petasina filicina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

petasina filicina

petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
pesi portal - petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
mollusca slovenska : mikuláš j . lisický : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
lisický m . ( 1991 ) . mollusca slovenska . veda , vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied . 244 pp . isbn 80 - 224 - 0232 - x . english summary : mollusca of slovakia the study examines data of distribution of extant species of molluscs from slovakia and eastern moravia . list of errata is at the end of the book all errata from this list are in the scanned book marked by a pencil . русский резюме : моллюски словакии
about the author : rndr . mikuláš j . lisický , csc . ( * 1946–†2008 )
distribution of extant species of molluscs ( mollusca ) from slovakia and eastern moravia .
copyright holder released mollusca slovenska under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license in august 2012 . see biography of the author at web pages of czech and slovak malacologists ( stránky českých a slovenských malakologů ) . original publisher of the book has no objections about publishing this book online .
this is one of the best books about molluscs of slovakia . it includes distribution of molluscs ( gastropods and bivalves ) of slovakia , references to all data and distribution maps of species . all species are also sorted into ecological groups , into a group according to its geographical point of view and other criteria .
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this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . identified threats do not affect the whole population significantly at present and there is no evidence to suggest that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .
1995 ) to central bosnia and western serbia ( moellendorff 1873 , soós 1943 ) . its range includes the drainages of the drava and sava rivers . there are isolated occurrences in the inovec mountains ( western slovakia ) and in the vértes mountains ( hungary ) .
there are several known locations ( klemm 1973 , lisicky 1991 , pintér and suara 2004 , soós 1943 , prockow 2009 ) , but this might underestimate the real number of existing subpopulations . there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
this is a silvicol species with a preference for humid , deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man . it lives on the ground among leaf - litter , under stones or decaying dead wood .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering the relatively large geographical range of this species , local logging or recreational activities are not thought to affect the whole population significantly .
the species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs . some of the subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the mecsek mountains and vértes mountains in hungary , however no conservation actions are currently required for this species .
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pfeiffer , l . 1841 . symbolae ad historiam heliceorum . - pp . 1 - 88 . cassellis . ( th . fischer ) .
shell horny brownish with whitish band at the keel in the first whorls , transparent but solid , striated , often with soft hairs but not granulated , 5 . 5 - 6 convex whorls , regularly increasing , first whorls keeled , last whorl initially with edge at periphery , more rounded near aperture , lower side relatively flat , aperture with lip inside , stronger at basal side , weaker and reddish or whitish at upper side , visible from outside as a yellow structure , aperture flattened at lower side , umbilicus narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin . larger than trochulus edentulus and t . unidentatus .
shady habitats in the herbal layer in highlands and lower mountain forests , often in river valleys .
in italy only in alpi giulie and carso . references : westerlund 1889 : 46 , pavlović 1912 : 35 ( w serbia , bosnensis ) , tomić 1959 : 18 , falkner 1990 : 206 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 27 , falkner et al . 2001 : 58 , proćków 2009 : 125 , welter - schultes 2012 : 561 ( range map ) .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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according to falkner ( 1995 ) , the correct year of description is 1859 , which is accepted here . according to animalbase , it was mentioned in 1859 just as a nomen nudum and valid date of description is 1860 ( animalbase ) .
, but according to polinski ( 1924 ) , it is a distinct species . there are two accepted subspecies :
this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . the identified threats of deforestation and disturbance do not affect the whole population significantly and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species is distributed in the eastern carpathians and in the apuseni mountains . distribution data are provided by polinski ( 1924 ) , soós ( 1943 ) , grossu ( 1983 ) , wiktor ( 2004 ) , lisicky ( 1991 ) , kerney et al . ( 1983 ) , fehér et al . ( 2008 ) and prockow ( 2009 ) . there is also a recently found and therefore unpublished hungarian occurrence ( r . farkas , in prep . ) . there are several known locations and at the present moment there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to diminish in that region therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering its relatively large geographial range , local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly .
this species is protected in poland and several known subpopulations live within protected areas . no further conservation actions are required for this species at this time .
conservation status iucn : lc ; rdbukr : вразливі ; endemic this species is protected in poland .


tanygona is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae .

it contains only one species , tanygona lignicolorella , which is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arkansas , florida , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maryland , massachusetts , mississippi , north carolina , ohio , south carolina and tennessee .

the wingspan is about 8 mm .

adults are on wing from april to august .

tanygona

a tanygona lignicolorella in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 20 / 2007 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )
a tanygona lignicolorella in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 3 / 2017 ) . verified by khyl austin / bugguide . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )
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hodges , r . w . , 1978 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 1 , p . 39 ; pl . 3 . 16 . order
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braun , a . f . , 1923 . microlepidoptera : notes and new species .
microlepidoptera : notes and new species annette f . braun . 1923 . transactions of the american entomological society . 49 ( 2 ) .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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thalerura swinhoe , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 ( 1 ) : 175 ; ts : timandra goniaria felder & rogenhofer
thalerura prasina warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan
thalerura marginata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan
gelasma albistrigata warren , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : japan
maxates coelataria trychera prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 111
maxates coelataria ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob9 ] : 275 , f . 354 , 364 , pl . 9
maxates dysides prout , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 256
maxates dysides ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 349 , pl . 9
maxates thetydaria ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 352 , 366 , pl . 9
thalerura veninotata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 678 ; tl : khasia hills
maxates veninotata ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 348 , pl . 9
timadra goniaria felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 128 , f . 3 ; tl : bengal , kalitunga
gelasma waterstradti prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 77
maxates waterstradti ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 346 , pl . 9
maxates melinau holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 241 , 347 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates iridescoides holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 361 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates magnipuncta ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 355 , pl . 9
maxates submontana holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 350 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
gelasma korintjiensis prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 95
maxates korintjiensis ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 351 , pl . 9
maxates melancholica ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 356 , pl . 9
maxates tristis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 353 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
gelasma hemitheoides marculenta prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 96
maxates marculenta ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 362 , pl . 9
gelasma hemitheoides ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 62
maxates lugubriosa holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 359 , 365 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates variegata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 358 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates obliterata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 363 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates muluensis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 360 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates seria holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 281 , f . 357 ; tl : brunei , 3m , seria
maxates axyra ; han & xue , 2009 , ent . science 12 ( 4 ) : ( 482 - 410 )
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . volume 9 . uranides et phalénites
( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,
( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
die gross - schmetterlinge der erde ; die gross - schmetterlinge des indoaustralischen faunengebieten ; 12 . band : die indoaustralischen spanner in seitz ,
warren , 1895 new species and genera of geometridae in the tring museum novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 82 - 159
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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palpi porrect , where the second joint thickly scaled and reaching beyond the frons . third joint naked . fore wings with highly arched costa towards apex . the outer margin usually highly crenulate and excised between veins 4 and 6 . veins 3 , 4 and 7 t 10 stalked . vein 11 anastomosing with vein 12 . hind wings quadrate , with margin highly crenulate and produced to a point at vein 6 , and tail at vein 4 . veins 3 , 4 and 6 , 7 stalked .
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rupela sejuncta is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by heinrich in 1937 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , oklahoma and texas .

the wingspan is 28 – 33 mm for males and 25 – 30 mm for females .

the wings are shining white .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to july and from september to november .

rupela sejuncta

rupela sejuncta heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 373 , pl . 26 , f . 14 - 14c , pl . 32 , f . 39 ; tl : harris co . , texas
rupela nivea walker , 1863 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 28 : 524
rupela ( schoenobiinae ) ; heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 356 ; [ nacl ] , 75 ; [ globiz ]
rupela adunca heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 374 , pl . 27 , f . 16 - 16c ; tl : bolivia
rupela bendis heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 378 , pl . 29 , f . 21 ; tl : aroa , venezuela
rupela faustina heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 380 , pl . 29 , f . 22 ; tl : cabima , panama
rupela jana heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 381 , pl . 31 , f . 38 ; tl : chaco , argentina
rupela lara heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 382 , pl . 32 , f . 40 ; tl : cabima , panama
rupela herie heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 381 , pl . 30 , f . 27 ; tl : georgetown , british guiana
rupela orbona heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 384 , pl . 31 , f . 35 ; tl : mackenzie , british guiana
rupela liberta heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 364 , pl . 23 , f . 4 - 4c ; tl : durango , mexico
rupela vexativa heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 371 , pl . 25 , f . 11 - 11c ; tl : quirigua , guatemala
rupela scitula heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 374 , pl . 26 , f . 15 - 15c ; tl : tucuman , argentina
rupela antonia heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 378 , pl . 30 , f . 31 ; tl : sixola river , costa rica
rupela drusilla heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 379 , pl . 29 , f . 24 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela edusa heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 379 , pl . 30 , f . 29 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela gaia heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 380 , pl . 30 , f . 28 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela procula heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 384 , pl . 32 , f . 41 ; tl : sta . catherina , brazil
rupela lumaria heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 375 , pl . 27 , f . 17 - 17c ; tl : carillo , costa rica
rupela canens heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 379 , pl . 29 , f . 23 ; tl : sao paulo de olivenca , brazil
rupela labeosa heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 363 , pl . 22 , f . 3 - 3d ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela pallidula heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 365 , pl . 23 , f . 5 - 5d ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela saetigera heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 367 , pl . 24 , f . 8 - 8c ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela cornigera heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 371 , pl . 25 , f . 12 - 12b ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela imitativa heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 372 , pl . 26 , f . 13 - 13c ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela spinifera heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 377 , pl . 28 , f . 19 - 19c ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela monstrata heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 377 , pl . 28 , f . 20 - 20c ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela candace heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 382 , pl . 29 , f . 25 - 25a ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela nereis heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 383 , pl . 31 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
rupela albinella ; heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 362 , pl . 22 , f . 2 - 2d , pl . 29 , f . 26 - 26b
rupela gibbera heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 367 , pl . 24 , f . 7 - 7d ; tl : moengo , boven , cortica river , surinam
rupela maenas heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 383 , pl . 31 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : ponte nova ( rio xingu ) , brazil
rupela segrega heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 366 , pl . 23 , f . 6 - 6d , pl . 30 , f . 32 ; tl : south bay , lake okeechobee , florida
rupela horridula heinrich , 1937 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 376 , pl . 27 , f . 18 - 18f , pl . 33 , f . 47 ; tl : campo bello , rio de janeiro , brazil
rupela leucatea ; heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 360 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 1d , pl . 30 , f . 30 , pl . 33 , f . 44 - 45 , 48
rupela tinctella ; heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 368 , pl . 24 , f . 9 - 9c , pl . 32 , f . 42 - 43 , pl . 33 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 5311
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
= scirpophaga ; hampson , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 912
puerto rico , jamaica , cuba , hispaniola , martinique , antiqua , mexico , guatemala , nicaragua , panama , honduras , trinidad , venezuela , guianas , brazil , argentina , paraguay , peru . see [ maps ]
larva on echinochloa polystachya heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 361
mexico , british honduras , guatemala , honduras , costa rica , guianas , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru . see [ maps ]
albinella ( stoll , [ 1781 ] ) ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 29 - 31 ) : pl . 372 , f . d ; tl : surinam
florida , mexico , cuba , guianas , trinidad , brazil ( paraná ) , paraguay , n . argentina . see [ maps ]
panama , brazil ( paraná , pará ) , argentina ( gran chaco , goya , villa ana ) . see [ maps ]
ruplea nivea ; heinrich , 1937 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 84 ( 3019 ) : 370 , pl . 25 , f . 10 - 10c
brazil ( rio de janeiro ) , guianas , trinidad . see [ maps ]
panama , guianas , brazil , peru , paraguay , argentina ( chaco , goya , villa ana ) . see [ maps ]
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zeller , 1863 chilonidarum et crambidarum genera et species chil . cramb . gen . spec . : 56pp
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wiseana mimica is a species of moth belonging to the family hepialidae .

it was described by philpott in 1923 , and is endemic to new zealand .

the wingspan is 29 – 40 mm for males and 41 – 48 mm for females .

the colour of the forewings varies , but is usually dark brown .

adults are on wing from september to february .

wiseana mimica

wiseana copularis male , koromiko , northern south island . image courtesy of phil bendle©
we sequenced 1718 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase genes for all wiseana species and haplotypes using 75 specimens collected from 42 sites throughout new zealand . two identification methods were developed ; the high - resolution melt method uses 106 bp of the cytochrome oxidase i gene , and the restriction fragment polymorphism method uses a larger 700 bp region from the same gene . validation was performed on a further 275 specimens . melt curve profiles varied more with population heterogeneity than digest results . in both methods , w . mimica and w . jocosa were inseparable . w . fuliginea grouped with w . mimica and w . jocosa in the restriction method , but the melt curve profile differed .
open ground or forest clearings except for wiseana jocosa that may also occur in forest and shrublands ( dugdale , 1994 ) .
genetic variation within species and haplotypes of the wiseana ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) complex and development of non - sequenced based identification tools to aid field studies .
genetic variation within species and haplotypes of the wiseana ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) complex and development of non - sequenced based identificat . . . - pubmed - ncbi
porina is the common name used to describe moths and caterpillars of the seven endemic species and three haplotypes of wiseana in new zealand . several species have adapted to eating introduced pasture plants ; however , a paucity of defining morphological characteristics has meant that porina are grouped as indistinguishable species within a complex . this study aimed to develop non - sequencing identification methods for porina species .
young larvae live among leaf litter on the ground surface for 6 - 8 weeks and may feed on dead or dying plant leaves , but no detailed observations have been made ( grehan , 1989 , dugdale , 1994 ) . older instars excavate vertical tunnels in soil and feed at night on ground foliage of grasses and herbs . root - feeding may occur , but no direct observations have been made . large numbers of adults may emerge with the onset of a frontal weather system or after a warm day with cloudy nights and an air temperature of about 8°c . several wiseana species are economically significant because late instar larvae may be present in sufficient densities to compete with stock for spring pasture grown . pasture damage by wiseana larvae at 30 late - instar larvae per square meter is equivalent to the grazing of one ewe per hectare for 280 days ( dugdale , 1994 ) . practical constraints on implimentation of control measures are discussed by ferguson & peoples ( 2013 ) .
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scott , r . r . ; emberson , r . m . 1999 : handbook of the new zealand insect names : common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12 : 100pp
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richards nk 1 , mansfield s 1 , townsend rj 1 , ferguson cm 2 .
until now , ecological studies of porina at the species level have been implausible . our non - sequencing based methods allow rapid identification of moths and caterpillars to species and haplotype level , paving the way for ecological studies of pasture pest species and the development of species - specific mitigation strategies . © 2017 society of chemical industry .
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nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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revised by dugdale ( 1994 ) . monophyletic by male genitalia with narrow dorsal flange of the pseudotegumen with a bridge or partially bridged ventral pseudoteguminal processes , and a hood - like development of the dorsolateral pseudoteguminal base . larval morphology is described by dugdale ( 1994 ) . the popular name of ‘porina’ for these species derives from most species originally being placed in the genus porina ( dugdale , 1994 ) .
barrett , b . i . p . , f . f . van toor , cm . ferguson & k . m . stewart . 1990 .
grub and porina in otago and southland : a guide to management and control .
larval populations in pasture , lake pounui , new zealand . entomology class field trip


metathrinca iridostoma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .

it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .

it is found on luzon in the philippines .

the wingspan is 17 – 18 mm for males and 16 – 17 mm for females .

the forewings are snow white , with a silky gloss and with the basal fourth of the costa with a narrow marginal fuscous line .

the hindwings are glossy silvery white .

metathrinca iridostoma

this is the place for iridostoma definition . you find here iridostoma meaning , synonyms of iridostoma and images for iridostoma copyright 2017 © urltoken
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metathrinca iridostoma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 117 ; tl : luzon , mt makiling
preparation : pinned remarks : m17 stage : adult taxonomy : animalia arthropoda insecta lepidoptera xyloryctidae xyloryctinae published name : metathrinca iridostoma diakonoff , 1968 see more items in : species inventory entomology data source : nmnh - entomology dept . edan - url : edanmdm : nmnhentomology _ 12264554
metathrinca meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 625 ; ts : ptochoryctis ancistrias meyrick
metathrinca coenophyes diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 119 ; tl : luzon , mt . apo
metathrinca meihuashana wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : mt . meihuashan , fujian
metathrinca memnon meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : hambantota ; maskeliya , ceylon
metathrinca sinumbra diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 120 ; tl : luzon , benguet , klondyke , 800ft
metathrinca argentea wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : mt . jigonshan , xinyang , henan , 700m
metathrinca fopingensis wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : dagupping , foping co . , shaanxi , 1000m
metathrinca pernivis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 118 ; tl : mindanao , davao prov . , maco , tagum
metathrinca ophiura meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 626 ; tl : muskeliya ; puttalam ; eppawela ; wellawaya ; galle , ceylon
figures 585 - 592 . — - xyluryctijae : 5s5 , amurbaea subusta , new species , ? , holotype ; 586 , metathrinca iridostoma , new species , cf , holotype ; 587 , m . coenophyes , new species , cf , holotype ; 588 , allotype ; 589 , m . pernivis , new species , d ^ , holotype ; 590 , m . sinumbra , new species , cf , holotype ; 591 , odites perissa meyrick , cf ; 592 , 0 . perissa atrimersa , cf , holotype . 237 - 168—67 - - 28
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ptochoryctis ancistrias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 2 ) : 403 ; tl : maskeliya ; puttalam , ceylon
ptochoryctis ceromorpha meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 612 ; tl : assam , shillong
ptochryctis illuvialis meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : khasis
intacta ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( ptochoryctis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 14
loranthivora ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( ptochoryctis ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 150
ptochoryctis parabola meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
ptochoryctis rosaria meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 740 ; tl : bhotan
ptochoryctis tsugensis kearfott , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 10 ) : 347
larva on tsuga sieboldi kearfott , 1910 , can . ent . 42 ( 10 ) : 348
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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chalcoela iphitalis , the sooty-winged chalcoela , is a member of the crambidae family that occurs throughout north america .

they are seen as far south as california and south carolina and as north as ontario .

adults can be seen from may to august .

the head , body and front portion of the forewings are yellow-orange while the hindwing and back portion of the forewings are grey and silver .

the back edge of the hindwing has black spots .

the larvae are parasitoid , feeding on the larvae of paper wasps , including species such as polistes dominulus .

polistes exclamans , polistes metricus , and mischocyttarus flavitarsis .

for example , m. flavitarsis nests are often invaded by these moths at night because the wasps can not see them .

the moths migrate among the cells , consuming wasp larvae and pupae .

they will then lay their larvae , which spin cocoons in empty cells .

m. flavitarsis do not attempt to rid the nest of the parasite .

instead , they will continue as a nest or abandon and renest elsewhere .

chalcoela iphitalis

species chalcoela iphitalis - sooty - winged chalcoela - hodges # 4895 - bugguide . net
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717490 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 1999 - 08 - 26
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717489 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 1999 - 07 - 14
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717474 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2005 - 08 - 21
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717475 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2007 - 08 - 24
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717492 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2002 - 07 - 08
chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 721026 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2002 - 08 - 24
zeller , p . c . 1872 . beiträge zur kentniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter besonders der microlepidopteren . verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 22 : 529 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( chalcoela aurifera }
this research was supported by a tufts institute of the environment fellowship from tufts university to a . a . m . and a usa national science foundation - reu site award to tufts university ( dbi - 0649190 ) . the authors would like to thank codman farms for allowing for the collection of their nests ; j . soriano for his assistance with observations ; m . a . metz ( usda ) for his assistance in identifying c . iphitalis ; and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier version of this manuscript . the recent data capture efforts of j . a . lewis facilitated in the relocation of specimens in alcohol .
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adult - head and body yellowish - orange ; large silvery - gray patch covers almost the distal half of the forewing and hindwing ; hindwing rear edge has several black spots .
california , arizona , texas to south carolina , north to michigan and ontario .
. larvae make visable webs on the nest and early instars often can be seen on the web . they overwinter as pupae in the wasp nest pupal chambers .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 22 . 12m , p . 172
rau , p . 1941 . observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of polistes wasps . ann . ent . soc . america 34 ( 2 ) : 355 - 366
first detailed report of brood parasitoidism in the invasive population of the paper wasp polistes dominulus . . . a . a . madden , m . m . davis , p . t . sparks . 2010 . insectes sociaux 57 : 257 - 260 .
contributed by robin mcleod on 27 august , 2005 - 3 : 59am additional contributions by cotinis , chuck entz , maury heiman , marcie oconnor , randy hardy , robert h . biagi last updated 24 april , 2017 - 12 : 43pm
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 12m ; p . 172 . book review and ordering
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the european paper wasp polistes dominulus ( christ ) is a model system in the fields of behavioral ecology , ecological immunology , and invasion biology . since its introduction to the us in 1978 , its invasion success has been attributed , in part , to a lack of parasites or parasitoids infecting this population . this is despite the number of parasites which infest the native population and the generalist polistine parasites and parasitoids documented in sympatric north american species . multiple studies have cited low parasite pressure as evidence that the invasive population of p . dominulus is benefiting from a post - invasion release from enemies . here , we present the first well documented case of parasitoidism of the invasive population of p . dominulus in north america .
( hymenoptera , vespidae ) invading north america : some hypotheses for its rapid spread .
gamboa g . j . , noble m . a . , thom m . c . , togal j . l . , srinivasan r . and murphy b . d . 2004 . the comparative biology of two sympatric paper wasps in michigan , the native
giovanetti m . , cervo r . and turillazzi s . 1996 . comb reutilization in
( le moli f . , mori a . and grasso d . , eds )
hughes d . p . , beani l . , turillazzi s . and kathirithamby j . 2003 . prevalence of the parasite
liebert a . e . , gamboa g . j . , stamp n . e . , curtis t . r . , monnet k . m . , turillazzi s . and starks p . t . 2006 . genetics , behavior and ecology of a paper wasp invasion :
nannoni a . , cervo r . and turillazzi s . 2001 . foraging activity in european
queller d . c . and strassmann j . e . 1988 . reproductive success and group nesting in the paper wasp ,
( clutton - brock t . h . , ed ) , university of chicago press , chicago usa . 76 - 96 pp
riley c . v . 1893 . annual address of the president : parasitism in insects .
( christ ) ( hymenoptera , vespidae , polistinae ) to the host distribution .
sambaraju k . r . and phillips t . w . 2008 . responses of adult
( hubner ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) to light and combinations of attractants and light .
( fia fsp project no . y073001 ) . british columbia : ministry of forests and range publication . retrieved from
( hymenoptera : vespidae ) and possible limitation of multiple foundress associations by parasitoids .
whiteman , n . k . and landwer b . h . p . 2000 . parasitoids reared from
( turillazzi s . and m . j . west - eberhard , eds ) , oxford university press , new york usa . 75 - 97 pp
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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phylomictis lintearia is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and new south wales .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are whitish irrorated fuscous , with the stigmata cloudy , light brownish , the plical rather beyond the first discal .

there is an oblique series of two or three small spots of dark grey irroration from the costa to the first and second discal respectively , and a strongly curved subterminal series of similar spots .

the hindwings are pale grey .

phylomictis lintearia

this is the place for lintearia definition . you find here lintearia meaning , synonyms of lintearia and images for lintearia copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word lintearia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word lintearia and , of course , lintearia synonyms and on the right images related to the word lintearia .
phylomictis lintearia meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 445 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
phylomictis lintearia ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis idiotricha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 446 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
phylomictis sarcinopa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
phylomictis decretoria lucas , 1900 ; proc . r . soc . qd 15 : 160 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
phylomictis decretoria ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis eclecta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis leucopelta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis monochroma ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis palaeomorpha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis maligna meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 75 ; tl : melbourne , victoria
phylomictis idiotricha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis maligna ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
phylomictis sarcinopa ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
the adult moths reach a wingspan of about 1 cm . the forewings are grey with lots of little brown chevrons . the hindwings are white shading to pale brown at the margins . the wingspan is about 2 cms .
volume 2 , part 14 ( 1921 ) , pp . 445 - 456 .
comoscotopa leucopelta lower , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 240 ; tl : mount gambier , south australia
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
meyrick , 1920 ; meyrick , 1921 exotic microlepidoptera . vol . ii exotic microlep . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 32 ( 1916 ) , ( 2 ) : 33 - 64 ( 1917 ) , ( 3 ) : 65 - 96 ( 1917 ) , ( 4 ) : 97 - 128 ( 1918 ) , ( 5 ) : 129 - 160 ( 1918 ) , ( 6 ) : 161 - 192 ( 1918 ) , ( 7 ) : 193 - 224 ( 1918 ) , ( 8 ) : 225 - 256 ( 1919 ) , ( 9 ) : 257 - 288 ( 1919 ) , ( 10 ) : 289 - 320 ( 1920 ) , ( 11 ) : 321 - 352 ( 1920 ) , ( 12 ) : 353 - 384 ( 1920 ) , ( 13 ) : 385 - 416 ( 1921 ) , ( 14 ) : 417 - 448 ( 1921 ) , ( 15 ) : 449 - 480 ( 1921 ) , ( 16 ) : 481 - 512 ( 1922 ) , ( 17 ) : 513 - 544 ( 1922 ) , ( 18 ) : 545 - 576 ( 1922 ) , ( 19 ) : 577 - 608 ( 1922 ) , ( 20 ) : 609 - 640 ( 1923 )
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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uperoleia is a genus of frogs in the family myobatrachidae .

they are native to northern and eastern australia and southern lowlands of new guinea .

these are small squat frogs , more commonly known as " toadlets " .

they have glandular skin , often with a pair of raised glands behind each eye , or on the flanks .

they have bumpy , rough skin giving them the appearance of a small toad , hence the name " toadlet " , although they are often called " gungans " in queensland .

there are two distinct types of calls — uperoleia species make either a " click " or a " squelch " .

generally , the " clicking " uperoleia have long thin inguinal glands that run along the dorsal surface , while the " squelching " uperoleia have round inguinal glands restricted to the posterior half of the dorsal surface .

it is unusual to find more than one species of " clickers " or " squelchers " in the same location , although finding one of each is quite frequent in northern australia .

the species in this genus show great similarities in body shape and colouration making them difficult to tell apart .

call analysis is often required to confirm identification .

this genus is the largest of any in the myobatrachidae family .

clicking uperoleia include u. glandulosa , u. aspera , u. minima , u. trachyderma , u. lithomoda , u. littlejohni , u. altissima , u. mimula , and u. rugosa .

the squelching uperoleia include u. russelli , u. saxatilis , u. talpa , u. borealis , u. crassa , and u. inundata .

the eastern species u. laevigata , u. fusca , u. tyleri , and u. martini are also squelchers , but are distantly related .

the species u. mjobergi , u. micromeles , u. micra , and u. daviesae are distinct from these other groups .

uperoleia

amphibia , anura , cryptic species , toadlet , uperoleia mahonyi sp . nov .
uperoleia gray , 1841 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 1 , 7 : 90 . type species : uperoleia marmorata gray , 1841 , by monotypy .
in the 2004 frogwatch census uperoleia laevigata was detected in 27 % of all sites monitored .
a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains .
uperoliidae günther , 1858 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1858 : 346 . type genus : uperoleia gray , 1841 .
a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains . - pubmed - ncbi
clemann , n . ( 2015 ) action statement no . 265 , martin’s toadlet ( uperoleia martini ) , department of environment , land , water , and planning , victoria , australia . available from : urltoken 321818 / martins - toadlet - uperoleia - martini . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
species description : doughty p , roberts jd 2008 a new species of uperoleia ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . zootaxa 1939 : 10 - 18 .
this was the first uperoleia species discovered in australia , in 1841 . despite numerous sightings at the time , it has not been recorded since and is now known only from the original specimen .
doughty , p . & roberts , j . d . ( 2008 ) a new species of uperoleia ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . zootaxa , 1939 , 10 - –18 .
tyler , m . j . & davies , m . ( 1984 ) uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in new guinea . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 108 , 123 - –125 .
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981a ) australian frogs of the leptodactylid genus uperoleia gray . australian journal of zoology , 79 , 1– - 64 .
davies , m . & mcdonald , k . r . ( 1985 ) a redefinition of uperoleia rugosa ( andersson ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 109 , 37– - 42 .
species description : clulow s , anstis m , keogh js , catullo ra 2016 a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains . zootaxa 4184 : 285 - 315 .
davies , m . & littlejohn , m . j . ( 1986 ) frogs of the genus uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in south - eastern australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 110 , 111– - 143 .
davies , m . , mcdonald , k . r . & corben , c . ( 1986 ) the genus uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in queensland , australia . proceedings of the royal society of victoria , 98 , 147 - –188 .
catullo , r . a . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) aridification drove repeated episodes of diversification between australian biomes : evidence from a multi - locus phylogeny of australian toadlets ( uperoleia : myobatrachidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 79 , 106– - 117 .
young , j . e . , tyler , m . j . & kent , s . a . ( 2005 ) diminuitive new species of uperoleia gray ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the vicinity of darwin , northern territory , australia . journal of herpetology , 39 , 603– - 609 .
catullo , r . a . , doughty , p . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014a ) a new frog species ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the northern deserts region of australia , with a redescription of u . trachyderma . zootaxa , 3753 ( 3 ) , 251– - 262 . urltoken
davies , m . , mahony , m . & roberts , j . d . ( 1985 ) a new species of uperoleia ( anura : leptodactylidae ) from the pilbara region , western australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 109 , 103 - –108 .
catullo , r . a . , lanfear , r . , doughty , p . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014b ) the biogeographical boundaries of northern australia : evidence from ecological niche models and a multi - locus phylogeny of uperoleia toadlets ( anura : myobatrachidae ) . journal of biogeography , 41 , 659 - –672 .
catullo , r . a . , doughty , p . , roberts , j . d . & keogh , j . s . ( 2011 ) multi - locus phylogeny and taxonomic revision of uperoleia toadlets ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the western arid zone of australia , with a description of a new species . zootaxa , 2902 , 1 - –43 .
the systematics and biology of some australian species were reviewed by tyler , davies , and martin , 1981 , aust . j . zool . , suppl . ser . , 29 ( 79 ) : 1 - 64 ; davies and littlejohn , 1986 , trans . r . soc . s . aust . , 110 : 111 - 143 ; and davies , mcdonald , and corben , 1986 , proc . r . soc . victoria , 98 : 147 - 188 . see barker , grigg , and tyler , 1995 , field guide aust . frogs . , ed . 2 , for keys and accounts . see comment under spicospina . catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 1 - 43 , provided a molecular phylogeny , morphological identification key , and accounts of the species . catullo , doughty , and keogh , 2014 , zootaxa , 3753 : 251 - 262 , reported on molecular phylogenetics . catullo and keogh , 2014 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 79 : 106–117 , provided a multi - locus phylogeny of the species and inferred a biogeography driven by cycles of aridification . these authors noted cases where populations of one species contained the mtdna ( e . g . , some individuals of uperoleia inundata ) of others and other cases where nudna did not recover some species as natural groups ( e . g . , uperoleia borealis , uperoleia lithomoda ) . catullo , lanfear , doughty , and keogh , 2014 , j . biogeograph . , 41 : 659–672 , provided a multilocus phylogeny and biogeography of uperoleia , as well as presenting data on calls and morphology , with special attention to the species of northern australia .
hosmeria wells and wellington , 1985 , aust . j . herpetol . , suppl . ser . , 1 : 2 . type species : uperoleia marmorata laevigata keferstein , 1867 , by original designation . synonymy by catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 15 . see also tyler , 1985 , herpetol . rev . , 16 : 69 ; australian society of herpetologists , 1987 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 44 : 116 - 121 ; tyler , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 : 152 ; holthius , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 and decision by iczn ( anonymous , 1991 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 48 : 337 - 338 ) .
amphibian research centre . ( 2005 ) . available online : urltoken s , taustralian frogs database ( 2005 . ) . uperoleia laevigata . available online : urltoken s , tdepartment of environment and heritage , ( 2004 ) . chytridiomycosis factsheet urltoken s , tenvironment act . ( 2004 ) . summary of results . available online : urltoken p , s , tenvironment act . ( 2004 ) . uperleia laevigata ; smooth teoadlet . available online : urltoken s , tzoological parks and gardens board . frog pond checklist . available online : urltoken p , s , tspeare , r et al ( 1998 ) . how to reduce the risks of you transmitting an infectious agent between frogs and between sites . available online : urltoken s , tzoological parks board n > s > w . ( 2005 . ) . asx frog focus . available online : urltoken p , s ( school activity program )
the discovery of new vertebrate species in developed countries is still occurring at surprising rates for some taxonomic groups , especially the amphibians and reptiles . while this most often occurs in under - explored areas , it occasionally still happens in well - inhabited regions . we report such a case with the discovery and description of u . mahonyi sp . nov . , a new species of frog from a highly populated region of new south wales , australia . we provide details of its morphology , calls , embryos and tadpoles , and phylogenetic relationships to other species of eastern uperoleia . we also provide the results of targeted surveys to establish its distribution and provide observations of its habitat associations . as a consequence of these surveys , we comment on the likely restricted nature of the species’ distribution and habitat , and place this in the context of a preliminary assessment of its putative conservation status , which should be assessed for listing under the iucn’s red list . we note this species , which is morphologically distinct , has gone unnoticed for many decades despite numerous ecological surveys for local development applications .
the discovery of new vertebrate species in developed countries is still occurring at surprising rates for some taxonomic groups , especially the amphibians and reptiles . while this most often occurs in under - explored areas , it occasionally still happens in well - inhabited regions . we report such a case with the discovery and description of u . mahonyi sp . nov . , a new species of frog from a highly populated region of new south wales , australia . we provide details of its morphology , calls , embryos and tadpoles , and phylogenetic relationships to other species of eastern uperoleia . we also provide the results of targeted surveys to establish its distribution and provide observations of its habitat associations . as a consequence of these surveys , we comment on the likely restricted nature of the species ' distribution and habitat , and place this in the context of a preliminary assessment of its putative conservation status , which should be assessed for listing under the iucn ' s red list . we note this species , which is morphologically distinct , has gone unnoticed for many decades despite numerous ecological surveys for local development applications .
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myobatrachinae schlegel in gray , 1850 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1850 : 10 . type genus : myobatrachus schlegel , 1850 .
myiobatrachidae bonaparte , 1850 , conspect . syst . herpetol . amph . : 1 p . type genus : myiobatrachus bonaparte , 1850 .
myiobatrachina — bonaparte , 1850 , conspect . syst . herpetol . amph . : 1 p . incorrect subsequent spelling .
criniae cope , 1866 , j . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , ser . 2 , 6 : 89 . type genus : crinia tschudi , 1838 .
uperoleiidae — keferstein , 1867 , nachr . ges . wiss . göttingen , 18 : 349 .
uperoliina — mivart , 1869 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1869 : 291 .
myobatrachinae — parker , 1940 , novit . zool . , 42 : 6 ; laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 417 .
myobatrachidae — lynch , 1973 , in vial ( ed . ) , evol . biol . anurans : 170 ; heyer and liem , 1976 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 233 : 1 ; laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 417 ; davies , 2003 , in duellman ( ed . ) , grzimek ' s animal life enclop . , 6 ( amph . ) : 147 .
rheobatrachinae heyer and liem , 1976 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 233 : 11 . type genus : rheobatrachus liem , 1973 . synonymy by implication of ford and cannatella , 1993 , herpetol . monogr . , 7 : 105 ; frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 195 .
rheobatrachidae — laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 401 ; laurent , 1986 , in grassé and delsol ( eds . ) , traite de zool . , 14 : 674 .
myobatrachoidea — irisarri , san mauro , abascal , ohler , vences , and zardoya , 2012 , bmc genomics , 13 ( 626 ) : 5 . formal superfamily to contain myobatrachidae and limnodynastidae .
australian water frogs ( halliday and adler , 2002 , new encyclop . rept . amph . : 84 ) .
australian toadlets ( halliday and adler , 2002 , new encyclop . rept . amph . : 84 ) .
australian froglets ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 93 ) .
ground frogs ( wells and wellington , 1989 , aust . herpetologist , 506 : 3 ) .
parental - care frogs ( ingram , nattrass , and czechura , 1993 , mem . queensland mus . , 33 : 222 ) .
spicospina roberts , horwitz , wardell - johnson , maxson , and mahony , 1997 ( 1 sp . )
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copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
hyperolia agassiz , 1846 , nomencl . zool . , fasc . 12 : 384 . unjustified emendation .
glauertia loveridge , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 89 . type species : glauertia russelli loveridge , 1933 , by monotypy . synonymy by tyler , davies , and martin , 1981 , aust . j . zool . , suppl . ser . , 29 ( 79 ) : 9 .
prohartia wells and wellington , 1985 , aust . j . herpetol . , suppl . ser . , 1 : 3 . type species : pseudophryne fimbrianus parker , 1926 , by original designation . synonymy by catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 15 . see tyler , 1985 , herpetol . rev . , 16 : 69 ; australian society of herpetologists , 1987 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 44 : 116 - 121 ; tyler , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 : 152 ; holthius , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 and decision by iczn ( anonymous , 1991 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 48 : 337 - 338 ) .
australian toadlets ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 95 ) .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this australian endemic is known from coastal and inland areas of southeastern queensland , northeastern and central new south wales ( west of the great dividing range ) . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 963 , 500km2 .
the species is found in dry sclerophyll forest and open woodland and grasslands . it shelters underground emerging after heavy spring and summer rains to breed in flooded grassland or in billabongs and slow - flowing streams . it can tolerate disturbances such as grazing and selective clearing . it breeds in spring and summer in temporary pools . males call from the water’s edge whilst hidden beneath ground debris or in cavities at the base of grass tussocks . in disturbed areas it may call from depressions left in the mud by the hooves of livestock . eggs and larvae are unknown .
habitat loss / degradation associated with human settlement and agro - industry farming are major threats .
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justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from the original collection site , south of the mouth of prince regent river in the kimberley zone of western australia , australia . the exact locality is not known , so when its range is mapped a large area is covered , within which the exact locality is assumed to be .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this australian endemic is currently known from a large area of land stretching across central northern territory , around the region of elliott , and in northwestern queensland , and into a small area of northeastern western australia . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 241 , 000km2 .
the species is found amongst grassland on blacksoils and grey self - mulching cracking clays . the areas flood during the wet season . breeding biology and tadpoles are unknown .
there are no known threats to the species and it occurs in a remote region with little human disturbance .
jean - marc hero , dale roberts , paul horner , richard retallick . 2004 .
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keferstein , w . 1867 ,
ueber einige neue oder seltene batrachier aus australien und dem tropischen amerika
, nachrichten von der gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu göttingen , vol . 18 , pp . 341 - 361
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7417cc38 - befd - 4af6 - b9ba - 95224091deb7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 777cb78c - 685e - 49ae - bcfe - 95618a1bf28a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 973a668d - 8a07 - 4e9d - b84e - 207d862882d5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e25fbc28 - d3f5 - 4fe0 - 8e8a - e6f17c1ebbfa
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d47e5f3b - 54e1 - 4fcb - 907c - bec914b48a29
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 371961
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 320116
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simon clulow , marion anstis , j . scott keogh , renee a . catullo
anstis , m . ( 2013 ) tadpoles and frogs of australia . sydney : new holland publishers .
bouckaert , r . , heled , j . , kühnert , d . , vaughan , t . , wu , c . - h . , xie , d . , suchard , m . a . , rambaut , a & drummond , a . j . ( 2014 ) beast 2 : a software platform for bayesian evolutionary analysis . plos comput biol , 10 , e1003537 .
byrne , m . , steane , d . a . , joseph , l . , yeates , d . k . , jordan , g . j . , crayn , d . , aplin , a . , cantrill , d . j . , cook , l . g . , crisp , m . d . , keogh , j . s . , melville , j . , moritz , c . , porch , n . , sniderman , j . m . , k . , sunnucks , p . & weston , p . h . ( 2011 ) decline of a biome : evolution , contraction , fragmentation , extinction and invasion of the australian mesic zone biota . journal of biogeography , 38 , 1635 - - - –1656 .
chapple , d . g . , hoskin , c . j . , chapple , s . n . & thompson , m . b . ( 2011 ) phylogeographic divergence in the widespread delicate skink ( lampropholis delicata ) corresponds to dry habitat barriers in eastern australia . bmc evolutionary biology , 11 , 191 .
cogger , h . g . ( 2014 ) reptiles and amphibians of australia ( 6th ed . ) . reed new holland , sydney .
department of primary industries ( 2012 ) guidelines for riparian corridors on waterfront land sydney : nsw office of water . available from : urltoken licensing _ approvals _ controlled _ activit ies _ riparian _ corridors . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
department of sustainability and environment , victoria , australia ( 2013 ) advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in victoria , 2013 . available from : urltoken threatened - vertebrate - fauna _ final - 2013 . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
doughty , p . , maryan , b . , donnellan , s . & hutchinson , m . ( 2007a ) a new species of taipan ( elapidae : oxyuranus ) from central australia . zootaxa , 1422 , 45– - 58 .
doughty , p . , maryan , b . , melville , j . & austin , j . ( 2007b ) a new species of ctenophorus ( lacertilia : agamidae ) from lake disappointment , western australia . herpetologica , 63 , 72 - –86 .
doughty , p . & oliver , p . ( 2013 ) systematics of diplodactylus ( squamata : diplodactylidae ) from the south - western australian biodiversity hotspot : redefinition of d . polyophthalmus and the description of two new species . records of the western australia museum , 28 , 044– - 065 .
gosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . herpetologica , 16 , 183– - 190 .
hoskin , c . j . & couper , p . j . ( 2013 ) a spectacular new leaf - tailed gecko ( carphodactylidae : saltuarius ) from the melville range , north - east australia . zootaxa , 3717 ( 4 ) , 543– - 558 .
hutchinson , m . , sistrom , m . , donnellan , s . & hutchinson , r . g . ( 2014 ) taxonomic revision of the australian arid zone lizards gehyra variegata and g . montium ( squamata , gekkonidae ) with description of three new species . zootaxa , 3814 ( 2 ) , 221– - 241 .
iucn ( 2001 ) iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . available from : urltoken technical - documents / categories - and - criteria / 2001 - categories - criteria ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
katoh , k . , misawa , k . , kuma , k . & miyata , t . ( 2002 ) mafft : a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast fourier transform . nucleic acids research , 30 , 3059–3066 .
lanfear , r . , calcott , b . , ho , s . y . w . & guindon , s . ( 2012 ) partitionfinder : combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses . molecular biology and evolution , 29 , 1695– - 1701 .
meyer , e . , hero , j . - m . , shoo , l . & lewis , b . ( 2006 ) national recovery plan for the wallum sedgefrog and other wallum - dependent frog species . report to department of the environment and water resources , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service . urltoken
minh , b . q . , nguyen , m . a . t . & haeseler , a . v . ( 2013 ) ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap . molecular biology and evolution , 30 , 1188 - –1195 .
nylander , j . a . a . , wilgenbusch , j . c . , warren , d . l . & swofford , d . l . ( 2008 ) awty ( are we there yet ? ) : a system for graphical exploration of mcmc convergence in bayesian phylogenetics . bioinformatics , 24 , 581 - –583 .
oliver , p . , couper , p . j . & pepper , m . ( 2014a ) independent transitions between monsoonal and arid biomes revealed by systematic revison of a complex of australian geckos ( diplodactylus ; diplodactylidae ) . plos one , 9 , e111895 .
oliver , p . , laver , r . j . , melville , j . & doughty , p . ( 2014b ) a new species of velvet gecko ( oedura : diplodactylidae ) from the limestone ranges of the southern kimberley , western australia . zootaxa , 3873 ( 1 ) , 49– - 61 .
oliver , p . & parkin , t . ( 2014 ) a new phasmid gecko ( squamata : diplodactylidae : strophurus ) from the arnhem plateau : more new diversity in rare vertebrates from northern australia . zootaxa , 3878 ( 1 ) , 37– - 48 .
pepper , m . , barquero , m . d . , whiting , m . j . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) a multi - locus molecular phylogeny for australia’s iconic jacky dragon ( agamidae : amphibolurus muricatus ) : phylogeographic structure along the great dividing range of south - eastern australia . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 71 , 149– - 156 .
pepper , m . , doughty , p . , fujita , m . k . , moritz , c . & keogh , j . s . ( 2013 ) speciation on the rocks : integrated systematics of the heteronotia spelea species complex ( gekkota ; reptilia ) from western and central australia . plos one , 8 ( 11 ) , e78110 .
tyler , m . j . ( 1962 ) on the preservation of anuran tadpoles . australian journal of science , 25 , 222
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981b ) frog fauna of the northern territory : new distributional records and the description of a new species . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 105 , 149– - 154 .
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981c ) new and rediscovered species of frogs from the derby - broome area of western australia . records of the western australia museum , 9 , 147–172 .
westgate , m . j . , driscoll , d . a . & lindenmayer , d . b . ( 2012 ) limited influence of stream networks on the terrestrial movements of three wetland - dependent frog species . biological conservation , 153 , 169– - 176 .
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clulow s 1 , anstis m 2 , keogh js 3 , catullo ra 4 .
school of environmental and life sciences , university of newcastle , nsw 2308 australia ; email : simon . clulow @ newcastle . edu . au .
school of environmental and life sciences , university of newcastle , nsw 2308 australia ; email : unknown .
evolution , ecology & genetics , research school of biology , the australian national university , act 0200 , australia ; email : unknown .
evolution , ecology & genetics , research school of biology , the australian national university , act 0200 , australia biological sciences , macquarie university , nsw 2109 australia school of science & health , western sydney university , nsw 2751 australia ; email : unknown .
this australian endemic occurs in eastern australia , from southeastern queensland , through new south wales to eastern victoria . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 442 , 200km2 .
the species is found in seasonally dry areas ; associated with grassland and woodland habitats . it breeds in shallow , ephemeral waters . larvae are free - swimming . it is often found in partly disturbed habitat and occasionally artificial habitat including artificial ponds and roadside ditches / drainage ditches .
broad - scale threats include habitat loss and modification , due to processes such as urbanisation and the introduction of alien plants . livestock over - grazing and resulting damage to native habitats is also thought to have a negative impact on the species . although u . laevigata may currently be common within the act region the introduction of diseases could be fatal to the species . care should be taken at all times when entering frog habitats due to the risk of spreading disease , including the chytrid fungus ( chytridiomycosis ) . to prevent the spread of the chytrid fungus it is important to wash your shoes before entering and after leaving frog habitats . for more information on the chytrid fungus - link to fact sheet urltoken
you can encourage frogs into your own backyard by including habitat features in your garden . the ginninderra catchment group , australian national university and environment act have developed a guideline to help you encourage frogs into your backyard called creating a frog friendly habitat in the act community .
you can also get involved in monitoring local frog populations . frogwatch is an annual program run to monitor the presence and abundance of frogs within the act region . the frogwatch program provides training for community volunteers each october , with monitoring then being undertaken by volunteers over a two week period .
adults range from 2 . 5 - 3cm in length . �smooth� is a misnomer , as the back of this species indeed has a warty appearance , though the belly is smooth . the back colour ranges from brown to orange brown and is often a mottled mix of the two . orange patches usually stand out both behind and in front of each thigh . the call of the species is monotonous and low pitched , described as a �wwhhrrkkkkk� .
the call of u . laevigata and crinea parinsignifera ( plains froglet ) are often confused . the call of u . laevigata is slightly lower and longer , however , it may take some practice to tell the two apart . also look at the surrounding habitat . the smooth toadlet typically prefers dryer locations to those preferred by the plains froglet .
very common in the canberra region , particularly in hilly areas . the species extends from south - east qld , along the eastern edge of nsw and just crossing the border into victoria .
the most common technique for monitoring frog populations is based on call identification , with each frog species having a unique call . frogs should not be handled without the use of sterile gloves , as their skin is very sensitive to chemicals , including sunscreen and soap .
calls from september through to november , with breeding occurring from october though november .
males often call from hidden positions ( amongst vegetation or fallen timber ) as far as 10 metres away from water bodies .
may include native birds , such as the white - faced heron ( egretta novaehollandiae ) and intermediate egret , and fish , including the introduced carp , goldfish and trout . introduced species such as cats ( felis catus ) and foxes may also predate on frogs .
barker , j . , grigg , g . , tyler , m . ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . surry beatty & sons . nsw , australia . s , tlintermans , m . & osborne , w . ( 2002 ) . wet & wild : a field guide to the freshwater animals of the southern tablelands and high country of the act and nsw . environment act . canberra , australia . s , trobinson , m . ( 1993 ) . a field guide to frogs of australia . australian museum / reed books . nsw , australia . s , tturner , j . ( 2004 ) . frogs of australia . pensoft . bulgaria . p , styler , j . ( 1994 ) . australian frogs : a natural history . reed new holland . australia . s , tswan , g . ( 2001 ) . green guide : frogs of australia . new holland publishers . sydney , australia . p , s
diagnosis : the following combination of characters distinguish this species from congeners : small body size , dark brown dorsum with small darker spotting , loreal and lateral regions with bluish - white spotting , femoral patches of pale orange - red , slightly tuberculate dorsum and upper limbs , speckled and somewhat granular venter , toes with basal webbing , outer metatarsal tubercle usually spatulate and oriented perpendicular to foot , maxillary teeth present , frontoparietal fontanelle broadly exposed , presence of moderately developed parotoid and inguinal glands and less developed coccygeal glands , and a high - pitched rasping advertisement call ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
description : adult males measure 18 . 0 - 21 . 5 mm svl . one adult female measured 20 . 5 mm svl . small rotund body with short limbs . small head with an oval tongue . eyes protrude slightly and the anterior corner of the eye is covered by a flap of skin . pupil is rhomboidal in shape . lacks vomerine teeth , but has maxillary teeth . rounded canthus rostralis and moderately steep , slightly concave loreal region . infralabial glands ( one to three ) present beneath jaw angle . the tympanum is covered by the skin and parotoid glands . unwebbed fingers with moderately developed tubercles ( one each on fingers i and ii ; two each on fingers iii and iv ) . finger i shorter than finger ii . short legs . toes are basally webbed , have weakly developed flanges along their length , and moderately developed tubercles underneath ( one on toes i , ii ; two on toes iii and v ; three on toe iv ) . inner metatarsal tubercle weakly developed . outer metatarsal tubercle generally spatulate in shape ( sometimes round ) and protruding perpendicularly from the foot . usually has parotoid , dorsolateral , and coccygeal glands . cloacal flap is present . scattered low tubercles on the skin of the dorsum , head and limbs . ventral surfaces are moderately granular . males have a nuptial pad on the inner part of finger i , from halfway down the finger to the base of the wrist and barely onto the palm ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
in life , specimens from the mainland had a slightly different coloration than those from katers island . in mainland specimens , the dorsum ranged from a charcoal black to dark brown with random smaller dark blotches and faint bars on the limbs . slight orange - red tint on dorsum , and orange - red blotches on the parotoid glands , snout tip , submandibular glands , vertebral area , and upper arms . pale bluish - white specks are found on the tip of the snout , through the loreal region , along the sides and on the undersurfaces of the limbs . pale white ventral surfaces speckled with dark spots , except for abdomen which is uniformly pale ( neither white nor speckled ) . chin margin is slightly more pigmented . iris is chestnut brown with a green tint . creamy white fingers and toes ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
specimens from katers island had slightly lighter coloration and orange - red inguinal glands ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
in preservative , the body is almost completely black with a tint of orange and red visible in some areas ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
endemic to australia . only found in high rainfall areas ( over 1000 mm / year ) such as the northwest kimberley , western australia , the prince regent river nature reserve south to walcott inlet , western australia and on katers island , western australia . the type locality is near bachsten creek , in the southwest portion of the prince regent river nature reserve . habitat consists of generally moist areas such as creeks and rocks near water ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
males called from moist crevices in sandstone rocks on a high ridge or from crevices and cracks in rock faces with vegetation and seepages . others were found calling on hard - capped sandstone surfaces with small pools of slow flowing water among clumps of
vegetation . long high - pitched call with a dominant frequency of 3347 hz ; there is some modulation as frequency rises later in the call . reproduction is aquatic . eggs are small and pigmented , hatching into free - swimming larvae ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
which alludes to the species ' small size ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
doughty , p . and roberts , j . d . ( 2008 ) . ' ' a new species of
( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . ' '
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .