nomenia duodecimlineata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in western north america , from british columbia to california , nevada , arizona and new mexico .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the forewings are dark grey .

adults are on wing in spring .

nomenia duodecimlineata

genus : nomenia pearsall , 1905 . can . ent . 37 : 126 . [ bhl ]
type - species : larentia duodecimlineata packard , 1873 . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 19 , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . [ ( as 12 - lineata ) ] [ bhl ]
figures 53–57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of
gen , sp . 7591
( paraguay ) .
figures 53 – 57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of “ gen , sp . 7591 ” ( paraguay ) .
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the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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viidalepp , jaan , 2011 , a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , zootaxa 3136 , pp . 1 - 44 : 16 - 17
the tribe was established ( as astheninae ) by warren ( 1893 ) , characterized according to genitalia by pierce ( 1914 ) and recently revised by xue and scoble ( 2002 ) . pierce described its characters as follows : valva in male with sacculus projecting long ; female bursa copulatrix with a long , evenly spined signum ; uncus weak and attached to dorsal side of anus tube , whereas ventral side of the tube bears a sclerotized subscaphium .
, noted that labides are not entirely similar in these tribes by the absence in asthenines of the branch from basal costal projection of valva towards juxta . the absence of saccular projection of valva is stressed by pierce as another characteristic of
according to : the presence of labides , “springing from the points of union of the transtilla with the costa , there may arise two long arms , each bearing a soft hairy pad , and united together by a thin membrane” . forbes ( 1948 ) found the chaetosemata of
as follows : the spinneret is much longer than the labial palpi ; the thoracic claws are almost straight , and the angle of the notch acute .
xue and scoble ( 2002 ) diagnosed the asthenine as follows : uncus distal projection either absent or vestigial ; uncus fused to the anal tube ; the authors reject the idea of homology of asthenine and eupitheciine labides , and suppose that the build of signum in female ( consisting of thin spines radiating from the central area ) is the best characteristic for the tribe .
) ; colliculum flattened and re - folded in female at least in boreal genera ; bursa copulatrix finely spiculose .
share the presence of long projections from the base of costa , which are not not connected to the juxta ( fig . 56
figures 5 – 10 . heads in stamnodini , eudulini asthenini and trichopterygini . 5 , stamnodini ( callipia sp . ) ( bolivia ) ; 6 , stamnodini ( stamnodes danilovi erschov ) ( touva ) ; 7 , asthenini ( discoloxia blomeri ( curtis ) ) ; 8 , rheumapterini ( spargania luctuata denis & schiffermüller . ) ; 9 , chesiadini ( aplocera columbata ( mentzer ) ) ( crimea ) ; 10 , trichopterygini ( rhopalodes lecorrei viidalepp ) , antenna ( fr . guiana ) .
figures 48 – 52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a 8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
viidalepp , jaan ( 2011 ) : a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . zootaxa 3136 : 1 - 44 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 279481
figures 153–154 , male genitalia of epirrhoe ( hübner ) . 153 , male genitalia of epirhoe rivata ( hübner ) ; 154 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of e rivata . ( hübner )
figures 149–152 , male and female genitalia , ansa and posterior abdominal segments of hagnagora druce . 149 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 150 , posterior abdominal segments of h . clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 151 , female genitalia of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) ; 152 , ansa of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) .
figures 139–148 , male genitalia and coremata and female genitalia of camptogramma stephens and catarhoe herbulot ( xanthorhoini ) . 139 , male genitalia of camptogramma bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 140 , coremata of male c bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 141 , male genitalia of c . bistrigata ( treitschke ) ( sardinia ) ; 142 , male genitalia and aedeagus of catarhoe arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 143 , coremata of c . . arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 144 , female genitalia of c turkmenica ( stshetkin ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 145 , aedeagus and male genitalia of c basochesiata ( duponchel ) ( cyprus ) ; 146 , male coremata . . .
figures 136–138 , male genitalia and coremata of chrysolarentia butler and epyaxa meyrick ( xanthorhoini ) . 136 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia mecynata ( guenée ) ( tasmania ) ; 137 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia sp . ( australia ) ; 138 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of epyaxa subidaria ( guenée ) ( tasmania ) .
figures 130–135 , male genitalia and coremata of xanthorhoini . 130 , size of coremata and genitalia in xanthorhoe rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 131 , posterior abdominal segments of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 132 , male genitalia and aedeagus of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 133 , male genitalia , aedeagus and coremata of x inaequata warren ( madeira ) ; 134 , male genitalia of x ferrugata ( clerck ) ; 135 , female genitalia of x bigeminata ( christoph ) ( turkmenistan ) .
figures 125–129 , male genitalia and coremata of hammaptera herrich–schäffer . 125 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 126 , abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 127 , male sternite and tergite a8 of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 128 , male genitalia of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) ; 129 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) .
figures 117–124 , male and female genitalia and coremata of euphyiini . 117 , male genitalia and aedeagus of euphyia biangulata ( haworth ) ; 118 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of male e . biangulata ( haworth ) ; 119 , male genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 120 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 121 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 122 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 123 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 124 , male genitalia . . .
figures 113–116 , male genitalia and coremata of scotopterygini . 113 , aedeagus and male genitalia of scotopteryx chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 114 , abdominal segment a8 and coremata of s . chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 115 , male genitalia of s . kuznetsovi wardikjan ( armenia ) ; 116 , male genitalia of s . bipunctaria ( denis & schiffermüller ) ( ? ) ( south ural ) .
figures 109–112 , male genitalia of the genera piercia prout and kauria viidalepp . 109 , male genital armature of piercia prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 110 , female genitalia of p . prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 111 , male genitalia of kauria marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) ; 112 , posterior abdominal segments of male k . marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) .
figures 103–108 , male coremata , male and female genitalia of cataclysmini . 103 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cataclysme riguata ( hübner ) ( marocco ) ; 104 , male genitalia and posterior segments of abdomen of phibalapteryx virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 105 , coremata of male c . riguata ( hübner ) ( marocco ) ; 106 , the last abdominal segments and coremata of p . virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 107 , male genitalia and aedeagus of paraplaneta sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) ; 108 , female genitalia of p . sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) .
figures 98–102 , male and female genitalia of larentiini . 98 , male genitalia of photoscotosia palaearctica ( staudinger ) ( kyrgyzstan ) ; 99 , male genitalia of mesoleuca albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 100 , female genitalia of m . albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 101 , male genitalia of larentia datinaria ( oberthür ) ( malta ) ; 102 , female genitalia of larentia clavaria ( haworth ) .
figures 95–97 , male and female genitalia of hydriomenini . 95 , male genitalia of hydriomena furcata ( thunberg ) ; 96 , male genitalia of hydriomena furinae schaus ( costa rica ) ; 97 , female genitalia of h . furinae schaus ( costa rica ) .
figures 89–93 , male and female genitalia and abdominal sclerites of stamnodini . 89 , male genitalia of stamnodes anthocharidaria oberthür ( ecuador ) ; 90 , male genitalia of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 91 , aedeagus with manica and fultura inferior of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 92 , posterior abdominal segments of s . anthocharidaria oberthür ( ecuador ) ; 93 , posterior abdominal segments of female callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) ; 94 , male genitalia of callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) .
figures 84–88 , wings , male and female genitalia of erateinini . 84 , male erateina punsaria dognin ( ecuador ) ; 85 , male hind wing of e . punsaria dognin from underside ; 86 , female erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 87 , female genitalia of erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 88 , male genitalia of e . punsaria dognin ( bolivia ) .
figures 78–83 , male genitalia of cidariini and solitaneini . 78 , male genitalia and aedeagus of pennithera taigana ( djakonov ) ( primorye ) ; 79 , male genitalia and aedeagus of gandaritis pyraliata ( denis & schiffermüller ) ; 80 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cidaria fulvata ( forster ) ; 81 , male genitalia and aedeagus of solitanea mariae ( stauder ) ( italy ) ; 82 , male genitalia and aedeagus of brabirodes cerevia druce ( nicaragua ) ; 83 , male genitalia and aedeagus of colostygia kitschelti ( rebel ) ( switzerland ) .
figures 75–77 , male genitalia of operophterini . 75 , male genitalia , aedeagus and sternite a8 (
octavals
) of epirrita dilutata ( denis & schiffermüller ) ; 76 , male sternite a8 of e . christyi allen ; 77 , male genitalia of operophtera relegata prout ( primorye ) .
figure 74 , male and female genitalia of philereme transversata ( hufnagel ) ( phileremini ) .
figures 69–73 , vestiture of legs and abdomen in rheumapterini and trichopterygini . 69 , male hind tibia of coryphista meadi packard ( u . s . a . ) ; 70 , male hind tibia of rheumaptera hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 71 , membranized abdominal segment a8 in r . hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 72 , body ventral side vestiture of tatosoma tipulata ( walker ) ( new zealand ) ; 73 , male hind leg with hair pencil of oulobophora internata ( püngeler ) ( turkey ) .
figures 62–68 , male and female genitalia of rheumapterini and triphosini . 62 , male genitalia of rheumaptera hastata ( linnaeus ) ; 63 , male genitalia of hydria undulata ( linnaeus ) . ; 64 , male genitalia of
scotosia
sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 65 , male genitalia of triphosa sabaudiata ( duponchel ) ( crimea ) ; 66 , female genitalia of rheumaptera hyrcana ( staudinger ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 67 , female genitalia of rheumaptera flavipes ( menetriês ) ( kunashir i . ) ; 68 , female genitalia of triphosa taochata lederer ( iran ) .
figures 58–61 , male and female genitalia of melanthiini . 58 , male genitalia and posterior abdominal segments of collix muscosata fletcher ( tanzania ) ; 59 , male genitalia and aedeagus of melanthia mandshuricata ( bremer ) ( yakutia ) ; 60 , female genitalia of collix foraminata guenee ( tanzania ) ; 61 , male genitalia of eccymatoge morphna turner ( tasmania ) .
figures 48–52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .
figures 46–47 , male genitalia and last abdominal sternites of eudulini . 46 , eubaphe mendica ( walker ) ( u . s . a . ) ; 47 , eudulophasia invaria ( walker ) ( fr . guiana ) .


dichorragia nesmachus , the constable , is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in asia .

the genus was earlier considered to belong to the subfamily cyrestinae and sometimes the apaturinae , but is now considered as an sister of the genus stibochiona in the subfamily pseudergolinae .

several geographical forms with variations in colour are noted within the wide distribution range extending from india in the west to japan in the east .

in vietnam , it is thought to show hill topping behaviour and is typically found in dense forest habitats .

they may also be found mud puddling with other species .

a closely related species dichorragia ninus is found in new guinea and surrounding islands although some authors include it as a subspecies of d. nesimachus .

dichorragia nesimachus

these are nice photos of dichorragia nesimachus ( constable , wachtmeister ) . dichorragia nesimachus is a member of the
[ thailand ] dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; davidson & macbeth , 1938 : 76 . ( koon tarn ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; pinratana , 1979 : 88 , fig . n152a ,  ,  ( un ) . ( chiang mai ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; pinratana , 1996 : 94 , pl . 70 , fig . 179a ,  . ( chiang mai / kanchanaburi ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 474 , pl . 211 , fig . n192a ,  ,  ,  ( un ) . ( chiang mai : chiang dao ) [ laos ] dichorragia nesimachus f . nesimachus ; dubois & vitalis de salvaza , 1924 : 44 . ( nam - tie ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; motono & negishi , 1989 : 61 , not fig . ( muong kassy ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; osada , uémura & uehara , 1999 : 208 , pl . 76 , figs .  ,  . ( oudomxay / phong saly ) [ vietnam ] dichorragia nesimachus f . nesimachus ; dubois & vitalis de salvaza , 1924 : 44 . ( tonkin ) dichorragia nesimachus ; lemee , 1950 : 15 . ( langson ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; metaye , 1957 : 97 . ( north ) dichorragia nesimachus ; monastyrskii et al . , 2006 : 41 . ( thua thien hue : bach ma ) dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2006b : 32 , figs . n - 103 ,  . ( lam dong : dambri )
dichorragia nesimachus ( asian constable butterfly ) | treasures of mt . takao | takao 599 museum
no one has contributed data records for dichorragia nesimachus pelurius yet . learn how to contribute .
dichorragia nesimachus ( doyère , [ 1840 ] ) = adolias nesimachus doyère , [ 1840 ] = argynnis hippomenes herrich - schäffer , 1850 .
dichorragia nesimachus derdas fruhstorfer , 1903 : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 16 ( 1 ) : 24 . tl . borneo . dichorragia nesimachus deiokes fruhstorfer , 1913 : in seitz , grossschmett erde . 9 : 697 . tl . perak . * palawanus
[ thailand ] dichorragia nesimachus deiokes ; pinratana , 1979 : 88 , fig . n152b ,  ,  ( un ) . ( yala ) dichorragia nesimachus deiokes ; pinratana , 1996 : 94 , pl . 70 , fig . 179b ,  [  ] . ( ranong / surat thani / yala ) dichorragia nesimachus machates ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 474 , pl . 211 , fig . n192b ,  ,  ( un ) . ( yala )
baidya , s . 2018 . dichorragia nesimachus doyère , 1840 – constable . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) . butterflies of india , v . 2 . 38 . indian foundation for butterflies .
the constable ( dichorragia nesimachus ) is a butterfly of the australasia / indomalaya ecozone ( australia ) and the palaearctic ecozone ( asia ) . the distribution extend from the east of india to japan and from the south of china to myanmar to thailand , philippines and indonesia .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . dichorragia nesimachus boisduval , 1836 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
on : dichorragia nesimachus machates fruhstorfer , 1903 od : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 16 ( 1 ) : 23 - 24 . tl : deli , n . o . sumatra . ( bmnh ) distribution : p . thailand , malay pen . , sumatra , borneo , palawan .
on : adolias nesimachus doyere , [ 1840 ] od : in cuvier , regne anim . ( disciptes ' ed . ) 6 ( 4 ) : pl . 139bis , fig . 1 . tl : no loc . distribution : n . india to myanmar , thailand , laos , vietnam , s . yunnan .
doyère , 1840 – constable . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
if mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .
copyright © 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .
. the first description was in 1846 by bouisduval . with a wingspan of 7 . 0 – 8 . 0 cm the constable is a small member of the family nymphalidae . the butterfly is very dark and marmorate with white sinuous line and spots .
the forewings are dark brown , dark green and marmorate . at the margin there is a white sinuous line . at the wing leading edge there is a broad white band . there are some little white spots on wing . the underside is dark brown . all white spots and bands and sinuous lines from upside are also there . at the wing leading edge there are two bluish spots .
the hind wings are dark brown , dark green and marmorate . hind wings have no tails . the margin is ridged . at the margin there are a white sinuous line and a chain of black spots . there are some bluish spots on wing . the underside is a copy of upside , but the chain of black spots is broader than upside .
the first description of this butterfly was in 1846 by boisduval . there are many subspecies .
cites : ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) : - no entry - ( as at 14 . 06 . 2006 )
eu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - ( as at 19 . 08 . 2005 )
takao 599 museum has all kinds of animals inhabit in mt . takao in various ways of exhibitions such as seasonal wild plants preserved in acrylic and all kinds of animals specimens inhibits in mt . takao . on the
nature wall ,
stuffed animals are displayed and shows the movie to introduce the dynamic nature of mt . takao .
main region : honshu , shikoku , kyushu , okinawa , sado island , tsushima and nansei islands . found in sunny woods and mountain trails from flatlands to low elevations . the patterns on wings are like marbling with indian ink , hence the japanese name suminagashi literally meaning marbling with indian ink . wing colors on the front is light indian ink with shiny blue - green that is unique color and patterns . and wing colors on the back is dark brown with distinct white patterns . proboscis is red this is also unique feature of this species . during daytime , fly fast and gathers around sap of sawtooth oak , rotten fruits and dungs of animals . also suck water on the ground . caterpillars feed on leaves of meliosma myrianth . male shows territorial habit at mountain peak of open spaces in forests . ●wingspan about 55 to 65 mm ●adult flight season may to about august
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[ thailand ] chiang mai , doi suthep . 1988 . 03 . 02 4 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1988 . 03 . 13 4 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1988 . 03 . 15 1 2 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1986 . 03 . 18 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1986 . 03 . 19 1 3 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1987 . 03 . 31 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1987 . 04 . 02 2 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) chiang mai , doi suthep . 1987 . 04 . 06 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) nan , doi phu kha . 1992 . 03 . 23 1 p . sukkit ( yi ) nan , doi phu kha . 1991 . 04 . - - 1 local catcher ( yi )
doyere , l . , [ 1840 ] : in cuvier 1836 - 1849 , le regne animal , edn . 3 ( disciples ' ) .
cowan , c . f . , 1976 : on the disciples ' edition of cuvier ' s regne animal .
[ thailand ] ranong , muang chone . 1984 . 03 . 28 2 y . inayoshi ( yi ) surat thani , khao poata . 1988 . 04 . 02 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) surat thani , khao poata . 1987 . 04 . 14 1 y . inayoshi ( yi ) surat thani , khao poata . 1987 . 04 . 16 1 y . shiraishi ( yi )
amazing shades of nave blue , blue and turquoise . just beautiful . . .
no need to think , that ' s a definite . in normal light this butterfly is black and white with a tiny blue tinge .
this is a bluish olive green butterfly with white spots and a white zig - zog pattern at the wing borders . on the underside , the forewing is purplish black and hindwing dull black and their markings are similar to the upperside but larger and clearer . purplish blue bars are formed by the spots joinin n the cel of the forewing .
compiled from secondary sources listed in references by poornima viswanathan for the assam biodiversity portal project .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
male and female : - - upperside dark green , the apex and terminal margin of fore and anterior third of hind wing purplish black . fore wing : cell and wing posteriorly up to vein 4 with green basal and outward white spots , a discal oblique series of narrow stripes from costa to interspace 4 , a postdiscal transverse row of white spots succeeded by a series of slender white stripes forming inwardly - pointed loops , and a subterminal row of minute transverse white spots ; the row of white slender loops in the 2 is doubled , and sometimes also in the male . hind wing : apex of cell and disc of wing with bluish - green spots ; the anterior subcostal spot large and white ; a postdiscal series of elongate oval velvety - black spots , succeeded by a series of slender white loops and beyond by a row of slender transverse white spots as on the fore wing , the space enclosed by the loops and the outer row of transverse white spots or short lines velvety black . underside : fore wing purplish black ; hind wing dull opaque black ; the markings much as on the upperside but larger , more clearly defined , except the spots on the disc of the hind wing , which are obscure . on the fore wing the spots in the cell join and form prominent transverse purplish - blue bars , and on the hind wing the postdiscal series of velvety - black spots are more conspicuous . antennae , head , thorax and abdomen dull black .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
antram chas , b . 1924 . butterflies of india . thacker , spink and co . calcutta . 239p . urltoken
bingham , c . t . ( 1905 ) . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma butterflies . vol . 1 ( 1st ed . ) . london : taylor and francis , ltd . urltoken
the paper describes some of the rare butterfly species recorded during february 2010 - october 201 . . .
the seasonality of butterflies in a semi - evergreen forest : gibbon wildlife sanctuary , assam , northeast . . .
a study spanning 3 . 7 years on the butterflies of gibbon wildlife sanctuary gws ( 21km2 ) , a semi - ever . . .
a checklist of 147 species of butterflies recorded from kedarnath musk deer reserve in chamoli and . . .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


eurema upembana is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( upper lomami ) and tanzania .

the habitat consists of montane grassland and forests .

eurema upembana

eurema salome ( c . & r . felder , 1861 ) – salome yellow
eurema alitha ( c . & r . felder , 1862 ) – scalloped grass yellow
species range from asia , africa , australia , and oceania , to the new world . the type species is the north american barred yellow ( eurema daira ) .
the genus has a circumtropical distribution with the bulk of species in south and central america . parsons ( 1999 ) states that yata ( 1989 ) included four non - neotropical species in eurema - e . brigitta , e . desjardinsii , e . herla , and e . laeta . the remainder of old world
eurema
s . l . belong in terias .
eurema - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 10 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 38 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
there are over 70 species in the genus , but more than 300 synonymous names have been applied to them . some species , such as the common african grass yellow , e . hecabe , have over 80 synonyms . the genus itself has over 15 junior generic synonyms . this is the price of being a widespread taxon , as well as a zoogeographical problem .
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paratoxodera borneana , common name borneo stick mantis , is a species of praying mantis found in brunei that was first identified as a subspecies of p. cornicollis .

paratoxodera borneana

no one has contributed data records for paratoxodera cornicollis yet . learn how to contribute .
*
paratoxodera borneana
( bicho - pau de bornéo ) *
paratoxodera cornicollis
( bicho - pau gigante da malásia ) *
paratoxodera meggitti
*
paratoxodera pluto
= = gênero
paroxyophthalmus
= = *
paroxyophthamus collaris
*
paroxyophthalmus nigericus
*
paroxyophthalmus ornatus
*
paroxyophthalmus savatieri
= = gênero
paramorphoscelis
= = *
paramorphoscelis gondokorensis
= = gênero
paratithrone
= = *
paratithrone royi
= = gênero
paraoxypilus
= = *
paraoxypilus armatus
*
paraoxypilus distinctus
*
paraoxypilus flavifemur
*
paraoxypilus insularis
*
paraoxypilus kimberleyensis
*
paraoxypilus laticollis
*
paraoxypilus tasmaniensis
*
paraoxypilus verreauxii
= = gênero
pareuthyphlebs
= = *
pareuthyphlebs arabica
*
pareuthyphlebs occidentalis
*
pareuthyphlebs palmonii
*
pareuthyphlebs popovi
*
pareuthyphlebs scorteccii
*
pareuthyphlebs somalica
*
pareuthyphlebs uvarovi
= = gênero
parymenopus
( wood - mason , 1890 ) = = *
parymenopus davisoni
( wood - mason , 1890 ) ( davidson ' s mantis ) = = gênero
perlamantis
= = *
perlamantis algerica
*
perlamantis allibertii
= = gênero
pezomantis
= = *
pezomantis henryi
= = gênero
phthersigena
= = *
phthersigena centralis
*
phthersigena conspersa
*
phthersigena insularis
*
phthersigena melania
*
phthersigena minor
*
phthersigena nebulosa
*
phthersigena timorensis
*
phthersigena unicornis
= = gênero
phyllocrania
= = *
phyllocrania illudens
( saussure & zehntner , 1895 ) *
phyllocrania insignis
( westwood , 1843 ) *
phyllocrania paradoxa
( burmeister , 1838 ) = = gênero
phyllovates
= = espécies de louva - a - deus - unicórnio são encontrados nesse gênero .
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ehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , münster .
m . beier . 1935 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . thespinae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 200 : 1 - 32
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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m . beier . 1934 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . toxoderinae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 198 : 1 - 10
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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hallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
roy . 2009 . revision destoxoderini sensu novo ( mantodea , toxodetinae ) . rev . suisse zool . 116 ( 1 ) : 93 - 183


pseudodromia is a genus of crabs in the family dromiidae , often referred to as sponge crabs .

they are small or medium-sized crabs which get their name from the ability to shape a living sponge into a portable shelter for themselves .

a sponge crab cuts out a fragment from a sponge and trims it to its own shape using its claws .

the last two pairs of legs are shorter than other legs and bend upward over the crab 's carapace , to hold the sponge in place .

the sponge grows along with the crab , providing a consistent shelter .

pseudodromia

guinot , d . ( 1967 ) . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . catalogue , remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie . bull . inst . fondamental d ' afrique noire ( ifan ) . 237 - 252 . [ details ]
lewinsohn , c . ( 1977 ) . die dromiidae des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : brachyura ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 151 . 41 pp . [ details ]
database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
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bidentate , no median tooth , two prominent lobes , each of which is broadly bifid . female
, little more massive than first two pairs of legs . none of those limbs verrucose or dilated . first two pairs of legs without podobranchs . inner margins of
of first two pairs of legs armed with several small spines . last two pairs of legs very unequal . third pair of leg shortest . fourth pair almost as long as either of first two pairs , no spine on outer margin of fourth leg
alcock , a . w . , 1900a . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 5 . brachyura primigenia or dromiacea . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , calcutta , 68 , part 2 ( 3 ) : 123 - 169 , pls 3 - 5 .
alcock , a . w . , 1901 . catalogue of the indian decapod crustacea in the collection of the indian museum . part i . brachyura . fasc . 1 . introduction and dromides or dromiacea ( brachyura primigenia ) . trustees of the indian museum , calcutta , i - viii , 1 - 80 , pls a & 1 - 7 .
ihle , j . e . w . , 1913 . die decapoda brachyura der siboga - expedition i . dromiacea . siboga expeditie monografie , 39 ( b ) : 1 - 96 , 38 figs , pls 1 - 4 .
mclay , c . l . , 1993 . crustacea decapoda : the sponge crabs ( dromiidae ) of new caledonia and the philippines with a review of the genera . in : a . crosnier ( ed . ) , résultats des campagnes musorstom , volume 10 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , 156 : 111 - 251 , figs 1 - 19 , tabl . 1 - 8 .
miers , e . j . , 1884b . crustacea ( brachyura ) . in : report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of h . m . s . alert 1881 - 1882 . part i . the collections from melanesia . part ii . the collections from the western indian ocean . british museum ( natural history ) , london , 8 ( 2 ) : 513 - 575 , pls 46 - 52 .
sakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .
wada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
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though they are an important source of food , little is known about crabs on the west coast of india . information on the diversity of these fascinating creatures is confined to crabs collected from sandy beaches , rocky foreshores , mud flats , marshes and mangrove swamps .
altogether 83 species of the crabs have been reported along the west coast of india . of these , 37 species are marine , 40 estuarine , and six live in freshwater .
crabs are an inexpensive source of protein . they fetch a good price during the monsoon or off - season . crab fishing provides livelihood for a large number of people in coastal villages .
due to limited yield and great local demand , there is no export potential for crabs . large annual fluctuations occur in the numbers caught . soylla serrata is the most common edible crab of india . portunus pelagious , charybdis cruciata and portunus sanguinoleutus are other commercially important crabs ; they are caught throughout the year and support a minor but regular fishery along the goa coast .
the gear and methods for catching crabs are not highly specialized . most are caught during the daytime using various types of conventional nets , traps , lines , bait and hand picking during low tide . the crabs are kept in baskets with wet weeds to reduce mortality , and are marketed live .
crabs play an important role in recycling nutrients in mangrove ecosystems . they are a prime source of food for various fish , ( including stingrays ) , frogs , crocodiles , swimming and wading birds , jackals and other carnivores . they are important scavengers of the seashore , making up in numbers what they lack in size .
despite their ecological importance , crabs are often treated as a nuisance . they burrow actively , causing considerable damage to canal and river banks and pond bunds . this can cause heavy losses to commercial aquaculture .
the lunar cycle is thought to influence the occurrence and body composition of crabs . the highest numbers of crabs are found during the full moon , while the weight of the crabs is highest during a new moon .
people believe that during a new or full moon , the texture and taste of crab meat changes considerably . this is due to moulting of the shell and seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the meat .
there is no regular culture in india specifically for crabs . though scylla serrata and portunus spp . are suitable for culture due to their high growth rate , adaptability to brackish water , voracious feeding and early attainment of sexual maturity , no attempt has been made to raise them commercially . the coastal and brackish water farms of goa could be used to culture these species .
the best way to conserve crabs is to protect their habitat . some commercially important species inhabit mudflats and sandy beaches . these and related habitats such as mangroves can be protected by minimizing erosion , planting casuarina trees and protecting sand dunes .


anarta myrtilli , the beautiful yellow underwing , is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is found in most of europe including scandinavia , britain , france , germany , switzerland , spain , portugal , italy , and russia .

the wingspan is 20 – 22 mm .

forewing dull dark fuscous purple , with the lines slightly paler ; the stigmata obscure ; a subtriangular whitish blotch on base of vein 2 ; hindwing orange with broad black terminal border ; the costa and inner margin narrowly black and the base of wing often smoky blackish ; this , the type form , occurring in sweden , the north of england and scotland , and other northern localities is very different from the usual bright red form , which is the ab . rufescens tutt .

in this the forewing is a mixture of bright red , and olive brown or olive yellow ; the transverse lines being more or less strongly whitish , the stigmata red brown with pale rings , and the white spot on vein 2 distinct ; ab . peralbata ab .

nov. [ warren ] is an extreme form of this , in which the white lines are strongly developed , : and the central area is milk white from costa to inner margin , including the white blotch on vein 2 ; in the hindwing the yellow is ampler , the black of the costal , and inner margins and the basal suffusion being reduced ; - ab.albivena haw. , described from east anglian specimens , has the forewing suffused with olive brown , wing remaining normal ; while in alpina ractzer not only is the forewing olive brown , but the hindwing shows only a dull yellowish median band crossed by black veins ; - and again in olivacea fuchs the yellow of the hindwing is suffused with olive brown , while the coloration of the forewing remains of the normal bright red ; in ab . nigrescens ab .

nov. [ warren ] occurring at hyeres , s.france , the usual red fusion is almost entirely replaced by black ; lastly , in subsp. citrina subsp. nov. [ warren ] ] from cintra , portugal , the whole forewing is suffused with blackish , leaving only the white blotch on vein 2 conspicuous , and the orange of the hindwing , both above and below , is pale lemon yellow ; as the insect is decidedly larger than average typical myrtilli , it may prove a distinct species ; at present i have seen only one - taken in the spring of 1909 by mr - n. c. rothschild , and now in the tring museum .

adults are on wing between may to august depending on the location .

there are probably two generations per year .

the larvae feed on calluna vulgaris and erica tetralix .

anarta myrtilli

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kanervakangasyökkönen
to
anarta myrtilli linnaeus 1761
.
beautiful yellow underwing ( anarta myrtilli ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
heidekrauteule
to
anarta myrtilli linnaeus 1761
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
heidekrauteulchen
to
anarta myrtilli linnaeus 1761
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
heidekraut - bunteule
to
anarta myrtilli linnaeus 1761
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
heidekraut - bunteulchen
to
anarta myrtilli linnaeus 1761
.
habitat : anarta myrtilli inhabits sunny calluna locations as heath bogs , silicate calluna heaths in the mountains or sandy heaths in the plane .
endangerment factors : in the lowlands , for example in the upper rhine valley , anarta myrtilli has already lost almost all locations as a result of the intensification of agriculture and the increasingly rampant overbuilding by industry , transportation routes and settlements . in the mountains , anarta myrtilli is currently threatened even less , though here also constantly habitat area is lost by reforestation , ski runs and other tourist facilities . in the northern black forest anarta myrtilli could benefit from the storm areas in recent decades , but that is currently canceled again with their gradual overgrowth .
remarks : anarta myrtilli is quite widespread in europe as a whole , but lacks many landscapes completely ( limestone areas , etc . ) . in the south , it is still more local and is missing e . g . in southern italy or greece .
id : forewing ground colour reddish - brown or brownish - grey , marbled greyish - white ; white blotch at dorsal margin of oval ; hindwing yellow with a broad black termen and narrow black costal and dorsal margins . anarta cordigera ( small dark yellow underwing ) has a dark grey forewing ground colour and a conspicuous white - edged kidney mark .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
much of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
our colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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a quite small species , with a wingspan of only around 25mm , this is a diurnal moth , flying freely in warm sunshine , but tending to rest when the sun goes in .
frequenting acid moorland , there are probably two generations in the south , with moths on the wing from may to august . in the north it flies in june and july .
it has a scattered distribution over most of britain , and the larvae feed mainly on heather ( calluna ) .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 12 : 26 : 11 page render time : 0 . 2731s total w / procache : 0 . 3354s
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life cycle : the moths fly in one or ( usually ) two generations from april to early september . the caterpillar lives from the summer to october also open on the plant during the day , but well camouflaged . the pupa overwinters .
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fw : 10 - 12mm ; apr - aug in south , jun - jul in north , diurnal ; common heather ( calluna vulgaris ) , bell heather ( erica cinerea ) ; common in heath and moor throughout gb .
§1 new forest , hampshire ; 31 / 08 / 2013 ; male ; fw 10 . 6mm §2 duddon moss , cumbria ; 22 / 07 / 2016 ; female ; fw 10 . 0mm ; netted by day all images © chris lewis
recorded in 18 ( 26 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018


lachnocnema luna , the druce 's large woolly legs , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in ghana ( the volta region ) , eastern nigeria , cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo , the north-eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , uganda and north-western tanzania .

the habitat consists of forests .

larvae have been recorded on cassia alata .

they fed on the secretions of immature ant-attended membracids and on membracids and jassids .

lachnocnema luna

lachnocnema , commonly called woolly legs , is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae found mainly in sub - saharan africa .
libert , m . 1996 contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains - revision du genre lachnocnema trimen ( lepidopter lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 , 185 - 202 , 367 - 386 , 479 - 500 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
older records of the species are not trustworthy because of much recent revisionary work on the genus by libert ( 1996 ) .
is a somewhat elusive butterfly within its huge extent of occurrence ( eoo ) that stretches from ghana’s volta region through nigeria and cameroon to the drc , uganda and northwestern tanzania . the known area of occupancy ( aoo ) is limited by the fact that the species is rarely met with in nature and little is known about its habits . however , this genus is generally elusive and the area of occupancy is almost certainly larger than currently known based on the huge eoo . even with a lack of understanding about the threats this species may face , it must be classified as least concern .
larsen ( 2005 ) describes this as a scarce species . whether this is due to the habits of the species or genuine rarity is unclear .
the species is mainly found in and around forest clearings and edges but very little is known about it .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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an african genus to which many species have been added recently due to the revision of libert ( 1996 ) .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at
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scrobipalpa obsoletella , the summer groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in most of europe , turkey , the caucasus , from iran to asian russia ( transbaikal ) and mongolia .

it has also been recorded from south africa and north america , where it is probably an introduced species .

the habitat consists of coastal salt marshes and sandy beaches .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .

the larvae feed on atriplex glabriuscula , atriplex halimus , atriplex litoralis , atriplex tatarica and chenopodium species .

the larvae bore in the pith of the stem .

the frass is ejected through a hole in the stem , located at the base of the leaf or a side branch .

the larvae can be found from june to july and again in september .

they are light green when young , turning yellowish green later .

the head is light brown .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

scrobipalpa obsoletella

scrobipalpa obsoletella ( summer groundling ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
euscrobipalpa obsoletella ( fischer von roslerstamm 1841 ) ( euscrobipalpa povolný 1967 is a junior synonym of scrobipalpa janse 1951 . )
scrobipalpa obsoletella - those with the forewing a pale greyish colour lacking any red - brown colouration and appearing paler in the final one - third due to a pale postmedial fascia .
scrobipalpa suaedella - those with an obvious clear pale ochreous dorsal quarter to the forewing .
one pre 1900 record from hunstanton ( barrett ) may not be distinguishable from scrobipalpa nitentella .
s . nitentella was only distinguished from s . obsoletella in britain in 1935 and as a consequence there is some uncertainty as to the true identity of some of the older records .
scrobipalpa ocellatella - those with the prominent angled fascia at three quarters on the forewing and dark markings contrasting with the surrounding paler ground colour .
because of the sometimes considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa species , identification by wing markings alone will often not be possible . caution and care are the watchwords for this group .
those more readily identifiable when freshly emerged by the forewing markings are listed below . however all of these also have variation in their wing markings which , when the obvious features are obscured or worn , will then resemble some other scrobipalpa species .
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
widely scattered but local over much of england with a strong preference for coastal eastern and southern regions but has been found regularly inland ; locally common on scilly isles ; rare in scotland , wales and ireland and apparently absent from the channel islands .
atriplex spp . ( orache ) including atriplex prostrata ( spear - leaved orache ) , see distribution map , atriplex glabriuscula ( babbington ' s orache ) and supposedly chenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) .
in europe on atriplex littoralis ( grass - leaved orache ) , a . halimus ( sea orache ) , a . tatarica and also on chenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) , both on ruderal and halophytic ( salt - loving ) species .
dry whitish frass extruding from a small hole in the stem will indicate a larva within the stem and has been found feeding within or between spun fruits of babbington ' s orache .
saltmarshes , sea banks and other coastal locations where the foodplants occur . information relating to inland sites where larvae have been found do not appear to have been documented .
larva : feeds within the stem , leaving a small hole with dry whitish frass . on babbington ' s orache it has been found feeding in a single fruit or , more usually , two spun together .
adult : flies at night and comes to light often some miles from its nearest foodplant site .
usually the palest of the saltmarsh species and greyer than most , often lacking any sign of red - brown colouration on the wings . similar species such as s . nitentella and s . atriplicella usually have darker forewings .
if a moth has been bred from a known foodplant , and therefore also time of year when the larva feeds and the nature of its feeding methods have been observed , this information , plus a freshly emerged moth , will allow the number of possibilites to be reduced considerably . if the bred or caught moth is a very fresh specimen and displays the distinctive markings of some species ( see below ) then an identification without more detailed examination should be possible in many cases .
in cases where there is any doubt , particularly where worn light - trapped specimens are concerned , dissection will be essential to obtain an accurate identification until a good familiarity is built up with the range of species and their markings at a particular site .
even genitalia differences are often small but are constant between the various species . it is advisable to seek confirmation of identifications by genitalia until familiarity is built up with this genus .
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recorded in 3 ( 4 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2002 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
godart & duponchel ( 1832 ) reported the wingspan as
5 lignes
or about 10 . 5 mm .
is a european species that was first reported in washington in 1932 and has spread throughout the western states .
godart , j . b . & p . a . j . duponchel , 1832 . histoire naturelle des lépidoptères ou papillons de france , 1 : 261 .
. university of california press , p . 99 , pl . 10 , fig . 10 .
checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico lee s . , hodges r . w . , brown r . l . 2009 . zootaxa 2231 : 1–39 .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 24 june , 2011 - 2 : 07pm additional contributions by terry harrison last updated 31 may , 2014 - 9 : 52am
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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huemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010
ponomarenko , m . - gelechiidae in pp . 87 - 106 , 327 - 329 . in : s . yu sinev ( ed . ) , 2008 . katalog cheshuekrylykh ( lepidoptera ) rossii ( catalogue of the lepidoptera of russia ) . - kmk scientific press ltd . , st . petersburg - moscow . 424 pp . 2008
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .