anodorhynchus is a genus of large blue macaws from open and semi-open habitats in central and eastern south america .

it includes two endangered species , the hyacinth macaw and lear 's macaw also known as the indigo macaw , and one probably extinct species , the glaucous macaw .

at about 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) in length the hyacinth macaw is the longest parrot in the world .

glaucous and lear 's macaws are exclusively cliff nesters ; hyacinth macaws are mostly tree nesters .

the three species mainly feed on the nuts from a few species of palms ( notably acrocomia aculeata , attalea phalerata , butia yatay and syagrus coronata ) .

while blue macaws have been known from taxidermic and captive specimens since at least 1790 , location of the lear 's macaw 's endemic habitat was n't known until 1978 .

the glaucous macaw was extirpated in the 1800s by clearance for agriculture and cattle grazing of the yatay palm ( butia yatay ) groves upon which it fed , though rumors of its continued existence persist .

lear 's macaws have made a comeback from near extinction in the early 1980s ( about 60 birds ) to over 1000 as a result of conservation programs .

hyacinth macaws remain locally common within parts of their range , but their range has become fragmented into three known distinct populations in southern brazil , eastern bolivia and northeastern paraguay ; populations are declining due to extensive trapping for the pet trade as well as habitat loss .

both hyacinth and lear 's macaws are listed on cites appendix 1 .

anodorhynchus

anodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1
key words : avian karyotype , anodorhynchus , deroptyus , psittaciformes , conservation biology , cytotaxonomy .
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anodorhynchus glaucus† ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259
anodorhynchus glaucus : formerly southern brazil , southern paraguay , northeastern uruguay , and northern argentina . possibly extinct
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to cite this page : hagan , e . 2004 .
anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
seventeen females and twenty - seven males of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and three males and two females of deroptyus accipitrinus were analyzed . all specimens were maintained by ecological parks , zoological gardens or private bird breeders .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
although in external appearance deroptyus can resemble a parrot of genus amazona ( similar in size and not presenting long central rectrizes ) , our karyotypic data corroborate previous mtdna findings ( miyaki et al . , 1998 ) , indicating that deroptyus could be more related to species of the genera anodorhynchus , ara , cyanopsitta , propyrrhura , aratinga , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus and guaruba .
collar , n . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . hyacinth macaw ( anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
anodorhynchus hyacinthinus showed a diploid number of 2n = 70 in 202 analyzed metaphases , comprising macro - and microchromosomes . chromosome pairs 1 , 7 , and 10 were metacentric ; pairs 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , and 11 were submetacentric ; and pairs 2 , 3 , and 4 were subtelocentric . the microchromosomes were telocentric up to the point to which their morphology could be identified . the z - chromosome was metacentric and about the same size as chromosome 5 , and the w - chromosome was submetacentric and about the same size as chromosome 9 ( figure 1 ) .
a first karyotype pattern can be observed among genera ara , cyanopsitta , propyrrhura , aratinga , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus and guaruba , mainly characterized by a conservative metacentric pair 1 , pairs 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 varying from submetacentric to subtelocentric , pairs 7 and 8 varying from metacentric to submetacentric , and pairs 9 , 10 , and 11 varying from metacentric to telocentric ( de lucca , 1984 ; van dongen and de boer , 1984 ; de lucca et al . , 1991 ; duarte and giannoni , 1990 ; goldschmidt et al . , 1997 ; francisco et al . , 2001 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ) . the karyotypes of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and deroptyus accipitrinus described here also presented this main pattern .
while molecular genetic analyses have been widely applied in both in situ and ex situ management plans ( miyaki et al . , 1993 ; nader et al . , 1999 ; negro and torres , 1999 ; hudson et al . , 2000 ; caparroz et al . , 2001 ; bouzat , 2001 ; miyaki and eberhard , 2002 ) , karyotype analyses have rarely been considered . cytogenetic studies in neotropical psittacids have been restricted to the karyotype description of species easily found in captivity , but the origin of the specimens was usually unknown . although the detection of chromosome variants is not less important than dna polymorphism to conserve the genetic diversity and evolutionary potential of the species , karyotype studies in wild populations are scarce . karyotype characterization of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and deroptyus accipitrinus can be a starting point for genetic monitoring of these two declining species .
neotropical parrots are among the most threatened groups of birds in the world , and many species are facing extinction in a near future . at the same time , the taxonomic position of many species remains unclear . karyotype analysis has been used to elucidate the phylogenetic status of many bird groups , also providing important information for both in situ and ex situ conservation plans . the objective of the present study was to describe for the first time the karyotypes of the endangered hyacinth macaw , anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , and of the hawk - headed parrot , deroptyus accipitrinus . a diploid number of 2n = 70 and a karyotype similar to the main pattern previously found for the genera ara , cyanopsitta , aratinga , propyrrhura , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus , and guaruba were found for both species . these karyotype descriptions can be a starting point for the genetic monitoring of these two declining species .
partial karyotype descriptions of both a . hyacinthinus and d . accipitrinus were previously published by rocha et al . ( 1995 ) and goldschmidt et al . ( 1996 ) . however , for karyotype monitoring purposes , a complete characterization of the chromosome complement of each species is necessary ( benirschke et al . , 1980 ) . the objective of this work was to present for the first time a detailed karyotype description of a . hyacinthinus and d . accipitrinus , which can be useful for biological conservation approaches . cytotaxonomic considerations are also discussed , since karyotype analysis has been used to elucidate relationships among neotropical psittacidae ( de lucca and marco , 1993 ; de lucca , 1984 ; van dongen and de boer , 1984 ; de lucca et al . , 1991 ; duarte and giannoni , 1990 , duarte and caparroz , 1995 ; goldschmidt et al . , 1997 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ; francisco et al . , 2001 ) , and both anodorhynchus and deroptyus genera are poorly known from this point of view .
neotropical parrots comprise one of the most endangered groups of birds in the world . it is estimated that about 30 % of the 140 living species are facing some risk of extinction , and most of the non - endangered species are experiencing population decline ( collar and juniper , 1992 ) . habitat loss and human exploitation are the major causes leading to the extinction of these birds . brazil is the country in the world with the greatest number of psittacidae species ( forshaw , 1989 ) . however , 17 out of the 72 living species are cited in the red list of threatened species of the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ) , and one of them , anodorhynchus glaucus , is already extinct ( sick , 1997 ) . large species need large areas to mantain viable demographic population ( galetti et al . , 2002 ) , and are among the most threatened ( sick , 1997 ) . if conservation actions are not implemented , many other species can disappear in a near future , just like a . glaucus .
vocalization has been considered a reliable character to distinguish monophyletic genera of neotropical psittacidae ( sick , 1990 ) . based on this character , it has been suggested that ara macao , a . ararauna , a . glaucogularis , a . militaris , a . ambigua , a . chloroptera , a . rubrogenys and a . severa were related to the blue macaws ( anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , a . glaucus and a . leari ) , composing the group of true macaws . other species previously assigned to genus ara , such as maracana , auricollis , manilata and nobilis , were assembled in the maracanãs group , because their behavior resembles that of the small parakeets of genus aratinga . early classifications have probably overestimated body size and facial bare characters ( sick , 1990 ) . karyotype data of the species analyzed thus far ( see aquino and ferrari , 1990 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ) , obtained by conventional giemsa staining , have not been able to support this subdivision , because a single general karyotype pattern has been observed in both the true macaws and the maracanãs . further studies including chromosome banding could be helpful to elucidate species relationships .
the hyancinth macaw , anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , is the largest species within the order psittaciformes . it inhabits a vast area of cerrado and gallery forests of central brazil , from the tapajós river eastward to the states of maranhão and piauí , and southward through western bahia and goiás to minas gerais and mato grosso , and adjacent pantanal regions of easternmost bolivia and northeast paraguay ( forshaw , 1989 ; collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . today , it is extinct in most of its original distribution sites , and the remaining populations are markedly declining , due to trading and hunting ( collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . the total number of individuals has been estimated to be no more than 5000 ( collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . in 1987 , a . hyacinthinus was included in appendix i of cites ( convention for the international trade of endangered species ) , and in 1989 in the list of
instituto brasileiro do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais
- ibama ( brazilian institute of environment and natural resources ) as a species at risk for extinction ( sick , 1997 ) .
the treatment of species is as per jetz et al . ( 2012 ) and follows the birdlife v3 world list ( june 2010 , 9 , 895 extant species recognized ) . of birdlife v3 we did not recognize nine species ( anodorhynchus glaucus , gallinula pacifica , gallirallus lafresnayanus , oceanodroma macrodactyla , ophrysia superciliosa , rhodonessa caryophyllacea , siphonorhis americana , tadorna cristata , vanellus macropterus ) that are widely considered extinct and three ( heliangelus zusii , atlapetes blancae , upupa marginata ) that are considered not valid by most authorities ( resulting in 9 , 882 accepted species ) . in addition to birdlife v3 we recognize 111 species that are considered valid by the handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo et al . 1992 - 2011 ) and / or birds of the western palearctic ( cramp et al . 1978 - 1994 ) and / or birds of africa ( urban et al . 1986 - 2000 ) and that are also recognized by ioc world list v2 . 7 ( dec 29 , 2010 ) , resulting in a total of 9 , 993 recognized species . our species lists and taxonomic information is provided in table s2 . we updated the threat categories of the birdlife v3 list with the 2012 assessment data ( based on birdlife v5 ; 225 species changed threat status compared to 2010 ) . birdlife taxonomy v5 recognizes 9 , 935 extant species compared to 9 , 895 in v3 . 45 additional species not considered extinct were reviewed in birdlife v5 compared to v3 . of these 4 were new discoveries and 41 were splits from species in v3 .
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strigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv
strigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv
nestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333
nestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333
nestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198
nymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580
calyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature
calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120
calyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [
1842
] pt10 no . 117 p . 138
calyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [
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] pt4 no . 46 p . 106
calyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120
calyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21
calyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166
calyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21
calyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text
calyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text
calyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35
calyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4
calyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6
calyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138
probosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330
probosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330
probosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92
probosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261
callocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40
callocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135
eolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature
eolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266
eolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature
lophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept
lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept
lophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265
cacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88
cacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [
1840
] pt8 no . 95 p . 175
cacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57
cacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [
1840
] pt8 no . 95 p . 175
cacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [
1842
] pt10 no . 117 p . 138
cacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .
cacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211
cacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [
1842
] pt10 no . 117 p . 138
cacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211
cacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature
cacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature
cacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature
cacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264
cacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note
cacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330
cacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181
cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38
cacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139
cacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330
cacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331
poicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .
64 - 14
pl . 28
poicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .
64 - 14
pl . 28
poicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature
poicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126
poicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics
poicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93
poicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314
poicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344
poicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [
1826
] p . 18 pl . 11
poicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501
poicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501
poicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [
1826
] p . 18 pl . 11
poicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501
poicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25
poicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [
1848
] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5
poicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371
poicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371
poicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267
poicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429
poicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149
poicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149
poicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi
poicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125
poicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125
touit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature
touit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491
touit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283
touit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [
1870
] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature
touit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature
touit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature
touit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10
touit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature
touit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature
touit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature
psilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1
psilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18
psilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18
psilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85
psilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4
psilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243
bolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372
bolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372
bolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144
bolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature
nannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1
nannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226
myiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]
myiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 362
brotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81
brotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442
brotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351
brotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 359
brotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443
brotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 359
brotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii
brotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129
brotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80
brotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation
brotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9
brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation
brotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149
brotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149
brotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10
brotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114
brotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348
triclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28
pyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300
pyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475
pyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300
pyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note
pyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175
pyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61
pyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67
pyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61
pyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137
pyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics
pyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics
hapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207
hapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207
hapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214
hapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .
hapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143
hapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67
hapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [
1931
] p . 455
pionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99
pionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338
pionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148
pionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1
pionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60
pionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81
pionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99
pionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72
pionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265
pionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72
pionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61
pionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155
pionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73
pionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148
pionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148
pionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature
pionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222
pionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1
pionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [
1840
] pt8 no . 90 p . 59
graydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72
alipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174
alipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26
amazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101
amazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49
amazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101
amazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77
amazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221
amazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492
amazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99
amazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52
amazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52
amazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349
amazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26
amazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
amazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100
amazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65
amazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308
amazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100
amazona vittata gracilipes† ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106
amazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
amazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
amazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept
amazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation
amazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32
amazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371
amazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83
amazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513
amazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18
amazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587
amazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135
amazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135
amazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8
amazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept
amazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [
1864
] no . 72 p . 411 citation
amazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept
amazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349
amazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339
amazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101
amazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101
amazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173
amazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature
amazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105
amazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303
amazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation
amazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept
amazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
amazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147
amazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [
1836
] pt4 no . 45 p . 80
forpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363
forpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature
forpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature
forpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86
forpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157
forpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157
forpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541
forpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103
forpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept
forpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81
forpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545
forpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103
forpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172
forpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature
forpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature
forpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation
forpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446
forpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1
forpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383
forpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172
forpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431
forpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2
pionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231
pionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
pionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
pionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [
1889
] no . 187 p . 317 citation
pionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70
pionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70
pionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [
1857
] pt25 no . 343 p . 266
pionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113
deroptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
deroptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102
pyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14
pyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72
pyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73
pyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 361
pyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 361
pyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 361
pyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept
pyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89
pyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89
pyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept
pyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept
pyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73
pyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation
pyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186
pyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino
15
[ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature
pyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73
pyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept
pyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333
pyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature
pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337
pyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75
pyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6
pyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation
pyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279
pyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354
pyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211
pyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42
pyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42
pyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356
pyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174
pyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4
pyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4
pyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1
pyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22
pyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation
pyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156
pyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22
pyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382
pyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12
pyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175
pyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319
pyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304
pyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1
pyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72
pyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97
pyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97
pyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4
pyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [
1870
] pt3 p . 787
pyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]
pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103
pyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]
enicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51
enicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75
enicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323
enicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept
cyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 367
cyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10
cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 367
rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439
rhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27
eupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97
eupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273
eupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24
eupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98
eupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98
eupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101
eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135
eupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329
eupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98
eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98
eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72
eupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6
eupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191
eupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63
eupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [
1864
] pt3 p . 367 citation
eupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413
eupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98
eupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1
eupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220
eupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6
eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1
eupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82
eupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82
eupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1
conuropsis carolinensis† ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status
conuropsis† carolinensis carolinensis† ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
conuropsis† carolinensis ludoviciana† ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347
aratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209
aratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400
aratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
aratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature
aratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319
aratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature
aratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature
aratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1
cyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675
primolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .
primolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372
primolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260
ara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96
ara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139
ara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106
ara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139
ara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65
ara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65
ara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2
ara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96
ara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [
1994
] no . 2 p . 99 citation
ara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96
ara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature
ara tricolor† ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature
ara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
leptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11
ognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71
guaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation
diopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6
diopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation
diopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
thectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 369
thectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 369
thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13
thectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243
thectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166
psittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224
psittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154
psittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224
psittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [
1874
] p . 14
psittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [
1886
] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56
psittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106
psittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii
psittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111
psittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii
psittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note
psittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note
psittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3
psittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74
psittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304
psittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77
psittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487
psittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation
psittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75
psittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2
psittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2
psittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59
psittacara maugei† souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59
psittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation
coracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528
coracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371
coracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231
coracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528
coracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99
coracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83
coracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99
coracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220
micropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [
1875
] p . 984
micropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126
micropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [
1875
] p . 984
micropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7
micropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7
micropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [
1875
] p . 909
micropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [
1865
] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35
micropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396
micropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2
micropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [
1865
] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35
micropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180
micropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180
micropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589
micropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138
micropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21
micropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21
micropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2
micropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2
polytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39
polytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29
polytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29
alisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141
alisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141
alisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371
alisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830
] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3
alisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note
alisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128
alisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251
alisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29
alisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251
alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82
alisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29
alisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23
alisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29
aprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 352
aprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 352
aprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation
aprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343
aprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39
aprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343
prioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 314
prioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [
1817
] p . 314
prioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437
prioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author
prioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373
prioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26
prioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26
prioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224
eclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation
eclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75
eclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87
eclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [
1881
] pt4 p . 917
eclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77
eclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82
eclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412
eclectus roratus westermani† ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4
geoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21
geoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183
geoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note
geoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation
geoffroyus geoffroyi geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21
geoffroyus geoffroyi jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225
geoffroyus geoffroyi minor neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235
geoffroyus geoffroyi mysorensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225
geoffroyus geoffroyi pucherani souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 218
geoffroyus geoffroyi rhodops ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 43 , 44
geoffroyus geoffroyi sudestiensis de vis 1890 annualrep . brit . newguinea ( 1888 - 1889 ) app . g p . 58
geoffroyus geoffroyi timorlaoensis meyer , ab 1884 sitz . abh . naturwiss . ges . isisdresden heft1 p . 15
geoffroyus simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation
geoffroyus simplex buergersi neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235
geoffroyus simplex simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation
geoffroyus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319
geoffroyus heteroclitus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319
geoffroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus mayr 1931 am . mus . novit . no . 486 p . 13
psittinus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6
psittinus cyanurus abbotti richmond 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188
psittinus cyanurus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6
psittinus cyanurus pontius oberholser 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 5
tanygnathus megalorynchos hellmayri mayr 1944 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 83 p . 134 , 149
tanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis meyer , ab 1881 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 31 p . 762
tanygnathus lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146
tanygnathus lucionensis hybridus salomonsen 1952 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 114 p . 347
tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146
tanygnathus lucionensis talautensis meyer , ab & wiglesworth 1895 abh . ber . mus . dresden 5 no . 9 p . 2
tanygnathus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281
tanygnathus sumatranus everetti tweeddale 1877 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 p . 533
tanygnathus sumatranus freeri mcgregor 1910 philip . j . sci . 5 p . 108
tanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281
tanygnathus gramineus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 338
psittacula himalayana ( lesson ) 1831 voy . ind . orient . [ belanger ] zool . [
1834
] pt4 p . 239 citation
psittacula roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4
psittacula roseata juneae biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 5
psittacula roseata roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4
psittacula cyanocephala ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141
psittacula alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
psittacula alexandri abbotti ( oberholser ) 1919 proc . biol . soc . wash . 32 p . 29
psittacula alexandri alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97
psittacula alexandri cala ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4
psittacula alexandri dammermani chasen & kloss 1932 bull . rafflesmus . no . 7 p . 8
psittacula alexandri fasciata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74
psittacula alexandri major ( richmond ) 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188
psittacula alexandri perionca ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4
psittacula derbiana ( fraser ) 1852 pzs [
1850
] pt18 no . 216 p . 245 pl . 25
psittacula longicauda defontainei chasen 1935 bull . rafflesmus . no . 9 [
1934
] p . 93 citation
psittacula longicauda modesta ( fraser ) 1845 pzs pt13 no . 144 p . 16
psittacula longicauda nicobarica ( gould ) 1857 birdsasia [ gould ] 6 pt9 pl . 13
psittacula longicauda tytleri ( hume ) 1874 str . feath . 2 p . 454
psittacula calthrapae ( blyth ) 1849 j . asiat . soc . bengal 18 pt2 p . 800
psittacula eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140
psittacula eupatria avensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219
psittacula eupatria eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140
psittacula eupatria magnirostris ( ball ) 1872 j . asiat . soc . bengal 41 p . 278
psittacula eupatria nipalensis ( hodgson ) 1836 as . res . 19 p . 177
psittacula eupatria siamensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219
psittacula wardi† ( newton , e ) 1867 ibis p . 341 , note concept citation
psittacula krameri borealis ( neumann ) 1915 orn . monatsb . 23 p . 178
psittacula krameri krameri ( scopoli ) 1769 annusihist . - nat . p . 31
psittacula krameri manillensis ( bechstein ) 1800 naturgesch . stubenthiereed . 2 1 p . 612 , note
psittacula krameri parvirostris ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157
psittacula eques echo ( newton , a & newton , e ) 1876 ibis p . 284 pl . 6
psittacula caniceps ( blyth ) 1846 j . asiat . soc . bengal 15 p . 23
psittacella brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation
psittacella brehmii brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation
psittacella brehmii harterti mayr 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft5 p . 702
psittacella brehmii pallida meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 3
psittacella picta excelsa mayr & gilliard 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1524 p . 6
psittacella modesta modesta schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 36
psittacella madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1
psittacella madaraszi huonensis mayr & rand 1935 am . mus . novit . no . 814 p . 4
psittacella madaraszi madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1
psephotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [
1837
] pt5 no . 57 p . 88
psephotus haematonotus caeruleus condon 1941 rec . s . austr . mus . 7 p . 141
psephotus haematonotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [
1837
] pt5 no . 57 p . 88
northiella haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [
1837
] pt5 no . 57 p . 89
northiella haematogaster haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [
1837
] pt5 no . 57 p . 89
northiella haematogaster haematorrhoa ( bonaparte ) 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 col . 13 citation
northiella haematogaster pallescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 563 citation
northiella narethae ( white , hl ) 1921 emu 21 p . 81 pl . 12
psephotellus chrysopterygius ( gould ) 1858 pzs [
1857
] pt25 no . 340 p . 220
psephotellus pulcherrimus † ( gould ) 1845 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 15 p . 115
purpureicephalus spurius ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52
platycercus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328
platycercus caledonicus brownii ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 56


ranularia tripa is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons .

ranularia tripa

what type of species is ranularia tripa ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the ranularia tripa species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of ranularia tripa species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species ranularia tripa .
how to identify ranularia tripa marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa are marked in green .
where is ranularia tripa found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species ranularia tripa can be found .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : ranularia tripa ( j . b . p . a . lamarck , 1822 ) - id : 1710300370
( of triton tripa lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
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- couleur de la bouche : rose chez r . encaustica , orange vif chez r . gutturnia
- en vue apicale , il n ' y a que deux varices ( contre trois voire plus chez r . g . )
ce spécimen est censé provenir d ' australie , cependant je n ' ai pas trouvé mention de cette localité dans la littérature ni sur internet .
habitat : specimens of c . pyrum are uncommon at depths of 20 to 28 m .
ce coquillage de la famille des ranelles mesure 97 mm et provient des philippines .


eupithecia mustangata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in afghanistan , northern pakistan , jammu & kashmir , northern india ( himachal pradesh ) and nepal .

it is found at altitudes between 2,100 and 4,300 meters .

adults are variable in size , depth of colour , and the breadth of the transverse lines .

eupithecia mustangata

this is the place for mustangata definition . you find here mustangata meaning , synonyms of mustangata and images for mustangata copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mustangata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mustangata and , of course , mustangata synonyms and on the right images related to the word mustangata .
eupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guenée in boisduval and guenée , 1858 .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
eupithecia [ 1 ] er en slægt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825 . eupithecia indgår i familien målere .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
nedenstående er en automatisk oversættelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia , udført af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08 : 25 : 20 . eventuelle ændringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelmæssige genoversættelser . du har mulighed for at redigere oversættelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
eupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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