the cocinero , caranx vinctus ( also known as the barred jack and striped jack ) , is a species of small marine fish classified in the jack family , carangidae .

the cocinero is distributed through the tropical eastern pacific ocean , ranging along the west american coastline from baja california in the north to peru in the south .

it is a pelagic species , inhabiting the upper water column in both coastal and offshore oceanic waters , occasionally making its way into estuaries .

the species may be identified by its colouration , having 8 or 9 incomplete dark vertical stripes on its sides , with scute and gill raker counts also diagnostic .

it is small compared to most other species of caranx , reaching a length of 37 cm in total .

the cocinero is a predatory fish , taking small fishes , crustaceans , as well as various benthic invertebrates in shallower waters .

little is known of the species reproductive habits .

the cocinero is of moderate importance to fisheries along the west coast of south america , and the species has been used in aquaculture trials .

it is taken by various netting methods and by spear , and is sold fresh , dried and salted at market .

cocinero

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spanish : cataco , chicharro ojón , cocinero , cojinoa , cojinua , jiguagua , jurel de ojo grande , medregal , ojón , ojona , ojotón , olho largo , pepona , sábalo de ojo grande , tamalito .
gallardo - cabello , m . , e . espino - barr , a . garcía - boa , e . g . cabral - solís & m . puente - gómez . 2006a . algunos parámetros biológicos del cocinero
the quick cocinero knife sharpener is amazing ! i bought this for my mother - in - law as a gift , tested it on one of her large knives , the results were so incredible , i actually decided to post a video with my review .
siempre consideré que la termodinámica era esencialmente una teoría económica de la naturaleza y trabajé en ello creando una extensión lógica del segundo principio que incluyera las ideas de coste y de irreversibilidad , y con ellas los conceptos de propósito , eficiencia y causalidad . lo hice con mis colaboradores al viejo estilo carnotiano , fijándonos en
mejorar las máquinas térmicas
, pero nuestra sorpresa fue que d . nicholas , desde el campo totalmente opuesto de la economía ya había criticado a este cuerpo de doctrina porque no incluía ( ni incluye ) el concepto de irreversibilidad y sí en cambio el concepto de total sustitutibilidad del capital por recursos naturales . jocosamente , herman daly se refiere en esto al truco de magia de hacer un pastel sólo con cocinero y cocina pero sin ingredientes .
bar jack , black jack , blue runner , blue - striped cavalla , crevalle jack , crevalle , greenback , jack , neverbite , passing jack , point nose , rainbow crevalle , red jack , runner , skip jack , and skip - jack are common english names . other names include carangue comade ( french ) , carbonera ( spanish ) , carbonero ( spanish ) , cavally ( french ) , chibi aguadillo ( spanish ) , cibi ( spanish ) , cibi carbonero ( spanish ) , cibi cocinero ( spanish ) , cibi mancho ( spanish ) , civil ( spanish ) , cojinua ( spanish ) , cojinua carbonera ( spanish ) , cojinua lomo azul ( spanish ) , cojinua negra ( spanish ) , cojinuda ( spanish ) , guaymen ( spanish ) , guaymen blanco ( spanish ) , jaag ( papiamento ) , jager ( dutch ) , karanks baretka ( polish ) , kawang filet ( creole ) , negrito ( spanish ) , xareu - carvoeiro ( portuguese ) , yag ( papiamento ) , and yaru ( papiamento ) .
recently , the question of ambiguity in translation has been raised in several studies ( schonpflug , 1997 ; tokowicz & kroll , 2007 ; tokowicz , prior , & kroll , 2007 ) . translation equivalents may have a one - to - many mapping for different reasons . in some cases , within language ambiguity might lead to multiple translations . for example , the english word glass has two distinct meanings : the material and the drinking vessel . each of these translates onto a different spanish word : vidrio for the former and vaso for the latter . within language , synonymy can also lead to multiple translations : the spanish word sofá may be translated into english as either sofa or couch . part of speech , or grammatical class , ambiguity also often results in multiple translations . the english word cook can mean either the action ( i . e . , the verb ) , in which case it translates into the spanish cocinar , or the person ( i . e . , the noun ) , in which case it translates to the spanish cocinero . finally , there are cases in which multiple translations are a result of the differences in the conceptual–lexical mappings of the two languages . the spanish noun reloj covers the concepts denoted by both clock and watch in english , each of which is a correct translation . in the same way , the meaning of the english verb know , which covers both knowing facts and knowing people , is carried by two distinct verbs in spanish : saber for the former and conocer for the latter .
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step 1 : repair and straighten damaged blades using the diamond surface . it can also be used to fine hone ceramic blades . - step 2 : sharpen the blade and restore it to its original state using the ceramic steel tungsten carbide surface . perfect for knives ranging from paring , specialty , utility , carving , pocket , and hunting knives . - step 3 : clean and polish the blade surface using the ceramic surface . this stage finishes the blade to a razor sharp edge .
safe and easy to use - this professional knife sharpener allows you to sharpen knives with ease and without damaging your counter tops due to its anti - slip resistant base and contoured handle for a more secure grip . this manual knife sharpening system is truly the best kitchen knife sharpener on the market today . forget all other electric knife sharpeners . this is the only knife sharpening kit that you need .
ergonomic design – this 3 stage knife sharpener is made of solid abs material and is resistant to moisture and corrosion . ergonomically designed allowing for both right and left hand usage . the anti - skid rubber pad ensures the sharpener is comfortable , stable , and secured when using .
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i also really liked the handle for gripping the knife sharpener if you are left handed or right handed . it made it easy to use the 3 stage knife sharpener , and in my humble opinion , a lot safer as well . great product . i highly recommend it ! check out the video for more !
i ' ve had this knife sharpener about 2 weeks now . it appears to be well constructed ( time will tell ) , it has good weight , the surface feels lightly rubberized and feels balanced holding it . i ' ve found placing the sharpener on a table and then drawing the knife through it makes it easier to use . i used it on 2 stainless steel 12
kitchen knives purchased at walmart that were very dull and getting dangerous to use . after sharpening the knives they are way sharper now . they are not razor blade sharp , which wouldn ' t last long but sharp enough that both my wife and i are saying / thinking why didn ' t we do this sooner ! i even tried this on my pocket knife and it worked , but this sharpener was designed for large blades .
does the job , just need to do it a couple more times than instructed . be careful when sharpening , might want to do it over a cutting board , so you don ' t accidently cut down on your table when pulling off the edge .
this unit oozes quality . the handle is ergonomic . the three stage process sharpens the blade just like it came from the factory . i ' ve sharpened every knife i have and each and every one is actually razor - sharp . i am certain that the unit will last for a very long time . highly recommended .
this sharpener truly earns its name . a couple passes through its three stages and i have a brand new knife . i always sharpen my knife before i begin cooking .
this is a great product . i would recommend it to anyone . works on both steel and ceramic blades . i have both henkel steel knives and ceramic knives . this sharpener works great on both . the henkel takes longer to sharpen , but once it has been sharpened , it ' s just a matter of sharpening each knife each time you use it . the henkels just don ' t seem to hold an edge ( and i do have the expensive ones , not the entry level ) .
good for maintaining knives . our knives had never been sharpened & this made a big difference . not capable of fixing all the flaws in a well use knife but if used while the blade is still in decent shape it will keep the edge in good condition .
incredibly sturdy and safe feel with the long , rubber handle . never felt unsafe when sharpening with it . the 3 slots make for quick and easy sharpening with very good results . definitely recommend to keep your kitchen knives sharp and functional .
doesn ' t do a proper job . the blade of the knife does get worked on but at the end , after trying to slice a sheet of paper to see the effectiveness of the sharpener , i end up . . .
i ' ve used it on 3 knives so far and what a big difference ! the sharpened knives are great to work with . thank you
it doesn ' t sharpen as well as some of the others on the market .
seems to sharpen well but the metal cover came off within a few weeks . the sharpeners still works but obviously quite poorly made .
fell apart almost immediately . the silver faceplate broke right away and the plastic handle is now splitting too . sharpens knives , at least !
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por curiosidad . cuanto aumenta la velocidad ? sera que cocinas instantaneamente para que sea tan caro dicho gorro .
flavor items can often cost a lot , like the cenarion war hippgryph when it was first introduced and the those mammoths from the sons of hodir . we don ' t feel the the need to add special function to things just because they are expensive . i know a number of players who are interested in the hat just for the look and that ' s what we were going for .
some people may have a load of dca saved up , already have every recipe and dont really need all those northen spices .
people like me ; who have enough northern spices for a lifetime , have all the recipies and alot of spare dca ' s will be using em to that . great afkin ' hat : )
, and a
cook book
to go with it . i ' m looking at
there is also the bloody apron item from sfk , i believe same boss , that could help complete the set . nobody wants to be on the bad side of a good butcher with a bloody apron ; p
but be careful , it ' s too low level for the kirin tor one .
here ' s the best outfit i could piece together with in - game clothing for those who are interested .
is an obvious choice for anyone that can wield maces . . . if you don ' t like the tenderizer , go for some
sadly , for us clothies , there does not seem to be much in terms of cooking accessories for the weapon slots .
dropped by cookie . . . it doesn ' t look as chef - tastic as the mace he drops , but it ' s got a chef reference in the name at least , so non - priest clothies might look into it . . .
for your main hand , coupled with any other fish in game . you also might consider a
. . . no one actually uses them as a cooking utensil , but it ' s got a culinary flare to it .
p . s . dont bring runescape junk into wow , no - one cares at all .
be sold back to the vendor for the tokens . definately worth getting for all of the keen chef ' s out there - and a nice alternative to bunny ears if you like messing around with silly outfits whilst waiting for raids to get together !
i guess if you ' re a good enough chef to get the hat , you don ' t run as much a risk of burning yourself . but still . . .
you can not sell this back after you have gotten it . it is soulbound and does not show the 2 hour resell timer so no cheating there for achievement : )
in patch 3 . 2 this will become a blue ( superior ) item , and will also increase the speed at which you cook .
■chef ' s hat is now superior quality and allows the chef to cook faster .
■increased the chance to get a bonus dalaran cooking award from the spice bag .
■the recipe for captain rumsey ' s lager can now be randomly found in the quest reward crate , barrel , or spice bag from the cooking dailies .
in 3 . 2 blizzard is adding a passive equip to this item that decreases cooking time .
cannot be enchanted with arcanum of flame ' s soul ( 25 fire resist / 30 stam ) .
my idea of the perfect chef ' s outfit . of course if you can ' t dual wield maces , i ' d go with any off - hand fish .
i recently tested this item by cooking 6 salmon . with this hat unequipped it took me aprox . 9 seconds to cook 3 salmon and with the hat equipped it took me under 3 seconds .
while not insta cast , it ' s fast enough to be worth getting in my oppinion .
my name is boyardee in - game , and i have the chef title . : p ( zul ' jin realm )
now they just need to make a
kiss the chef
tabard purchasable with dcas . . . that would be pretty sweet : )
sadly i thought the same thing running someone through sfk , bloody apron looks absolutely nothing like a real apron .
in 3 . 2 this will increase your cooking speed by 4 times . what normally took 2 seconds to cook took only 0 . 5 seconds with this hat .
, the hat now reduces the cast time of any cooking recipe to 0 . 5 seconds , be it
godly for the current thanksgiving event if you don ' t want to spend 4x the time waiting to cook up everything .
: i actually just tested it and saved me 1 . 5 seconds per spiced bread : < saddo : nice : ) : lol : so 100 tokens saved you 30 secs roughly : well no , i wasted more than 30 seconds working out the maths : net result it wasted time
if you have the dca , and you buy this hat , i promise you . . .
and put it instead of you cooking icon . whenever you ' ll open cooking with this you ' ll also automaticaly equip the hat . the icon will also automaticaly be set to the cooking icon . speeds up cooking big time .
makes cooked food a lucrative profession for earning gold . buy spices , buy fish , cook thousands - profit .
actually is straight up with pleats ( nothing floppy ) . the taller the
stove pipe
the more important the chef .
i ' m sure i ' ll get reamed or extremely down voted for pointing this out , but having a father that ' s an executive chef , i had to get it off my chest somewhere .
the mind amplification dish - as of 4 . 0 . 3a - has been changed from a head - slot engineering tinker
feel free to downrate this original post on account of this change . i thought it would be best however to update this post for accuracy ' s sake . : p
if you are starting to cook on cataclysm and wished to farm this only to save time when cooking large amounts of food , i don ' t think it ' s a good idea , since it will demand hours and hours to farm a hat to save hours cooking only after years playing wow . unless you plan on cooking hundreds of stuff everyday , of course .
it ' s just better to take a little bit more time to cook stuff and do it while you ' re doing anything else on the pc or out of it , since it ' s automaticaly done after you start the process .
unfortunately cannot be transmogrified with anything , because it has no armor type to match with ( cloth , plate , etc ) .
currently in the mists of pandaria beta , orgrimmar / thunder bluff / undercity ( or whatever there are for alliance . . stormwind and ? ) tokens , the chef ' s award , along with the dalaran cooking award , are merged into one currency . if you farm now and get 50 / 50 ( or 70 / 30 , or any variation thereof ) you will be able to purchase the hat when 5 . 0 goes live .
now if only they ' d make it account bound so i could get one for my monk . . . . . / sigh
- all cooking awards have been combined into a single currency : epicureans awards . this not only cleans up your currency list a bit , but means that doing the daily quests in stormwind can help you buy the chef’s hat in dalaran .
so i ' m guessing this waterlogged recipe will have those 5x epicurean award instead cuz i was saving these to quickly gain my hat on my fresh panda on day one in mop . ( repeatable 20 recipes x 5 awards = 100 awards = hat in one day , daily cap 25 quest )
edit : yep , if you we ' re saving waterlogged recipe like me they ' re still fine . they give 5 x epicurean award so you can spend it in dala , org / sw , but the chef ' s hat is only purchaseable in dala .
a word of warning , i know that before this item was not able to be disenchanted , i tried on an alt and the game said so . i use the addon trade skill master and was using the destroyer to de a bunch of items , i ' ve done it many times before including yesterday and it did not de them . today it did . be careful .
- there may be some more white head items with green armor stat , that also work , if you happen to find any , please post .
this hat works great if you ' re looking to make a cooking outfit . i personally used this one with the frying pan , rolling pin and apron heirlooms obtained from the tillers . i also used black tuxedo pants and dress shoes .
i think they should make an iron chef ' s hat that is made of ( you guessed it ) iron and has a much higher armor stat . maybe also an instant cook time . : - )
i ' m surprised that i ' m not finding anyone else here , wishing this was boa or
toy box
- able . the amount of tokens you need to collect . . for just 1 hat for 1 toon , is a lengthy process ( weeks if not months ) . there ' s more easily accessible items then this that ' s boa or toy box - able . come on blizz !
so that it gives you a helm graphic and a buff that lasts until you dispel it .
i figured it ' s better now than later to start farming the old items that will be converted to toys in legion . who knows if they ' ll lower drop rates or how heavily they will be camped once they ' re added to the toybox .
i made myself a google sheets document to track all the toys being converted and it has the ability to mark off the item once you ' ve found it . with the filters i can then hide any marked off toys . this has really helped me find and track the long list of items and i wanted to share it with the community . i ' ve heavily cleaned it up for sharing purpose , so feel free to use it as you please !
alternatively you can download it as a . xlxs or . ods file , but i haven ' t checked this for compatibility .
seems to have disappeared from my bank on the ptr . hope this is just a bug . i ' ll be a bit peeved if i have to get it again on live .
does anyone know how to get this hat back after you accidentally deleted it . well other than grinding the dailies again !
as of 7 . 0 the chef ' s hat is now a toy . it seams to have lost it ' s ability to increase cooking speed ( bug , intended ? )
i added it to my toys , and now its completely gone , lots of other legion toys show as uncollected , but this is not in toy list at all collected or not . bug ?
took me a long time on my starter account . but now the toy requires 400 cooking where the item use to have no requirement . wtf ! my level 20 priest named chef boyardee uses cookie ' s tenderizer and unidentified utensil , but now has no chef ' s hat after grinding out the cooking dailies . please remove the 400 cooking requirement . it wasn ' t there before !
get a refund for your 100 epicurean ' s awards , for those of you like me that just wanted the achievement and then to get your coin back .
por favor , pon tus preguntas en nuestro foro para obtener una respuesta más rápida .
en general , las capturas de pantalla que contienen elementos de iu se rechazan de inmediato , al igual que las capturas provenientes del visor de modelos o de la pantalla de selección de personajes .
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correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to : a . prior , department of psychology , 254p baker hall , carnegie mellon university , 5000 forbes ave . , pittsburgh , pa 15217 ( ude . umc . werdna @ roirpa )
we present a set of translation norms for 670 english and 760 spanish nouns , verbs and class ambiguous items that varied in their lexical properties in both languages , collected from 80 bilingual participants . half of the words in each language received more than a single translation across participants . cue word frequency and imageability were both negatively correlated with number of translations . word class predicted number of translations : nouns had fewer translations than did verbs , which had fewer translations than class - ambiguous items . the translation probability of specific responses was positively correlated with target word frequency and imageability , and with its form overlap with the cue word . translation choice was modulated by l2 proficiency : less proficient bilinguals tended to produce lower probability translations than more proficient bilinguals , but only in forward translation , from l1 to l2 . these findings highlight the importance of translation ambiguity as a factor influencing bilingual representation and performance . the norms can also provide an important resource to assist researchers in the selection of experimental materials for studies of bilingual and monolingual language performance . these norms may be downloaded from urltoken .
the study of bilingual language processing exploits the presence of translation equivalents in the bilingual speaker’s two languages as an important research tool . the impact of different lexical characteristics in both the source and the target language on performance in translation recognition and production has been taken as evidence regarding the organization of the bilingual lexicon and conceptual system ( e . g . , de groot , 1992 ; kroll & tokowicz , 2005 ; sánchez - casas & garcía - albea , 2005 ) . the translation task itself allows one to study the dynamic online interaction between the two language systems and to examine specific cross - linguistic relations between words .
furthermore , studies using the picture–word stroop task consider the way in which the presence of a translation in one language affects production in the other language ( e . g . , costa , miozzo , & caramazza , 1999 ; hermans , bongaerts , de bot , & schreuder , 1998 ) . in studies of bilingual word recognition , cross - language priming across translation equivalents has also been used to determine the degree to which aspects of lexical form and meaning are shared for a bilingual’s two languages even when the two languages do not share the same script ( e . g . , chen & ng , 1989 ; gollan , forster , & frost , 1997 ; jiang , 2000 ; keatley , spinks , & de gelder , 1994 ) . in addition , researchers interested in general mechanisms of language production have started to use translation tasks as a tool that allows them to avoid some of the shortcomings of picture naming , which is necessarily restricted to a limited set of concrete nouns ( e . g . , gumnior , bolte , & zwitserlood , 2006 ; jescheniak & levelt , 1994 ; vigliocco , lauer , damian , & levelt , 2002 ) .
even among the relatively small set of objects that are nameable , there is often disagreement within and across languages regarding the most appropriate name for a given object . in developing picture norms and materials for research , name agreement has been considered a critical variable ( e . g . , bates et al . , 2003 ; cuetos et al . , 1999 ; sanfeliu & fernandez , 1996 ; snodgrass & vanderwart , 1980 ; szekely et al . , 2004 ; yoon et al . , 2004 ) . ironically , although words are potentially more ambiguous than pictures , most past studies that have examined words in one language and their translation in another language have relied on materials judged subjectively to have only one , or a clearly dominant , translation .
in developing norms for the number of translations for words in dutch and in english , tokowicz et al . ( 2002 ) examined items used in previous research that had been carefully selected to have only a single or at least a clearly dominant translation . however , of these items , in fact 25 % were given more than one translation in each direction of translation . this finding leads to several interesting questions .
an important theoretical issue is the actual prevalence of single - translation items in the bilingual lexicon . if most past research studies used items that apparently had a single translation , whereas in fact most of the translation equivalents in the bilingual lexicon are not unique , then perhaps models developed on the basis of these studies do not adequately represent the varieties of bilingual conceptual and lexical representation . as stated above , tokowicz et al . ( 2002 ) found 25 % of items to have more than a single translation , but this is likely to be an underestimation of the actual prevalence of ambiguity in translation because the items sampled in that study had been pre - selected by experimenters to have only a single translation .
nevertheless , even within their sample , tokowicz et al . ( 2002 ) demonstrated the implications of ambiguity by showing that words that have more than a single translation are judged to be less semantically similar to each of their possible translations than are words that have only a single translation . furthermore , the number of translations across languages has recently also been shown to affect performance in both recognition and production tasks ( e . g . , prior , kroll , & macwhinney , 2006 ; tokowicz & kroll , 2007 ; tokowicz et al . , 2007 ) . therefore , models of bilingual processing must account for the effects of response competition at various levels .
in this article , we present a set of translation norms for english and spanish words , based on bilingual participants providing a single written translation for each word presented to them . to our knowledge , this is the first compilation of such norms to be published for these languages . in addition to providing a valuable resource to bilingualism and language production researchers working with this common language pairing , this study addresses several important issues , outlined below , by sampling a wide range of lexical items in the two languages . we also examine the relations between translation likelihood or probability and a host of psycholinguistic lexical variables that have been previously studied in the monolingual and bilingual literature .
as has been noted by both linguists ( levin & rappaport hovav , 1996 ; wierzbicka , 1988 ) and psycholinguists ( e . g . , gentner , 1981 ) , lexical items belonging to different grammatical classes encode different types of meaning . nouns typically encode entities , tend to be more perceptually grounded , and their meaning is usually less context - dependent ( but see barsalou , 1982 ) . verbs , on the other hand , usually encode relations ( ferretti , mcrae , & hatherell , 2001 ) , have more senses ( miller & fellbaum , 1991 ) , and can be more easily adjusted by contextual demands .
of special importance for the present discussion , the meanings of verbs and the conceptual aspects encoded in them have greater interlanguage variation than do nominal concepts as demonstrated by gentner ( 1981 ) . in the same vein , van hell and de groot ( 1998 ) found greater cross - language associative similarity for nouns than for verbs , hinting that nominal translation equivalents share more conceptual features than do verbal concepts .
despite these word class differences , psycholinguistic bilingual investigations to date have focused almost exclusively on nouns , and with a great emphasis on concrete nouns ( e . g . , kroll & stewart , 1994 ; la heij , hooglander , kerling , & van der velden , 1996 ; potter , so , von eckardt , & feldman , 1984 ) . a goal of the present research is to provide more information concerning the generalization of such results to the representation of other grammatical classes , namely verbs . to address this issue , we examine the relation between grammatical class and number of translations . the work of gentner ( 1981 ) and van hell and de groot ( 1998 ) suggests that verbs may be more ambiguous in translation than nouns . the present sample included words from both grammatical classes in order to investigate this possibility .
the words in our sample were selected to cover a range of printed frequency , imageability , concreteness and age of acquisition ( aoa ) , enabling us to examine whether these within language factors impact the number of different translations a word may have across languages . tokowicz et al . ( 2002 ) reported significant correlations between concreteness and number of translations , such that the concrete nouns in their sample tended to have fewer translations than did the abstract nouns . in the current study we revisit this issue , to see whether it is replicated in our sample . we also examined additional possible predictors for number of translations , including word class as discussed above , word frequency , imageability and aoa .
a second topic of interest concerns those words that can be translated in multiple ways . for these items , we tried to identify factors that might predict translation choice—that is , which of the possible translations is more likely to be produced . the translation of these words allows the participant the freedom of response choice as long as the meaning of the original word is preserved , and in that sense has some similarity to a within - language free association task . we therefore examined variables known to exert their influence in the free association task , and specifically the frequency of the response word ( nelson , mcevoy , & dennis , 2000 ) . free associations given to a certain word tend to have higher frequency than the stimulus word , which might reflect a production bias toward high frequency words , a phenomenon that has been observed in picture and object naming as well ( cuetos , ellis , & alvarez , 1999 ; snodgrass & yuditsky , 1996 ) . if this is the case , we would expect to find a similar pattern in translation . given that for specific multiple translation words there are several possible translations , we set forth to investigate whether the probability of participants providing each of the different translations is related to their frequency in the target language .
a further issue , which is unique for translation generation as opposed to within - language free association , is the question of the form similarity of the translation response to the original word . translation pairs that overlap in lexical form as well as meaning are considered to be cognates . cognates typically include a range of similarity across the orthography and phonology of the words in each language . there is a large body of evidence showing that cognate translations are produced more rapidly and accurately than noncognate translations ( e . g . , de groot , 1992 ) . further , when bilinguals perform picture naming exclusively in one of their languages , there is reliable facilitation when the name of the picture in the other language is a cognate ( costa , caramazza , & sebástian - gallés , 2000 ) . in light of these findings , we examined whether in cases where there are several possible translations the probability of giving a specific translation was influenced by its cognate status in relation to the stimulus word . since cognate translation pairs overlap both in form and in meaning , there might be a bias toward producing a cognate translation , if such a translation exists for a specific item .
in this study , we collected translation data from a mixed bilingual population to effectively separate the direction of translation from the specific languages . thus , english translations for spanish words were collected from both english - dominant bilinguals ( who performed backward translation from their l2 to their l1 ) and spanish - dominant bilinguals ( who performed forward translation from their l1 into their l2 ) , and the reverse was true for spanish translations of english words . this choice enables us to isolate language - specific characteristics . for example , word class ambiguity is far more prevalent in english than in spanish , and in our sample half of the participants encountered its effect in forward translation ( from l1 to l2 ) and the other half encountered its effect in backward translation ( from l2 to l1 ) . in addition , the participants in both dominance groups varied in their l2 proficiency , allowing us to examine what role this factor might have on translation choice and translation variation .
forty spanish - dominant and 40 english - dominant bilinguals participated in the study , and were paid for their participation . we recruited highly proficient bilinguals—selection criteria included studying the second language for a minimum of 5–6 college semesters or having commensurate language experience . all of the spanish - dominant bilinguals were immersed in their l2 environment , since the study was conducted in pittsburgh , for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 34 years , with a median of 4 years . of the english - dominant bilinguals , 31 had immersion experience in the l2 environment , for periods ranging from 2 weeks up to 20 years , with a median of 7 . 5 months . in the original sample , there were 7 subjects who reported their first language to have been spanish but their current dominant language to be english , by virtue of spending long periods of time in the us . we were concerned that these switched - dominance participants might differ from the rest of the english - dominant bilinguals in various aspects , and so replaced them with participants more similar to the rest of the group .
participants completed a language history questionnaire ( lhq ) prior to completing the translation task . language dominance was assessed as follows : if there were differences in the self - ratings of proficiency in the two languages on the lhq scales , the language rated by the bilingual as his or her stronger language was assumed to be the dominant language . participants who rated themselves equally proficient in english and in spanish were questioned orally , and asked if they had to make a forced choice , which language they would select as being their stronger language . if they were able to make such a choice , their assigned dominance reflected this choice . finally , those few participants who were unable to make the determination were assumed to be english dominant , by virtue of currently residing in a predominantly english speaking environment .
* excluding a single subject who had been immersed in l2 for 20 years .
* * excluding two subjects who had been immersed in l2 for 34 and 28 years , respectively .
half of the participants from each dominance group performed english to spanish translation , and the rest translated in the opposite direction . importantly , for both dominance groups there were no significant differences between the subgroups that performed each direction of translation ( all p values > . 10 ) .
translations were collected first for a set of english words . as a second step , all spanish translations produced by at least two participants were then normed back and translated by a second group of participants into english . the original set included 670 english words : 241 nouns , 79 verbs , and 350 word - class ambiguous items ( e . g . , dress , which can be both the action and the garment ) . words had a frequency of 1–1 , 290 per million ( kučera & francis , 1967 ) , with a mean of 109 . 3 and a sd of 148 . 9 . 1 ratings of imageability ( bird , franklin , & howard , 2001 ) , concreteness ( coltheart , 1981 ; wilson , 1988 ) , familiarity ( coltheart , 1981 ; wilson , 1988 ) , and aoa ( bird et al . , 2001 ; coltheart , 1981 ; wilson , 1988 ) were available for a majority of the items in the set .
the spanish items included 762 words : 525 nouns and 237 verbs . words had a frequency of 0 . 5–2 , 053 per million , with a mean of 82 . 9 and a sd of 161 . 3 ( pérez , alameda , & cuetos , 2003 ) . ratings of imageability , concreteness , and familiarity were available for a substantial subset ( from lexesp sebastián - gallés , martí , cuetos & carreiras , 2000 ; using b - pal , davis & perea , 2005 ) . aoa ratings were not available for a large enough portion of the sample .
cognate ratings were generated by having a separate group of 30 native english speakers , who did not have any knowledge of spanish , portuguese , french , or italian , perform the translation - elicitation task described by kroll and stewart ( 1994 ; see also dufour & kroll , 1995 ) . cognate ratings based on translation - elicitation from monolingual speakers have been shown to be comparable to ratings obtained from bilingual speakers ( friel & kennison , 2001 ) . participants were presented with a list of words in spanish , and instructed to guess their translation in english . each word was presented to 10 participants , so that cognate ratings ranged from 0 ( none of the english speakers correctly guessed the translation , due to the fact that there was no cross - language form overlap , such as muñeca – doll ) to 10 ( all the participants correctly guessed the translation , for translation equivalents with highly similar lexical form , such as concepto – concept ) .
two versions of a lexical decision task were developed , one in english and one in spanish . the procedure for selecting the words was based on that described by
. each list included 168 word and 168 orthographically and phonotactically legal nonwords . participants performed the lexical decision task in the l2 . the task took approximately 15 min to complete .
participants completed the lhq , followed by the lexical decision task in the l2 . they then received a typed booklet containing either english or spanish words . the english list was divided into two versions , each of 335 words , and each including half of the items from each word - class category . the spanish stimulus pool was also divided into two lists , each of 381 words , again dividing nouns and verb equally between the versions . the spanish list was longer , because it was compiled only after the translation data for the english items had been collected , and it included all spanish words that had been produced by at least two participants . participants were requested to write down the first translation they could think of for each item on the list . participants worked at their own pace , and took breaks as necessary .
translations were coded for accuracy using the larousse spanish–english and english–spanish dictionary , and by two native english speakers who are instructors of spanish in the department of modern languages at carnegie mellon university . each translation was also assigned a grammatical category . conjugated forms of verbs were accepted as correct responses , and were converted to the infinitive for the purpose of counting the number of different translations . similarly , plural forms of nouns were accepted as correct responses , and were combined with the singular forms for computing number of translations . spelling mistakes were also accepted , as long as the intention of the participant was clear and the mistake did not result in a different word in the language .
in this analysis we explored the factors that are correlated with a particular word having more than a single translation . the dependent variable was the number of distinct , correct translations that each word had received from different participants ( collapsed across both language dominance groups ) . since aoa ratings were only available for the english words , we analyzed the english and the spanish items separately .
gives the percent of items from each category that received more than a single translation . for the spanish words , number of translations ranged from 1 to 7 . verbs were found to have significantly more translations than nouns [
< . 001 ] , probably due to the large percentage of word class ambiguous items in english ( over 50 % of the sample ) .
these significant effects of word class confirm our initial hypothesis that verbs would be more ambiguous in translation than nouns . however , items from the different word classes were not matched on various lexical properties , and these might be confounded with word class . we therefore examined several possible predictors of number of translations using hierarchical linear regression , and entered the possibly confounding factors into the equation before examining any residual effects of word class . the following analyses examined only the lexical properties of the word in the source language . the properties of the given translation and their influence on translation choice are examined in the following section .
in the analysis of english words , the following variables were entered into the model . word length and log frequency were entered on the first step and were found to be significant predictors of number of translations [ δ r 2 = . 029 ; f ( 2 , 629 ) = 9 . 1 , p < . 001 ] . both factors were negatively correlated with number of translations , such that shorter words were in general more ambiguous in translation , while highly frequent words tended to have fewer translations . the possible contributions of imageability , concreteness , familiarity and aoa as predictors of number of translations were examined next . since these four lexical properties tended to be highly correlated with each other ( r s ranging from 0 . 53 to 0 . 89 , all p values < . 001 ) , the procedure suggested by cohen et al . ( 2003 ) was used and identified imageability as the best predictor of number of translations . therefore , imageability ratings were entered on the second step and were found to significantly predict number of translations [ δ r 2 = . 028 ; f ( 1 , 628 ) = 18 . 3 , p < . 001 ] , such that highly imageable words tended to have fewer translations .


pleurotomariacea is one of two names that are used for a taxonomic superfamily of sea snails that are an ancient lineage and are well represented in the fossil record .

the name pleurotomariacea is used by paleontologists , who , because they usually have only the hard parts of mollusks to study , often use a slightly different scheme of classification from that used by scientists who study living mollusks .

the name pleurotomariacea is based on swainson , 1840 ( pleurotomariae ) and was described in 1960 in the treatise on invertebrate paleontology , ( i197 ) the taxon was established for mostly conispiral , but also discoidal and auriform ( ear-like ) shells which have a nacreous , aragonite , inner layer .

the pleurotomariacea , now often seen as pleurotomarioidea , has been included in the archaegastropoda .

although more recent classifications put it in a more restricted sense in the vetigastropoda the evolutionary derivation of the group is thought to be from the bellerophontacea and to have happened late in the cambrian .

earlier gastropods belonged to the helcionellacea , bellerophontacea , and questionably to the palegiellacea .

the treatise lists the following families , here in alphabetical order .

catantostomatidae , eotomariidae , euomphalopteridae , gosselitinidae , haliotidae , kittlidiscidae , laubellidae , lophospiridae , luciellidae , phanerotrematidae , phymatopleuridae , pleurotromariidae , polytremerida , portlockiellidae , rhaphischismatidae , raphystomatidae , scissurellidae , sinuopeidae , tremnotropidae , trochotomidae , zygitidae .

bouchet & rocroi , 2005 , with a greater emphasis on molecular characteristics than shell characters , limited the pleurotomariacea , as pleurotomarioidea , to the pleurotomariidae , catantostomatidae , kittilidacidae , phymatopleuridae , portlockiellidae , rhaphischismatidae , trochotomidae , and zygitidae .

the other families that are included in this superfamily in the treatise have been reassigned by bouchet & rocroi to other higher taxa .

pleurotomariacea

add tags for
west american prosobranch gastropoda : superfamilies patellacea , pleurotomariacea , and fissurellacea .
.
west american prosobranch gastropoda : superfamilies patellacea , pleurotomariacea , and fissurellacea . / james h mclean ; 1966 .
west american prosobranch gastropoda : superfamilies patellacea , pleurotomariacea , and fissurellacea . ( book , 1966 ) [ worldcat . org ]
permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 7 . pleurotomariacea : eotomariidae , lophospiriidae , gosseletinidae . american museum novitates ; ; no . 2958 .
permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 2 , pleurotomariacea : portlockiellidae , phymatopleuridae , and eotomariidae . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 114 , article 2
details - permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 7 . pleurotomariacea : eotomariidae , lophospiriidae , gosseletinidae . american museum novitates ; ; no . 2958 . - biodiversity heritage library
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : west american prosobranch gastropoda : superfamilies patellacea , pleurotomariacea , and fissurellacea . author : james h mclean publisher : 1966 . oclc : 25718265
the
pleurotomariacea
or slit shells and their relatives have traditionally [ knight , et al . , 1960 ] been considered among the earliest and most primitive of the gastropods , first appearing in the furongian .
ty - book ti - permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 7 . pleurotomariacea : eotomariidae , lophospiriidae , gosseletinidae . american museum novitates ; ; no . 2958 . ur - urltoken py - 1989 au - batten , roger lyman . er -
dr peter wagner however [ wagner 1999 ] has used cladistic methodology to try to determine the phylogeny of early palaeozoic gastropods , and his findings indicate that the early paleozoic pleurotomarioids are actually a polyphyletic assemblage . a diverse assemblage of forms that have traditionally been placed in the
pleurotomariacea
actually belong among the euomphalida and the murchisoniida .
notes : knight , et al . , 1960 includes this genus under the subfamily ophiletinae of the family raphistomatidae and superfamily pleurotomariacea . but cladistic analysis by wagner 1999 indicates that the species schizopea typica is actually a member of an unresolved tetrachotomy that includes the most basal helically - coiled gastropods . it may be that related species may also belong in this clade
notes : knight , et al . , 1960 includes euconia under the subfamily ophiletinae of the family raphistomatidae and superfamily pleurotomariacea . but cladistic analysis by wagner 1999 places this genus as part of off - shoots an unresolved tetrachotomy that includes the most basal helically - coiled gastropods . i have informally coined the family name
euconiidae
to distinguish this clade from other early gastropods
@ book { bhl171025 , title = { permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 7 . pleurotomariacea : eotomariidae , lophospiriidae , gosseletinidae . american museum novitates ; ; no . 2958 . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { batten , roger lyman . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
notes : this is a paraphyletic grouping . knight , et al . , 1960 includes sinuopea in the subfamily sinuopeinae ( furongian to late silurian ) of the family sinuopeidae ( furongian to middle permian ) in the superfamily pleurotomariacea , and taenospira as the earliest member of the tribe ptychomphalides ( furongian to early jurassic ) of the subfamily eotomariinae of the family eotomariidae ( also furongian to early jurassic ) . but cladistic analysis by wagner 1999 indicates that these forms are basal members of the clade that includes both the murchisoniida and the bellerophontoidea . it may be that some other members of the sinuopeinae and eotomariinae may also belong here , extending the stratigraphic range of this assemblage
the diagram ( click the thumbnail for larger image ) shows the suggested relationships among late dolgellian and early tremadocian ( latest cambrian and earliest ordovician ) gastropods , according to cladistic analysis [ wagner 1999 ] , which is the one adopted here . the colors in the diagram refer to taxonomic assignments based on knight , et al . , 1960 , the rather dated treatise of invertebrate paleontology . taxa previously considered pleurotomariacea ( green ) are actually more closely related to the euomphaloidea ( red ) or murchisoniida ( blue ) . even the torted bellerophontiforms ( orange ) are here shown to diphyletic ( streptodiscus . for the sake of convenience the order bellerophontoidea is here defined as a monophyletic crade that begins at node 10 .
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the latest cambrian ( late dolgellian age ) and earliest ordovician ( early tremadoc saw a tremendous radiation of early gastropods . during this period the gastropods , like the cephalopods , underwent a tremendous evolutionary radiation . from one or two planispiral types , represented by a tropidodiscid ancestor , there developed several distinct taxa , including high spired , lower spired , planispiral , and hyperstrophic types . these could be grouped in three main clades : eogastropoda , orthogastropoda , and the extinct bellerophontoidea . by the earliest ordovician the three main clades of gastropods had already established themselves and were continuing to diversify into a range of different morphotypes and lifestyles .
characteristics : $ larval operculum ; $ cephalic and epipodial tentacles ; $ post - torsional right gonad only ; $ radular cartilages not hollow ; $ oesophagus showing torsion ; $ hypoathroid nervous system ( adjacent pleural and pedal ganglia ) [ all from haszprunar 1988 p . 9 ] ; anisotrophic ( helically coiled ) shell ; body asymmetry . some of these characters may also pertain to
gastropodiformes
in general .
geographic distribution : laurentia [ = n . am - knight , et al . , 1960 p . i 200 ]
characteristics : spire low , widely phaneromphalus , sutures deep , sinus culminating at blunt anggulation that forms the periphery [ knight , et al . , 1960 p . i200 ]
characteristics : conical trochiform shell , sutures shallow , sinus culminating at angular periphery just above upper suture [ knight , et al . , 1960 p . i 200 ]
image © mcgraw hill book company , from moore , et al . 1952 , p . 291
geographic distribution : laurentia [ = n . am - knight , et al . , 1960 p . i 198 , 203 ]
original material creative commons attribution m . alan kazlev this material may be freely used all other material © original authors or sources
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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utica , new york - demographics - organized crime in utica . . . cosa nostra family and at least three other families , including the scranton , colombo , and genovese family which had and likely still have a local presence . . . after the death of boss stefano magaddino and other families and influences jockeyed for power and influence , and multiple gangland style homicides took place between 1979 . . . multiple and somewhat ambiguous ties to the buffalo , scranton , and colombo families ) ran the rackets , until they were decimated by federal indictments and convictions . . .
thunderbird ( mythology ) - in oral history . . . in human form marrying into human families some families may trace their lineage to such an event . . . families of thunderbirds who kept to themselves but wore human form were said to have lived along the northern tip of vancouver island . . . the story goes that other tribes soon forgot the nature of one of these thunderbird families , and when one tribe tried to take them as slaves the thunderbirds put on their feather blankets and transformed to take . . .
331 model . . . the 331 model in particle physics offers an explanation of why there must exist three families of quarks and leptons . . . offers no explanation of why there are three families , or indeed why there is more than one family . . . the perfect cancellation of the anomaly , per family , and to make the three families transform differently under an extended gauge group , and to arrange that the anomaly cancel , only for three . . .
list of anuran families - families . . . archaeobatrachia - 4 families , 6 genera , 27 species family genera common names example species example photo ascaphidae 1 tailed frogs tailed frog ( ascaphus truei ) bombinatoridae 2 fire - belly . . .
kitchener , ontario - history - settlement . . . of great interest to german mennonite farming families from pennsylvania . . . were built , and over the next decade several families made the difficult trip north to what was then known as the sand hills . . . one of these mennonite families , arriving in 1807 , was the schneiders , whose restored 1816 home ( the oldest building in the city ) is now a museum located in the heart of kitchener . . .
have always been in flux and often in crisis ; they have never lived up to nostalgic notions about the way things used to be .  but that doesnt mean the malaise and anxiety people feel about modern
are delusions , that everything would be fine if we would only realize that the past was not all its cracked up to be . . . . even if things were not always right in
of the past , it seems clear that some things have newly gone wrong .
. parents need to be parented . grandparents , aunts , and uncles are back in fashion because they are necessary . stresses on many
the vertical , latitudinal , and circumcontinental zonality of the distribution of the species , genera , and families of recent brachiopods is considered . the distortions of the latitudinal and meridional symmetry of the biogeographic structure of the ocean are analyzed in view of the patterns of the global circulation of the surface and intermediate waters . thus ancient faunas may be reconstructed based on data on the structural characteristics of the taxocene of recent brachiopods . the features of the paedomorphic evolution of brachiopods from the different families in extreme habitats ( interstitial , underwater caverns , submarine rises , abyssal depths , hydrothermal areas , and margins of habitats ) are discussed . the biogeographic structure of bottom dwellers is shown to simplify with depth as well as with simplification of the hydrological structure of the ocean . the important role of the bathyal oceanic zone ( slopes of continents , islands , submarine mountains , ridges , and rises ) in the preservation of faunal relicts is shown . the historical change from brachiopods to bivalves that occurred from the paleozoic to the mesozoic and cenozoic is shown to have resulted not from competitive exclusion , but from complex and global changes in the plankton composition , which were unfavorable for articulate brachiopods , which had already developed specialized feeding habits , feeding on food that led to the production of almost no metabolic waste products ; they had even partly lost their alimentary canal . the development of shelly plankton and , especially , of diatoms hampered the post - paleozoic revival of large assemblages of articulate brachiopods in shallow - water habitats . the unfilled ecological niches were colonized by bivalves , which were widely adapted to feeding on live phyto - and zooplankton . recent articulate brachiopods , which are adapted to feeding on the products of decay of dead plankton , form a belt of densely populated settlements of the organic biofilter outside the photic zone on the seaward edge of shelves and on the upper parts of the slopes of continents , islands , and submarine rises throughout the world .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
g . a . afanasjeva and l . a . nevesskaja , “the analysis of cause and effect of various consequences of crisis situations using articulate brachiopods and bivalves as an example , ” in
( nedra , moscow , 1994 ) , pp . 101–108 [ in russian ] .
a . i . agatova and yu . a . bogdanov , “biochemical composition of the suspended organic matter in the tropical part of the pacific ocean , ” okeanologiya
, ed . by a . p . moiseev ( nauka , moscow , 1979 ) , pp . 117–138 [ in russian ] .
sea lilies cyrtocrinids : proceedings of the paleontological institute of the academy of sciences of the ussr , vol . 144
( nauka , moscow , 1967 ) , pp . 98–169 [ in russian ] .
g . m . belyaev and p . v . ushakov , “some regularities in the quantitative distribution of the benthic fauna in the antarctic waters , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
g . m . belyaev , n . g . vinogradova , r . ya . levenshtein , et al . , “regularities in the distribution of deep - water benthic fauna in the light of the development of the ideas on the biological structure of the ocean , ” okeanologiya
( nauka , moscow , 1964 ) , pp . 245–249 [ in russian ] .
, ed . by a . v . gebruk ( kmk scientific press , moscow , 2002 ) [ in russian ] .
ya . a . birshtein , “the concept of ‘relict’ in biology , ” zool . zh .
j . p . bourseau , n . ameziane - cominardi , and m . roux , “un crinoide pédoncule nouveau ( échinodermes ) , représentant actuel de la famille jurassique des hemicrinidae :
nov . sp . des fonds bathyaux de nouvelle - caledonie ( s . w . pacifique ) , ” c . r . acad . sci . paris , sér . 3 ,
r . n . bulatov , “circulation of water masses in the atlantic ocean at various spatiotemporal scales , ” okeanol . issled . , no . 22 , 7–93 ( 1971 ) .
( nauka , moscow , 1968 ) , pp . 206–281 [ in russian ] .
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full text of
rhodopetalinae , a new subfamily of acmaeidae from the boreal pacific : anatomy and systematics .
full text of
rhodopetalinae , a new subfamily of acmaeidae from the boreal pacific : anatomy and systematics .


anticrates metreta is a moth of the lacturidae family .

it is known from queensland , australia .

adults have brown forewings , each with a white band outlined in orange across the middle and white patches at the base , tornus and apex .

the hindwings are plain brown .

anticrates metreta

choose one > anticrates metreta > anticrates paraxantha > anticrates phaedima > anticrates sp . a > anticrates sp . anic1 > anticrates sp . anic2 > anticrates sp . bold : aak2739 > anticrates sp . mm - 2015 > anticrates sp . nw - 2010 > anticrates zapyra all lower taxonomy nodes ( 10 )
anticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , male - qld , 3 miles w of mossman , 13 . mar . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .
anticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , female - qld , lockerbie , cape york peninsula , 4 . apr . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .
, melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 28 . 18 , p . 298 .
issue 76 ( march 2015 ) , pp . 10 - 11 , fig . 7 ,
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status : a common species . resembles rutilella very much but the partly subhyaline wings and the broader yellow marginal band is distinguishing .
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