question of the use of soil traps for the study of the distribution and interactions of entomofauna elements on the soil surface .
about updating the quantity estimation applying the methods of exhaustive catches using of pitfall traps .
nĕkteré čisté chemické látky jako návnada v zemních pastech při studio střevlíkovitých ( carabidae ) .
ground - beetle comunities in the lake elton region , southern rusia : a case study of a local fauna ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . in : golovatch si , makarova ol , babenko ab , penev ld ( eds ) species and communities in extrem environments . festschrift towards the 75th anniversary and a laudatio in honour of academician yuri ivanovich chernov .
variability of seasonal dynamics of activity in ground beetle pterostichus melanarius ill . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in different forest types .
, institute of biology of latvian academy of science publisher , riga , 55–56 [ in russian ] .
the phenology and population structure of loricera pilicornis ( f . ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in agrocoenosis .
in : desender k , dufrêne m , loreau m , luff ml , maelfait j - p . ( eds )
specific features of life cycle of pseudoophonus ( s . str . ) rufipes deg . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in southwest moldova .
variations in flight ability with sex and age in ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of south - western moldova .
diversity of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) and spiders ( araneae ) in roadside verges with grey hair - grass vegetation .
synekologická studie sezónního výskytu střevlíkovitých na řepných polich hané ( col . carabidae ) .
pit - fall catches of surface - active arthropods in high mountain habitats at finse , south norway . iv . coleoptera .
differential effects of formaldehyde concentration and detergent on the catching efficiency of surface active arthropods by pitfall traps .
estimating the density of ground - dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps using a nested - cross array .
determining numbers of active carabid beetles per unit area from pitfall - trap data .
ecological and fauna structure of the population of coleoptera , carabidae in the forest belt in the city dump area .
dynamics of population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in urbanized landscapes of saransk .
mordovian state pedagogical university publisher , saransk , 213 pp [ in rusian ] .
ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of byelorussian lakeland with catalogue of species of byelorussia and adjacent lands .
uo p . m . masherov vgu , vitebsk , 325 pp [ in russian ] .
carabid beetles in their environments . a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour .
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seasonal dynamics of activity and population structure of pterostichus niger schaller in different habitats .
the reproductive cycle and age composition of a population of pteropstichus oblongopunctatus f . in the netherlands ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .
the significance of flight activity in the life cycle of amara plebeja gyll . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .
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we gratefully acknowledge financial support from the county administrative board in skåne and the swedish research council .
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cerynea ignealis is a species of moth in the family erebidae .

it is found in kenya , madagascar , south africa and in são tomé & principe

cerynea ignealis

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[ kenya ] , br . e . africa , uganda railway , mile 478 , leg . c . s . betton .
hampson g . f . 1926a . descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera phalaenae of the subfamily noctuinae ( noctuidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . - — : 1–641 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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noctueliopsis aridalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by barnes and benjamin in 1922 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california and nevada .

the habitat consists of deserts .

the length of the forewings is 5.5-6.5 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to june .

noctueliopsis aridalis

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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 2m ; p . 171 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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you ' d think with those colors and that pattern this one would be easy , but i didn ' t see a match in my holland moth guide .
interesting . we don ' t seem to have a guide page for that yet , and i don ' t see it at the moth photographers group either , but i do see one at cal photos . just wish i had had a ring flash and a decent macro lens when i took the photo . ( i had just made the transition to dslr about a month before that trip . )
. . . . all of the microleps through pyraloidea ( different photos of the same specimens that appear in mwna ) will be on plates and species pages at mpg within a week or so . ( no rsvp , thanks )
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noctuelia pandoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 244 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; tl : deming , new mexico
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .